197 Key words: coastal plant communities, distribution, eastern Adriatic, NE Mediterranean, small islands, vegetation diversity. Ključne besede: obalne rastlinske združbe, razširjenost, vzhodni Jadran, SV Sredozemlje, majhni otoki, raznolikost vegetacije. Corresponding author: Nenad Jasprica E-mail: nenad.jasprica@unidu.hr Received: 7. 1. 2023 Accepted: 6. 3. 2023 Contribution to the syntaxonomy of plant communities with insular endemic species of genus Brassica (southern Croatia) Abstract Communities with constant presence of two insular endemic species of genus Brassica (B. cazzae Ginzb. et T eyber, B. mollis Vis.) were studied on the small south- eastern Adriatic islands and islets (South Croatia), following the Braun-Blanquet approach. From a total of 51 phytosociological relevés, mostly collected in the period from 2020 and 2022, eight associations and three subassociations belonging to seven alliances and six classes were identified. Brassica cazzae and B. mollis occur in a variety of habitat types (i) in bare or very shallow soils on which halophilous and halotolerant communities of the Limonion anfracti-cancellati and Anthyllidion barbae-jovis mostly thrive, (ii) on rocky crevices and cliffs with rupicolous chasmophytic vegetation of the Centaureo cuspidatae-Portenschlagiellion ramosissimae, (iii) within woody vegetation of the Pistacio lentisci-Pinion halepensis, maquis of the Oleo-Ceratonion siliquae and garrigues of the Cisto cretici-Ericion manipuliflorae, and (iv) grasslands of the Chrysopogono grylli-Koelerion splendentis. T wo associations (Plantagino holostei-Limonietum cazzae, Brassico mollis- Anthyllidetum barbae-jovis) and one subassociation (Centaureetum ragusinae limonietosum cazzae) are described for the first time. Iz vleček Preučevali smo združbe s stalno prisotnostjo dveh otoških endemičnih vrst iz rodu Brassica (B. cazzae Ginzb. et T eyber, B. mollis Vis.) na majhnih otokih in otočkih v jugovzhodnem Jadranu z Braun-Blanquetovo metodo. V obdobju med 2020 in 2022 smo naredili 51 fitocenoloških popisov in jih uvrstili v osem asociacij in tri subasociacije, ki pripadajo sedmim zvezam in šestim razredom. Brassica cazzae in B. mollis se pojavljata v različnih habitatnih tipih (i) na golih ali zelo plitvih tleh, kjer pogosto uspevajo slanoljubne in slanotolerantne združbe zvez Limonion anfracti-cancellati in Anthyllidion barbae-jovis, (ii) v skalnih razpokah in na klifih s hazmofitsko vegetacijo sten zveze Centaureo cuspidatae- Portenschlagiellion ramosissimae, (iii) v gozdni vegetaciji zveze Pistacio lentisci-Pinion halepensis, v makiji zveze Oleo-Ceratonion siliquae, v garigi zveze Cisto cretici-Ericion manipuliflorae in (iv) na traviščih zveze Chrysopogono grylli-Koelerion splendentis. Dve asociaciji (Plantagino holostei-Limonietum cazzae, Brassico mollis-Anthyllidetum barbae-jovis) in ena subasociacija (Centaureetum ragusinae limonietosum cazzae) so opisane prvič. Nenad Jasprica1  & Vanja Stamenković2  DOI: 10.2478/hacq-2022-0019 22/2 • 2023, 197–214 1 University of Dubrovnik, Institute for Marine and Coastal Research, Dubrovnik, Croatia 2 University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Botanical Garden, Department of Biology, Zagreb, Croatia 22/2 • 2023, 197–214 198 Jasprica & Stamenković Phytosociology of insular endemic Brassica species Introduction The genus Brassica L. includes about 40 taxa, distributed mainly in the Mediterranean region, southwestern Eu- rope and north-western Africa. Alongside the indigenous taxa, the genus includes the cultivated varieties, and oil- seeds as well as their products of great importance in the global economy. According to Nikolić et al. (2015), and Nikolić (2022) twenty-four Brassica taxa occur in Croatia, three of which are insular endemics: (i) Brassica botteri Vis. (endemic to the Palagruža Archipelago), (ii) B. cazzae Ginzb. et Tey- ber (endemic of the Middle Adriatic islands Vis, Kamik, Svetac and Sušac), and (iii) B. mollis Vis. (endemic of the southern Adriatic islands and islets of the Dubrovnik Re- gion). This recent taxonomic point of view is adopted in the present study, although some authors consider the above-mentioned endemic species as wild taxa closely related to Brassica oleracea L., and mostly ascribed to B. incana Ten. (e.g., Raimondo et al., 1991; Heywood & Zohary, 1995, Euro+Med, 2006+, etc.). The salt-sprayed vegetation of the low rocky coasts of the eastern Adriatic islands has been widely explored and a lot of data have been published to date (e.g., Trinajstić, 1975, 1980, 1995; Pavletić, 1983, 1992; Terzi et al., 2020, etc.). Additionally, plant communities coloniz- ing the vertical coastal cliffs of these islands have been adequately studied (e.g., Rac & Lovrić, 2002; Lovrić & Rac, 2003). However, no detailed phytosociological data on the vegetation of insular endemics of genus Brassica is so far available. This knowledge, which until now is lacking, is essential to habitat description, assessing and monitoring of their quality, searching for new localities of endangered plant communities, re-establishment of them, and the evaluation of management effects of pro- tected habitats/species. The aim of the present study is the phytosociological description, syntaxonomic assignment and assessment of the ecological relevance of plant communities character- ized by the constant presence of the endemics B. mollis and B. cazzae on the eastern Adriatic islands and islets. Material and methods Study area The study area includes some small islands of the east- ern Adriatic coast (southern Croatia): (i) the island of Koločep (2.44 km 2 ) near the city of Dubrovnik; (ii) three small islets (Kosor 0.05 km 2 , Obljak 0.03 km 2 and Stupa 0.02 km 2 ) adjacent to the southern coast of the island of Korčula (Korčula Archipelago); and (iii) the island of Sušac (4.02 km 2 ) (Figure 1, Table 1). Figure 1: Map of the studied islands and islets with endemic Brassica taxa in the southern Croatia. Site codes of the NATURA 2000 European Ecological Network in Croatia are also indicated. Slika 1: Zemljevid preučevanih otokov in otočkov z endemičnimi vrstami rodu Brassica na južnem Hrvaškem. Prikazane so tudi oznake območij omrežja NATURA 2000. Table 1: Geographic and geological features of the islands and islets studied in the southern Croatia. Tabela 1: Geografske in geološke značilnosti otokov in otočkov na južnem Hrvaškem. Island / Islet Geology period Surface area (km 2 ) Coastline length (km) Altitude (m a.s.l.) Sušac Jurassic 4.02 16.8 239 Koločep Upper Cretaceous 2.44 12.8 125 Kosor Upper Cretaceous 0.05 1.244 13 Obljak Upper Cretaceous 0.03 0.645 43 Stupa Upper Cretaceous 0.02 0.944 8 22/2 • 2023, 197–214 199 Jasprica & Stamenković Phytosociology of insular endemic Brassica species In general, these islands show a predominant W–E or WSW–ENE direction. On the small islets the coastline is mainly low and rocky. The bigger islands (Koločep and Sušac) also consist of coastal steep cliffs mostly oriented in a SW–SE direction which on Koločep and Sušac rise up to 60 or 90 (–110) m a.s.l. (Magaš et al., 2001; Rac & Lovrić, 2002). Palaeogeographically, the central Adriatic area is con- sidered to represent a Jurassic to Palaeogene Adriatic ba- sin enclosed between the Apulia carbonate platform to the southwest (Italy), and the Adriatic (Dalmatian) car- bonate platform to the northeast (Croatia) (see Vlahović et al., 2005). The investigated islands are mostly com- posed of Mesozoic carbonate rocks that are intensely fractured and karstified (Jagačić, 1970; Vlahović et al., 2005) (Table 1). Lithosol, Terra Rossa, anthropogenic and