ACTA BIOLOGICA SLOVENICA ISSN 1408-3671 UDK 57(497.4) izdajatelj/publisher Dru{tvo biologov Slovenije prej/formerly BIOLOŠKI VESTNIK VOL. 48 ŠT. 2 LJUBLJANA 2005 stevilka 2_05.qxp 14.2.2006 9:33 Page 1 Acta Biologica Slovenica Glasilo Dru{tva biologov Slovenije – Journal of Biological Society of Slovenia Izdaja – Published by Dru{tvo biologov Slovenije – Biological Society of Slovenia Glavni in odgovorni urednik – Editor in Chief Mihael Jo`ef Toman, e-mail: mihael.toman@uni-lj.si Tehni~ni urednik – Managing Editor Branko Vre{, e-mail: branevr@zrc-sazu.si Uredni{ki odbor – Editorial Board Matija Gogala (SI), Nada Gogala (SI) Peter Ma~ek (SI), Alenka Malej (SI), Andrej Martin~i~ (SI), Harald Niklfeld (A), Livio Poldini (I), Boris Sket (SI), Robert Zorec (SI), Mitja Zupan~i~ (SI), Thomas F. J. 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Acta Biologica Slovenica je indeksirana v – is indexed in: Biological Abstracts, Zoological records ACTA BIOLOGICA SLOVENICA LJUBLJANA 2005 Vol. 48, [t. 2 : 3-36 stevilka 2_05.qxp 14.2.2006 9:33 Page 2 Ranunculo traunfellneri-Paederotetum luteae: new rock crevices association from the Julian Alps (South-Eastern Calcareous Alps) Ranunculo traunfellneri-Paederotetum luteae: nova asociacija skalnih razpok v Julijskih alpah (Jugovzhodne Apneni{ke Alpe). Bo{tjan SURINA University of Primorska, Scientific and Research Centre of Koper, Garibaldijeva 1, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenia; e-mail: bostjan.surina@zrs-kp.si Abstract. Vegetation of rock crevices in the Krn Mts. (the Julian Alps) is briefly presented. The association Ranunculo traunfellneri-Paederotetum luteae ass. nova was newly described. It was classified into the alliance Cystopteridion fragilis. Other confirmed or identified associations are Valeriano elongatae- Asplenietum viridis var. geogr. Campanula zoysii (Cystopteridion), Potentillo clu- sianae-Campanuletum zoysii, Campanulo carnicae-Moehringietum villosae, Paederoto luteae-Minuartietum rupestris, Saxifragetum squarroso-crustatae and Potentilletum nitidae (Androsaci-Drabion tomentosae). Keywords: vegetation, phytosociology, phytogeography, Asplenietea tricho- manis, Cystopteridion, endemism, Alps Izvle~ek. V prispevku je kratko predstavljena vegetacija skalnih razpok v Krnskem pogorju (Julijske Alpe). Asociacija Ranunculo traunfellneri- Paederotetum luteae je opisana na novo in v sintaksonomskem oziru pripada zvezi Cystopteridion fragilis. Ostale ugotovljene ali potrjene asociacije so Valeriano elongatae-Asplenietum viridis var. geogr. Campanula zoysii (Cystopteridion), Potentillo clusianae-Campanuletum zoysii, Campanulo carnicae-Moehringietum villosae, Paederoto luteae-Minuartietum rupestris, Saxifragetum squarroso-crus- tatae in Potentilletum nitidae (Androsaci-Drabion tomentosae). Klju~ne besede: vegetacija, fitocenologija, fitogeografija, Asplenietea tri- chomanis, Cystopteridion, endemizem, Alpe Introduction The vegetation of calcareous rock crevices in the alpine belt (Potentilletalia caulescentis, Androsaci helveticae-Drabion tomentosae sensu T. Wraber) and alti- montane-subalpine belt (Potentillion caulescentis) of the South-eastern Calcareous ACTA BIOLOGICA SLOVENICA LJUBLJANA 2005 Vol. 48, [t. 2: 3-13 Sprejeto (accepted): 2005-12-6 stevilka 2_05.qxp 14.2.2006 9:33 Page 3 Alps (the Julian Alps, the Karavanke Mts. and the Kamnik Alps) is fairly well known and has been the subject of research of many phytosociologists (e.g. AICHINGER 1933, WRABER 1967, LORENZONI 1967, WRABER 1969, SUTTER 1969, POLDINI 1969, WRABER 1970, 1972, 1978, 1980, HADERLAPP 1982, WRABER 1986, 1990, DAKSKOBLER 1994, 2000, DAKSKOBLER & ^U{IN 2002, FRANZ 2002, SURINA 2005). As a result, many new syntaxa for the South-eastern Calcareous Alps have been recorded and subsequently confirmed, e.g. Potentillo clusianae-Campanuletum zoysii, Potentilletum caulescentis, Spiraeo-Potentilletum caulescentis, Potentilletum nitidae, Paederoto luteae- Minuartietum rupestris, Potentillo caulescentis-Ostryetum carpinifoliae, Phyteumato scheuhzeri- Moehringietum villosae and Campanulo carnicae-Moehringietum villosae. In contrast, rock crevices communities of shaded calcareous rocks from the montane-alpine belt (Cystopteridion fragilis) are only poorly known. The only relevant phytosociological researches were carried out by LAUSI & GERDOL (1980), who studied stands of the association Caricetum brachystachydis in the western Julian Alps, and SURINA (2005), who identified stands of the associ- ation Valeriano elongate-Asplenietum viridis var. geogr. Campanula zoysii also for the Julian Alps. The aim of this paper is to present some novelties in the vegetation of shady and moist calcareous rock crevices (Cystopteridion fragilis) of the Krn Mts. in the Julian Alps. Material and Methods Phytosociological research of rock crevices vegetation (Asplenietea trichomanis) was conducted by applying the sigmatistic method (BRAUN-BLANQUET 1964). The two indices were calculated for each taxon, while we first performed a linear transformation of coverage values for individual taxa (van der MAAREL 1979): (a) coverage index (Ic) and (b) a share of coverage (D%) (LAUSI & al. 1982, SURINA 2004). Using the SYN-TAX computer programme (PODANI 1993) and an extensive synoptic phytosociological table, comparisons with similar stands from the Alps were made (see also SURINA 2005). The measure of dissimilarity was the complement of the coefficient »similarity ratio«. We used the Furthest Neighbour – Complete Linkage clustering method (CL), Minimization of Increase of Error Sum of Squares (MISSQ) and the ordination method of Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA). Groups of diagnostic species were formed on the basis of our own criteria, but with regard to numerous authors. The floristic composition of the researched stands was analysed according to chorological groups and Raunkiaer's plant life forms. Here we followed Flora alpina (AESCHIMANN & al. 2004), which was simultaneously a nomenclature source for the phanerogams. Names of moss- es are in agreement with the Annotated Check-list of the Mosses of Slovenia (MARTIN~I~ 2003), while the nomenclature of higher syntaxa is according to THEURILLAT and co-workers (1995). The research was carried out at the Institute of Biology, Scientific Research Centre of Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts in Ljubljana (Slovenia). Results and Discussion Altogether 82 relevés of the class Asplenietea trichomanis were made in the Krn Mts. By means of cluster analyses and diagnostic species, the relevés were classified into lower rank syntaxa (Tab. 1). We have identified seven rock-crevices associations in the Krn Mts. (Tab. 1): Valeriano elongatae- Asplenietum viridis var. geogr. Campanula zoysii (1), hygrophilous stands with predominating Paederota lutea (2), Paederoto luteae-Minuartietum rupestris (3), Potentillo clusianae-Campanule-tum zoysii (4), Potentilletum nitidae (5), Campanulo carnicae-Moehringietum villosae and stands with predominating Saxifraga crustata (Saxifragetum squarroso-crustatae). The two last were not included in the present con- sideration. Acta Biologica Slovenica, 48 (2), 2005 4 stevilka 2_05.qxp 14.2.2006 9:33 Page 4 Bo{tjan Surina: Ranunculo traunfellneri-Paederotetum luteae: new rock crevices associations ... 5 Table 1. Reduced synoptic table of syntaxa of the class Asplenietea trichomanis in the Krn Mts. (Julian Alps) – only characteristic and differential (d) species of syntaxa of the class Asplenietea tricohmanis are listed; 1 – Valeriano elongatae-Asplenietum viridis var. geogr. Campanula zoysii var. geogr. nova, 2 – Ranunculo traunfellneri-Paederotetum luteae ass. nova, 3 – Paederoto luteae-Minuartietum rupestris, 4 – Potentillo clusianae-Campanuletum zoysii, 5 – Potentilletum nitidae. Tabela 1. Skraj{ana sintezna tabela sintaksonov razreda Asplenietea trichomanis iz Krnskega pogorja (Julijske Alpe) – navedene so samo zna~ilne in razlikovalne vrste (d) sintaksonov razreda Asplenietea tri- chomanis; 1 – Valeriano elongatae-Asplenietum viridis var. geogr. Campanula zoysii var. geogr. nova, 2 – Ranunculo traunfellneri-Paederotetum luteae ass. nova, 3 – Paederoto luteae-Minuartietum rupestris, 4 – Potentillo clusianae-Campanuletum zoysii, 5 – Potentilletum nitidae. stevilka 2_05.qxp 14.2.2006 9:33 Page 5 Stands with predominating Paederota lutea are clustered together with stands of the association Valeriano- Asplenietum from the Dolomites of Lienz (1), Vette di Feltre (4), Erera-Brendol-Campotorondo (5) as well as from the Krn Mts. (2), apart from stands of the associations Potentillo-Campanuletum (6-9), Saxifragetum burserianae (10-11), Paederoto-Minuartietum (12) and Campanuletum morettianae (13-15; Fig. 1). The unique synsystematic position of these stands is clearly seen in the synoptic table and was subsequently con- firmed by principal coordinate analysis and other methods of hierarchical classification (e.g. Fig. 1). Ranunculo traunfellneri-Paederotetum luteae ass. nova Floristic composition of the association Characteristic and differential species of the association are Paederota lutea 1-3 with the highest presence and share of coverage (D%=11,9), and Ranunculus traunfellneri +-1 (D%=3,8), which is present in more than 70 % of relevés. Most (10 out of 26) rock crevice species (Asplenietea tri- chomanis) are characteristic and differential for the alliance Cystopteridion fragilis (Tabs. 2-4): Cystopteris fragilis +-1 , C. regia + , Cerastium subtriflorum + , Silene pusilla + , Aster bellidiastrum +-1 , Viola biflora + and Adenostyles glabra + . Acta Biologica Slovenica, 48 (2), 2005 6 Figure 1. Dendrogram of some calcareous rock crevices associations in the South-eastern Alps (MISSQ, similarity ratio); Valeriano elongatae-Asplenietum viridis (1, 2, 4 & 5), Ranunculo traunfellneri- Paederotetum luteae ass. nova (3), Potentillo clusianae-Campanuletum zoysii (6, 7 – var. Potentilla nitida, 8 – var. Rhodothamnus chamaecistus & 9 – var. Campanula zoysii), Saxifragetum burserianae (10 & 11), Paederoto luteae-Minuartietum rupestris (12) & Campanuletum morettianae (13-15) (for localities see Appendix). Slika 1. Dendrogram nekaterih asociacij skalnih razpok na karbonatni podlagi v Jugovzhodnih Alpah (MISSQ, similarity ratio); Valeriano elongatae-Asplenietum viridis (1, 2, 4 & 5), Ranunculo traunfellneri- Paederotetum luteae ass. nova (3), Potentillo clusianae-Campanuletum zoysii (6, 7 – var. Potentilla nitida, 8 – var. Rhodothamnus chamaecistus & 9 – var. Campanula zoysii), Saxifragetum burserianae (10 & 11), Paederoto luteae-Minuartietum rupestris (12) & Campanuletum morettianae (13-15) (lokalitete so razvidne iz priloge). stevilka 2_05.qxp 14.2.2006 9:33 Page 6 Bo{tjan Surina: Ranunculo traunfellneri-Paederotetum luteae: new rock crevices associations ... 