Svetozar I l e š i č SLOVENSKE PO K R A JIN E (Geografska regionalizacija Slovenije) Slovenska geografija je štela že tam od konca 19. stoletja med svoje glavne naloge, da predstav i Slovenijo in njene pokrajine v sinte­ tični regionalno-geografski sliki. Ker je Slovenija, čeprav m ajhna, nena­ vadno raznoličen m ozaik tako s fizičnogeografskega kakor s socioeko- nOmskega vidika, se je pri tem vedno pojavljalo vprašanje, po kakšni sliemi regionalne razdelitve naj bi ga najuspešnejše obravnavali. Ko je še pred prvo svetovno vojno ta k ra t vodilna slovenska k u tu rn a organiza­ cija »Slovenska matica« izdaja la serijo domoznanskih, geograf sko-zgo- dovinskih knjig o slovenskih deželah, si je zanjo izbrala k a r razdelitev po kronovinah (K ranjska, Š tajerska, Koroška, Prim orska), na katere je bilo tak ra t, pod avstrijsko vladavino, politično-upravno razdeljeno slovensko ozemlje (1). Po vključitv i večine slovenskega ozemlja v novo državo Jugoslavijo (1918) in po ustanovitvi ljub ljanske univerze (1919) in njenega G eo­ grafskega in štitu ta (1921) se je še bolj pokazala potreba po sodobni regionalnogeografski obdelavi Slovenije. To nalogo si je postavil kot enega od svojih življenjskih ciljev začetnik moderne slovenske geografije pokojni prof. A nton Melik (1890—1966). Že pred drugo svetovno vojno je izdal, opirajoč se v velikem delu na sam ostojna proučevanja, prvi, splošni del svoje m onum entalne geografske m onografije o Sloveniji (2). Po osvoboditvi leta 1945 je delo nadaljeval v nadaljn jih štirih knjigah, ki so obravnavale posam ezne slovenske predele. P ri tem mu je regio­ nalno razdelitev Slovenije narekovala tehnika ureditve celotnega dela, tako da ni mogel v njem zgraditi regionalizacijske sheme, zasnovane na enotnih k riterijih , temveč je, kakor kažejo že naslovi posam eznih knjig (3), nihal in iskal kompromisov med različnim i k rite riji: tako je prvo knjigo (»Slovenski alpsk i svet«) opredelil po pokrajinsko-fiziognom ič- nem k riteriju , drugo (»Slovenska Š tajerska s P rekm urjem in Mežiško dolino«) po historično-teritorialnem , tretjo (»Posavska Slovenija«) po pripadnosti posavskemu porečju in četrto (»Prim orska Slovenija«) po kom binaciji fizičnogeografskega in historičnogeografskega pojm ovanja pojm a »primorskost«. To p rep le tan je različnih k riterijev seveda ni moglo in tud i ni imelo nam ena ustvariti poenostavljeno in plastično shemo regionalne razdelitve, po kateri naj bi se obravnavala regionalna geografija slovenskega ozemlja. Toda tako shemo je čedalje bolj zahtevala p raksa, ne samo na vseh stopnjah šolskega obravnavanja regionalne geografije od osnovne šole do univerze, temveč tud i p r i p roučevanju regionalnih stru k tu r za n a­ mene ap licirane geografije, še posebej regionalnega prostorskega u re­ jan ja in p lan iran ja . Zato jo je skušal zgraditi avtor teh vrstic. Začel je s k ra tko shemo pokrajinsko-fiziognom ske predstav itve slovenskih po­ k ra jin (4), k i ji je v poznejši obsežnejši razp rav i (5) dodal še shemo socioekonomske regionalizacije, osnovano na socioekonomskih regional­ nih, zlasti grav itacijsk ih funkcijah. Č eprav je bila ta druga shema regio­ nalizacije m išljena le kot iniciativna, so jo poznejše konkretne regionalne analize v glavnem potrdile, njene osnove p a se močno ujem ajo tud i s kasnejšim i študijskim i analizam i funkcijske k lasifikacije slovenskih cen­ tra ln ih kra jev in njihovih vp livnih območij (6) te r prostorske d iferen­ ciacije Slovenije po selitveni mobilnosti preb ivalstva (7). Avtorjevo fu n k ­ cijsko k lasifikacijo regij je uporab il tud i F. P lan ina kot regionalizacijsko shemo za svojo poljudno regionalnogeografsko knjigo o Sloveniji (8), sam avtor teh vrstic p a jo je vzel za osnovo tud i v svojih prispevkih o socioekonomski regionalni s tru k tu ri Slovenije v domačem, avstrijskem in belgijskem geografskem tisku (9). K ljub m očnejšemu poudarku na socioekonomski g rav itacijsk i regio­ nalizaciji p a avtor še vedno misli, da ne sme nobena regionalizacijska shema, p rire jena za splošne potrebe, p rezreti pokrajinsko-tipološke ali ek o lošk e razčlen jenosti Slovenije, kakor nam jo p rikazu je naša k a rta 1. Po n jej razlikujem o v Sloveniji tele pokrajinske pasove (številke in črke v besedilu se ujem ajo z označbam i na karti): I. A l p s k e p o k r a j i n e ( I n a k a rti 1.) obsegajo slovenske vi­ sokogorske predele z vmesnimi dolinam i in kotlinam i. Ekološko nud i­ jo ugodne pogoje za alpsko km etovanje, za izrabo gozda, za hidroener- getiko in za turizem , p a tud i za industrijsko dejavnost, slonečo na tr a ­ diciji. Po pokrajinsko-topografski oblikovanosti jih lahko delimo na dva dela: a) zahodne slovenske a lpske pokrajine (I A na karti), obse­ gajoče Julijske A lpe in Zahodne K aravanke z vmesnimi dolinskim i po ­ krajinam i, kakršne so Bohinj, Zgornja Savska (»Jeseniška«) dolina ter svet ravninskih teras ali »dobrav« Radovljiško-blejske kotline, najbolj severnega dela dna L jubljanske kotline, (I 2); b) vzhodne slovenske a l p ­ ske pokrajine (I B), obsegajoče Vzhodne K aravanke in Savinjske ali K am niške A lpe z vmesnimi dolinskim i pokrajinam i (Jezersko, doline v povirju Savinje). Vez med zahodnim i in vzhodnim i slovenskimi a lp sk i­ mi pokrajinam i so Tržiške Alpe, k jer so Vzhodne K aravanke in K am ni­ ške A lpe že pokrajinsko zraščene. II. Pokrajine P r e d a l p s k e g a h r i b o v j a (II), obsegajoče sub- alpske sredogorske pokrajine Slovenije od srednje Soške doline na za­ hodu čez osrčje Slovenije okrog L jubljane daleč p ro ti severozahodu. De- .5 / J ' -■v- " t m k limo jili na več delov: a) zahodne slovenske predalpske pokrajine (II A), ki obsegajo sredogorje med Soško in Savsko dolino z njegovimi v glav­ nem predalpskim i, deloma p a tud i subdinarskim i zgradbenim i poteza­ mi (11, 1—3), v osrednjih ravn inah L jubljanske kotline (II 4) p a potone­ jo pod terciarne in k v arta rn e kotlinske sedim ente; b) vzhodne slovenske predalpske pokrajine (II B), k i obsegajo visoko (II 5) in nizko (II 6) Po­ savsko hribovje vzhodno od L jubljanske kotline, Savinjske