Dynasties

of

Ancient Egypt;

taken almost wholly from Prof. Dr. Lauth’s work entitled

Aus Aegyptens Vorzeit,

Berlin, 1881,

and hurriedly prepared for the use of the pupils

of the

Khediviah Scliool at Cairo,

%

Edward A. van Dyck.

Laibach:

Ig. v. Kleinmayr & Fed. Bamberg,
September, 1893.

\fioo

Introduction.

The history of tke ancient Egyptians reaches so very far
back that we must first try to form some idea of tke great
lengtk of time tkat separates us from its beginning. If we do
not keep in mind the tkousands of years that kave elapsed
since tke appearance of the first king of Egypt, we skali not
be able to understand and remember what we have to learn
about kings that lived and events tkat happened long before
tke days of the Prophet Muliammad and Jesus Ckrist, before
the kings David and Solomon, before Moses and Joseph, nay
even before Abraham, tke faithful friend of God.

Let us, therefore, begin with our own times and go ra-
pidly back.

One thousand two hundred and seventy-one years ago
(i. e., 1311 lunar years), the Prophet Muhammad fled from
Makka to Madinah.

Six hundred and twenty two years before the Flight of
Muhammad, Jesus Christ was born.

Between 1050 and 950 years before Christ’s birth, king
David and his son Solomon, both of them prophets also, reigned
at Jerusalem over the Children of Israel.

About 500 years before king Solomon’s time, the Prophet
Moses led the Children of Israel, in 1490/91 B.C., out of Egypt,
to bring them to Kana’an, the land which God kad promised
t6 Abraham.

Over 400 years before Moses’ time, Joseph, the son of
Jacob, was sold as a slave in Egypt (about 1940 B.C.).

About 170 years before Joseph’s time, Abraham, the friend
of God, lived in Kana’an, and visited Egypt (2100 or 2116 B.C.).

2  —

And lastly, about 2000 years before Abraham (in 4157
B.C.), king Mena’ began to reign over Egypt.

The following Table will help to make the foregoing
statements clearer to the eye.

From Mena’ king of Egypt to Christ 4157 yrs.

— A.D. . . Jesus Christ ....  — yrs.

to

622 » . Flight of Muhammad . 622 »

to

1893 » . . Our present Time . . 1271 »

This present year, after Christ . . 1893 yrs.

Add the 4157 years before Christ

and the 1893 » after »

Mena’ lived 6050 years before our day.

The historv of Egypt extends, therefore, over a period
of sixty and one-half centuries; and 181 or 182 generations of
men have been bora, have lived, and died since the days of
king Mena’ of Egypt.

Egypt before Mena’.

AVhat we know about Egypt before Mena’ is tkat it was
inliabited by a numerous people, who lived in villages and
cities, tilled the soil as farmers, observed the motions of the
heavenly bodies, wrote their language in a writing which we
call the hieroglyphics, knew how to dig tke metals out of the
earth, worshipped one or more gods, and built great temples.
In other words the Egvptians already had, before Mena’, ali
that which we call civilisation and which distinguishes man from
the brutes: namely a language reduced to writing, mathematics
and astronomy, agriculture, architecture (the art of building),
and a religion with its priests, who ruled as judges.

These priests were called Servants of Horos. Horos was
the name of their God; and the sun, they thought, was his
riglit eye. They thought that the moon was his left eye. They
also called their god Ra’. In the great city of ’Anu, called also
Ma-tar-ye (’Ain-Shams, Heliopolis), there was a great temple
for the worship of Ra’. South of this city, near old Cairo,
was a tower, or double tower, called Ben-Ben, or Bel-Bel, which
the priests used as an observatory.

The priests were called Servants or AVorshippers of Horos.
The last Horos-Servant before Mena’ was But-’au. He lived
4245 B.C. In that year, when the lst day of Thoth came round,
the Dog-Star, called also Sirius, rose with the rising of the sun
and the rise of the Nile. So But-’au was also called Se-thoth,
or the son of Thoth, the god of learning.

First and Second Dynasties (Theeinytes),

Mena’, 1, I. He was the founder of the kingdom, began
to reign in 4157 B.C., and reigned 62 years. Some think that
he was from a town called This or Thin, which stood between
Bardis and Abydos, not far from Balvanah; and that this is
why he and the sixteen rulers after him wcre called Theeinytes.

i*

4

Others tliink that he was of a priestly family in ’Anu (On,
Heliopolis, Matariah); that he was the first to separate the worldly
power from the priestly or religious authority; and that, while
the city of ’Anu continued for thousands of years to be the
cliief seat of religion and learning, Memphis became the political
Capital of the newly-formed kingdom. But whatever the learned
historians say and think on this subject, ali are agreed that
Mena’, 1, I., founded the city of Memphis and the kingdom.

This city stood nearly opposite the modern Hihvan, near
the two villages now called Badrashein and Mit-Rabine. It was
called Men-nefer, the Beautiful A bode; it was also called the
White Wall; for the wall surrounding it was built of the white
limestone brought from the quarries near Turah. In the city
was a royal palače, and a great temple dedicated to the worship
of the god Ptah.

In those days, when the worldly povra -  was separated
from the priestly authority, the Nile flowed along the western
hills. Mena’ dug for it a nevv channel, nearer the eastern side
of the Nile Valley. Then he built a great dyke, above Memphis.
So the Nile flowed in tvvo channels; Memphis lay between the
two, and was thus easy to defend against any attacks.

But’au had been Servant of Horos from 4245 to 4157 B.C.,
i. e., 88 years. In the 32nd year of Mena’s reign, 120 years
had elapsed since the year 4245; so that in 4125 B.C., the Dog
star Sirius rose at sunrise and the Nile began to rise, not on
the lst day of Thoth, but on the lst of Phaophi, or Baba.
So Mena’ was also called Phaophis or Phanophis. He was the
king who is called Misraim in the sacred books of the Jews.

2, I. 'Atuta. He was, perhaps, the son of Mena’ by his
wife Shesh. He built the king’s tower in Memphis, was a
physician, and wrote books on Anatomy. This was very na-
tural, for the Egyptians embalmed the bodies of their Dead;
so that they must have begun very early to busy themselves
with this Science. Ali Orientals hold the Science of medecine
in great honor. 'Atuta means the Son or Gift of Thoth; and

Thoth was the god of writing, poetry and learning. Thoth is
Thehuti, or Dehuti, or Daoud.

3, I. Qen-qen. The name Phar’ao means Great-House.
Every Egyptian king lived in a great house; so this name
became a title that was often applied to any one of them.

4, I. Huniba, called also 'Ata and Sen-Hathoris. This is
perhaps the oldest name of a king that Egyptologists ha ve
found on the early monuments. Senhatori means the Son of
Hathor. In his reign, 120 years had passed since the thirty-
second year of Mena’s reign. So when the Nile began to rise
and the Dogstar Sirius was seen to rise with the morning
san, the Egyptian movable year had eome around to the lst day
of Athyr, or Hatur. (4125 less 120 = 4005 B.C.)

During his reign the land of Egypt was visited by
a famine, caused perhaps by an insufficient rise of the river.
He built the pyramids of Kochome. Perhaps this means that
the tombs, before his time, were more like towers, and that
he was the brst to introduce the real pyramidal shape.

5, I. Husapati. His name has been found in the hiero-
glyphics on the monuments; it means “the two districts”. So
the historians tliink that he must have enlarged the kingdom
of his forefathers by two nomes or districts.

6, I. Miebidos, or the Lover of Distinction.

7, I. Semempses, or the Illustrious. In his days there
occurred in Egypt many wonders and many people died, per¬
haps of the plague.

8, I. Qebuhu, “The Fresh or Cheery”.

Second Dynasty. Also Theeinytes.

1, II. Ba’nuter, called also But’au and Bubastus. Since
4005 B.C., another hanti or period of 120 years had elapsed.
4005 less 120 = 3885 B.C. Tlius in that year, during his
reign, the Nile began to rise and the Dogstar Sirius rose with
the sun, when the Egvptian movable year of 365 days had
come round to the first of Xoiak, Kiak; so Ba’nuter was in
that year surnamed Bubastus or Son of Bast, the goddess whose
feast or mulid was celebrated on the first day of that month.

6

The goddess Bast or Pasht is generallv pictured on the
monuments with the head of a lioness or cat. She was more
especially worshipped at Bubastis or Tall-Basta, near Zagazig,
where many bronze eats were dug up a few years ago. This
king was the 9th from Mena’. In his reign the earth at Bu¬
bastis is said to have opened and swallowed up many men.

2, II. Ka’ka’u, meaning buli of bulls, i. e., the very strong
one. In his reign the black buli Apis in Memphis, the white
buli Mnevis in Heliopolis, and the Ram or he-goat of Mendes
were recognised as (symbols of the) gods. Polvtheism slowly
became brute-worship.

3, II. Banuter, the second of this name. In his reign it
was decided that vremen also could bear the royal title. Lady
Shesh’s (the wife of Mena’) name is written without the ring
or circle which always surrounds a royal name; but after
this new rule, queens’ names had it, as we shall see here-
after in the čase of Queen Nitokris, for example, the last of
the VIth dynasty.

4,11. Vetnas or Tlas. Las = Arabic lisan. He was al-malik-
al-mulsin. His surname was Rison or Phison, beeause in his
reign another hanti had gone by; so that, when Sirius rose
with the sun, the Egyptian year of 365 days had to go on to
the lst day of Tybi or Tuba. In other \vords the Nile rising
fell on the first day of the lst month in the second third of
a year. For the Egyptians have always divided their year, not
into 4 seasons of 3 months each, but into t lire e seasons only
of four months each. So he was surnamed the One between
the two seasons. 3885 less 120 = 3765 B.C.

6, II. Chaires, or Kha-Ra’.

7, II. Nefer-Ka’-Ra’. These are the first times that the
name of the sun-god Ra’ of Heliopolis appears as part of a
proper name. Under him the Nile flowed eleven days with
honey mixed with its waters. This probably means a great
inundation during eleven days.

8, II. Se : sokar. In this name is that of the god Sokar,
who was one of the three great gods, Pattah, Sokar and Usiri,

7

speciallj worshipped at Memphis, tli en also called Hut-ka’-ra’,
at Saqqarah called Sokar-ra’, and at Abusir called Bu-osiri, —
ali three cities near to eacli other. — So the name of tlns king,
the last but one of tke Theeinytes, shows tkat they were for-
getting their origin from ’Anu. He was 6 ells and 3 hand-
breadths tali, about 8 8 / 4  feet. His surname was Pamyles or
Pa-Mecheir; for in his day anotlier hanti had elapsed; thus
when the Nile rising and the Dogstar early rising came about,
the Egvptian year had to go on to the lst of Amshir. (3765
less 120 = 3645 B.C.)

9, II. Khen-ra’. The last of this dynasty.

Summary: lst Theeinyte Dynasty . . 8 kings

2nd » » . . 9 »

in ali . .17 kings, \vho

reigned about 555 years, since 4157 B.C. Tke names of most
of them reveal the marshall or warlike špirit of those earliest
Pharaos.

The Dynasties of Memphis,

to wit the llld, IVth and Vth dynasties.

1, III. Necheroplies or Nefer-si-nefer, i. e., Hassan Son
of Hassan. He had probably ustirped the throne, and thus the
power passed from the 2nd Theeinyte to a Memphite House or
Family. In his reign the people of the Libyan (western) desert
revolted against Egvpt; but when the moon waxed greatly,
they submitted out of fear. Perhaps an eclipse.

2, III. Tasort, surnamed Im-hotep. Just as 'Atuta, the
son of Mena’, had been a physician and the author of a book
on anatomy, so was this king also very learned in the Science
of medecine. He also introduced the art of building with
smoothed stones, instead of the roughhewn stones used in former
times. Tasort further encouraged the art of cutting words and
pictures into the stone walls. Im-hotep is the name the Egvp-
tians gave to their god Im-hotep, the god of medecine and
the son of the great god Pattah of Memphis. Tasort was also

8

called Si-Menat, i. e., son of Menat; for in his day another
lian ti of 120 years had passed, so that when the Nile rose and
the Dogstar Sirius rose with the sun, the Egyptian year of
365 days had come around to the lst dav of Phamenoth,
which is Barmahat; and 3645 less 120 = 3525 B.C.

3, III. Ti-ra’ = The Gift of Ra’.

4, III. Ma-Sokar, or N eter-K a-So kar u.

5, III. Husef’au.

6, III. Bebon. His name was afterwards erased (scrat-
ched out) in the List of kings’ names engraved on the temple
walls. Why? Because Bebon was a surname of the god of evil,
whom they also called Set; we call the Evil One Satan.

7, III. Tosorteta’ or simply Teta’.

8, III. Huni-Akhu, i. e., the One wko slew the Devih He
seems to have been a pious man, learned in religious matters.

9, III. Seneferu. He founded a College or Order of
priests, wliich continued to exist down to the latest times of
Egyptian history. In the peninsula of Sinai, on the rocks in
Wadi Magharah, there is a very large picture, cut in the
face of the rock, representing this king as holding in his left
hand the long locks of hair of the people dwelling in those
mountains, while they are crouching (kneeling) in fear before
him, and in his right hand he holds a sword with which he
is going to strike off their heads. (See below, the Pyramids.)

10, III. Ka’-nub-ra’. This name means the Golden Sun.
Ra’ is the name of the sun, which they thought was the mani-
festation of God.

Fourth Dynasty. 1, IV. Si-rennuti. He was called Son
of the goddess Rennut or Remut, because she was specially
worshipped on the first day of Pharmuti which is the month
Barmudah; and as another hanti of 120 years had passed by,
the Nile rose and the Dogstar Sirius rose with the sun when
the Egyptian year of 365 days had come around to the first
day of Barmudah, which is the 8th month of their year.
3525 less 120 = 3405 B.C.

9

Furthermore Barmudah is the 4tli month of the second
Egyptian season, of which there were only three. Remut is the
goddess of flowers and of the harvest.

Some historians plače Seneferu (9, III) after Ka-nubra
(10, III) and after Si-rennuti (1, IV). They make Seneferu the
first king of the Fourth Dynasty; so he would be 1 , IV.

2, IV. Chufu, or Cheops. He built the greatest of ali
the pyramids (west of Grižah). In the grave (or tomb) of the
princess Hontsen of the IVth Dynasty there is an inscription
which speaks of Chufu. It says that this king built sanctuaries
(holy places) for the goddesses Isis and Hat-hor near Busiris
(Abusir). Chufu also wrote a book on the religion of the Egyp-
tians. He founded the city of Menat-Chufu, which we call Minieh.

The wonderful buildings of this dynasty, that is the great
pyramids and the Sphinx with a man’s head, require a special
ckapter; they will be described after we have reached the end
of the 5th Dynasty.

3, IV. Chauf-ra’ or Chefren. He built the second greatest
pyramid, near the greatest. Mariette Bey, formerly keeper of
antiquities at the Bulaq Museum, found beautiful statues in
stone of this monarch. The late Mariette Bey found them in
a deep pit near the great Androsphinx. They are portraits
(likenesses) of king Chaufra’ in a sitting position.

4, IV. Ra’ta-tef; see below 6, IV.

5, IV. Men-ka’-ra’, or Mykerinos. He built the third
greatest pyramid, near the other two. Colonel Howard Vyse
found in this pyramid the sarcophagus, and in it the mummi-
fied body, of this king. — Afterwards Queen Nitokris, the last
of the 6th dynasty, repaired and enlarged the pyramid of Men¬
ka’- ra’ and prepared in it a room for her body near the king’s
burial room.

6, IV. Har-ta-tef, grand-son of Ratatef (4, IV), and son
of Men-ka’-ra’, 5, IV. This king, while yet prince during
the reign of his father Men-ka’-ra’, was once making a tour
throughout the country; at the city of Chemennu (Hermopolis
magna — Ashmunein), near Rodah above Minieh, he found an

10

alabaster slab. He found it at the feet of the statue of the god
Dehuti or Thoth. On the slab was an ancient inscription colored
blue. It was the prehistoric 64th chapter of the Egyptian reli-
gious book which is now called the Boo k of the Dead.  Har-
tatef also wrote proverbs or sayings.

During his reign another hanti had elapsed. So ivhen the
season of the year arrived for the Nile to rise, and when the
Dogstar Sirius rose at sunrise, the Egyptian year of 365 days
had come round to the first of Pachons, Bashans, and the king
\vas surnamed Sen-Xons. 3405 less 120 = 3285 B.C. Sen-
Chons means Son of the god Chonsu; the month of Pachons
was specially the time for the Egyptians to worsliip this god.

N.B. Look back to Sirennuti, 1, IV., his epoch is 3405
B.C. — Therefore the Sphinx and the three great pyramids of
Chufu, Chaufra’ and Men-ka’-ra’ were built after  3405 and
before  3285 B.C. See belovv, The Pyramids and Androsphinx.

7, IV. Mechura’ or Bicheres.

8, IV. Shepes-ka’-ra’ or Sebercheres. These two had pro-
bably very short reigns. Witness, the lack of monuments.

9, IV. Ta-Nebit or Thampkthis or also Pammes. She was
a Queen. Ta-Nebit means “the Glorious One”. She ends the
fourtli dyn. (see above 3, II.), just as Nitokris the Queen ends
the 6th, and as Queen Sebaknoferu ends the 12th.

The 5th dynasty seems to have been a snpplement of
the fourtli. There were nine monarchs in the

Fifth Dynasty. 1 , V. User-ka’-ra’. This name means:
“the (sun god) Ra’ has given Victory.”

2, V. Se-hu-ra’. He built the northernmost pyramid at
Abusir. This pyramid is especially remarkable for the enormous
size of its stones, — some blocks being 35 feet and a few
even 50 feet long and 12 feet tkick!

3, V. ’An, called also Neferkera’ and surnamed Se-pa-
’Ani, which means son of Pa oni,  i. e., of the month Paoni
or Baona. Another hanti of years had passed. So when the
Nile rose, the Egyptian vear had come round to the first day
of the month Paoni. 3285 less 120 — 3165 B.C.

11

4, V. Vesur-en-ra’. He built the midclle pyramid of Abusir.

5, V. Kha-ra’, Cberes.

6, V. Akuhar, Ratbures.

7, V. Men-kau-har, Mencheres.

8, V. Tat-ke-ra’, called also Asas. He built the pyramid
ealled Nefer. During liis reign the Prince Pattah-hotep wrote
a moral Essay; a copy of this essay exists to this day. The
EgyptoIogists call it Papyrus Prisse No. III. Tatkera’ was an
epocbal king; that is to say that during his reign, when the
Nile-rising coincided with the lst day of the month Epiphi or
Abib of the Egyptian year of 365 days, another period or
hanti of 120 years had gone by. So in his day a new epocli
was reached, namely 3165 less 120 = 3045 B.C.

9, V. Unna. He built the pyramid which the Arabs now
call Mastabat-Far’aon, near Saqqarah. He closes the Fifth
Dynasty and is at the same time the last king of the Mem-
phite Rulers of Dynasties III., IV., and V. — Nefer-si-Nefer
was the iirst.

ing a period of about 1150years, of which 555 years belong
to the Theeinytes. A mean of 25 1 / a  years for each reign.

