27
Occurrence of Red Kites Milvus 
milvus in Serbia based on birds 
tracked by telemetry devices
Pojavljanje rjavih škarnikov Milvus 
milvus, spremljanih s telemetrijo, 
v Srbiji
Ivan Literák1, Rainer Raab2, Stanislav 
Vyhnal1, Péter Spakovszky2, Jochen Steindl2
 
1 Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty 
of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University 
of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, 
Palackého tř. 1, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic, e–mails: 
literaki@vfu.cz, stanislav.vyhnal@seznam.cz 
2 Technisches Büro für Biologie Mag. Dr. Rainer Raab, 
Quadenstrasse 13, 2232 Deutsch-Wagram, Austria, 
e–mails: rainer.raab@tbraab.at, peter.spakovszky@
tbraab.at, jochen.steindl@tbraab.at 
1. Introduction
Red Kite Milvus milvus is an opportunistic raptor 
of mixed habitats containing fragmented forests and 
open land for breeding and roosting. It is essentially 
a European species, and outside Europe it is found 
only scattered in North Africa. The total population 
of Western Palearctic (and of the world) is between 
25,000 and 33,000 breeding pairs, with Germany, 
Switzerland, France, and Spain being the most 
important areas for its occurrence and accounting 
for about 90% of the world population (Génsbøl 
& Thiede 2008, BirdLife International 2015). 
The Red Kite breeding population in Serbia 
became nearly extinct during the second half of the 
20th century (Rašajski & Marinković 2000), 
as fewer than 10 breeding attempts were recorded 
since 1950 (Šćiban et al. 2015). During 1977–
1996, Red Kites were observed in the breeding 
period at only three locations. In the second half of 
the 20th century, there were also few observations 
of Red Kites outside the breeding period, including 
wintering birds (Rašajski & Marinković 2000). 
At the end of the century, however, the species 
appeared more and more often even during the 
breeding period (Puzović 2002). The estimated 
population was 3–5 pairs at that time, and the 
trend was defined as increasing (with breeding 
pairs numbering 2–3 in Vojvodina, 0–1 in Central 
Serbia, and 1 in Kosovo and Metohija) (Puzović 
et al. 2003). Breeding has not been confirmed 
since the beginning of the 21st century, although 
the birds were present during the breeding period 
at several sites in Vojvodina (Šćiban et al. 2015). 
Nevertheless, the breeding population in Serbia 
and Montenegro was estimated at 3–5 pairs 
(BirdLife International 2004). More recently, 
the estimate of breeding pairs in Serbia was 
only 0–1 for the 2008–2012 period (BirdLife 
International 2015). Similarly, Puzović et al. 
(2015) classified the Red Kite population in Serbia 
as probably extinct, with possibly just one breeding 
pair. Outside the breeding period, there were few 
observations of Red Kites throughout the year 
(Rašajski & Marinković 2000, Šćiban et al. 
2015). Although the species is still rare in Serbia, 
some additional observations have been published 
(Raković 2003, Mérő & Žuljević 2011), with the 
species occurring especially during the breeding 
time (Šćiban 2003, Tucakov 2005, Hulo 2016).
In 2014, we began using telemetry to study the 
biology of Red Kite populations in Austria, the Czech 
Republic, and Slovakia. These countries are located in 
the eastern part of an area where Red Kite occurs at 
a relatively low density, its population including only 
28–35 breeding pairs (an estimate for 2011–2012), 
about 125 pairs (2015), and approximately 9 pairs 
(2014) in Austria, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia, 
respectively (BirdLife International 2015, Rak 
2016, Maderič & Svetlík 2015). Because some 
individuals tagged with loggers occurred in Serbia, 
we were able to characterize some spatiotemporal 
activities of Red Kites in this country. That is the 
aim of this paper. Information about Red Kite 
habitat demands in southeastern parts of Europe 
can be helpful from a pan-European point of view in 
protecting this threatened raptor species. 
