ACTAGEOGRAPHICA GEOGRAFSKI ZBORNIK SLOVENICA 2019 59 2 ACTA GEOGRAPHICA SLOVENICA GEOGRAFSKI ZBORNIK 59-2 • 2019 Contents Drago PERKO, Rok CIGLIČ, Mauro HRVATIN The usefulness of unsupervised classification methods for landscape typification: The case of Slovenia 7 Vladimir M. CVETKOVIĆ, Kevin RONAN, Rajib SHAW, Marina FILIPOVIĆ, Rita MANO,Jasmina GAČIĆ, Vladimir JAKOVLJEVIĆ Household earthquake preparedness in Serbia: A study of selected municipalities 27 Iwona CIEŚLAK Spatial conflicts: Analyzing a burden created by differing land use 43 Ivan PAUNOVIĆ, Verka JOVANOVIĆ Sustainable mountain tourism in word and deed: A comparative analysis in the macroregions of the Alps and the Dinarides 59 Nikola Darko VUKSANOVIĆ, Dragan TEŠANOVIĆ, Bojana KALENJUK, Milijanko PORTIĆ Gender, age and education differences in food consumption within a region: Case studies of Belgradeand Novi Sad (Serbia) 71 Special issue – Franciscean cadaster as a source of studying landscape changes Matej GABROVEC, Ivan BIČÍK, Blaž KOMAC Land registers as a source of studying long-term land-use changes 83 Ivan BIČÍK, Matej GABROVEC, Lucie KUPKOVÁ Long-term land-use changes: A comparison between Czechia and Slovenia 91 Lucie KUPKOVÁ, Ivan BIČÍK, Zdeněk BOUDNÝ Long-term land-use / land-cover changes in Czech border regions 107 Drago KLADNIK, Matjaž GERŠIČ, Primož PIPAN, Manca VOLK BAHUN Land-use changes in Slovenian terraced landscapes 119 Daniela RIBEIRO, Mateja ŠMID HRIBAR Assessment of land-use changes and their impacts on ecosystem services in two Slovenianrural landscapes 143 Mojca FOŠKI, Alma ZAVODNIK LAMOVŠEK Monitoring land-use change using selected indices 161 ISSN 1581-6613 9 771581 661010 ACTA GEOGRAPHICA SLOVENICA 2019 ISSN: 1581-6613 COBISS: 124775936 UDC/UDK: 91© 2019, ZRC SAZU, Geografski inštitut Antona Melika Internationaleditorialboard/mednarodniuredniškiodbor: DavidBole(Slovenia),MichaelBründl(Switzerland),RokCiglič(Slovenia), Matej Gabrovec (Slovenia), Matjaž Geršič (Slovenia), Peter Jordan (Austria), Drago Kladnik (Slovenia), BlažKomac (Slovenia), Andrej Kranjc (Slovenia), Dénes Lóczy (Hungary), Simon McCharty (United Kingdom), SlobodanMarković (Serbia), Janez Nared (Slovenia), Drago Perko (Slovenia), Marjan Ravbar (Slovenia), Nika Razpotnik Visković(Slovenia), Aleš Smrekar (Slovenia), Annett Steinführer (Germany), Mimi Urbanc (Slovenia), Matija Zorn (Slovenia) Editor-in-Chief/glavni urednik: Blaž Komac; blaz@zrc-sazu.si Executive editor/odgovorni urednik: Drago Perko; drago@zrc-sazu.si Chief editor for physical geography/glavni urednik za fizično geografijo: Matija Zorn; matija.zorn@zrc-sazu.siChief editor for human geography/glavna urednica za humano geografijo: Mimi Urbanc; mimi@zrc-sazu.si Chief editor for regional geography/glavni urednik za regionalno geografijo: Drago Kladnik; drago.kladnik@zrc-sazu.si Chief editor for spatial planning/glavni urednik za regionalno planiranje: Janez Nared; janez.nared@zrc-sazu.si Chiefeditorforruralgeography/glavnaurednicazageografijopodeželja:NikaRazpotnikVisković;nika.razpotnik@zrc-sazu.si Chief editor for urban geography/glavni urednik za urbano geografijo: David Bole; david.bole@zrc-sazu.si Chief editor for geographic information systems/glavni urednik za geografske informacijske sisteme: Rok Ciglič; rok.ciglic@zrc-sazu.siChief editor for environmental protection/glavni urednik za varstvo okolja: Aleš Smrekar; ales.smrekar@zrc-sazu.si Editorial assistant/uredniški pomočnik: Matjaž Geršič; matjaz.gersic@zrc-sazu.si Issued by/izdajatelj: Geografski inštitut Antona Melika ZRC SAZUPublished by/založnik: Založba ZRC Co-published by/sozaložnik: Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti Address/Naslov: Geografski inštitut Antona Melika ZRC SAZU, Gosposka ulica 13, SI – 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija The papers are available on-line/prispevki so dostopni na medmrežju: http://ags.zrc-sazu.si (ISSN: 1581–8314) Ordering/naročanje: Založba ZRC, Novi trg 2, p. p. 306, SI – 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenija; zalozba@zrc-sazu.si Annual subscription/letna naročnina: 20 € for individuals/za posameznike, 28 € for institutions/za ustanove. Single issue/cena posamezne številke: 12,50 € for individuals/za posameznike, 16 € for institutions/za ustanove. Cartography/kartografija: Geografski inštitut Antona Melika ZRC SAZU Translations/prevodi: DEKS, d. o. o. DTP/prelom: SYNCOMP, d. o. o. Printed by/tiskarna: Tiskarna Present, d. o. o. Print run/naklada: 450 copies/izvodov The journal is subsidized by the Slovenian Research Agency and is issued in the framework of the Geography of Slovenia coreresearchprogramme(P6-0101)/revijaizhajaspodporoJavneagencijezaraziskovalnodejavnostRepublikeSlovenijein nastajav okviru raziskovalnega programa Geografija Slovenije (P6-0101). The journal is indexed also in/revija je vključena tudi v: SCIE – Science Citation Index Expanded, Scopus, JCR – Journal Citation Report/Science Edition, ERIH PLUS, GEOBASE Journals, Current geographical publications, EBSCOhost,Geoscience e-Journals, Georef, FRANCIS, SJR (SCImago Journal & Country Rank), OCLC WorldCat, Google scholar,and CrossRef. Oblikovanje/Design by: Matjaž Vipotnik Front cover photography: Exploration of the collapse dolines, such as the one at the Small Natural Bridge in RakovŠkocjan, has enabled a deeper understanding of karst processes in recent years (photograph: Matej Lipar).Fotografija na naslovnici: Raziskave udornice, kot je ta pri Malem Naravnem mostu v Rakovem Škocjanu, so v zadnjihletih omogočile globlje razumevanje kraških procesov (fotografija: Matej Lipar). LAND-USECHANGESINSLOVENIAN TERRACEDLANDSCAPES Drago Kladnik, Matjaž Geršič, Primož Pipan, Manca Volk Bahun Overgrowth of former winegrowing terraces in the Haloze Hills. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3986/AGS.6988 UDK: 911.53:631.613(497.4) 631.613:711.14(497.4) COBISS: 1.01 Land-use changes in Slovenian terraced landscapes ABSTRACT: This article presents the findings of a study on long-term land-use changes in eight areas of variousSlovenianlandscapes. The emphasis is on comparing changeson terraced and non-terraced land from the early nineteenth century to the present and on a typological classification of land-use change, whereby a fifth type (i.e., extensification) is added to the established four types in Slovenia: afforestation, grassovergrowth,intensification,andurbanization.Thearticleexplainswhichfactorshaveadecisiveimpact onland-usechanges,especiallyintermsofabandoningterracecultivation.Themethodologyusedproves thatthereareimportantdifferencesintherateofland-usechangebetweenterracedandnon-terracedland. KEYWORDS:geography,terraces,terracedlandscape,landuse,land-usechanges,land-usechangetypology, Slovenia Spremembe rabe zemljišč v slovenskih terasiranih pokrajinah POVZETEK:Včlankupredstavljamorezultateraziskavedolgoročnegaspreminjanjarabezemljiščnaosmih območjih v različnih slovenskih pokrajinah. Poudarek je na primerjavi sprememb na terasiranih in neterasiranihzemljiščihodzačetka19.stoletjadosodobnostitertipološkiklasifikacijispreminjanjazemljiške rabe,kjersmovSlovenijiustaljenimštirimtipom(ogozdovanje,ozelenjevanje,intenzifikacija,urbanizacija) dodalipetega,ekstenzifikacijo.Obtempojasnjujemo,kateridejavnikiodločilnovplivajonaspreminjanje rabezemljišč,šeposebejzvidikaopuščanjaobdelaveteras. Zuporabljenometodologijosmodokazali,da obstajajopomembnerazlikemedstopnjospreminjanjazemljiškerabenaterasiranihinneterasiranihzemljiščih. KLJUČNE BESEDE: geografija, terase, terasirana pokrajina, raba zemljišč, spreminjanje rabe zemljišč, tipologija spreminjanja rabe zemljišč, Slovenija The paper was submitted for publication on July 20th, 2018. Uredništvo je prejelo prispevek 20. julija 2018. Drago Kladnik, Matjaž Geršič, Primož Pipan, Manca Volk Bahun Research Center of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Anton Melik Geographical Institute drago.kladnik@zrc-sazu.si,matjaz.gersic@zrc-sazu.si,primoz.pipan@zrc-sazu.si,manca.volk@zrc-sazu.si 1 Introduction Cultivated terraces, which constitute terraced landscapes, are among the most evident human signatures onthelandscape(HongheDeclaration2010;ScaramelliniandVarotto2008;Kladnik2017).Theyarearesult of transformation of the natural environment by societies to overcome their physical limitations (topog­raphy,climate,andsoil)andobtainnecessaryresourcesfortheirsurvival(RomeroMartín,GonzálesMorales and Ramón Ojeda 2016). Traditionalagricultural terraces were created with manual cultivation in mind. Because many are not adapted to modern mechanized agriculture, they are