The great Pyramids and the Androsphinx.

The great pyramids are especially vvonderful in three re-
spects: their huge size, their massiveness, and the architectural
škili with which they have been built. Those who know something
of the laws according to Avhich chemical elements combine—
I mean the laws of weight and bulk according to which these
elements unite, — know that a pyramid, as a geometrical body,

12

has a form whose proportions are as follows: One-half of base-
line is to perpendicular height, as the slanting side is to the
whole base. Ali the pyramids that are stili standing to our day
bave lost more or less of their original height, not so much by
climate and weather, as by the hand of man,—that is to say
that men have carried away stones from them.

Colonel Howard Vyse and Captain Perring, who examined
the pyramids with great čare, give the original dimensions of
the great pyramid, called Achut-ta, (i. e., Ornament of the
Land) in English feet as follows: Base line 764'; Height of the
Side 611'; Vertical height 480.9'; Area of the base 13 acres,
IB 1 /^ square rods. In the base is a kernel of solid rock
which rises about 8 feet above the surface of the same. After
deducting the cubic measure of this kernel of rock, those
gentlemen calculated the solid mass of masonry contained in
the great pyramid and found it to be—89,028,000 cubic feet,
or 6,848,000 tons. If there are to-day in Cairo one thousand
carts for removing stone, and if each cart-load is one ton, and
lastly if each cart can make two trips each day from the
quarries of Turah to the great pyramid, — it would take ali
these carts 3424 days to carry the stones that are contained
in this one pyramid. This is the gigantic grave-cover built by
Chufu, 2, IV.

The next greatest pyramid, built by his successor Chauf-
ra’, is so nearly of the same dimensions that, when seen from
a distance, the two do not differ much in apparent size. The
second greatest pyramid bore the name Uert, “the excellent”.
It stands near the first. At its point (or summit) it has been
less degraded by the hand of man. Its dimensions are: Base-
line 707.9'; Upright Height 454.3'; Height of slanting side
572.6'; Area of Base 11 acres, 1 1 j i  square rods; cubic contents
71,670,000 feet, or 5,309,000 tons; cartloads 5,309,000; or
for the Cairo carts a work of 2654 days. The outside casing
of this pyramid stili remains to the distance of 140 feet from
the top, and is of the granite stone of Assouan.

13

The pictures, made by the ancient Egyptians, of tlieir
pyramids, represent these buildings as ending in a black tip. —
The old socalled Geometrical Papyrus, which is now in the
British Museum, calls the slanting edge of the four corners by
the Egvptian name of Pir-am-us, which means “rough like
a saw”. It would therefore be more correct to speli the word
piramyd  not pyramid.

The third greatest pyramid, near the other two, is that
of Men-ka’-ra’, 5, IV. It ,was called Hert, which means “the
sublime”, and measures at the Baseline 354y a  feet; vertical
height 218'; slanting side 278' &c. — It must hovvever be re-
membered that, some time after Men-ka’-ra’, the Queen Nitaqert
(Nitocris), the last of the 6th dynasty, carried on and eompleted
the building of this pyramid. The mummy of Men-ka’-ra’, the
original builder, was found in it, in the very chamber where
it had been put after his death. Colonel Vyse found it there
and sent it to the British Museum. The stone sarcofagus went
down, with the ship that carried it, on the coast of Portugal;
but fortunately a good drawing of it had been made. In the
interior of the third pyramid, ir on clamps were found which
are now in the British Museum also.

The pyramids vary greatly in size. The pyramid of the
Labyrinth (which will be referred to under the 12th dynasty)
on the plateau between the Fayyum and the Nile, has a base¬
line which is only about one-half as long as that of the greatest
pyramid. In the graves of the ancient Egyptians one finds
pyramids of very small size.

The step pyramid of Saqqarah is called by the Arabs
al-haram-al-mudarraj. It is built in Six great stages or degrees.
The lowest stage is ll 48 /i 00  metres high; the second 10 95 / 100  m.;
the third 10 43 / 100  m.; the fourtli 9 92 / 100  m.; the tifth 9 39 / 100  m -i
and the sixth is 8 89 / 100  m. high. Each step (or stage or degree)
recedes from the one below it about 2 metres on ali four sides.
Colonel Vyse found 60 mummies in its intricate interior. The
total heighth is 59 68 / 100  metres.

14

The most striking example of the step or stage building
is furnished by the pvramid of Maitum or Maydum, whicli
the Arabs call “the false pvramid”. It is opposite Atfih and
northvvest of el-Wastah; the railway station nearest to it is
Riqqah. The pyramid and Mastaba of Maydum are the oldest
monnments that stili remain, — they are not only the oldest in
Egypt but the oldest in the world. This wonderful building,
the pyramid, rises in three  great steps, each step sloping in-
wards on ali four sides. But the angle of the slope, 74° 10',
slants so little that the whole looks more like a tower than
a pyramid. The name of the small modern village of Maydum
is very old, for it is found in the hieroglyphics in the mastabah.
The height of the pyramid is now 38 m. The brst step is
11 18 / 100  m. high; the second 9 90 / 100  m.; and what stili remains
of the third is 6 86 / 100  m. high. The stones are of fine, well-
polished, white blocks of the Muqattam Hmestone. Perhaps
king Seneferu, 1, IY., was buried in it. — The Mastaba lies to
the north of the pyramid; but there are a number of other
mastabas north and south of the same. Indeed the whole neighbor-
hood seems to have been the favorite burial plače for princes
and princesses of the family of king Seneferu.

The pyramids vary not only in size and in outward form;
their interior too, although having the same general plan, differs
much in the details of arrangement. It is true that they ali
have a shaft, beginning with an opening on the north side and
leading down slantingly; it is also true that the central point
of ali pvramids is the burial chamber. But a good deal of
variety is produced by the introduction of two burial chambers
for kings; by chambers for the mummies of queens; by con-
necting these rooms one with the other by shafts; by distin-
guishing one room from the other by a different kind of stone
and the effect of various colors; and lastly by corridors and
air-holes or air-tubes.

How many pyramids in ali have been built, and what is
the number stili remaining, can be only approximatively ascer-
tained; for many a hill of rubbish, if carefully. examined, might

15

be found to have in it the nucleus of a pyramid. There are
now about seventy,  whieh stand in groups, on tbe western
edge of the Nile Valley, or rather on the high desert which
bounds the Nile Valley on the West. These groups, beginning
at the north and going southwards, are:

1. Abu-Rowwash, west of Boulaq-Dakrur.

2. Gizah, southwest of Gizah town.

3. Zawiat-al-’Aryan (west of Turah), and Abusir.

4. Saqqarah (west of Memphis) and Abusir.

5. Dahshur, southvvest of esh-Shobak.

6. Lisht, near Kafr-Lisht.

7. Maydum, southwest of Atfih.

8. Ma’sarat-al-Qatil, southvvest of el-Wastah.

9. Hawarat-el-Qasab, or el-Maqta’ (on tbe plateau be-
tween the Nile and the Fayyum), and Illahun.

10. Alone by itself stands the pvramid of Kufa, or el-
Qab. El-Kufa, or el-Kula is about 27 kilometres soutb of Esneh.

Ali are on the edge of the Libvan or western desert.

What for were the Pyramids? — The ancient Egyptians
looked upon the West, vvhich they called 'Arnenti, as the region
of darkness, the abode of the Dead. The pyramids were places
for burving the bodies of the Dead, as is abundantly proved
by the sarcophagi and mummies that have been found in them.
But their sides are made to face exactly the four Cardinal
Points; and the four edges thus point to the other four inter-
mediary directions, — a sort of compass with its eight leaves.
This shows the astronomical element in the pyramids. And
tliis view of their charaeter is at once confirmed by the entrance-
shaft; for it leads slantingly downwards and begins at the
middle of the northern side or face. The angle of the slant
points directly to the North Pole of the Heavens. Whereas this
point is slightly variable, and moves round in a circle within
a period of about 24,000 years, the great astronomer Hershell
drew the conclusion, from the angle of the entrance-shaft of
the great pvramid, that is was built about 3443 B.C. The
result of his astronomical reckoning agrees strikingly with the

16

statement preserved by Diodorus Siculus that, according to
some, tke great pyramid was built over 3400 years before
Julius Caesar’s Gallic War (58 B.C.). Now the slightest variation
in the fixing of the angle (of the shaft) leads to a difference
of a century. So it will be at once seen how closelv the astro-
nomical reckoning agrees with the historical period given above,
under kings 1 and 6, IV, for the building of the three great
pyramids of Gizah, namely that they were built some time
between 3405 and 3285 B.C.

As the North Pole (or great Dipper) never sets, it was
the symbol of the undying soul in Eternitv; and to it the shaft
ahvays pointed.

Tlie Spliinx. To fully explain the pyramid one must not
fail to consider the Sphinx.  The color of its face, though
much faded by time, is decidedlv reddish, and the face itself
is clearly that of a male being, though it has been sadly muti-
lated. The body is that of a lion, the head is that of a human
being. The Sphinx is an amalgam — the body expresses
strength,  and the head expresses intelligence.  The pyr-
amids are built by the mason; but the sphinx is the work of
the sculptor, it is carved out of the natura! and solid rock.
The sphinx lies in a position of quiet ease and peaceful rest,
with its eyes turned to the East; the pyramid rises stiff and
high, and the burial chamber in its interior is turned towards
the dark west and contains the sarcophagus and mummy. The
two, pyramid and sphinx, belong together, — even as tliey are
in space close one to the other, — so as to give an artistic re-
presentation of the whole Egyptian Faith. For just as the bodily
death of the ancient Egyptian was likened to the setting Sun,
so was his resurrection in the other \vorld likened to the rising
of the great Daystar. The sphinx is Hope, Hope set up at the
door of death, or the pyramid grave. The Egyptians called
the spbinx Har-m-’achu, that is Hor on the Horizon. The
great Androsphinx of Gizah rests on an Island  that has been
formed by digging away the earth and rock around it. The
hollowing has been often tilled up by the sand which is driven

17

down by storms from the desert; but tbe island-like appearance
of the sphinx is easilv recognised. The filling up with sand is
mentioned in a text, or inscription, on a stele, that was found
between the paws of the sphinx, and that had been set up
there by Tut-mosis Fourth of the XVIIth dynasty. In this
text the king relates how he was once, when stili crownprince,
out hunting and rested in the shade of the sphinx, and how
in a dream the latter addressed him as a father speaks to his
son and charged him to remove the sand. The name of king
Chaufra is mentioned in this text in such a way as to indicate
that he was the first to remove the accumulation. Again,
there is an inscription, dating from the time of Chufu, in
whieh the temple buildings of this king are spoken of as being
situated close to the sanctuary of Hu-en-Harmachu (= the
sphinx); so that the latter must have been made before  the
days of the builder of the greatest of ali pyramids.

What then is the full meaning of the great Androsphinx?
and of its innnediate surroundings? It is an architectural and
at the same time a plastic copy or representation of the Field
of Aalu, the Egyptian Elysium or Paradise. In the Egyptian
Book of the Dead the name of this Field-Above or Sechet-
'Aalu occurs thousands of times, and the plače itself is pictured
as a sort of island garden, well-watered with canals or rivers,
in which the Deceased with his assistants carries on the same
labors as on earth, i. e., he plows, sows, reaps, threshes, stores
up the harvest crops, &c., &c. A canal was led off from the
Nile and carried, with much trouble, through the rocky pri-
mitive stone to the low parts that had been dug out to the
right depth around the Sphinx — and what for ali this \vork? —
Why, it was to imitate the Elysion Fields, the Sachat-'Aalu,
which Chapter 110 of the Book of the Dead pictures as the well-
watered Islands of the Hallowed, the water of the Nile being
brought to them by canals. The Nile water thus led close up
to the pyramids in the old channel is stili to this day used in
preference to that of other canals by the Arabs of the neigh-
boring villages, because it is both healthy and niče in taste.

2

18

The great sphinx was most probably carved out of the
rock under Seneferu, the father of Chufu. Seneferu also built
the peculiar pjramid of Maydum.—The total number of tiers
of stone in the greatest of ali pyramids is 216, or 6 X 36;
and eyery time, the 36th tier is composed of stones that are
higher than those of the thirtv-five preceding ones — in other
words 4 sides into 6 = 24, the number of years Seneferu
reigned.

The Sixth Dynasty (from Elephantine),

more particularly three monarchs, to wit: Otboes,
Moeris-Phiops, and Queen Nitocris.

This dynasty was probably of Ethiopic origin, like the
25th, which followed over twenty centuries later. — Elephantine
is the island, close to Assuan, on which there are to this day
the rubbish - hills of an old city and the well-preserved remains
of the ancient Nilometer, which was cleared by Mahmud Pasha
Falaki during the reign of the ex-Khedive Ismail Pasha.—
There seem to have been four  kings of the sixth dynasty
before  Othoes.

B, VI. Othoes or ’Athui. Since Tatkera’, the last king
but one of the 5th dynasty, another hanti, the eleventh since
But’au, had elapsed. 3045 less 120 = 2925 B.C. — ’Athui
reigned about 30 years and was murdered by his riders (or
yawirs). The pyramid-tomb of ’Athui bore the name Biu, i. e.,
“the very Spiritual”. The name of this king (’Athui) seems to
be Ethiopic and means “the great king”. If the early kings
of this dynasty were foreigners from Ethiopia, who conquered
Egypt, this would explain why he was hated and murdered by
his body-guard.

6, VI. Vesur-ka-ra’.

7, VI. Tutu-a’, with the title Son of the Sun-god (Ra’).
His pyramid bore the name Tat-astu, “the long-lasting seat”.
The Turin papyrus says that he reigned 20 years.

19

8, VI. Sementaui. His name appears in the Hall of An-
cestors of Karnak, and means “the Setter up of the two Lands”.

9, VI. Merira-Pupui, or Moeris Phiops, the greatest king
since Mena’. His name is to be seen on manv monuments in
ali parts of Egypt, from Elephantine to Wadi Magharah in the
peninsula of Sinai. On the desert road from Quft via Hamrna-
mat to Qusayr on the Red Sea, one sees the double represen-
tation with the two crowns of Egypt (the white and red cap
or crown) over the two sitting figures of this king, to skow
that be ruled over both Upper and Lower Egypt. An inscription
in the grave (or tomb) of Unna teliš us that this Unna was
an army-leader during the reign of Merira Pupui and invaded
the country of the Nehasiu (or Negroes) and the land of the
’Aamu (perhaps Syria) and also the region of the Herusha, the
Chieftains of the desert tribes. Under this king mention is first
made of the thirty-years’ reign, or triakontaeteris.

He was also surnamed Ur-’anch which means “the long-
lived”, and is said to kave reigned for one hundred years. He
began to reign when only six years old, and reigned 100 years
less one hour, says one of the historians. But this cannot be;
for Unna, who lived at the same time, was stili an official
during the reign of Pupui’s successor Merenra, and transported,
for Merenra’s pyramid, the great block of stone from Syene
(Assuan) down the Nile about 2785 B.C., see 10, VI.

Merira Pupui is probably the king who set up the Nilo-
meter which is stili standing in very good preservation on the
island of ’Abu (Elephantine) close to Assouan (Syene). It is
he, too, wlio most likely made the great Lake of Moeris in the
Fayyum. Its circumference was ninety miles, or about as far
as from Alexandria to Port-Said; it was fifty fathoms deep.
Two pyramids stood in the middle of this lake, and on the
top of each was a colossal sitting statue, one of the king and
the other of his wife Merira-'anchnes. Ali around the lake
was a dry desert. The water flowed into it through a canal
from the Nile. Six months it flowed in, and six other months
it flowed out. It was more like a sea than an inland lake; and

2 *

20

in an ancient papyrus, now in the Gizah Museum, it is called
Pa-yuma which means “the sea”. The Birkat-al Qurun, now in
the Fayyum, is not the Moeris lake; the latter lay further to
the south and east. But the Fayyum is stili the garden of
Egypt. — The Gizah papyrus mentioned ahove has a hiero-
glyphic map in the middle of which is the name of a town
Shad-Sabak, which means “the pool of the Crocodile god Sabak”.
That town is now called Madinat-ul-Fayyum. At the beginning
of the canal, which on that map is led off at right angles from
the File, is the plače called La-hun which means “the mouth
oi' beginning of the canal”. It is now called Illahun.

In the days of 'Atliui, 5, VI, the dogstar rose with the
sun and the File began to rise, when the Egyptian year of
365 days had come around to the first day of Misra, the 12th
month of the year. Since that time 140 years had elapsed;
so that in the time of Merira Pupui, when the File began to
rise and when the dogstar Sirius appeared on the horizon at
about sunrise, the Egyptian year had to come around 35 days
from the lst of Misra. For = 35. Fow count 30 days
for Misra (since the first day) and count the five Epagomenes
(at the end of the 12 months of 30 davs each), and the year
would have come around again, when the Nile rose, to the
first day of Thoth, i. e., to the Few Year’s day, just as it had
been in the days of Butau, the predecessor of Mena’. Since
the days of Butau, the Egyptian year of 365 days had been
losing 1 / i  day a year = 30 days every 120 years for 12 suc-
cessive times, and 5 days in 20 more years — in ali it had
lost 365 days in 1460 revolutions of the earth around the sun;
and the Egyptians had, during that long period, counted 1461
years of their movable year. Having therefore, in Merira’s
day, begun a new Sothic period, when the lst day of the first
month of their year coincided with the File rising and with
the rising of the Dogstar at about sunrise, they surnamed this
king Athothes,  i. e., born of the god Thoth, whose special
feastday was on the first day of the month Tut = Thoth.
2925 less 140 = 2785 B.C., or 1460 years since Butau, the

21

predecessor of Mena’. With Merira Pupui began another Sothic
period, which was called tbe Era of Menoplires, and which
ended, after 1460 vears, during the reign of Ramses III of
the 20th Dynasty. Witli Ramses III., called also Rampsinit,
began a third Sothic period of 1460 years (in 1325 B.C.) wliich
ended, in 136—139 after Christ, in the days of Hadrian (or
Antoninus) the Roman Emperor. Thus then

Butau’s.Era began 4245 B.C.

Merira Pupui’s (Menophres’) . » » 2785 »

Ramses Third’s (Rhampsinit’s) » » 1325 »

Merira Pupui must have continued to reign till about
2767 B.C.

10, VI. Merenra’, Pupui’s son. In his reign the high
official Unna, who had served under Pupui, received instructions
to transport great granite blocks from the quarries at Assouan
to the king’s tomb-pyramid which was called Cha-nefer. But
it so happened that, owing to delay in the transportation, the
blocks arrived late  in the season of the Nile flood. “There
was not then water (enough) on the heights of the landing-
place; wherefore the blocks were rolled up by hand-povver,
which took 17 days in the month Epiphi or Abib.” This means
that, during the reign of Merenra’ (after 2767 B.C.), the month
of Abib fell in the season when the Nile was very low; and
this must have so happened, if one presupposes that Merenra’s
reign was shortly after the great Sothic epoch 2785 B.C.