2. Methods
From 10 July 2014 until 31 March 2018, a total 95 
Red Kites were fitted with telemetry devices in the 
Czech Republic (61 birds), Austria (26 birds), and 
Slovakia (8 birds). Some of these birds (5 from the 
Czech Republic, 3 from Austria, 5 from Slovakia) 
Acrocephalus 39 (176/177): 27–32, 2018
10.1515/acro-2018-0002
28
were found to be using Serbian territory and could be 
characterized as being there during the post-breeding 
(autumn) migration and/or spring migration. 
 Saker H loggers (20 g; Ecotone, Sopot, Poland) 
were used to track the birds. The loggers were fitted 
onto the backs of birds using harnesses (backpack) 
with 6  mm Teflon ribbon encircling the body by 
two loops around the bases of the wings and joined 
in front of the breastbone. The loggers work in 
GPS (global position system)/GSM (global system 
for mobile communication) systems or in GPS/
GSM/UHF (ultra-high frequency). GPS positions 
of the birds were collected according to individual 
setting (1 position fixed every 5  min to 6  h) and 
were sent by SMS (short message service) via local 
mobile telephone operators to the Ecotone Center 
in Poland, where they were saved and archived or 
data were uploaded by receivers locally and again 
saved and archived. Coordinates of bird positions 
providing the basis of information about their 
occurrence were transformed into curves on a map 
in order to visualize the spatiotemporal activities 
of the birds examined. Subsequent positions 
were connected by line on the figure using GIS 
(geographic information system) and ArcGIS and 
QGIS software, and ESRI Basemaps (ESRI Global 
Inc., USA, www.qgis.org) were used for GIS 
analysis and map visualization.
We analyzed data for the stay of each Red Kite 
tracked in Serbia, and we counted the number of 
days in individual months during which each bird 
stayed in Serbia. We also determined the locations 
used by each bird as points localized by GPS and 
connected them by lines as the shortest distance 
between the two points. Using combined temporal 
and spatial data, we determined areas in Serbia 
most attractive for migrant Red Kites. 
3. Results and discussion
We found 13 Red Kites that occurred from 2014 
until the end of March 2018 in Serbia (Table  1). 
These birds stayed in Serbia for a total of 138 
days. The birds occurred mostly in the northwest-
ern part of Serbia in Vojvodina within an area 
bordering Croatia (Figure 1). Crossings of the 
border were frequently observed in the western 
part of Serbia (at the borders with Bosnia and 
Herzegovina, Montenegro, Albania). We revealed 
two main periods of Red Kite occurrences in Serbia 
(Figure 2). The first period was from March until 
June, with the most observations occurring in 
April. The second period was from August until 
November, with the most observations in October. 
One Red Kite (D 6162) died during its stay in 
Serbia. This occurred on 21 September 2017 near 
the village of Ritiševo in the northeastern part of 
Serbia. The body of this bird was found (Figure 3) 
and subsequent laboratory examination revealed 
Figure 1: Occurrence of tagged Red Kites Milvus milvus 
during their stays in Serbia. Circles depict the positions 
of birds. Every line connects successive GPS positions 
of a bird. The yellow triangle shows the place where one 
poisoned bird was found. Country abbreviations: AL – 
Albania; BG – Bulgaria; BIH – Bosnia and Herzegovina; 
H – Hungary; HR – Croatia; MK – Macedonia; MNE – 
Montenegro; RO – Romania; SRB – Serbia. 
Slika 1: Pojavljanje s telemetrijo spremljanih rjavih 
škarnikov Milvus milvus v Srbiji. Krožci označujejo 
položaj ptic, črte pa povezujejo njihove zaporedne 
lokacije. Trikotnik označuje kraj najdbe zastrupljenega 
osebka. Okrajšave držav: AL – Albanija; BG – Bolgarija; 
BIH – Bosna in Hercegovina; H – Madžarska; HR – 
Hrvaška; MK – Makedonija; MNE – Črna gora; RO – 
Romunija; SRB – Srbija.
I. Literák et al. : Occurrence of Red Kites Milvus milvus in Serbia based on birds tracked by telemetry devices
29
poisoning of the bird by carbofuran (Naučni 
institut za veterinarstvo „Novi Sad”, Novi Sad, 
Serbia, Dr. Radomir Ratajac, 2 February 2018). 
