ACTA HISTRIAE
30, 2022, 2
UDK/UDC 94(05) ISSN 1318-0185ACTA HISTRIAE 30, 2022, 2, pp. 263-564
UDK/UDC 94(05) 
Zgodovinsko društvo za južno Primorsko - Koper
Società storica del Litorale - Capodistria
ACTA HISTRIAE
30, 2022, 2
KOPER 2022
ISSN 1318-0185
e-ISSN 2591-1767
ACTA HISTRIAE • 30 • 2022 • 2
ISSN 1318-0185                UDK/UDC 94(05)             Letnik 30, leto 2022, številka 2
e-ISSN 2591-1767
Darko Darovec
Gorazd Bajc, Furio Bianco (IT), Stuart Carroll (UK), Angel Casals Martinez (ES), 
Alessandro Casellato (IT), Flavij Bonin, Dragica Čeč, Lovorka Čoralić (HR), Darko 
Darovec, Lucien Faggion (FR), Marco Fincardi (IT), Darko Friš, Aleš Maver, Borut 
Klabjan, John Martin (USA), Robert Matijašić (HR), Darja Mihelič, Edward Muir 
(USA), Žiga Oman, Jože Pirjevec, Egon Pelikan, Luciano Pezzolo (IT), Claudio 
Povolo (IT), Marijan Premović (MNE), Luca Rossetto (IT), Vida Rožac Darovec, 
Andrej Studen, Marta Verginella, Salvator Žitko
Urška Lampe, Gorazd Bajc, Lara Petra Skela, Marjan Horvat, Žiga Oman
Petra Berlot
Urška Lampe (angl., slo.), Gorazd Bajc (it.), Lara Petra Skela (angl., slo.)
Zgodovinsko društvo za južno Primorsko - Koper / Società storica del Litorale - Capodistria© 
/ Inštitut IRRIS za raziskave, razvoj in strategije družbe, kulture in okolja / Institute IRRIS for 
Research, Development and Strategies of Society, Culture and Environment / Istituto IRRIS 
di ricerca, sviluppo e strategie della società, cultura e ambiente©
Zgodovinsko društvo za južno Primorsko, SI-6000, Koper-Capodistria, Garibaldijeva 
18 / Via Garibaldi 18, e-mail: actahistriae@gmail.com; https://zdjp.si/
Založništvo PADRE d.o.o.
300 izvodov/copie/copies
Javna agencija za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije / Slovenian 
Research Agency, Mestna občina Koper
Dvoboj med Charlesom de Lamethom in Charlesom de Castriesom 12. oktobra 1790. 
Jean-François Janinet (1752-1814) (Muzej Carnavalet, Pariz) / Duel between Charles 
de Lameth and Charles de Castries on October 12 1790. Jean-François Janinet (1752-
1814) (Carnavalet Museum, Paris) / Duello tra Charles de Lameth e Charles de Castries 
del 12 ottobre 1790. Jean-François Janinet (1752-1814) (Museo Carnavalet, Parigi). 
Redakcija te številke je bila zaključena 30. junija 2022.
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ACTA HISTRIAE • 30 • 2022 • 2
Volume 30, Koper 2022, issue 2
VSEBINA / INDICE GENERALE / CONTENTS
Matjaž Grahornik: Tragičen vstop v novo leto: 
smrt Franca Jožefa grofa Herbersteina v dvoboju 2. januarja 1713 ............................
Un tragico ingresso nell’anno nuovo: la morte in duello di 
Franz Joseph conte di Herberstein il 2 gennaio 1713
A Tragic Start to a New Year: The Death of Franz Joseph 
Count Herberstein in a Duel on 2 January 1713
Alessandro Fausti: Relazioni di amicizia tra Salò e Venezia. 
Il caso della riedizione degli statuti della Magnifica Patria .........................................
Friendship Relations between Salò and Venice. The Case of 
the Re-edition of the Statutes of Magnifica Patria
Prijateljski odnosi med Salòjem in Benetkami. 
Primer nove izdaje statutov »Magnifice Patrie«
Marija V. Kocić & Nikola R. Samardžić: British Sources 
on the Crisis of the Venetian Patriciate during the Second 
Morea War: The Case of Daniel IV Dolphin ..................................................................
Fonti britanniche sulla crisi del patriziato veneziano nel periodo 
della seconda guerra di Morea: il caso di Daniele IV Dolfin
Britanski viri o krizi beneškega patriciata v času druge 
morejske vojne: primer Danieleja IV. Dolfina
Jelena Knežević & Julian Köck: Theodor Mommsen in 
Montenegro (1862) ...........................................................................................
Theodor Mommsen in Montenegro (1862)
Theodor Mommsen v Črni gori (1862)
Milena Kavarić & Rajka Đoković: Čedomorstvo u 
modernoj i suvremenoj Crnoj Gori ..............................................................................