11, VI. Nefer-ka-ra’, brother of Merenra’, botli son s of
Pupui by his wife Merira-’anch-nes. The reign of thirty years
is mentioned under this king. Triakontaeteris.

12, VI. Sementaui (Menthesuphis), surnamed Ar-cher-
ka (—-  “the Sten tor”), to distinguish him from Sementaui, 8, VI.,
the predecessor of Merira Pupui the Great. This Sementaui
reigned, according to the Turin papyrus, only one year and
one month. He must, therefore, have died a violent death.

13, VI. The pyramid of Sementaui the Stentor was called
men-’anch. On his death his wife, the Queen Nitaqert,  called
by the Greeks Nitokris, ruled in his stead. Nitaqert means

22

“the lady bringing victorv”. She wished to avenge the murder
of her brotber. So she caused a ver v large underground chamber
to be made. Under the pretext of consecrating this chamber,
she invited the murderers as guests, and suddenly let water flow
into it from the Nile through a secret channel. Nitaqert, the
victory-bringing Neith, was a noble and beautiful woman; her
skin was rosy pink in color. Perhaps she was from the Libyan
tribes, who are pictured upon the monuments as being a fair
race of men. The Saites of the 24th, 26th and 28th dynasties
were of Libyan origin. She repaired and enlarged the third
pyramid, i. e., that of Menkaura’ of the 4th dynasty. The third
pvramid shows 54 tiers of stone (or 54 decades, i. e., 36 -\-  18).
This queen ends the sixth dynasty.

The Rending of the Empire into Three,

1. Mempliites, and particularly king Hanti.

2. Herakleopolites, and particularlv king Aclietos.

3. The Diospolites or Thebans, and particularlv king

'Antefao.

This chapter deals with the history of Egypt during
a period when the country was divided into three parts, in
each of which there was a separate family of rulers. It treats
of five  dynasties, namely the 7th, 8th, 9th, lOth and llth,
wbich were in a great measure contemporary.

1. Memphites.

Queen Nitaqert died, thus closing the Vlth dynasty, that
of the Elephantine Family, which with her death became extinct.

During the seventy days needed for the mummiiication
of her body, a break or pause seems to have come in. The
embalming of the Egyptian Dead and of their sacred animals
always took 70 days. The 70 days, like the 40 days of the
Egyptians in o ur times, were the period of mourning, during

23 —

which the questions of Inheritance are left untouched. But tlie
kingdom could not be left, not even for 70 days, without a
ruling and directing hand. Therefore tlie

Vllth Dynasty of Five kings, who ruled Seventy days,
and who were Memphites, were most likely a College of Five
Priests, who belonged to the great temple of the god Pattah
at Memphis. Was not Mena’ himself originally a Theeynite
priest from ’Anu or Heliopolis (—  ’Ain Shams or Matariyah)?
And in the 21 st dynasty was not Herhor, the first priest or
prophet of the god ’Ammun in Thebes, also the king?

VHIth Dynasty. After Nitaqert’s body was duly emhalmed
and laid in the third pyramid, the College of five priests had
done their work; and Neferka’  assumed the power as the
head  of  the  8th  d y n a s t y. — Remember tkat, for the period
from the 7th to the llth  dynasties, there is a great lack of
monuments; in Egypt this is a sure sign of disturbed  times;
and h er e, from dyn. 7 to dyn. 11, we assume a rending of the
kingdom into three:

one kingdom, the northerly, having its seat at the ancient
Capital Memphis;

the middle  kingdom, having its seat at Herakleopolis
(Ashmunein, Chemennu), the great rubbish hills of which are now
called Umm-el-kiman near Ahnas-el-madinah, or Chinensu,
18 kilometres west of Beni-Souef;

and the southerly  kingdom, having for its Capital city
Diospolis, or Thebes, now called Qurnah and Madinat-Abu,
west  of Luqsor.

These partial and rival kingdoms had neither sufficient
means nor the leisure time needed for the building of lasting
monuments.

Nefer-ka, 1, VIII, received the surname Mehiti, i. e,
“the Northern”, as he was the lst king of the “Northerners”
of Memphis.

Nefrus; — Abenra I;—(then a gap);—Abenra  II; —
Hanti (epoch, 2665 B.C.); — Pest-Sat-en-Sopd; — Pait-Cheps; —
Sorh-linib.

24

The Turin papyrus gives the above names of kings, and
that is ali that is known about them.

But Hanti, the sixth since Nefer-ka, is determined in
the Turin papyrus by the picture of a Croeodile; that points
to one of the monthly displacements of the Calendar, occurring
every hanti of 120 years, i. e., to the displacement since the
epoch 2785 B.C. under Merira Pupui. (2785 less 120 = 2665
B.C., the epoch of king Hanti.)

Pest-sat-en-Sopd, the name next to that of king Hanti,
has in it the word “Sopd” which is the name of the Sothis
or Dogstar. From Mena’ to king Hanti, 13 lian tis (one of
which was 140 years), or 1580 years, had elapsed. The Turin
papyrus gives 1655 years and a few days as the sum of years
to the days of Pest-sat-en-Sopd, the next after  king Hanti.

2. Herakleopolites.

Dynasties IX and X, with their seat at Herakleopolis in
Middle Egvpt, and numbering about seventeen rulers. — lst king
of the Herakleopolites, a gap; — 2nd, a gap also; — 3d, Nefer-
kaura; —4th, Chrati; — many gaps; —llth,  Neferkera; — then
Ahetus, or Ackthos or Aktisanes (epoch 2665 B.C. that is, the
Contemporary of king Hanti, of the 8th dyn.); — then gaps again.

This Ahetus or Aktisanes was a cruel ruler. He gath-
ered ali the robbers and criminals and had their noses mutilated;
they were then sent into a part of the desert near Syria, to
a city which he had there founded (called Rhinocolura == nose-
cut-off, near el-’Arish), where they lived by catching lish. Ahetus
had also the name Semunus or Semunch; and Munch was one
of the titles of the god Pattah and one of the names of the
month Phaophi or Baba, the 2nd month (after Tut). This too
points to a displacement of one month (120 years) since Merira
Pupui. So king Ahetus was the contemporary of king Hanti
of the 8th dynasty. (2785 less 120 — 2665 B.C.) We shall
see that 'Antefao of the llth dyn., in Thebes, with the sur-
name Nem-mesu (=twice-crowned), was also the epochal king
for 2665 B.C.

25

3. The Diospolites, repa’s and harteps.

The XIth D y n a s t y. Rome started as an unim-
portant plače, and grew to be the powerful mistress of the
world; so also did Thebes, during several eenturies, begin as
a residence of petty emirs, and ended by becoming the Capital
of a line or lines of Rulers whose supremacy lasted for XV c e n -
turies,  and whose buildings and other monuments stili stand
as the greatest and most extensive ruins in the whole world.

There were at least 16 rulers, perhaps as many as 22,
in this dynasty. But several of the earlier ones did not bear
the title of ki n g; they were called Repa’, which means Emir;
or Hartep, which means Chief; and their names were not en-
circled in the ring. Ali the princes, emirs and kings of the
llth dynasty were from Thebes, or rather from the western
city opposite Luqsor.

It is also known as the dynasty of the 'Antefs and
Mendhuhoteps, because there were in it several kings named
'Antef and also several named Mendhukotep.

The graves or tombs of the 'Antefs are stili to be seen at
Dra’-abul-nagah, opposite Karnak. These graves are dug deep
down into the rock; they may be called crypts. The kings
of ali the Theban dynasties did not build pvramids, thev dug
their tombs in the solid rock. Hence, after the period of the
8th (Memphite) dynasty, few pyramids were built in Egypt;
the mastabaks took their plače for a time, and form the trans-
ition step from pyramid to syrinx. But most of the kings of
the Theban dynasties dug their tombs in the side of the moun-
tain. Mariette Bey found in the crypts of the llth dynasty
many beautiful and costly omaments as \vell as documents on
papyrus in the hieratic writing, — most of which are now in
the Gizah Museum. The following are the names of some of
the rulers of the eleventh dynasty:

’Antef-ao Nem-messu, the emir;  hartep, Epoch 2665 B.C.

’Aan -’Antef;

'Aamentuf;

26

'Aan -’a;

’Amenti;

Ra’- Neb -Hotep - Mentu - Hotep;

Ra’- Neb - Taui - Mentu - Hotep;

Ra’- Neb-Heru-Mentu-Hotep;

Si -’Anch-ka-Ra’;
and others.

After tbe death of queen Nitocris, or perbaps for some
time before ber reign, the princes of the eleventh dynasty were
at first only emirs, not kings. It was only after the rending
of tbe empire into three, and after tbe dying out of tbe eighth
(Memphite) dynasty, tbat they assumed tbe title of king, and
that the Capital of the empire was removed from the ancient
city of Memphis to the comparatively modern Thebes.

One of these emirs (not yet kings) was ’Antef-’Ao-nem-
messu. Nem-messu means the one who was twice crown-
ed;  he was so surnamed because during his time one of the
hantis of 120 years had ended and another had begun. On ali
such occasions, the Egyptians began to count a new series of
years, and the king was said to be crowned anew. For example,
if ’Antef-ao-nem-messu ruled 52 years in ali; and if, in the
second  year of his reign, a new hanti had begun, the 52nd
year of his reign was called the 5 0th of his second  crowning.
The year on which the new hanti began in ’Antef-ao’s time
was 2665 B.C., and he was contemporary with Achetos of the
Herakleopolites (dynasties IX. and X.) and contemporary also
with king Hanti of the Memphites (dyn. VIII.).

The emir ’Antef-ao was a great hunter and kept hounds
for the chase. One day, when out on a hunting excursion and
while bathing, he found a pretty little sandal (shoe). After
search was made, it proved to be the sandal of a pretty maiden,
whose brother was a poor workman. But the emir married
her, notwithstanding her humble (low) birth, and her brotber
became “the Brother of Pharao”.

Se-’anch-ke-ra’ was the last of the llth dynasty.

27

S um m ar y:

1. Memphites.

1°- College of Priests
for 70 days (VII).
2o- Dvnastv VIII.

2. Herakleopolites.
lo. Dyn. IX.

2o■  Dyn. X.

3. Thebans.
Dyn. XI.

At first Emirs,
then Kings.

King Hanti

B.C. 2665.

King Achetos Semunus
B.C. 2665.

Prince 'Antef-ao-Hartep
Nemmessu
B.C. 2665.

The period from Mena’ to Se-’Anch-ke-ra’, that is to
say from the begining of the first  dynasty to the close of
the e 1 e v e n t h , is called by some the Ancient Enipire. After
it, hardly any more pvrarnids werc huilt. — With the twelfth
dynasty begins the period called by some the Middle Empire,
which ends with the nineteenth  dynasty. With Ra-messu
Third, the Head of the twentieth  Dynasty, begins the
period called by some the New Empire, which ends with the
last of the Ramessides who was followed by Hri-hor, the founder
of the XXIst dynasty. It is well to remember these three great
periods or divisions, even though they are not adhered to in
this Outline, for most modern Egyptologists have adopted them.

Tweifth Dynasfy, the Amenemhas and Vesurtesens.

They were Diospolites, that is to say Thebans, and eight
in number, the last being a Queen.

1. ’Amennemha I. Nemmessu, Epoch B.C. 2545.

2. Vesurtesen I.

3. 'Amennemha II.

4. Vesurtesen II.

5. Vesurtesen III.

6. 'Amennemha III. Mares, Epoch B.C. 2425.

7. ’Amennemha IV.

8. Sebak-noferu, the Queen.

The kingdom, that had been divided into three, became
again united under one sceptre, and 'Amennemha I appears

28

as sole monarch of Egvpt. Beside liis title Nemmessu, twice
crowned, which points to the close of a hanti, he had the sur-
name Pete-Athyr, which means the Gift of Hathor (the goddess
Hat-hor and the month Hathor). The third hanti since Merira
Pupui (Menophres) had passed; and when the season had arrived
for the Kile to rise, when the Sothis appeared on the horizon
at about sunrise, the Egyptian vear of 365 days had come
around to the first of Hatur. 2665 less 120 = 2545 B.C.

One hanti later, in 2425 B.C., we shall find the king
'Amennemha III M are s, the builder of the great Labvrinth
east of the Fayyum, with the similarly-formed epochal surname
Petesuch, which means the Gift of the goddess Sucbet, \vbose
feast, or mulid, was celebrated on the first of the next month,
Choiak. The renowned Eratosthenes in his chronological work
entitled Laterculus gives betvveen Pete-Athyr and Mares, for
the reigns of the four kings, the following figures:

16 —(— 26 —)— 23 —55 = 120 years, i. e., one hanti.

The title of nem-messu,  or “the crowned anew”, was
assumed by a king at the beginning of a hanti, that is to say
when the movable (inexact) year of 365 days had lost on the
true  year of the seasons 30 days, that is = 30, or one
full Egyptian month. The first time we meet with tliis title is
in the time of the epochal king Antef-’ao of the eleventh
dynasty; we shall find it given to Tutmosis III of the 17th,
to Sethos I of the 19th, and to Ra-messu IX of the 20th
dynasty; and in ali five cases it is the title of an epochal king,
that is to say of a king in whose reign a hanti ended. Such is
Prof. Lauth’s chronology; it is not mere guesswork. ’Amenemha
First Nemmessu, 1 , XII, marks, therefore, the epoch 2545 B.C.

He reunited the kingdom that had been split into three.
Hc founded the national sanctuary or temple of the god ’Am-
mnn at Karnak. He conquered the peninsula of Sinai, and
worked the mineš of Wadi Maghara there. His name is seen
in the ancient quarries at Tura, betvreen Cairo and Helwan •
it is found on the desert road of Hammamat, between Keneh

29

and Qusayr, and in the temple of the city of the goddess Ilat-
hor-Isis-Sothis, at Dandarah.

2, XII. Vesurtesen First. His father, Amenemhat I.,
wkile stili living, associated the son with liim in the adminis-
tration of the kingdom. The great obelisk stili standing at
Matariah, north of Cairo, is ali that remains of the new temple
that Vesurtesen I set up there. This obelisk commemorates the
thirtieth  year of his reign, for Egyptian kings tliought it
very fortunate to kave reigned so many years. In the Berlin
museum is a leather roli, in the ancient writing, which teliš
of the new temple and w a q f s that this king built and made
at Anu (Heliopolis, Matariah) to the Sun-god B,a’. He enlarged
the temple of the god Aniniun whieh his father had founded
at Thebes (Karnak), and built a special temple-hali at Edfu.
He fougkt the Nehasiu, Negro tribes, of Ethiopia, the country
south of Assouan, and set up a stele, or stone with an in-
scription, at Wadi Halfah to commemorate his victories. At the
other end of his kingdom, at Taniš east of Damietta, his name
is found among the ruins; and the colossal sitting statue of
this king, which is now in the Berlin museum, seems to have
eome from that plače. The Gizah museum has a similar statue.

3, XII. Amenemlia II. In the 43d year of the reign of
his father and predeeessor, he was made co-regent, that is to
say he was made the partner of his father in the kingdom.
He fought victoriously against the Nubian tribes. In the museum
at the city of Munich, the Capital of Bavaria, is a stele on
which is mentioned the feast on the five days  at the close
of the other feasts; and as this stele is a monument that was
set up by Amenemha Second, it is clear that already, be-
fore  the 12th dynasty, the five Epagomenes (additional days)
had been added to the 12 months of 30 days each in the
Calendar of the Egyptian movable year.

4, XII. Vesurtesen Second. Half-way between Mallawi-1-
Arish and Minieh, on the east bank of the Nile, are the grottos
of Beni-Hassan. Most of these grottos are from the period of
the 12th dynasty. They are tombs and large rooms cut into the

30

side of the liigh cliffs. The walls of the rooms are decorated
witk colored paintings. One of these paintings dates from the
6th year of the reign of this king. It represents the figures
of 37 ’Aamu, or people from Asia, who bring presents to the
governor of the province called Sah. The presents are chiefly
m es tem,  i. e., ko  hi  for the eyes. The family of 37 persons
are coloured yellow (whereas the Egyptians are represented
on the monuments as having a dull red or brown skin), and
have long black hair. Their sheikli or chief is called Absha;
the children, the weapons and other household articles of a
■vvandering people, such as the lyre, are carried on donkeys;
the women wear bright-colored clothes; one of the men leads
a gazelle or an antelope, colored or spotted brown and white,
and in his hand is a staff similarly spotted, like Jacob’s staves.
The whole picture on the wall reminds us of the visit of
Abraham and his wife Sarah to Egypt.

5, XII. Vesurtesen Third. During the reign of this
king, the 12th dynasty was at the highest point of its glory.
A stele found at Semneh, south of Halfa, in Nubia, teliš us
that in the eighth year of his reign he conquered the Land
of Ethiopia, south of the second cataract (Wadi Halfa). At
Semneh and Kumneh, where the Kile river flows between
rocks of granite, Vesurtesen Third built two towers, or Military
Stations, one on either side of the river. In his day they were
the Southern  frontier of the kingdom.

6, XII. ’Amenemha Third, surnamed Mares. — Epoch,
2425 B.C. — His predecessor was a eonqueror, but ’Amenemha
Third was a builder, for he erected, as his tomb, the Labyrinth,
between the Nile and the Fayyum. It was Merira Pupui of
the sixth dynasty, and not 'Amenemha III of the twelfth, who
dug or drained Lake Moeris in the Fayyum.

After Mena’, king 'Ameneinha III Mares was the greatest
lawgiver of the Egvptian monarchs. He regulated the rites and
ceremonies in the worship of the gods, and was also the in-
ventor of geometry. The third greatest lawmaker was Sesos-
tris (Ra’-messu II of the 19th dynasty), and the fourth was

31

Bocchoris, Bokenranef, of the 24th dynasty. The geometrieal
papyrus refers to king Ma-n-ra (or Mares) as the great geo-
metrician. This king is also surnamed Petesuchi;  it was he
who built, as a tomb, the wonderful Lahyrinth. This is the
Greek way of spelling the ancient Egyptian name Lapuherhunt.

When speaking of ’Amenemha I, it was said that he was
surnamed Peteathyr (the Gift of Hathyr or the goddess Hat-
hor), and that then the Nile rose on the first day of Hatur.
Similarly, Petesuchi means “the Gift of the goddess Suchet”,
whose feast was celebrated on the lst day of the month Choiak,
which is the 4th month of the year, that is to say the last
month of the first season; for the Egyptians divided their year
into three seasons only. 2545 less 120 — 2425 B.C. The
labyrinth will be spoken of in the section, at the close of
the 12th dynasty, on the Art and Science of that period.

This king seems to have been very careful ahout the
irrigation of Egypt, for at Semneh, south of Halfa, are the
marks, cut on the rock, of the various Nile risings observed
in his reign. The lines or marks are now several metres higher
than the point to which the Nile water now rises at its highest
flood. This shows that, since the time of that king, the Nile
at Semneh has worn down its bed. The difference between
then and now is about twenty-five feet. The Nile is indeed
a most energetic river, as Herodotus said 2300 years ago.

