MINISTRSTVO ZA NOTRANJE ZADEVE RS PRIPOROČAM OGLED HTML RAZLIČICE, ZNOTRAJ KATERE OBE APLIKACIJI DELUJETA! Statistično programsko okolje R in Rstudio za analizo ter vizualizacijo podatkov Avtor: dr. Karl Petrič Ljubljana, 2013 Kazalo 1 Uvod 1.1 Namen 2 Možnosti uporabe Rstudia 2.1 Slika 1: Klikalni diagram možnosti uporabe Rstudia 3 Nekaj primerov vizualizacij 3.1 Slika 2: Nekatere možne vizualizacije s pomočjo Rstudia 4 Zaključek 5 Viri 5.1 Kratko navodilo o uporabi aplikacije 5.2 Preglednica 1: Svetovna bibliografija o programskem orodju R/Rstudio od leta 2000 do 2013 1 Uvod R je tako programsko orodje kot tudi programski jezik, ki se uporablja za statistično in vizualno analizo podatkov. Z R lahko delamo znotraj različnih operacijskih sistemov kot npr. Linux, Mac OS X in Windows (obstaja različica paketa R za Windows 7 / 64 in 32 bit). Velika prednost R je v tem, da že obstajajo številne razširitve, s katerimi je možno rešiti standardne statistične probleme. Omenjene razširitve je možno zlahka namestiti in s tem nadgraditi glavni del programskega orodja R. Različne funkcionalnosti kot npr. uvoz podatkov, upravljanje s podatki, vizualizacije programsko orodje R poskuša reševati s pomočjo programskih kod, kar predpostavlja pisanje programov, ki zmorejo hitro in učinkovito kompleksne postopke ponoviti. Po eni strani s od uporabnika R zahteva, da prvotno vloži nekoliko več truda, vendar po drugi strani s tem pridobi mnogo večji obseg različnih funkcionalnosti, ki se lahko nenehno razširjajo tudi s pisanjem lastnih razširitev. Tega seveda orodja kot npr. Excel ne omogočajo. Komercialna orodja kot npr. SPSS, Statistica ponujajo številne razširitve in drugih možnosti, vendar so tovrstna programska orodja cenovno gledano sorazmerno neugodna, medtem ko je R brezplačen (brezplačne so tudi številne razširitve, knjižnice skriptov ipd.). Kot primer bi zgolj na kratko opisal pozitivno izkušnjo, ki jo imam z R. Pred časom sem iskal brezplačno programsko orodje za vizualizacijo drevesnih map iz posameznih .xls, .txt idr. datotek, vendar sem našel zgolj plačljiva orodja. V nadaljevanju iskanja sem našel skript za vizualizacijo podatkov s pomočjo drevesne mape. Omenjen skript sem vstavil v statistično programsko okolje R in na ta način dosegel zaželeno. Pomanjkljivo delovanje R lahko opazimo pri določenih interaktivnih aplikacijah in vizualizacijah, ki zahtevajo izjemno visoko stopnjo kakovosti (npr. zahteven informacijski dizajn). R je krasno orodje tako za hiter zajem in preučevanje podatkov kot tudi za globljo analizo, ki zahteva razumevanje različnih kompleksnih povezanosti. Glede namestitve R na računalnik je potrebno pripomniti, da je priporočljivo namestiti najsodobnejšo različico R in Rstudio. Rstudio je grafični uporabniški vmesnik za R, ki vsebuje še dodatne funkcije in je povrhu tega dosegljiv v dveh oblikah, t.j namizni in strežniški Rstudio. V vsakem primeru je modro poleg R namestiti Rstudio, ker je delo z njim bolj pregledno kot z R konzolami. Z načinom namestitve R in Rstudia se v tem delu ne mislim ukvarjati, ker obstajajo na spletu številna navodila, ampak se bom bolj osredotočal na različne možnosti uporabe Rstudia. 1.1 Namen Prikaz raznovrstnih možnosti uporabe programskega orodja Rstudio. 2 Možnosti uporabe Rstudia V tem poglavju bodo predstavljene različne možnosti uporabe Rstudia v smeri analize, vizualizacije, simulacije in menedžmenta podatkov ter aplikacij. V ta namen bo prikazan poseben model oziroma diagram s spletnimi povezavami. 2.1 Slika 1: Klikalni diagram o R in Rstudio s poudarkom na nekatere možnosti uporabe Slika 1 prikazuje klikalni diagram o R in Rstudio s poudarkom na nekatere možnosti uporabe. Omenjen diagram s spletnimi povezavami do koristnih vsebin je zaradi boljše orientacije bralca po posameznih točkah smiselno opisati: Gor 0 R paket in GUI RSTUDIO a. RSTUDIO - omogoča dostop do glavne strani Rstudio b. R projekt - omogoča dostop do glavne strani R projketa 1 Osnovni podatki - dostop do osnov na osnovi poizvedbe znotraj R iskalnika 1.1 Nalaganje R - dostop do spletne strani za nalaganje (downloadanje) R. Na voljo so R za Linux, Windows (trenutna verzija dne 03.10.2013 je R 3.0.2 tj. za 32/64 bitni računalnik, velikost datoteke je okoli 52 MB) in Mac OS X. 1.1.1 Namestitev R - dostop do navodil, na kakšen način namestiti programsko orodje R? 1.2 Nalaganje Rstudia - dostop do datoteke Rstudio desktop (trenutna verzija dne 03.10.2013 je Rstudio 0.97.551 Windows XP/Vista/7/8, velikost datoteke je okoli 32,5 MB). 