L’infanticido nel Montenegro in età moderna e contemporanea
Infanticide in Modern and Contemporary Montenegro
263
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e-ISSN 2591-1767
297
325
347
377
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Ivona Jovanović & Jasna Potočnik Topler: The Contribution of 
First Teachers of French at Petrovic’s Court to the Transformation 
of Society and the Affirmation of Montenegro in Europe .........................................
Il contributo dei primi insegnanti di francese alla 
corte dei Petrović alla trasformazione della società e 
l’affermazione del Montenegro in Europa
Prispevek prvih učiteljev francoščine na Petrovićevem dvoru 
k preobrazbi družbe in uveljavitvi Črne gore v Evropi
Ivan Jeličić: I migliori elementi d’italianità. 
Local Political Power Ascension and Italianization during the 
First Years of Post-world War I in Volosca–Abbazia, 1918–1920 ............................
I migliori elementi d’italianità. L’ascesa al potere 
locale e l’italianizzazione nei primi anni del primo 
dopoguerra a Volosca–Abbazia, 1918–1920
I migliori elementi d’italianità. Vzpon lokalne politične moči 
in italijanizacija v prvih letih po prvi svetovni vojni v 
Volosko–Opatiji, 1918–1920
Marko Medved: L’abuso della religione nella liturgia politica della 
Fiume dannunziana: la benedizione del pugnale nella chiesa di S. Vito ..................
Abuse of Religion in the Political Liturgy of D’Annunzio’s 
Rijeka (Fiume): The Scandal of the Blessing of the 
Dagger in St. Vitus Church
Zloraba vere v politični liturgiji na dannunzijevski Reki:
blagoslov bodala v cerkvi sv. Vida
Larysa Poliakova & Natalia Shkoda: Historiographic Issues Regarding 
the Position of the Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches in 
Soviet Ukraine in the Years 1920–1930 ..................................................................
Problemi storiografici relativi alle posizioni della chiesa ortodossa 
e quella cattolica romana nell’Ucraina sovietica negli anni 1920–1930
Historiografska vprašanja glede položaja pravoslavne in 
rimokatoliške cerkve v sovjetski Ukrajini v letih 1920–1930
Klemen Kocjančič: A Contribution to the Role of (Former) 
Red Army Prisoners of War and White Emigrés in Slovenia 
during the German Occupation, 1943–1945 ............................................................
Contributo riguardo al ruolo degli (ex) prigionieri di guerra 
dell’Armata rossa e dell’«emigrazione bianca» in Slovenia 
durante l’occupazione tedesca, 1943–1945
Prispevek k vlogi (nekdanjih) rdečearmijskih vojnih ujetnikov in belih 
emigrantov v Sloveniji med nemško okupacijo, 1943–1945
407
429
451
471
487
ACTA HISTRIAE • 30 • 2022 • 2
Borut Klabjan: Graditi partizanski spomin v socialistični Jugoslaviji: 
slovenski primer v času po drugi svetovni vojni ....................................................
Costruire la memoria partigiana nella Jugoslavia socialista: 
il caso sloveno dopo la seconda guerra mondiale
Building Partisan Memory in Socialist Yugoslavia: 
The Slovene Case after World War II
Boštjan Udovič: “Danke Deutschland!”: The Political and Diplomatic 
Contribution of the Federal Republic of Germany to the 
Creation of Independent Slovenia ............................................................................
«Danke Deutschland!»: il contributo politico-diplomatico 
della Repubblica Federale di Germania alla nascita dello 
Stato indipendente della Slovenia
»Danke Deutschland!«: politično-diplomatski 
prispevek Zvezne republike Nemčije k nastanku slovenske države
513
535
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HISTORIOGRAPHIC ISSUES REGARDING THE POSITION OF THE 
ORTHODOX AND ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCHES IN SOVIET UKRAINE 
IN THE YEARS 1920–1930
Larysa POLIAKOVA
Bogdan Khmelnitsky Melitopol State Pedagogical University, Melitopol, Ukraine 72312 Getmanska str. 20
e-mail: klioist@ukr.net 
Natalia SHKODA
Bogdan Khmelnitsky Melitopol State Pedagogical University, Melitopol, Ukraine 72312 Getmanska str. 20
e-mail: igor.schckoda@yandex.ua
ABSTRACT
The aim of this article is to identify the features of the researchers’ approach to 
the study of the history of the Orthodox and Roman Catholic clergy in the 1920s 
and 1930s in Soviet Ukraine. Methodological tools of the research cover a set of 
basic research methods: historiographical analysis, synthesis, typology of scientific 
areas, comparative analysis and more. The novelty of the study is that from a new 
point of view highlights the importance of Christian denominations in the modern 
socio-political process, clarifies the social status of Orthodox and Roman Catholic 
clergy in Ukraine in 1920-30’s. On the basis of the historiographical analysis of the 
available literature on this problem, it can be stated that this issue from the 1920s 
to the present day has been more or less analyzed by historians. There are some 
achievements in the study of this issue. In modern historiography, the study of the 
history of Christian denominations is one of the priority scientific areas. Despite the 
politicization of the works of Soviet authors of the second half of the 20th century, they 
thoroughly analyzed the development of Orthodoxy and Catholicism in the Russian 
Empire and on the territory of the USSR, studied the relations of these churches with 
the tsarist government, and later with the Soviet authorities. However, there are still 
a number of issues that need to be improved. The perspective of further developments 
can be the study of church bibliography, ethno-confessional composition of churches, 
inter-confessional relations, regional studies, documentary studies.