P redalpe (II 8, 9) in Spodnjo Savinjsko dolino ali Celjsko kotlino (II 7) z njenim ob­ robjem : razen subdinarsk ih se tu pojavijo nekatere subpanonske značil­ nosti (terciarne gorice s slojišči rjavega premoga, subpanonske poteze v podnebju, km etijstvu in načinu življenja); c) severovzhodne slovenske predalpske pokrajine (II C), ki obsegajo k ristalasto sredogorje t. i. Po­ horskega P odrav ja in vmesne doline (Dravsko, Mežiško in M islinjsko), izrazito pokrajino gozdov in sam otnih gorskih km etij, z rudarsko-indu- strijsko dejavnostjo po dolinah. III. Slovenske s u b p a n o n s k e p o k r a j i n e (III) delimo lahko na: a) prave subpanonske pokrajine (III A), h katerim spadajo ravnine ob D rav i (Dravsko polje, I I I 4), ob M uri (Mursko polje na desnem in P rekm urska ravn ina na levem bregu, I I I 2) in ob spodnji Savi (Breži- ško-krško polje, II I 9) te r vmesne terc iarne gorice (III, 1, 3, 5, 6, 8: Go­ ričko, Slovenske gorice, Podpohorske gorice, Haloze, Posotelske gorice); b) suhpanonsko-subdinarske pokrajine na D olenjskem (III, 10—12: S rednja K rška dolina, Gorjanci, Bela krajina). Ekološko so to za km e­ tijstvo, vinogradništvo in sadjarstvo najugodnejši predeli na kontinen­ ta ln i stran i Slovenije. IV. K r a š k e p o k r a j i n e n o t r a n j e S l o v e n i j e (IV). O b­ segajo razen Nizkega D olenjskega K rasa (IV 1) visoke k raške planote ter vmesna k rašk a po lja na Dolenjskem in N otranjskem (IV 2). Z z n a ­ čilnim visokim krašk im robom (IV 3) strmo padajo na jugozahod proti nižjim subm editeranskim pokrajinam . So področja izrazitega gozdnega gospodarstva. V. Slovenske s u b m e d i t e r a n s k e ali p r i m o r s k e p o k ra ji­ ne (V) z m enjavo nizkih k rašk ih in Hišnih pasov in z močnimi subme- diteranskim i potezam i v klim i in v življenjskem načinu. Obsegajo: a) prave subm editeranske pokrajine (V B) z izrazitim i subm editeranskim i potezam i v ku ltu rn i pokra jin i (vinska trta , deloma oljka); k n jim sp ad a­ jo G oriška ravan (V 5), flišna G oriška B rda (V 4), flišna V ipavska do­ lina (V 6), T ržašk i K ras (V 7) in flišno Koprsko prim orje (V 9); b) sub­ mediteranske prehodne pokrajine (subm editeransko-subalpske, V A. in subm editeransko-subdinarske, V C), k jer se m editeranski vp liv pozna bolj v oblikah naselij in hiš te r v življenjskem načinu kakor v km eto­ vanju: k njim spadajo S rednja Soška dolina (Kanalsko, V 2), Podgorski in H erpeljsk i K ras (V 10) pod Č ičarijo (V 11) in flišno hribovje Brkini (V 12). Očividno je, da gre p ri tej shemi samo za pokrajinsko-tipološko zo- nalno razčlenitev, k jer lahko pokrajine iste ali podobne fiziognomije leže daleč narazen in niso med seboj v nobeni funkcijski zvezi. Tipološki pasovi, med njim i še posebno p redalpsk i, so nam reč že v pokrajinski p la ­ stiki razdrobljeni na več velikih pokrajinsk ih celic, k i so jih izoblikovali poprek čez nje zajedeni dolinski sistemi vzhodnoalpskih rek D rave, Sa­ vinje, Save in Soče. Od nekdaj jim je sledil tud i regionalni in medregio- nalni prom et. U stvaril je iz njili regionalna prom etna področja in v vsa­ kem od n jih povezal med seboj življenje pripadajočih m u izsekov iz ho­ mogenih pokrajinsko-tipoloških pasov. K tem u je p riš la še upravno- po­ litična razdrobljenost slovenskega ozemlja v nekdanje avstrijske dežele (province), ki je še podčrta la regionalno policentričnost Slovenije, zasno­ vano že v pokrajinsk i p lastik i. Zato se je treba za neko splošno uporabno regionaiizacijsko shemo Slovenije opreti močno tud i na drugo shemo, zasnovano v že omenjeni štud iji (5), vpoštevajoč poleg prirodne tud i zgodovinsko in sodobno g ra­ vitacijsko policentričnost S loven ije . Po te j shemi smo razdelili Slovenijo na pet glavnih regionalnih enot: na tr i jasno oblikovane »makroregije«, od katerih im ata dve izraziti središči v dveh p redalpsk ih kotlinah (Ljub­ ljanski in Celjski), tre tja p a v vzhodnem slovenskem P odravju (M ari­ bor), te r na dve področji (Jugovzhodna in Zahodna Slovenija) brez jasno izoblikovanih lastnih m akrocentrov, ki ju do neke mere nadom eščata b ližnja m akrocentra izven m eja SR Slovenije (Zagreb, Trst). Šele v okvi­ ru teh petih glavnih regionalnih enot lahko regionalna geografija Slove­ nije podrobneje razčlenjuje ustrezne odseke iz homogenih pokrajinsk ih pasov, ki jih obsega vsaka med njimi, po drugi stran i pa opredeljuje funkcijske socioekonomske regije nižje stopnje (mezoregije in submezore- gije). ki se v glavnem, z dokaj redkim i izjem am i, dejansko ujem ajo z ozemlji današn jih velikih slovenskih občin (po številu 60) ali skupin občin. Na te j osnovi p red lag a av to r teh vrstic naslednjo , splošni uporabi nam enjeno shem o geografske reg ion alizacije Socialistične repub like Slovenije (gl. karto 2 v prilogi med str. 16 in 17, oznake na n jej se ujem ajo z oznakam i v besedilu): L O s r e d n j a S l o v e n i j a (O srednjeslovenska regija ali regi­ ja Z g o r n j e g a s l o v e n s k e g a P o s a v j a . I na k a r ti 2) se ujem a s pod ročjem L jubljanske kotline v najširšem smislu. Obsega posav­ ski del zahodnega (Ju li jske Alpe, Zahodne Karavanke) in vzhod­ nega slovenskega alpskega sveta (Kamniške A lpe) ter vmesne dolinske po­ krajine, še posebej terasni svet t. i. Gorenjskih ravnin in dobrav, zatem posavski del zahodnega predalpskega hribovja, večino vzhodnega pred­ alpskega hribovja te r vmesne ravnine (osrednje ravnine Ljubljanske kot­ line), na jugu p a še zahodni del Nizkega Dolenjskega Krasa ter večino visokih kraških polj in planot notranje Slovenije. Osrednjeslovensko m akroregijo bi razdelili, v glavnem na osnovi so­ cioekonomske regionalne strukture, n ap re j na šest regij nižje stopnje (mezoregij). Te so: A. Ožja L jubljanska regija, ki ji p rip ad a p e t ljub ljansk ih občin (L jubljana-C enter, L jubljana-B ežigrad, L jub ljana-šiška, Ljubljana-M o- ste-Polje, L jubljana-V ič-R udnik), segajočih še daleč izven m estne aglo­ m eracije na razm erom a močno suburbanizirano podeželje. Razen tek p e­ tih občin sp ad a ta sem še občini Dom žale in K am nik severovzhodno