1.2.1 Namestitev Rstudia dostop do navodil, na kakšen način namestiti programsko orodje Rstudio? 1.2.2 Namestitev paketov - izdelana je bila poizvedba na Google s poudarkom na namestitev paketov z Rstudio. 1.2.3 Izdelava lastnih paketov - navodila za izdelavo lastnih paketov. Na tej spletni strani je tudi opis o izdelavi R razširitev, R paketov ipd. 1.3 Iskalnik za R - zelo zanimiv iskalnik, ki je izdelan na osnovi storitve prirejenega Google iskalnika. Poizvedbe so zelo natančne, saj je ta iskalnik osredotočen na vsebine v zvezi z R in Rstudio. Povrhu tega so izidi poizvedb organizirani v obliki pasic. 1.4 Revija R - Izvirno ime revije je The R journal, ki omogoča dostop do polnih besedil zelo kakovostnih znanstvenih člankov. Dejavnik vpliva revije za leto 2012 je bil 0,825! 2 Rešitve glede R - zanimiva spletna stran, ki v slikovni obliki (storitev Pearltrees) ponuja osnovne podatke in rešitve v zvezi z R 2.1 Primeri aplikacij - izvedena poizvedba v iskalniku R v zvezi z aplikacijami. 2.1.2 Izbor aplikacij 1 - gre za zelo zanimive primere interaktivnih spletnih aplikacij kot npr. Shiny (kliknite zeleni krogec). Tovrstnih in še boljših primerov je zelo velikega števila in zato priporočamo uporabo iskalnika R. 2.1.3 Izbor aplikacij 2 - predstavljena so le nekatera področja uporabe R kot npr. R-undelete (aplikacija za obnavljanje izgubljenih datotek - kliknite zeleni krogec), R aplikacija za psihološke raziskave (kliknite rumeni krogec) idr. 3 Področja uporabe - pripravljena poizvedba o uporabi R znotraj R iskalnika 3.1 Analiza podatkov - dostop do zadetkov z R iskalnika. 3.1.1 Primeri analiz - dostop do spletne strani (kliknite zeleni krogec), ki vsebuje skripte oziroma R kode za spletno analitiko, analizo geografskega prostora (kliknite roza krogec), analize kriminalitete s pomočjo R-GIS (kliknite moder gumb), analize besedil (kliknite rumeni krogec) idr. 3.2 Vizualizacija podatkov - dostop do zadetkov z R iskalnika s poudarkom na vizualizacijo podatkov. 3.2.1 Primeri vizualizacij - ob klikih na barvne krogce je možno spoznati del pestrosti bogatih vizualizacij, ki jih ponuja programsko orodje R oziroma Rstudio npr. drevesne mape, dendrogrami, besedni oblaki. 3.3 Programiranje podatkov - dostop do zadetkov z R iskalnika s poudarkom na programiranju podatkov. 4 R v drugih orodjih - tudi druga programska orodja, ki se ukvarjajo z odkrivanjem zakonitosti v podatkih, besedilih, omrežjih idr. je možno povezati z R. 4.1 Programska orodja - s pomočjo R vtičnikov, ki jih vgradimo v ustrezna programska orodja je možno doseči povezljivost med R in drugimi kot npr. Cytoscape, Visone, Knime, Weka, Rapid miner, Bioconductor idr. (za dostop do teh vsebin kliknite barvne krogce). 3 Nekaj primerov vizualizacij Rstudio omogoča tako prikaz številnih znanih in manj znanih vizualizacijskih tehnik (npr. raztreseni diagrami, drevesne mape, zapletena omrežja) kot tudi prirejene po scenariju določenega uporabnika. Nekateri primeri vizualizacijskih tehnik bodo prikazane v nadaljevanju. 3.1 Slika 2: Nekatere možne vizualizacije s pomočjo Rstudia Slika 2 prikazuje nekatere možne vizualizacije, ki jih je možno izvesti s pomočjo programskega orodja Rstudia. Vizualizacije so naslednje (z leve proti desni strani): a. Levo zgoraj: Cenovni kalejdoskop (angl.: CPI diagram), b. Voronoi drevesna mapa ali drevesni zemljevid (angl.: Voronoi tree map), c. hierarhična drevesna mapa ali drevesni zemljevid (angl.: hierarchical tree map), d. diagrami gostote (angl.: density plots), e. polarni diagram (angl.: polar diagrams), f. diagrami prikaza kvartilov (angl.: box plots), g. prostorski zemljevid s podatki (angl.: data spatial map), h. mrežni graf s tortnimi diagrami (angl.: network diagram with pie charts), i. toplotni graf (ali distančna mapa) z dendrogramom (angl.: heat map with dendrogram). 