7 Table 2. Analytical table of the association Ranunculo traunfellneri-Paederotetum luteae ass. nova. Tabela 2. Analizna tabela asociacije Ranunculo traunfellneri-Paederotetum luteae ass. nova. stevilka 2_05.qxp 14.2.2006 9:33 Page 7 The presence of Valeriana elongata (9 %) in stands of the association Ranunculo-Paederotetum, in comparison with stands of the association Valeriano-Asplenietum var. geogr. Campanula zoysii (88 %) is rather low as well as presence of Athamantha turbith + (Physoplexido-Potentillenion), Phyteuma sieberi + and Minuartia rupestris + (Potentillenion). The most frequent species and with the highest shares of coverage from the alliance Potentillion are: Campanula carnica ssp. carnica +-1 , Saxifraga crustata + and Festuca stenantha + as well as Campanula cochleariifolia +-1 , Primula auricula + , Valeriana saxatilis +-1 , Asplenium ruta-muraria + and Saxifraga burseriana + from the order Potentilletalia. Asplenium viride +-1 is the only characteristic species of the class Asplenietea tri- chomanis with a higher presence (55 %). Other relatively frequent species are Euphrasia salisburgensis + , Hedysarum hedysaroides ssp. exal- tatum + , Juncus monanthos + (Elyno-Seslerieta s. lat.), Pimpinella alpina + , Saxifraga aizoides + (Thlaspietea rotundifolii s. lat.) and Rhodothamnus chamaecistus + . The complete floristic composi- tion of the association Ranunculo-Paederotetum is shown in Tab. 2, while species that occur only in one relevé are listed in the Appendix. As in other syntaxa from the alliance Cystopteridion, the moss layer is well deve-loped and covers from 1 to 20 % of the relevé area (mean value is 10 %). The majority of the relevé area is covered by hemicryptophytes (D%=79,4) and chamaephytes (D%=11,7; Tab. 4). Therophytes (D%=3,3) are well represented only by Euphrasia salisburgensis, and geophytes (D%=2,1) by Anemone narcissiflora. Among phanerophytes (D%=3,5) there are only two heathers: Rhodothamnus chamecistus and Rhododendron hirsutum. Table 3. Phytosociological groups (characteristic, differential and diagnostic species) of the association Ranunculo traunfellneri-Paederotetum luteae ass. nova. Tabela 3. Fitocenolo{ke skupine (zna~ilne, razlikovalne in diagnosti~ne vrste) v asociaciji Ranunculo traunfellneri-Paederotetum luteae ass. nova. Acta Biologica Slovenica, 48 (2), 2005 8 Table 4. Plant life form spectrum in the association Ranunculo traunfellneri-Paederotetum luteae ass. nova. Tabela 4. Spekter `ivljenjskih oblik v asociaciji Ranunculo traunfellneri-Paederotetum luteae ass. nova. stevilka 2_05.qxp 14.2.2006 9:33 Page 8 Bo{tjan Surina: Ranunculo traunfellneri-Paederotetum luteae: new rock crevices associations ... 9 Chorological groups in the association In terms of number of species (13) and share of coverage (D%=22,8), the south-European-mon- tane geoelement predominates in stands (Tab. 5). There were also higher numbers of species of the E-Alpine (11; D%=18,8), E-Alpine – Illyrian (9; D%=20) and SE-European – montane (8; D%=5,4) geoelement. Five species belong to the European – Asiatic – north-American (5; D%=7,4), and four to the Arctic – Alpine geoelement (4; D%=6). The number of species by geoelements, together with their coverage indices and shares of coverage are shown in Table 5. According to AESCHIMANN and co-workers (2004), there are four endemic (Cerastium carinthiacum ssp. austroalpinum + , Hedysarum hedysaroides ssp. exaltatum + , Phyteuma sieberi + and Saxifraga burseriana + ) and seven subendemic species (Campanula carnica ssp. carnica +-1 , Cerastium subtriflo- rum + , Ranunculus traunfellneri +-1 , Rhododendron hirsutum + , Rhodothamnus chamaecistus +-1 , Saxifraga hostii ssp. hostii + and Valeriana elongata + ) for the South-eastern Alps. Ecology, variability and syndynamics of the association Stands of the association Ranunculo-Paederotetum thrive in similar ecological conditions as those of the association Valeriano-Asplenietum s. lat. (e.g. WIKUS 1959: 40, MUCINA 1993: 254, see also SURINA 2005) and other syntaxa from the alliance Cystopteridion: shady, moist and frigiphilous rock- crevices. In contrast to stands of Valeriano-Asplenietum s. lat., sites are significantly more mesophilous, since stands of Ranunculo-Paederotetum prefer lower altitudes and they are not restrict- ed exclusively to northern exposures (Fig. 2). Consequently, stands are floristically richer, since the ecological conditions are less extreme and thus suitable for less sciophilous taxa. In the Krn Mts., the median altitude of stands of Valeriano-Asplenietum var. geogr. Campanula zoysii is 1737 m (max. 2090 m), whereas that of Ranunculo-Paederotetum is 1560 m (max. 1960 m) (see also SURINA 2005). Figure 2: We noted 65 taxa in 11 relevés; min. 9 and max. 36 per relevé area. The coefficient of variation is 36.2 % and is relatively high due to the number of accidental species which thrive well in less extreme ecological conditions: lower altitude, better light conditions, thus warmer and dryer sites as well as longer vegetation period. Table 5. Chorological groups (geoelements) in the association Ranunculo traunfellneri-Paederotetum luteae ass. nova. Tabela 5. Horolo{ke skupine (geoelementi) v asociaciji Ranunculo traunfellneri-Paederotetum luteae ass. nova. stevilka 2_05.qxp 14.2.2006 9:33 Page 9 Syntaxonomical position and distribution area of the association Classification of the association Ranunculo-Paederotetum into the alliance Cysopteridion is not questionable and is based on coverage and presence of diagnostic species (characteristic and differ- ential), floristical composition, high frequency of species of the alliance Cystopteridion (Tabs. 1-3), and numerical analysis (Fig. 1). The combination of relatively hygrophilous species is due to the eco- logical conditions of the stands. The association has no exclusive characteristic species and it is dis- tinguished from other similar syntaxa from the alliance Cystopteridion by a characteristic combina- tion of diagnostic species, negative differentiation, as well as coverage and presence of differential species. The characteristic and differential species, Paederota lutea (as edificatory) and Ranunculus traunfellneri, are relatively frequent in other stands of the class Asplenietea trichomanis (Tab. 1), but the highest frequencies (presence) and coverage indices (Ic & D%) are reached in stands of the asso- ciation Ranunculo-Paederotetum. Stands of the association Ranunculo-Paederotetum are syntaxo- nomicaly intermediate between stands of the association Valeriano-Asplenietum var. geogr. Campanula zoysii (Cystopteridion) and Potentillo-Campanuletum (Potentillenion); with the latter especially the hygrophilous variant Rhodothamnus chamaecistus (see also SURINA 2005). To date, stands of the association Ranunculo-Paederotetum have been phytosociologically doc- umented only in the Krn Mts. (the Julian Alps), but similar stands have also been observed in the Italian part of the Julian Alps (L. Poldini, pers. comm.) and the Kamnik Alps. The area of distribu- tion of the association probably extends throughout the South-eastern Calcareous Alps. Nomenclature type (holotypus) of the association Ranunculo traunfellneri-Paederotetum luteae ass. nova: Tab. 2, Relevé No. 3, holotypus hoc loco. Acknowledgements The paper presents some results of research on subalpine and alpine vegetation in the Krn Mts. (Julian Alps), which was the topic of my PhD thesis. Dr. Igor Dakskobler (Institute of Biology, Science and Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Ljubljana), my men- tor, has guided me in many field trips in the Julian Alps. Prof. Tone Wraber (Department of Biology, University of Ljubljana), Dr. Branko Vre{ (Institute of Biology, Science and Research Centre of Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Ljubljana) and Emer. Prof. L. Poldini (Department of Biology, University of Trieste) have allowed a continuous exchange of experience and immediate feedback on potential problems during my research. My sincere gratitude goes to all of them. Acta Biologica Slovenica, 48 (2), 2005 10 Figure 2. Exposure of stands of the associations Valeriano elongatae-Asplenietum viridis var. geogr. Campanula zoysii (bold line) and Ranunculo traunfellneri-Paederotetum luteae (grey area) in the Krn Mts (Julian Alps). Slika 2. Ekspozicija sestojev asociacij Valeriano elongatae-Asplenietum viridis var. geogr. Campanula zoysii (odebeljena ~rta) in Ranunculo traunfellneri-Paederotetum luteae (siva povr{ina) v Krnskem pogor- ju (Julijske Alpe). stevilka 2_05.qxp 14.2.2006 9:33 Page 10 Appendix Accidental species to Table 2 Elyno-Seslerietea: Achillea clavenae + (10), Alchemilla sericoneura + (7), Arabis vochinensis + (11), Galium anisophyllon + (11), Gentiana anisodonta + (3), Laserpitium peucedanoides + (3), Minuartia sedoides + (10), Pedicularis rostratocapitata + (3), Poa alpina + (7), Polygonatum verticillatum + (3), Pulsatilla alpina ssp. alpina + (10), Ranunculus hybridus + (3), Silene acaulis + (10); Thlaspietea rotun- difolii: Cerastium carinthiacum ssp. austroalpinum + (11), Festuca nitida + (11), Saxifraga sedoides + (2); Other species: Alchemilla velebitica + (5), Asperula aristata + (8), Lotus corniculatus + (11), Parnassia palustris + (3), Soldanella alpina + (5) & Thymus praecox ssp. polytrichus + (11). Sites of the relevés in Table 2 Slovenia, the Julian Alps, the Krn Mts. 1-2. moist and shady rock crevices on the western slope of the hill Palec above Pl. La{ca pasture. MTB: 9748/143, UTM: VM02; leg. & det.: I. Dakskobler & B. Surina, 8.8.2002; 1: Ctenidium mol- luscum +, Orthothecium rufescens +, Tortella tortuosa +; 2: Orthothecium rufescens +, Tortella tor- tuosa +. 3-7. moist rock crevices on the northern slope of Mt. Lipnik above La{ki plaz gorge. MTB: 9748/143, UTM: VM02; leg. & det.: I. Dakskobler & B. Surina, 9.8.2002; 3: Ctenidium molluscum +, Plagiochila asplenioides +, Orthothecium rufescens +; 5: Ctenidium molluscum +, Tortella tortu- osa +, Orthothecium rufescens +; 6: Conocephalum conicum +, Tortella tortuosa +, Distichium capillaceum + Fissidens sp. +. 8. shady rock crevices between the mountains Rde~i rob and Vrh Lipnika. MTB: 9748/143, UTM: VM02; leg. & det.: I. Dakskobler & B. Surina, 9.8.2002. 9. shady rock crevices on the western slope of the hill Palec. MTB: 9748/143, UTM: VM02; leg. & det.: I. Dakskobler & B. Surina, 9.8.2002; Orthothecium rufescens +, Tortella tortuosa +. 10. moist and shady rock crevices of a gorge on the eastern slope of Mt. Maselnik. MTB: 9748/134, UTM: UM92; leg. & det.: B. Surina, 14.8.2002; Orthothecium rufescens +, Tortella tortuosa +. 