od L jubljane, v svojem ravninskem delu (Bistriška ravnina) že močno raz­ pršeno u rban iz iran i, v svojem hribovitem zaledju na vzhodu p a še moč­ no agrarn i in v stan ju depopulacije. Sem spada tu d i občina V rhnika z b ližnjim notranjskim zaledjem L jubljane te r dve bolj odm aknjeni in še precej ag rarn i občini na vzhodu v sm eri p ro ti Posavskem u hribovju (ob­ čina Litija) in p ro ti nizki D olenjski (občina G rosuplje). B. Srednjegorenjska regija z glavnim središčem v močno in d u strij­ skem m estu K ranj, obsega severozahodni del osrednjih ravn in in teras L jubljanske kotline, sega p a tu d i v zahodni del vzhodnega slovenskega alpskega sveta (Tržiške A lpe, zahodni del K am niških A lp in Vzhodnih K aravank) te r zajem a večino posavske stran i zahodnega slovenskega predalpskega hribovja (škofjeloško hribovje). P rip ad a ta ji močno indu­ stria liz iran i občini K ranj in Tržič te r občina Škofja Loka, ki p a obsega podobno kot občini Domžale in Kam nik v L jubljanski regiji razen u rb a­ niziranega ravninskega jed ra tu d i široko, še močno agrarno in depopu- lacijsko zaledje predalpskega hribovja zahodno od tod. C. Zgornjegorenjska regija, k i obsega vso posavsko stran zahodnega slovenskega alpskega sveta z močno industrializ irano in turistično Zgor- pijo Savsko (»Jeseniško«) dolino, z alpsko kotlino Bohinj te r z najsever­ nejšim delom G orenjskih ravnin in dobrav okrog Radovljice in Bleda. P rip ad a ta ji občina Jesenice s starim m etalurškim centrom na Jesenicah in s turističnim i k ra ji v zgornjem delu doline (K ranjska gora, P lanica) in občina Radovljica, ki obsega tud i turistično in gozdnogospodar­ sko pom em bni pokra jin i B leda in Bohinja. D. Regija t. i. Črnega revirja v Posavskem hribovju vzhodno od L jub ljane s premogovniki oligomiocenskega prem oga (rudarskoindustrij- ske občine Trbovlje, H rastn ik in Zagorje). E. Notranjske gozdne submezoregije na jugozahodu L jubljanske ko t­ line, obsegajoče gozdne k raške planote in vmesna polja v m ejah občin Logatec in C erknica. F. Dolenjske gozdne submezoregije na jugovzhodu L jubljanske ko t­ line, obsegajoče gozdnate k raške planote in vmesna po lja v m ejah občin R ibnica in Kočevje. TL S a v i n j s k o - z g o r n j e s o t e l s k a S l o v e n i j a (IT na karti 2) s središčem v C elju obsega vse porečje Savinje, sega p a s svojo gravi­ tacijsko privlačnostjo tud i v zgornje porečje Sotle, levega p rito k a Save, m ejne reke p ro ti SR H rvatski. Njeno jedro je Celjska kotlina ali Spod­ nja Savinjska dolina s svojim gričevnatim in hribovitim obrobjem, na zahod in severozahod p a sega v gozdnato predalpsko Savinjsko pred­ gorje (Zadrečka dolina z G ornjegrajskim , p redalpske planote Dobrovlje, M enina in Golte), še dalje navzgor, v povirju Savinje, celo v viso­ kogorski alpski svet Savin jskih Alp . O b levem pritoku Savinje, Paki, ji p rip ad a tud i lignitonosna Velenjska kotlina. Južno od C elja ji p rip ad a Deber ob spodnji SaDinji, dolina zajedena v predalpsko Posavsko h ri­ bovje, vzhodno od C elja p a obsežne subpanonske pokrajine Zgornjega Sotelskega, k i na zahodu, na Kozjanskem, p rehaja jo v predalpsko Po­ savsko hribovje. Savinjsko-zgornje sotelsko m akroregijo Slovenije bi razdelili dalje na: A. Osrednjo regijo Savinjske Slovenije, k i obsega vso Celjsko kot­ lino s prom etnim in industrijsk im žariščem v Celju (občina Celje) ter drobno industrializ irano, hk ra ti p a v hm eljarstvo specializirano pode­ želsko pokrajino v zahodnem delu te kotline (občina Žalec). N a severo­ zahodu obsega tud i lignitonosno, sveže industrializ irano Velenjsko kot­ lino, (občina Velenje), južno od C elja p a D eber ob spodnji Savinji (ob- na Laško) z lokalnim urbanim središčem Laško te r z železniškim voz­ liščem ob sotočju Savinje s Savo (Zidani most). B. Regijo Zgornje Savinjske doline (občina Mozirje), področje gor­ skih sam otnih km etij, gozdnega gospodarstva in turizm a, katere razvoj p a še zavira nezadostna zgrajenost prom etnega omrežja. C. Subpanonsko regijo Savinjsko-sotelske Slovenije, k i obsega razen najvzhodnejšega, subpanonskega predela na samem obrobju C eljske kot­ line še vse slovensko zgornje porečje Sotle s Kozjanskim. To je ozemlje subpanonskih občin Šentjur p ri C elju in Šm arje p ri Jelšah, k i spadata z drugim i subpanonskim i občinam i Slovenije vred med njene najbolj agrarne in nezadostno razvite. III. S e v e r o z a h o d n a S l o v e n i j a (III na k a rti 2) ali m akrore- gija V z h o d n e g a s l o v e n s k e g a P o d r a v j a (Zahodno slovensko Podravje je onstran meje, na avstrijskem Koroškem). Obsega dve osnov­ ni pokrajinsk i enoti, na zahodu gozdnato predalpsko Pohorsko Podravje z njegovimi dolinam i (Dravska dolina s hidroenergetskim sistemom, ru- darsko-inetalurška Mežiška dolina in prom etno važna Mislinjska dolina), na vzhodu p a subpanonsko N izko slovensko Podravje z obsežnima rav ­ ninam a ob D ravi in M uri te r obrobnimi terciarnim i goricami, področje ugodnih ekoloških pogojev za subpanonsko km etijstvo, vključno vino­ gradništvo in sadjarstvo. Ob m eji med obema tako različnim a enotam a poteka glavna p redalpska (železniška in cestna) zveza smeri D u n a j— G radec—M aribor—L jub ljana—T rst; ob n jej je vzrastel industrijsk i M a­ ribor, gospodarsko in ku lturno središče vse Severovzhodne Slovenije, ža ­ rišče močnih urbanizacijskili vplivov. Po socioekonomski regionalni s truk tu ri lahko razlikujem o v Severo­ vzhodni Sloveniji naslednje mezoregije: A. Mariborsko-piujsko Podravje, k je r se ob navedeni prom etni osi stikajo najb ližji predeli tako zahodnega, predalpskega P odravja, kakor vzhodnega subpanonskega. Razen žariščnega območja v občini M aribor, ki p a sega daleč v gozdnato zaledje na zahodu in v km etijsko zaledje na severu, sp ad a ta od sorazmerno razvitih kra jev v to regijo še živahni, drobno industrializ iran i in razpršeno suburbanizirani občini ob glavni -\£i?y i . I L B H Murska Sob««.-^ l-G.Radgof̂ a...C e lö v e c wsmL m \ A„ A ***$#**& Ra<^ ob Drevi # tenart , •jyiaribor*, &?\ Unda&a m ?»^y- ' \ V Ljutomer .. 