the brown soils on limestone and dolomites (calco- cambisol) are the most commonly encountered soil types in the study area (e.g., Martinović, 1986; Bognar, 1996; Ljubenkov, 2012). The island flora of Koločep and Sušac includes 446 and 189 plant taxa (species and subspecies), respectively, and is on average rich compared to other Adriatic islands of similar size (Hećimović & Hećimović, 1987; Nikolić et al., 2008; Nikolić, 2022). Mediterranean floral ele- ments, mostly circum-Mediterranean plant taxa, and therophytes predominate on the islands. Complete flo- ristic lists for the small islets of the Korčula Archipelago are not yet available. The area in question is also among the richest sites of endemic flora of the central Adriatic (Nikolić et al., 2008, 2015). On Koločep, 12 taxa are considered endemic, most of which belong to the group of Illyrian-Adriatic endemics, while there are no true is- land endemics. In contrast, there are two stenoendemic plant species on Sušac, namely Brassica cazzae and Limo- nium cazzae Bogdanović et Brullo (for details see Nikolić et al., 2008). The climate of the study area is Mediterranean with mild, humid, and rainy winters and dry/hot summers (Csa subtype of Mediterranean climate, sensu Gajić Čapka & Zaninović, 2008). The area of study which encom- passes the most remote eastern Adriatic islands is semi- arid, representing the hottest part of the Croatian coast i.e. is included in the xeromediterranean zone (Milković, 1996; Rac & Lovrić, 2002; Lovrić & Rac, 2003). Sušac has a mean annual air temperature of 16.3 °C, the lowest precipitation values (300 – 600 mm yr –1 ) on the eastern Adriatic and more than 2880 of sunshine hours per year (Perčec Tadić & Gajić Čapka, 2010; Bonacci & Ljuben- kov, 2020). For comparison, the island of Korčula has an average annual air temperature of 16.8 °C, precipitation ranges between 1000 – 1250 mm yr –1 and 2400 hours of sunshine a year (Krklec et al., 2011). The average an- nual temperature in Dubrovnik (the nearest station to Koločep) is 16.3 °C while the average annual rainfall is 1064 mm yr –1 (Meteorological and Hydrological Service of Croatia, https://klima.hr/k1/k1_2/dubrovnik.pdf). The islands and islets included in this study are part of the Important Plant Areas (IPAs) in Croatia (Alegro et al., 2010) and are part of the NATURA 2000 European Ecological Network (Anonymous, 2019; Figure 1). Phytogeographically, the majority of islets belong to the thermo-Mediterranean vegetation belt of the Oleo-Cera- tonion siliquae Br.-Bl. ex Guinochet & Drouineau 1944 with orographically conditioned exclaves (e.g., Koločep) of the meso-Mediterranean Fraxino orni-Quercion ilicis Biondi et al. ex Biondi, Casavecchia et Gigante 2013 (Pavletić, 1983). Data collection and analysis Field data were collected from fifty-one vegetation sample plots (relevés) most of which (forty-seven relevés) were conducted from July 2020 to September 2022, while the rest (four relevés) in March 2014. Vegetation was studied in accordance with the principles of the Braun-Blanquet approach (Braun-Blanquet, 1964), adopting the Interna- tional Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature (Theuri- llat et al., 2021). The plot sizes were 20–50(–100) m 2 (mode 20 m 2 ) for the Crithmo-Staticetalia, 25 m 2 for the Asplenietea trichomanis, and 20–100 m 2 (mode 100 m 2 ) for woody vegetation of the Pinetalia halepensis and small- tree vegetation of the Pistacio lentisci-Rhamnetalia alaterni (cf. Westhoff & van der Maarel, 1980). The average plot size of the relevés of the garrigue and grassland vegetation was 51 and 25 m 2 , respectively. These were largely in con- cordance with previously recommended plot sizes for par- ticular vegetation types (e.g., Chytrý & Otýpková, 2003). Vegetation was classified using numerical methods and compared with traditional syntaxonomy. The matrices consist of 119 taxa × 51 samples (relevés). The taxon scores originally recorded according to the Braun-Blanquet scale, were replaced by the 1–9 ordinal values (Whestoff & van der Maarel, 1980) before the numerical analy- ses. An agglomerative, hierarchical clustering algorithm based on Bray-Curtis similarity and Ward’s method for determination of group linkages was used (McCune & Mefford, 2006). Differences between groups obtained in the classification were tested by analysis of similarities (ANOSIM). For these purposes the PC-ORD ver. 5 and PRIMERv7 software packages (McCune & Mefford, 2006; Clarke & Gorley, 2015) were used. The delimitation of vegetation units (Tables 2–4) was carried out utilizing species groups derived from the 22/2 • 2023, 197–214 200 Jasprica & Stamenković Phytosociology of insular endemic Brassica species Braun-Blanquet technique. The results were interpreted from a syntaxonomic standpoint and the relevant syntax- onomic scheme is presented below. Geographical coor- dinates of relevés are given below each phytosociological table (Tables 2–4). The nomenclature of high-rank vegetation units also follows the syntaxonomical system (the EuroVegCheck- list) proposed by Mucina et al. (2016), and followed by Škvorc et al. (2017) except for the vegetation units of the Asplenietea trichomanis class whose classification is according to Terzi et al. (2017, 2020). The taxonomy and nomenclature of taxa follow Nikolić (2022) with the only exception being the genus Limonium for which the revision of Bogdanović & Brullo (2015) is adopted. EUNIS habitat types were determined according to Chytrý et al. (2020, version 2021-06-01), and using the Database of the European Flora and Vegetation (www. floraveg.eu). In addition, classification of the vegetation units (alliances) distinguished into habitat types of An- nex I of the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC was made ac- cording to the List of NATURA 2000 habitats declared by the Croatian Government (Anonymous, 2019). Results From the total of 51 relevés (rels.), 16 were carried out on Koločep island (halophilous bare or very shallow soils 7 rels., Aleppo pine forest 5 rels., garrigue vegetation 4 rels.), 17 in the Korčula Archipelago islets (halophilous bare or very shallow soils 7 rels., maquis vegetation 8 rels., grasslands 2 rels.), and 18 on Sušac (halophilous bare or very shallow soils 6 rels., rocky crevices and cliffs 4 rels., maquis 8 rels.). The dendrogram obtained from the hierarchical clustering analysis of the data matrix, makes possible to distinguish two main clusters (A, B) of associations (Figure 2). The first cluster (A) mainly includes rupicol - ous chasmophytic association (I), and halophilous and halotolerant associations (II), while the second cluster (B) includes associations from the garrigues (IV), woody (V) and maquis vegetation (VI). The group III represents a few relevés collected from the grasslands and maquis located alongside the low rocky sea coast. Data processing resulted in the distinction of eleven vegetation types (eight associations and three subassocia- tions) belonging to seven alliances and six classes, which are presented in phytosociological tables (T ables 2–4) and discussed below. Among them the associations Plantagino holostei-Limonietum cazzae and Brassico mollis-Anthyllide- tum barbae-jovis, and subassociation Centaureetum ragusi- nae limonietosum cazzae, are described for the first time (Tables 2, 3; Appendix 1). The complete syntaxonomic scheme is presented below [the islands or islets on which each association was found are mentioned in square brackets]: Figure 2: Hierarchical cluster analysis dendrogram based on Bray-Curtis similarity distance and Ward’s minimum variance method of the data ma- trix of 119 taxa × 51 relevés. I – Asplenietea trichomanis (E, Centaureetum ragusinae limonietosum cazzae); II – Crithmo-Staticetea (C, Plantagino holostei-Limonietum cazzae; D, Brassico mollis-Anthyllidetum barbae-jovis; B, Plantagino-Limonietum cancellatae; A, Limonietum anfracti lavatereto- sum arboreae); III – Festuco-Brometea (K, Narcisso tazettae-Asphodeletum microcarpi) and H, Myrto communis-Pistacietum lentisci; IV – Ononido- Rosmarinetea (J, Erico manipuliflorae-Calicotometum infestae); V – Pinetea halepensis ( F, Pistacio lentisci-Pinetum halepensis); VI – Quercetea ilicis (H, Myrto communis-Pistacietum lentisci; G, Pistacio lentisci-Juniperetum turbinatae; I, Oleo-Euphorbietum dendroidis coronilletosum emeroidis). Slika 2: Dendrogram hierarhične klasterske analize na osnovi razdalje podobnosti po Bray-Curtisu in Wardove metode minimalne variance in podatkovne matrike 119 taksonov × 51 popisov. 