11. moist and shady rock crevices on the northern slope of Mt. Krn~ica. MTB: 9747/224, UTM: UM92; leg. & det.: B. Surina, 23.7.2003; Tortella tortuosa 1. Sites of the relevés in Figure 1 1 – Dolomites of Lienz (WIKUS 1959; Tab. 1, 7 rel.), 2 – Krn Mts. (Julian Alps) (SURINA 2005; Fitosoc. tab. 1, 8 rel.), 3 – Krn Mts. (Julian Alps), 4 – Vette di Feltre (Dolomites) (PIGNATTI & PIGNATTI 1983; 7 rel.), 5 – Erera-Brendol-Campotorondo (Dolomites) (LASEN 1983; rel. 6-9), 6-9 –Krn Mts. (Julian Alps) (SURINA 2005; Fitosoc. tab. 5; 6-rel. 12-17; 7-rel. 24-28, 8-rel. 1-11, 9-rel. 18-23), 10 – Vette di Feltre (Dolomites) (PIGNATTI & PIGNATTI 1983; 16 rel.), 11 – Erera-Brendol- Campotorondo (Dolomites) (LASEN 1983; rel. 1-5), 12 – Julian Alps (WRABER 1986; 12 rel.), 13-14 – Dolomites (PIGNATTI & PIGNATTI 1978; 13-rel. 1-8, 14-rel. 9-15), 15 – Vette di Feltre (Dolomites) (PIGNATTI & PIGNATTI 1983; 12 rel.). Nomenclature of the syntaxa mentioned Paederoto luteae-Minuartietum rupestris T. Wraber 1986 Potentillo clusianae-Campanuletum zoysii Aichinger 1933 var. Rhodothamnus chamaecistus Surina 2005 Potentillo caulescentis-Ostryetum carpinifoliae Franz 2002 Phyteumato scheuchzeri-Moehringietum villosae Dakskobler 2000 Campanulo carnicae-Moehringietum villosae Dakskobler 2000 Campanuletum morettianae Pignatti & Pignatti 1978 Saxifragetum burserianae Pignatti & Pignatti 1983 Saxifragetum squarroso-crustatae Surina 2005 Bo{tjan Surina: Ranunculo traunfellneri-Paederotetum luteae: new rock crevices associations ... 11 stevilka 2_05.qxp 14.2.2006 9:33 Page 11 Acta Biologica Slovenica, 48 (2), 2005 12 Spiraeo-Potentilletum caulescentis Poldini 1969 Potentilletum caulescentis Aichinger 1933 Valeriano elongatae-Asplenietum viride Wikus 1959 var. geogr. Campanula zoysii Surina 2005 Caricetum brachystachydis Lausi & Gerdol 1980 Ranunculo traunfellneri-Paederotetum luteae Surina 2005 Povzetek Prispevek podaja kratek pregled vegetacije skalnih razpok v Krnskem pogorju (Julijske Alpe). S pomo~jo srednjeevropske (sigmatisti~ne) metode je bilo opravljenih 82 fitocenolo{kih popisov, ki so bili na podlagi diagnosti~nih vrst (zna~ilnic in razlikovalnic) oziroma klasterske analize razvr{eni v fitocenolo{ke tabele. Iz zveze Androsaci-Drabion tomentosae je bilo ugotovljenih pet asociacij: Potentillo clusianae-Campanuletum zoysii, Paederoto luteae-Minuartietum rupestris, Potentilletum nitidae, Saxifragetum squarroso-crustatae ter Campanulo carnicae-Moehringietum villosae. Slednjih dveh nismo vklju~ili v nadaljnje analize. Sestoji vla`nih in hladnej{ih skalnih razpok iz zveze Cystopteridion pripadajo dvema asociacijama, in sicer asociaciji Valeriano elongatae- Asplenietum viridis var. geogr. Campanula zoysii ter novo opisani asociaciji Ranunculo traunfell- neri-Paederotetum luteae ass. nova. Zna~ilni in diferencialni vrsti asociacije sta Paederota lutea in Ranunculus traunfellneri, ki se v sestojih pojavljata z najve~jo stalnostjo in pokrovnostjo. Sestoji asociacije uspevajo v vla`nih in hladnih skalnih razpokah na prete`no osojnih legah. V primerjavi s sestoji asociacije Valeriano-Asplenietum viridis so ti manj hladnoljubni, uveljavljajo pa se tudi na manj{i nadmorski vi{ini. References AESCHIMANN, D., K. LAUBER, D. M. MOSSER & J.-P. THEURILLAT 2004: Flora alpina. Band 1-3. Haupt Verlag, Bern, Stuttgart, Wien. AICHINGER E. 1933: Vegetationskunde der Karawanken. Pflanzensoziologie, 2. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 329 pp. BRAUN-BLANQUET J. 1964: Pflanzensoziologie. Grundzüge der Vegetationskunde. 3. Auflage. Springer Verlag, Wien – New York, 865 pp. DAKSKOBLER I. 1994: Prispevek k flori ju`nih Julijskih Alp in njihovega predgorja. Hladnikia 2: 19-31. DAKSKOBLER I. 2000: Fitocenolo{ka oznaka rasti{~ endemi~ne vrste Moehringia villosa (Wulfen) Fenzl (Caryophyllaceae). Razprave IV.razreda SAZU 51 (2): 41-93. DAKSKOBLER I. & B. ^U{IN 2002: Floristi~ne novosti iz Poso~ja (zahodna Slovenija) – II. Hladnikia 14: 13-31. FRANZ W. R. 2002: Die Hopfenbuche in Österreich und Nordslowenien. Carinthia II 58: 7-256. HADERLAPP P. 1982: Alpine Vegetation der Steiner Alpen. Carinthia II 40: 1-56. LASEN C. 1983: La vegetazione di Erera-Brendol-Campotorondo. Studia Geobotanica 3: 127-169. LAUSI D. & R. GERDOL 1980: Valutazione fitosociologica degli aggruppamenti a Carex brachystachys nelle Alpi Giulie occidentali. Studia Geobotanica 1 (1): 193-202. LAUSI D., R. GERDOL & F. PICCOLI 1982: Syntaxonomy of the Ostrya carpinifolia woods in the southern Alps (N-Italy) based on numerical methods. Studia Geobotanica 2: 41-58. LORENZONI G. G. 1967: Flora e Vegetazione del Friuli nord-orientale. Udine, MARTIN~I~ A. 2003: Seznam listnatih mahov (Bryopsida) Slovenije. Hacquetia 2 (1): 91-166. MUCINA L. 1993: Asplenietea trichomanis. GRABHERR, G. & L. MUCINA (eds.): Die Pflanzengesellschaften Österreichs. Teil II: Natürliche waldfreie Vegetation. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena – Stuttgart – stevilka 2_05.qxp 14.2.2006 9:33 Page 12 Bo{tjan Surina: Ranunculo traunfellneri-Paederotetum luteae: new rock crevices associations ... 13 New York, pp. 241-275. PIGNATTI E. & S. PIGNATTI 1978: Über die Campanula morettiana – Vegetation in den Dolomiten. Poro~ila Vzhodnoalpsko-dinarskega dru{tva za prou~evanje vegetacije 14 (Spominski zbornik Maksa Wraberja): 279-291. PIGNATTI E. & S. PIGNATTI 1983: La vegetazione delle Vette di Feltre al di sopra del limite degli alberi. Studia Geobotanica 3: 7-47. PODANI J. 1993: SYN-TAX-pc. Computer Programs for Multivariate Data Analysis in Ecology and Systematics. Scientia Publishing, Budapest, 104 pp. POLDINI L. 1969: Le pinete di pino austriaco nelle Alpi Carnice. Boll. Soc. Adr. Sc. Nat. 57: 3-65. SURINA B. 2004: Association Gentiano terglouensis-Caricetum firmae T. Wraber 1970 in the Krn Mts. (Julian Alps). Annales, Series historia naturalis 14 (2): 99-112. SURINA B. 2005: Subalpine and alpine vegetation of the Krn Mts in the Julian Alps. Scopolia 56: in press. SUTTER R. 1969: Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der soziologischen Bindung süd-südostalpiner Reliktendemismen. Acta Botanica Croatica 28: 349-366. THEURILLAT J.-P., D. AESCHIMANN, P. KÜPFER & R. SPICHIGER 1995: The higher vegetation units of the Alps. Colloques phytosociologiques 23: 189-239. VAN DER MAAREL E. 1979: Transformation of cover-abundance values in phytosociology and its effects on community similarity. Vegetatio 39 (2): 97-114. WIKUS E. 1959: Die Vegetation der Lienzer Dolomiten (Osttirol). Felsspaltenbesiedler. Archivo Botanico e Biogeographico Italiano 35 (1-2): 17-39. WRABER T. 1967: Nekatere nove ali redke vrste v flori Julijskih Alp (II). Varstvo narave 5: 53-65. WRABER T. 1969: Androsace helvetica (L.) All. tudi v Julijskih Alpah. Acta Botanica Croatica 28: 479-482. WRABER T. 1970: Die Vegetation der subnivalen Stufe in den Julischen Alpen. Poro~ila Vzhodnoalpsko- dinarskega dru{tva za prou~evanje vegetacije 11: 249-256. WRABER T. 1972: Contributo alla conoscienza della vegetazione pioniere (Asplenietea rupestria e Thlaspeetea rotundifolii) delle Alpi Giulie. Tesi di laurea. Universita degli Studi di Trieste, Facolta di Scienze, Trieste, 81 pp. WRABER T. 1978: Alpine Vegetation der Julischen Alpen. Poro~ila Vzhodnoalpsko-dinarskega dru{tva za prou~evanje vegetacije 14 (Spominski zbornik Maksa Wraberja): 85-89. WRABER T. 1980: Über einige neue oder seltene Arten in der Flora der Julischen Alpen (IV). Studia Geobotanica 1 (1): 169-178. WRABER T. 1986: Die Felsenmiere (Minuartia rupestris) – Vegetation der Julischen Alpen. Biolo{ki vest- nik 34 (1): 115-124. WRABER T. 1990: Sto znamenitih rastlin na Slovenskem. Pre{ernova dru`ba, Ljubljana, 239 pp. stevilka 2_05.qxp 14.2.2006 9:33 Page 13 stevilka 2_05.qxp 14.2.2006 9:33 Page 14 Vrsta Geum allepicum Jacq. v Sloveniji Geum allepicum Jacq. in Slovenia Branko VRE[ Biolo{ki in{titut Jovana Had`ija ZRC SAZU, Novi trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; tel: +386 1 4706 321; e-mail: branevr@zrc-sazu.si Izvle~ek. Prispevek obravnava prvo (subspontano) pojavljanje alepske sretene Geum allepicum Jacq. v Sloveniji, njene morfolo{ke znake, opis rasti{~a in dolo~evalni klju~. Vrsta je bila najdena maja leta 2000 na parkovni trati v sredi{~u Ljubljane (9953/1 – UTM 33T VM60) skupaj z navadno sreteno (Geum urbanum L.) in njunim kri`ancem Geum x spurium Fisch. & Mey. Klju~ne besede: Slovenija, flora, Geum allepicum Abstract. The first (subspontaneous) occurrence of Geum allepicum in Slovenia is reported, with a discussion of its morphological characters, a descrip- tion of its habitat, and an identification key. Geum allepicum was found in May 2000 on a Ljubljana centre lawn (9953/1 –UTM 33T VM60) together with the common Geum urbanum L. and their hybrid Geum x spurium Fisch. & Mey. Keywords: Slovenia, flora, Geum allepicum Uvod Rod sretena (Geum L.) obsega 56 vrst in je raz{irjen ve~inoma na severni polobli (MEUSEL & al. 1965). V Sloveniji so po navedbi Martin~i~a (MARTIN~I~ in sod. 1999) bile do sedaj znane {tiri vrste: plaze~a (G. reptans L.), gorska (G. mon- tanum L.), poto~na (G. rivale L.) in navadna sretena. (G. urbanum L.) ter kri`anec sudetska sretena (G. x sudeticum Tausch = G. montanum x rivale). V maju 2000 je bila v Ljubljani (Be`igrad) najdena alepska sretena (G. allepicum Jacq. subsp. allepicum) ter kri`anec med alepsko in navadno sreteno (G. x spurium Fisch. & Mey.). Oba taksona sta nova za floro Slovenije. Material in metode Meritve morfolo{kih znakov (velikost rastline, velikost cvetov in {tevilo plodov) so bile opravljene na herbarijskem materialu z novega in edinega naha- ACTA BIOLOGICA SLOVENICA LJUBLJANA 2005 Vol. 48, [t. 2: 15-20 Sprejeto (accepted): 2005-12-22 stevilka 2_05.qxp 14.2.2006 9:33 Page 15 Acta Biologica Slovenica, 48 (2), 2005 16 jali{~a alepske sretene v Sloveniji. Material je shranjen v delovnem herbariju Biolo{kega in{tituta Jovana Had`ija ZRC SAZU v Ljubljani. Pri opisu rasti{~a smo si pomagali s popisom prisotne ve- getacije, ki smo ga opravili po standardni srednjeevropski fitocenolo{ki metodi (BRAUN-BLANQUET 1964). Podatki za horolo{ko analizo so shranjeni v bazi podatkov FloVegSi (Favna, flora, vegetaci- ja in paleovegetacija Slovenije) Biolo{kega in{tituta Jovana Had`ija ZRC SAZU v Ljubljani. Karto raz{irjenosti smo pripravili s pomo~jo ra~unalni{kega programa FLOVEGSI (SELI{KAR in sod. 2003) na osnovi zbranih podatkov v bazi FloVegSi in literaturnih navedb (JOGAN in sod. 2001). Rastlinska imena navajamo predvsem po Mali flori Slovenije (MARTIN~I~ in sod. 1999), v neka- terih primerih pa smo upo{tevali Register flore Slovenije (TRPIN & VRE{ 1995). Rezultati in diskusija Geum allepicum Jacq. – alepska sretena Opis: Trajnica, po habitusu podobna navadni sreteni, le z nekoliko debelej{imi (2-6 mm debeli- mi) in gosto dodolgodlakavimi stebli; visoka 50 – 90 (120) cm. Pritli~ni listi lihopernati, s (3) 4–6 pari stranskih krpic; spodnji stebelni listi podobni pritli~nim. Socvetje 2 – 8 (10) cvetno. Cvetovi 15 – 20 (25) mm v premeru. Ven~ni listi okrogli do narobe jaj~asti, (5) 7 – 9 (10) mm dolgi, ~esto neko- liko dalj{i od ~a{e. Plodovi (ore{ki) {tevilni (Sl. 2), (150) 200 – 350 (450), dolgi 8 – 12 (14) mm, pokriti s 3-5 mm dolgimi togimi laski (Sl. 1a). Hemikriptofit; VI – VII. 2 n = 42 (SMEJKAL 1995: 322) Slika 1: Plodovi (ore{ki): a – Geum allepicum, b – G. urbanum (povzeto po Smr~inová E. v SMEJKAL 1995: 319). Figure 1: Achenes: a – Geum allepicum, b – G. urbanum (according to Smr~inová E. in SMEJKAL 1995: 319) A B Slika 2: Plodovi alepske sretene (G. allepicum). Figure 2: Fruits of G. allepicum. Slika 3: Plodovi neprave sretene (G. x spurium). Figure 3: Fruits of G. x spurium. Slika 4: Plodovi navadne sretene (G. urbanum). Figure 5: Fruits of G. urbanum. stevilka 2_05.qxp 14.2.2006 9:33 Page 16 Splo{na raz{irjenost: Vrsta je raz{irjena v zmernem pasu Vzhodne Evrope in Azije (G. allepicum subsp. allepicum) ter Severne Amerike (G. allepicum Jacq. subsp. strictum (Aiton) Clausen), adven- tivno pa se pojavlja {e v Avstraliji (SMEJKAL 1995: 322) in na Novi Zelandiji (MEUSEL & AL. 1965: 532). V Evropi je raz{irjena v Romuniji, Mad`arski, Poljski, ^e{ki in Rusiji (VALENTIN 1968: 36). Splo{na oznaka rasti{~a: med grmovjem, na gozdnih robovih, suhih travnikih ter adventivno na pustih tleh, `ivih mejah, gradbi{~ih, parkih in tratah (WEBER 1995). Oznaka nahajali{~a in rasti{~a v Sloveniji: Nahajali{~e: Slovenija: Ljubljana, ^rtomirova ulica, 300 m n.m. 9953/1 – UTM 33T VM60; 46° 3' 46'' N, 14° 31' 19'' E (op.: geografske koordinate od~itane glede na dr`avni koordinatni sistem D 48 na Besslovem elipsoidu; Gauss-Krügerjeva projekcija); Leg. et det. B. Vre{, 11.5. 