Keywords: clergy, religion, Ukraine, spiritual values, Christian denominations
Received: 2021-04-05                            DOI 10.19233/AH.2022.20
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PROBLEMI STORIOGRAFICI RELATIVI ALLE POSIZIONI DELLA 
CHIESA ORTODOSSA E QUELLA CATTOLICA ROMANA 
NELL’UCRAINA SOVIETICA NEGLI ANNI 1920–1930
SINTESI
L‘obiettivo dell‘articolo è identificare le caratteristiche negli approcci dei ricer-
catori allo studio della storia del clero ortodosso e cattolico romano nell’Ucraina 
sovietica negli anni Venti e Trenta. Gli strumenti metodologici della ricerca coprono 
un insieme di metodi di ricerca di base: analisi storiografica, sintesi, tipologia del-
le aree scientifiche, analisi comparativa e altro. La novità dello studio è che da un 
nuovo punto di vista mette in evidenza l’importanza delle denominazioni cristiane nel 
moderno processo socio-politico e chiarisce lo status sociale del clero ortodosso e 
cattolico romano in Ucraina nel periodo 1920–1930. Sulla base dell’analisi storio-
grafica della letteratura disponibile sulla questione, si può affermare che questo tema 
dagli anni Venti ad oggi è stato più o meno analizzato dagli storici. Possiamo notare 
alcuni progressi nello studio di questo problema. Nella storiografia contemporanea, lo 
studio della storia delle confessioni cristiane è una delle aree scientifiche prioritarie. 
Nonostante la politicizzazione nelle opere degli autori sovietici della seconda metà del 
XX secolo, venne analizzato a fondo lo sviluppo dell’ortodossia e del cattolicesimo 
nell’Impero russo e sul territorio dell’Unione Sovietica, come pure venivano studiate 
le relazioni di queste chiese con il governo zarista, e poi con le autorità sovietiche. 
Tuttavia, ci sono ancora una serie di questioni che devono essere approfondite. In 
prospettiva gli ulteriori sviluppi potrebbero essere lo studio della bibliografia ecclesia-
stica, la composizione etno-confessionale delle chiese, le relazioni interconfessionali, 
gli studi regionali e gli studi documentari.
Parole chiave: clero, religione, Ucraina, valori spirituali, confessioni cristiane
INTRODUCTION
The importance of the religious factor in the modern life of Ukraine deter-
mines the increased interest of researchers in religious studies. The influence of 
the church and the clergy on society attracts the constant attention of historians. 
Domestic scholars are rethinking the role of Christian denominations in national 
history.
The church history of the first post-revolutionary decades, which is similar to 
modern religious life in terms of richness and dynamism, attracts special attention. 
The importance of Christian denominations in the modern socio-political process 
reinforces the need to clarify the social status of the Orthodox and Roman Catholic 
clergy in Ukraine in the 1920–1930s. That was the period of the establishment of a 
new political system and the transformation of traditional spiritual values.
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The study of the situation of the Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches is 
socially important. The current religious situation in the country brings to the fore 
the problem of eliminating conflicts between adherents of different denomina-
tions. The nature of many contradictions should be sought in the actions of the 
Christian clergy in the 1920s-1930s.
Given these trends, the historiographical work of scholars who analyze various 
aspects of the situation of the Orthodox and Roman Catholic clergy in the 20’s 
and 30’s of the XX century becomes relevant. on the territory of Soviet Ukraine.
DISCUSSION
The purpose of this article is to identify the features of the approach of re-
searchers to the study of the history of the Orthodox and Roman Catholic clergy 
on the territory of Soviet Ukraine in the 1920s–1930s. Orthodoxy and Catholi-
cism were the most numerous Christian denominations in Soviet Ukraine during 
this period.
Literature on this issue, in which to some extent the authors reveal the history 
of Orthodox denominations and the Roman Catholic Church, can be divided ac-
cording to the problem-chronological principle into 2 blocks:
1) research of the Soviet period (1920s-1980s);
2) post-Soviet historiography (1990s – the beginning of the XXI century).
Soviet historiography can also be divided into periods. The first stage of Soviet 
historiography on the problem dates back to the 1920s–1930s. The Soviet govern-
ment viewed religion as a political rival in the struggle for influence on the human 
worldview, which logically determined the atheistic orientation of Soviet histo-
riography. The authors of these works were party and state leaders – P. Krasikov 
(Krasikov, 1970), B. Kandidov (Kandidov, 1930) and others. At this time, some 
generalizing works appeared, which became an effective means of the government’s 
struggle against religion. One of them is the work of E. Grekulov (Grekulov, 1930).