22/2 • 2023, 197–214 201 Jasprica & Stamenković Phytosociology of insular endemic Brassica species Syntaxonomic scheme Crithmo-Staticetea Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1952 Crithmo-Staticetalia Molinier 1934 Limonion anfracti-cancellati (Horvatić 1934) Mucina in Mucina et al. 2106 Plantagino-Limonietum cancellatae Horvatić (1934) 1939 [Obljak, Kosor, Stupa] Plantagino holostei-Limonietum cazzae ass. nov. hoc loco [Sušac] Limonietum anfracti Ilijanić et S. Hećimović 1982 lavateretosum arboreae Ilijanić et S. Hećimović 1982 [Koločep] Helichrysetalia italici Biondi et Géhu in Géhu et Biondi 1994 Anthyllidion barbae-jovis S. Brullo et De Marco 1989 Brassico mollis-Anthyllidetum barbae-jovis ass. nov. hoc loco [Koločep] Pinetea halepensis Bonari et Chytrý in Bonari et al. 2021 Pinetalia halepensis Biondi, Blasi, Galdenzi, Pesaresi et Vagge in Biondi et al. 2014 Pistacio lentisci-Pinion halepensis Biondi, Blasi, Galdenzi, Pesaresi et Vagge in Biondi et al. 2014 Pistacio lentisci-Pinetum halepensis De Marco, Veri et Caneva1984 [Koločep] Quercetea ilicis Br.-Bl. ex A. Bolós et O. de Bolòs in A. Bolòs y Vayreda 1950 Pistacio lentisci-Rhamnetalia alaterni Rivas-Mart. 1975 Oleo-Ceratonion siliquae Br.-Bl. ex Guinochet et Drouineau 1944 Oleo-Euphorbietum dendroidis T rinajstić 1973 coronilletosum emeroidis T rinajstić 1973 [Obljak, Kosor, Sušac] Pistacio lentisci-Juniperetum turbinatae T rinajstić 1987 ex Asensi, Díez-Garretas et Quézel 2007[Kosor, Sušac] Myrto communis-Pistacietum lentisci (Molinier 1954) Rivas-Mart. 1975 [Stupa, Sušac] Ononido-Rosmarinetea Br.-Bl. in A. Bolòs y Vayreda 1950 Cisto-Micromerietalia julianae Oberd. 1954 Cisto cretici-Ericion manipuliflorae Horvatić 1958 Erico manipuliflorae-Calicotometum infestae Horvatić 1958 [Koločep] Festuco-Brometea Br.-Bl. & Tx. ex Klika & Hadač 1944 Scorzoneretalia villosae Kovačević 1959 Chrysopogono grylli-Koelerion splendentis Horvatić 1973 Narcisso tazettae-Asphodeletum microcarpi Šegulja 1969 [Obljak] Asplenietea trichomanis (Br.-Bl. in Meier et Br.- Bl. 1934) Oberd. 1977 Centaureo dalmaticae-Campanuletalia pyramidalis T rinajstić ex Terzi et Di Pietro 2016 Centaureo cuspidatae-Portenschlagiellion ramosissimae T rinajstić ex Terzi et Di Pietro 2016 Centaureetum ragusinae Horvat ex Terzi, Jasprica et Caković 2017 limonietosum cazzae subass. nov. hoc loco [Sušac] Seven alliances were assigned to seven of the EUNIS habitat types: (1) Limonion anfracti-cancellati [EU- NIS2020 habitat code: N32, habitat type name: Medi- terranean and Black Sea rocky sea cliff and shore]; (2) Anthyllidion barbae-jovis [S71, Western Mediterranean spiny heath]; (3) Pistacio lentisci-Pinion halepensis [T3A, Mediterranean lowland to submontane Pinus forest]; (4) Oleo-Ceratonion siliquae [S51, Mediterranean maquis and arborescent matorral]; (5) Cisto cretici-Ericion manipuli- florae [S63, Eastern garrigue]; (6) Chrysopogono grylli- Koelerion splendentis [R19, Dry steppic submediterranean pasture of the Amphi-Adriatic region]; (7) Centaureo cuspidatae-Portenschlagiellion ramosissimae [U38, Medi- terranean base-rich inland cliff]. The above-mentioned alliances are also related to five habitat types of Annex I (Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC): (1) vegetated sea cliffs of the Mediterranean coasts with endemic Limonium spp. [habitat code 1240]; (2) Medi- terranean pine forests with endemic Mesogean pines [9540]; (3) Olea and Ceratonia forests [9320]; (4) eastern sub-Mediterranean dry grasslands (Scorzoneretalia villos- ae) [62A0]; and (5) calcareous rocky slopes with chasmo- phytic vegetation [8210]. Discussion Insular endemics Brassica cazzae and B. mollis occur in a variety of habitat types (Tables 2–4, Figures 2–4). These species grow (i) in bare or very shallow soils on which halophilous (Crithmo-Staticetalia) and halotolerant com- munities (Helichrysetalia italici) mostly thrive (Table 2, rels. 1–16 and 17–20); (ii) on rocky crevices and cliffs with rupicolous chasmophytic vegetation of the Cen- taureo cuspidatae-Portenschlagiellion ramosissimae (Table 3); (iii) within woody vegetation of the Pistacio lentisci- Pinion halepensis and maquis of the Oleo-Ceratonion sili- quae, and garrigues of the Cisto cretici-Ericion manipuli- florae (Table 4, rels. 1–21 and 22–25); and (iv) grasslands of the Chrysopogono grylli-Koelerion splendentis (Table 4, rels. 26–27). Brassica cazzae on the island of Sušac was found among vegetation of the association Plantagino holostei-Limoni- etum cazzae and subassociation Centaureetum ragusinae limonietosum cazzae, described here for the first time (see Tables 2, 3; see Appendix 1 for the holotypes descrip- tion). It was also found within maquis of the Pistacio len- tisci-Juniperetum turbinatae association (Oleo-Ceratonion siliquae) at the cliff top. The presence of the Artemisia ar- borescens-Coronilla valentina community of the Artemisio arborescentis-Capparidion spinosae alliance (Cymbalario- Parietarietea diffusae) was observed on the lowest part of the cliff (Figure 3B). The occurrence of this community, 22/2 • 2023, 197–214 202 Jasprica & Stamenković Phytosociology of insular endemic Brassica species not studied here, is restricted to the most thermophil- ous habitats of eastern Adriatic i.e. in South Croatia and Montenegro (Jasprica et al., 2021). Brassica mollis mostly occurs on low rocky coasts except on Koločep Island where it colonizes vertical sea-cliffs (Figure 3). It is more abundant within the stands of the association Plantagino-Limonietum cancellatae occurring on the small islets of the Korčula Archipelago in com- parison to stands of Limonietum anfracti lavateretosum arboreae or Brassico mollis-Anthyllidetum barbae-jovis en- countered on Koločep (Table 2). According to Terzi et al. (2020), this species (attributed to B. incana) was found on the island of Vis within the association Pimpinello lithophyllae-Centaureetum issaeae of the central Adriatic endemic alliance Capparo orientalis-Aurinion leucadeae (Helichrysetalia italici). From sea level to the most elevated localities of the study area, the pattern of vegetation distribution follows the environmental gradient and is represented by three main vegetation groups. The first group encompasses the halophilous and halotolerant vegetation of salt-sprayed areas near the sea. It includes (a) the halo-rupicolous chasmophytic communities, represented by different vi- cariant associations of the “Crithmo-Limonietum s.l.”, and (b) the nano-phanerophytic and chamaephytic vegetation of the Helichrysetalia italici. The second group is represented by the rupicol- ous chasmophytic vegetation of the Centaureo