Whereas South European Red Kite populations 
are resident, most of the North European birds 
migrate to winter around the Mediterranean, 
with some flying on to North Africa and Turkey 
(Génsbøl & thiede 2008). Interestingly, in 
the past 25 years an increasing proportion of the 
population in Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, and 
France has spent the winter close to or within the 
breeding range, as has always been the case for the 
small population in central Wales. This tendency 
is possibly due to milder winters in recent decades 
and perhaps also to the greater availability of food. 
The young birds migrate separately, ahead of the 
adults, which are then probably influenced by the 
weather conditions (Génsbøl & Thiede 2008). 
As revealed in this study, Red Kites originating 
from central Europe appear in Serbia. In some parts 
of central Europe, the population density is now 
slowly growing. In the Czech Republic, for example, 
Red Kite recolonized the country after about 100 
years of absence, and 1976 was the year of the first 
confirmed breeding (Šťastný et al. 2006). Since 
that time, the population has expanded to 30–50 
breeding pairs in 1985–1989, 70–100 breeding 
pairs during 2001–2003, and to about 125 breeding 
pairs at present (BirdLife International 
2004, Šťastný et al. 2006, Rak 2016). Further 
east within eastern Europe, Red Kites breed only 
sporadically in a limited number of pairs (3–10 
pairs in Belarus, 1–10 pairs in Ukraine, 1–6 pairs in 
Russia, and probably no breeding pairs in Romania 
and Bulgaria) (BirdLife International 2015).
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Months / Meseci
N
o.
 o
f d
ay
s 
/ Š
t. 
dn
i
1
0
2
0
3
7
4
18
5
13
6
4
7
2
8
13
9
30
10
44
11
7
12
0
Figure 2: Dynamics of the annual occurrence of Red Kites Milvus milvus in Serbia. Numbers of days were counted 
as number of one bird/one day stays, 2014-2018, cumulative data.
Slika 2: Sezonska dinamika pojavljanja rjavih škarnikov Milvus milvus v Srbiji. Sešteti so dnevi, ki jih je v 
posameznem mesecu posamezna ptica preživela v državi, 2014-2018, kumulativni podatki.
Figure 3: Cadaver of a poisoned Red Kite Milvus milvus 
with a telemetry logger. The bird D 6162 (see Table 1) 
died near Ritiševo on 21 September 2017. Photo: I. 
Ðorđević.
Slika 3: Truplo zastrupljenega rjavega škarnika Milvus 
milvus. Ptica D 6162 (glej tabelo 1) je poginila blizu 
Ritiševa dne 21. 9. 2017. Foto: I. Ðorđević.
Acrocephalus 39 (176/177): 27–32, 2018
30
We found that Red Kites occurred mostly in the 
western part of Vojvodina. In Croatia, Red Kites 
nested rarely in the northeastern part of the country 
(Croatian Baranja) until the 1960s (Barišić 2013). 
Recently, no breeding pairs have been known there 
(BirdLife International 2015) and, according 
to the Croatian Bird Migration Atlas (Kralj et al. 
2013), it seems that Red Kite migration routes lie 
outside this country. Nevertheless, some vagrants 
and wintering birds are known. Wintering in 
Croatian Baranja was noted from 2002 (Barišić 
2013), but exact data were scarce. In 2002, at least 
two Red Kites wintered in Croatian Baranja (Tomik 
in Barišić 2013). Recently, seven Red Kites were 
observed in Jagodnjak in Croatian Baranja during 
26–27 January 2015, together with one black 
kite Milvus migrans (Literák et al. 2017). Eight 
wintering Red Kites were observed at the same place 
in Jagodnjak on 22 January 2017 (I. Literák & H. 