being abandoned (Ažman Momirski and Kladnik 2009). Abandoning the cultivation of terraces is also the result of rural flight and social restratification connected with the decreasing importance of agriculture and the strengthening of othereconomicactivities(Arnáezetal.2011;García-RuizandLana-Renault2011;Stanchietal.2012;Lasanta et al.2013).Terracesarealsodisappearingduetoownershipchangesandconsequentdifferencesinvine-yardplantingpatterns(PipanandKokalj2017).Inaddition,landuseonterracesischanging,withpronouncedovergrowth (Žiberna 2015). The best-known protected terraced landscapes worldwide are mentioned in studies by Tarolli, PretiandRomano(2014),Peters(2015),Varotto(2015),andKladnik,ŠmidHribarandGeršič(2017).InSlovenia, the first detailed study of agricultural terraces and terraced landscapes was conducted by Titl (1965) and Moritsch (1969) followed by Ažman Momirski et al. (2008) significantly later. Terraced landscapes have also been explored by Ažman Momirski and Kladnik (2009; 2015), Križaj Smrdel (2010), Ažman Momirski and Gabrovec (2014), Ažman Momirski and Berčič (2016), Geršič (2016), and Kladnik et al. (2016).In2017,aspecialissueofthejournalActageographicaSlovenica(57-2)waspublished,titledTerraced Landscapes (Kladnik, Kruse and Komac 2017), and a volume on terraced landscapes was published in Slovenian(Kladnik2016)andEnglish(Kladnik2017)tocommemoratetheseventiethanniversaryofthe ZRC SAZU Anton Melik Geographical Institute. The authors of this article are not familiar with any Slovenian or international study that compares changesonterracedandnon-terracedlandorthatprovidesatypologicalclassificationofland-usechange. Petek(2007)didprovideanexhaustivestudyofland-usechangeinthenorthernGoricaHills(Sln.Goriška brda), but he did not pay any specialattentionto agriculturalterraces. Similarly, thestudyof the terraced landscapeoftheGoricaHills(AžmanMomirskiet al.2008)extendsnofurtherthanacomparisonofland use at the time of the survey conducted under Emperor Francis I of Austria and during the early twenty-first century. The Mediterranean and the Alps are most extensively covered in studies of land use in European ter­racedlandscapes.Thesetypesofstudiesarelimitedtoindividualregionsorsmallerpilotareas.Forexample, intheMediterranean,GrimaltGelabert,BlazquezSalomandRodriguezGomila(1992)exploredlanduse on the terraces of the northwestern part of Mallorca, Dunjó, Pardini and Gispert (2003) examined land­usechangeeffectsonabandonedterracedsoilsintheMediterraneancatchmentofSerradeRodesinnortheast Spain,andKosmas,GerontidisandMarathianou(2000)exploredthesameontheGreekislandofLesbos. Agnoletti et al. (2011) studied rural development in traditional terraced landscapes of northern, central, andsouthernItaly,Agnolettietal.(2015)conductedaterritorialanalysisinTuscany(Italy),Modica,Pratico and Di Fazio (2017) explored the abandonment of traditional terraced landscape in Calabria (Italy), andAndlar,Šrajer,andTrojanović(2017)providedatypologyofterracedlandscapesalongtheAdriaticcoast inCroatia.WithregardtotheAlps,twoextensivepublicationscoveringthisareawerepublishedadecade ago(FontanariandPatassini2008;ScaramelliniandVarorro2008),alsofeaturingarticlesonlanduse.Outside the Mediterranean and the Alps, these types of studies have also been conducted in Hungary (Kiss et al.2005) and Slovakia (Špulerová et al. 2017). Relativetolandscapediversity,onlyafewcountries,evenmuchlargerones,canbecomparedtoSlovenia (CigličandPerko2013;PerkoandCiglič2015),wheretheAlps,theDinaricMountains,thePannonianBasin, and the Mediterranean meet and intertwine, as do Slavic, Germanic, Romance, and Hungarian cultural influences(Kladnik,PerkoandUrbanc2009;CigličandPerko2012).Forthisreason,Sloveniaisrenowned for its great geographical variety, which is reflected in its natural and cultural diversity, and many transi­tional areas. It is alsoreflectedindifferent typesofterraces and terracedlandscapes(Kladnik 2016; 2017). Land use and its changes in Slovenian terraced landscapes have been dealt with in detail by Ažman MomirskiandGabrovec(2014),usingthecasesofKrkavčeandOstrožnoBrdoinsouthwestSlovenia,andas part of studying other aspects this topic has also been highlighted by Kladnik et al. (2016) and Šmid Hribaretal.