cuspidatae-Portenschlag- iellion ramosissimae which thrives on the summits of high cliffs and is weakly affected by the marine aero- sol. Finally, vegetation stands with shrubs (maquis and garrigues) and small trees (Pinetalia halepensis) oc- curring inland comprises the third group. However, due to the gener- ally low altitudes that characterize the study area and especially the small islets, salt spray affects even the most remote locations of the elevation gradient. Figure 3: Schemes of the distribution of the plant communities along the altitudinal gradient of the vertical sea-cliffs on the islands of Koločep (A) and Sušac (B), and over the islets of Obljak (C, max. 43 m a.s.l.), Kosor (D, max. 13 m a.s.l.), and Stupa (E, max. 8 m a.s.l.). Abbreviations – 1. Limonietum anfracti lavateretosum arboreae, 2. Brassico mollis-Anthyllidetum barbae-jovis, 3. Erico manipuliflorae-Calicotometum infestae, 4. Pistacio lentisci-Pinetum halepensis, 5. Artemisia arborescens-Coronilla valentina community, 6. Plantagino holostei-Limonietum cazzae, 7. Centaureetum ragusinae limonietosum cazzae, 8. Pistacio lentisci-Juniperetum turbinatae, 9. Plantagino-Limonietum cancellatae, 10. Narcisso tazettae-Asphodeletum microcarpi, 11. Oleo-Euphorbietum dendroidis coronilletosum emeroidis, 12. Myrto communis-Pistacietum lentisci (Drawn by V. Stamenković). Slika 3: Shema razširjenosti rastlinskih združb vzdolž višinskega gradienta na vertikalnih morskih klifih na otokih Koločep (A) in Sušac (B) in na otočkih Obljak (C, maks. 43 m nmv), Kosor (D, maks. 13 m nmv) in Stupa (E, maks. 8 m nmv). Okrajšave – 1. Limonietum anfracti lavateretosum arboreae, 2. Brassico mollis-Anthyllidetum barbae-jovis, 3. Erico manipuliflorae-Calicotometum infestae, 4. Pistacio lentisci-Pinetum halepensis, 5. Združba Artemisia arborescens-Coronilla valentina, 6. Plantagino holostei-Limonietum cazzae, 7. Centaureetum ragusinae limonietosum cazzae, 8. Pistacio lentisci-Juniperetum turbinatae, 9. Plantagino-Limonietum cancellatae, 10. Narcisso tazettae-Asphodeletum microcarpi, 11. Oleo-Euphorbietum dendroidis coronilletosum emeroidis, 12. Myrto communis-Pistacietum lentisci (Slika V . Stamenković). 22/2 • 2023, 197–214 203 Jasprica & Stamenković Phytosociology of insular endemic Brassica species Our data did not confirm the presence of B. mollis within the chasmophytic vegetation of the Seslerio robus- tae-Putorietum calabricae association (Centaureo cuspida- tae-Portenschlagiellion ramosissimae) in Koločep, as has been previously reported by Horvatić (1971). The Seslerio robustae-Putorietum calabricae does not include halophil- ous species (Terzi & Jasprica, 2020). The vegetation distribution across the vertical cliff height gradient described above (see also Figure 3) is largely consistent with a general scheme of typical chain succession of microhabitats on Mediterranean cliffs, to which correspond various vegetation typologies described by Biondi (2007, p. 6). According to this scheme (op. cit.), the vegetation types are arranged on the vertical profile from bottom to top of the cliffs as follows: 1) halo-rupicolous chasmophytic vegetation of Crithmo- Staticetalia; 2) halotolerant chamaephytic garrigue veg- etation of Helichrysetalia italici (Euphorbion pithyusae); 3) therophytic vegetation of Malcolmietalia ramosissimae; 4) the halotolerant nano-phanerophytic and chamaephytic vegetation of Anthyllidion barbae-jovis; 5) the bushy and small-tree vegetation of Quercetea ilicis; and 6) the rupi- colous chasmophytic vegetation of Asplenietea tricho- manis. However, the halotolerant chamaephytic garrigue vegetation of the ledges of the cliffs with early soil is not found in our case. In addition, Škvorc et al. (2017) sug- gested that subaerohaline dwarf scrub of Crucianellion rupestris probably occurs on salt-sprayed cliffs in Croatia, but due to the lack of relevant vegetation data, its occur- rence is still unconfirmed. In this study we describe two new associations (Plan- tagino holostei-Limonietum cazzae and Brassico mollis-An- thyllidetum barbae-jovis) within the Crithmo-Staticetalia and Helichrysetalia italici, respectively. The Limonium vegetation of the island of Sušac was originally classified in the Plantagino-Limonietum cancellati but without this assignment being substantiated by quotation of relevé clusters (e.g., Rac & Lovrić, 2002). However, Bogdanović and Brullo (2015) report that Limonium cancellatum (Bernh. ex Bertol.) Kuntze is restricted to the North Adri- atic calcareous rocky coasts, whereas in the vertical cliffs of Sušac island it is replaced by Limonium cazzae. For this reason, the new endemic association Plantagino holostei- Limonietum cazzae is defined, differentiated by the pres- ence / dominance of Limonium cazzae and Plantago hol- osteum (Table 2, Appendix 1). In addition, for the same reason, the new halophilous subassociation Centaureetum ragusinae limonietosum cazzae is here proposed, and dis- tinguished by the steno-endemic Limonium cazzae (Table 3, Appendix 1). The halophytic aspect of the Centauree- tum ragusinae association is characterized by the presence of some ingressive taxa from the Crithmo-Staticetea class (Crithmum maritimum, Lotus cytisoides, Limonium spp.). According to Terzi and Jasprica (2020), stands of other two subassociations (C.r. typicum, C.r. limonietosum can- cellati) are also under direct influence of sea-born salt spray over altitudinal gradient of vertical cliffs. The case of Anthyllis barba-jovis L. is interesting. This species is endemic to the central Mediterranean and common in the central and southern Adriatic islands (see Nikolić, 2022). However, few data are available on the vegetation of Anthyllidion barbae-jovis in the eastern Adriatic. This alliance was documented by six relevés of A. barba-jovis dominated stands on the coastal cliffs of Vis Island (Terzi et al., 2020). Biondi et al. (1997) reported that A. barba-jovis also occurs in other habitats (e.g., in different syntaxa of Quercetea ilicis), but this was not observed in our study. In our case, this habitat type is more associated with the rocky sea cliffs and coasts of the Mediterranean and Black Seas (N32) than with the western Mediterranean thorny heath (S71) (cf. Chytrý et al., 2020). However, the Anthyllidion barbae-jovis alliance is defined as only one part of this habitat type, occurring in Corsica, Sardinia, Pantelleria and the Gulf of Taranto. Anthyllis barba-jovis appears not to tolerate competition and thrives far from its optimum conditions only in localities where other shrubs are lacking (Fanelli et al., 2004). In addition, it is worth noting that vegetation structure of rocky shores is not only influenced by species salt tolerance, but also, by the chemical composition of the marine aerosol at a regional or local scale (Fanelli et al., 2004; Tedeschi & Piazzola, 2010). In case of smallest islets, halophilous and halotolerant vegetation largely overlap i.e. the strong dominance of species such as Limonium spp. or Helichrysum italicum, even Crithmum maritimum may be masked due to the continuous influence of the sea (waves, salt spray and strong wind) over altitudinal gradient. Here, we consider the stands with Anthyllis barba-jovis and Brassica mollis as a new association the Brassico mollis- Anthyllidetum barbae-jovis, which is differentiated from the Anthyllis barba-jovis community known from the is- land of Vis (Terzi et al., 2020) due to the presence of B. mollis. However, the study of A. barba-jovis vegetation of eastern Adriatic requires further improvement and col- lecting phytosociological data from other additional ar- eas