2000 (vir: delovni herbarij Biolo{kega in{tituta ZRC SAZU: ZRC 11052). Rasti{~e: Na pustih tleh na parkovni trati v zdru`bi s prevladujo~imi vrstami iz razreda Molinio- Arrhenatheretea ter na sve`ih, s hranili bogatih tleh pod parkovnimi drevesi v zdru`bi s prevladujo~imi vrstami iz razredov Galio-Urtieetea in Artemisietea (Tab. 1), kjer se pogosto pojav- lja tudi njena avtohtona sorodnica navadna sretena (G. urbanum). Geum x spurium Fisch. & Mey. (=G. allepicum Jacq. x urbanum L.) – neprava sretena Opis: Kri`anec je po izgledu podoben star{evskim vrstam, z nekaterimi vmesnimi znaki: cvetni peclji kraj{i kot pri navadni in polovico tako debeli kot pri alepski sreteni (1-2 mm); rastlina neko- liko ve~ja od navadne sretene (40-60 (80) cm) in mo~neje dlakava; pritli~ni listi podobni kot pri alep- ski sreteni; cvetovi nekoliko manj{i kot pri alepski sreteni, ve~inoma sterilni; ob zrelosti ve~ina ore{kov zakrnelih, fertilnih le 5-10 plodov v glavici (Sl. 3); fertilnost peloda 0,6 %, kaljivost semen do 0,001 % (SMEJKAL 1995). Splo{na raz{irjenost in rasti{~e: kri`anec je raz{irjen v arealu, kjer uspevata obe star{evski vrsti skupaj; je pogost, a ~esto spregledan. Rasti{~e: podobno kot pri star{evskih vrstah. Oznaka nahajali{~a in rasti{~a v Sloveniji: Nahajali{~e: Slovenija: Ljubljana, ^rtomirova ulica, 300 m n.m. 9953/1 – UTM 33T VM60; 46° 3' 46'' N, 14° 31' 19'' E (op.: geografske koordinate od~itane glede na dr`avni koordinatni sistem D 48 na Besslovem elipsoidu; Gauss-Krügerjeva projekcija); Leg. et det. B. Vre{, 9.6. 2000 (vir: delovni herbarij ZRC 11053). Rasti{~e: Na sve`ih, s hranili bogatih tleh pod parkovnimi drevesi skupaj s star{evskima vrstama (Tab. 1). Razlikovalni klju~ med navadno (G. urbanum) in alepsko sreteno (G. allepicum) - cvetovi 10-15 mm v premeru; ven~ni listi (3) 4–7 (8) mm dolgi, narobe jaj~asti, tako dolgi ali kraj{i od ~a{e; vratov (50) 60–80 (150); plodovi (ore{ki) v ~asu zrelosti na bazi pokriti z 1-2 (3) mm dolgimi laski (Sl. 1b in 4) …navadna sretena (Geum urbanum L.) - cvetovi 15-20 (25) mm v premeru; ven~ni listi (5) 7–9 (10) mm dolgi, okrogli do narobe jaj~asti, ~esto nekoliko dalj{i od ~a{e; vratov (150) 200–350 (450); plodovi (ore{ki) v ~asu zrelosti na bazi pokriti s 3-5 mm dolgimi togimi laski (Sl. 1a in 2) ...alepska sretena (Geum allepicum Jacq. subsp. allepicum) 17Branko Vre{: Vrsta Geum allepicum Jacq. v Sloveniji stevilka 2_05.qxp 14.2.2006 9:33 Page 17 Acta Biologica Slovenica, 48 (2), 2005 18 Tabela 1: Fitocenolo{ki popisi na rasti{~u alepske sretene (G. allepicum) v Ljubljani (Slovenija). Table 1: Phytosociological releves on the site of G. allepicum in Ljubljana (Slovenia). Legenda: MA = Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, Ar = Artemisietea vulgaris, GU = Galio-Urticetea, Ch = Chenopodietea, O = ostale. Legend: MA = Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, Ar = Artemisietea vulgaris, GU = Galio-Urticetea, Ch = Chenopodietea, O = others. stevilka 2_05.qxp 14.2.2006 9:33 Page 18 19 Raz{irjenost vrst v Sloveniji Navadna sretena (G. urbanum) je splo{no raz{irjena vrsta v Sloveniji. Karto raz{irjenosti so pred nedavnim objavili JOGAN in sodelavci (2001: 181). Zaradi natan~nej{ega pregleda predstavitve raz{irjenosti obravnavanih vrst in kri`anca se nam je zdelo smiselno raz{irjenost vrste ponovno prikazati na skupni karti (podatki so urejeni po izvoru zbranih podatkov), hkrati s prikazom novega nahajali{~a alepske sretene in njunega kri`anca (Sl. 5). V Sloveniji se, tako kot tudi v vsej ostali Evropi, pojavlja le tipi~na podvrsta alepske sretene G. allepicum subsp. allepicum. Na parkovni trati v sredi{~u Ljubljane se je pojavila slu~ajno, njen izvor pa je verjetno v travni semenski me{anici s poreklom iz vzhodne Evrope, ki se uporablja za zaseja- vanje parkov in zelenic po Ljubljani. Na edinem doslej znanem nahajali{~u v Sloveniji se je alepska sretena ohranila vsa leta doslej od njene prve najdbe dalje. Zahvala Za pripravo karte raz{irjenosti vrst so podatke prispevali: B. Anderle, V. Babij, I. Dakskobler, A. Seli{kar, B. Surina, D. Trpin, V. @agar in M. Zupan~i~. Pri urejanju fitocenolo{ke tabele in opredelitvi vegetacije mi je poma- gal A. Seli{kar. Angle{ko besedilo je pregledal M. Kuntner. Vsem se za pomo~ iskreno zahvaljujem. Branko Vre{: Vrsta Geum allepicum Jacq. v Sloveniji Slika 5: Raz{irjenost navadne (G. urbanum), alepske (G. allepicum) in neprave sretene (G. x spurium) v Sloveniji prikazana po srednjeevropski metodi floristi~nega kartiranja. Figure 5: Distribution of G. urbanum, G. allepicum and G. x spurium in Slovenia according to Central European flora mapping. stevilka 2_05.qxp 14.2.2006 9:33 Page 19 Acta Biologica Slovenica, 48 (2), 2005 20 Summary The genus Geum L. has a circumpolar distribution (mostly in the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere). It includes 56 species of which 5 taxa have been known to be present in Slovenia (MARTIN~I~ et al. 1999): G. reptans L., G. montanum L., G. rivale L., G. urbanum L. and the hybrid G. x sudeticum Tausch (= G. montanum x rivale). A new species for Slovenian flora, Geum allepicum was found in May 2000 on a Ljubljana centre lawn (9953/1 –UTM 33T VM60) together with the common Geum urbanum L. and their hybrid Geum x spurium Fisch. & Mey. Geum allepicum is a perennial plant of 80 – 120 cm height, has an erect, branched stem and a thick and short rhizome. Basal leaves are pinnate, with 4-6 pairs of unequal leaflets; cauline leaves are 3- to 5-partite, large, with deeply cut stipules. Inflorescence is mostly with 3-6 yellow flowers, 15-20 (25) mm in diameter; petal leaves are (5) 7–9 (10) mm long, rounded or obovate. Achenes are 2,5-5 mm long, hairy at the base, numerous: (150) 200–350 (450), forming an obovoid head. The species grows mostly in bushes, on forest edges and dry grasslands in the temperate zone of east- ern Europe and Asia. In Slovenia it was found in Ljubljana centre on a fresh, nutrient rich soil togeth- er with the characteristic and common species of classes Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, Artemisietea and Galio-Urticetea. Description of the new locality in Slovenia: Ljubljana, ^rtomirova street, 300 m a.sl.; 46° 3' 46'' N, 14° 31' 19'' E; 9953/1 – UTM 33T VM60; Leg. et det. B. Vre{, 11.5. 2000 (source: Herbarium collection of the Institute of Biology SRC SASA: No. 11052). Viri BRAUN-BLANQUET J. 1964. Pflanzensoziologie. -Grundzüge der Vegetations Kunde. 3. Auflage. Wien – New York, Springer, 865 pp. JOGAN N., T. BA~I~, B. FRAJMAN, I. LESKOVAR, D. NAGLI~, A. PODOBNIK, B. ROZMAN, S. STRGULC – KRAJ{EK & B. TR~AK 2001: Gradivo za Atlas flore Slovenije. Center za kartografijo favne in flore, Miklav` na Dravskem polju, 443 pp. MARTIN~I~ A., WRABER T., JOGAN N., RAVNIK V., PODOBNIK A., TURK B. IN VRE{ B. 1999. Mala flora Slovenije. Tehni{ka zalo`ba Slovenije, Ljubljana, 845 pp. MEUSEL H., E. J. JÄGER & E. WEINERT 1965: Vergleichende Chorologie der Zentraleuropäischen Flora 1. Veb Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, 583 pp. SELI{KAR T., B. VRE{, A. SELI{KAR 2003: FloVegSi, ver. 2.0. Ra~unalni{ki program za vnos in obdelavo biolo{kih podatkov. ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana. SMEJKAL M. 1995: Geum L. In: SLAVIK B.(ed.): Kvetena ^eske republiky 4. Academia. Praha. p. 316 – 325. TRPIN D. IN VRE{ B. 1995. Register flore Slovenije. Ljubljana, ZRC SAZU. 143 pp. VALENTIN D. H. 1968: Geum L. In: TUTIN T. G., V. H. HEYWOOD, N. A. BURGES, D. M. MOORE, D. H. VALENTINE, S. M. WALTERS & D. A. WEBB.(eds.): Flora Europaea 2. Cambridge University Press. London. p. 34 – 36. WEBER H. E. 1995: Geum L. In: HEGI G.: Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa, Band IV., Teil 2A, 3. Auflage. Blackwell Wissenschafts – Verlag. Berlin. p. 622 – 641. stevilka 2_05.qxp 14.2.2006 9:33 Page 20 Questions as a basis for comparison of biology textbooks and workbooks Vpra{anja kot izhodi{~e za primerjavo biolo{kih u~benikov in delovnih zvezkov Jelka STRGAR University of Ljubljana, BF, Department of Biology, Ve~na pot 111, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia; E-mail: jelka.strgar@bf.uni-lj.si Abstract. This study focused on the analysis of three biology teaching sets and one textbook for 8 th and 9 th grade of elementary school. As a criterion we used the number and structure of questions assessable by Bloom’s taxonomy of the cogni- tive domain. It is obvious from the differences in the number and type of questions that the authors of the teaching materials differed in their understanding of the role of text- books and workbooks in the teaching process. The analysed teaching sets included between 1.1 and 1.4 questions per page; most of them found in workbooks. The exception was one textbook with no questions for the students. The analysis of the questions using Bloom’s scale of cognitive levels showed statistically significant differences between teaching sets. The average cognitive level of the questions in a teaching set was between 1.7 and 2.1. The questions represent only one of indicators that show to what extent the didactic aspect was considered in the teaching sets, but the results suggest biology teaching material for elementary school is overly focused on lower cognitive levels, mostly recognition, not providing enough knowledge of higher cognitive levels. Key words: textbooks, evaluation, Bloom’s taxonomy of the cognitive domain. Izvle~ek. V raziskavi smo analizirali tri u~beni{ke komplete in en u~benik za biologijo v 8. in 9. razredu osnovne {ole. Za kriterij smo izbrali {tevilo in strukturo vpra{anj, ki jih je mogo~e vrednotiti po Bloomovi taksonomiji kognitivnih ciljev. Pisci u~nih gradiv o~itno razli~no pojmujejo vlogo u~benika