(2017).UsingselectedareasofsouthwestSlovenia,Geršič(2016)establishedthatbystudy­ingmicrotoponymsonterracesitisalsopossibletodeterminepastlanduse,andAžmanMomirski(2017) exploredthereliabilityofland-usedataonterracedlandscapesinSlovenia.Thepossibilityofidentifying abandonedterracesusingaerialphotoswasalreadyreporteddecadesagobyDenevan(1988),andiden­tifyingterraceswithLidarwasdiscussedbyBerčič(2016). Themainresearchhypothesisofthisarticleisthatland-usechangesareinfluencedbywhetherthe landinquestionisterracedornon-terraced.Inaddition,thearticlealsoexploresthechangesinlanduse sincetheearlynineteenthcenturyandthefactorsthathavehadadecisiveimpactonthat.Theanalyses conductedinthepilotareasmakeitpossibletointerpretprocessesattheleveloftheentirecountry. 2 Study areas and methods Eightpilotsiteswereselected(Figure1)withineightoftheninelandscapetypesaccordingtoPerko’snat­uralclassificationofSlovenia(Perko1998a;1998b;2007;Perko,HrvatinandCiglič2015).Thepilotsites haveanabove-averageshareofterracedlandincomparisontotheproportionofterracesinindividual landscapetypes.Thesetypesofareasmadeiteasiertoidentifytheprocessesanddynamicsofland-use change.Theselectionwasalsobasedonthemorphometriccharacteristicsoftheterraces(inclination,aspect, andelevation).NopilotsitewasselectedinthePannonianplainslandscapetype(Kladniketal.2016). The cartographic representation of land use in the nineteenth century was determined using the Francisceancadaster,whichwascarriedoutunderAustrianEmperorFrancisIinthe1820s(Golec2010, 366).The1:2,880mapsoftheFrancisceancadasterforthecadastralmunicipalitieswithsevenoftheeight pilotsitesareaccessibleattheArchivesoftheRepublicofSloveniainLjubljana,andthemapsforKrkavče arekeptattheStateArchivesinTrieste,Italy. EventhoughtheFrancisceancadasterusesaseriesoflandcategoriesthatarenolongerincludedin themoderncadaster,theywerecombinedintothefollowingsevenbasiclandcategoriesbasedonanestab­lishedkey(Petek2005,24–26;AžmanMomirskietal.2008,73):fields,vineyards,orchards,olivegroves, meadowsandpastures,forests,andbuilt-upareas.AsimilarcategorizationwasalsoprovidedbyKumer andGabrovec(2019).Land-usedigitizationwasperformedmanually. Forcontemporarycartographicrepresentationoflanduse,weusedLandUsedatabasefor2018(Evidenca dejanskerabe…2018).Thefollowingtenlandcategorieswereidentifiedinthepilotareas:fields,vineyards, orchards,olivegroves,grassland(meadowsandpastures),uncultivatedagriculturalland,farmlandbeing overgrown,forests,built-upareas,andother. First,weascribednumericalvaluestothevectordatabasedonthepastandpresentlanduse.Then weconvertedbothlayerstoa1×1mrastergrid.Weaddedupthetworasterlayersproducedthisway, obtaininginformationforeachsquaremeteronwhetherlandusehaschangedtheresincetheearlynine­teenthcentury(and,ifithas,how).Atotalofeighty-onedifferentvalueswereidentifiedacrossallthepilot areas.Wethenvectorizedthetwosummed-uprasterlayers. Intheend,thepresent-dayterracedandnon-terracedareasweredelimited,whichmadeitpossible tocomparethem.Todeterminetheexactcontemporarylocationofterraces,weemployedcolordigital ortophotomaps,withanimageresolutionof0.50m,fieldwork,anddataobtainedfromaeriallaserscan-ning(LightDetectionandRanging,orlidar),whichmakesitpossibletoidentifyovergrownterraces.The visualization,whichwasthebasisforinterpretation,wasacombinationoftechniquessuggestedbyKokalj, ZakšekandOštir(2011). Weusedthepresent-daystateasthestartingpointforcomparinglanduseinterracedandnon-terraced areas,eventhoughweareawareofthedisadvantagesofthisapproach.Unfortunately,therearenoaccurate cartographicsourcesavailabletoprovidedetailedinformationontheextentofterracesinthepast.The cartographicmaterialinthecadasterdoesnotshowterraces,buttheyarementionedincertainprotocolsor thetextsectionofthecadaster,suchaswiththePirancadastralmunicipality(Catastofranceschino,Elaborati 1819–1819).FromthemapsoftheFrancisceancadasterwecouldonlyindirectlyspeculateabouttheirextent Figure 1: Eight pilot sites selected. p p. 123 Figure 2: Land-use changes from the time of the Franciscean cadaster to 2018 in the Krkavče pilot area. p p. 124 Figure 3: Typology of land-use change from the time of the Franciscean cadaster to 2018 in the Krkavče pilot area. p p. 125 Acta geographica Slovenica, 59-2, 2019 123 124 125 when the cadaster was created. Based on interviews (Kladnik 2017) and selected studies (e.g., Ažman andGabrovec2014;Geršič2016),weconcludedthat,atthetimetheFrancisceancadasterwascompiled, agricultural