Authorities emphasized the exploitative role of the church. Therefore, the 
religious intelligence of that time was openly ideological, politicized, and its 
authors ignored the objective, scientific analysis of the factual material. The main 
task of these publications was to affirm the reactionary nature of the church and 
the clergy.
Despite the rather biased approach to ecclesiastical issues of Soviet intelli-
gence, the research of individual historians of the Marxist school is important for 
the disclosure of the topic. The authors of some publications characterized impor-
tant aspects of this problem – the organizational state of Christian denominations, 
the change of the line of party-state power in relation to them.
The leading topic of historiographical research in the 1920s–1930s on the 
church was the struggle against the church counterrevolution. Scholars, as true 
political agitators, analyzed the struggle of the workers, peasants, women, youth, 
and trade unions against the church’s counterrevolutionary activities.
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One of the first attempts in Soviet historiography to shed light on the past of 
religious denominations from the standpoint of Marxism-Leninism was the work 
of Professor M. Nikolsky “History of the Russian Church” (Nikolsky, 1985, 123), 
first published in 1931 and republished in 1985. According to the scientist, the 
state church is “organization of operation” (Nikolsky, 1985, 123). Despite the 
negative assessment of the religious life of communities, this study is based on 
a sufficiently representative source base, which is an indisputable advantage of 
this work.
Thus, the characteristic features of the research of this period – ideology 
and bias, which made it impossible to develop a problem in the general 
context of civilization. The accumulation of a rich factual base of the study 
was positive.
The second stage of Soviet historiography conditionally falls on the 
1950s–1980s. Religious intelligence of this period was still based on athe-
istic doctrine, based on the anti-church policy of the state. It was in the 
late 1950s that a new anti-religious campaign began, which restored the 
attention of official historiography to the problems of church history. The 
main topics remained the state policy towards the church, the history of the 
mass atheist movement. 
Most scholars have unilaterally covered events related to the social position of 
the clergy. In the works of D. Ostryanin (Ostryanin, 1965), V. Kolobkov (Kolob-
kov, 1962) the clergy was equated with class enemies, the activity of the clergy 
was regarded as a counter-revolutionary subversive work against the socialist 
state. The authors focused on the joint anti-Soviet actions of the clergy and 
wealthy peasants.
Scholars of this period considered the question of church history mostly in the 
plane of materialist philosophy. For example, the researcher W. Tancher claimed 
that the leadership of the Orthodox Church and the vast majority of parish clergy 
actively supported the counter-revolutionary forces (Tancher, 1979).
At this time, the first special scientific studies on the history of the Roman 
Catholic Church appeared, among which a special place is occupied by the works 
of M. Sheinman. M. Sheinman’s work «The Vatican and Catholicism in the late 
XIX – early XX centuries» attracts attention (Sheinman, 1958). Despite the politi-
cal and ideological color, this work highlights the general picture of the formation 
of the Catholic faith, the history of the papacy and the Vatican, describes the 
organizational structure of the church. 
Some authors, considering other scientific problems, briefly touched on some 
aspects of church history in some regions of Ukraine. For example, in the late 
1950s, the Soviet researcher E. Druzhinina, studying the process of settlement 
of Southern Ukraine (Druzhinina, 1959), fragmentarily considered the participa-
tion of Catholics. This study is important for reproducing the general historical 
background on which the development of the Roman Catholic Church in southern 
Ukraine took place.
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During the 1960s–1980s, criticism of religion gradually became more bal-
anced: a wealth of factual material on the history of the Orthodox Church 
and the Roman Catholic Church was accumulated. The works of this period 
are characterized by a certain general orientation and similar stereotypes of 
assessments. The works of this group include the work of M. Mchedlov «Ca-
tholicism» (Mchedlov, 1970).
Thus, despite the politicization of the works of Soviet authors of the second 
half of the 20 century, they thoroughly analyzed the development of Orthodoxy 
and Catholicism in the Russian Empire and the USSR, studied the relationship 
of these churches with the tsarist government and later the Soviet government. 
These works require critical analysis.
A significant contribution to the study of the history of the Roman Catholic Church 
was made by the Catholic priest, Bishop of the Diocese of Tiraspol J.A. Kessler (Kes-
sler, 1930). In his History of the Diocese of Tiraspol, he examined in detail the position 
of the Roman Catholic Church in the Russian Empire and the USSR. J. Kessler was 
one of the first to refute the thesis of the purely Polish character of the RCC, paid much 
Fig.1: Metropolitan Vasyl Lypkivskyi (Wikimedia Commons).
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attention to the organizational structure and socio-political activities of the Tiraspol 
diocese, clarified the sources and causes of national contradictions in the diocese. So 
he claimed the destructive influence of the Roman Catholic Church. However, despite 
the rich factual material, the work of J.A. Kessler requires a critical attitude. The author 
subjectively and emotionally characterizes the activities of the Roman Catholic Church, 
exaggerating its role in the religious life of the USSR.