in delovnega zvezka v u~nem procesu, saj so se pokazale razlike tako v {tevilu kot v tipu vpra{anj. Obravnavani u~beni{ki kompleti vsebujejo od 1.1 do 1.4 vpra{anj na stran, ve~inoma je ve~ji dele` vpra{anj v delovnih zvezkih. Posebnost je en u~benik, v katerem ni vpra{anj za u~ence. Analiza vpra{anj po Bloomovi lestvici kognitivnih stopenj je pokazala statisti~no pomembne razlike med u~beni{kimi ACTA BIOLOGICA SLOVENICA LJUBLJANA 2005 Vol. 48, [t. 2: 21-29 Sprejeto (accepted): 2005-09-27 stevilka 2_05.qxp 14.2.2006 9:33 Page 21 Acta Biologica Slovenica, 48 (2), 2005 22 kompleti. Povpre~na vrednost kognitivne stopnje vpra{anj v u~beni{kih kompletih se giblje med 1.7 in 2.1. Vpra{anja so samo en pokazatelj didakti~ne obdelanosti u~beni{kega kompleta, vendar rezultati ka`ejo, da so v osnovno{olskih biolo{kih u~nih gradivih preve~ poudarjeni ni`ji kognitivni cilji, predvsem poznavanje, premalo pa je vi{jih kognitivnih ciljev. Klju~ne besede: u~beniki, evalvacija, Bloomova taksonomija kognitivnih ciljev Introduction Biology in lower grades of elementary school forms part of various subjects, but in 8th and 9th grade it becomes a separate subject. Teaching material for new programmes is issued by various pub- lishers, which has its advantages as well as disadvantages. A wider choice gives teachers a chance to select a teaching set they see best suited for their students and at the same time conforms to their teaching methods. There are several dilemmas surrounding the use of science textbooks. Should biology teachers use textbooks or not? Should the textbooks be the focus of a course or just supplemental material? Who should determine textbook content and what should this content be? (KIRK & al. 2001). It turns out that a textbook is a valuable, and in many cases central, component of biology education that contributes to achieving biology teachers’ goals. Many science teachers, new teachers in particular, use the assigned textbook as their content outline and story line for their courses (CHIAPPETTA & al. 1993, BYBEE 2001, GARINGER 2001). A study, conducted on a sample of Slovene elementary school teachers (VER~KOVNIK & STRGAR 2003), showed that for 60.0 % of teachers the textbook still repre- sents a guide for their course and not a resource for unassisted student home work. Since textbooks have been shown to have tremendous impact on curricula, this is one variable of science instruction that needs further investigation (LLOYD 1990). What constitutes a good science textbook and how can we identify it? The lists used in textbook selection are long and include such items as content accuracy, clear definition of terms, end-of-chap- ter questions, graphics and physical characteristics, pictures and diagrams, in-text laboratory activi- ties, etc. (CHIAPPETTA & al. 1993). Others promote the evaluation of teaching material beyond sim- ply their contents and instead focusing on cognitive and affective factors (GARINGER 2001). The study by LOWERY & LEONARD (1978) examined the questioning style among four widely used high school biology textbooks in terms of types, frequency, and placement of questions in textual reading materials. It also examined the science/learning (inquiry) processes elicited by the questions. TAMIR (1985) and ELTINGE & ROBERTS (1993) tried to assess the degree to which science was portrayed as a process of inquiry in high school biology textbooks, as the opposite of a portrayal of science as a collection of facts. ANDERSON & BOTTICELLI (1990) analysed textbooks based on explicit and implic- it content analysis techniques. The purpose of LLOYD’S (1990) analysis was to identify text-based concepts and to describe how these concepts are elaborated in three biology textbooks. CHIAPPETTA & al. (1993) wanted to determine if the textbook under consideration reflects the themes of scientif- ic literacy that science educators believe are important. CONRAD (1996) investigated linguistic vari- ation in biology textbooks and articles. NINNES (2000) evaluated the ways in which secondary sci- ence textbooks incorporate and represent indigenous knowledge. HARRISON (2001) investigated the ways that models are used in school science textbooks. The study reported by KESIDOU & ROSEMAN (2002) focused on examining how well science textbooks meet the Project 2061 content and instruc- stevilka 2_05.qxp 14.2.2006 9:33 Page 22 23 tional criteria. DIMOPOULOS & al. (2003) analysed the pedagogic function of visual images included in school science textbooks. According to the Slovene biology curricula for 8 th and 9 th grade of elementary school, students should learn in an active way; gain cognition through their own research and investigation; reveal the point of the given content by collecting data from different sources; compare information and employ critical thought; learn to analyse and make connections and generalizations. The curricula therefore prescribes attaining not only data but also knowledge of a higher cognitive level. Based on the finding that biology textbooks and workbooks have a central role in achieving the goals of the curricula, our intention was to evaluate to what extent they contribute to these objectives. The num- ber and structure of the questions set in textbooks and workbooks serve as criteria. It was hypothe- sized that: • There would be no differences among the texts in the ratio of questions per page. • Bloom’s taxonomy of the cognitive domain would show no significant differences among the texts. The results would provide guidance for teachers. This kind of analysis should also be of help to the authors of new textbooks and workbooks. Material and methods The study, conducted in 2003, focused on the teaching material (textbooks and workbooks) in biology for 8 th and 9 th grade of elementary school. Their authors distributed content and categories between textbooks and workbooks at their own discretion. From the student’s point of view we can regard the textbook and workbook as a complete whole – a teaching set. At the time of the study, two biology teaching sets for 8 th grade were approved, as well as one teaching set and one textbook for 9th grade. The list of the biology textbooks and supplemental workbooks analysed is as follows: Textbook for the 8 th grade of elementary school (Biologija 8. U~benik za 8. razred devetletne osnovne {ole. Novak Bernarda. Ljubljana, DZS, 2000.) Workbook for the 8 th grade of elementary school (Biologija 8. Delovni zvezek za 8. razred devetletne osnovne {ole. Novak Bernarda. Ljubljana, DZS, 2000.) Textbook for the 8 th grade of elementary school (Biologija 8. U~benik za 8. razred devetletne osnovne {ole. Kralj Metka, Podobnik Andrej. Ljubljana, TZS, 2001.) Workbook for the 8 th grade of elementary school (Biologija 8. Delovni zvezek za 8. razred devetletne osnovne {ole. Kralj Metka. Ljubljana, TZS, 2002.) Textbook for the 9 th grade of elementary school (Biologija 9. U~benik za 9. razred devetletne osnovne {ole. Sve~ko Marina. Ljubljana, DZS, 2002.) Workbook for the 9 th grade of elementary school (Biologija 9. Delovni zvezek za 9. razred devetletne osnovne {ole. Sve~ko Marina. Ljubljana, DZS, 2001.) Textbook for the 9 th grade of elementary school (Biologija 9. U~benik za 9. razred devetletne osnovne {ole. Kordi{ Tatjana. Ljubljana, Modrijan, 2002. * ) * The supplemental workbook had not yet been published at that time. Jelka Strgar: Questions as a basis for comparison of biology... stevilka 2_05.qxp 14.2.2006 9:33 Page 23 Acta Biologica Slovenica, 48 (2), 2005 24 Textbooks and workbooks were evaluated by analysing the questions for students. FISH AND GOLDMARK (1966) stated that the kinds of questions used in instruction determine the kinds of operations student perform (as cited in LOWERY & LEONARD 1978). The value of particular types and usage of ques- tions in textbooks depends on certain assumptions. If one starts from the assumption based on Piagetian research that indicates direct and active experience is more valuable to students’ learning than indirect and passive experience, then one would judge textbooks that ask questions within the experiential realm to be more desirable than those that ask non-experiential questions. We can also assume that asking a high pro- portion of questions is important or agree with many researchers that all forms of teaching (in this case, textbooks) should make greater use of »higher level« questions (LOWERY & LEONARD 1978). As a criterion we took Bloom’s Taxonomy of the Cognitive Domain that has already been used by CHALL & CONARD (1991) and SKIERSO (1991) to assess the processes and skills textbooks require learners to perform (as cited in GARINGER 2001). This method was chosen following positive expe- rience in the preparation of tests for graduation from elementary school and graduation from gram- mar school (baccalaureate). These require an adapted three-level Bloom scale which makes the pro- cedure more practical while retaining adequacy, but we decided on a full six-level scale nevertheless. All the questions assessable by taxonomy of the cognitive domain were collected in grid diagrams, distributed into cognitive levels, and statistically processed. The rating of a textbook will directly reflect the level of skills it demands. For example, a book that uses synthesis and analysis would rate higher than one that demands only comprehension (GARINGER 2001). The questions were sorted by two independent evaluators. Where their assessment differed, the ques- tion was ranked after discussion and agreement. The questions were sorted into cognitive levels with regard to other texts in the teaching material. Evaluated out of context, many questions would be sorted into other categories. A question that was demanding at first glance, but was provided with an answer in the preceding text, was placed in a lower category. If the answer was given in the following text, the ques- tion was placed higher. Similar questions could therefore be arranged into different cognitive levels. Important factors in the measurement of the effect of a textbook on pupils are the teacher’s use of the textbook and his method of teaching. Experience teaches us that the course of teaching often encourages students to learn by heart. In this context MARENTI~ PO`ARNIK (1992) stressed the importance of a well designed education and training for teachers to prepare them for proper selection and creative use of text- books. Our analysis assumed an ideal teacher who promotes unassisted work and thinking and does not offer definite solutions, maintaining the potential value of the questions in the textbooks and workbooks. Results and discussion The teaching sets examined included between 1.1 and 1.4 questions per page (Tab. 1). A detailed analysis showed that in the set EF this ratio was the same for the workbook and the textbook, while sets AB and CD placed most questions in the workbooks. In Slovenia, textbooks are not