terraces existed to approximately the same extent as today in seven of the eight pilot areas, only in the Jeruzalem area in the Pannonian low hills were they created later – that is, during the 1960s and 1970s (Kladnik 2017; Pipan and Kokalj 2017) – and that the original land use has not changed sig­nificantly. Therefore, an accurate reconstruction of land-use change in terraced and non-terraced areas is impossible, but available data make it possible to determine the main principles of change and suitably typify them. Aland-usechangetypologythatconsistsofseventypesofchangeandisadaptedtothesatellitedetec-tionofchangeshasbecomewidelyestablishedattheEuropeanlevel(Feranecet al. 2010).InSlovenia,the first land-use change typology was worked out by Medved (1970). Afterward, his typology was slightly modifiedbyvariousauthors(GabrovecandKladnik1997;Gabrovec,KladnikandPetek2001;Petek2005). AllSloveniantypologieswereadaptedtochangesatthelevelofcadastralmunicipalities.Becausethechanges identified in this article are identified at the level of land parcels, we further modified the already estab­lished Slovenian typology. We defined the following types: • Afforestation: various land categories changing into forest or land being overgrown; • Grass overgrowth: various land categories changing into meadows, pastures, or grassland; • Extensification: more intensive categories of cultivated land changing into less intensive categories.InternationalliteratureaswellasSlovenianauthors(e.g.,Žiberna2014)normallyalsocountgrassover-growth and afforestation under extensification, but due to their frequency and significantly different characters they are dealt with separately in this article; • Intensification: less intensive farmland categories changing into more intensive ones; • Urbanization: various land categories changing into built-up land, including roads and paths. Withregardtoextensificationandtheintensityoffarmactivitiesinindividuallandcategories,werelied onthearableequivalent(Urbanistični…1975,171;Kladnik1999,29),whichwemodifiedduetothespe­cific terrain features of terraced landscapes and the modernization of agriculture. For permanent crops, we lowered it below the fields coefficient, keeping it higher for vineyards than orchards, and higher for orchards than olive groves. The procedure was graphically illustrated only for the Krkavče pilot area, which is characterized by highly diverse land use, especially for terraced areas (Kladnik et al. 2016). All nine basic land categories canbefoundinKrkavče.Figure2showsalltheland-usechangesdetectedfromthetimeoftheFranciscean cadaster to2018 incolor shades,regardless of whether theyappearon terracesornon-terraced land. The typology of land-use change is shown in Figure 3, again using the Krkavče pilot area. 3 Results Terracedlandcomprises16.7%oflandacrossalltheeightpilotareas(comparedto1.7%inallofSlovenia; Kladniket al.2016,472),buttherearesignificantdifferencesbetweenindividualareas.Thesmallestshare (4.3%)canbefoundintheAlpineRutandthelargest(40.9%)inthewinegrowingJeruzaleminthePannonian low hills. Land use on terraced land in individual pilot areas has changed significantly from the time of the Franciscean cadaster to 2018 (Figures 4 and 5). In the early nineteenth century, fields predominated in the Merče, Velika Slevica, Dečja vas, Rut, and Smoleva pilot areas. In Smoleva, the percentage of mead-owswasslightlyhigherthanthatoffieldsevenbackthen,whereascostalKrkavčeandPannonianJeruzalem werestronglydominatedbyvineyards;afairshareofvineyardswasalsofoundinMerčeontheKarstPlateau. Olive groves were found only in Krkavče, where they occupied just under a fifth (18.2%) of the terraced land. There were only few »pure« orchards, although fruit trees were common in various mixed-use cat-egories,suchasmeadowsorpastureswithfruittrees(Petek2005,25).IntheMediterraneanregion,attention should be drawn to traditionally mixed cultivation (cultura mista): areas where several crops are grown together.Thismainlyincludesvariouscropsmixedwithgrapevinesorolivegroves(Titl1965;Kladnik1999, 105). Already back then, a significant part of terraced land in Krkavče and Merče was overgrown by for­est (the share in Merče was as much as 15.7%). Krkavče Merče Velika Slevica Dečja vas Rut