4 Zaključek Programsko orodje R (tako kot grafični uporabniški vmesnik Rstudio) je zastonj (odprta koda). R oziroma Rstudio se uporablja za statistične analize, bogate vizualizacije podatkov in celo za izdelavo aplikacij. Mnoga druga programska orodja omogočajo povezljivost s tem orodjem (navadno preko posebnega vtičnika). Glede na to, da je R oziroma Rstudio brezplačen in tako zmogljiv (ali celo zmogljivejši) kot IBM SPSS, za katerega plačujemo v državni upravi in šolstvu licenčnino, je vsekakor primerno opozarjati na veliko koristnost programa R (četudi ne bodo vsi želeli / znali pisati skriptov za izvajanje analiz in vizualizacij). Na Ministrstvu za notranje zadeve in organov v sestavi bi bila uporaba tega orodja koristna še zlasti npr. za Urad za organizacijo in kadre, Urad za finančne zadeve in nabavo, Direktorat za policijske in druge varnostne naloge, kriminalistično policijo in Policijsko akademijo. 5 Viri Na Google učenjaku je bila s pomočjo programskega orodja Publish or perish izvedena poizvedba v obliki besedne zveze "R software" v obdobju od leta 2000 do 04.10.2013. Bibliografski zadetki so se v nadaljevanju izvozili v .RIS in nato pretvorili v .BIB format. S pomočjo programskega orodja JabRef je bilo možno bibliografske zapise izvoziti v .HTML preglednico z iskalnikom, ki bo v nadaljevanju tega dela vidna. 5.1 Kratko navodilo o uporabi aplikacije V iskalnik vtipkate le zaželen pojem (!!!NE SPROŽITE ENTER!!!), nakar bo na desni strani vidno število zadetkov. Gumb BRISANJE pomeni, da je ob kliku nanj vzpostavljeno prvotno stanje števila zadetkov. Še nekaj korsitnih napotkov pri iskanju znotraj preglednične bibliografije: a. uporaba operatorja OR (ALI) z znakom |: npr. R SOFTWARE|RSTUDIO b. če vtipkate zgolj URL dobite kot izid samo zadetke s spletnimi povezavami (lahko uporabite tudi zgolj letnice) c. določitev časovnega razpona: npr. 201[0-13] -> zajeti bodo zgolj zapisi od leta 2010 do 2013 d. sopojavljanje dveh avtorjev: npr. Abreu.+Ramos e. v primeru, da želite imeti zgolj knjige (book) poizvedujete na naslednji način: book$ Obstajajo še druge možnosti poizvedovanja, vendar predstavljena osnova navadno zadošča. 5.2 Preglednica 1: Svetovna bibliografija o programskem orodju R/Rstudio od leta 2000 do 2013 Hitro iskanje:_Število ustreznih zadetkov: 141/141. Avtor Naslov Leto Revije/Konference Vrsto vira DOI/UR L Abreu, N. & Ramos, P. An integrated application for geostatistical analysis of sea outfall discharges based on R software 201 0 OCEANS 2010, pp. - articl e URL Adragni, K. & Raim, A. LDR: An R Software Package for Likelihood-Based Sufficient Dimension Reduction math.umbc.edu, pp. - other Agbodza, P. R SOFTWARE: A STATISTICAL TOOL FOR MODELING PHENOMENA IN GHANA 201 3 GHANA MATHEMATICS SOCIETY, pp. - other Aguilera, A., Aguilera-Morillo, M. & ... CATEGORICAL DATA MODELLING IN A VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT: SELF-LEARNING VIDEO/TUTORIA L FOR PRACTICES WITH R SOFTWARE 201 2 INTED2012 a€j, pp. - articl e URL Ahmad, R. Posterior Estimates of Poisson Distribution using R Software Shlomo S. Sawilowsky, pp. - other Ahmad, S. & Ahmad, K. Bayesian Analysis of Weibull Distribution Using R Software 201 3 Australian Journal of Basic and Applied a€j, pp. - other Ahmed, S. & Bayesian Analysis Shlomo S. Sawilowsky, pp. - other Avtor Naslov Leto Revij e/Konference Vrsto vira DOI/UR L Khan, A. of Location-Scale Family of Distributions Using S-PLUS and R Software ANDREJIOVA , M. & KIMA KOVA , Z. THE OPEN SOURCE SOFTWARE a€sRa€f IN THE STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL annals.fih.upt.ro, pp. - other Bates, D. & Sarkar, D. lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using S4 classes [R software package] 201 1 Retrieved from CRAN, pp. - other Bates, D. & Sarkar, D. lme4: linear mixed-effects models using S4 classes (version 0.9975-12)[R software package] 200 7 , pp. - other Bauer, M., Kozuch, E., Glenn, T. & ... The electronic assessment of the longitudinal course of bipolar disorder with ChronoRecord (R) software 200 8 &€j, pp. - other Bolker, B. R] software comparison 200 7 R Help Archive, pp. - other Buttrey, S. Calling the lp_solve linear program software from R, S-PLUS and Excel 200 5 Journal of Statistical Software, pp. - other Calenge, C. The package a€sadehabitata€f for the R software: a tool for the analysis of space and habitat use by animals 200 6 Ecological modelling, pp. - other URL Cangea, O., Popovici, D. & Pantea, O. Studying the eficiency of retaining ammonium on modified natural zeolites using 200 8 REVISTA DE CHIMIE, pp. - other Avtor Naslov Leto Revij e/Konference Vrsto vira DOI/UR L MATLAB (R) software programs Carey, V. ported to the R software by T 200 2 Lumley (versions 3.13 and 4.4) and B. Ripley (version &€j, pp. - other Center, N. Nutrition data system for research (NdS-R) software, version 4.06 200 3 Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, pp. - other Center, N. NDS-R software, version 4.03 200 1 Minneapolis, MN: NCC, Division of Epidemiology, &€j, pp. - other Chambers, J. Software for data analysis: programming with R 200 8 , pp. - book Chambers, J. Programming with R: Software for Data Analysis 200 8 , pp. - other Chambers, J. & Chambers, J. Errata and Notes for a€sSoftware for Data Analysis: Programming with Ra€f 200 8 Software for Data Analysis, pp. - articl e URL Chandra, H., Sud, U. & Gupta, V. Small Area Estimation under Area Level Model Using R Software js.iasri.res.in, pp. - other Chen, C. & Nie, Y. Algorithm and Implementation Write by R Software for Estimating the Transition Matrix of Homogeneous Markov Chain in Reliability Predictions 201 2 Advanced Materials Research, pp. - articl e URL Close, B. & Zurbenko, I. KZFT, R-software, package sources 201 0 , pp. - other CUI, Y., WEN, Z., CUI, L. & Tian, T. The Application of R Software in the Calculation of Volatility 201 1 Management Science and Engineering, pp. - articl e URL Dasgupta, A., GRASS with R: An wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in, pp. - other Avtor Naslov Leto Revij e/Konference Vrsto vira DOI/UR L Kumar, U., Mukhopadhyay, C. & ... Introductory Tutorial to Open Source GIS & Statistical Computing Software for Geospatial Analysis Decima, P., Degrugilliers, L., Delanaud, S. & ... Design of a software for assessing thermoneutrality in closed incubators for preterm neonates (Pretherm (R) project) 201 2 &€j, pp. - other Demmer, R., Pavlidis, P. & Papapanou, P. Bioinformatics techniques in microarray research: applied microarray data analysis using R and SAS software 201 0 Oral Biology, pp. - articl e URL DEURSEN, A.V., KLINT, A. & TOLIDO, P. R. Software Renovation in Three Steps 200 0 , pp. - other Dimitriadou, E., Hornik, K., Leisch, F., Meyer, D. & ... Miscellaneous Functions of the Department of Statistics for the R Software (e1071), TU Wien 200 6 Retrieved September, pp. - other Dobre, A. Statistical Analysis of International Migration Using R Software 201 3 , pp. - book URL Drummond, K., Chinen, M., Duncan, T., Miller, H. & ... Impact of the Thinking Reader [R] Software Program on Grade 6 Reading Vocabulary, Comprehension, Strategies, and Motivation: Final Report. NCEE a€j 201 1 National Center for a€j, pp. - other Dufour, A. & Lobry, J. From WS Gosset's pieces of card 200 8 BiomAOtrie Humaine et Anthropologie, pp. - articl e URL Avtor Naslov Leto Revij e/Konference Vrsto vira DOI/UR L (1908) to R software: analysing Macdonell's dataset of 3000 criminals. Eisenstein, J. & Puerta, A. R. Software. Adaption in automated user-interface design 200 0 Proceedings of the 2000 International Conference on &€j, pp. - other Fraga, M., Rico, A., Ferrero, C. & ... Setting-up genomic bisulfite sequencing reactions using Methyl Primer Express (R) Software 200 6 Proceedings of the a€j, pp. - articl e URL Frank, S., Savage, W. & ... Perioperative Blood Component Utilization and Clinical Outcomes Assessed Using Metavision (R) and Impact OnLine (R) Software 201 2 &€j, pp. - other FRASSON, F. & MOLIN, J. AnA'lise da variabilidade espacial da produtividade de soja utilizando recursos do software r 200 6 a€j de Agricultura de Precisao. Sao