7, XII. ’Amenemha Fourth. On ascending the throne he
took the title Ra’-cheru-ma. The Turin papyrus says he reigned
exactly 9 years, 3 months and 27 days. His predecessor had
reigned over 45 vears, — a very long reign.

8, XII. Queen Sebak-neferu. Perhaps she was the sister
of 7, XII. The Turin papyrus gives her a reign of 3 years,
10 months and 24 days. She closes the 12th dynasty, just
as Tanebit closed the 4th, and as Nitaqert closed the sixth.
Her name, Sebak-neferu, means the Gentle of Beauties. The
Turin papyrus draws a summing up right after this queen
and says: “8 reigns, amounting to 213 years, 1 month and
17 days, including king 'Amenemha First,” the Reuniter.

32

The Art and Science of the Twelfth Dynasty. The works
of art during the Ancient Empire, the period from the lst to
the 11 th dynasty, differ in several ways from those of the
Middle Empire. With the appearance of the first great Diospolite
(Theban) House, which is the 12th dynasty, the ivhole life
and doings of the Egyptians took a markedly different aspect.
The works of art of the eleven preceding dynasties were mo-
delled according to a thick-set style (short, strong figures of
the body), and were mostly characterised by green eyebrows
and eyelashes. But on the accession of 'Amenemha First, a
grand canon (or standard or rule) of proportions in the parts
of the body at once shows itself. This canon of proportions, in
the figures on the walls and in the statues, brings out the
tallness and grace of the body. The old canon was very true
to nature, but it was rather clumsy; the new canon was also
very true to nature, but it was more slender, light and graceful.
Egyptian art was perhaps never finer than during the twelfth
dynasty. Even the stili more elegant proportions of the works
of art of the Renaissance period, under Psametik I of the
26th dynasty, do not come up in grandeur to those of the
Amenemhas and Vesurtesens. And the fourth canon, which
became the fashion during the Ptolemaic period, and which
arose out of the attempt to imitate the well-rounded and em-
bossed forms of Gfreek art, fell stili farther short, in point of
grandeur, of the degree of perfection attained by the style of
the 12th dynasty. The artists of the Ptolemaic period, in try-
ing to copy the Greek style, worked after a new and unfamiliar
principle, so that they, instead of making evenly rounded
figures, ended by degenerating the graceful, well-filled figures
into heavy, clumsy forms.

But little stili remains to our day of the Arehitecture
of the 12th dynasty, and that little is to be seen in the oldest
part of the Karnak temple. This is the sanctuary which was
dedicated to the Theban Triad, viz. 'Ammun, the goddess Mut,
and Chonsu. And ali succeeding dynasties have added, some more
some less, their pylons, sanctuaries, halls or other parts, to it.

33

The socalled protodoric pillars in the tombs at Bani-
Hassan show us what was the Order of Columns that the
12th dynasty m ust have used in that great national sanctuarv
(at Karnak).

The graceful Obelisk seems not to have been much used
till the time of Vesurtesen I. Obelisks, after the time of that
monarch, were always set up in pairs, in or in front of temples.
For this reason, and because they were dedicated to the sun,
they are almost always found on the East side of the Nile;
whereas pyramids are regularl/ seen on the west side only.

The custom of building pvramids, which is specially a
custom of the Ancient Empire, stili continued during the time
of the 12th dynasty; for the proper names of several of these
tombs show that they belonged, as tombs, to the Amenemhas and
Vesurtesens. Herodotus says that Amenemha III set up a
pyramid which was made of crude bricks, the mud for which
was taken out of the bottom of the Lake (he means Lake
Moeris). This crude brick pyramid stili stands at the western
end of the ruins that mark the site of the famous labyrinth.

The Labyrinth had twelve covered halls in two rows;
the doors of six halls stood opposite the doors of six other halls,
so that six doors opened toward the north and six toward the
south. In each row of halls were 1500 rooms, or 3000 in ali.
The rooms stood in two tiers, one under ground and the other
above ground. This labyrinth was built by 'Amenemha III,
surnamed Petesuches (epoch 2425 B.C. — see above 6, XII).

In the middle of Lake Moeris stood two pyramids, each
rising 50 fathoms above the surface of the water and extending
a like depth under the water; upon the top of each \vas a
colossal sitting statue. The lake with two pyramids was the
work of Merira Pupui of the 6th dynasty. Opposite, but at some
distance from them, was a Sphinx. It represented the young
god Har-em-achu (i. e., the young sun rising on the horizon).
Har-em-achu was the god that had been worshipped from the
earliest times at the city of Heliopolis, i. e., 'Anu, Ain-Shams,
Ma-ta-rie. This sphinx, near the Labyrinth and opposite Lake

3

34

Moeris, reminds us of the great Androsphinx, facing eastwards,
near the pyramids at Gi/.ali. The Gizali pvramids and sphinx
were a vivid, graphic pieture of the Field of Aalu, paradise;
the Moeris Lake with its two pyramids and sphinx represented
the same idea; and, thirdly, the Labvrinth with its double ro\v
of halls and pyramid was another pieture of the great Field
of ’Aalu.

Ali the halls, gateways and crypts of the Labyrinth were
intended to show the wanderings of the soul through ali the
different stations, from the death of the body till the final blessed
resurrection in the Field-Above, just as these wanderings are
minutely deseribed in the Book of the Dead, chapters 77 to 88 ;
110; and 144 to 150. So much for the Art and Architecture
of the 12th dynasty.

The Literature of this period is equally wonderful. There
are the texts on the walls of the tombs at Bcni-Hassan. The
Papyrus Sallier No. II contains the teachings of king 'Amenemha
First to his son Vesurtesen I. But time and space are too
limited to allow of details here.

The Period of about 520 Years, between the Close of the 12th
and the Beginning of the 16fh Dynasty; — that is to say between
pueen Sebaknoferu and King ’Aah-messu,

1. Sixty Diospolite or Theban Rulers, or the XIIIth dynasty.

2. Seventy-six Xo'ite Rulers, XIVth dynasty.

3. Six Hyqshos, or Shepherd Kings, the XVth dynasty.

Bet\veen the close of the 6th and the beginning of the

12th dynasty, the Empire of Egypt was rent into Three. And
here, again, between dynasty 12 and 16, it was for part of
the time  divided into three. There, we noticed a lack of
monuments, which always points in Egypt to disturbed times;
here too, a similar dearth of monuments is to be explained in
the same way. The following Table will help to understand
the ep o c h s and history of the 13th, 14th and 15th dynasties.

35

Queen Sebaknoferu, last of 12th Dynasty.

XIVth Dynasty of 76
Xoites.

The city of Xo'fs in
the Delta, south of
Lake Burullos. Xoi's,
or Saeha, or the modern
village of Šaha.

Tliis dynasty ruled
about 484 years.

W h e n it was first
founded, is not known.

Only the name of the
Epochal king of this
dynasty is here given,
namely:

Rasehep, whose
Epoch is 2065 B.C.

No names given here.

The softness  of
the soil at Xoi's, in the
Delta, is one great
reason why there are
no monuments remain-
ing of this dynast,y.

XIIIth dynasty of 60
Diospolites.

Sebak - Hotep, sur-
named Ra'-hu-taui, wlio
ruled 60 yrs. 3 months
24 days.

Sekomkara, whose
Epoeh is 2305 B.C.

Amenemha the

Fifth.

Rasehotepab.

Amentimav, whose
Epoeh is 2185 BC,
and who is probably
surnamed Samecheir.

Sebakhotep III.

Sebakhotep, surnamed
Rasechem-ab-taui.

Rasmanch-ka.

Neferhotep, son of
Ha-anchef.

Senhatlior.

Sebakhotep.

Sebakemsaf.

Ram erinefer- Ai',
Epoch 2065 B.C.

Ramerihotep-’Ana.

Suetenra.

Queen Chonsuanchra,
(or anchta).

Ubenra (Several of
this name).

Ra-nehasi.

Sequnen, or Ra-se-
qunen. First Expeller.

XVI. — 'Aahmessu, the
lst of the 16th dyn.,
final Expeller of Hyq-
slios, Epoch, 1825 B.C.,
and Reuniter of Egypt

under One Sceptre.

For a time only Two
Dynasties, and after-
wards Three, as seen
herebelow:

XVth Dynasty of Six
Hyqshos or Shepherd
Kings.

Time of Invasion of
the Hyqshos, i. e., the
Epoch 2185 B.C., and
great ravages.

Gradual Civilization
of this wild people until
they, at last,  choose
a king, namely the
first Hyqšhos monarch
called:

1. Seth-Shalathi, who
ruled 19 years and was
followed by:

2. Bnon, whose
Epoch is 2065 B.C.

3. Apachnan.

4. Set-aan-nub.

5. Arech-il, surnamed
Armut, Epoch 1945 B.C.

6. Apup, surnamed
Ra-ao-het-taui, contem-
porary of ’Aah-messu,
who vvas the first of
the 16th dynasty.

S*

36 —

The powerful kings of the 12th dynasty \vere succeeded
by the weaker rulers of the 13th. The second king of the
thirteenth dynasty is Sechomkara’. Since the lst year of the
reign of 'Amenemha III, surnamed Mares (of the 12th dynasty),
a hanti of 120 years had elapsed. 2425 less 120 = 2305 B.C.

This hanti is filled up by 4 reigns and a part of the fiftli
reign thus:

'Amenemha III .42 years

’Amenemha IV .9 »

Queen Sebaknoferu.4 »

Sebakhotep, 1 , XIII . 60 »

5th or 6th year of reign of Sechomkara’, 2, XIII 5 »

120 years.

The Nile rose and the Dogstar Sothis rose at about sun-
rise in his, Sechomkara’s, Sixth year, when the Egyptian year
had come round to the lst day of the month Tuba or Sbafbet;
so he was surnamed Pete-suphis or Petesuchis, because the
feast of the goddess Shafbet was celebrated on the lst day of
that month. She was the goddess of Spring; so Tuba, the month
of flowers, was her month.

’Amentimav, or Samecheires, of the 13th dynasty, reigned
a hanti later than Sechomkara, when the Nile rose on the
lst day of Mecheir or Amshir. 2305 less 120 = 2185 B.C.
The historian Manetho says: “There was a king of Egypt named
Amentimavos. Under him the gods became angry, I know not
why, and quite unexpectedly a people (the Hyqshos) came from
the Sun-rising (the East) and marched into Egypt. Although
this people was not of famous origin, it had become bold.
Easily, and without striking a blow of the sword, they conquered
the Land (Northern Egypt) by force; and, after overthrowing
the Rulers of the country, they cruelly burned the cities, de-
stroyed and ruined the sanctuaries (temples) of the gods, and
treated the natives most harshly; for they killed some, and
took many women and children away as slaves. At last (after
ali these outrages) they made one of their number king, and
he bore the name Salites.”

37

This statement, madc by tke historian Manetho, means
that tke 13th dynasty kad become weak; tkat anotker Egyptian
familv disputed tke succession to tke tkrone of Egypt and set
up anotker dynasty at Xo'is, in tke Delta; tkat tke two rival
dynasties, 13tk and 14th, were warring one against tke otlier;
and tkat then, in tke days of tke king 'Arnentimav (2185 B.C.),
wild tribes coming from Syria, or from Arabia, came into
tke Delta and took it easily. Manetko’s story means, finally,
tkat after tkese wild Hyqskos kad ravaged, burned and plun-
dered, for a long time, they ended by learning the civilisation
of the Egyptians and choosing one of tkeir own sheikhs or
Emirs to be king over Northern Egypt.

The kings of the 13th dynasty were too weak to fight
tke Hyqshos; so they ruled at Diospolis (Tkebes) over Upper
Egypt only, and kad to pay tribute to tke Shepherd kings.
This state of affairs lasted for about 259 years, when tke
Hyqshos were krst attacked by Ra-Sequnen and tken finally
driven out by ’Aah-messu.

Nefer-kotep of the 13tk dynasty ruled 11 years. His son
Senhathor ruled less than one year. Then followed Sebak-kotep.
But Nefer-kotep was the son of Ha-anck-ef, who was not of
the royal family but only a private person; and Sebak-hotep
was of tke royal Diospolite House. This strife of two Houses
for the power is an example of the causes that weakened the
native Egyptian kings and so opened tke way for tke foreign
hyqskos to take Egypt.

Ra-sequnen, the last of the 13th dynasty, was the enemy
and opponent of Apup, the last of the Hyqshos-kings. He is
a king of importance in tke history of the Theban or Diospolite
dynasties; so kis figure is seen in tke Karnak Chamber of
Ancestors rigkt under  tke figures of 'Amenemha I and II and
behind  Vesurtesen I. As his history is closely connected with
the expulsion (driving out) of tke Shepherd kings from Egypt,
it will be better to defer speaking any more about kim till
near tke close of this chapter, where the 15th dynasty (hyqshos)
is treated of.

38

The XIVth or Xo'ite Dynasty of 76 kings were of so little
importance tkat we shall say of them nothing but that they
ruled about 484 years, which gives a mean of a little less than
Seven years for each ruler; — too short a reign for a king to
set up any lasting  monument.

The Fifteenth Dynasty, consisting of only six Hyqshos or
Shepherd kings. (See the Table at the beginning of this chapter.)
The invasion of Egypt, or rather the invasion of the Delta,
was an event of sorrow to ali true Egyptians; so the historian
Manetho said of it that the gods were angry and therefore
brought the hyqshos as a scourge or punishment. Asiatic hordes
overran the northern part of the Land and remained there for
about 260 years.

The history of the Hyqsho-Dynasty falls into two periods:
the first is the time of invasion and conquest, when the Dios-
polite king ’Amun-ti-emav was reigning (about the Epoch
2185 B.C.). During this period the rude invaders overturned
and destroyed ali that came in their way. The second period
was of much longer duration than the first. It was the time
in which the barbarous conquerors gradually took on the civili-
sation they found in the conquered countrv. Manetho, the Egyp-
tian national historian, thus describes this change which came
over the Hyqshos. He says: “At last (that is after committing
much violence) they made one of their number king, whose
name was Šalit (Seth Shalathi).”

With this elected  ruler began the domination of the
Hyqshos. Manetho says that Šalit at first took up his resiaence
at Memphis, made Upper and Lower Egypt pay him tribute,
and placed garrisons in suitable places; that he specially forti-
fied the eastern parts of the Delta, because he foresaw that
the Assyrians, who had just then become stronger, \vould wish
to get the supremacy over Egypt; and that wben Šalit had
found, in the district of Sethrois, southeast of Lake Manzalah,
a very suitable town, east of the Bubastic Branch of the Xile,
called Hawar, he fortitied it with walls and placed in it a
garrison of 24 thousand soldiers. In summer Šalit used to go

39

thither, give out grain and pay to the soldiers, and drill them
in the use of weapons, so as they might be ready to keep off
the foreigners, that is the Assyrians. After a reign of 19 years
he died. He is 1, XV.

2, XV. Bnon or Ben-’an. He reigned about 44 years.
He was called Son of ’An (turning point), because in his reign
the Nile rose and the heliacal rising of the Sothis occurrcd
when the Egyptian year had come half-way round, that is to
the first day of the 7th month which is Baramhat (Phamenoth),
with which day the second half of the year begins. (See 2, III.,
Tosort-Se-Menat, and Hartatef Se-Chons of the IVth dynasty.)
So Ben-an is the king for the Epoch 2065.

3, XV. Apa-Chanaan ruled 36 years. He suceeeded his
father Ben-an. The custom of electing  the king of the
Hyqshos was abandoned, and the king inherited the throne from
his father.

4, XV. Set-’an or Set-ao-pehuti-nubti. He reigned
50 years, from about 2000 to about 1950 B.C. His name is
composed of purely Egyptian elements, whereas the names of
his three predecessors are evidently Semitic. This shows that
the Hyqshos had become quite egyptianized.

5, XV. Arxlis or Arek-il, surnamed Aa-remut. He
reigned 49 years. During his reign a hanti of 120 years had
elapsed since 2065 B.C., and the Nile rose and the Sothic early
rising occurred on the lst. day of Barmuda, so he was called
Si-remut or Aa-remut. 2065 less 120 = 1945 B.C.

This king flourisked a full Sothie period of 1460 years
after (later than) king Sirennuti (3405) of the 4th dynasty;
and a full Sothic period of 1460 years before king Aremut
(or Amyrt) who opposed the Persian king Xerxes First, the
son of Darius (i. e., 485 B.C.). Remut thrice.

6, XV. The sixth and last of the Shepherd kings was
Apup, surnamed Ra-ao-het-taui. His sphinx is in the Gizah
Museum, and on it was his full name. About 400 years after-
wards, king Menoptah of the 19th dynasty, the Pharao of the
Exodus, had Apup’s name erased from this sphinx and his own

40

engraved; and again, long after Menoptah, king Psiu-n-cha
of tke 21st dynasty, and tke brother - in - law of Solomon king
of tke Hebrews, kad kis name inscribed upon it. So tkis
sphinx, as it now stands in tke Gizah museum, kas a tkreefold
kistorical interest. It marks tke driving out of tke Hyqshos,
tke Exodus of tke Ckildren of Israel, and tke period of tke
building of Solomon’s temple at Jerusalem. In otker words,
tke periods of Joseph, Moses and Solomon. Apupi reigned
about 61 years.

Some time in kis reign Josepk, tke son of Jacob, was
sold in Palestine by kis brotkers to merckants wko brongkt
kim down and sold kim in Egypt. Afterwards Josepk inter-
preted Apupi’s dreams, and tkis Pliarao made kim Šalit or
’Aziz over Egvpt. Then, after tke years of plenty, and wken
tke seven years of famine came, Josepk sent for kis fatker
Jacob and ali the farnily, and they came and settled in Egypt
during the reign of Apupi, tke last shepkerd king.

Ali the six kings of tke Hyqshos or 15th dynasty seem
to have fully conquered Lower Egypt only, wkile in Upper
Egypt native princes or emirs ruled and paid tribute only to
the Hyqshos. The emir of Upper Egypt during tke reign of
Apupi was prince Ra-sequnen. Apupi was then residing not
at Memphis but in the fortress of Havaret on tke north-eastern
frontier of tke Delta and received tribute from ali parts of
Egypt

Apupi ckose tke Egyptian god Suteck as his patron and
built a splendid temple to tkis god opposite kis own palače.
Apupi sent a messenger to Ra-sequnen, tke emir of tke Upper
Country, and demanded kim to give up possession of a well
for watering animals whick was on tke desert frontier between
Upper and Lower Egypt. Ra-sequnen refused to obey, and so
a war broke out between tke native princes of Upper Egypt
and the Hyqshos king Apupi. This war was carried on for
several years by Ra-sequnen, and after his death by ’Aah-
messu, Ahmes, of tke 16tk (Theban or Diospolite) dynasty;
by whom tke Hyqskos were iinally driven out of Egvpt.

