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Alien taxa of the tribe  
Senecioneae (Asteraceae) in Italy:  
a nomenclatural synopsis
Abstract
A nomenclatural synopsis of the alien species belonging to the tribe Senecioneae 
currently recorded in Italy (8 species) is presented. The occurrence at the regional 
level, as well as the level of naturalization and ecological notes for each taxon are 
provided. A diagnostic key of the non-native Italian species is also given. The 
names Cineraria petasitis (now Senecio petasitis), Delairea odorata, Eupatorium 
auriculatum (now Senecio deltoideus), E. fulvum, Mikania ternifolia var. senecioides, 
Senecio andryaloides, S. angulatus, and S. leucanthemifolius subsp. vernalis are 
typified on specimens preserved at E, F, P, SBT, and UPS, and on images by 
Lamarck, Lemaire, Sims, and Waldstein & Kitaibel. The type of the name S. 
pterophorus, as indicated by Iamonico in 2015, was wrongly reported as holotype 
and need to be corrected to lectotype according to the Art. 9.9 of ICN. The 
names Cacalia auriculata, Cacalia fimbrillifera (nom. nov., nom. superfl. et illeg. 
pro Eupatorium auriculatum), Cacalia scandens by Thunberg, Cineraria crassiflora, 
Eupatorium scandens by Link (nom. illeg.), Mikania senecioides (nom. illeg.), 
Senecio auriculatum, and Senecio mikanioides are also investigated and discussed.
Izvleček
V članku smo predstavili nomenlaturni pregled tujerodnih vrst plemena 
Senecioneae, ki so trenutno zabeležene v Italiji (8 vrst). Predstavili smo pojavljanje 
taksonov na regionalnem nivoju, njihovo naturalizacijo in ekološka opažanja. 
Podali smo tudi določevalni ključ tujerodnih vrst v Italiji. Tipizirali smo imena 
Cineraria petasitis (zdaj Senecio petasitis), Delairea odorata, Eupatorium auriculatum 
(zdaj Senecio deltoideus), E. fulvum, Mikania ternifolia var. senecioides, Senecio 
andryaloides, S. angulatus, and S. leucanthemifolius subsp. vernalis na primerkih 
shranjenih v E, F, P, SBT in UPS, in na podlagi slik Lamarck, Lemaire, Sims 
in Waldstein & Kitaibel. Tip imena S. pterophorus, naveden v delu Iamonico 
(2015) je bil napačno določen kot holotip in je popravljen v lektotip v skladu s 
členom 9.9. ICN. Preučili in razpravljali smo o imenih Cacalia auriculata, Cacalia 
fimbrillifera (nom. nov., nom. superfl. et illeg. pro Eupatorium auriculatum), 
Cacalia scandens Thurnberga, Cineraria crassiflora, Eupatorium scandens Linka 
(nom. illeg.), Mikania senecioides (nom. illeg.), Senecio auriculatum in Senecio 
mikanioides.
Key words: diagnostic characters, 
naturalization, non-native flora, 
Roldana, typification.
Ključne besede: diagnostični znaki, 
naturalizacija, tujerodna flora, 
Roldana, tipifikacija.
Received: 12. 1. 2017
Revision received: 6. 6. 2017
Accepted: 16. 6. 2017
1 Department PDTA, University of Rome Sapienza, Via Flaminia 72, 00196-Rome, Italy. E-mail: d.iamonico@yahoo.it
Duilio Iamonico1
DOI: 10.1515/hacq-2017-000516/2 • 2017, 281–292
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Alien taxa of the tribe Senecioneae (Asteraceae) in Italy: a nomenclatural synopsis
Introduction
Senecio L. (Asteraceae Bercht. & J. Presl, Asteroideae 
Lindl.) is a genus of about 1250 species with a cosmo-
politan distribution (APG III 2009, APG IV 2016). 
Several molecular and phylogenetic investigations (e.g., 
Milton 2009, Pelser et al. 2002, 2004, 2006, 2007, 
2010) clearly demonstrated that, as traditionally cir-
cumscribed, this genus is non-monophyletic. In order 
to achieve monophyly, some groups were split off (e.g., 
Jacobaea Mill., Roldana La Llave & Lexarza, Delairea 
Lemaire; see e.g., Pelser et al. 2007, Barkley 2010, APNI 
2012), others were merged with Senecio (e.g., Aethe­
olaena Cass., Culcitium Humb. & Bonpl., Lasiocephalus 
Willd. ex Schlecht.; see e.g., Pelser et al. 2010, Marhold 
& Sklenář 2013, Salomón & Freire 2014), while the 
taxonomic placement of some genera [e.g. Abrotanella 
(Gaud.) Cass., Doronicum L.] remains currently still un-
certain (see e.g. Pelser et al. 2007, Nordenstam et al. 
2009, Peruzzi et al. 2012).
Among the species of Senecioneae recorded in Italy 8 
are considered as alien: Delairea odorata Lem., Roldana 
petasitis (Sims) Rob. & Brett., Senecio angulatus L. f., 
Senecio crassiflorus (Poir.) DC, Senecio deltoideus Less., 
Senecio pterophorus DC. (= S. grisebachii Backer; see 
Iamonico 2015b), S. inaequidens DC., and S. leucan­
themifolius Poir. subsp. vernalis (Waldst. & Kit.) Greuter 
(Conti et al. 2005, Celesti-Grapow et al. 2010).