Pedro- a€j, pp. - other GarcAa-FernA'ndez, R., Sanchez, M. & A LEARNING TOOL FOR BUSINESS STUDENTS BASED ON R SOFTWARE 201 3 INTED2013 a€j, pp. - other Garff-Tavernier, ML. & ... Use of the Neurosoft ((R)) software for help to the analysis of serum electrophoresis 200 8 IMMUNO- a€j, pp. - other German, D., Adams, B. & ... The Evolution of the R Software Ecosystem 201 3 Software Maintenance and &€j, pp. - articl e URL Goncalves, G., Experience of 201 a€j in Education (SIIE), a€j, articl URL Avtor Naslov Leto Revij e/Konference Vrsto vira DOI/UR L Afonso, L., Ferreira, M. & learning apply to confidence intervals with recourse to the software R for students of higher education of the polytechnic school: Motivation, results and a€j 2 pp. - e Gowda, N., Panghal, S., Vipul, K. & ... a€j and spectrophotometric methods for simultaneous estimation of nebivolol and hydrochlorothiazide: A novel approach to multivariate calibrations by R-Software a€j 200 9 Journal of AOAC a€j, pp. - articl e URL GuA rdia-Olmos, J., PerAl- Cebollero, M. & Using SEM Library of R software to Analyze Exploratory Structural Equation Models statistics.gov.hk, pp. - other Hampson, L. & Whitehead, J. R software to accompany" Bayesian methods for the design and interpretation of trials in rare diseases". 201 3 , pp. - book URL Helsel, D. The NADA for R Software Statistics for Censored Environmental Data Using &€j, pp. - articl e URL Ho, D., Imai, K., King, G. & Stuart, E. MatchIt: Nonparametric preprocessing for parametric causal inference. R software package 200 6 , pp. - other Hobiger, T., Amagai, J., Aida, M. & A real-time GNSS-R system based on software-defined 201 2 Advances in Space Research, pp. - articl e URL Avtor Naslov Leto Revij e/Konference Vrsto vira DOI/UR L Narita, H. radio and graphics processing units Horvath, S., Shi, T., Shai, R., Chen, C. & Nelson, S. Statistical Methods Supplement and R software tutorial: Gene Filtering with a Random Forest Predictor 200 7 , pp. - other HOZHBAR, K. & MORADI, A. R SOFTWARE: PROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT FOR ECONOMETRICS AND TIME SERIES ANALYSIS 200 9 ECONOMIC MODELLING, pp. - articl e URL Iacobucci, A. & Robert, C. The Art of R Programming: A Tour of Statistical Software Design by Norman Matloff 201 2 CHANCE, pp. - articl e URL Intel, R. OpenCL SDK-Intel R Software Network 201 0 URL http://software. intel. com/en-us/articles/vcsource-&€j, pp. - other Jank, W. Appendix: Introduction to the Statistical Software R 201 1 Business Analytics for Managers, pp. - articl e URL Jember, T. Multivariate Data Analysis Using R Software: Practical Excercises for Multivariate Analysis 201 2 , pp. - book URL JOMBART, T. Performing a spatial Principal Component Analysis using the R software 200 6 , pp. - other Jr, P.R. & Diggle, P. geoR: A Package for Geostatistical Data Analysis Using the R Software 200 3 Available September, pp. - other Kasprzyk, I. Latent class models 201 , pp. - book URL Avtor Naslov Leto Revij e/Konference Vrsto vira DOI/UR L in the R software 0 Kasprzyk, I. Graphical Presentation of a Multi-Way Contingency Table in the R Software 200 9 Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica, pp. - articl e URL Khan, A. R-software: A newer tool in epidemiological data analysis 201 3 Indian journal of community medicine: official a€j, pp. - other Khan, A., Ahmed, A. & Ahmad, S. MONTE CARLO SIMULATION OF DISTRIBUTIONS USING R-SOFTWARE 200 8 &€j, pp. - other Knezevic, S., Streibig, J. & Ritz, C. Utilizing R software package for dose-response studies: the concept and data analysis 200 9 , pp. - book URL Kostadinova, K. Multiple Regression Analysis in Teaching Statistics by R Software conf.uni-ruse.bg, pp. - other Kuhnert, P. & Venables, B. An introduction to R: Software for statistical modelling & computing. Course exercise 200 5 , pp. - other Kuhnert, P., Venables, B. & Zocchi, S. An introduction to R: software for statistical modelling & computing 200 5 , pp. - book Kumar, D. A Study Applied Bayesian Statistics Using R-Software 201 2 , pp. - other Lalehzari, R., Lalehzari, N. & Kafash, B. Introduction to