1 Š)avenjGfftdec o -< Jesenice ^ Or mo}i. t e v *«*«*?** -V'' , Mozifj« /*^\\ r ‘'‘: / ’ *•..: Slov. Korwcö \ ... ftkTOJKJ ;«;* HA - Celje/ ••'' ä rarjep .^ .Kamnik Ž a lec / ' L» pnU . •Tolmin SMJa Igka ” • • £. , 3 't n;' ^ T w ^ v V ; . Xv,.S:>;̂ ..-‘ ;} 1 1 0 , _ , V \ ' •> ._ Ljubljana j , * * r V--’’ '*> : ' / * ■ Vid H u d n ik Vfhnjkar, MOÄW'* *>»& : #<"■ * : l H '^N.Gorica'; ' " \ Ajdovšc?n« “* Grosuplje W ^ v /Lokate« \«. f m & i* i ? Cerknica Ribnica *:<:<̂x--. Novo mesto '% S*žwa -Metlika:- , . T p \*ožtevje 1C ttr$k»&̂ ric« C rnorndj si > " ̂ <‘ ' "" } ' / 3 Ä K . .. m rnm i ,J* ^ *• ^Sfc. A ....... K arta 2: GEOGRAFSKE REGIJE SLOVENIJE - MAP 2: GEOGRA­ PHICAL REGIONS OF SLOVENIA (Merilo 1 : 950.000) I 1 — re g ije O sred n je S lo v en ije — R egions of th e C en tra l S lovenia — re g ije S av in jsk o -zg o rn jeso te l- ske^ S loven ije — R egions of the S a v in ja and U p p er Sotla rive r- basin s — re g ije Severovzhodne S lo v e­ n ije — R egions of th e N o rth ­ eas te rn S lovenia 4 — re g ije Jugovzhodne S loven ije — R egions of th e S o u th easte rn S lovenia 5 — re g ije Z ahodne S loven ije — R egions of th e W estern S lovenia (p o d ro b n ejša legenda v tek stu s tr . 13 ff. — d e ta iled ex p la n a tio n o f th e signs in te x t p. 24 ff) 6 — m eje m a k ro re g ij — b oundarie s of th e m acro reg iona l u n its m eje m ezoreg ij — b oundaries of th e m czzoreg ional un its m e je občin — b o u n d a rie s of the rom m unes Q ~ ,neJa Ju g o slav ije — th e fron- M.J%$ t ie r of the SFR Y ugoslavia — m eja m ed SR S loven ijo in SR — — T— 10 Ä V s Ä r « S Ä ™ prom etni žili p ro ti jugu (Slovenska B istrica in Slovenske Konjice), od katerih pa druga že močno teži na celjsko stran in n jena uvrstitev v se­ verovzhodno regijo ni docela p repričljiva . N a vzhodni, subpanonski, km etijsko-vinorodni stran i p a štejemo sem še občino P tu j, k i je sicer še močno agrarna, a doživlja s svojim Agrokom binatom krepko transfo rm a­ cijo svoje tradicionalne km etijske vloge, razen tega p a vključuje K idri­ čevo, novo središče alum inijeve industrije . Pač p a sp ad a ta dve preostali občini subpanonskega vzhoda M ariborsko-ptujskega P odrav ja med še najbolj agrarne in zaostale v Sloveniji. To sta občini Ormož, daleč na vzhodu ob D ravi in L enart v zahodnem delu O srednjih Slovenskih Go­ ric. B. Pomurje, ki obsega slovenski del porečja M ure tako na njenem le­ vem bregu (Prekm urje), ki je v avstroogrski dobi spadal pod zaostalo Ogrsko, kakor na desnem bregu (Prlekija), k i je spadal na avstrijsko stran, pod Štajersko. Vse štiri pom urske občine, tako tisti dve, ki obsega­ ta levi. p rekm urski breg (M urska Sobota, Lendava) kakor obe štajerski (Gornja Radgona, Ljutomer) so izrazito subpanonske, močno agrarne in zaostale, s k repk im začasnim ali tra jn im izseljevanjem delovne sile. Od štirih občinskih, submezoregionalnih centrov je doživela največ živahnej­ še, industrijske in terc iarne dejavnosti M urska Sobota, k i se je povzpela do funkcij m ezoregionalnega značaja v slovenskem policentričnem siste­ mu. R azvijajo se tud i tu rističn i k ra ji ob slatinah in toplicah, v Sloven­ skih goricah p a m oderni vinogradniški agrokom binati. C. Koroška regija, ki obsega tisti del nekdanje Koroške, ki je po prvi svetovni vojni p rip ad e l brez p leb icita Jugoslaviji ter še nekatere sosed- dnje predele Pohorskega P odravja, ki so po zgodovini in trad ic iji močno koroške. Med njenim i občinam i je najbolj razv ita rudarsko-industrijska občina Ravne na Koroškem, obsegajoča Mežiško kotlino, m anj občini D ra ­ vograd in R adlje v D ravski dolini, k jer sta v ospredju hidroenergetika in izraba gozda ter občina Slovenjgradec, ki obsega M islinjsko dolino. Če­ p rav štejemo koroško regijo k m akroregiji Severovzhodne Slovenije, je treba dodati, da im a v n jej dokaj samostojno vlogo. Razm erom a malo je povezana z M ariborom, kažejo se celo močne težnje za povezavo z bliž­ nj im rudarsko-industrijsk im Velenjem v Savinjski Sloveniji. IV. J u g o v z h o d n a S l o v e n i j a (IV na k a rti 2) obsega spodnje slovensko Posavje in porečje tam kajšn jih savskih pritokov M irne, K r­ ke, Kolpe in spodnje Sotle. Vanjo še segajo nižji jugovzhodni odrastki predalpskega Posavskega hribovja, njeni jed ri p a sta subpanonska Spodnjeposavska ali Brežiško-krška ravan s svojim vinorodnim terc iar­ nim obrobjem ter subpanonsko-subdinarska Srednja Krška dolina (Novo­ m eška pokrajina). O nstran osamelega subpanonsko-subdinarskega h ri­ bovja Gorjancev ji p rip ad a še n izka k rašk a p okra jina Bele krajine. Č eprav postaja Novo mesto v najnovejšem razvoju slovenskega poli­ centričnega sistema, posebno od kar je zgrajena čez Dolenjsko m oderna avtom obilska cesta od L jubljane p ro ti Zagrebu, dokaj močno žarišče in­ dustrijsk ih in terc iarn ih dejavnosti, ga je nemogoče označiti kot domi­ nantni center za vso Jugovzhodno Slovenijo, saj se poleg njega živahno razvijajo nekateri k ra ji ob Savi (Brežice kot centraln i k ra j, posebno pa Krško s pap irno industrijo in s predvideno atomsko elektrarno), svoje submezoregionalne funkcije p a sta močno zadržali tud i obe krajevni sre­ dišči v Beli k ra jin i (Črnomelj, M etlika). Izven obeh glavnih žariščnih področij (Novo mesto, Krško-Brežice) p a je Jugovzhodna Slovenija še vedno precej subpanonsko agrarna. Ker nim a skupnega centra, se jasno deli na dve subregiji. To sta: A. Vzhodna D olenjska z Belo krajino, k i obsega ožji vzhodnodolenj- ski občini Novo mesto in Trebnje (od katerih je druga še med najbolj agrarnim i v Sloveniji) ter belokranjski občini Črnom elj in M etlika, ki sta se tud i kom aj začeli izv ijati iz agrarne zaostalosti. B. Spodnje slovensko Posavje z občinam i Sevnica, Krško in Brežice, ki jim je že glavna železnica pro ti Zagrebu poživila neagrarne dejavno­ sti in položila tem elje za živahnejši razvoj. V. Z a h o d n a ali » P r i m o r s k a « S l o v e n i j a (V na k a rti 2) kaže že v prirodnem okolju znake prehoda na subm editeransko stran, od tam p a je doživljala tud i močne družbene vplive, b ila v avstroogrski