Smoleva Rodine Jeruzalem Fields Orchards Meadows and pastures Built–up areas Vineyards Olive groves Forests Other Figure 4: Land use on terraced land in pilot areas in the Franciscean cadaster (1820s). Figure 5: Land use on terraced land in pilot areas in 2018. Except in Jeruzalem in the Pannonian low hills, the present-day land use is significantly different. WiththeexceptionofKrkavče,theshareoffieldsissignificantlysmallereverywhereandhasbeenreplaced bymeadowsandpastures. OnlyinDečjavasintheshareoffieldsisstillabove50%.Theshareoforchards hasincreasedeverywhere (up to10.1%in VelikaSlevica), makingthem a separateandhencebasicland category. ExceptinKrkavče,thesearetraditionalruralorchardsand notintensivefruit tree plantations. In Krkavče,the shareofolivegroveshasincreased significantly(to 35%),mainlyatthe expenseof vine­yards. Inadditiontofieldschangingintomeadowsandpastures,ageneralextensificationofproduction is also indicated by uncultivated land and especially the afforestation of terraced land. Forest already coversmorethanafifthofterracedlandinMerče,morethanafourth inKrkavče,andmorethanathird in Smoleva. Land use at the time of the Franciscean cadaster and at present is shown in detail using the cases of Krkavče as a Mediterranean landscape (Figure 6), Dečja vas as a Dinaric landscape (Figure 7), Smoleva asanAlpinelandscape(Figure8),andJeruzalemasaPannonianlandscape(Figure9).Certainareasmake it possible to observe the current land use and its changes on both terraced and non-terraced land. The typology of land-use change on terraced and non-terraced land in individual pilot areas is pre­sented in Figure 10a-h. The graphs show that in six of the eight pilot areas the »no change« category is significantly more common on non-terraced land than terraced land; the only exceptions are the Rodine andJeruzalemareas,whereslightlymorechangeswererecordedonterracedlandthannon-terracedland. Consequently,thefewestchangeswereobservedonthenon-terracedlandofthepilotareasofVelikaSlevica (landusehasremainedthesameon61.5%ofnon-terracedland),Dečjavas(76.8%),Rut(65.3%),andSmoleva (58.8%).Thedynamicshavebeensignificantlygreateronterracedlandbecausetheshareofthe»nochange« category was below 50% everywhere except in Dečja vas (51.8%), where a large share of fields has been preservedontheterraces.Asharejustbelow50%istypicalofJeruzalem(49.9%),wheretraditionalstaked vineyards already predominated before terracing, followed by Rodine (39.0%), where a significant share of meadows was already found on the terraces two centuries ago. Grass overgrowth and afforestation predominate among the types of land-use change identified. As a rule, grass overgrowth is more common on terraced land (in the Merče, Velika Slevica, and Rut pilot areastheshareofthistypeofchangeonterracesisover50%).WiththeexceptionofDečjavas,VelikaSlevica, and Jeruzalem, afforestation predominates on non-terraced land, where forest has overgrown more than afifthofthelandor,inthecaseofMerčeandRodine,evenmorethantwo-fifths.Grassovergrowthisdis­tinctlypoorlyrepresentedonbothterracedandnon-terracedlandinKrkavčeandJeruzalem,andthesame applies to afforestation in Dečja vas and Jeruzalem. The terraced land in Krkavče, Smoleva, and Merče has been the most subject to afforestation. ExceptinKrkavče,theremainingthreetypesofland-usechangearesignificantlylesscommon.Significant extensification can be observed in Krkavče, especially due to orchards being converted into olive groves ontheterraces.However,ontheotherhand,intensificationcanalsobeobservedduetoconvertingforests and,toasmallerextent,pasturesintoolivegrovesandthesimultaneousconstructionofterraces.Intensification is even more pronounced on non-terraced land, especially at the bottom of the Dragonja Valley, where meadows were converted into fields and, to a smaller extent, vineyards after the regulation of the river. Strong extensification on terraces can also be identified in Jeruzalem, where the cultivation of terraced vineyardsisgraduallybeingabandoned,butsomefieldswerealreadyconvertedintovineyardsearlier,dur­ingtheconstructionofterraces.Urbanizationismorecommononnon-terracedlandandisslightlymore pronounced only in Rodine and Jeruzalem. Figure 6: Land use from 1819 (top) and in 2018 (bottom) in the Krkavče pilot area. p p. 129 Figure 7: Land use from 