Matušík, unpublished observation). In Punitovce 
in Slavonia (bordering on Croatian Baranja), 11 
and 2 wintering Red Kites were observed on 21 
January 2016 and on 23 January 2017, respectively 
(I. Literák, R. Petro, H. Matušík, unpublished 
observation). In an adjacent area of Hungarian 
Baranya, some Red Kites have wintered as well (for 
example, one bird was observed in January 2016) 
and recently most of the breeding territories within 
Hungary have been located there (Dudás 2014, 
Mórocz et al. 2015, Nagy et al. 2016). 
Baranja/Baranya is a historical geographical 
region between the Danube and Drava rivers. 
I. Literák et al. : Occurrence of Red Kites Milvus milvus in Serbia based on birds tracked by telemetry devices
Table 1: Red Kites fitted with telemetry loggers and registered in Serbia (each bird was tagged as a pullus at a nest). 
Country abbreviations: A, Austria; CZ, Czech Republic; SK, Slovakia
Tabela 1: Rjavi škarniki, opremljeni z oddajniki, ki so bili registrirani v Srbiji (vsak osebek označen kot mladič v gnezdu). 
Krajšave držav: A, Avstrija; CZ, Češka; SK, Slovaška.
Red Kite 
number/
Številka rjavega 
škarnika
Origin of bird: country, 
coordinates of the nest, year/ 
Izvor ptice: država, koordinate 
gnezda, leto
Terms of occurrence in Serbia/
Obdobje pojavljanja v Srbiji
No. of days spent 
in Serbia/
Št. dni preživetih 
v Srbiji
CT 753 CZ, 48.78 N, 17.06 E, 2016 14 Oct. 2016 1
CT 754 CZ, 48.75 N, 17.03 E, 2016 4-5 Oct. 2016 2
CT 1457 CZ, 48.78 N, 17.07 E, 2017 28-29 Jul. 2017 2
CT 1682 CZ, 48.62 N, 16.95 E, 2016 27-29 Mar. 2017 3
CT 1913 CZ, 48.75 N, 16.78 E, 2017 14-18 Aug. 2017, 19-23 Sep. 2017 10
D 5603 SK, 48.93 N, 21.75 E, 2015
23-24 Aug. 2015, 26-31 Aug. 2015, 
3-4 Sep. 2015, 12-13 Sep. 2015, 19-
20 Sep. 2015, 22-30 Sep. 2015, 1-3 
Oct. 2015, 5-13 Oct. 2015, 16-25 
Oct. 2015, 28-31 Oct 2015, 22-23 
Apr. 2016, 11-12 Jun. 2016, 20-21 
Sep. 2016, 16-17 Mar. 2017, 24 Mar. 
2017
58
D 5605 SK, 48.93 N, 21.75 E, 2015 2-3 Sep. 2015 2
D 5607 SK, 48.93 N, 21.84 E, 2016 22-28 Oct. 2016 7
D 6161 SK, 48.93 N, 21.84 E, 2016 28 Mar. 2018 1
D 6162 SK, 48.90 N, 21.77 E, 2017 19-21 Sep. 2017 3
JC 57509 A, 48.42 N, 16.85 E, 2015 12-15 Nov. 2015 4
JC 57514 A, 48.55 N, 16.77 E, 2015
21-23 Sep. 2015, 21-22 Oct. 2015, 
24-25 Oct. 2015, 28-31 Oct. 2015, 
1-3 Nov. 2015, 17-30 Apr. 2016, 1-13 
May 2016, 2-3 Apr. 2017
43
JC 75455 A, 48.60 N, 16.92 E, 2016 8-9 Jun. 2017 2
31
Its territory is now divided between Croatia and 
Hungary. In Serbia (bordered by Croatia and 
Hungary including Baranja/Baranya), Red Kites 
stopped to nest in the second half of the 20th 
century (Rašajski & Marinković 2000). It now 
seems that Red Kites occur in the southern part of 
the Pannonian Basin (Baranja/Baranya/Vojvodina 
Province of Serbia) more frequently than in the 
second half of the 20th century, not only based 
on our results but also according to some direct 
observations (A. Tomik pers. comm.). This lowland 
area has a character of agricultural landscape with 
small fields and meadows, small to medium-sized 
forest patches and small villages which probably 
meets the requirements of Red Kites. Other parts 
of Serbia were used by Red Kites to a substantially 
lesser extent.