As part of the research work carried out in cooperation 
for the treatment of Asteraceae for the new edition of 
the Italian Flora, ed. S. Pignatti (e.g., Del Guacchio & 
Iamonico 2015, Iamonico 2015a, 2015b, Iamonico & 
Alessandrini 2008, Iamonico & Managlia 2014, Iamonico 
& Hjertson 2015, Iamonico & Peruzzi 2016, Iamonico 
et al. 2016), a contribution concerning the alien species 
of Senecioneae in the Italian flora is presented here.
Materials and methods
This paper is based on examination of specimens kept in 
the Herbaria E, F, G, GOET, JE, K, LD, LIV, P, RO, SBT, 
UPS, W, and WU (acronyms according to Thiers 2017+), 
and field surveys. Analysis of the relevant literature (pro-
tologues included) is also carried out.
Comments on typifications are added after each stud-
ied name. Accepted names (according to Greuter 2006–
2009, 2008) are given in bold, while the synonyms are in 
italic and not in bold. The name are listed in alphabetical 
order based on the current accepted name. The nomen-
clatural articles cited throughout the text follow the Mel­
bourne Code (McNeill et al. 2012).
The alien status is provided according to Pyšek et al. 
(2004), and Richardson & Pyšek (2006), including data 
about native range, and invasion status. The degree of 
naturalization is indicated both at national and regional 
level, it is based on both literature (mainly Conti et al. 
2005, 2007, Celesti-Grapow et al. 2009, 2010) and per-
sonal observations in field, and it was assigned for each 
region on the basis of the highest stage in the invasion 
process documented in any region (see Pyšek et al. 2012). 
The regional occurrences (subparagraphs “Occurrence 
in Italy” in “taxonomic treatment”) follow Celesti-Grapow 
et al. (2010) which is however not cited through the text. 
Further recent works (contemporary or later published 
than Celesti-Grapow et al. 2010) were also consulted 
and cited when necessary (Anzalone et al. 2010, Banfi & 
Galasso 2010, Arrigoni & Viegi 2011, Podda et al. 2012, 
Camarda et al. 2016, Celesti-Grapow et al. 2016). 
Taxonomic treatment
1. Delairea odorata Lem., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3: 
380–381. 1844a. – Lectotype (designated here): [Icon] 
Delairea odorata in Lemaire (1844c). Image of the lec-
totype available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/
item/53983#page/326/mode/1up
= Senecio mikanioides Otto ex Walpers, Allg. Garten-
zeitung 13(6): 42. 1845. – Neotype (designated here): 
South Africa, Eastern Cape, Amathole, woods near 
Komga [as “Komgha”], 2000, May 1891, Flanagan 706 
(P-00138785!). Image of the neotype available at http://
sonneratphoto.mnhn.fr/2011/11/17/3/P00138785.jpg
Photos: Acta Plantarum (2007a onwards).
Habitat: Human-made habitats, meadows along coasts, 
shrubs.
Native distribution: South Africa (Brunel et al. 2010: 235).
Alien status in Italy: Invasive. Delairea odorata was re-
ported as invasive in Sardinia, where however it occurs 
in ruderal habitats only, not causing ecological impacts 
(Bacchetta et al. 2009, Camarda et al. 2016). In the 
peninsular Italy, this species is mostly considered as a 
casual taxon.
Occurrence in Italy (Table 1): Invasive in Sardinia (Bac-
chetta et al. 2009, Camarda et al. 2016); naturalized 
in Tuscany (Frangini & Carta 2010); casual in other 
regions of peninsular Italy [Liguria, Lazio, Abruzzo, 
Campania (Stinca et al. 2012) and Calabria].
Typification of Delairea odorata: Lemaire (1844a2: 
2 Alternative references for Delairea, and D. odorata are the Tome 
no. 4 of Herbier General de l’Amateur (Lemaire 1844b: no. 59), and the 
Tome no. 5 of L’Horticulteur universel (Lemaire 1844c: 288).
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Alien taxa of the tribe Senecioneae (Asteraceae) in Italy: a nomenclatural synopsis
380−381)3 published the new genus Delairea, dedicat-
ing it to M. Delaire (“....amantissimo Dom. Delaire…
genus hoc dicavi.”). The genus was described upon one 
species only (D. odorata), which is therefore to be con-
sidered the generitype (holotype, see Art. 10.1 Note1). 
A detailed diagnosis, and the presumed provenance 
(“Patria ignota! (Mexico probabiliter)”) were given. The 
species is actually from South African origin (Barkley 
2006), not Mexico; maybe Lemaire (1844a) could have 
seen a plant originated from seeds which were collected 
in Mexico (the author reports “In hortis quibusdam 
sub nomine improprio Breonia (non A. Rich.) palmata 
occurrit”). Lemaire (1844a, 1844c) published a good 
coloured illustration of the species, which can be con-
sidered original material for the name. Since no speci-
mens useful for the lectotypification purposes were 
found [since the Lemaire’s herbarium is not known 
to be deposited in a specific herbarium (see Stafleu & 
Cowan 1979) I try to check the main European her-
baria, such as B, BM, G, K, MPU, P, ect.], the illustra-
tion in Lemaire (1844a, 1844c) appears to be the only 
extant original material, and it is here designated as the 
lectotype of the name Delairea odorata.