1825 (top) and in 2018 (bottom) in the Dečja vas pilot area. p p. 130 Figure 8: Land use from 1825 (top) and in 2018 (bottom) in the Smoleva pilot area. p p. 131 Figure 9: Land use from 1824 (top) and in 2018 (bottom) in the Jeruzalem pilot area. p p. 132 Figure 10a-h: Types of land-use change from the time of the Franciscean cadaster to 2018 on terraced and non-terraced land in individual pilot areas. p p. 133–136 129 130 131 132 a) 80 70 60 50 Brighter shades – terraced area D arker shades – on–t n erraced area (%) 40 30 20 10 0 Afforestation Grass overgrowth Extensification Intensification Urbanization No change Krkavče b) (%) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Brighter shades – terraced area D arker shades – n on–t erraced area Afforestation Grass overgrowth Extensification Intensification Urbanization No change Merče d) 90 80 Brighter shades – terraced area D arker shades – on–t n erraced area 70 60 50 (%) 40 30 20 10 0 Dečja vas e) 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Brighter shades – terraced area D arker shades – n on–t erraced area Afforestation Grass overgrowth Extensification Intensification Urbanization No change Rut (%) f) (%) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Brighter shades – terraced area D arker shades – n on–t erraced area Afforestation Grass overgrowth Extensification Intensification Urbanization No change Smoleva g) 80 (%) 70 60 50 40 Brighter shades – terraced area D arker shades – on–t n erraced area Afforestation Grass overgrowth Extensification Intensification Rodine 4 Discussion Acomparisonoftheoverallfindingsregardingtherepresentationofindividualtypesacrossalleightpilot areas (Figure 11) reveals that terraced areas are significantly more exposed to land-use change than non-terracedareas.Specifically,the»nochange«categoryonlyappearsonjustoverafourth(26.8%)ofterraced land,whereasonnon-terracedlandtheshareamountsto55.5%.Strikingdifferencesbetweenterracedand non-terraced land can be observed with regard to the percentage of grass overgrowth and afforestation. Grassovergrowthcanbeidentifiedonmorethanafourth(26.7%)ofterracedland,whereasitisonlypre-sent on 2.8% of non-terraced land. On the other hand, afforestation is common on a third (33.6%) of non-terracedlandandjustunderone-fifth(19.5%)ofterracedland.Thisisalsoinfluencedbythefactthat terraceswereconstructedonhigher-qualityland.DuetothespreadofolivegrovesinKrkavčeandtheaban­donmentofvineyardsinJeruzalem,the»extensification«categoryisonlytypicalon14.6%ofterracedland and only 1.1% of non-terraced land, whereas the predominance of intensification is less pronounced on terracedland(10.3%comparedto 5.0%). Inbothareascompared, building-upisapproximatelythesame (2.1% on terraced land and 2.0% on non-terraced land); it barely seems significant at first glance, but it causes permanent loss of fertile land. The oldest terraces are in Krkavče, where they are believed to date back to Antiquity (Gaspari 1998). Thedrystonewallsthatformerlypredominatedtherehavelargelybeenreplacedbyearthenembankments(Šmid Hribar et al. 2017). In Jeruzalem and Krkavče, in the nineteenth century there was already a per-ceptibleexceptionalroleofmarket-orientedviticulture,whichatthattimeinJeruzalemwasbasedexclusively on vertical plantations of grapevines (Geršič et al. 2016, 222–223; Pipan and Repolusk 2017, 118–119). Today,theshareofvineyardshasdecreasedeverywhere,mostnoticeablyinKrkavče,where,despiteocca­sionalfrostdamagetoolives(whichwasespeciallybadin1929;Ogrin2010),olivecultivationhasincreased considerably (Geršič et al. 2016, 181; Pipan, Šmid Hribar and Topole 2017, 85). The construction of ter­racesinJeruzalemaftertheSecondWorldWarincreasedtheareacoveredbyvineyards,buttheshiftfrom 137 communism to capitalism after Slovenia’s independence in 1991 resulted in extensive conversion of ter­raced vineyards into vertical plantations, which provide a larger, albeit lower-quality, grape yield (Pipan and Kokalj 2017). During the transitional period of converting these plantations, the land is recorded asuncultivated in the Land Use database (Evidenca dejanske rabe…2018). An interesting fact that should be mentioned in this regard is the recent emergence of vineyards on sunny slopes in Rut at an elevation of nearly 700m, which were not yet recorded in