Of particular interest for elucidating the peculiarities of the development of re-
ligious life in Ukraine in the 1920’s and 1930’s will be the study of I. Vlasovsky, a 
prominent Ukrainian church and political figure who worked in exile, «An Essay on 
the History of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church» (Vlasovsky, 1998). It is important 
that the author highlights the features of the spiritual life in some regions of Ukraine 
in this period. Researching the history of the UOC in Volyn, I. Vlasovsky draws 
parallels with Roman Catholicism. He provides statistics on the number of religious 
communities, the number of clergy and RCC believers in the region, compares the 
peculiarities of the situation of churches, analyzes their driving forces.
Fig. 2: Kherson bishop of the Russian Orthodox 
Church Prokopiy Titov (Drevo, 2005).
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During the Soviet period, works of a generalizing nature predominated, but 
periodically, investigations on the history of individual Christian denomina-
tions were published. For example, the work of K. Dmytruk, dedicated to the 
Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (Dmitruk, 1977), O. Shishkin – to 
the renewal movement (Shishkin, 1970). K. Dmytruk in the spirit of militant 
atheism evaluated the activities of the autocephalous clergy. The author ignored 
the problem of large-scale repressions against the entire hierarchy of the Ukrain-
ian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, and limited himself to reporting individual 
arrests of bishops and priests (Dmitruk, 1977).
F. Turchenko’s historical works are more informative and objective about the 
researched problem. For example, the article «Ukrainian Autocephalous», co-
authored with O. Ignatusha (Turchenko & Ignatusha, 1989).
RESULTS
Thus, in the works of 1950–1980, the question of the relationship between the 
clergy and the authorities dominated. The conceptual basis of all the works was 
the thesis of the joint counter-revolutionary work of priests and wealthy peasants. 
Prejudiced for ideological reasons, the influence of the clergy on public opinion 
was greatly diminished.
The proclamation of Ukraine’s independence and the democratization of pub-
lic life intensified research into the history of the Orthodox and Roman Catholic 
Churches. The opening of the State political administration (DPU) archives and 
the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs (NKVD) funds provided an oppor-
tunity for scientists of the new period to correct the mistakes of Soviet historians, 
to try to comprehensively analyze the situation of the church in the 1920s-1930s. 
V. Pashchenko (Pashchenko, 1994), A. Zinchenko (Zinchenko, 1993; Zinchenko, 
1997), L. Pylyavets (Pilyavets, 1992), and O. Nestulya (Nestulya, 1995) were 
among the first of the new methodological positions to try to rethink the essence 
of church-state relations, the role of Christian denominations in society in the 
period under study. For example, researcher A. Zinchenko, covering the national 
movement in the church environment, identified the important role of the Ukrain-
ian Autocephalous Orthodox Church in raising the national identity of believers. 
Considering the processes of development of the autocephalous movement, the 
researcher pointed to the Russification of the episcopate and the presence in the 
ranks of even the autocephalous clergy of priests with a low level of national 
identity. The scientist highlighted the vivid and tragic life of Metropolitan Vasyl 
Lypkivskyi based on a thorough source base. Showed the determining role of 
the First Hierarch in the organization and activities of the Ukrainian Orthodox 
Church (Zinchenko, 1997).
One of the key issues in church history was the problem of the govern-
ment’s organization of political terror against the clergy. S. Bilokin described 
the mass arrests of the ROC clergy in 1923 in the Kyiv region. In the refer-
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ences to the article «Defeat of the Kyiv Diocesan Administration in 1923» 
the author posted informative biographical data on prominent members of the 
clergy (Bilokin, 1999).
The involvement of special services in the repressions against the Orthodox 
and Roman Catholic clergy in the 1920s in Soviet Ukraine was substantiated by 
the scientist V. Chentsov (Chentsov, 2000). Researcher L. Babenko continued to 
study the directions and methods of the secret services in relation to the clergy 
(Babenko, 2005).
Valuable in the study of this problem is «Martyrology of the Orthodox clergy 
of the former USSR (1918–1954)» (Bachynska & Bachynsky, 2001). The content 
of this publication consists of information about 351 persons murdered during 
the Soviet era by priests collected by Lviv researchers K. Bachynska and M. 
Bachynsky on the basis of published materials and documents from the Sectoral 
State Archive of Security Service of Ukraine. This martyrology mitigates the lack 
of information about the priest’s affiliation to the denomination and information 
about the place of residence.
In the post-Soviet era, historians have paid considerable attention to re-
gional aspects of the development of Christian denominations. Researcher 
A. Zinchenko. At the present stage he began to study the situation of the 
Orthodox Church in the 1920s–1930s in Podillya. The scientist showed the 
process of formation of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church and 
its activities in the region during the 1920s in the conditions of pressure from 
the authorities and the negative attitude of the Russian Orthodox Church 
(Zinchenko, 1993).