Typification of Senecio mikanioides: Senecio mika­
nioides was first described by Walpers (1845: 42) who 
provided a long and detailed diagnosis, and cited two 
synonyms, “Mikania senecioides Hortor. [= Hortorum]” 
[this name should be referred to Mikania fulva (Hook. 
& Arn.) Baker; see a detailed discussion below], and 
“Ipomoea hederacea Hortor. [= Hortorum]”4. Walpers 
indicated “Otto” after the binomial, and it is possible 
that Walper referred to a specimen collected by C. F. 
Otto. According to Stafleau & Covas (1981: 858), the 
Otto’s collection is preserved at B (mainly destroyed 
with the general herbarium in 1943), while duplicates 
are kept in GOET and LIV. No Otto’s specimens 
were traced. Moreover, neither specimens collected by 
Walper were found. As a consequence, a lectotype can-
not be designated (Arts. 9.2 and 9.3). A neotypifica-
3 In the same year, Lemaire (1884b: 287-288, 1844c: 59) pub-
lished the name Delairea. The month of publication of the volume 5 
of L’Horticulteur universel is march (day 6) (Stafleu & Cowan 1979: 
835). Unfortnately, the month of publication of the volume 4 of Herbier 
General de l’Amateur is not available (Stafleu & Cowan 1981: 150). 
However, in both these works, Lemaire (1844b, 1844c) cited his paper 
in Annales des Sciences Naturelles. As a consequence, I here considered 
this latter publication (Lemaire 1844a: 380) as the first one in which 
“Delairea genus novum” was proposed.
4 Ipomoea hederacea was published by Jacquin (1787: 124−125) as a 
new species, not new combination of Convolvulus hederaceus Linnaeus 
(1753: 154, see Austin 1986, and Austin et al. 2014: 169); the lecto-
type was designated by Austin et al. (2014) on a specimen preserved 
at W (image available at http://herbarium.univie.ac.at/database/detail.
php?ID=290378).
tion is therefore required (Art. 9.7). The neotype was 
choosen on the basis of 1) provenance (South Africa, 
the native range of S. mikanioides), and 2) preservation 
state of the specimen. We selected a sheet preserved at 
P (barcode 00138785) bearing two fragments of ap-
parently a single plant collected by H. G. F. Flanagan 
in May 1891 at Komgha (South Africa).
The name Senecio mikanioides was synonymized with 
Delairea odorata by many authors (e.g., Alvarez 1997, 
Barkley 2006, Greuter 2006−2009, Celesti-Grapow et 
al. 2010, The Plant List 2013, APNI 2012, Prabu et 
al. 2012). I confirm here the synonymization of these 
two names.
Typification of Mikania senecioides Backer: Mika­
nia senecioides appears in Flora Brasiliensis (Backer 
1873−1876: 223) as a synonym of the new variety, M. 
ternifolia DC. var. senecioides. The protologue of M. 
ternifolia var. senecioides consists of a short diagnosis, 
provenance, and collector’s data (“Ad Montevideo: Sello 
n. 274”). Ritter & Miotto (2003: 15) reported that the 
type was not found, and a neotype have to be conse-
quently designated (Art. 9.7). There are two specimens 
at P (code 02683013, image available at http://sonner-
atphoto.mnhn.fr/2011/08/01/1/P02683013.jpg) and F 
(code 0BN016501), that are part of the Schultz-Bipon-
tinus’ collection and were collected by Sellow (collec-
tion number 3576) in Brasil. Since Backer (1873−1876: 
223) listed M. senecioides Sch.-Bip. as synonym of his 
new var. senecioides, I think that one of these two ex­
siccata (both matching the Backer’ diagnosis) can be 
selected for the neotypification purpose. The specimen 
at F appears to be better preserved and more complete 
(a part of one plant with several leaves and capitula) 
than those at P (only one leaf and few capitula), so we 
here designate the sheet F-0BN016501 as the neotype 
of the name Mikania ternifolia var. senecioides.
The comparison between the protologues, types of 
S. mikanioides, Delairea odorata and M. ternifolia var. 
senecioides (respectively at P, and F) and other speci-
mens, clearly shows that these two names cannot be 
considered synonyms. Actually, the var. senecioides is 
currently accepted as Mikania fulva (Hook. & Arn.) 
Baker (see e.g., Ritter & Miotto 2003, Zuloaga et 
al. 2008, Tropicos 2009). The basionym of the latter 
name (Eupatorium fulvum) is here lectotypified on a 
specimen preserved at E collected by J. Tweede in the 
locality Rio Grande as indicated in the protologue 
(Hooker & Arnott 1835: 241).
Mikania fulva (Hook. & Arn.) Baker (1873−1876: 222) 
≡ Eupatorium fulvum Hooker & Arnott (1835: 241).
Type (lectotype here designated): –  BRAZIL. 
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Alien taxa of the tribe Senecioneae (Asteraceae) in Italy: a nomenclatural synopsis
Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande,  Tweede s.n. 
(E‑00322899!). Image of the lectotype  available 
a t  h t tp : / /e lmer. rbge .org .uk/bgbase/vherb/
bgbasevherb.php?c fg=bgbase /vherb/zoom.
cfg&filename=E00322899.zip&queryRow=7
= Mikania ternifolia var. senecioides Baker (1873− 
1876: 223).