41

They first invaded Egypt about 2100 B.C. and were
driven out from it about 1840 B.C.,—their dynasty of six
kings ruled, therefore, about 260 years. — Some Egyptologists
make out two Hiqshos dynasties and make them cover a period
of 500 years; in this condensed outline, based on Prof. Lauth’s
chronology, only one dynasty of Shepherd Kings is recognised.

The XVIth Dynasty, consisting of Five Diospolites or Thebans.

The expulsion of the Shepherd kings of the 15th dynasty
was a great era in the history of Egypt; the land was freed
from a hated foreign yoke. Ra-sequnen began this work, but
it was ; Aah-messu who achieved it. From the epochal year
of the first king of Egypt, Mena’, in 4125, to the close of
the Hyqshos dynasty, the Turin papvrus counts 19 lian tis
(120 X 19 plus 20 for the 5 epagomenes) or 2300 years.
Now 4125 less 2300 = 1825 B.C. The Hyqshos were driven
out about 1840 B.C. So that 15 years after their expulsion,
king ’Aah-messu celebrated the epochal year 1825, in which
the heliacal rising of the Dogstar Sirius and the Kile rising
coincided with the lst day of the montli Pachons, or Bashans;
and in that year he was surnamed Pe-ti-sons.— 1945 less
120 equal 1825 (i. e. 120 years since Arxlis, 5, XV). Peti-
schons means Son of Chons. Compare the epochal kings Pety-
Athyr or Amenemhat I of the 12th dynasty and Peti-suchis
or Amenemhat III Mares.—Aah-messu Peti-sons must have
follovved very soon after Ra-sequnen; for both of them were
contemporary  with Apupi, the last Hyqshos king.

Aah-messu besieged the fortress of Havaret, in the north-
eastern corner of the Delta, by sea and by land for a long
time. At last king Apupi with 24,000 armed men had to leave
it, go away out of Egypt for good, and seek a new home
somewhere in Syria.

Aah-messu, 1 , XVI, ruled about 25 years. His motheFs
name was Aah-hotep. A piece of her golden jewelry is in the

42

Gizah museum; the workmanship of this ornament is perfect.
His grave is at Thebes in the western part of the valley of
Dhra-abu-l-nagah, and his sarcophagus was found in it by
Mariette Bey. That valley was the burial plače of the Antefs
of the eleventh dynasty and of the Amenemhas and Vesurtesens
of the 12th. His wife’s name was ’Ari-nefert, and his son was
’Amun-hotep I. It had been the custom of the rulers of the
12th dynasty to associate their wives and sons with them in
the kingdom; Aah - messu followed their example in this and
associated ’Ari-nefert and ’Amun-hotep with himself during his
lifetime.

2, XVI. 'Amunhotep I, son of Aahmessu. His tirst
warlike expedition was against the country of Nubia. He
penetrated at least as far south as Meroe near Jabal Barkah
He also fought the Aamu-gehak or tribes of the western
(Lybian) desert. His father Aahmessu had begun the erection
of the temple at Thebes,  and he added to it. He got the
fine sandstone for building from the quarries at Jabal Silsilis.
Portrait sculptures of this king are to be seen at Karnak and
Ibrim, and in the museums of Gizah and Turin. At Q urnah,
west of Karnak, his portrait is colored black. After a reign
of 20 years and 7 months Amunhotep I was interred in the
valley of Dhra’-abu-l-naqa among the 'Antefs of the eleventh
dynasty. His grave was long afterwards rifled by thieves,
and a judicial enquiry against the robbers was made, during
the reign of Ra-messu Ninth of the 20th dynasty.

3, XVI. Dehuti-messu I, surnamed Cha-mara. When
quite young his father Amunhotep associated him vri tli himself
in the kingship. As soon as his father died, Dehuti-messu
(Thutmosis or Thothmes) First undertook an expedition south-
wards, like his father. He \vounded the leader of the enemies
and took him prisoner. This heroic deed is recorded on a stele
in the quarries opposite the island called Tumbus in 19° Nortli
Lat. Soon after that, he had to put down a revolt at the other
extremity of his kingdom, in Buto in the svvampy regions south
of Lake Burullos. His great deed was a victorious expedition

43

to Naharaina (Mesopotamia); near Nii (Nineveh) on the Tigris
he set up two steles whic.h his younger son Thutmosis III
afterwards found there stili in good condition.

Dehuti-messu I built in the Karnak temple several parts:
the fourth pvlon or gateway; a row of statues of himself as
the god Osiris; a hali with columns next the pylon; pylon
No. 5 and the adjoining hali; two beautiful obelisks of rose-
colored granite for the god Ammun-Ra’, and other monuments.
His wife’s name was Aahmest. His daughter Makera became
afterwards the famous queen Hatasu or Hatshepset. His son
was afterwards king Tehutimessu Second. Both daughter and
son were associated with their father in the kingdom.

4, XVI. Dehuti-messu II on assuming the throne was
surnamed Ao-cheper-en-ra’ (or Aischphres). He ruled eight or
nine years as the co-regent of his father; then, after the death
of the latter, he ruled alone about 5 years only. Such a short
reign gave him but little time for building, so that the monu¬
ments remaining to our day from this king’s times are few.
He made a raid upon Nubia and a war against some shepherd
tribes in Palestine. To the great temple of 'Ammun at Karnak
he added only a gateway in the Southern pylon. His greatest
work was the sanctuary of the goddess Hat-hor at al-Asasif,
east of al-Dayr-al-Bahri.

5, XVI. The Queen-Regent Amensis. Her names, on
assuming the throne, were: Ma-ke ra’ and Vesurt-ka’u; she
is the queen Hatasu or Hatshepset; and she was both sister,
wife, co-regent, and widow of Dehuti-messu II. Her name
is omitted in the Tables of Abydos and Saqqarah. As she was
a female, Prof. Lauth follows the precedents of former ages
and makes her close the XVIth dynasty.

She sent out a fleet of ships upon the Red Sea to the
Land of Punt, to bring spices and the trees  bearing the spices
for her garden in Thebes. The ruins of the great terraced
building of this queen are at al-Asasif; the colored pictures
on the walls are wonderful. They represent landseapes, trees
and fishes of the Red Sea. The queen herself is represented

44

as tali and slender. Her official name is Cknumt- Ammun-
Hat- Chepsu. She also set up two great obelisks in the temple
at Karnak. One of these monoliths is 30 metres high, and
■vvould weigh about 7500 Qantars = 374,000 Kgm.

XYIItli Dynasty; flve Diospolites. 1 , XVII. Dehuti-
messu III, surnamed Ra-men-cheper. He was the younger
brotber of the queen Makera, j ust as Dehuti-messu Second
was her elder brother. She had reigned part of the time as
the associate of her elder brother, and part of the time as the
Regent, when her younger brother was stili too voung. She
had reigned 21 years and 9 months. But when her younger
brother Dehuti-messu III assumed the po\ver, he appropriated
to his reign ali these years and called his lst year his 22nd;
he then reigned 32 more, and this is wby he is said to have
reigned 54 years, i. e., 22 -L 32 = 54.

There is on one of the walls in the Karnak temple a writing
called the Statistical Table. It was made at this king’s com-
mand, and gives the annals of his wars and conquests. In the
month of Barmudah of his 22nd year he started from the frontier
fortress of Egypt, Jalu or Selae, and on the 4th day of Bashans,
the anniversary of his coronation, he entered the region around
Gaza. Next day he entered that city. On the 16th of Bashans
he reached Juhem or Kheimah. Herc he heard that the Emir
of Qadish on the ’Arunta River (Orontes) had taken the fortress
of Magiddo and had United ali the kings and chiefs, from the
river of al-’Arish to Naharayna, to oppose the Egyptian invader.
Dehuti-messu Third marched rapidly forwards; on the 19th of
Bashans he reached Aluna, and thence along the brook Qina
to Magiddo. On the 21st day of Bashans the battle was fought.
The enemy fled into the fortress at Magiddo. Soon the city
was taken. Most of the enemy had fled. 340 were taken
captive alive; the killed were laid side by side like fishes.
The booty taken was as follows: 2041 horses; 191 colts;
1929 oxen; 2000 goats; 20,500 small kids; 20 armors;
502 bows; 7 tent-poles overlaid with silver. Many emirs sub-
mitted and brought gifts of gold, silver, precious stones, and

45

skins full of vrine. The towns that were subjected, 100 in
number, lay between Judaea and Galilee, betvveen the Medi-
terranean and Peraea. Other similar warlike expeditions occu-
pied the 23d and 24th years of his reign.

The fifth campaign of this king was directed against
Damascus; and the fortress of Tnnep was taken, beside im-
mense spoil. The king took the city of Aradus and returned
triumphant to Egypt.

Ali the kings of the 17tli dynasty were powerful rulers;
but Dehuti-messu III is the most heroic figure of them ali.
Ali the kings of ali preceding dynasties had been content to
confine their conquests to the Kile valley, or to the peninsula
of Sinai. But this king pushed his conquests into Palestine
and Syria nay even to Mesopotamia. In his eighth campaign
he reached the river Tigris. There he set up a stele by the
side of the stele set up by his father, Dehuti-messu First.

Dehuti-messu Third then went southwards down that
river to Nineyi (Niniveh) and there defeated the enemy; there
too he set up a stele and arnused himself by going on an
elephant hunt, killing 120 of these huge animals. From the
33d to the 40th year of his reign he vvas occupied in conquest.

He was getting old. From the 42nd to the 47th year of
his reign he seems to have busied himself with home affairs.
The two obelisks known as the needles of Cleopatra were set
up by him —■ one is now in London and the other in Nevv-
York. The obelisk in the At-maydan at Constantinople belongs
to this reign. The one in the Lateran palače at Rome bears
three columns of liieroglyphs, the middle column being from
the 35th year of the reign of Dehuti-messu Third, and the
side columns being the work of Dehuti-messu Fourth. It is

32»/ioo m - High.

Dehuti-messu Third built monuments in the three cliief
cities of Egypt. These three chief cities \vere:

1. ’Anu, ’Ain-Shams, Heliopolis, Matar-ye.

2. Men-nefer, Memphis, ’Aneb-Hat, the White Wall.

3. Uabu, ’Apt-’asu, Pa-’amun, ’Us, Thebes, Diospolis.

46

He also built monuments in the following places: Abusir,
north of Saqarah; Speos Artemidos, or the grottos near Bani-
Hassan; Dandarah, opposite Keneb; Panopolis, or Chemmis,
wbicb is now Akhmim; Apollinopolis magna, which is now
Edfu - , Koptos, now Quft; Esneh; al-Kab; Silsilis; Ombos, now
Kora Umbo; Elephantine, the island opposite Assuan, whence
the 6th dvnastj; Philae and Bigeh, now known as Jazirat
Anas - ul - wuj ud; and in about nine other places, in Nubia.—
He also set up the C ha m b er of Ancestors  in the temple
of 'Araraun at Karnak; here too he built the hali with 56
columns. He was entitled Nem-messu-Mes-p-har because:

Since ’Aah-messu, the first king of the 16th dynasty,
who drove out the Hyqshos, a hanti of 120 years had elapsed.
1825 less 120 = 1705 B.C., which is the epocli of Dehuti-
messu Third. This hanti covered the folloiving reigns and

5°- Queen Makera’s reign alone . . . . 12 : 10.

6°- In Dehuti-messu the Third’s reign . . 25 : —

One hanti of 120 yrs. less eleven months =119  : 01.

In the 26th or 27th year of his reign (1705 B.C.) the Nile
rose, and the Dogstar Sirius rose at sunrise, when the Egyptian
year of 365 days had come round to the lst day of Payni or
Baona. This king reigned about 7 years after the epoch, and
died on the last day of Phamenoth, which is Baramhat.

2, XVII. ’Amen-hotep II., who on assuming the throne
was entitled ’Ao-cheperu-Ra’. He reigned about 13 years.
The temple at 'Araada, about 13 kilometres above Koroško,
on the western side of the Nile, has an inscription dated the
third year of his reign. He built this temple in honor of the
god s Harem-achu (Hor on the Horizon) and Ra’-Tum, or ’Ara-
mun-Ra’, out of thankfulness for the victories he had gained
in his first warlike expedition into Syria.

47

3, XVII. Dehuti-messu Fourth, surnamed Cha-chau. On
ascending tlie throne he assumed the title of Ra’-men-cheperu.
He made warlike expeditions to Kaharavna, and against the
Cheta in Syria. An inscription in the temple at ’Amada speaks
of this king’s victories over the Kushites and nomads. He
reigned 9 years and 8 months.

A stele was found not many years ago between the
lion’s paws of the great androsphinx near the Gizah pyramids.
The inscription on this stele teliš us that when Dehuti-messu
Fourth was stili crovnprince, he was one day out hunting and
brought offerings of grain and flovrers to the god Har-em-achu,
the great sphinx, and then fell asleep in its shade; that he
then had a dream in which the sphinx told him that he would,
on his father’s death, wear the white and red crowns of Upper
and Lower Egypt; the sphinx further spoke to him in the
dream and said: “See, the sands of the desert have nearly
covered me; promise me to remove the sand.” Then Dehuti-
messu awoke. Since the day of king Seneferu, father of Chufu
of the 4th dynasty, over 1700 years had elapsed; and it is not
strange that the desert sands had partially covered the sphinx.

4, XVII. ’Amen-hotep Third. He was also called Ra’-
neb-mat. The Greeks called him Memnon. He set up the two
colossal statues of himself in front of the temple which he built
at Thebes, on the west side of the Kile plain, about opposite
Luqsor. These statues represent the king sitting. Each base
is almost 4 metres high; each sitting figure is nearly 16 metres
high; the height of each of the two monuments is about
19 BO /ioo metres. The leg, from the sole of the heel to the knee,
measures 6 metres; the foot is 3 30 / 100  metres long. The material
is a sandstone conglomerate, with quarz and silica, of a yellowisli
brown color. From the tip of the finger to the elbow, the
foreram measures 4 76 / 100  metres. One of these two colossal
sitting statues together with its base and the seat, or throne,
wou!d weigh about 1,305,900 kilograms!!!

The monuments and buildings set up by this king are
too numerous to mention. An inscription on one of the walls

48

in the great ’Ammun’s temple at Ivarnak savs that 'Amenhotep
Third gave to this temple as waqf tlie following things: 4820
weights of Lapis Lazuli; 3623 weights of Clienti; an unknown
quantity of golti, silvei' and copper; and a great number ot
wild lions.

From tke temple at Luqsor to tke temple at Karnak, ke
put up a double row of spkinxes whick formed an avenue t\vo
kilometres in length. The temple, before \vhich the colossal
statues stood, was built by him, and dedicated to the god
’Amun, after ke kad returned from a victorious war against the
Kusk tribes. He married a girl named Tkei, the daughter of
a man named Yuaa.

5, XVII. Har-em-hebi, surnamed Ra’-sor-cheperu. He is
also called king Horus. This ruler was not the son of Amen¬
hotep Third, although he succeded him. He seems to kave
been Amenhotep’s counsellor or vizir for many years. In order
to acquire a right to the kingship he married Nezem-Mut, the
king’s daughter. He gave, to the great temple of the god
'Ammun- Ra’ at Karnak, lands, flocks and herds as waqf. He
reigned at least 21 vears. The king’s daughter  with her
lmsband close the dynasty.

Tlie Eigliteentli Dynasty, consisting of five Diospolite
or Thehan Rulers. 1, XVIII. 'Amenhotep Foui’th Chu-en-
aten. He was the son of Amenhotep Third by kis wife Thei,
who was probably a foreigner and a girl of humble origin.
He kad been for a time associated in the rulership with king
Horemhebi who kad married his half-sister Nezem-mut or
Muth-nezemt. She, as the legitimate daughter, had been queen,
and her liusband Horemhebi had, through her, acquired the
right to rule. A good many Egyptian dynasties ended with
a queen; See Ta-Nebit at the end of the 4th dvnastv; queen
Nitaqert at the close of the 6th; Sebak-noferu, the last of
the 12th; Ma-ke-ra’ or Amensis or Hat-chepset, the last of
the 16th; and here Mut-Nezemt, wife of Horus, as closing
the 17tli dynasty.

49

'Amen-hotep Fourth, 1, XVIII, changed his name
duringhisreign.  No other king of Egypt, before or after
liim, ever did sucli a thing. Portraits of him, on tke west bank,
near Tali ’Amarna, show him to have been thin, spindle-legged
and long-necked, with effeminate features. He seems to have
been either an idiot or a eunuch (castrated). This may have
happened to him, when on a warlike expedition in Ethiopia,
after he had been taken captive, just as the Ja’alin Arabs at
Shendy did, over sixty years ago, to Ismail one of the sons
of Muhammad -Ali pasha. After such a mutilation he avoided
the name of the god 'Amun and that of the god Ra’, for both
were gods of generating or begetting powers. Indeed lie went
so far as to cause the name of the god 'Arninun and that of
the mother goddess Muth to be scratched out on many public
and private monuments. His own name became thenceforth
Chuenaten or Achunaten, which means the ghost or ’afrit of
the sun’s disk. The Greeks speli his name Acherres or Achuen-
res, having added on the letter R of the word Ra’. He was
a fanatical worshipper of the sun’s disk.

He founded the city of Achunaten, now called Tali
'Amarna. The material was brought from the quarries of red
sandstone at Jahal Silsilis. His wife’s name was Neferit-Thei,
the sister of Nezem-muth. They had seven daughters, two of
whom married successors of this king. He tried to change or
reform the religion of the Egyptians and make them worship
the disk of the sun; but in this he did not succeed, for the
people and the priests were too strongly attached to their
polytheism. He ruled about 12 or 13 years. He left seven
daughters but no male issue.

2, XVIII. Rathos, or Ra-s-ao-ka-necht-cheperu. He was
the lmsband of Meriraten, the eldest daughter of Achuenaten
by his wife Neferit-Thei. Of course he reigned by virtue of
his wife’s right.

3, XVIII. Bek-ra’, or Bekres, also called Chebres and
Akencheres. In his reign a holy buli, Apis, died, and his

50

mummy was laid in the bull’s sepulclire, at the Serapeum of
Memphis, west of Saqqarah.

4, XVIII. Haqonres Tut-’anch-’Ammun. Tliis name means
“The Prince of Erment, The Living Likeness of ’Amun”. In
his reign the Sun-worship of the king Chu-en-aten (1, XVIII)
had quite passed away, and the worship of 'Ammun, the god
of Thebes, had again become the prevailing religion. His wife
was ’Anch-nes-aten, the third daughter of Achu-en-aten; but
she changed her name into ’Anch-nes-’amun, which means
“Ammun is her Life”. He reigned twelve years and three
months.

5, XVIII. Ai-Ra-cheperu- Armat, the Divine Father.
Manetho calls him Armais. His wife was Thei, and she had
been the nurse and dresser of the former king. He, namely
5, XVIII, had been only a “Atef-nuter” or “divine father”,
then a Bearer of the Fan or Feather on the right hand of
the former king, and then afterwards became the king’s Scribe
of Justice. Ai-Ra-cheperu-Armat reigned four years and one
month.