dobi s svojim večjim delom vključena v avstrijsko pokrajino »Primorsko«, med obema vojnam a pa je bila pod Italijo . Ker so tak ra t p rišle pod I ta ­ lijo tud i nekatere pokrajine nekdanje K ranjske (Idrija , Postojna, Ilirska Bistrica), jih z določeno upravičenostjo lahko še uvrstim o med »prim or­ ske«, čeprav je v n jih splošna privlačnost Osrednjeslovenske regije tako močna, da bi vsaj nekatere od n jih (Idrija , Postojna) z ne mnogo m anj upravičenosti lahko v naši shemi šteli tud i k O srednjeslovenski regiji. Pok rajinam Zahodne Slovenije je v avstroogrski in ita lijansk i dobi daja la precejšnjo mero m akroregionalne enotnosti močna privlačnost T rsta. Zdaj, ko je T rst onstran meje, pokrajine njegovega nekdanjega za­ ledja na ozemlju SR Slovenije nim ajo dovolj močnega središča, ki bi jih povezovalo v makroregional no enoto. K oper je s svojimi novimi funkcija­ mi (luka, vodilne centralne funkcije za vse Koprsko prim orje) postal sicer eno od najdinam ičnejših žarišč v policentričnem razvoju SR Slovenije, toda nekdanje vloge T rsta nikakor ne more nadom estiti. S svojimi sploš­ nimi fukcijam i predvsem ne more pritegniti nase severnega dela sloven­ skih zahodnih pokrajin , Posočja. Še več, ta bolj kontinentaln i kakor za- :es »primorski« del Zahodne Slovenije si ustvarja svoje lastno regionalno središče v Novi Gorici, ki skuša celo prevzeti vodilno vlogo v kopnih prom etnih zvezah z Italijo. K tem u bi-regionalnem u razvoju Zahodne Slovenije je bistveno prispevalo dejstvo, da se prom et iz notranjosti, ki ga posredujejo znana »Postojnska vrata« ter druge kraške suhe doline in podolja ter vmesni nižji flišni prevali (Razdrto), ko se prevali na p r i­ morsko stran v kraje , ki bi jih najprim erneje označili kot »primorsko kraško zaledje«, nujno cepi v dve smeri: p ro ti morskim lukam (Trstu in Kopru) te r po kopnem , mimo Gorice, v Italijo. Zato lahko v skladu s takim razvojem Zahodno Slovenijo delimo na tri regije nižje stopnje. To so: A. Posočje, obsegajoče Soško dolino in doline njenih pritokov od najv išjih alpskih (Bovško) mimo predalpsk ih predelov (Tolminsko) ter 2 G e o g r a f s k i v e s tn i k 17 -\£i?y i . I L B H Murska Sob««.-^ l-G.Radgof̂ a...C e lö v e c wsmL m \ A„ A ***$#**& Ra<^ ob Drevi # tenart , •jyiaribor*, &?\ Unda&a m ?»^y- ' \ V Ljutomer .. 1 Š)avenjGfftdec o -< Jesenice ^ Or mo}i. t e v *«*«*?** -V'' , Mozifj« /*^\\ r ‘'‘: / ’ *•..: Slov. Korwcö \ ... ftkTOJKJ ;«;* HA - Celje/ ••'' ä rarjep .^ .Kamnik Ž a lec / ' L» pnU . •Tolmin SMJa Igka ” • • £. , 3 't n;' ^ T w ^ v V ; . Xv,.S:>;̂ ..-‘ ;} 1 1 0 , _ , V \ ' •> ._ Ljubljana j , * * r V--’’ '*> : ' / * ■ Vid H u d n ik Vfhnjkar, MOÄW'* *>»& : #<"■ * : l H '^N.Gorica'; ' " \ Ajdovšc?n« “* Grosuplje W ^ v /Lokate« \«. f m & i* i ? Cerknica Ribnica *:<:<̂x--. Novo mesto '% S*žwa -Metlika:- , . T p \*ožtevje 1C ttr$k»&̂ ric« C rnorndj si > " ̂ <‘ ' "" } ' / 3 Ä K . .. m rnm i ,J* ^ *• ^Sfc. A ....... K arta 2: GEOGRAFSKE REGIJE SLOVENIJE - MAP 2: GEOGRA­ PHICAL REGIONS OF SLOVENIA (Merilo 1 : 950.000) I 1 — re g ije O sred n je S lo v en ije — R egions of th e C en tra l S lovenia — re g ije S av in jsk o -zg o rn jeso te l- ske^ S loven ije — R egions of the S a v in ja and U p p er Sotla rive r- basin s — re g ije Severovzhodne S lo v e­ n ije — R egions of th e N o rth ­ eas te rn S lovenia 4 — re g ije Jugovzhodne S loven ije — R egions of th e S o u th easte rn S lovenia 5 — re g ije Z ahodne S loven ije — R egions of th e W estern S lovenia (p o d ro b n ejša legenda v tek stu s tr . 13 ff. — d e ta iled ex p la n a tio n o f th e signs in te x t p. 24 ff) 6 — m eje m a k ro re g ij — b oundarie s of th e m acro reg iona l u n its m eje m ezoreg ij — b oundaries of th e m czzoreg ional un its m e je občin — b o u n d a rie s of the rom m unes Q ~ ,neJa Ju g o slav ije — th e fron- M.J%$ t ie r of the SFR Y ugoslavia — m eja m ed SR S loven ijo in SR — — T— 10 Ä V s Ä r « S Ä ™ predalpsko-subm editeranskih kra jev ob srednji Soči (Kanalsko) do vsto­ pa reke v ravan p ri Gorici. A lpsko in predalpsko Posočje obsega ob­ čina Tolmin, spodnje Posočje p a občina Nova Gorica, m edtem ko p r i­ p ad a ozemlje ob dolinah večjih levih soških pritokov (Idrijce in V ipa­ ve) občinam a Id riji in Ajdovščini. N ekaj živahnejša dinam ika je v Po­ sočju zajela le n ižji svet, izven gora, se p rav i Novo Gorico z ožjim za­ ledjem in Vipavsko dolino z Ajdovščino, m edtem ko je Srednje in še posebno Zgornje Posočje obtičalo v globoki zaostalosti in že desetletja doživlja depopulacijo. B. Primorsko kraško zaledje (občine Postojna, Ilirska B istrica in Sežana), k je r prom etna pom em bnost in na notranjem gozdnatem ob­ robju (Ilirska Bistrica, Postojna) gozdnogospodarska dejavnost oživljata le k ra je ob glavnih prom etnih žilah, vstran od n jih p a tičijo odročne vasi tako po k rašk ih p lano tah kakor po flišnem hribovju (Brkini, V ipavska Brda) globoko v zaostalosti in depopulaciji. C. Koprsko primorje, najbo lj subm editeranska in zares »primorska« p okra jina SR Slovenije s pristaniško-plovbeno (Koper, P iran), in d u strij­ sko (Koper, Izola) in turistično funkcijo (Portorož, P iran , S trunjan). O krog treh starih obalnih m est so se tu oblikovale tr i današnje občine (Koper, Izola, P iran). Č eprav v živahnem razvoju in z močnim pritego­ vanjem novega prebivalstva, je to prim orje še precej osam ljen razvojni otok v slovenskem policentričnem sistem u; že v njegovem najbližjem zaledju ne m anjka zaostalih k ra jev z močno depopulacijo. Ce bi na koncu pojem Slovenije želeli razširiti tud i čez m eje SR Slovenije na tiste predele slovenskega etničnega ozemlja, k i so ostali iz­ ven n jenih m eja na M adžarskem , v A vstriji ali v Ita liji, bi ta šesti del Slovenije lahko označili kot Z a m e j s k o S l o v e n i j o . Le-ta p a se­ stoji iz več kosov: A. Porabska zamejska Slovenija v m ejah M adžarske, ki s svojimi slo­ venskim i vasm i v zaledju M onoštra pom eni nadaljevanje prekm urskega Goričkega, le da se ne odm aka in ne teži k Muri, tem več na ogrsko stran, k Rabi. B. Koroška zamejska Slovenija, k