Type (neotype here designated):—BRAZIL. S.d., 
Sello 3576 (F‑0BN016501!). Image of the neotype 
available at http://emuweb.fieldmuseum.org/web/
pages/common/imagedisplay.php?irn=32000&refta
ble=efmnh&refirn=224075
2. Roldana petasitis (Sims) H.Rob. & Brettell, Phy‑
tologia 27(6): 423. 1974 ≡ Cineraria petasitis Sims, Bot. 
Mag. 37: t. 1536. 1813 ≡ Senecio petasitis (Sims) DC., 
Prodr. 6: 431. 1837: 431. – Lectotype (designated here): 
[Icon] Table 1536 in Sims (1813). Image of the lecto‑
type available at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/
page/486917#page/90/mode/1up
Photos: Acta Plantarum (2007b onwards).
Habitat: Cliffs, river banks, human‑made habitats.
Native distribution: Central America (Jeffrey 1986: 933).
Alien status in Italy: Naturalized. The Ligurian popula‑
tion at Polanesi locality seems to expand itself and the 
species was considered as naturalized (Longo 2012: 
219). On the contrary, Roldana petasitis is a casual alien 
in the other Italian regions.
Occurrence in Italy (Table 1): Naturalized in Ligu ria 
(Longo 2012); casual in Lazio (Anzalone et al. 2010), 
Apulia, Basilicata, and Sardinia (Bacchetta et al. 2009).
Typification of Cineraria petasitis: Sims (1813) pro‑
vided a short diagnosis for Cineraria petasitis (“CINE-
RARIA petasitis; (radiata) floribus paniculati sexradiatis, 
foliis petiolatis suborbiculatis undulato-lobatis pubescen-
tibus verrucosis”), also publishing an illustration (“N° 
1536”), that can be considered as original material for 
the name; the provenance (“Mexico”) was also given. No 
specimens of original material were traced at K (where 
the Sims’ collection is deposited; see Stafleu & Cowan 
1985), so Sims’ illustration represents the only extant 
material which is elegible as the lectotype. The coloured 
illustration shows a terminal part of one plant, including 
upper leaves and the inflorescence (capitula arranged in 
corymbs, each capitumum with green and slightly pu‑
bescent invoucral bracts, 5–6 yellow ligulate flowers, an 
undefined number of yellow tubutale flowers) plus one 
basal leaf. The illustration corresponds to the current 
concept of the species (see e.g., Charter & Walters 1976 
sub Senecio petasitis, PlantNET 2015), and it is here des‑
ignated as the lectotype of the name Cineraria petasitis.
3. Senecio angulatus Linnaeus filius (1781: 369). Lec‑
totype (designated here): South Africa, Caput bonae Spei, 
Thunberg s.n. (UPS‑19537!) (Figure 1).
Photos: Acta Plantarum (2007c onwards).
Habitat: Roadsides, walls, Mediterranean maquis, uncul‑
tivated lands.
Native distribution: South Africa (Foden & Potter 
2005a).
Alien status in Italy: Invasive. Senecio angulatus is able 
to form self‑replacing populations unsupported by 
humans, and sometimes it widely spreads, so becom‑
ing invasive. As a whole, in Italy this species can cause 
ecological impact by the loss of biodiversity. Personal 
observations in Apulia region (Taranto Province – 
Iamonico & Maglio 2008: 258) showed that S. angu-
Figure 1: Lectotype of the name Senecio angulatus (UPS‑19537!). A 
magnification of the Thunberg’s script is squared and place on the top 
of the specimen.
Slika 1: Lektotip imena Senecio angulatus (UPS‑19537!). Povečava 
Thurnbergovega napisa je uokvirjena nad primerkom.
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Alien taxa of the tribe Senecioneae (Asteraceae) in Italy: a nomenclatural synopsis
latus easily grows in the Mediterranean maquis where 
it is strictly associated and could potentially competes 
with native species.
Occurrence in Italy (Table 1): Invasive in Liguria, and 
Sardinia (Bacchetta et al. 2009); naturalized in Tuscany, 
Campania, Basilicata (Iamonico 2008: 25), and Sicily; 
casual in Lazio, Apulia (Iamonico & Maglio 2008: 
258), and Calabria.
Typification of Senecio angulatus: Linnaeus filius 
(1781: 369) described S. angulatus in the 13th edition of 
Supplementum Plantarum, providing a short diagnosis 
(“angulatus. SENECIO corollis radiantibus, foliis peti-
olatis ovatis dentato-angulatis glabris”), the provenance 
(“Habitat in Cap. Bonae spei”), the collector (“Thun-
berg”) and morphological details of the leaf blade (“Fo-
lia subcarnosa, glauca”). Two specimens were found 
at UPS (nos. 19537, and 19538), each bearing parts 
of the same plant (M. Hjertson pers. comm.) which 
morphological characteristics (leaves glabrous, with 
blades ovate with margins dentate, and capitula with 
ray florets) match the protologue and correspond to 
the current concept of the species (see e.g., Charter & 
Walters 1976, Pignatti 1982). Both specimens include 
(on verso) the Thunberg’s script “Cap. B. Spei. Thun-
berg.”. We designate UPS-19537 as the lectotype of the 
name Senecio angulatus, since it bears more capitula 
(each one 4–5-flowered) whose features have a high 
taxonomic value in Senecio. Since I am not sure that 
the specimen UPS-19538 is part of the same gathering, 
it is not regarded as a isolectotype.