Scientist V. Pashchenko in the collection «State and Church in Poltava region 
during the Soviet era» explored various aspects of church life in the Poltava re-
gion in 1920s-1930s (Pashchenko, 2002). In particular, V. Pashchenko showed the 
implementation of a wide and systematic terror against the clergy in the region, 
pointed out the far-fetched and baseless accusations of the clergy in counter-
revolutionary activities.
The merit of the above-mentioned scientist A. Zinchenko is a successful at-
tempt to understand the role of the individual in the context of national-church 
movements. The author devoted the monograph «Hierarchs of the Ukrainian 
Church: Metropolitan Mykola Boretsky, Archbishop Konstantin Krotevych, Met-
ropolitan Ivan Pavlovsky» to this problem (Zinchenko, 2003). The author focuses 
on the life of the public figure, spiritual preacher of the the Ukrainian Auto-
cephalous Orthodox Church – Mykola Boretsky (Zinchenko, 2003). A separate 
section of A. Zinchenko’s monograph was devoted to another rather controversial 
figure of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, Archbishop Konstantin 
Krotevych. The scientist studied the life of Ivan Pavlovsky – Metropolitan of 
Kharkiv and All Ukraine. The author identified his contribution to the develop-
ment of Ukrainization of parishes in Cherkasy, Chernihiv and Slobozhanshchyna 
during the 1920s (Zinchenko, 2003).
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The attention of scholars was drawn to the life and work of hierarchs and 
other Orthodox churches. For example, O. Trygub drew attention to the life of the 
Kherson bishop of the Russian Orthodox Church Prokopiy Titov (Trigub, 2004).
It should be noted that scholars were interested in the life of some senior church 
hierarchs. There are no biographies of typical representatives of the parish clergy.
Some scholars have tried to objectively investigate the situation of the regular 
clergy. For example, V. Pashchenko (Pashchenko, 2002) and O. Nestulya (Nes-
tulya, 1995), studying church-state relations in the context of the analysis of 
the system of protection of religious monuments, paid attention to the policy of 
closing monasteries.
Most scholars were primarily interested in the problem of liquidation of mon-
asteries. The question of the fate of monasticism after the closure of monasteries, 
the place of the regular clergy in the hierarchy of Ukrainian churches and in 
society was not clarified.
Scholars O. Ignatushа (Ignatusha, 2001), O. Trygub (Trigub, 2004) focused on 
the study of certain currents of Orthodoxy in southern Ukraine in the 1920s and 
1930s.
New approaches have emerged in the most recent domestic historiography 
and in the coverage of the history of Roman Catholicism in the Ukrainian lands. 
We note, first of all, the works of L. Gentosh (Gentosh, 1994) and others, in 
which the main attention is paid to state-church relations. Interest in the problem 
contributed to the formation of a circle of scientists specializing in the issue,
A significant contribution to the study of the history of Roman Catholics in the 
USSR was made by the domestic researcher of Polish origin G. Stronsky (Stron-
sky, 1994). It highlights the role and place of the Roman Catholic Church in the 
life of Poles in Soviet Ukraine. Thus, in the publication «The Roman Catholic 
Church in Ukraine in the 1920s–1930s.» The author examines the tragic fate of 
the clergy and flock of the Roman Catholic Church in Ukraine during the Soviet 
totalitarianism of the 1920s–1930s, analyzes the stages of the state religious 
policy towards the Roman Catholic Church of this period, and investigates the 
methods of Soviet power struggle against the church.
Studies of the history of the Roman Catholic Church in Ukraine at the present 
stage reach a qualitatively new level – in research institutions there are special 
units. Thus, the study of the history of Roman Catholicism in Ukraine is one 
of the areas of research work of the Center for Church Problems and Ethno-
Confessional Studies at Kuras Institute of Political and Ethnic Studies of the 
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
One of the important areas of research work of the Department of Religious 
Studies of the Institute of Philosophy. G.S. Frying pans of the National Academy 
of Sciences of Ukraine is the history of the Roman Catholic Church in Ukraine, 
the problem of ethno- and state-confessional relations. At the initiative of the 
Institute’s staff in Ukraine, an international scientific-practical conference 
«Ukraine and the Vatican» is held periodically.
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Diligent work on the history of ethnic Germans in southern Ukraine (many 
of whom were Roman Catholics) is carried out by researchers at the Institute 
of Ukrainian-German Studies at Dnipropetrovsk National University. O. Gon-
char. Scientists of the institute, in particular O. Beznosov, L. Bobylova, car-
ried out a number of studies, which covered issues related to the history of 
the Roman Catholic Church in Ukraine (Beznosov, 2011; Beznosov, 2012; 
Bobyleva, 1999).
The collective works of domestic scholars, in particular the ten-volume 
encyclopedic study «History of Religions in Ukraine», became an important 
achievement of Ukrainian historiography in studying the historical progress 
of various religious denominations that functioned in our country. The team 
of authors traces the historical path of Orthodoxy and the Roman Catholic 
Church in Ukraine (Catholicism, 2001).