i obsega južni del avstrijske Ko­ roške, k je r živi deloma sklenjeno, deloma p a pomešano z nemško govo­ rečim prebivalstvom močna slovenska narodna m anjšina. Obsega zgornje Podravje z jedrom v Celovški kotlini. Poskus geografske regionalizacije zam ejske Koroške v slovenski geografski lite ra tu ri (10) nam pokaže, da moramo v n jej razlikovati: a) zahodni del južne Koroške (Ziljska doli­ na, Bel jašk a sovodenj), ki teži k Beljaku, b) osrednji del južne Koroške, težeč v glavnem neposredno k Celovcu (pokrajine Osojsko-vrbsko h ri­ bovje, podolje Vrbskega jezera, Celovška ravan, višje konglom eratne G ure te r onstran n jih ob D rav i pod K aravankam i Rož) ter c) vzhodni del južne Koroške (pokrajine Velikovško Č ezdravje, Podjuna in dolina Be­ le) z več m anjšim i regionalnim i središči (Velikovec, P liberk , Železna K apla). C. Zahodna zam ejska Slovenija, k i obsega s Slovenci naseljena ozem­ lja v Ita liji, in sicer v avtonom ni regiji F u rlan ija -ju lijsk a Benečija. Im a več delov, in sicer: a) T ržaško zamejsko Slovenijo, k i razen T rsta s slo­ vensko m anjšino obsega neposredno, pretežno slovensko kraško zaledje T rsta, k a r ga je p ripad lo Ita liji in s Slovenci še močno naseljeno Tržaško p rim orje med Trstom in Devinom, b) Goriško zamejsko Slovenijo, ki ra ­ zen m anjšine v samem mestu Gorici obsega nekaj slovenskih vasi ob Soči pod mestom in v italijanskem delu G oriških B rd; c) Beneško Slovenijo, zaostalo hribovito pokrajino z močno depopulacijo, ki zajem a p red a lp ­ sko hribovje in gričevje ležeče ob rekah N adiži (N adiška Beneška Slo­ venija) in T eru (Terska Beneška Slovenija) neposredno k Furlanskem u n ižavju , razen tega p a še zaprto, osamljeno gorsko dolino Rezijo v za­ hodnih Julijsk ih A lpah. Od ostale Zahodne zam ejske Slovenije se raz ­ likuje po tem, da je že od leta 1866 nepretrgom a pod Italijo ; d) Kanalsko dolino, podolje v pov irju Bele, p rito k a Tilm enta, zgornje Save in Ziljice, ki p rip ad a že dravskem u porečju, s središčem ob razpotnem m estu T r­ biž, pokrajino, ki je zgodovinsko koroška, a je po p rv i svetovni vojni p r i­ p ad la Ita liji. T udi v n jej se še drži slovenska m anjšina. 2 * 19 Svetozar I l e š i č THE REGION S O F SLOVENIA (G eographical Regionalization of Slovenia) Since the end of the 19th cen tury the Slovenian geography regarded as one of its m ain task to present Slovenia and her regions in a synthe­ tical regional study. Because Slovenia is an ex trao rd inary varied mo­ saic, inspite of her small size, both from the poin t of view of her p h y ­ sical characteristics and from the poin t of view of the socioeconomic set-up of the country, the question of the best model of regionalization was alw ays raised. W hen the leading Slovenian cu ltu ra l organization of the time, the »M atica Slovenska«, started a series of hom eland mo­ nographs on history and geography about the regions of Slovenia it sim­ p ly adopted the presentation by the »crown provinces« (C arniola — K rain, S ty ria — Steierm ark, C arin th ia — K ärnten, Coastal province — K üstenland) of the A ustrian em pire w hich were the political adm ini­ strative iinits into w hich the territo ry of the ethnic Slovenia was p a r ti­ tioned p rio r to the year 1918 (1). A fter most of the Slovenian speaking territo ry has been included into the new state of Yugoslavia and a fte r the university of L jub ljana was founded (in 1919) and its G eographical institu te set up (in 1921) the need of a m odern regional geography of Slovenia has become even m ore accute. This was considered to be one of his life tasks by the in itia ­ tor of the m odern geography in Slovenia, the la te professor Anton Me­ lik (1890—1966). Even before the last w ar he edited the first, general p a r t of his m onum ental geographical treatise of Slovenia (2), based to a large ex ten t on his own research. The w ork was continued a fte r the li­ beration in 1945 and four volumes th a t deal w ith p articu la r regions of Slovenia were published by 1954— 1960. The technique of arranging the tex t for publication in succesive volumes was largely responsible for the fact th a t the au thor could not construct in th a t m onograph a p roper mo­ del or scheme for regionalization based on u n ita ry criteria. As dem onstra­ ted already by the titles of the volumes in th a t series (3) Melik was w a­ vering and searched a compromise between d iffe ren t criteria. In the first volume (on the »Alpine area of Slovenia«) the physiognom ic criterion was used for the definition of the area bu t in the second volume (on the »Slovenian S ty ria w ith P rekm urje and the Mežica valley«) the historico- adm inistrative crite ria were in the foreground while in the th ird volume (on the Savaland Slovenia) the hydrograph ical criterion was decesive and in the fourth volume (on the »littoral Slovenia«) the delim itation was based on a com bination of the physico-geographical and the historico- geographical notions of the »littoral« western p a r t of Slovenia. This in ­ tertw ining of d iffe ren t crite ria could not produce and neither had the purpose of producing a sim plified and in tu itive model or scheme for regionalization w hich should have served for the presentation ol the regional geography of the Slovenian territory . Such a scheme, however, was more and more needed for practical purposes; not only a t all school levels, from the elem entary schools to the university, for presenting the regional geography of the country but also for research of the regional structures for the purpose of the app lied geography and, in particu la r, for the regional spatial planning. The autor of this paper, therefore, has set him self the task of try ing to construct such a regionalization scheme. The effort started w ith a brief outline of the physiognom ic regions wdiich was based on the types of landscape features (4). L ater a scheme of the socioeconomic regionaliza­ tion was devised (5) w hich was based on the regional socioeconomic and notably on the gravitation functions. This second scheme was