The pattern and dynamics of Red Kites’ 
occurrence in Serbia corresponded well to the 
notion that Red Kites presently occur in Serbia 
during spring and autumn migrations. The Red Kite 
population has been well monitored in Switzerland, 
and we can see some similarities (Aebischer 2009). 
In Switzerland, juvenile Red Kites started their 
migration between 27 September and 9  October. 
The birds arrived to their winter quarters between 
3 October and 25 October. Juveniles then left their 
winter quarters between 10 March and 26  April 
(adults between 4 January and 14 March). Similarly 
as in Serbia, the spring migration of Red Kites 
in Switzerland peaks in April and the autumn 
migration during October.
 We can speculate that as the density of Red 
Kites in central Europe continues to increase, the 
wintering of Red Kites in Vojvodina will occur 
more often than in the past. This area could become 
the next core area for Red Kite nesting in Serbia, 
thereby extending the area in Baranja/Baranya 
that is suitable for recovery of the wintering and 
nesting Red Kite population. Young Red Kites 
originating in Austria, the Czech Republic, and 
Slovakia and migrating through Serbia could 
provide a base for the next breeding population 
in this area, which has landscape characteristics 
appropriate for Red Kite breeding. Since the 1970 
discovery of the first roosts of wintering Red Kites 
in Switzerland, the numbers of wintering and 
nesting birds have steadily increased (Aebischer 
2009). Thus, the tendency to winter in central 
Europe is real, even though many individuals 
continue, as in the past, to migrate to south 
Europe (Aebischer 2009).
At present, the most pertinent threat for Red 
Kites in Europe is illegal direct poisoning, indirect 
poisoning from pesticides, and secondary poisoning 
from consuming rodents poisoned by rodenticides 
spread on farmland (Smart et al. 2010, BirdLife 
International 2015). We documented a case of 
illegal poisoning with carbofuran in a Red Kite in 
Serbia. 
Acknowledgments:
We would like to thank Ivan Đorđević, Márton 
Horvát, Boris Maderič, Karel Makoň, Hynek 
Matušík, Štefan Mikiara, Milica Mišković, Jakub 
Mráz, Vladimír Pečeňák, Lubomír Peške, Nikola 
Stojnić, Adrian Tomik and Marko Tucakov, who 
helpfully cooperated with us in this study.
4. Abstract
A total of 13 Red Kites Milvus milvus fitted with 
GPS/GSM telemetry loggers in central Europe 
were tracked in Serbia from 10 July 2014 until 31 
March 2018. These birds remained in Serbia for 
138 days (counted as number of one bird/one day 
stays). Red Kites occurred mostly in the Vojvodina 
Province (NW Serbia). They were registered most 
often in April and October, which corresponded to 
their spring and autumn migrations. It is possible 
that Red Kites occur in Serbia more often than 
formerly, and this could in future result in this 
threatened European raptor’s more frequently 
wintering and breeding within the country.
Povzetek
S telemetrijskimi napravami smo označili 13 rjavih 
škarnikov Milvus milvus v srednji Evropi in 
med 10. 7. 2014 in 31. 3. 2018 spremljali njihovo 
pojavljanje v Srbiji. Ti osebki so se v Srbiji zadrževali 
138 dni. Večina opazovanj je iz Vojvodine 
(SZ  Srbija). Najpogosteje so se pojavljali med 
selitvijo – aprila in oktobra. Morda se vrsta v Srbiji 
pojavljala pogosteje, kot smo domnevali doslej, v 
prihodnje se zato lahko nadejamo njenega pogoste-
jšega prezimovanja ali celo gnezdenja v državi.
Acrocephalus 39 (176/177): 27–32, 2018
32
Key words: Milvus milvus, raptor, vagrancy, 
migration, poisoning 
Ključne besede: Milvus milvus, ujeda, selitev, 
zastrupitev
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Prispelo / Arrived: 3. 5. 2018
Sprejeto / Accepted: 22. 6. 2018