Ali the live kings of the eighteenth dynasty were after-
wards considered to be unlawful or illegitimate Diospolite rulers.

49 years 10 months, or nearly 50 years.

Not one of them was succeeded by his own son; each
one acquired the right to rule through the right of his wife,
who was a royal princess, or through the intercession of some
woman who was in high favor at Court.

51

The Nineteenfh Dynasfy (Diospolites),

The Kingdom at its Highest under Sethos I and Sesostris.

1, XIX. Ra’ -messu First, or Ra-men-pehati. It is not
known who \vas his father. The name Ra’-messu means “the
born sun”. The official crowning of this king by the Theban
gods, in confirmation of his right to the throne, is represented
on the entrance gate of the Karnak temple, but neither the
name of his father nor that of his mother are given. Manetho
says he reigned 1 year and 4 months. He was succeeded by
his son Sethos First.

2, XIX. Sethos I., Busiris, Chamois, Epaphos, Meren-
pattah. He built the gigantic Hall of the immense Karnak
temple. This hali is 100 metres broad and 50 deep, and has
in it a forest of 134 columns, which bear the stone roof. It
takes the outstretched arms of seven men to gird one column.

Sethos’s kingdom extended also over the Southern lands of
Kush and Punt, and over the fair-skinned Tahennu of the region
along the coast to the west of the Delta. The Tahennu were
blue-eyed wild tribes -vvho lived “like foxes in their holes or
dens”. In the desert east of Radesiah, opposite Edfu, Sethos
caused a well to be dug, to get water for the men who worked
the gold mineš. Sethos went on an expedition into Syria. He
started from the canal Pa-c.hetum (or Thaubashtum) in the
eastern part of the Delta, went to Leontopolis, thence to Migdol
in Jabal Tih, and founded a fortress, which he called “the
Victorious”, near a well, and reached the Land of Kana’an.

The Shasu tribes of the Syrian desert rebelled. So Sethos
went and put them down. He got to Qadesh Barnea in the
land of the Amorites. Then he attacked the Cheta tribes and
their king Mautenur, and defeated them. He came back
triumphant in his chariot, drawn by a span of horses called
“Ammun giveth strength”, and folloived by his two sons Setnib
and Ramessu. Before him were driven three rows of captives
bound with cords. The priests and prophets, the governors

4 *

52

and high officers of Upper and Lower Egvpt, went to the bridge
over the canal of ta-dena, near Thaubashtum on the eastern
edge of the Delta, to meet him, and sang a hymn of praise.

This king was called also Epapkos, because in his dav
the season for the Nile rising, and the rising of the Dogstar
with the sun, occurred when the Egyptian year of 365 days
had slipped round to the lst day of Epiphi, or Abib.

It is not known how long he reigned, perhaps 9 or 11 years.
He died, according to the astronomical representation in the
Ramesseum (Osymandyaenm), on the night of the 3d of Epiphi,
Abib. He was also entitled nem-messu, which means doubly-
crowned, because in his day a hanti of 120 years ended and
he began to count the years of a fresh hanti. The epoch in
the reign of Dehuti-messu Third, 1, XVII, was 1705 B.C.
Deduct 120 years, gives, as the epoch in Sethos’ reign, the
year 1585 B.C.

Nem-messu is a title found given to four or five other
epochal kings; they are: Antefao of the eleventh dynasty;
Amenemliat I of the twelfth; Dehuti - messu Third of the seven-
teenth; Sethos I of the nineteenth; and Ra-messu Ninth of
the twentieth. Such is Professor Lauth’s chronology.

Of the many monuments that Sethos I either completed,
or had only begun, at Qurnah, Abydos, Karnak, Memphis,
Heliopolis, Elkab and Speos Artemidos near Bani-Hassan, no
mention can here be made. But his grave, called Belzoni’s
tomb (after the discoverer), is the greatest and tinest of the
tombs at Thebes. It is the best specimen of the catacombs
(or syrinx) of Thebes which followed upon the pyramid - tombs
of the earlier dynasties. The total length of this grave, dug in
the mountain side, is 470 feet. The wife of Sethos I was Tua
or Tui. She bore him two sons, Ra-messu and Setnib. Ra-
messu, the elder of the two, is that most renowned of ali the
Pharaoh’s, whose reign will now be treated of.

3, XIX. Ra-messu II, Sesostris, Mi-’amun, Rhapsakes,
Osymandyas. His name and his portraits are found on al-
most every temple-wall and monument throughout the Land of

53

Egypt. His portrait is easily distinguislied from that of his
father by the arched noše. Mi-amun means “the Beloved or
Favorite of ’Ammun”. He reigned o ver 66 years. Both Ra¬
messu Second and his brother Setnib had taken part as youths
in their father’s wars against the Rotennu and in his triumphs.
His father, Sethos First, associated Ramessu Second with him
in the power. Ramessu II had 60 sons and 59 daughters.

He first completed the building of the great temple at
Abydos, begun by his father, and then built close to it another
temple, both dedicated to the god Osiris, the Helper of the
souls of the Dead.

A stele found at Taniš, east of Mansurah, shows that he
put up in that city a statue of his father and of the god Setuchi.
This stele bears the date: “year 400 of king Set-’ao-pehuti-
Nubti, of the fifteenth dynasty or Shepherd or Hyqshos kings,
who had reigned about 50 years, from 2000 to 1950 B.C.
Now if we take the middle of his reign, 1975 B.C., and count
400 years, we shall have the Era or epoch 1575 B.C., which
would be the 3d year of the reign of Ra-messu Ilnd Sesostris.

When Ra-messu Second succeeded his father Sethos First,
he assumed the title Vesu-ma-nuti-aa, and the Greeks after-
wards corrupted this name into Osymandyas. He built in
western Thebes' a temple, to commemorate his accession to the
throne; it is called the Osymandyaeum. The ruins of this
temple resemble the best style of Greek architecture. In front
of it stood a sitting statue of Sesostris in rose granite, the
largest in ah Egypt. The dimensions of this colossus are:

Length of Ear.metre 1,05

Surface of Face, from Ear to Ear. 8  2,08

Surface of Chest, from Shoulder to Shoulder . . » 7,11

Straight Line from Shoulder to Shoulder ... » 6,48

Round the Arm at the Elbow. 8  5;33

Length of Forefinger. * L00

Total Height seems to have been. 8  17,50

Its weight must have been 2,000,000 pounds!! It is now
broken and much disfigured.

54

In tlie days of Ra-messu Second Sesostris, there livcd
a poet named Pentaur. He composed a poem, which has been
engraved five times on stone and is also written in full on
a hieratic papyrus called tbe Papyrus Sallier Nr. III. The
subject of this poem is Ra-messu’s beroic deeds during his war
against tbe kings of Syria, Asia Minor and Mesopotamia, who
had formed a confederation against Egypt.

Tlie summary of this poem is as follows. The king
started from Thaubashtum, tbe frontier fortress on tbe east of
tbe Delta, and went eastwards against the nations of tbe Nortk,
as bis fatber Setbos First bad done. This was in tbe fifth year
of Ra-messu’s reign. After many days he reacbed the distant
city of Qadish on tbe river ’Arunta (Orontes) in Syria. The
prince of tbe Obeta was at Qadish witb the fighting men of
ali bis allies, who filled tbe mountains and valleys like locusts.
Ra-messn attacked, but fell into tbe ambuscade which the
Cheta prince had set for bim. The Egyptian army consisted
of three legions: the legion of 'Ammun, tbat of Ra, and tkat
of Pattah. But tbey were too far away, for Ra-messu had ad-
vanced in his wai'-cbariot drawn by bis span of borses named
“Victory in Thebes”. Tbe king was surrounded by 2500 war
chariots of tbe enemy. With him was only the chariot- dri ver
Menna. Ra-messu called upon ’Ammun, tbe god of Thebes,
to give bim strength. Then he attacked the enemies six times,
killing so many of them tbat the others said: This is not a
man but a god who fights us, it is the Syrian god Ba’al.
The next day the great battle was fought; the Chetas and
their allies were routed. Thereupon the Cheta king sent to
Ra-messu a messenger and sued for mercy and peace. Tbe
conqueror spared their lives. Ali tbe chiefs of the nations came
and bowed the knee before him, and he was acknowledged
to be the lord of both lands. Such is a brief outline of this
ancient poem.

In the 21  st year of the reign of Ra-messu Second, on the
twenty - first day of the month Tubah, a treaty of peace was
concluded between him and Cketasar, king of the Chetas 5  it

55

was engraved, in duplicate, on silver tablets. There was to be
peace, brotherbood and concord between them and between
their children and children’s children after them; they were
to help one another, should any one attack either of them.

Ra-messu married the daughter of the king of the Chetas
and she reeeived the Egyptian name Urmaa-nofrn-ra’. Tliis
joyful event is recorded in the rock-cut temple of Abu-Simbel,
above Derr and Ibrim in Nubia. The Egyptian name of tliis
temple is Abshak. It resembles the Indian temples in Ellora
and Elephante. It is dedicated to the three greatest (chief)
gods of Egypt. They are: 'Ammun of Thebes; Pattah of Mem-
phis; and Ra-Harmachu of Heliopolis, after each one of whom
one of the three army legions was named.

Ra-messu Second Sesostris founded several cities, just as
the Macedonian conqueror Alexander the Great did twelve hund-
red years later. These cities were: Ramses in Syria; Ramses
in Nubia near Abu-Symbel; Ramses in the eastern part of the
Delta; Remsis in the western part of the Delta; San, Suan,
or Taniš east of Mansurah.

He reigned 66 years and 2 months, and died about the
year 1511 before Christ. His son and successor Menoptah ruled
19 years and 6 months, and died either in the year 1492 or
1491 B.C.

Joseph, the son of Jacob, had brought the Children of
Israel into Egypt during the reign of one of the Hyqshos kings
of the fifteenth dynasty, perhaps in the days of Apirp, the
sixth and last of the Shepherd kings, about 1850 B.C. Thus,
in the days of Ra-messu Second, the Children of Israel had
been dvrelling in the land of Gosen in Egypt for nearly
340 years. During so long a time they had multiplied and in-
creased greatly. The Egyptians called them Apriu or 'Abriu,
■vvhich means Hebrews. Ra-messu II oppressed this foreign
people and made them work for him in making the bricks
for the cities and forts which he built. When tliey multiplied
stili more, he ordered his officers to kili every Hebrew male
child that should be born, and to špare the temale new-born

56

children only. About this time Moses  was born, and his mothcr
hid him in a basket, whicb she put among the bullrushes in
the river. Pharaolfis sister, or daugbter, found bim and took
him. She brought him up, and then sent him to school, to
the priests in the great temple of the god Ra-Harmachu at
Heliopolis.

Ra-messu Second was succeeded by his fourteenth son
Meno-pattah, the otlier thirteen older brothers having died before
their father.

4, XIX. Meno-pattah is called the Pharaoh of the Exodus,
for it was in his reign that the Hebrews, the Children of Israel,
were led out of Egypt by Moses.

In the fifth year of Meno-pattah’s reign, the Lebu tribes
of North Africa, together with others from the western islands
and coasts of the Mediterranean, had come from the west, by
land and in ships, and had penetrated into the mouths of the
Nile. Meno-pattah was a coward, he was not a brave man like
his father and grandfather had been. So he had a dream in
which the statue of the god Pattah of Memphis appeared and
told him not to go in person against the Lebu, but to remain
behind and send his generals and troops alone. On the fifth
day of the month Abib the Egyptian host had a six-hours’
fight with the enemy, and the Lebu fled, leaving much booty
and many captives in the hands of the victors, like what the
Hyqshos had done 400 years before.

During the reign of Ra-messu the Great, Moses had killed
an Egyptian, who was beating a Hebrew, and had fled to the
Land of Midian, in the north-west corner of Arabia. There he
remained many years with Jethro, or Shu’ayb, the priest of
Midian, whose daughter he married. Afterwards, when Ra-
messu died, Moses saw a burning bush in the desert, and a
voice spoke to him, telling him to go back to Egypt and bring
his brethren, the Hebrews, away from that land, where they
were treated worse than slaves. He returned and was met
by his brother Aaron. They then told the chiefs of the Hebrews
that God had sent him (Moses) to lead them out of Egypt,

57

the house of bondage. The Hebrews believed. Moses and Aaron
went to Meno-pattah, king of Egypt, and begged him to let
the Children of Israel go out into the eastern desert to hold
a religious feast. Pliaraoh refused, and comnmnded the task-
masters to increase the work of the Hebrews, to force them
to make more bricks, and yet to give them no straw. Then
Moses stretched out his hand and his staff and štručk the
water of the river; at once ali the water was turned into blood.
This was the first plague. The other plagues were: the frogs;
the dust turned into lice; pestilence among the cattle; hlačk
pox; hail-storm; locusts or grasslioppers; thick darkness; and
death of ali the first-born. Then the Hebrews left Egjpt on
the 24th day of the month Abib in the year 1492 or 1491 B.C.,
after they had dwelt in the house of bondage about 360 years.

Meno-pattah gathered his army and pursued the Hebrews;
but he and his host were drowned in the sea, 1493 — 1490 B.C.
He was succeeded by his younger son Sethos Second.

Egypt reached her greatest g'lory under Ramessu First,
Sethos First, and Ramessu Seeond the Great. Under Meno-
pattah the Egyptian power began to decline.

5, XIX. Sethos Second, Ra-vesur- cheperu. His oldest
brother, the first-born of their father Menopattah, had died in
the plague of the death of the first-born. When the Children
of Israel went off into the desert between Egypt and Palestino,
on their way into the promised land, they were met and opposed
by the Amalekites and Edomites; and the exodus of such
a large number of Hebrews from Egypt left the Land of
Goshen almost uninhabited. So in the days of Sethos Second,
one of his officials brought a number of the nomadic shepherd
families of the friendly Aduma (Edomite) tribes and made
them settle around the fish-ponds of Pa-tum or Pithom.

Sethos Second built a small temple in the northwestern
corner of the outer court of the great temple ot 'Ammun in
Karnak. His grave is in Biban-ul-muluk at Thebes. It is
a catacomb 236 feet deep. He reigned perhaps about 16 years.

58

Two Usurpers.

6, XIX. Siptah, i. e., Son of Pattah. He was not the
son of Setbos Second, but seems to have usurped the power.
He was surnamed Armais and Danaos or Thon. He was sur-
named Armais, which means Harmachi, because this god was
specially worshipped on the first day of the month Mesori,
which is the 12th month of the year. In otlier words, there
had elapsed, since Sethos the First, 1585, another lianti of
120 years; so that in the days of Siptah the rising of the
Dogstar with the sun’s rising and the Nile rising coincided
with the first day of Mesori. 1585 less 120 gives 1465 B.C.
as the epoch for this king.

His wife was Ta-Yesurt, which means “the strong”; she
may have been the daughter of Sethos Second. Siptah assumed
the title of Achuenra on assuming the power. His and his
wife’s catacomb is in Biban -ul-Muluk.

7, XIX. 'Amen-messu. His immediate predecessor was
probably Siptah. Both were probably priests who had usurped
the power. The cover of ’Amenmessu’s sarcophagus is now
in the palače of Miramar, near Trieste. His father was Techbu,
a private person. Amenmessu’s catacomb is likewise in Biban-
ul-Muluk, near Thebes, and is a grand work.

Anarchy and Short Foreign Supremacy.

His reign was followed by a period of anarchy and then
of foreign supremacy in Egypt. The anarchy and foreign
supremacy are mentioned in the tcxt called papyrus Harris.
It is 157 feet long. It says: “The land of Kerni (Egypt) had
become broken up into parts. There was no one ruler over
the whole land. The prince or emir of each part warred
against the others. The foreign invaders were glad to see this
anarchy. After many years, in which the land of Egypt had
no king, a Ket (a foreigner), a Charu (or Syrian), made himself
ruler and set himself up as king. The foreigners joined together
and plundered the property of the Egyptians. They disregarded
the Egyptian gods; and no more offerings or sacrihces were

59

made in thc temples. But aftenvards thc gods were again
appeased, brought the land back again under law and order,
and set up Necht-Set as king.”

Hence the Svrian invader Ket, the usurper, may be re-
garded as 8, XIX. His rule over Egypt was something like
that of the shepherd Hyqshos of the fifteenth dynasty, only
it was much shorter.

The Kingdom Reunited.

9, XIX. Necht-Seth. He reestablished the authority of
the descendants of the Diospolite House; he reunited the king¬
dom and drove out the Syrian Charu invaders. His titles are
Merira Meri-amun. He drove the Charu out of Wadi Tumeilat,
repaired the temples, and reestablished the offerings and sacri-
fices to the gods of Egypt. Necht-Set associated his son Ra-
messu with him in the government. When he died, Ra-messu
succeeded him, and is considered as the head of the

Twentieth Dynasty. Diospolites. (See above, p. 27.)

1, XX. Ra-messu Third. He had the following names
also: Rhampsinit; Proteus; Phruoro; Neilos; Thuoris; and
Manethoth. He was the son and successor of Necht-Seth,
reigned at first jointly with his father, and then, after the death
of the latter, he ruled alone as the head of the 20th dynasty.
His title Manethoth means “the gift of Thoth”. It was given
him because in his day, when the Dogstar rose at sunrise, the
Egyptian year had swung around to the lst day of Thoth,
the first month in the year. But between the lst of Misra
and the lst of Thoth there are not only 30 days, but there
are also the 5 additional days, called the epagomenes, i. e.,
35 days. And as their year slipped short of the seasons one
day in four years, it took 140, not 120 years, to mako up
the last or twelfth hanti of a Sothic period. In other words
1465 less 140 gives 1325 B.C. as the epoch of Ra-messu Third.
"VVith this year began another Sothic Cycle.

60

The other Sothic Cycles are:

1. But’au, Servant of Horus, before Mena’, and surnamed

Sethothiarchos.B.C. 4245

2. Merira Pupui, surnamed Athothis, of the 6th

dynasty. Beginning of Menophres’ Era . . » 2785

3. Ramessu Third, surnamed Manethoth, of the

20th dynasty. End of Era of Menophres . » 1325

4. Hadrian or Antoninus of Rome, Era began A.D. 136 —139

Ra-messu Third built at Madinat-Habu, southwest of
Thebes, a splendid temple, and another building consisting of
two high, massive towers, which were perhaps his treasure-
house. Thieves once tried to break into it and steal the treasure.
They were caught, tried and killed. At another time some of
the women of his harim plotted with Bekakamen, the chief of
the king’s household, against his life. They were discovered,
tried by the judges, found guilty and punished, some with death,
others \vith disfiguration by the eutting off of their noses or ears.