4. Senecio crassiflorus (Poir.) DC., Prodr. 6: 412. 1837 
≡ Cineraria crassiflora Poir., Encycl. Suppl. 2: 267. 1811 – 
Lectotype (designated here): [Icon] Pl. 675 f. 4 in Lamarck 
1796. Image of the lectotype available at http://www.bi-
odiversitylibrary.org/item/104446#page/359/mode/1up 
= Senecio andryaloides DC., Prodr. 6: 420. 1837 ≡ Senecio 
crassiflorus var. andryaloides (DC.) Arechav., Ann. Mus. 
Nat. Montevideo 6(3): 386. 1908 – Lectotype (desig-
nated here): Brazil, Rio Grande, 1833, Gaudichaud 922 
(P-03782380!). Image of the lectotype available at http://
sonneratphoto.mnhn.fr/2011/09/07/10/P03782380.jpg
Photos: BGFlora.net (2009).
Habitat: Human-made environments.
Native distribution: South America (Thompson 2006: 
82).
Alien status in Italy: Not confirmed casual (see just be-
low “Occurrence in Italy”).
Occurrence in Italy (Table 1): Doubtfully occuring in 
Italy (Liguria region). Celesti-Grapow et al. (2010: 
203) reported S. crassifolius (sub S. andryaloides) as not 
recorded in Italy (Liguria) since 1950. Fiori (1927: 602) 
stated: “S. andryaloides…avvent. nella Lig. fra Quarto 
e Quinto” (= S. andryaloides…adventive in Liguria be-
tween Quarto and Quinto) and he referred to Penzig 
(1889: 276). Since neither herbarium specimens (see 
Stafleu & Cowan 1983: 156 for the list of herbaria in 
which the Penzig’s collection is deposited) nor popula-
tions in field were found, I prefer to consider the oc-
currence of this species in Italy as doubtful. Greuter 
(2006−2009) recorded S. crassifolius (sub S. andry-
aloides) only in Italy, so the current presence in Europe 
of this species should be also considered uncertain.
Typification of Senecio andryaloides: Senecio andry-
aloides was recognized by Candolle (1838: 420) as a 
member of ser. Brasilienses DC., which was described 
in Prodromus to include taxa occurring in southern Bra-
zil. In particular, S. andryaloides was included into the 
informal group “Foliis indivisis, caule frutescente” (the 
other two groups are “Foliis indivisis, caule herbaceo”, 
and “Foliis tri-se u pinnatilobatis”). A description, the 
provenance (“in Brasiliae prov. Rio Grande”), and a 
specimen (“h. Mus. imp. Bras. N. 922!”) were provided. 
We found one specimen at P (code 03782380, a sin-
type) bearing one plant whose characteristics match the 
Candolle’s diagnosis, and the label “Senecio crassiflorus 
DC. / Cineraria crassiflora Poir. / Brésil. Provincè de RIO-
GRANDE. / (Herbier Impérial du BRÉSIL N.° 922) / 
C. GAUDICHAUD 1833”. Although Candolle (l.c.) 
reported the collection number “922”, I cannot be sure 
that P-03782380 is the only element used by Candolle 
for describing the species, so it is appropriate to des-
ignated it as the lectotype of the name Senecio andry-
aloides (see also the wide discussion by McNeill 2014).
The name Senecio andryaloides was rarely cited in 
literature (e.g., Backer 1884: 307 as a synonym of 
“Senecio crassiflorus DC. Prodr.. VI. 412”, Greuter 
2006−2009, Celesti-Grapow et al. 2009, The Plant 
List 2013 as “unresolved”).
Typification of Cineraria crassifolia: Cineraria crassifo-
lia was described by a diagnosis (Poiret 1811: 267) and 
an illustration from Lamarck (1796: tab. 675. fig. 4). 
This latter image is part of the original material for the 
name, and matchs the Poiret’s diagnosis. Since no spec-
imens which are useful for the lectotypification purpose 
were found, the Lamarck’s image became the only ex-
tant original material and it is here designated as the 
lectotype of the name C. crassifolia. On the basis of the 
comparison between the diagnoses, the types of Ciner-
aria crassiflora, and Senecio andryaloides, and personal 
examination of other specimens, we agree with the pro-
posal of Backer (1884: 307) who first synonymized the 
two names.
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Alien taxa of the tribe Senecioneae (Asteraceae) in Italy: a nomenclatural synopsis
5. Senecio deltoideus Less., Syn. Gen. Compos.: 392. 
1832 ≡ Eupatorium auriculatum Lam.5, Encycl. 2(2): 
411. 1786 ≡ Mikania auriculata (Lam.) Willd., Sp. Pl. 