designed so as to allow them to be written in, so the results are not surprising. An exception is textbook G that can be classified as a classic textbook on the basis of its structure, and is at the moment the only one of that type among elementary school textbooks. A textbook can encompass a whole range of levels, and can therefore be a textbook with a strong didactic component, or, at the other end of the spectrum, a classic textbook with the content presented systematically and in language and style suitable for target readers, but does not include special didactic techniques, such as a motivating introduction, activity encouraging questions, knowledge testing questions, knowledge stevilka 2_05.qxp 14.2.2006 9:33 Page 24 reinforcement questions, etc. Given that the workbook to accompany this textbook has not yet been published, the suitability of such design cannot be assessed. Since textbook G does not include ques- tions for students, which were the basic element of our work, it was not included in further analysis. The hypothesis that there would be no differences among the texts regarding the ratio of questions per page can therefore be refuted, since the results show that the authors of teaching material took vari- ous approaches, which leads to the conclusion that they hold different views of the role of the textbook in the teaching process. As MARENTI~ PO`ARNIK (1992) stated, each textbook reflects the author’s view of the learning and teaching processes, his or her undestanding of knowledge and of the pupil’s abilities. Tab. 2 shows the percentage of questions of individual cognitive levels in each of the teaching sets. The three sets examined include between 201 and 323 questions that we were able to analyse using Bloom’s taxonomy of the cognitive domain. The average cognitive level of the questions in the teaching sets was between 1.7 and 2.1. The differences between percentages of questions of individual cognitive levels among these three teaching sets are statistically significant (α=2P<0.1, α=2P<0.001). The results show that most questions fit into the first cognitive level (49.3 – 60.2 %). It is interesting that both 8 th grade sets (AB and CD) have approximately the same percentage of questions of this level. All sets include considerably fewer questions of the second cognitive level (15.3 – 25.4 %). There are approximately the same number of questions of the third cognitive level in sets CD and EF (15.9 – 18.4 %), while the percentage in set AB is substantially lower (7.7 %). Set AB deviates in the fourth cognitive level as well, but this time in the other direction, since it contains as much as 17.3 % of the questions of this level, while the other two sets include considerably fewer (4.9 – 6.5 %). There are very few questions of the fifth and sixth level (up to 3.0 %). 25Jelka Strgar: Questions as a basis for comparison of biology... Table 1: Ratio of questions per page in the teaching sets examined. *The supplemental workbook had not yet been published at that time. Table 2: Distribution of questions of individual cognitive levels in the teaching sets using Bloom's scale. stevilka 2_05.qxp 14.2.2006 9:33 Page 25 From the percentages of individual cognitive levels it is possible to deduce the teaching goals achievable with these sets. The National Examination Commission in Slovenia prepares the biology test sheets for the final examination for elementary school using an adapted Bloom’s scale of the cog- nitive domain. It merged the 2 nd and 3 rd levels, and 4 th , 5 th and 6 th levels, thus creating a three-level scale instead of a six-level scale. The Commission reached an agreement that the national biology examinations should include 35 % of questions regarding recognition, 50 % of questions regarding comprehension and 15 % of questions regarding higher cognitive levels (Tab. 3). Comparison of the National Examination Commission recommendations with the analysed teaching sets shows that the differences in the percentages of the questions of individual cognitive levels are substantial. There are approximately 15-25 % too many questions regarding basic knowl- edge, which are first level questions (Tab. 4). At the second-level, concerning comprehension and application of knowledge, the teaching set CD with 41.3 % comes closest to the recommendations of the Commission. The other two sets include only around 30 % of these questions, which is 20 % less than the Commision advises. The results regarding questions of the highest category are surpris- ing. Set AB with 21.7 % of these questions is the only one that meets and even exceeds the recom- mended percentage. There are too few of these questions in the other two sets (9.5 % and 6.1 %). Questions for pupils are only one of the indicators that show to what extent the didactic aspect was considered in the teaching sets. Other elements, which were not taken into consideration in our study, are also very important. But the results show that elementary school teaching material puts too much emphasis on lower cognitive levels, especially recognition. Basic knowledge is of course a necessary foundation that students must acquire, but the teaching process should include a wider scope of higher levels. Acta Biologica Slovenica, 48 (2), 2005 26 Table 3: Evaluation scale of cognitive levels for national examinations. stevilka 2_05.qxp 14.2.2006 9:33 Page 26 27 Similar conclusions concerning textbooks were also reached abroad. ELLIOT & NAGEL CARTER (1987) established that natural science textbooks adequately present natural science content, but do not encourage scientific thought. The authors of that study think that the most important message of the current natural science textbooks is that the natural sciences are a collection of findings that must be learned by heart. The textbooks therefore stress the content and learning of facts and principles, but there is little application and suitable activities to help the student understand nature and connect natural sciences with the problems of the modern world. They summarized their findings into a claim that the textbooks’ stress is largely on the products of the natural sciences and less on the character of the natural sciences and its processes. A review of the 10 most popular high school biology text- books in the US also found numerous facts, but little to explain the underlying scientific importance of the facts. The evaluators rated all 10 textbooks poor in »demonstrating use of knowledge« and »encouraging students to reflect on their own learning« (HOFF 2000). Conclusions The following are the most important findings: • The teaching sets differ in number of questions per page. They include between 1.1 and 1.4. The workbooks contain the majority of the questions. • The average cognitive level of the questions in teaching sets is between 1.7 and 2.1, which indi- cates an emphasis on recognition and a lack of higher cognitive levels. • The difference in the structure of the questions of the teaching sets, analysed by Bloom’s tax- onomy of the cognitive domain, is statistically significant. • The authors of teaching sets have a different perspective of the role of teaching materials. Povzetek Izhajajo~ iz ugotovitve, da imajo biolo{ki u~beniki in delovni zvezki osrednje mesto pri dosegan- ju ciljev u~nega na~rta, je bil na{ namen ovrednotiti, v kolik{ni meri lahko pripomorejo k doseganju teh ciljev. Za kriterij smo izbrali {tevilo in strukturo vpra{anj v treh u~beni{kih kompletih in enem u~beniku za 8. in 9. razred osnovne {ole. Predpostavili smo, da med besedili ne bo razlik glede na {tevilo vpra{anj na stran, in da ne bo statisti~no pomembnih razlik glede na Bloomovo taksonomijo kognitivnih ciljev. Vsa vpra{anja, ki jih je mogo~e vrednotiti po taksonomiji kognitivnih ciljev, smo Jelka Strgar: Questions as a basis for comparison of biology... Table 4: Distribution of questions of individual cognitive levels in the teaching sets using an adapted three- level scale. stevilka 2_05.qxp 14.2.2006 9:33 Page 27 Acta Biologica Slovenica, 48 (2), 2005 28 zbrali v mre`nih diagramih, jih po zahtevnosti razvrstili v kognitivne stopnje in statisti~no obdelali. Ocena je bila neposredno odvisna od nivoja zahtevnosti, ki ga u~beni{ki komplet omogo~a razvijati. Rezultati ka`ejo, da so imeli pisci u~nih gradiv raznolik pristop. Ugotovili smo namre~, da obravnavani u~beni{ki kompleti vsebujejo od 1.1 do 1.4 vpra{anj na stran. Ve~inoma je ve~ji dele` vpra{anj v delovnih zvezkih. Posebnost je u~benik G, v katerem ni vpra{anj za u~ence. Tega zato nismo mogli vklju~iti v nadaljnjo analizo. Po Bloomovi taksonomiji kognitivnih stopenj so se pokazale statisti~no pomembne razlike med u~beni{kimi kompleti. Rezultati ka`ejo, da je najve~ vpra{anj prve kognitivne stopnje (49,3 – 60,2 %), kar je pribli`no 15-25 % preve~ glede na priporo~ila Komisije za vodenje nacionalnih preizkusov znanja. Pri vpra{anjih 2. in 3. stopnje, ki zajemajo razumevanje in uporabo znanja, se priporo~ilom Komisije najbolj pribli`a u~ni komplet CD z 41,3 % takih vpra{anj. V drugih dveh kompletih jih je okoli 20 % manj premalo. V najvi{ji kate- goriji, torej vpra{anjih 4., 5. in 6 stopnje pa komplet AB z 21,7 % presenetljivo dosega in celo pre- cej presega `eleni dele` teh vpra{anj. V drugih dveh kompletih je teh vpra{anj premalo (9,5 % oz. 6,1 %). Povpre~na vrednost kognitivne stopnje vpra{anj v kompletih se giblje med 1.7 in 2.1. Vpra{anja so samo en pokazatelj didakti~ne obdelanosti u~beni{kega kompleta. Zelo pomembni so tudi drugi elementi, ki jih v na{i raziskavi nismo zajeli. Vendar dobljeni rezultati ka`ejo, da so v osnovno{olskih biolo{kih u~nih gradivih preve~ poudarjeni ni`ji kognitivni cilji, predvsem pozna- vanje, premalo pa je vi{jih kognitivnih ciljev. Tudi nekatere raziskave u~benikov v tujini so pri{le do podobnih zaklju~kov. Literature ANDERSON O. R. & S. Botticelli 1990: Quantitative Analysis of Content Organization in Some Biology Texts Varying in Textual Composition. Science Education 74: 167-182. BYBEE R. W. 2001: Unintentional Consequences of an Unacceptable Evaluation. The American Biology Teacher 63: 2-4. CHIAPPETTA E. L., G. H. SETHNA & D. A. FILLMAN 1993: Do Middle School Life Science Textbooks Provide a Balance of Scientific Literacy Themes? Journal of Research in Science Teaching 30: 787-797. CONRAD S. M. 1996: Investigating Academic Texts with Corpus-based Techniques: An Example from Biology. Linguistic and Education 8: 299-326. DIMOPOULOS K., V. KOULAIDIS & S. SKLAVENITI 2003: Towards an Analysis of Visual Images in School Science Textbooks and Press Articles about Science and Technology. Research in Science Education 33: 189-216. ELLIOT D. L. & K. NAGEL CARTER 1987: School Science and the Pursuit of Knowledge – Deadends and All. Science and Children 24: 9-12. ELTINGE E. M. &. C.W. ROBERTS 1993: Linguistic Content Analysis: A Method to Measure Science as Inquiry in Textbooks. Journal of Research in