Numerical Simulation of Stochastic Differential Equations by Using R Software and its Finantial conf.semnan.ac.ir, pp. - other Avtor Naslov Leto Revij e/Konference Vrsto vira DOI/UR L Application LESLEY, M., FLOYD, J. & OERMANN, M. Use of MindMapper (R) Software for Research Domain Mapping 200 2 Computers Informatics Nursing, pp. - other Li, M., Yang, D., Li, W., Huang, Y. & Zhang, Y. Design and Implementation of GNSS-R Software Receiver Based on FFT 201 2 China Satellite Navigation a€j, pp. - articl e URL Liaw, A. & Weiner, M. randomForest (R software for random forest) 200 7 Fortran original (Breiman, L, pp. - other Loo, M. v. d. The Introduction and Use of R Software at Statistics Netherlands doczine.com, pp. - other Luk, C. The Intel (R) Software Autotuning Tool (ISAT) User Manual (version 1.0. 0) 201 0 , pp. - other Lumley, T. Analysis of complex samples in R (Software Review) 200 8 The Survey Statistician.[Software Review], pp. - other Magis, D. Introduction to the R software 201 3 , pp. - book URL MARINESCU, MM. & PELE, D. Applying multilevel modeling for assessing business performance in R software: case study--the companies operating in Romania's ICT sector 201 2 Journal of International Business and a€j, pp. - other Marr-Lyon, L., Gupchup, G. & Anderson, J. An evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Purdue Pharmacist Directive Guidance Scale using SPSS and R software 201 2 Research in Social and a€j, pp. - articl e URL Avtor Naslov Leto Revij e/Konference Vrsto vira DOI/UR L packages Melo, C. d., Santos, P. d. & Using of Cells Analyser (R) software in the study of image of corneal specular microscope endothelial samples (vol 71, pg 79, 2008) 200 8 ARQUIVOS a€j, pp. - other Melo, C. d., Santos, P. d. & Using of Cells Analyser (R) software in the study of image of corneal specular microscope endothelial samples 200 8 ARQUIVOS a€j, pp. - other Mendes, A., Noncheva, V. & Silva, E. Decision support for enhanced productivity with R software: an Azorean farms case study. 200 9 , pp. - book URL MihA'lik, A. AnalA'za preLl'A-vania v softvA©ri R Survival analysis in the software R a€j PhD. Fakulta managementu, Univerzita KomenskA©ho v a€j, pp. - other Moreira, M. & Souto, N. USING THE R STATISTICAL SOFTWARE IN INITIAL TERMS OF CONTROL ENGINEERING COURSE abenge.org.br, pp. - other Murison, R., Reid, J., Nguyen, N. & Ellem, B. R-Statistical and Graphical Software Notes turing.une.edu.au, pp. - other Myers, W. & Patil, G. Preliminary prioritization based on partial order theory and R software for compositional complexes in 201 0 Environmental and Ecological Statistics, pp. - articl e URL Avtor Naslov Leto Revij e/Konference Vrsto vira DOI/UR L landscape ecology, with applications to restoration, remediation, a€j Nazir, N. Bayesian Modelling for small area estimation with S-Plus and R-software 200 7 , pp. - book URL Nazir, N., Mir, A. & Maqbool, S. Applications of R Software in Bayesian Data Analysis 201 2 Int. J. Info. Sci. & Sys, pp. - other Neto, P. d.A. & Jr, P.R. A Process and Environment for Embedding the R Software into TerraLib. 200 5 GeoInfo, pp. - other Neveu, P., Domerg, C., Fabre, J., NAOgre, V., Gennari, E. & ... Using ontologies of software: example of r functions management 201 2 Resource Discovery, pp. - articl e URL Noguchi, K., Gel, Y., Brunner, E. & ... nparLD: An R Software Package for the Nonparametric Analysis of Longitudinal Data in Factorial Experiments 201 2 Journal of Statistical a€j, pp. - other Pallier, C. Computing discriminability and bias with the R software 200 2 URL http://www. pallier. org/ressources/aprime/aprime . a€|, pp. - other Pardoe, I. User's Manual for BMMP S-PLUS/R Software (version 1.3) 200 2 , pp. - other Pardoe, I. User's manual for bmmp S-PLUS and R software 200 1 , pp. - other Parsons, N., Costa, M., Achten, J. & Repeated measures proportional odds logistic regression 200 9 Computational Statistics & &€j, pp. - articl e URL Avtor Naslov Leto Revij e/Konference Vrsto vira DOI/UR L Stallard, N. analysis of ordinal score data in the statistical software package R Pebesma, E., NAEst, D. & Bivand, R. The