of Croatian territory (e.g., Franjić et al., 2003). This would make possible comparison of the communities on a large-scale i.e. from Central Mediterranean and/or Ital- ian territory (see also Terzi et al., 2020). Unfortunately, studies of the vegetation with B. botteri – species distributed in the most remote Croatian islets of the Palagruža Archipelago – planned as a research cruise within the project for early summer 2020 were cancelled 22/2 • 2023, 197–214 204 Jasprica & Stamenković Phytosociology of insular endemic Brassica species due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Data on its phytosoci- ology still remains unknown. Lovrić & Rac (2003), with- in their general discussion of the vegetation synecology in Palagruža, mention that B. botteri have marked as “one of six insular endemics of central Adriatic found within the aerosaline vegetation”. This work provides new insight on the coastal and sub- coastal vegetation of the islands and islets and its rarity. The association of these species with specific NATURA 2000 habitat types demonstrates the value of protecting and conserving both species and habitats. Both halophil- ous and halotolerant communities are threatened by tour- Figure 4: Brassica mollis Vis. occurs within the distinct vegetation typologies: A – Aleppo Pine forest of the Pistacio lentisci-Pinion halepensis, B – halotolerant vegetation of the Anthyllidion barbae-jovis, C – xerothermic vegetation of the Oleo-Ceratonion siliquae, D – halophilous vegetation on the low rocky coast of the Limonion anfracti-cancellati. A-C – the island of Koločep, D – the islet of Kosor, Korčula Archipelago (Photo by N. Jasprica). Slika 4: Brassica mollis Vis. se pojavlja v različnih vegetacijskih tipih: A – gozd alepskega bora zveze Pistacio lentisci-Pinion halepensis, B – vegetaciji, tolerantni na morsko sol zveze Anthyllidion barbae-jovis, C – kserotermni vegetaciji zveze Oleo-Ceratonion siliquae, D – halofilni vegetaciji na nižje ležečih skalnatih obalah zveze Limonion anfracti-cancellati. A-C – otok Koločep, D – otoček Kosor, arhipelag Korčula (foto N. Jasprica). 22/2 • 2023, 197–214 205 Jasprica & Stamenković Phytosociology of insular endemic Brassica species ism which is an emerging industry in the area. However, the rarity of these communities and taxa (some of them statutorily strictly protected by Croatian laws) suggests the need for a combined in-situ and ex-situ conserva- tion strategy, with collecting, multiplying and conserv- ing ex-situ of the more threatened taxa. Additionally, coastal cliffs and small islets form important nesting sites to pelagic and coastal seabirds, especially where these are inaccessible to predators and undisturbed by human or animals (e.g. no grazing). Unfortunately, from a phytosociological point of view, the lack of studies on remote south-eastern Adriatic is- lands is still evident and effort has to be made to acquire knowledge of the syntaxonomy and ecology of the islands’ local communities. We believe that the most significant result of this paper lies in the information on the small islands’ vegetation in this part of the NE Mediterranean. Nevertheless, given the relatively small area studied, the results should be read and analysed in the context of the anthropogenic influences that are occurring as a general- ized phenomenon throughout the Mediterranean basin. Acknowledgements This study is a part of the project Agrobiodiversity – the basis for adaptation and mitigation of climate change in agriculture (KK.05.1.1.02.0005, 2019-2022). The au- thors also thank Steve Latham (United Kingdom) for im- proving the English. Disclosure statement No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). Nenad Jasprica  https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9457-0300 Vanja Stamenković  https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0812-1627 References Alegro, A., Bogdanović, S., Brana, S., Jasprica, N., Katalinić, A., Kovačić, S., Nikolić, T., Milović, M., Pandža, M. Posavec-Vukelić, V., Randić, M., Ruščić, M., Šegota, V., Šincek, D., Topić, J., Vrbek, M., & Vuković, N. (2010). Important Plant Areas in Croatia. Zagreb: Školska knjiga (in Croatian). Anonymous (2019). Regulation on the ecological network and the competences of public institutions for the management of ecological network areas. Official Gazette (OG). 80. (in Croatian). Biondi, E. (2007). 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Junk Publishers. 22/2 • 2023, 197–214 207 Jasprica & Stamenković Phytosociology of insular endemic Brassica species Appendix 1 Holotypes of the new plant communities Plantagino holostei-Limonietum cazzae ass. nov. hoc loco [Sušac Island, holotypus Table 2, relevé no. 11, alti- tude 40 m a.s.l., aspect S-SE, slope 80°, plot size 25 m 2 , vegetation cover 25%, 2.9.2022.]: Plantago holosteum Scop. (1), Limonium cazzae Bogdanović et Brullo (2), Crithmum maritimum L. (1), Lotus cytisoides L. (1), Si- lene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke subsp. angustifolia Hayek (+), Daucus carota L. subsp. hispanicus (Gouan) Thell. (+), Capparis orientalis Veill. (+), Aurinia leucadea (Guss.) K. Koch (+), Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don (1), Allium commutatum Guss. (+), Brassica cazzae Ginzb. et Teyber (1), Inula verbascifolia (Willd.) Hausskn. (+), Pa- rietaria judaica L. (+), Reichardia picroides (L.) Roth (+), Dactylis glomerata L. subsp. hispanica (Roth) Nyman (+), Desmazeria marina (L.) Druce (+), Valantia muralis L. (+), Melilotus italica (L.) Lam. (+). Brassico mollis-Anthyllidetum barbae-jovis ass. nov. hoc loco [Koločep Island, holotypus Table 2, relevé no. 17, altitude 20 m a.s.l., aspect S, slope 90°, plot size 30 m 2 , vegetation cover 40%, 10.3.2014.]: Limonium dictyophorum (Tausch) Degen (1), Anthyllis barba-jovis L. (3), Crithmum maritimum L. (+), Lotus cytisoides L. (+), Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke subsp. angustifolia Hayek (+), Capparis orientalis Veill (+), Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br. (+), Elymus pycnanthus (Godr.) Melderis (+), Allium ampeloprasum L. (1), Brassica mollis Vis. (1), Smilax aspera L. (+), Asparagus acutifolius L. (+), Ephedra fragilis Desf. subsp. campylopoda (C.A. Mayer) Asch. et Graeb. (+), Rubus ulmifolius Schott (+), Juniperus phoenicea L. (+), Lonicera implexa Aiton (+), Phillyrea media L. (+), Umbilicus horizontalis (Guss.) DC. (+), Brachypodium retusum (Pers.) P . Beauv. (1), Pallenis spinosa (L.) Cass. (r), Euphorbia characias L. subsp. wulfenii (Hoppe ex Koch) A. M. Sm. (r), Bromus madritensis L. (+), Brachypodium distachyon (L.) P. Beauv. (+), Crupina crupinastrum (Moris) Vis. (+), Sonchus asper (L.) Hill subsp. glaucescens (Jord.) Ball (1), Carduus pycnocephalus L. (r). Centaureetum ragusinae limonietosum cazzae subass. nov. hoc loco [Sušac Island, holotypus Table 3, relevé no. 1, altitude 60 m a.s.l., aspect SE, slope 85°, plot size 25 m 2 , vegetation cover 40%, 2.9.2022.]: Centaurea ragusina L. subsp. ragusina (3), Limonium cazzae Bogdanović et Brullo (+), Inula verbascifolia (Willd.) Hausskn. (1), Allium ampeloprasum L. (+), Capparis orientalis Veill. (+), Aurinia leucadea (Guss.) K. Koch (+), Teucrium flavum L. (r), Sonchus asper (L.) Hill subsp. glaucescens (Jord.) Ball (r), Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don (2), Lotus cytisoides L. (2), Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke subsp. angustifolia Hayek (1), Crithmum maritimum L. (1), Ficus carica L. (+), Senecio bicolor (Willd.) Tod. (+), Brassica cazzae Ginzb. et Teyber (r), Pistacia lentiscus L. (+), Asparagus acutifolius L. (r), Juniperus phoenicea L. (+), Brachypodium retusum (Pers.) P. Beauv. (1), Reichardia picroides (L.) Roth (+), Dactylis glomerata L. subsp. hispanica (Roth) Nyman (+). Appendix 2 Syntaxa quoted in the text and tables (in alphabetical order), but not in scheme Artemisia arborescens-Coronilla valentina community Artemisietea vulgaris Lohmeyer et al. in Tx. ex von Rochow 1951 Artemisio arborescentis-Capparidion spinosae Biondi, Blasi et Galdenzi in Biondi et al. 2014 Cakiletea maritimae Tx. et Preising in Tx. ex Oberd. 