Ed. 4, 3(3): 1745. 1803 ≡ Cacalia fimbrillifera Cassini 
(1827: 460), nom. nov. pro Eupatorium auriculatum, 
nom. illeg. et superfl. (Art. 52.1) ≡ Willoughbya auricula­
ta (Lam.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 372. 1891 ≡ Senecio 
fimbrillifer (Cass.) B.L.Rob., Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 47: 
215. 1911 ‒ Lectotype (designated here): South Africa, 
Caput bonae Spei, Sonnerat s.n. (SBT-13652!). Image of 
the lectotype available at http://info.bergianska.se/bilder/
bergius/43/SBT13652.jpg
= Cacalia scandens Thunb., Prodr. Pl. Cap.: 142. 1800, 
non Senecio scandens Buchanan-Hamilton ex D.Don, 
Prodr. Fl. Nepal.: 178. 1825 ‒ Lectotype (designated 
here): South Africa, Capute bonae Spei, Thunberg s.n. 
(UPS-18767!, Figure 2; isolectotypes UPS-18768!, LD-
1253428!, image of the isolectotypes available at http://
plants.jstor.org/canescencspecimen/ld1253428)
Photos: Acta Plantarum (2007d onwards).
Habitat: Roadsides, railways (Table 2).
Native distribution: Tropical Africa (Beentje & Ghazan-
far 2005). 
Alien status in Italy: Naturalized.
Occurrence in Italy (Table 1): Naturalized in Liguria 
(Zappa & Campodonico 2005, Peccenini et al. 2010).
Typification of Eupatorium auriculatum: Lamarck 
(1786: 411) provided a short diagnosis (“Eupatorium 
caule scandente multangulo, foliis alterni triangularis­
hastatis dentatis, petiolis auriculatis. N. [Nobis]”), a 
long description (in French), and the provenance (“Cap 
de Bonne­Espérance”). Indicating the original material, 
he stated “…nous été communiquée par M. Sonnerat (v. 
s.)” (= “…it was comunicated by M. Sonnerat (v. s.)”). 
Jeffrey (1986: 386) stated “Senecio deltoideus Less. 
... Type: South Africa, Cape of Good Hope, Sonnerat 
(holotype P)”. However, Lamarck (1786: 411) did not 
indicate any holotype and a typification is required. 
Moreover, any specimen of Eupatorium auriculatum (or 
Senecio deltoideus, see below) collected by M. Sonnerat 
was traced at P. As a consequence, on the basis of the 
Art. 9.11, a lecto- or neotypification is necessary. There 
is one specimen at SBT (no. 13652) represented by a 
flowering stem matching the Lamarck’s diagnosis and 
description, and corresponding to the current concept 
of S. deltoideus (see e.g., Beentje & Ghazanfar 2005, 
Foden & Potter 2005b, Peccenini 2009). We here des-
5 The name Eupatorium auriculatum by Lamarck (1786: 411) cannot 
be used under Senecio, since Burmann (1768: 181) earlier published 
S. auriculatus Burm. f., which is actually referable to Emilia sonchifolia 
(L.) DC. (see Davidse et al. 2017).
ignated this specimen as the lectotype of the name Eu­
patorium auriculatum. Since Lessing (1832: 392) pro-
posed Senecio deltoideus as replaced name of Eupatorium 
auriculatum, the type of these two names is the same. 
Typification of Cacalia scandens: the protologue by 
Thunberg (1800: 142) consisted of af short diagnosis 
(“scandens. C. [Cacalia] caule scandente, foliis triangulari­
bus sinuato­dentatis”) without cited synonyms and illus-
trations. Three specimens, which are part of the original 
material, were found. The first one is preserved at LD 
(barcode 1253428, image available at http://plants.jstor.
org/specimen/ld1253428), and bears a plant collected 
by C. P. Thunberg at “Caput bonae Spei”. The other two 
specimens are part of the Thunberg’s collection at UPS 
[nos. 18767 (three parts of the same plant (M. Hjertson 
pers. comm., the Art. 9.17 can be applied), and 18768], 
and they include, respectively, the Thunberg’s scripts 
Figure 2: Lectotype of the name Cacalia scandens (UPS-18767!). A 
magnification of the Thunberg’s script is squared and place on the top 
of the specimen.
Slika 2: Lektotip imena Cacalia scandens (UPS-18767!). Povečava 
Thurnbergovega napisa je uokvirjena nad primerkom.
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“Capute bonae spei. C. P. Thunberg”, and “Cap. b. spei. 
Thunberg”. All the exsiccata show features that match the 
Thunberg’s diagnosis and include the script “Missus e 
Cap. b. spei a Clariss. DD. Thunberg, anno 1773”. We 
here designated the No. 18767 as the lectotype of the 
name Cacalia scandens. The others exsiccata (No. 18768 
at UPS and LD-1253428) are isolectotypes.
6. Senecio inaequidens DC., Prodr. 6: 401. 1837 
‒ Lectotype [designated by Jeanmonod et al. 2004: 
47]: South Africa, 1835, Drège 5879 (G-00130597!, 
plant of the right). Image of the lectotype available at 
http://www.ville-ge.ch/musinfo/bd/cjb/chg/adetail.
php?id=147731&base=img&lang=fr
Photos: Acta Plantarum (2007e onwards).
Habitat: Uncultivated lands, meadows, roadsides, rail-
ways, fields, river banks, forest edges.
Native distribution: South Africa (Sans et al. 2004).