R software environment in reproducible geoscientific research 201 2 Eos, Transactions American &€j, pp. - articl e URL Procaccianti, C., Urani, C., Stefanini, F. & Firenze, I. The assessment of mixed and intermediate foci images using the R software environment. ds.unifi.it, pp. - other Publishing, S. Sas/access (r) Software For Relational Databases: Reference, Version 8 (odbc Chapter) 200 0 , pp. - book Quinn, B., Foshay, R. & Morris, B. Teaching Early Mathematics with PLATO [R] Software: An Overview of the New PLATO Elementary Mathematics Curricula and How To Use Them. a€j 200 1 , pp. - other Ramakrishnan, M. & Ravanan, R. Estimation of Survival Distribution Using R Software ijsrp.org, pp. - other Reis, R., Muniz, J., Silva, F. & Aquino, L. a€j Monte Carlo utilizando o software R; Additive genetic variance estimates in selected and unselected populations via Monte Carlo simulation using the 200 9 CiA§nc. agrotec.,(Impr.), pp. articl e URL Avtor Naslov Leto Revij e/Konference Vrsto vira DOI/UR L R software Reis, R., Muniz, J., Silva, F. & Aquino, L. Additive genetic variance estimates in selected and unselected populations via Monte Carlo simulation using the R software 200 9 CiA§ncia e Agrotecnologia, pp. - other Resseguier, N., Giorgi, R. & Paoletti, X. O3-1.2 How to perform a sensitivity analysis exploring the impact of missing not at random data with the RA® software 201 1 Journal of Epidemiology and &€j, pp. - articl e URL Rezende, B. AnA'lise do controle estatAstico da qualidade usando o software R 201 2 , pp. - book URL Ribeiro, P. & Diggle, P. geoR: A package for geostatistical analysis using the R software 200 8 , pp. - other Roberson, J., VallA©s, E., Tarasov, K., Grayver, E. & King, K. A Flexible Software Based EMWIN/HRIT Prototype Solution for the GOES-R Transition 200 9 , pp. - other RodrAguez-LiA±ares, L., Vila, X., MA©ndez, A. & R-HRV: An R-based software package for heart rate variability analysis of ECG recordings 200 8 a€j in Systems and a€j, pp. - other Rui, W., Chen, H., Feng, Y., Shi, Z. & ... Comparision of Bupleurum scorzoneri folium Willd. Grouping from Different Habitats Based on Pattern Recognition with R Software 201 2 Advanced Materials a€j, pp. - articl e URL Rui, W., Chen, Classification of 201 Procedia Engineering, pp. - other Avtor Naslov Leto Revij e/Konference Vrsto vira DOI/UR L H., Feng, Y., Shi, Z. & Jiang, M. Astragalus Membranaceus (Fisch.) Bge. Var. Mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao from Different Areas Based on Chemometric Methods with R Software 2 Rui, W., Feng, Y., Jiang, M., Wang, X. & Shi, Z.Z. Pattern Recognition of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Metabonomics on Rats with MixOmics Package of R Software 201 1 Procedia Engineering, pp. - other Saha, S., Heiberger, R. & Fedorov, V. R Software for Constructing Optimal Designs for Bivariate Probit Model stat.ufl.edu, pp. - other Santori, G., Andorno, E., Morelli, N., Casaccia, M. & A 20-year period of orthotopic liver transplantation activity in a single center: a time series analysis performed using the R statistical software 200 9 Transplantation a€j, pp. - articl e URL Savaresi, G., Pierrottet, C. & Orzalesi, N. The IOL-Vip (R) Software: guidelines for IOL-Vip (R) implant. 200 4 Investigative Ophtalmology and Visual a€j, pp. - articl e URL Segagni, D., Ferrazzi, F., Larizza, C. & ... R engine cell: integrating R into the i2b2 software infrastructure 201 1 Journal of the a€j, pp. - articl e URL Shaffer, L. a€j the Internal Bond of Medium Density Fiberboard using Multiple Linear Regression and Quantile Regression with an 200 7 , pp. - book URL Avtor Naslov Leto Revij e/Konference Vrsto vira DOI/UR L Example of Reliability Methods using R Software Shaffer, L., Young, T., Guess, F. & ... Using R software for reliability data analysis 200 8 a€j Journal of Reliability a€j, pp. - other Sharma, V. Prediction And Forecasting Using R-Software 201 2 , pp. - other Shi, Z., Wang, L., Feng, Y., Rui, W. & ... Pattern Recognition of Fructus cnidii Toxicity Study with Chemometrics Packages of R Software 201 2 Advanced Materials