In the days of this king two barbarous tribes from the
north came into Syria and plundered the whole of that country.
They were called the Tekkuri and the Pulasta. The Tekkuri
were brave sailors; the Pulasta fought on land. They attacked
Egypt also. But near Magdal or Migdol, on the northeastern
frontier of Egypt, they were defeated. The Egyptian fleet also
defeated the Tekkuri. Many were taken captive. The tribes
of the western or Libyan desert were also defeated near
Abou-qir, the Egyptians killing 2175 and taking 2025 cap¬
tive. The booty taken was great. The Nehasiu (negroes) of
the south paid tribute to Ra-messu Third. He attacked and
subjugated the Rotennu, and the Charu, and the Cheta of
Palestine and Syria.

He built a fleet in the gulf of the Red Sea near Suez
and sent it to the land of Punt, to bring the rich spices of
that region to Egypt. He took great čare to make the people
plant trees throughout the land of Egypt.

Besides the buildings at Madinat-Habu, mentioned above,
he built others also at Heliopolis; so he was called Ra-messu-

61

’Anut or Rhampsinit; for ’Anu is one of the names of Ain-
Shams. His catacomb is also at Biban-ul-muluk. In the
32nd year of' his reign and of the reign of his queen Isis,
'Uzzah, he chose his eldest son Ra-messu Fourth to be co-
regent. He had in ali 18 sons and 14 daughters. Of his sons,
the eldest succeeded him immediately ■  and afterwards three
others came to the throne. They are: Ra-messu Fourth, Sixth,
Seventh and Eighth. Only Ra-messu Fifth seems to have been
an intruder.

2, XX. Ra-messu Fourth Mi-’amun-hyq-mat or ma-ma,
the eldest son and immediate successor of Rhampsinit. He
gathered the criminals in Egypt and sent them to Wadi Ham-
mamat, to quarry granite stone from the mountains there.
These criminals were guarded by soldiers and watched over
by government officials. So great was their number that they
fonned quite a colony in the desert of Hammamat, namely,
170 officials, 5000 troops, 200 fishermen, and 800 ’Apriu from
the land of Aean, and others, — in ali 9268 men.

The catacomb, in which his mummy was placed, contains
a plan  of its compartments which gives the measurements of
the separate parts, in the Egyptian ell, or cubit, and the names
of the entrance-shaft, of the niches, of the chambers, of the
golden hali, &c., &c.

3, XX. Ra-messu Fifth, ’Amen-her-chopeshef-Mi-amun.
It is thought that he was an illegitimate ruler, because the
grave, that he had dug and prepared to receive his mummy,
was afterwards annexed or appropriated (taken and used) by
his successor, Ra-messu Sixth, who was the second son of Ra-
messu Third; the name of Ra-messu Fifth has been partially
scratched out. It would seem as though he had never been
buried in it, but had been forcibly driven from the throne
which he had usurped. He had tried to make himself popular
(liked) by greatly increasing the sacrifices to the gods and the
waqfs of the temples.

4, XX. Ra-messu Sixth, Ra-neb-mat, Mi-amun ’Amen-
liercliopeshef-Hyq-nuter-’Anu. He not only annexed the tomb

62

of his predecessor, wliom he had expelled, but he further as-
sumed the title Amenherchopeshef, which the otber bad borne.
His splendid catacomb is in biban-ul-muluk. In it are given
the risings of a series of constellations in seven zones.

5, XX. Ra-messu Seventh ;— 6, XX. Ra-messu Eighth;
— and perhaps also another brother named Meritum. — Ali
three were brothers of Ra-messu Sixth, and seem to have ruled
jointly. The sceptre of Egypt then passed from these brothers,
who were ali sons of Ra-messu III surnamed Ra-messu-Anut
or Rhampsinit, to another branch  of the Theban House,
namely to

7 or 8, XX. Ra-messu Ninth, Neileus, Jorbash, P-aul-
bosh or Polybos. — P-aul-bosh means “the flowing river, or
Nile”. He died  probably in 1184 B.C., i. e., in the year when
Troy or Ilion was taken by the Greeks. The taking of Ilion
was 408 years before the lst Greek 01ympiade, which fell
about 776 B.C. 408 + 776 = 1184.

But why was he surnamed “the flowing River” or P-aul-
bosh? Because in his reign the early or heliacal rising of
Sirius agreed with the first day of Phaophi, Baba, in the old
language spelt Pa-Hapi; and Hapi is the Egyptian name for
the Nile river. That is to say the first beginnings of the Nile-
rise fell on that day. In other words a whole hanti had passed
since 1325 in Rhampsinifs reign; 1325 less 120 gives 1205 B.C.
as the epoch in the reign of Ra-messu Ninth. He was called
Neileus by the Greeks, because he had done much for Egypt
by making good water-canals.

In his day the first priest of Ammun, Amenhotep by
name, was very powerful and built several additions to the
’Amun temple at Thebes. This shows that the power of the
Ramessides was beginning to wane, and that of the priests of
Ammun beginning to wax. Another symptom of the sinking
power of those kings is to be found in the disrespect shown to
the royal tombs. A band of robbers had been formed, and
among them were even priestly officials, who rifled the cata-
combs of the llth, 13th, 16th and 19th dynasties. The papyrus

63

Abbot, written in the hieratic character, teliš us tbat the king
Ra-messu Ninth appointed Seven Judges to enquire into the
sacriligious plundering of the tombs and pass judgment upon
the thieves. The enquiry and judicial trial lasted three years,
to the 19th year of the king’s reign in the old hanti and the
first year of his reign in the new hanti, which began 1205 B.C.
Therefore he began  to reign in 1223 B.C. In the first year
of his reign in the new hanti, he received the title nera-messu,
which means “doubly-crowned” or “twice boril”.

9, XX. Ra-messu Tenth; and 10, XX, Ra-messu Elev-
enth. Their names appear in the temple dedieated to the god
Khuns or Chunsu in Thebes. This temple was a family sanc-
tuary of the XXth dynasty.

11, XX. Ra-messu Twelfth, Sesostris Second, Vu-a-pera.
A stele of this king has been found in the Khunsu temple.
He assumed ali the names and titles of his great forefather
Ra-messu Second Sesostris; and just as the latter married
the daughter of the king of the Chetas, so did Ra-messu
Twelfth also marry an Asiatic princess. He was once in the
land of Nahar,  whither he used to go every year. Ali the
princes, even those beyond the river, brought him tribute of
gold, silver, turquoise and sandal-wood. The Chief of Buchtan
brought tribute, and also his eldest daughter. She was beautiful.
Ra-messu at once had her name recorded as chief wife, or
birinji-hanem, and called her Ra-noferu, Sun of Beauties, or
in Arabic shamsu-l-mahasin. When he returned from Nahar
to Egypt he married her, on the 22nd day of Payni, Baona,
in the 15th year of his reign, while he was at Thebes, the
Mistress of Cities, Qahiratu-l-mudun. While the king was hold¬
ing a feast of thanksgiving to the god 'Ammun in the Southern
’Apt, a messenger came from the Chief of Buchtan, bringing
presents to his daughter, the queen of Egypt. The messenger
said that he had been sent by the Chief of Buchtan on account
of the princess Bint-Rosh, the mother, or aunt, of queen Ra-
noferu. She was very ill, and they begged the king of Egypt
to send her a doctor. The king sent Thot-em-hebi or Dahuti-

64

m-hebi. When this doctor got to Buclitan he found that the
princess Bint-Rosh was seized by a demon or ’Aclm. So the
Chief of Buchtan again sent to Pharao and begged him to send
the s ta tu e of the god Khunsu, for the doctor Dahuti-m-hebi
needed the help of that god to drive out the demon. The statue
was duly blessed and then put upon a large sacred ark or
boat, accompanied by five smaller boats, and a car for the
land-journey. In the 26th year of Pharaoh’s reign the convoy
started; it took 17 months to reach Buchtan. On reaching that
land, the Khunsu statue cured the princess Bint-Rosh. But
this was not done till the demon, or 'Afrit, had received the
offering or sacrifice which he demanded. The Khunsu statue
was kept by the Chief of Buchtan 3 years, 4 months, and
5 days, and then sent back witk rich gifts. It was put back
again in to the Khunsu temple at Thebes on the 19th day of
Mechir, Amshir, in the 33d year of the reign of the Pharaoh
Vesur-ma-ra-sotep-en-ra, i. e., Ra-messu Twelfth. His title Vu-
a-per-a means “child of the strong-handed”, and it resembles
the name of Vahabra or Hophra or Chophra of the twenty-
sixth dynasty.

12, XX. Ra-messu Thirteenth. He added a few monu-
ments to the temple of Khunsu in Thebes. But the power in
his days seems to have been in the hands of Her-hor. This
Her-hor was entitled: “Hereditary Prince”, “Wazir on the right
band side of the King”, “Prince of Kush”, “Chief of the king’s
Architects”, “Chief Leader of the Warriors”, and “Steward of
the Cornhouse”. That is to say that Her-hor held so many
high ofiices of State that the lcing Ra-messu Thirteenth had
only the shadow  of power.

13, XX. Ra-messu Fourteenth, the last of the glorious
royal family of the Ramessides, who had reigned about 4 x / 2  cen-
turies. The first Ra-messu, the father of Sethos I., had risen
from obscurity to the highest plače; the last Ra - messu sank
again into total obscurity.

The great city of Thebes, which had become the capital
of the kingdom as early as the times of the eleventh and

65

twelfth dynasties, began to lose its importance after the end
of the 20th dynasty.

From and after the downfall of the Ramessides, otlier
dynasties appeared, whicli took their names from cities in
the Delta, such as the Tanites, the Bubastites, the Sa’ites, the
Mendesians, the Sebennytes, according to whether the reigning
farnily originated from Taniš, or Tall-Bastah, from Sa-el-Hajar,
Mendes, or Sebennytus, wliich is Samannud.

The XXIst Dynasty: Seven Tanites.

The city of Taniš or Zoan or San-el - Ha j ar lay south of
Lake Manzaleh, and about half-way between the modern town
of Mansurah and Qantarat- el-Khazneh on the Suez Canal.

1, XXI. Her-bor. He was the Chief Priest of the god
’Ammun, and seems to have held this high office for 29 years
under the last two Ramessides, 12 and 13, XX. On the ex-
tinction of the male line in the royal family, Her-hor united
the spiritual or religious power with the worldly or political
authority. This is just the reverse of what king Mena’, 1, I,
had done; see above under Mena’. Her-hor assumed the title
of Se -’Ammun, which the Greek historians and Manetho have
modified into the name Smendes. He seems also to have been
ealled Se-men-taui, which means “the Raiser up of botli Lands”,
i. e., Upper and Lower Egypt. His wife’s name was Netem
or Ta-Netem. His eldest son was Pi-’anch; the name of another
of his sons was Har-em-cheb. In ali he had 17 sons. It is
possible that one of these princes became priest at Meroe, Jahal
Barkal, in Ethiopia, and that afterwards the 25th or Ethiopic
Dynasty was descended from Her-hor’s priestly son.

2, XXI. Phi-net’em or Pi-nešem. He reigned, according
to Manetho, 41 years. His son and successor was Men-cheper-
ra'. Phi-net’em was also ealled Athoris; hecause in his day
another hanti, since Ra-messu Ninth, had elapsed, and the rising

66

of Sirius with tlie sun occurred when the Egyptian year liad
slipped over to the lst day of the month Athyr or Hatur.
So his epoch is 1205 less 120 = 1085 B.C.

3, XXI. Men-cheper-ra’, or Nephercheres, the son and
successor of Phi-net’em. Manetho says he reigned four years.
One of his titles was “Isis-in-Cheb”.

4, XXI. ’Amen-hotep Fifth, Amenophthis, \vho reigned
nine years. Surname, perhaps, Ur-hebaiu.

5, XXI. Uza-Hor or Osochor, which seems to mean
the uzat  or eye of Hor =’ainu-l-shams. Do not confound
this king with the three Osorkons of the twenty-second and
twenty-third dynasties. He reigned 6 years.

6, XXI. Psiu-n-cha, Psinaches, 9 years. Mariette Bey
fonnd a sphinx at Taniš, from the 1 Iyqshos period, which is now
in the Gizah museum; its head is a portrait of Apopi, 6, XV,
at whose Court Joseph, the son of Jaeob, occupied the high
position of ’Aziz. Menopattah, the Pharaoh of the Exodus,
4, XIX, engraved his name on both sides of this sphinx; and
finally Psiu-n-cha engraved his name on the front of it. Per¬
haps this Psiuncha is the Egyptian Pharaoh whose daughter
was married to Solomon son of David, king of the Israelites,
and brought to Jerusalem, where he built her a palače, see
I. Kings iii, 1. The name of this king means “the Star of
Cha”. And Cha or Sa seems to mean “the East” or the “sun-
ring”, wliich was perhaps a name for the city of Taniš or Zoan
in the eastern corner of the Delta. Another of Psiu-n-cha’s
daughters, named Makera, became the wife of Osorkon First,
see below 2, XXII.

7, XXI. Phi-nefem Second, Psysennes, who reigned
35 years. H e was the son of Psiuncha.  On his accession
he assumed the title of Ra-cha-cheper-sotep-en-’Amun. He
is the last of the Tanites, who ruled in ali about 130 years.

67

The XXIInd Dynasty: Nine Bubastites. Bubastis is Tall-Basta,
south of Zagazig.

1, XXII. Sheshonq First, Sheshaq. He seems to Lave
ruled 34 years. The priest-kings of the 21st dynasty were
succeeded by the Bubastites. The proper names of these
Bubastites are Semitic, perhaps even Aramaic. Perhaps tbey
were set upon the tlirone of Egypt by the powerful Assyrian
conquerors. The Tanites had united the priestly and worldly
power. Like them, the Bubastites retained the office of Chief
Priest in the royal family, that is to say the son of the reigning
king held the high office of Chief Priest.

When Solomon, king of Israel and Judah, sought to kili
Jeroboam, the latter fled to Egypt and took refuge \vith king
Shishaq, and remained there till Solomon’s death.

Shishaq founded the Bubastite Portico, in the Southern
wall of the great colonnade court or peristyle, in the temple
of 'Aiinnun at Karnak. He must have reigned from B.C.
1010 to 976. On the outer side of the south wall of the great
'A mi nun temple at Karnak, Sheshonq is represented as wearing
the double crown of Upper and Lower Egypt. Near him are
the figures of captives in five rows, with the names of the
120 cities that he had taken when he invaded Palestine. The
Jewish historical books recount this invasion in the following
words: “In the fifth year of king Rehaboam, son of king
Solomon, Shishaq king of Egypt marched up against Jerusalem
and took the treasures of the Lord’s House — akhadh khazayin
bayti-l-maqdis — and the treasures of the king’s house, and
took away ali the gol d en shields that Solomon had made.
Shishaq marched against Jerusalem with an army composed
of 1200 war-chariots and 60,000 horseraen, to say nothing of
the vast number of men on foot who followed him out of
Egypt, Sucliim, Libya and Ethiopia. And Shishaq c o n q u e r e d
the fortified cities  that were in Judah and came up against
Jerusalem.” See I Kings xiv, 25 to 26 and II Chron. xii,

5 *

68

2 to 9. His wife’s name was Karmamat. He was suceeeded
by his son Osarkun.

2, XXII. Osarkun First. Ile was also called Si-Bast
and Si-Hiset or Si-Isit. — Why? Because in his reign another
hanti had come to an end, so that when tlie Sothis rose at
about sunrise, the Egyptian year had come round to the first
day of Choiak; the patroness of this montli was the goddess
Bast. Thus his epoch is 1085 less 120 = 965 B.C.

On his accession to the throne, tliis king assiuned the
title Ra-sechem-cheper-sotep-en-Ra’. He married Ma-ke-ra’,
the daughter of king Psiuncha, 6, XXI.

Their son was called Shishaq, after his grandfather;
he held the position of Chicf Priest of 'Ammnn -ra’-sont-her.
He, the king Osarkun First, aftervvards married Tasati-Clmnsu;
for the first wife, being the daughter of Psiuncha, was rather
old. His brother Vupoth held a high position in the army.

3, XXII. Takelut First. He was one of the sons of
Osarkun First, but not the first-born. His wife was called
Mat-ipes. Takelut seems to mean Tigris, the river Tiglid or
Dijlah.

4, XXII. Osarkun Second. He had three wives: Ka-

rama, Mut-hat-’anches and Tset-em-clieb. Osarkun, or Wazark,
seems to mean “the Great”, or “the Strong”, Arabic wazar.

5, XXII. Sheshonq Second, tbe son of Osarkun Sccond

by his wife Karama.

6, XXII. Takelut Second. He had two wives: Tes-bast-

peru and Mi-mut-Karmama or Sit-’Amun-Mut-em-liat. His son,
by his chief rvife or biringi-hanem  Karmama, was called
Osarkun. This prince is mentioned in the great memorial tablet
in the Bubastite Portieo at Karnak. The tablet is dated on
the 9th day of the montli Tut, in the 12th year of the reign
of Takelut Second, the father of prince Osarkun. He was first
or chief priest of 'Ammun, and had gone to Thebes to look

after the waqfs of the temple. Then, on the 25th day of the

montli Misra, in the 15th ycar of his father’s reign, the sky
darkened, and the moon became black, whicb was a bad sign

69

or omen for the land. Indeed the evil events did come; for
the Children of Rebcllion brought war upon the Southern and
northern parts of the land of Egypt. This seems to mean t.hat
the troops revolted. The eelipse of the moon reminds us of
the eelipse mentioned by Manetho as having occurred under
Necheroches, see above 1 , III.

7, XXII. Sheshonq Third, Ra-vesur-ma-sotep-en-Ra’, was
most probablv the son and suceessor of Takelut Sccond. He
reigned at least 51 years. He called Osarkun Second his great-
grandfather, see 4, XXII. In the 28th year of his reign a
sacred Apis rvas born. This buli had been found in the city
called Hashedabot, in the swampy country of the northern part
of the Delta. The buli Apis was sacred to the god Pattah of
Memphis; it had to have certain special marks: the hair had
to be black; on its forehead there rerpiired to be a white spot;
on the back, a light-colored patch in the shape of an eagle;
and under the tongue, a growth in the shape of the sacred
scarabaeus or beetle. This one was brought into the temple
of Pattah at Memphis on the first day of the month of Phaophi,
Baba, in the 29th year of the reign of Shishonq Third. He
then lived about 25 years, and died during the reign of Shi-
shonq’s immediate suceessor.

8, XXII. Phe-mui, which means “the Cat”. He was also
entitled Sar-a-en-Mat, which means “Prince of the Maxyans”.
His reign was sliort. Some time during this reign the above-
mentioned Apis died, at the age of about 25 years, and its
mummified or embalmed body was placed in its tomb in the
Sarapeum near Saqqarah.

9, XXII. Sheshonq Fourth, son of king Phemui. He
reigned over 50 years. His epochal title seems to have been
Se-n-ta-maui, which means “Son of the Cat, or Lioness”. Now,
the goddess Tefnut was especially worshipped on the first day
of the month Tybi, Tuba, and she is always represented with
a lioness’s head; in ancient Egyptian the word for “lioness”
was maui-t. In other words, when the Dogstar rose at sunrise,
the Egyptian year, at some time during this king’s reign, had

70

slipped round to the lst day of Tuba. Tbus his epoch would
bo 965 less 120 = 845 B.C.; for a banti had elapsed since
Osarkun First, 2, XXII.