Science Teaching 30: 65-83. GARINGER D. 2001: Textbook Evaluation. Retrieved July 14, 2005, from http://www.teflweb- j.org/v1n1/garinger.html HARRISON A. G. 2001. How do Teachers and Textbook Writers Model Scientific Ideas for Students? Research in Science Education 31: 401-435. HOFF D. J. 2000. Science Group Bemoans Quality of Biology Textbooks. Education Week 19: 13. stevilka 2_05.qxp 14.2.2006 9:33 Page 28 KESIDOU S. & J. E. ROSEMAN 2002: How Well do Middle School Science Programs Measure up? Findings from Project 2061’s Curriculum Review. Journal of Research in Science Teaching 39: 522-549. KIRK M., C. E. MATTHEWS & S. KURTTS 2001: The Trouble with Textbooks. The Science Teacher 68: 42-45. LLOYD C. V. 1990: The Elaboration of Concepts in Three Biology Textbooks: Facilitating Student Learning. Journal of Research in Science Teaching 27: 1019-1032. LOWERY L. F. & W. H. LEONARD 1978: A Comparison of Questioning Styles Among Four Widely Used High School Biology Textbooks. Journal of Research in Science Teaching 15: 1-10. MARENTI~ PO`ARNIK B. 1992. U~beniki so namenjeni u~encem. In: @eljko A. (ed.): U~beniki danes in jutri: prispevki s sre~anja avtorjev u~benikov DZS, DZS, Ljubljana, pp. 19-26. NINNES P. 2000: Representation of Indigenous Knowledges in Secondary School Science Textbooks in Australia and Canada. International Journal of Science Education 22: 603-617. VER~KOVNIK T. & J. STRGAR 2003: U~benik kot sredstvo za doseganje vzgojno-izobra`evalnih ciljev pro- grama. Evalvacijska {tudija. Ministrstvo za {olstvo, znanost in {port, Ljubljana, 81 pp. TAMIR P. 1985: Content Analysis Focusing on Inquiry. Journal of Curriculum Studies 17: 87-94. 29Jelka Strgar: Questions as a basis for comparison of biology... stevilka 2_05.qxp 14.2.2006 9:33 Page 29 stevilka 2_05.qxp 14.2.2006 9:33 Page 30 31 IN MEMORIAM Kako naj ti povrnem, zemlja, za milost, ki mi jo daje{: za mavri~no iskro sonca v kaplji rose, za vonj poko{enih travnikov, za `arenje zrelega ruja po samotnih gmajnah, za srebro zimskih no~i? Kako neustavljivi zagon @ivljenja, za slast rasti in padcev, iskanja in zmote, celo za strah pred Ni~em? Kako naj ti vrnem, zemlja, za neizrekljivi ob~utek, da Sem? Da sem v sredici kamna, v listu na drevesu, odsvit zvezde, dih v dihu vesolja? I{~em besede zahvale, preproste, vseobsegajo~e, ki jih razumejo trave in `ivali, i{~em besedo, kakr{no polo`i v usta samo smrt. Ivan Minatti Prof. dr. Miran Vardjan, 1919 – 2005 15. oktobra je umrl prof. Miran Vardjan. 14. novembra smo se na `alni seji od njega poslovili njegovi sodelavci in prijatelji s Biolo{kega oddelka Biotehni{ke fakultete, Instituta za biologijo in drugod. Prof. dr. Miran Vardjan se je rodil 1. maja 1919. Rojstni dan je praznoval na praznik dela, kar simbolizira njegovo `ivljensko pot, pre`eto z delom ter `eljo po izpopolnjevanju starega in iskanju novega. Po maturi ga je zatekla vojna, nekaj ~asa je pre`ivel v ujetni{tvu in v italijanski internaciji. Po osvoboditvi je u~iteljeval, vendar ga ta zaposlitev ni zadovoljevala. Zato je ob delu kon~al Vi{jo pedago{ko {olo v Ljubljani, skupino biologija-kemija, nato pa {e {tudij biologije na tedanji Prirodoslovno matemati~ni fakulteti. Postal je asistent na In{titutu za botaniko pri prof. dr. Ernestu Mayerju. Ko sem bila v prvem letniku biologije, tega je `e petdeset let, je vodil vaje iz splo{ne botanike. [e kot {tudentka sem na in{titutu postala tehni~na sodelavka in sem med drugim pomagala asistentu Vardjanu pri njegovih poskusih za doktorsko disertacijo. Za eksperimentalno delo takrat ni bilo opreme, vendar so improvizacije to pomanjkanje kar uspe{no nadome{~ale. Doktoriral je leta 1959. Naslednje leto je postal docent in kasneje predstojnik na novo ustanovljeni Katedri za fitofiziologijo. Ker doma ni imel mo`nosti za izpopolnjevanje v fiziologiji rastlin, je od{el najprej v Tübingen k dr. Büningu, priznanemu raziskovalcu endogenih ritmov v povezavi s cvetenjem, nato pa {e za eno leto v fitotron Gif pri Parizu k prof. Nitschu. Pri njemu se je usmeril v raziskave hormon- alne kontrole rasti in razvoja rastlin, ki so bile v vzponu, saj so bili nekateri rastlinski hormoni odkri- ti {ele nekaj let pred tem. Med tem smo se biologi preselili v novo stavbo na A{ker~evo 12, ki je bila zgrajena za Filozofsko in Naravoslovno fakulteto, kateri smo tedaj pripadali. V teh prostorih so bili ustvarjeni taki delovni pogoji, da je lahko uspe{no uvedel v na{ laboratorij takrat moderne metode dela za raziskovanje rastlinskih hormonov, ki jih je spoznal pri dr. Nitschu. Ob raziskovalnem delu je vzgajal tudi {tudente dodiplomskega in podiplomskega {tudija biologije, pa tudi agronomije in gozdarstva. In memoriam stevilka 2_05.qxp 14.2.2006 9:33 Page 31 V prvih letih je prof. Vardjan raziskoval regulacijo razvoja pri razli~nih fiziolo{ko zanimivih rastlinah. Njegov prvi odmeven ~lanek v reviji Bulletin de la Societe Botanique de France je obrav- naval vlogo avksinov in citokininov pri regeneraciji endivije (Cichorium endivia). Zanimiv je njegov prispevek o regulaciji zasuka plodov v obratno smer, kot jo imajo cvetovi zidnega poponca (Linaria cymbalaria), prav tako ~lanek o giberelinih in citokininih v spomladanskem ksilemskem soku breze (Betula pendula), ali pa o regulaciji nastajanja epifilnih brstov pod vplivom kinetina pri rastlini Bryophyllum daigremontianum. Poleg na{tetih tem je bila za dr. Vardjana prav gotovo najzanimivej{a regulacija dormantnosti in kalitve semen. Iz te tematike je objavil najve~ razprav in o njih referiral na mnogih znanstvenih in strokovnih sre~anjih. Glavni rastlinski vrsti, ki ju je izbral za svoje raziskave sta bili rumeni svi{~ (Gentiana lutea subsp. symphyandra) in jelka (Abies alba). Prva vrsta ima zelo globoko dormantna semena, druga plitvo dormanco, odvisno od rasti{~a in leta obroda. Zato so njegove {tudije o vlogi rastnih regulatorjev in encimov, o vlogi smol v semenski lupini, skari- fikaciji, da jih na{tejem samo nekaj, pomembne za osvetlitev pomena in poteka dormance in kalitve semen. Njegov ameri{ko slovenski projekt, ki ga je dobil v sedemdesetih letih o kalitvi semen jelke, nam je pomagal do prve ve~je opreme. Mislim, da liofilizer, ki je bil kupljen takrat, {e vedno delu- je. Dr. Miran Vardjan je pisal tudi u~benike, od katerih bi omenila snopi~a, namenjena gimnazijske- mu izobra`evanju: @ivljenski procesi – asimilacija, disimilacija in Izvor `ivljenja in razvoj `ivljen- skih procesov. Njegovo ime najdemo tudi med pisci poljudno znanstvene revije Proteus. Serija ~lankov o kalitvi semen je {e sedaj primerno branje za mlade naravoslovce, ki jih zanima fiziologi- ja rastlin. Prav tako smo o zanimivostih iz `ivljenja rastlin poslu{ali njegove prispevke na radiu in gledali na televiziji. Prof. Miran Vardjan je bil eden od ustanoviteljev Jugoslovanskega dru{tva za fiziologijo rastlin, skupaj s prof. Devidéjem iz Zagreba, prof. Sari~em iz Novega Sada in prof. Ne{kovi~evo iz Beograda. Nekaj ~asa je bil tudi njegov predsednik. Leta 1982 so se ustanovila republi{ka dru{tva, tudi v Sloveniji. Leta 2002 je prof. Vardjan postal ~astni ~lan Dru{tva za rastlinsko fiziologijo Slovenije. Bil je tudi ~astni ~lan dru{tva za fiziologijo rastlin Hrva{ke. Za svoje delo je prejel tudi ve~ drugih priznanj. Tako je ob tridesetletnici Biotehni{ke fakultete leta 1977 prejel plaketo, leta 1977 ~astno priznanje mesta Ljubljane za udele`bo v osvobodilnem delovanju med NOB, ob {estde- setletnici biologije na Univerzi v Ljubljani zlato zna~ko, leta 1979 red dela z zlatim vencem in leta 1981 Jesenkovo priznanje, ki ga podeljuje Biotehni{ka fakulteta. Ob {tiridesetletnici Nacionalnega in{tituta za biologijo je kot njegov biv{i direktor dobil posebno priznanje. Prof. Miran Vardjan se je upokojil leta 1982, vendar je {e naprej sodeloval v stroki in ostal aktiv- en na pedago{kem podro~ju. Njegova velika ljubezen je bila ves ~as tudi umetnost. V intervjuju za revijo Proteus mi je ob njegovi sedemdesetletnici takole pripovedoval: »V dija{kih letih se je moje zanimanje usmerilo na umetnostno podro~je. Bilo je ~isto pasivno do`ivljanje lepega. Veliko sem bral, skoraj redno sem zahajal v dramo in opero – seveda na dija{ko stoji{~e ali {e pogosteje na {e cenej{i »oksen{tand«, pogosto obiskoval slikarske razstave. Spominjam se s kak{nim navdu{enjem sem prebiral obse`no zgodovino umetnosti zahodne Evrope Izidorja Cankarja. Takrat sem sklenil, da bom {tudiral umetnostno zgodovino«. Te kasneje seveda ni {tudiral, ostala pa je ljubezen do nje. Zanimala ga je tudi filatelistika in je tudi na tem podro~ju postal priznan strokovnjak. Prof. Vardjan je pre`ivel plodna leta pre`eta s tisto dejavnostjo, ki ~loveka osre~uje v vsakem dnevu, ki prihaja. Slava profesorjevemu spominu! Nada Gogala Acta Biologica Slovenica, 48 (2), 2005 32 stevilka 2_05.qxp 14.2.2006 9:33 Page 32 33 NAVODILA AVTORJEM 1. Vrste prispevkov a) ZNANSTVENI ^LANEK je celovit opis originalne raziskave in vklju~uje teoreti~ni pregled tematike, podrobno predstavljene rezultate z diskusijo in sklepe ter literaturni pregled: shema IMRAD (Introduction, Methods, Results And Discussion). Dol`ina ~lanka, vklju~no s tabelami, grafi in slikami, na sme presegati 15 strani; razmak med vrsticami je dvojen. Recenzirata ga dva recenzenta. b) PREGLEDNI ^LANEK objavi revija po posvetu uredni{kega odbora z avtorjem. [tevilo strani je lahko ve~je od 15. c) KRATKA NOTICA je originalni prispevek z razli~nih biolo{kih podro~ij (sistematike, biokemije, genetike, mikrobiologije, ekologije itd.), ki ne vsebuje podrobnega teoreti~nega pregleda. Njen namen je seznaniti bralca s preliminarnimi ali delnimi rezultati raziskave. Dol`ina na sme presegati 5 strani. Recenzira ga en recenzent. d) KONGRESNA VEST seznanja bralce z vsebinami in sklepi pomembnih kongresov in posvetovanj doma in v tujini. e) DRU[TVENA VEST poro~a o delovanju slovenskih biolo{kih dru{tev. 2. Originalnost prispevka ^lanek, objavljen v reviji Acta Biologica Slovenica, ne sme biti predhodno objavljen v drugih revijah ali kon- gresnih knjigah. 3. Jezik Teksti naj bodo pisani v angle{kem jeziku, izjemoma v slovenskem, ~e je tematika zelo lokalna. Kongresne in dru{tvene vesti so praviloma v slovenskem jeziku. 4. Naslov prispevka Naslov (v slovenskem in angle{kem jeziku) mora biti kratek, informativen in razumljiv. Za naslovom sledi- jo imena avtorjev in njihovi polni naslovi (~e je mogo~e, tudi {tev. faxa in e-mail). 5. Izvle~ek – Abstract Podati mora jedrnato informacijo o namenu, uporabljenih metodah, dobljenih rezultatih in zaklju~kih. Primerna dol`ina za znanstveni ~lanek naj bo pribli`no 250 besed, za kratko notico pa 100 besed. 6. Klju~ne besede – Keywords [tevilo naj ne presega 10 besed, predstavljati morajo podro~je raziskave, predstavljene v ~lanku. ^lankom v slovenskem jeziku morajo avtorji dodati klju~ne besede v angle{kem jeziku. 7. Uvod Nana{ati se mora le na tematiko, ki je predstavljena v ~lanku ali kratki notici. 