a€j, pp. - articl e URL Shoemaker, J. Robust Outlier Identification Using SAS (r) Software, SUGI 24, Miami Beach, Florida, April 11a€"14, 1999 200 9 Accessed on February, pp. - other SIMULAAJA O, S. ESTIMATIVAS DE VARIA,NCIA GENA%oTICA ADITIVA EM POPULAAJA*ES SELECIONADAS E NA O- SELECIONADAS VIA SIMULAAJA O MONTE CARLO a€j SciELO Brasil, pp. - other Soetaert, K. & Meysman, F. Reactive transport in aquatic ecosystems: Rapid model prototyping in the open source software R 201 2 Environmental Modelling & Software, pp. - articl e URL Sohrabi, M., Marofi, S. & Ababaei, B. Investigation of temperature and precipitation indices by using RClimDex and R software in Semnan province 200 9 International Conference on Water Resources, pp. - other Stephen, J. BRODERBUND 200 Emedia Magazine, pp. - other Avtor Naslov Leto Revij e/Konference Vrsto vira DOI/UR L LOOKS TO MUSCLE IN ON THE CD-R SOFTWARE MARKET 2 Stoll, H., King, G. & Zeng, L. WhatIF: R Software for Evaluating Counterfactuals 200 5 , pp. - book URL Sultan, R. & Ahmad, S. Posterior Estimates of Poisson Distribution Using R Software 201 2 Journal of Modern Applied &€j, pp. - articl e URL Swift, A. The use of OsiriX (R) software and 3d Reconstructions from diagnostic images as an aid to cadaver dissection and surgical planning. 200 8 FASEB JOURNAL, pp. - other SA'nchez-Mateos, J.D. Experimentos psicolAlgicos a travA©s de Studium, anA'lisis mediante el software R. 200 8 , pp. - book URL TAO, P., SUN, Y., ZHU, G., BAI, W., DU, Q., LI, W. & ... Design and Verified of a GPS-R Software Receiver for Ocean Altimetry 200 9 Science Technology a€j, pp. - articl e URL Team, R.D.C. R software 201 0 , pp. - other Tripodi, S., Businco, D. & a€j on the diameter of the Skin Prick Test and on cutaneus Skin-index after 1.5 years of therapy. Real-life study using the AllergyCard (R) software 200 9 ALLERGY, pp. - other Velten, K. Appendix B: R (Programming Language and Software Mathematical Modeling and Simulation: Introduction for a€j, pp. - articl e URL Avtor Naslov Leto Revij e/Konference Vrsto vira DOI/UR L Environment) Vervoort, A., Govaerts, A. & Darius, P. Learning geostatistics through interactive modules based on R-software 201 1 EDULEARN11 Proceedings, pp. - articl e URL Voulgaropoulou , S., Spanos, G. & ... Analyzing Measurements of the R Statistical Open Source Software 201 2 a€j Workshop (SEW), 2012 &€j, pp. - articl e URL Wang, Y., Zhang, B. & Li, S. Differential Coherent Algorithm for Interferometric Acquisition of GNSS-R Software Receiver 201 2 Journal of Networks, pp. - articl e URL Wang, Y., Zhang, B. & Shao, D. Differential coherent algorithm based on fast navigation-bit correction for airborne GNSS-R software receivers 201 3 Tsinghua Science and Technology, pp. - articl e URL Wenxing, D. R Software and It's Application in Standardization 200 8 World Standardization & Quality Management, pp. - articl e URL Weston, M. & Robinson, T. Automation of Unit Testing in R Software 200 7 , pp. - book URL Widyaningsih, Y. PRELIMINARY PRIORITIZATION BASED ON PARTIAL ORDER THEORY using R SOFTWARE AND UPPER LEVEL SET SCAN STATISTICS HOTSPOT a€j , pp. - other Widyaningsih, Y., Myers, W. & Patil, G. Preliminary Prioritization Based on Partial Order Theory using R Software for Infant Health in Java warwick.ac.uk, pp. - articl e URL Avtor Naslov Leto Revij e/Konference Vrsto vira DOI/UR L Island Xue, Y. & Chen, L. Statistical Modeling and R Software 200 7 , pp. - other Xue, Y. & Chen, L. Statistical models and R software 200 7 Tsinghua University Press, Beijing, pp. - other Yan-hui, G. Application of R Software in Probability & Statistics Teaching 200 9 Modern Computer, pp. - other Yi, X. & Liping, C. Statistical modeling and R software 200 7 , pp. - other Yu, W. & Le, K. Towards a Secure Software Development Lifecycle with SQUARE+ R 201 2 Computer Software and Applications a€j, pp. - articl e URL Zeng, L., King, G. & Stoll, H. WhatIF: R Software for Evaluating Counterfactuals 200 5 Journal of a€j, pp. - other Zheng, J. Strategic Analysis of J & R Software, Inc 200 4 , pp. - other Izdelano s pomočjo JabRef dne 04/10/2013.