A certain contribution to understanding the problem of the relationship 
between the Roman Catholic Church and government agencies is the work of 
domestic researcher E. Bystrytskaya. In the monograph «Eastern policy of the 
Vatican in the context of the Holy See’s relations with Russia and the USSR 
(1878–1964)» she conducts a detailed analysis of the system of Soviet-Vatican 
relations the 1920s–1930s (Bystritskaya, 2009). E. Bystrytskay’s monograph 
covers not only the legal position of the Roman Catholic Church in this pe-
riod, but also traces the dependence of the church on changes in the vectors 
of domestic and foreign policy of the Soviet government. During the 1920s–
1930s, the researcher singled out two stages of Soviet-Vatican relations with 
their inherent characteristic differences, namely: 1921–1929 – a period aimed 
at the de jure recognition of the USSR as the Apostolic See; 1929–1939 – a 
period of ideological confrontation, as a result of which the Roman Catholic 
Church virtually ceased its activities in the USSR. According to the author, 
Catholicism in general was perceived by the Soviet authorities not only as a 
bearer of a religious idea, but also as a representative of the Western system 
of values, which logically affected its fate in the USSR.
A number of researches by N. Rubleva are an important achievement in the 
study of the history of the Roman Catholic Church in Ukraine. Of interest is her 
work «Soviet Government’s Policy on the Roman Catholic Church in Ukraine» 
(Rublyova, 1999). The researcher formulates a set of important conclusions – it 
was with the establishment of the communist regime in Ukraine that the position 
of the Roman Catholic Church underwent radical changes; the church desperately 
tried to adapt to qualitatively new adverse social circumstances; The Roman 
Catholic Church tried to restore its own structure and hierarchy in Ukraine in the 
form of apostolic administrations, to create illegal seminaries.
G. Nadtoka’s scientific publications attract attention (Nadtoka, 1998). In 
them, the author describes the measures of the Russian autocracy to curb the 
social and economic freedom of the Roman Catholic Church; submits separate 
statistical data on the number of religious buildings of the Roman Catholic 
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Church in Ukraine, their quantitative changes; analyzes the organizational state 
of the Roman Catholic Church in Ukraine.
Domestic researchers are interested in the formation of ethno-confessional 
diasporas (German, Polish, Czech, Armenian and others) and ethno-confessional 
relations in the history of the Roman Catholic Church. This group of researchers 
includes I. Baluba (Baluba, 1999), J. Boyko (Boyko, 2007), O. Kalakura (Kalaku-
ra, 2007; Kalakura, 1997), I. Lisevych (Lisevich, 1997), O. Rublev (Rublev & Re-
printsev, 1995) and others. In particular, I. Lisevych covers in detail and analyzes 
the official cultural and educational policy of the government towards the Polish 
community, considers the activities of the Roman Catholic Church in the field of 
creating Polish schools, cultural centers of Ukraine (Lisevich, 1997).
O. Kalakura in his monograph “Poles in ethnopolitical processes in the lands 
of Ukraine in the XX century” considers the role of the Roman Catholic Church in 
the history of the Polish community and the dependence of religious life of Poles 
on public policy. The author emphasizes that the Roman Catholic Church played 
not only a spiritual but also a political role in the life of the Polish minority, 
acted as a center for preserving the national identity of Poles, their consolidation 
(Kalakura, 2007).
A notable phenomenon in the historiography of the problem was the work of 
V. Yevtukh and B. Chirko “Germans in Ukraine. 1920–1990”, which for the first 
time comprehensively considered the history of the Germans of the Soviet era 
(Yevtukh & Chirko, 1994). Among domestic researchers, they have the upper 
hand in processing an array of documentary materials contained in the funds of 
the central archives of Ukraine, and on their basis – such a component of German 
history as the place of ethnicity in the plans of the political regime of Bolshevism. 
The history of the Czech Roman Catholic community is partially covered in 
the studies of V. Naulko (Naulko, 1996), Y. Lutsky (Lutsky, 1999), G. Rudnytsky1 
(Krymska svitlytsia, 17.04.1993, 3), P. Markushevsky2 (Chornomorski novyny, 
22.06.1993, 4) and others.
One of the relatively new and promising areas of research on this issue is the 
issue of interfaith relations in Ukraine. Thus, one of the first studies of relations 
between different denominations in Ukraine was N. Bulanova’s monograph “His-
tory of Christian denominations in the Ekaterinoslav region of the last quarter of 
the XVIII – early XX centuries” (Bulanova, 2007). The researcher notes that the 
church and religious life of the Roman Catholic community had a national basis. 
Each community was a self-sufficient world, where the native language, religion 
and culture were preserved as a sign of self-identification. At the same time, 
N. Bulanova emphasizes that these factors did not cause obstacles in relations with 
representatives of other faiths, primarily due to economic and trade activities.
1 Krymska svitlytsia, 17.04.1993: Rudnytsky, Grigoryi. Tavrian Czechs: Stories of the founding of Bohemian 
villages in the Crimea and Melitopol region, 3. 