Alien status in Italy: Invasive. Senecio inaequidens is the 
most aggressive Senecio alien species in Italy, having a 
high capability to spread in both human-made and nat-
ural environments, from sea level to 2000 m a.s.l. [as it 
happens in the National Park of Gran Sasso and Monti 
della Laga, Central Italy (see Giunti et al. 2015)]. This 
species causes ecological, economical and social impacts: 
loss of biodiversity (especially in meadows and pastures, 
see Giunti et al. 2015), reduction in productivity and 
quality of cultivated lands (especially wineyards, see 
Banfi & Galasso 2010: 248), and threats to the health 
of humans and domesticated animals (cows, horses, and 
sheeps) on account of its a high concentration of toxic 
pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which are passed also through 
milk and honey (see e.g., Dimande et al. 2007).  Giunti 
et al. (2015) highlighted that S. inaequidens grows 
in vegetation communities characterizing three sites 
listed in the Habitat Directive 92/43/EEC, that are: 
6110-Rupicolous calcareous or basophilic grasslands 
of the Alysso­Sedion albi, 6210-Semi-natural dry grass-
lands, and scrubland facies on calcareous substrates 
(Festuco­Brometea), and 6220-Pseudo-steppe with grass-
es and annuals (Thero­Brachypodietea).
Occurrence in Italy (Table 1): Invasive in northern, cen-
tral Italy (except for Tuscany where Senecio inaequidens 
is naturalized), and Sardinia (Bacchetta et al. 2009); 
naturalized in Basilicata; casual in Calabria, and Sicily.
Typification of Senecio inaequidens: Jeanmonod (2004: 
47) proposed, as a lectotype for this name, a specimen 
(plant of the right) preserved at G in Candolle’s col-
lections (barcode 00130597): it was collected in South 
Africa by J. F. Drège in 1835. The lectotypification is 
correct and it is here accepted.
7. Senecio leucanthemifolius subsp. vernalis (Waldst. 
& Kit.) Greuter, Willdenowia 33: 247. 2003 ≡ Senecio 
vernalis Waldst. & Kit., Descr. Icon. Pl. Hung. 1: 23. 
1800 ≡ Senecio leucanthemifolius var. vernalis (Waldst. 
& Kit.) C.Alexander, Not. Roy. Bot. Gard. Edinburgh 
37(3): 403. 1979 ‒ Lectotype (designated here): [Icon] 
Table 24 in Waldstein & Kitaibel (1800). Image of the 
lectotype available at http://bibdigital.rjb.csic.es/ing/Li-
bro.php?Libro=1916&Pagina=116
Photos: Danin (2015).
Habitat: Uncultivated lands, meadows, human-made 
habitats.
Native distribution: East Europe, West and Central Asia 
(Comes & Abbott 2001: 1944).
Alien status in Italy: Casual (escaped from gardens). 
Occurrence in Italy (Table 1): Lombardy, Trentino-Alto 
Adige, and Veneto.
Typification of Senecio vernalis: The protologue of 
Senecio vernalis (Waldstein & Kitaibel 1800: 23) con-
sists of a short diagnosis (“Senecio corollis radiantibus, 
radiis patentibus, foliis pinnatifidis crispis, cauleque 
piloso-lanatis”), a detailed description, and an associ-
ate illustration (“Tab. 24”) which is part of the origi-
nal material for the name. This image, which shows 
all parts of one plant plus a magnification of tubular 
(“a” in the table) and ligulate (“b”) flowers and one 
achene with pappus (“c”), matches the diagnosis and 
description by Waldstein & Kitaibel (l.c.), corresponds 
to the current concept of the species (see e.g., Charter 
& Walters 1976, Pignatti 1982, Sell & Murrell 2006), 
and it is here designated as the lectotype of the name 
Senecio vernalis.
8. Senecio pterophorus DC., Prodr. 6: 389. 18386 ‒ 
Lectotype [designated by Iamonico 2015b: 732 (“holo-
type”, here corrected according to the Art. 9.9)]: Africa, 
Cape region, Omsamtendo u. Osmamculo & Drége s.n. 
(P-126474!). Image of the lectotype available at http://
dsiphoto.mnhn.fr/sonnerat/apiJOIN/JH/JH20050715/
P00126474.jpg
Photos: Acta Plantarum (2007f onwards).
Habitat: Cliffs, burned forests, human-made habitat, un-
cultivated lands.
Native distribution: Uncertin. According to Iamonico 
(2015b), the native range of S. pterophorus is currently 
to be considered as uncertain, and two hypotheses can 
be made: 1) a disjuncted natural distribution (South 
America-South Africa), eventually related to long-dis-
6 For a complete synonymy see Iamonico (2015b).
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Duilio Iamonico
Alien taxa of the tribe Senecioneae (Asteraceae) in Italy: a nomenclatural synopsis
tance dispersal, or 2) a recent accidental introduction 
into America from Africa (or viceversa) by man.
Alien status in Italy: Naturalized. 
Occurrence in Italy (Table 1): Naturalized in Liguria. In 
Liguria it was observed in three out of the four provinces, 
which are (west to east): Imperia Province (within 9 mu-
nicipalities), Savona Province (10 municipalities), and 
Genoa (2 municipalities) (S. Peccenini pers. comm.).
Note on the typification of Senecio pterophorus: 
Iamonico (2015b) indicated the specimen P-126474 as 
Table 2: Synoptic list of the Italian alien members of Senencioneae (accepted names in bold, and alphabetical order), including 
data about native range, status and preferential habitats (the more impacted habitats are underlined).