the Franciscean cadaster. A comparison between the two periods most clearly shows a pronounced decrease in the presenceof fields in terraced areas in all pilot settlements except Krkavče, where a significant amount of tilled land wascreatedatthe bottomoftheDragonjaValley. Itsdeclineis sogreatthatfieldsbecame aninsignificantland-use category (Geršič et al. 2016, 188–189, 189–200, 205, 212–213; Pipan, Šmid Hribar and Topole 2017, 90–91; Gabrovec and Tiran 2017, 99–100; Geršič et al. 2017, 106, 111). Changing fields into mead­ows can also be ascribed to the shift from subsistence agriculture and mixed farming to market-orientedanimal husbandry, which in hilly areas is primarily based on fodder production in meadows and grazing livestock. An exception is Dečja vas in Suha krajina Region, which is an example of a remote settlement on fertile soil, far from nonagricultural employment opportunities, where subsistence farming continues to play an important role (Geršič et al. 2016, 192–195; Gabrovec and Tiran 2017, 94–97). An important role in land-use changes in terraced areas is played by their capacity to adapt to mech­anized agriculture (Titl 1965; Šmid Hribar et al. 2017). Without suitable access roads and turning areas forfarmequipment,itisnotpossibletomechanicallycultivatesmallandnarrowparcelsofland,andcon­sequentlytheyarebeingabandoned.Thisisfurtheracceleratedbytheunfavorabledemographicstructure with an elderly rural population; local development factors can also play an inportant role. The predom­inantextensificationoflandusealsoresultsfromunresolvedownership,landfragmentation,andtheparcels beingfarawayfromthefarms.Aspectisadecisivenaturalfactorcausingland-usechangebecause,inorder to adapt to optimal use, land with a poorly insolated northern or eastern exposure becomes abandoned and overgrown faster and to a larger extent (Kladnik et al. 2016). The methodology used proved that changes in land use are influenced by whether the land in ques­tionisterracedornon-terraced.Despitethedeficienciesindicatedinthesectiononmethodologyandthe significantdifferencesbetweenthepilotareasresultingfromSlovenia’slandscapeanddevelopmentaldiver-sity,ourfindingsmostlyagreewiththehypothesisformulatedatthebeginningofthearticle.Thetypology ofland-usechangethatwehavedevelopedshedsadditionallightontheland-usecharacteristicsofSlovenianterracedlandscapesthatwerealreadyestablishedearlierandpresentedinmanystudies(Petek2007;Ažman Momirski et al. 2008; Ažman Momirski and Kladnik 2009; Erhartič 2009; Križaj Smrdel 2010; AžmanMomirskiandGabrovec2014;AžmanMomirskiandKladnik2015;Žiberna2015;AžmanMomirskiand Berčič 2016; Berčič 2016; Geršič et al. 2016; Kladnik et al. 2016; Gabrovec and Tiran 2017; Geršič et al.2017; Kladnik, Šmid Hribar and Geršič 2017; Pipan and Kokalj 2017; Pipan and Repolusk 2017; Pipan,Šmid Hribar and Topole 2017; Šmid Hribar et al. 2017). Specifically, it presents the differences between terraced and non-terraced land in these landscapes, which has never been done before. 5 Conclusion Eventhoughthemethodologyusedreliedoncurrentlanduseasthebasicperiodofcomparison,weproved thatthereareimportantdifferencesintherateofland-usechangebetweenterracedandnon-terracedland, andalsothatsignificantdifferencesexistwithinoneandtheotherintermsofthedirectionortypeofland­use change. Acomparisonofthetypesofland-usechangeidentifiedinindividualpilotareas(Figure10a-h)reveals greatsimilarityinthedevelopmentdynamicsofMerče(aMediterraneanlandscape),andRutandSmoleva (bothAlpinelandscapes).ClosertothispatternisalsothesituationinVelikaSlevica(aDinariclandscape), with more pronounced grass overgrowth and less pronounced afforestation, Dečja vas (a Dinaric land­scape) with less pronounced grass overgrowth and even less pronounced afforestation, and Rodine (an Alpinelandscape)withpronouncedafforestationofnon-terracedland.Thesituationiscompletelyunique in Krkavče (a Mediterranean landscape) and Jeruzalem (a Pannonian landscape). Even though the ter­races in Krkavče are the oldest and the ones in Jeruzalem the youngest, both pilot areas are characterized bythetraditionalmarketorientationofagriculture,whichiswhytheland-usechangesstronglyreflectboth economic growth and the general economic and political-administrative situation. 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