1952 Capparo orientalis-Aurinion leucadeae Lovrić ex Terzi, Bogdanović, D’Amico et Jasprica 2020 Chenopodietea Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1952 Crucianellion rupestris S. Brullo et Furnari 1990 Cymbalario-Parietarietea diffusae Oberd. 1969 Dittrichietea viscosae Trinajstić, B.Foucault et Jasprica 2019 Euphorbion pithyusae Biondi et Gehu in Gehu et Biondi 1994 Lygeo sparti-Stipetea tenacissimae Rivas-Mart. 1978 nom. conserv. propos. (Thero-Brachypodietea Br.-Bl. in Br.- Bl. et al. 1947) Malcolmietalia ramosissimae Rivas Goday 1958 Papaveretea rhoeadis S. Brullo et al. 2001 nom. conserv. propos. Pimpinello lithophyllae-Centaureetum issaeae T erzi, Bogda- nović, D’Amico et Jasprica 2020 Quercetea pubescentis Doing-Kraft ex Scamoni et Passarge 1959 Saginetea maritimae Westhoff et al. 1962 Salicornietea fruticosae Br.-Bl. et Tx. ex A. Bolòs y Vayreda et O. de Bolòs in A. Bolòs y Vayreda 1950 Seslerio robustae-Putorietum calabricae Horvatić ex Birač 1973 22/2 • 2023, 197–214 208 Jasprica & Stamenković Phytosociology of insular endemic Brassica species Relevé number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11* 12 13 14 15 16 17* 18 19 20 Localities Kol Kol Kol Stu Stu Kos Kos Kos Ob Ob Suš Suš Suš Suš Suš Suš Kol Kol Kol Kol Altitude (m a.s.l.) 10 5 5 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 40 40 50 50 25 25 20 30 30 25 Aspect S S SW S N S S S NW SW S-SE S-SE S-SE S-SE NW NW S S E E Slope (°) 90 80 90 5 5 5 10 10 20 20 80 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 Plot size (mq) 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 25 20 20 20 25 25 30 25 30 25 Vegetation cover (%) 25 25 20 20 20 20 20 20 25 20 25 30 20 25 20 20 40 40 25 30 Limonietum anfracti lava- teretosum arboreae Plantagino-Staticetum cancellatae Plantagino holostei- Limonietum cazzae Brassico mollis- Anthyllidetum barbae-jovis Char. Ass. Limonium dictyophorum (Tausch) Degen + + 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 + + + Lavatera arborea L. . + + . . . . . + . . . . . . r . + . . Limonium cancellatum (Bernh. ex Bertol.) Kuntze . . . 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 . . . . . . . . . . Plantago holosteum Scop. + . . + . . + . . + 1 2 . 2 + r . . . . Limonium cazzae Bogdanović et Brullo . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 2 3 1 2 . . . . Anthyllis barba-jovis L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 2 1 Limonion anfracti-cancellati Crithmum maritimum L. 2 2 2 2 1 + + + 1 + 1 1 2 2 2 2 + . + + Lotus cytisoides L. 1 1 1 2 2 + + + 2 + 1 1 1 1 1 1 + . . . Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke subsp. angustifolia Hayek 2 1 + . . + . + 2 + + . . . 1 1 + + + + Silene sedoides Poir. . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 + . + . . . . Daucus carota L. subsp. hispanicus (Gouan) Thell. . . . . . . . . . . + + + . 1 1 . . . . Capparo orientalis-Aurinion leucadeae Capparis orientalis Veill. + . . . . . . . . . + . . + . . + + . . Aurinia leucadea (Guss.) K. Koch . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . Anthyllidion barbae-jovis Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . Crithmo-Staticetea Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don + 1 1 + + 1 1 1 1 1 1 + . . 2 1 . 1 2 . Allium commutatum Guss. . . . + + + + + + + + + . . . . . 2 2 1 Elymus pycnanthus (Godr.) Melderis 1 1 + 1 1 . 1 1 . 1 . . . . . . + + . . Allium ampeloprasum L. . . . + . . . + + + . . . . . . 1 . . . Brassica mollis Vis. 1 1 + 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 Brassica cazzae Ginzb. et T eyber . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 . + + . . . . Quercetea ilicis Coronilla valentina L. + + + + + + + + . . . . . . . . . + . . Smilax aspera L. + + . + . . + . . . . . . . . . + + . . Asparagus acutifolius L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . Ephedra fragilis Desf. subsp. campylopoda (C. A. Mayer) Asch. et Graeb. + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + Rubus ulmifolius Schott + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . Juniperus phoenicea L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . Lonicera implexa Aiton + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . Euphorbia dendroides L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . Phillyrea media L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . Pistacia lentiscus L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . Olea europaea L. . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + T eucrium flavum L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + Table 2: Phytosociological relevés of the halophilous and halotolerant plant communities with endemic Brassica taxa in southern Croatian islands and islets. Abbreviations: Kol – Koločep, Suš – Sušac, Stu – Stupa, Kos – Kosor, Ob – Obljak. Tabela 2: Fitocenološki popisi slanoljubnih in slanotolerantnih rastlinskih združb z endemičnimi vrstami rodu Brassica na otokih in otočkih na južnem Hrvaškem. Okrajšave: Kol – Koločep, Suš – Sušac, Stu – Stupa, Kos – Kosor, Ob – Obljak. 22/2 • 2023, 197–214 209 Jasprica & Stamenković Phytosociology of insular endemic Brassica species Relevé number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11* 12 13 14 15 16 17* 18 19 20 Ononido-Rosmarinetea Rosmarinus officinalis L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . Erica manipuliflora Salisb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . Asplenietea trichomanis Inula verbascifolia (Willd.) Hausskn. . 2 + . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . + Parietaria judaica L. + + . + + . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . Sedum ochroleucum Chaix + + . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . Hyoscyamus albus L. + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phagnalon rupestre (L.) DC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 + . Umbilicus horizontalis (Guss.) DC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . Lygeo sparti-Stipetea tenacissimae Reichardia picroides (L.) Roth 1 1 + . . . . . . . + + + + + 1 . . 1 1 Brachypodium retusum (Pers.) P . Beauv. + + . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1 1 + 2 Bromus erectus Huds. + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pallenis spinosa (L.) Cass. + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r 1 . . Euphorbia characias L. subsp. wulfenii (Hoppe ex Koch) A. M. Sm. + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r r . . Dactylis glomerata L. subsp. hispanica (Roth) Nyman . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . 1 1 Bromus madritensis L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . Brachypodium distachyon (L.) P . Beauv. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + . Crupina crupinastrum (Moris) Vis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . Orobanche minor Sm. . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dittrichietea viscosae Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter + + . + + + + + + + . . . . . . . . . . Cakiletea maritimae Atriplex prostrata DC. . . . + + + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . Saginetea maritimae Desmazeria marina (L.) Druce + . . . . . . . . . + . + + . . . . . . Parapholis incurva (L.) C. E. Hubb. + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Artemisietea vulgaris Sonchus asper (L.) Hill subsp. glaucescens (Jord.) Ball + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . + Salicornietea fruticosae Arthrocnemum macrostachyum (Moric.) C. Koch . . 3 + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Festuco-Brometea Valantia muralis L. 1 + . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . Papaveretea rhoeadis Carduus pycnocephalus L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r + . . Melilotus italica (L.) Lam. . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . + . . *Holotypus Geographical coordinates of relevés. Koločep: Rels.: 1, 17 (10.3.2014.) 42.668876 N, 18.014574 E; Rels.: 2, 18 (10.3.2014.) 42.668147 N, 18.015144 E; Rel.: 3 (1.10.2021.) 42.668123 N, 18.015459 E; Rel.: 19 (7.7.2020.) 42.662381 N, 18.019255 E; Rel.: 20 (1.10.2021.) 42.669339 N, 18.014273 E; Sušac: Rels: 11-14 (2.9.2022.) 42.750716 N, 16.490454 E; Rel.: 15 (6.7.2022.) 42.752225 N, 16.491088 E; Rel.: 16 (6.7.2022.) 42.751368 N, 16.492643 E; Stupa: Rels.: 4, 5 (7.7.2020.) 42.894411 N, 16.786779 E; Kosor: Rel.: 6 (15.7.2022.) 42.901277 N, 16.762046 E; Rels: 7, 8 (15.7.2020.) 42.900151 E, 16.763470 E; Obljak: Rel: 9 (6.7.2022.) 42.904517 E, 16.749472 E; rel. 10 (6.7.2022.) 42.903721 N, 16.749435 E. 22/2 • 2023, 197–214 210 Jasprica & Stamenković Phytosociology of insular endemic Brassica species Table 3: Centaureetum ragusinae limonietosum cazzae on the island of Sušac (Suš). Tabela 3: Centaureetum ragusinae limonietosum cazzae na otoku Sušac (Suš). Relevé number 1* 2 3 4 Localities Suš Suš Suš Suš Altitude (m a.s.l.) 60 60 70 27 Aspect SE SE E NW Slope (°) 85 90 90 90 Plot size (mq) 25 25 25 25 Vegetation cover (%) 40 40 45 60 Char. Ass. Centaurea ragusina L. subsp. ragusina 3 3 3 3 Phagnalon graecum Boiss. et Heldr. . r + . Diff. subassociations Limonium cazzae Bogdanović et Brullo + + + + Asplenietea trichomanis Inula verbascifolia (Willd.) Hausskn. 1 1 1 1 Allium ampeloprasum L. + . . + Capparis orientalis Veill. + . . . Aurinia leucadea (Guss.) K. Koch + . . . T eucrium flavum L. r . . . Sonchus asper (L.) Hill subsp. glaucescens (Jord.) Ball r . . . Phagnalon rupestre (L.) DC. . . + . Umbilicus horizontalis (Guss.) DC. . + . . Crithmo-Staticetea Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don 2 1 1 1 Lotus cytisoides L. 2 + 1 2 Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke subsp. angustifolia Hayek 1 + + 2 Crithmum maritimum L. 1 2 . + Ficus carica L. + + . . Allium commutatum Guss. . . + 1 Silene sedoides Poir. . + . . Daucus carota L. subsp. hispanicus (Gouan) Thell. . . 2 . Senecio bicolor (Willd.) T od. + . . . Brassica cazzae Ginzb. et Teyber r + + + Anthyllidion barbae-jovis Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br. . r . . Quercetea ilicis Pistacia lentiscus L. + + r + Asparagus acutifolius L. r 1 + + Juniperus phoenicea L. + . 1 . Smilax aspera L. . . r . Lygeo sparti-Stipetea tenacissimae Brachypodium retusum (Pers.) P . Beauv. 1 1 1 1 Reichardia picroides (L.) Roth + 1 1 . Dactylis glomerata L. subsp. hispanica (Roth) Nyman + . + . Valantia muralis L. . . r . Centaurium erythraea Rafn . . + . Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf . . . + Ononido-Rosmarinetea Rosmarinus officinalis L. . . . 1 Festuco-Brometea Petrorhagia saxifraga (L.) Link . . + + Aethionema saxatile (L.) R. Br. subsp. scopulorum (Ronniger) I. A. Anderson, A. Carlström, Franzén, Karlenet H. Nybom . r . . Desmazeria rigida (L.) T utin . . . + *Holotypus Geographical coordinates of relevés. Sušac: Rels.: 1–3 (2.9.2022.) 42.750716 N, 16.490454 E, Rel. 4 (6.7.2022.) 42.752135 N, 16.489985 E. 22/2 • 2023, 197–214 211 Jasprica & Stamenković Phytosociology of insular endemic Brassica species Relevé number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Localities Kol Kol Kol Kol Kol Kos Kos Suš Suš Suš Suš Stu Stu Suš Suš Ob Ob Kos Kos Suš Suš Kol Kol Kol Kol Ob Ob Altitude ( m a.s.l.) 22 23 26 31 41 10 10 23 26 25 18 4 5 10 10 8 8 8 8 50 50 22 23 27 38 4 5 Aspect . . . E E S S . . . SE S S SW SW NW SW S S SE SE . . E E NW SW Slope (°) . . . 5 5 5 10 . . . 5 10 10 5 5 5 5 10 10 90 90 . . 5 10 2 2 Plot size (mq) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 20 20 50 50 50 50 20 20 50 20 30 25 100 50 25 25 Vegetation cover (%) 100 100 100 90 90 80 80 90 90 100 90 90 90 80 90 80 80 80 80 70 70 70 90 90 90 60 70 Pistacio lentisci-Pinetum halepensis Pistacio lentisci-Juniperetum turbinatae Myrto communis- Pistacietum lentisci Oleo-Euphorbietum dendroidis coronilletosum emeroidis Erico manipuliflorae- Calicotometum infestae Narcisso- Aspho- deletum Char. Ass. Pinus halepensis Mill. 5 4 4 4 4 . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . Pistacia lentiscus L. 2 3 3 3 4 1 1 2 2 2 1 4 4 3 4 2 2 2 2 . . 1 1 + + . . Juniperus phoenicea L. 1 + + 1 1 3 3 4 4 3 4 + + + + . . + . . . . + . . . . Myrtus communis L. + 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 + + 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 . . . . . . . . Euphorbia dendroides L. r . . . . . r . r . . . . . . 3 2 3 3 3 3 . . . . . r Olea europaea L. . + . . + + + . . . . . . . . 4 4 3 3 2 2 . 1 1 . + . Erica manipuliflora Salisb. + . . + . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . 1 2 2 2 . . Calicotome villosa (Poiret) Link (incl. C. infesta (C. Presl) Guss.) 1 + 1 2 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 3 4 . . Narcissus tazetta L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r 1 1 1 . . . . . . 3 3 Asphodelus aestivus Brot. . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . 3 3 Quercetea ilicis Prasium majus L. 1 + 1 1 + . . . . . . . . . + . . . . + . + + + 1 . . Asparagus acutifoliusL. 1 1 1 + 2 + + 1 1 + + + + 1 + + + 1 1 + . . . . . . . Coronilla valentina L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . + . . . . . . Lonicera implexa Aiton + + + + 1 + + 1 + + + . . . . + . 1 1 . . . . . . . . Phillyrea latifolia L. + 1 1 1 1 + + . + + . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . Smilax aspera L. 2 1 . + + + + + + + + . . . + + . 1 1 . . . . . . . . Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. macrocarpa (Sm.) Ball + 1 . + 1 . + . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . 1 1 1 . . Ephedra fragilis Desf. subsp. campylopoda (C. A. Mayer) Asch. et Graeb. + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Laurus nobilis L. 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceratonia siliqua L. . . . + 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 4: Phytosociological relevés of woody and small-tree vegetation, garrigue and grassland plant communities with endemic Brassica taxa in southern Croatian islands and islets. Abbreviations: Kol – Koločep, Suš – Sušac, Stu – Stupa, Kos – Kosor, Ob – Obljak. Tabela 4: Fitocenološki popisi rastlinskih združb lesnate in nizke gozdne vegetacije, garige in travišč z endemičnimi vrstami rodu Brassica na otokih in otočkih na južnem Hrvaškem. Okrajšave: Kol – Koločep, Suš – Sušac, Stu – Stupa, Kos – Kosor, Ob – Obljak. 22/2 • 2023, 197–214 212 Jasprica & Stamenković Phytosociology of insular endemic Brassica species Relevé number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Rhamnus alaternus L. + + 1 + 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rubia peregrina L. + + + + 1 + + . + + . . . . . + + 1 1 . . . . . . . . Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus 1 2 1 1 2 + + + + 1 + + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arbutus unedo L. 1 2 2 2 2 . + . . . . . . . . . + 1 1 . . . . . . . . Quercus ilex L. 1 1 . + + . . . . . . + . . . + . 1 + . . . . . . . . Clematis flammula L. 1 1 1 1 + + + . + + . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rosa sempervirens L. . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T eucrium flavum L. . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Spartium junceum L. . . . . + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pistacia terebinthus L. . . . + + + + . . . . . . . . 1 + + + . . . . . . . . Viburnum tinus L. 2 1 2 2 + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rubus ulmifolius Schott 1 1 1 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Erica arborea L. + + + + 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carex halleriana Asso + . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ruscus aculeatus L. + + . + 1 . . . . . . . . . . + . + 1 . . . . . . . . Colutea arborescens L. . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . + . + . . . . . . . . . Arisarum vulgare O. T arg. T ozz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 2 1 + . + + + + . . Osyris alba L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . Cyclamen repandum Sibth. et Sm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + . . . Quercetea pubescentis Coronilla emerus L. subsp. emeroides Boiss. et Spruner 1 2 1 + + + + . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 + + 1 1 + + + . Calamintha nepetoides Jord. . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T amus communis L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . + + + . . . Ononido-Rosmarinetea Rosmarinus officinalis L. + 1 1 2 2 . . . . . . . . + + . . . . + + . . . . . . Dorycnium hirsutum (L.) Ser. . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cistus incanus L. 1 1 1 1 1 1 + 1 1 1 1 r . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 + . . Cistus salviifolius L. . . . . . 1 1 + + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Micromeria juliana (L.) Benth. ex Rchb. . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 2 . . Festuco-Brometea Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don + + + + 1 + + . . + + + + . + + . + + + . . . . . . . Koeleria splendens C. Presl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 3 . . Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H. Stirt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . + . . Stipa sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . Lygeo sparti-Stipetea tenacissimae Brachypodium retusum (Pers.) P . Beauv. 3 2 3 4 3 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 + + 1 1 2 2 + . 3 3 2 4 3 4 22/2 • 2023, 197–214 213 Jasprica & Stamenković Phytosociology of insular endemic Brassica species Relevé number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Bromus erectus Huds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + . Reichardia picroides (L.) Roth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1 1 . . . . . . Allium subhirsutum L. . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1 1 + + . . . . . . Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 2 . . Dactylis glomerata L. subsp. hispanica (Roth) Nyman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + T eucrium polium L. subsp. capitatum (L.) Arcang. . . + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 1 1 + . Carlina corymbosa L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + 1 . . Ferula communis L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + Opopanax chironium (L.) W. D. J. Koch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + Piptatherum miliaceum (L.) Coss. + 1 . 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . + . . + . . . . . . . . Avena sterilis L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + . Euphorbia characias L. subsp. wulfenii (Hoppe ex W. D. J. Koch) Radcl.-Sm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + . . Crithmo-Staticetea Lotus cytisoides L. . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + Daucus carota L. subsp. hispanicus (Gouan) Thell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . + . Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke subsp. angustifolia Hayek . . . . . + + . . . . + + . . + + + + + . . . . . + + Inula crithmoides L. . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . r . Crithmum maritimum L. . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Allium commutatum Guss. . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don + + + 1 1 1 . . . . . + . + + . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 Elymus pycnanthus (Godr.) Melderis . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . + . Anthyllis barba-jovis L. + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r Limonium cancellatum (Bernh. ex Bertol.) Kuntze . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . Capparis orientalis Veill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . + . . . . . . . Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik. subsp. adriaticum (Beck) Markgr. . . . . . + + . . . . + + . . + + + + . . . . . . + + Brassica mollis Vis. + + + + . + + . . . . 1 1 . . + + 1 1 . . + + + + 1 1 Brassica cazzae Ginzb. et Teyber . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . Chenopodietea Lavatera arborea L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . + . . . . . + + Papaveretea rhoeadis Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 Sonchus tenerrimus L. . . . . + . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + Melilotus italica (L.) Lam. + . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . . 1 1 . . . . . . . . . + 22/2 • 2023, 197–214 214 Jasprica & Stamenković Phytosociology of insular endemic Brassica species Geographical coordinates of relevés. Koločep: Rels: 1, 22 (7.7.2020.) 42.668876 N, 18.014574 E; Rels. 2, 23 (7.7.2020.) 42.668281 N, 18.015391 E; Rel.: 3 (7.7.2020.) 42.668123 N, 18.015459 E; Rel. 4,5 (7.7. 2020.) 42.662532 N, 18.019047 E; Rel.: 24, 25 (7.7. 2020.) 42.663083 N, 18.019030 E; Kosor: Rels.: 6, 18 (27.5.2021.) 42.901277 N, 16.762046 E; Rels: 7, 19 (27.5.2021.) 42.900151 E, 16.763470 E; Sušac: Rel.: 8 (2.9.2022.) 42.752102 N, 16.489940 E; Rel.: 9 (2.9.2022.) 42.751939 N, 16.489735 E; Rel.: 10 (2.9.2022.) 42.752225 N, 16.491088 E; Rel.: 11 (2.9.2022.) 42.751368 N, 16.492643 E; Rels: 14, 15 (6.7.2022.) 42.749806 N, 16.493901 E; Rels. 20, 21 (6.7.2022.) 42.750744 N, 16.490554 E; Stupa: Rels.: 12, 13 (2.9.2022.) 42.894411 N, 16.786779 E; Obljak: Rels.: 16, 26 (6.7.2022.) 42.904517 E, 16.749472 E; Rels.: 17, 27 (6.7.2022.) 42.903721 N, 16.749435 E. Relevé number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Geranium purpureum Vill. . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . + . + + . . + . + . + . Cakiletea maritimae Atriplex prostrata DC. . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . . . . . . . 1 . . . . + + Asplenietea trichomanis Parietaria judaica L. . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + Inula verbascifolia (Willd.) Hausskn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + 1 1 . . . + . r Frangula rupestris (Scop.) Schur + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hyoscyamus albus L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + + . . . + + . . . Asplenium ceterach L. + + + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + . . . Dittrichietea viscosae Dittrichia viscosa (L.) Greuter . . . + + . . . . . . 1 + . . . . . . . . + + + + . +