conceived as an in itia l and pre lim inary one, bu t concrete regional analyses have largely confirm ed it and its bases of regionalization are in great accor­ dance also w ith la ter analy tical studies of the functional classification of the central places of Slovenia and of their h in terlands (6) as well as w ith the spatia l d ifferen tiation of Slovenia as revealed in the studies of the m igration m obility of population (7). This functional classification of the regions of Slovenia was also adopted by F. P lan ina as a scheme of regionalization in his popu lar regional geographical book about the country (8). The au thor of these line took also his pre lim inary scheme as a basis for his contributions to the study of the socioeconomic regional structure of Slovenia w hich were published both in the Yugoslav and in the foreign (Austrian, Belgian) geographical periodicals (9). Insp ite of the stronger stress on the socioeconomic and gravitational regionalization the au thor still th inks th a t no scheme or model of regio­ nalization, p repared for the general purpose, m ust overlook the d ifferen ­ tiation of Slovenia into landscape types and ecological areas w hich is presented in Map 1 (11). As indicated on th a t m ap the following belts of the landscape regions m ay be discerned in Slovenia (the figures and letters in the Map refer to thoe used in this p a p e r) : I. T h e a l p i n e l a n d s c a p e r e g i o n s (I on the m ap 1) inclu­ de the high m ountains areas of Slovenia together w ith the valleys and basins. They provide good ecological conditions for alp ine agriculture, for forestry, for hydroelectrical pow er-stations and for tourism but also for m anufacturing th a t is based on trad itional skills. Two p arts can be discerned w ith regard to landscape topography: a) the western Slovenian alpine regions (IA) w ith interm ediate valleys and small basins of Bohinj, the u p p er Sava valley (beyond Jesenice) and the area of well pronounc­ ed terraces (»dobrave«) in the Radovljica-Bled basin w hich is a t the same time, the most northern p a r t of the large L jub ljana basin (I 2 b ) : the eastern Slovenian alpine regions (I B) which includes the eastern K a­ ravanke m ountains, the Savinja or K am nik Alps and the valley of Je­ zersko in between as well as the valleys in the u p p er reaches of the Sa­ vinja river. The junction between the western and the eastern Slovenian alp ine regions is m ade by the Tržič Alps, w here the eastern K aravanke m ountains and the K am nik A lps are already united. II. T h e r e g i o n s o f t h e s u b a l p i n e u p l a n d s (II) which include the subalpine m ountainous regions of Slovenia extending from the m iddle course of the Soča river in the west and then to the u p ­ lands around L jub ljana and fu rth e r east all the w ay to M aribor. Several p arts can be discerned: a) the western Slovenian subalpine upland re­ gion (II A) includes the m ountains betw een the Soča and Sava valleys which reveal both the subalpine and, p a rtly , the subdinaric structural geological features (II, 1—3) th a t are concealed, in the nex t region of the L jub ljana basin (II 4), under the te rtia ry and, even more, q u a te r n a ­ ry sedim ents form ing the f la t areas in the central p a r t of the basin; b) eastern Slovenian subalpine regions (II B) w hich include both the high (II 5) and the low (II 6) Sava m ountains to the east of the L jub ljana b a­ sin, the subalpine Savinja uplands (II 8, 9) and the Lower S avinja valley viz. the Celje basin (II 7) and its rim ; some subpannonian characteristics are already present (e. g. the te rtia ry hills w ith brow n-coal deposits, so­ me subpannonian tra its in the clim ate and agriculture and in the w ay of life); c) the northeastern Slovenian subalpine regions (II c) consisting of erysta llin ic m ountains of the (so called) Pohorje D ravaland (along the D rav a river w ith the m ain valleys of D rava, Meža and Mislinja) which is an area of woods and isolated m ountain farm s as well as of mining and m anufacturing in the valleys. III. The S l o v e n i a n s u b p a n n o n i a n r e g i o n s (III) can be divided into: a) the true subpannonian regions (III A) to w hich belong the p lains along D rava (the D rava p lain , I I I 4), along M ura (the M ura p la in on the righ t side of the river and the P rekm urje p la in on the left side, I I I 2), and along the lower course of the Sava river (the p la in of Brežice-Krško, I I I 9) as well as the surrounding low te rtia ry hills: I I I 1, 3, 5, 6, 8: the »Goričko« area of P rekm urje, the hills of »Slovenske gorice« {»Slovenian hills«) between D rava and M ura, the foot-hills of the Po­ horje m ountain, the »Haloze« hills to the south of P tu j, the hills along the Sotla river; b) the subpannonian-subdinaric regions of Lower C ar- niola (III, 10—12: The m iddle K rka valley, the G orjanci m ountain, »Bela K rajina« or W hite C arniola in the extrem e south). W ith regard to ecological conditions these are. on the continental side of Slovenia, the most suitable areas for agriculture, vine-growing and fruit-growing. IV. The k a r s t r e g i o n s o f I n n e r S l o v e n i a (IV) includes, a p a rt from the low k ars t area of Lower C arniola (IV 1), the high karst p la teaus and poljes of Lower C arniola and Inner C arniola (IV 2). They descend w ith a steep escarpm ent (IV 3) to the southw est tow ards the lo­ w er subm editerranean regions. These karst regions are the characteristic forestry areas. V. The s u b m e d i t e r r a n e a n o r l i t t o r a l r e g i o n s (V) w here low lying belts of either k a rs t or flysch topography stand out w ith their strong m editerranean tra its in agriculture and the w ay of life. They include: a) the true submediterranean regions (V b) w ith m arked subm editerranean tra its in the cu ltura l landscape (vine, olive-trees also): to this group belong the p la in of G orica (Y 5), the flysch hills of Brda (V 4), the flysch area of the valley of Y ipava (V 6), the K ras (Karst) re­ gion