2 Black Sea news, 22.06.1993: Markushevsky, Petro. Black Sea Czechs, 4.
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The article by ethno-confessional researcher K. Lyakh «Ethno-confessional 
composition of German colonists in the South of Ukraine» is valuable for 
clarifying the nature of the relationship between Catholics and believers of other 
Christian denominations. The researcher notes that factors of ethnic origin and 
religious affiliation were an important component of religious life in southern 
Ukraine, but did not rule out the possibility of open dialogue with representatives 
of other faiths (Lyah, 2003).
There were a number of works on the history of individual dioceses of the 
Roman Catholic Church, parishes, church system, features of religious life in 
different regions of Ukraine. Among them we can note the works of O. Pasechnyk 
(Pasechnik, 2009), N. Seiko (Seiko, 2005) and others.
A significant contribution to the modern historiography of the problem was 
made by the Russian researcher O. Licenberger. Thus, in the monograph «The 
Roman Catholic Church in Russia: History and Legal Status» the researcher 
conducted a detailed analysis of the historical and legal situation of the Roman 
Catholic Church in Russia in the 1920s–1930s (Liezenberger, 2001). O. Litzen-
berger pays special attention to the influence of the Roman Catholic Church from 
the totalitarian communist regime; reveals the extent of persecution and repres-
sion against believers and clergy during the Soviet era. The researcher briefly 
raises issues related to the position of the Roman Catholic Church in Ukraine.
CONCLUSION
Thus, on the basis of the historiographical analysis of the available literature 
on this problem, it can be stated that this issue has been analyzed by domestic 
historians to a greater or lesser extent since the 1920s and to this day. There are 
some achievements in the study of this issue. In modern domestic historiography, 
the study of the history of Christian denominations is one of the priority scientific 
areas. The works of modern domestic scholars undoubtedly filled significant gaps 
in the coverage of the history of Christian denominations, accumulated informa-
tive documentary material, but many issues of life of the Orthodox and Roman 
Catholic clergy within the outlined chronological boundaries are insufficiently 
studied. Many aspects of the history of Christian denominations in Ukraine in 
the 1920s–1930s have gone unnoticed by scholars, prompting further research. 
The prospect of further development of this socially significant topic may be 
the study of church bibliography, ethno-confessional composition of churches, 
inter-confessional relations, regional studies, documentaries.
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HISTORIOGRAFSKA VPRAŠANJA GLEDE POLOŽAJA PRAVOSLAVNE IN 
RIMOKATOLIŠKE CERKVE V SOVJETSKI UKRAJINI V LETIH 1920–1930
Larysa POLIAKOVA
Državna pedagoška univerza Bohdan Khmelnytsky Melitopol, Hetmanska 20, 72312 Melitopol, Ukrajina
e-mail: klioist@ukr.net 
Natalia SHKODA
Državna pedagoška univerza Bohdan Khmelnytsky Melitopol, Hetmanska 20, 72312 Melitopol, Ukrajina
e-mail: igor.schckoda@yandex.ua
POVZETEK
Namen članka je ugotoviti značilnosti pristopa raziskovalcev k preučevanju 
zgodovine pravoslavne in rimskokatoliške duhovščine v 20. in 30. letih 20. stoletja v 
sovjetski Ukrajini. Pravoslavje in katolicizem sta bili v tem obdobju najštevilčnejši 
krščanski gibanji v sovjetski Ukrajini. Metodološka raziskovalna orodja vključujejo 
nabor osnovnih raziskovalnih metod: zgodovinopisna analiza, sinteza, tipologija 
znanstvenih področij, primerjalna analiza. Novost študije je v tem, da z novega zor-
nega kota osvetljuje pomen krščanskih veroizpovedi v sodobnem družbenopolitičnem 
procesu ter pojasnjuje družbeni status pravoslavne in rimskokatoliške duhovščine v 
Ukrajini v dvajsetih in tridesetih letih 20. stoletja, oblikovanje novega političnega 
sistema in transformacijo tradicionalnih duhovnih vrednot. Na podlagi zgodovino-
pisne analize razpoložljive literature o tej problematiki lahko sklepamo, da so to 
problematiko domači zgodovinarji v večji ali manjši meri analizirali že od dvajsetih 
let prejšnjega stoletja. Dela znanstvenikov so nedvomno zapolnila pomembne vrzeli 
v zgodovini krščanskih veroizpovedi in zbrala pomembno dokumentarno gradivo. 
Toda številna vprašanja življenja pravoslavne in rimskokatoliške duhovščine v 
določenem kronološkem okviru niso bila dovolj raziskana. Najprej gre za vprašanje 
proučevanja cerkvene bibliografije, etnokonfesionalne sestave cerkva, medkonfesi-
onalnih odnosov, lokalne zgodovine in dokumentarnega filma. Vse našteto odpira 
možnosti za nadaljnje raziskave.
Ključne besede: duhovščina, vera, Ukrajina, duhovne vrednote, krščanske veroizpovedi
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