Tabela 2: Sinoptični seznam tujerodnih taksonov plemena Senencioneae v Italiji (veljavna imena so napisana krepko po abecednem 
vrstnem redu) s podatki o naravnem območju razširjenosti, statusu in rastiščih (najbolj vplivani habitati so podčrtani).
Native range Italy Preferential habitat
Delairea odorata (= S. mikanioides) S-Africa INV Human-made habitats
Roldana petasitis (≡ S. petasitis) Mexico, C-America NAT Cliffs, human-made habitats
Senecio angulatus S-Africa INV Roadsides, walls, Mediterranean scrub, uncultivated lands
Senecio crassiforum (= S. andryaloides) S-America ?
Senecio deltoideus Tropical Africa NAT Human-made habitats
Senecio inaequidens S-Africa INV Uncultivated lands, roadsides, railways, cultivated fields, river banks 
Senecio leucanthemifolius subsp.  
vernalis 
E-Europe, W- and C-Asia CAS Uncultivated lands, meadows, human-made habitats 
Senecio pterophorus (= S. grisebachii) uncertain * NAT Cliffs, burned forests, human-made habitats, uncultivated lands 
* See the wide discussion by Iamonico (2015b)
Table 1: Occurrence of alien Senecioneae taxa in Italy (accepted names in bold, listed in alphabetical order). Symbols and abbrevia-
tions of regional names follow Conti et al. (2005: 14−15). Legend: ? = doubtful occurring taxon, C = casual, N = naturalized, I = 
invasive.
Tabela 1: Pojavljanje tujerodnih taksonov plemena Senecioneae v Italiji (veljavna imena so napisana krepko po abecednem vrstnem 
redu). Simboli in okrajšave regionalnih imen sledijo delu Conti et al. (2005: 14−15). Legenda: ? = pojavljanje taksona je dvom-
ljivo, C = prehoden, N = naturaliziran, I = invaziven.
V
D
A
PI
E
LO
M
TA
A
V
EN
FV
G
LI
G
EM
R
T
O
S
M
A
R
U
M
B
LA
Z
A
B
R
M
O
L
C
A
M
P
U
G
B
A
S
C
A
L
SI
C
SA
R
Delairea odorata
(= S. mikanioides) C N C C C C I
Roldana petasitis
(= S. petasitis) N C C C C
Senecio angulatus I N C N C N C N I
Senecio crassifolius
(= S. andryaloides) ?
Senecio deltoideus N
Senecio inaequidens I I I I I I I I N I I I I I I N C C I
Senecio leucanthemifolius 
subsp. vernalis C C C
Senecio pterophorus
(= S. grisebachii) N
the holotype of the name Senecio pterophorus. How-
ever, according to the Art. 9.1 [see also the discussion 
by McNeill (2014)], the selected specimen (a syntype 
according to the Art. 9.5) cannot be considered as the 
holotype, since any precise indication that it is the sin-
gle one used by Candolle occurs in the protologue. As 
a consequence, P-126474 is the lectotype, and the pre-
vious statement by Iamonico (2015b) is here corrected, 
according to the Art. 9.9.
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Alien taxa of the tribe Senecioneae (Asteraceae) in Italy: a nomenclatural synopsis
Diagnostic key to the alien 
taxa in Senecio, Roldana and 
Delairea reported for Italy
1. Leaves blades with palmate venation7 ....................... 2
– Leaves blades with pennate venation ........................ 5
2. Stems erect, pubescent; involucres without supple-
mentary phyllaries ..............................Roldana petasitis
– Stems climbing, glabrous; involucres with 2−7 supple-
mentary phyllaries .................................................... 3
3. Leaves with false stipules at the base of petiole ....Senecio 
deltoideus
– Leaves without false stipules at the base of petiole ....... 4
4. Capitula 5−7 mm in diameter; ray florets absent; invo-
lucres with 2−4 supplementary phyllaries .......Delairea 
odorata
– Capitula 10−25 mm in diameter; ray florets 4−5; invo-
lucres with 3−7 supplementary phyllaries .........Senecio 
angulatus
5. Leaves deeply lobed to dissected, with margins dentate; 
plants annual .....Senecio leucanthemifolius subsp. vernalis
– Leaves never lobed or dissected, with margin entire 
to dentate; plants usually perennial (excepting some 
forms of S. pterophorus) ............................................ 6
6. Leaves all linear [1−3(−5) mm width], usually with 
margins entire ............................... Senecio inaequidens
– Leaves linear-lanceolate to oblanceolate lanceolate 
(more than 1 cm width), dentate to entire ................ 7
7. Capitula arranged in compound corymbs; ray florets 
(8−)10−12(−15) .............................Senecio pterophorus
8. Capitula solitary or in pair; ray florets 15−22 ......Senecio 
crassiflorus
Acknowledgements
Thanks are due to Directors and Curators of all the quot-
ed Herbaria for their support. Special thanks to M. Hjert-
son (Herbarium UPS) for the permission to reproduce 
the images from Thunberg’s herbarium, and to S. Peccen-
ini (University of Genoa) for the constructive discussions, 
and in providing unpublished data. I am also greatful 
D. Jeanmonod (Genève) for providing data about Senecio 
inaequidens published in Compléments au Prodrome de la 
Flore Corse.
7 Palmate venation is a vein arrangement in a leaf with the veins ra-
diating outward from the base of the leaf like fingers spread out from 
the palm of a hand.
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