The nine kings of tke 22nd dynasty ruled about 196 years,
from 1010 — 814 B.C.

The XXIIId Dynasty: Four Tanites.

See above, at the beginning of the 2lst dynasty.

1, XXIII. Pet-si-Bast. He reigned about 40 years, from
814-774 B.C.

2, XXIII. Osarkun Third reigned about 8 years. On
his accession he assumed the title Ra’-ao-cheper-Sotep-en-’Amun.

3, XXIII. P-sa-Mut, about 10 years. This name means
“the Son of M ut”; and Mut was the goddess belonging espeeially
to the triad  particularly honored at Thebes, namely, 'Ammun,
Mut, and Chonsu. His title on assuming the throne was Ra-
vesur-sotep-en-Pattah. Perhaps he is the king Psammis, in whose
reign the inhabitants of Elis in Greece sent an embassy to
Egypt, to consult the Egyptian astronomers about the 01ympian
games; for he reigned from 766—756 B.C.

4, XXIII. Kashet, or Xet, or Zet, about 31 years. —
The four monarchs of the 23d dynasty ruled 89 years, from
814—725 B.C.

The XX!Vth Dynasty: One Salte king.

The city of Sa’l's is Sa’-el-Hajar. It stood on the eastern
bank of the Rosetta Branch, between Kafr-el-Zayyat and Dassuq.

1, XXIV. Bo - qen - Ra’- nef, or Bocchoris, the only king
of this dynasty, was the fourth of the six great legislators or
law-giving kings. He ruled about six years. The great law-
givers of the Egyptians were six:

1. Mena’;

2. ’Amenemhat Third Ma-ra Pete-asuchis, the builder of
the Labyrintli, the 6th of the XIIth dynasty;

71

3. Sesostris Ra-messu Second;

4. Bocchoris or Boqenranof' or Anysis;

5. Amasis or ’Aah-messu of the 26tli dynasty;

6. Darius First of the 27th dynasty. Boqenranef’s title
on his assuming the power was Vah-ke-ra’. He ruled from
725 — 719 B.C. In the, first year of his reign, another hanti
had elapsed (845 less 120 = 725 B.C.), and the Dogstar rose
with the sun on the first day of the month Mechir; so he was
callcd also Zai-roch-ur or the Son of Roehur, which is another
name for the month Mechir.

The XXVth Dynasty: Three Ethiopians.

1, XXV. Shabaqa or Sabaco, about 12 years, from
719 — 707 B.C. Hosea, the king of Israel, who resided at
Samaria, had been forced to pay tribute to Salmanessar, king
of Assyria. Hosea wanted to free himself from the Assyrian
supremacy; so he sent envoys to Shabaqa, king of Egypt, and
made a treaty with him, see II Kings, Chapter 17. Shabaqa
seems to have been the son of Kashet, the last of the 23d
dynasty; it seems that he drove away Boqenranef, who fled
to the swamps on the northern edge of the Delta.
Shabaqa’s sister was ’Amenart; she afterwards became the wife
of Pi-anchi First, the priest and king of Ethiopia, Capital
Meroe, near Monnt Barkal, see above under 1, XXI; but do
not confound Psinncha, 6, XXI, with Pianchi I the priest-king
at Meroe. The swamps are the “barari”.

About this time the king of Judah was Assa, son of
Abiah son of Rehaboam son of Solomon. King Assa had to
defend himself against the Ethiopian king Zerach,  who in-
vaded the land of Judah. (See II Chron. Chap 14, v. 9 —12).
Zerach is probably king Shabaqo, surnamed Neferkera.

2, XXV. Shabataka, the son and successor of Shabaqo,
assumed the title of Ra’-tat-ka’u. He reigned about 14 years,
from 707 — 693 B.C. The king of Assyria about this time

72

was Sancherib, froin 702 — 680 B.C., and after bim Essarhaddon.
The king of Judah and Benjamin was Hizqiyyah. Sancharib
of Assyria invaded Judah, and sent word to Hizqiyyah king
of Judah, who had fortified Jerusalem, peremptorily summoning
him to surrender that holy city and not to hope for help from
the king of Egypt, wbo was like a broken reed that would
pierce the hand of him who should lean upon it; see II King s
Chapters 18; 21.

But why had the king of Egypt, Shabataka, become
so weak? Because, as Herodotus says in Boolc II, par. 141,
he had taken away from the soldiers their lots of 12 feddans
of land each, which the former kings had let them have with-
out tax. They were so discontented that thev refused to march
into Syria against Sancherib. Shabataka resorted to the ex-
pedient of raising volunteer troops from the class of artisans
and shopkeepers.

3, XXV. Taharqa, Tirhaqa, Tarqu. He marched with
his arrny into Palestine against Sancherib, king of Assyria.
The latter could no longer think of besieging Lachish, Lubnah
or Jerusalem, but had to turn to oppose the Egyptian army.
Taharqa was not the son of his predecessor; he seems to have
been the Head of the discontented and rebellious troops, and
to have usurped the throne. He ruled over both Egypt and
Ethiopia. His wife was Takhet-IAmmun, perhaps one of the
priestesses of the great Ammon-temple at Karnak. He reigned
about 28 years. In the 26th year of his reign a sacred Apis-
bull was born, which lived 21 years, and died in the 20th year
of the reign of Psametik First of the 26th dynasty. Taharqa
reigned from 693 to 665 B.C.; but owing to a dream that he
had, he withdrew himself from the affairs of State about
,four years earlier, i. e., about 669 B.C.

73

The XXVIth Dynasty: Nine Sa’ites.

1, XXVI. Taf-necht. He was the son of Boqenranef,
1, XXIV, who had taken refuge in the marshes in the north-
western Delta, and evidently a vassal of the Ethiopian kings
of the 25th dynasty; or perhaps he was a rebel and a fugitive
in the swampy marshes, the barari.

2, XXVI. Nechepsos, Necht-hebsu. Also a vassal, and
perhaps a rebel, contemporary with the Ethiopians of the
25th dynasty.

3, XXVI. Nechau First. About this time Assurbanipal,
son of Essarhaddon, son of Sencharib, king of Assyria, invaded
Egypt, defeated Taharqa and Urdamanah, Taharqa’s son-in-law,
and even took the city of Thebes.

Egypt was thereupon governed for a time by a number
of petty princes, who paid tribute to the Assyrian kings, till
at last Psametik First, the powerful and energetic governor
or prince of Mcmpliis and Sais, again brought the wliole country
under his rule.

4, XXVI. Psametik First, son of Nechau First. The
first year of his reign followed innnediately after the 28th year
of Taharqa, 3, XXV; i. e., he began to reign in 665 B.C.
Psametik I is thought to have been a Libyan. He employed
foreign mercenaries in his army. Tliese were chiefly lonian
and Carian Greeks. To encourage tliem and other Greeks
to settle in Egypt, he granted them lands in the neighborhood
of Bubast, tall-Bastah. The native warrior caste was jealous
of the favors tlius shown to foreign mercenaries; so a large
number of Egyptian disaffeeted troops revolted and emigrated
to Ethiopia, wliere they founded the kingdom of the Sembrides.
Psametik First, with his Greek troops, pursued them as far
as Ipsambul, Abu-Simbel.

He built the Southern pylon (gateway) of the temple, de-
dicated to the worship of the god Pattah, at Memphis: and
opposite the pylon he built a court for the living Apis-bull.
In the 52nd year of his reign he opened a new subterranean

74

gallcry, west of Saqqarah, tor burving the mummilied body of
each Apis-bull that should die. The 54th year of his reign
lias been found upon one of the many Apis-steles. In his
reign the power of the great Assyrian kingdom, Capital
Nineveh on the Tigris, had declined. He availed himself of
this to make war upon the Phoenician and Philistine coasts
and attack the wealthy cities there. One city especially,
Ashdud, held out against him for 29 years, the longest siege
ever heard of.

Under him Egyptian Art revived for a time; the ancient
seat of learning, ’Anu-Heliopolis, had lost its importance, and
Sais, the city of the \vater-goddess Neith, had become the chief
seat of religion and learning. — The frontier fortresses of Egypt
at that time wero:

1. Elephantine, the Island near Assouan;

2. Mareia, near lake Mareotis;

3. Pelusion, i. e., al-Faramah, — and to this day this
triangle is the best outline one could give of Egypt. Psa-
metik I reigned at least 54 years, from 665—611 B.C. and
was succeeded by his son Necliau Second.

5, XXVI. Nelta’u Second, Pharao, Psa-menot, son of
Psametik First by his second  wife “the royal Chief wife
Nestusecht”. The first wife was the daughter of one Pianchi of
Ethiopia by his wife Amenart, who was the daughter of king
Kashet, the last king of the 23d dynasty, and the sister of
Shabaqa, the first king of the 25th dynasty.

Neka’u II reigned 15 years in ali, wbereof the first six
years fell at the close of one hanti, and the other nine years
at the beginning of the next hanti, i. e., he reigned from
611—596 B.C. The one hanti had cnded and the next had
begun in 605 B.C. (725 less 120 = 605 B.C.). His epochal
title seems to have been Se-menat, i. e., “son of the hippo-
potamus” or son of the month Phamenoth, Baramhat, the
7th month of the year. This means that at a certain time
during his reign the Sothis rose at sunrise, the season for the
commencement of the Kile rising, when the Egyptian year had

75

come round to the first day of Baramhat, whicli day is lialf-
way between the beginning and end of the movable year.

About 608 B.C., Nechau Second marched into Palestine,
intending to advance against Assyria, which had become greatly
weakened by the revolts and attacks of the Medes and Baby-
lonians. The king of Judah and Benjamin at that time was
Josiah, of the House of David. Josiah opposed the Egyptian
army on the plain near the fortress of Magiddo, where the
prince of the Cheta and his allies had been defeated by De-
huti-messu Third eleven centuries before. In the battle king
Josiah was woundod, fled to Jerusalem and died, 607 B.C.
Nechau proceeded to Riblah, near Hamath. There he deposed
Jehoachaz, the son of Josiah, who had reigned but three months,
and set Jehoyakim, another son of Josiali, upon the throne of
Judah, who had to pay to the Egyptian victor a contribution
of 100 talents of sil ver and one talent of gold. But, soon after,
the Medes and Babylonians overthrew the Assyrian kingdom,
and the power in Mesopotamia and western Asia came into
the hands of Nabopolassar of Babylonia, and after him it passed
into the hands of his son, the famous Nebuchadnessar. This
famous king and conqueror attacked the Egyptian armies in 605
or 604 B.C. near Carchemish, on the Euphrates, and defeated
them so completely that they lost ali Syria and Palestine; and the
whole of that country, from Rhinocolura, al-’Arish, to the Euph¬
rates, was conquered by the Babylonian king Nebuchadnessar.

Nechau undertook the clearing and reopening of the sweet-
water canal from the Nile to the head of the gulf of Suez
through Wadi Tumaylat. At one time in his reign he had the
supremacy over Phoenicia; and he employed Phoenician navi-
gators in exploring the coasts of the Red Sea and Africa, to
try vvhether they could not sail ali around this continent and
return back to Egypt by way of Gibraltar.

6, XXVI. Psametik Second, ruled about seven years,
from 596-589 B.C.

7, XXVI. Uah ab-Ra’ or Hophra’, son of Psametik Second.
He reconquered Tyre and Sidon, and by a naval victory got

76

hold of 0 v p rus. He sent liis Egjptian troops against Cyrene.
They revolted, for they thought hc had sent them thither to
ged rid of them so that he should have none but his foreign
mercenaries in Egypt. Hophra sent ’Aah-messu to them to try
and appease their anger and dissuade them from their purpose.
The revolters received 'Aah-messu, who joined with them, set
a helmet upon his liead and proclaimed him to be king. ’Aah-
messu led them against the Carian and Ionian Greek mer¬
cenaries of king Uah-ab-Ra’. A battle was fought at Momemph;
Uah-ab-Ra’ was taken prisoner and strangled.

During this reign Nebuchadnessar of Babylon took Jeru-
salem and led away many Jews captive; other Je\vs fled and
took refuge in Egypt. Uah-ab-Ra’ ruled about 19 years, from
589-570 B.C.

8, XXVI. ’Aah-messu, called also Si-Nit, had usurped
the power. His birthplace was Siuf, a town in the Sa’i'te nome.
He married ’Ancb-nes-Nefer-ab-ra, daughter of Psametik Second
by his wife Nitaqert, who was a sistcr of Uah-ab-Ra’. ’Aah-
messu also married Tentcheta, daughter of Peti-Nit, a Saite.
He called himself Si-Nit, i. e., the son of the water-goddess
Ncith, \vko was specially worshipped at Sais. He too sought
the friendship of the Greeks, married two Greek girls, was
a friend of Polvkrates, tyrant of the island of Samos, sent rich
presents to the temple at Delphi, in Middle Greece or Hellas,
and allowed Greek merchants to dwell in the city of Naukratis,
near Dassuq. He made peace with the Cyrenians and married
Ladike, a Cyrenian maiden. Cyprus was subdued by him.

About this time the Babylonian kingdom had been over-
thrown by the Persians; and Cambyses, son of Cyrus, king of
Persia, was master of Western Asia. ’Aah-messu was asked
by Cambyses to give him his daughter Tsenisis to wife; But
instead of giving his own daughter, ’Aah-messu sent to Cam-
byses Nit-itha, daughter of the late king Uah-ab-Ra’. ’Aah-
messu reigned about 45 years, from 570—525 B.C., and was
succeeded by his son Psametik Third. (Or 44 years, from
570 to 527.)

77 —

9, XXVI. Psametik Third, who reigned only a few months.
His surname was Ka-’anch-en-Ra'. During this short reign
Cambyses, king of Persia, conquered Egypt and is tlie Hoad
of the 2 7 th Dynasty of monarchs tliat ruled over this unhappy
Land.

The XXVIIth Dynasty: Eight Persians.

1, XXVII. Cambyses, son of Cyrus, king of the Persians,
sueceeded his father in 529 B.C. He gathered an army and
set out to conquer Egypt, because the Egyptians liad taken
Cyprus and had nnited with the Greeks of Samos to oppose
his father Cyrus. When Cambyses approached Egypt, the Greek
mercenary troops of Psametik Third, under their lcader Phanes,
went over to the Persian army. The remainder of Psametik’s
troops wcre defeated by Cambyses near the \valls of Pelusium
in 527 or 525 B.C. Psametik fled thence to Memphis. Cam-
byses pursued him, took tliat aneient city by force of arms,
took him prisoner, and afterwards had him killed. The Greeks
of Cyrene and Libya acknoivledged the Persian supremacy.
Cambyses sent troops by land to the sacred oasis of 'Ammun
(Siwa), which the aneient Egyptians called sechet-’amu, which
means “the field of trees or of date-palms”. The troops he
sent perished in a sand-storm on the desert way. He wanted
to conquer Carthage, near Tunis, in north Africa. So he
proposed to send an army by land along the sea-shore, and
a fleet of ships by sea. But the Phoenician sailors, who con-
stituted the crews of his war-ships, i'efused to go against
Carthage, for the Carthagenians were Phoenicians, like them-
selves, and that city was a eolony or daughter-city of Tyre.

Cambyses sent messengers to the king of Ethiopia, wliose
Capital city was Meroe, summoning him to pay tribute. This
king sent back a haughty ansvver, saying that if Cambyses
wanted tribute he would liave to conie himself and take it,
if he could.

Table of Contents.

Page

Introduetion. 1

Table of Dates. 2

Egypt before Mena’.3

Civilisation; But’au, last Horos-Servant.3

First and Seeond Dynasties: Theeinytes.3

Dynasty I.3

Dynasty II. 5

Summary.7

Dynasties of Memphis.7

Dynasty III.7

Dynasty IV.8

Dynasty V.10

Summary.11

Pyramids and Androsphinx.11

Great Pyramids.11

Step Pyramid.13

Maydum Pyramid.14

Groups of Pyramids.15

Sphinx; Sechet -Aalu, Field -Above.16

Sixtli Dynasty: Elephantine.18

Merira-Pupui; Lake Moeris; Nilometer.19

Sothic Periods or Eras.21

Rending of Empire into Three.22

1. Memphites: Dynasties VII and VIII, northern.23

2. Herakleopolites: Dynasties IX and X, middle.24

3. Diospolites: Dynasty XI, 'Antefs, Southern.25

Summary; The Three Empires or Periods.27

Twelfth Dynasty: Amenemhas and Vesurtesens, Thebans.27

Nem-messu, twice-born.28

Art and Science of tvvelfth Dynasty.32

Architecture; Order of Columns; Obelisk.32

Labyrintli; Lake Moeris; Literature.33

Period of 520 Years: between Sebaknoferu and Aah -messu.34

Table of Epochs and Contemporary Rulers.35

Dynasty XIII: Diospolites or Thebans.36

Dynasty XIV: Xoi'tes in the Delta.38

Dynasty XV: Hyqshos or Shepherds.38

Joseph, son of Jacob.40

Page

Sixteenth Dynasty: Diospolites or Thebans.41

Aah-messu; Dehuti-messu I and II; Queen Makera . . 42

Dynasty XVII: Diospolites.44

Statistical Table of Dehuti-messu III.44

Three Chief Cities of Egypt.45

Two Colossi of Amenhotep III.47

D^nasty XVIII: Illegitimate  Diospolites.48

Chuenaten, King and City.49

Nineteenth Dynasty: Diospolites.51

Kingdom at Higliest under Sethos I and Sesostris.51

Nem-messu.52

Osymandyaeum and Colossus.53

Pentaur’s Poem.54

Moses bom. 56

Exodus.57

Tvvo Usurpers.58

Anarehy; Foreign Supremacy.58

Kingdom Keunited.59

I)ynasty XX : Diospolites, the Last Ramessides.59

Sothie Cycles.60

Ranoferu and Bint-Rosh.63

Dvnasty XXI: Tanites, priest kings.65

Hyqshos-spliinx with three Names.66

Dynasty XXII: Bubastites.67

Jeroboam flees; Shislionq I takes Solomon’s golden Shields. . . 67

Dynasty XXIII: Tanites.70

The Trojan Epoch.... 70

Dynasty XXIV: Salte, Bokenranef . * . l-J  ? . • 70

Dynasty XXV: Ethiopians. j.  . ,4; 4 ^^' !  ■ \ . . 71

kino* of Tsrapl . / . &  - . . . . 71

Hosea k ing of Israel. j  . ‘

Assa king of Judah


Hezekiali king of Judah . . . . \. v*

X ***

71

71

72

73

Dynasty XXVI: Sa’ites.. . jjfežfcRjfcgg

Assurbanipal of Assyria takes Thebes . . ^ ... 73

Petty Princes govern Egypt.73

Psametik 1 reunites the Land; Renaissanco .74

Josiah defeated at Magiddo.75

Nebuchadnessar defeats Egyptians at Carchemish.75

Dynasty XXVII: Persians; First Supremacy . ..77

Cambyses conquers Egypt.77