8. Slike in tabele Tabele in slike (grafi, dendrogrami, risbe, fotografije idr.) naj v ~lanku ne presegajo {tevila 10, v ~lanku naj bo njihovo mesto nedvoumno ozna~eno. Ves slikovni material naj bo oddan kot fizi~ni original (fotografija ali slika). Tabele in legende naj bodo tipkane na posebnih listih (v tabelah naj bodo le vodoravne ~rte). Naslove tabel pi{emo nad njimi, naslove slik in fotografij pod njimi. Naslovi tabel in slik ter legenda so v slovenskem in angle{kem jeziku. Pri citiranju tabel in slik v besedilu uporabljamo okraj{ave (npr. Tab. 1 ali Tabs. 1-2, Fig. 1 ali Figs. 1-2; Tab. 1 in Sl. 1). 9. Zakju~ki ^lanek kon~amo s povzetkom glavnih ugotovitev, ki jih lahko zapi{emo tudi po to~kah. stevilka 2_05.qxp 14.2.2006 9:33 Page 33 Acta Biologica Slovenica, 48 (2), 2005 34 10. Povzetek – Summary ^lanek, ki je pisan v slovenskem jeziku, mora vsebovati {e ob{irnej{i angle{ki povzetek. Velja tudi obratno. 11. Literatura Uporabljene literaturne vire citiramo med tekstom. ^e citiramo enega avtorja, pi{emo ALLAN (1995) ali (ALLAN 1995), ~e sta dva avtorja (TRINAJSTI} & FRANJI} 1994), ~e je ve~ avtorjev (PULLIN & al. 1995). Kadar navajamo citat iz ve~ih del hkrati, pi{emo (HONSIG-ERLENBURG & al. 1992, WARD 1994A, ALLAN 1995, PULLIN & al. 1995). V primeru, ~e citiramo ve~ del istega avtorja, objavljenih v enem letu, posamezno delo ozna~imo s ~rkami a, b, c itd. (WARD 1994a,b). ^e navajamo dobesedni citat, ozna~imo dodatno {e strani: TOMAN (1992: 5) ali (TOMAN 1992: 5-6). Literaturo uredimo po abecednem redu, za~nemo s priimkom prvega avtorja, sledi leto izdaje in naslov ~lanka, mednarodna kratica za revijo (~asopis), volumen poudarjeno, {tevilka v oklepaju in strani. Npr.: HONSIG-ERLENBURG W., K. KRAINER, P. MILDNER & C. WIESER 1992: Zur Flora und Fauna des Webersees. Carinthia II 182/102 (1): 159-173. TRINAJSTI} & J. FRANJI} 1994: Ass. Salicetum elaeagno-daphnoides (BR.-BL. et VOLK, 1940) M. MOOR 1958 (Salicion elaeagni) in the Vegetation in Croatia. Nat. Croat. 3 (2): 253-256. WARD J. V. 1994a: Ecology of Alpine Streams. Freshwater Biology 32 (1): 10-15. WARD J. V. 1994b: Ecology of Prealpine Streams. Freshwater Biology 32 (2): 10-15. Knjige, poglavja iz knjig, poro~ila, kongresne povzetke citiramo slede~e: ALLAN J. D. 1995: Stream Ecology. Structure and Function of Running Waters, 1st ed. Chapman & Hall, London, 388 pp. PULLIN A. S., I. F. G. MCLEAN & M. R. WEBB 1995: Ecology and Conservation of Lycaena dispar: British and European Perspectives. In: PULLIN A. S. (ed.): Ecology and Conservation of Butterflies, 1st ed. Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 150-164. TOMAN M. J. 1992: Mikrobiolo{ke zna~ilnosti biolo{kih ~istilnih naprav. Zbornik referatov s posvetovanja DZVS, Gozd Martuljek, pp. 1-7. 12. Format in oblika ~lanka ^lanek naj bo poslan v obliki Word dokumenta (doc) ali kot obogateno besedilo (rtf) v pisavi "Times New Roman CE 12" z dvojnim medvrstnim razmakom in levo poravnavo ter s 3 cm robovi na A4 formatu. Odstavki naj bodo med seboj lo~eni s prazno vrstico. Naslov ~lanka in poglavij naj bodo pisani krepko in v velikosti pisave 14. Vsa latinska imena morajo biti napisana le`e~e. Uporabljene nomenklaturne vire navedemo v poglavju Metode. Tabele in slike so posebej prilo`ene tekstu. Vse strani (vklju~no s tabelami in slikami) morajo biti o{tevil~ene. Glavnemu uredniku je potrebno oddati original, dve kopiji in elektronski zapis na disketi 3,5", na CD-romu ali kot priponko elektronske po{te (slednjega odda avtor po opravljenih strokovnih in jezikovnih popravkih). 13. Recenzije Vsak znanstveni ~lanek bosta recenzirala dva recenzenta (en doma~i in en tuji), kratko notico pa doma~i recenzent. Avtor lahko v spremnem dopisu predlaga tuje recenzente. Recenziran ~lanek, ki bo sprejet v objavo, popravi avtor. Po objavi prejme 30 brezpla~nih izvodov. V primeru zavrnitve se originalne materiale vrne avtor- ju skupaj z negativno odlo~itvijo glavnega urednika. INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS 1. Types of Articles a) SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES are comprehensive descriptions of original research and include a theoretical sur- vey of the topic, a detailed presentation of results with discussion and conclusion, and a bibliography according to stevilka 2_05.qxp 14.2.2006 9:33 Page 34 the IMRAD outline (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion). The length of an article including tables, graphs, and illustrations may not exceed fifteen (15) pages; lines must be double-spaced. Scientific articles shall be subject to peer review by two experts in the field. b) REVIEW ARTICLES will be published in the journal after consultation between the editorial board and the author. Review articles may be longer than fifteen (15) pages. c) BRIEF NOTES are original articles from various biological fields (systematics, biochemistry, genetics, microbiology, ecology, etc.) that do not include a detailed theoretical discussion. Their aim is to acquaint readers with preliminary or partial results of research. They should not be longer than five (5) pages. Brief note articles shall be subject to peer review by one expert in the field. d) CONGRESS NEWS acquaints readers with the content and conclusions of important congresses and sem- inars at home and abroad. e) ASSOCIATION NEWS reports on the work of Slovene biology associations. 2. Originality of Articles Manuscripts submitted for publication in Acta Biologica Slovenica should not contain previously published material and should not be under consideration for publication elsewhere. 3. Language Articles and notes should be submitted in English, or as an exception in Slovene if the topic is very local. As a rule, congress and association news will appear in Slovene. 4. Titles of Articles Titles (in Slovene and English) must be short, informative, and understandable. The title should be followed by the name and full address of the author (and if possible, fax number and e-mail address). 5. Abstract The abstract must give concise information about the objective, the methods used, the results obtained, and the conclusions. The suitable length for scientific articles is approximately 250 words, and for brief note articles, 100 words. 6. Keywords There should be no more than ten (10) keywords; they must reflect the field of research covered in the arti- cle. Authors must add keywords in English to articles written in Slovene. 7. Introduction The introduction must refer only to topics presented in the article or brief note. 8. Illustrations and Tables Articles should not contain more than ten (10) illustrations (graphs, dendrograms, pictures, photos etc.) and tables, and their positions in the article should be clearly indicated. All illustrative material should be provided as physical orig- inals (photographs or illustrations). Tables with their legends should be submitted on separate pages (only horizontal lines should be used in tables). Titles of tables should appear above the tables, and titles of photographs and illustra- tions below. Titles of tables and illustrations and their legends should be in both Slovene and English. Tables and illus- trations should be cited shortly in the text (Tab. 1 or Tabs. 1-2, Fig. 1 or Figs. 1-2; Tab. 1 and Sl. 1). 9. Conclusions Articles shall end with a summary of the main findings which may be written in point form. 35 stevilka 2_05.qxp 14.2.2006 9:33 Page 35 10. Summary Articles written in Slovene must contain a more extensive English summary. The reverse also applies. 11. Literature References shall be cited in the text. If a reference work by one author is cited, we write Allan (1995) or (Allan 1995); if a work by two authors is cited, (Trinajsti] & Franji] 1994); if a work by three or more authors is cited, (Pullin & al. 1995); and if the reference appears in several works, (Honsig-Erlenburg & al. 1992, Ward 1994a, Allan 1995, Pullin & al. 1995). If several works by the same author published in the same year are cited, the individual works are indicated with the added letters a, b, c, etc.: (Ward 1994a,b). If direct quotations are used, the page numbers should be included: Toman (1992: 5) or (Toman 1992: 5-6). The bibliography shall be arranged in alphabetical order beginning with the surname of the first author followed by the year of publication, the title of the article, the international abbreviation for the journal (periodical), the vo- lume (in bold print), the number in parenthesis, and the pages. Examples: HONSIG-ERLENBURG W., K. KRAINER, P. MILDNER & C. WIESER 1992: Zur Flora und Fauna des Webersees. Carinthia II 182/102 (1): 159-173. TRINAJSTI} & J. FRANJI} 1994: Ass. Salicetum elaeagno-daphnoides (BR.-BL. et VOLK, 1940) M. MOOR 1958 (Salicion elaeagni) in the Vegetation in Croatia. Nat. Croat. 3 (2): 253-256. WARD J. V. 1994a: Ecology of Alpine Streams. Freshwater Biology 32 (1): 10-15. WARD J. V. 1994b: Ecology of Prealpine Streams. Freshwater Biology 32 (2): 10-15. Books, chapters from books, reports, and congress anthologies use the following forms: ALLAN J. D. 1995: Stream Ecology. Structure and Function of Running Waters, 1st ed. Chapman & Hall, London, 388 pp. PULLIN A. S., I. F. G. MCLEAN & M. R. WEBB 1995: Ecology and Conservation of Lycaena dispar: British and European Perspectives. In: PULLIN A. S. (ed.): Ecology and Conservation of Butterflies, 1st ed. Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 150-164. TOMAN M. J. 1992: Mikrobiolo{ke zna~ilnosti biolo{kih ~istilnih naprav. Zbornik referatov s posvetovanja DZVS, Gozd Martuljek, pp. 1-7. 12. Format and Form of Articles Articles should be send as Word document (doc) or Rich text format (rtf) using "Times New Roman CE 12" font with double spacing, align left and margins of 3 cm on A4 pages. Paragraphs should be separated with an empty line. The title and chapters should be written bold in font size 14. All scientific names must be properly italicized. Used nomenclature source should be cited in the Methods section. Tables and illustrations shall accom- pany the texts separately. All pages including tables and figures should be numbered. The original manuscript, two copies, and an electronic copy (after all corrections) on a 3.5" computer diskette, on CD-ROM or by e-mail must be given to the editor-in-chief. All articles must be proofread for professional and language errors before submission. 13. Peer Review All Scientific Articles shall be subject to peer review by two experts in the field (one Slovene and one for- eign) and Brief Note articles by one Slovene expert in the field. Authors may nominate a foreign reviewer in an accompanying letter. Reviewed articles accepted for publication shall be corrected by the author. Authors shall receive thirty (30) free copies of the journal upon publication. In the event an article is rejected, the original mate- rial shall be returned to the author together with the negative determination of the editor-in-chief. Acta Biologica Slovenica, 48 (2), 2005 36 stevilka 2_05.qxp 14.2.2006 9:33 Page 36