above Trieste (V 7) and the flysch area of K oper litto ra l (V 9); b) the submediterranean transitional regions (the subm editerranean-subalpi- ne regions, Y A, and the subm editerranean-subdinaric regions, V c) w he­ re the m editerranean influences are m anifested more in the forms of settlem ents and houses and, also, in the w ay of life than in the agricul­ tu re; they include the m iddle Soča valley (or the K anal region, V 2), the karst area of Podgorje and H rpelje (V 10) under the Č ičarija m ountains (V 11) and the flysch hills of Brkini (V 12). I t is evident th a t this scheme deals only w ith the landscape-typolo­ gical zonal divisions w here the regions of the same or sim ilar physiogno­ m y can be spatia lly fa r aw ay and in no functional relation. Typological belts, in p articu la r the subalpine belt, are brokem already by topography of the landscape into several landscape units (or cells) w hich are tran s­ versely separated by the river valley systems of the east-alpine rivers of D rava, Savinja, Sava, and Soča. These valley systems were used since early h istorical times by regional or interregio­ nal tra ffic w hich has m ade of them transporta tion regions and, in each of them , has interw oven the life w ith in such sections cu t out of the ho­ mogenous landscape belts. To this, the adm inistrative and political dis­ m em berm ent of the Slovenian te rrito ry into form er A ustrian provinces was added and had enhanced the polycentric regional p a tte rn of Slo­ venia w hich is based already in the general topographical and landscape features of the country. I t became therefore necessary to base a general purpose regionali­ zation scheme of Slovenia also on the second scheme or model w hich was conceived in the above m entioned study (5) and w hich takes into account not only the n a tu ra l conditions and characteristics bu t also the historical and m odern gravitational p olycentric pattern of Slovenia. In th a t la tte r scheme Slovenia was divided into five m ain regional units: into the three d istinctly evident »macro-regions«, two of w hich have their strongly m arked centres in the subalpine basins of Celje and L jub­ ljana and the th ird in the eastern Slovenian D ravaland a t M aribor, and two other m ajor areas (the southeastern and the western Slovenia) w hich are w ithout d istinctly predom inant m ain centres of »macro-regional« charac ter and w here the two nearest large m acro-centres outside Slo­ venia (Zagreb, Trieste) p a r tly substitute for the lack. O nly w ith in the fram ew ork of these m ajor regional units fu rther subdivisions can be m ade in the regional geography of Slovenia of the sections from the homogenous landscape belts of w hich each regional un it is consisting and, on the other hand, a classification of the functional socioeconomic regions of a lower order (mezzoregions and sub-mezzoregions) can be made which, w ith few exceptions, do in fact coincide w ith the territories of contem porary large communes of Slovenia (60 in num ber) or with groups of them. The au th o r proposes on the basis of such considerations the fol­ lowing general purposes schem e of geographical regionalization of the Socialist R epublic of Slovenia (see M ap 2 in A nnex; the simbols used the­ re correspond to those used in the following te x t) : I. C e n t r a l S l o v e n i a (the cen tral Slovenian region or the re ­ gion of the Upper Savaland, I on Map 2) m ainly corresponds to the area of the L jub ljana basin in the largest sense. I t comprises in its northern p a r t the areas of the w estern Slovenian alp ine region (the Julian Alps, the western Karavanke) and p a r t of the eastern Slovenian alp ine region (the K am nik Alps) both drained by Sava river, as well as valley regions in between, in p a rticu la r the terraces and plains of Upper Carniola. In its cen tral p a r t the central Slovenian region includes the central plains of the Ljubljana basin surrounded by the p arts of the western and eastern subalpine mountains th a t are drained by the Sava river, and in its southern p a r t the western p a r t of the low karst of Lower Carniola as well as most of the high karst poljes and plateaus of the interior of Slovenia. The central Slovenian m acroregion can be fu rther subdivided on the basis of the socioeconomic regional s tructu re into six regions of a lower order (»mezzo-regions«). These are: A. The Ljujbljana region proper, to w hich belongs all the te r­ rito ry of the five communes w hich constitute the town (L jubljana-Cent- re, L jubljana-B ežigrad, L jubljana-Š iska, Ljubljana-M oste-Polje, L jublja- na-V ič-Rudnik) and extendes fa r outside the urban agglom eration to com paratively strongly urbanized ru ra l areas. To these areas the te rrito ­ ry of the two communes of K am nik and Domžale should be added, in their w estern sections (the p la in of Bistrica) also affected by a strong but dispersed urbanization, while their eastern m ountainous sections are still quite agricu ltu ra l w ith depopulation in progress. F u rth er is inclu­ ded the commune of V rhnika w ith the near southw estern h in terland of L jub ljana extending into the Inner C arniola, and twTo somewhere more remote and much more ag rarian communes in the east: th a t of L itija in the Sava m ountains and th a t of G rosuplje in the low area of the Lo­ wer Carniola. B. The region of middle Upper Carniola, w ith its focal point in the strongly industrialized towrn of K ranj, includes the northw estern p a r t of p lains and terraces in the L jub ljana basin b u t also the western section of the Slovenian alp ine region (the Tržič Alps), the w estern p a r t of the Kam nik A lps and eastern K aravanke m ountains) and most of the w e­ stern p a r t of the Slovenian subalpine up lands w hich belong to the Sava drainage basin (the m ountains of Škofja Loka). The region includes two very industrialized communes of K ranj and Tržič and the commune of Škofja Loka w hich — like the communes of Kam nik and Domžale — includes besides the urbanized p la in around the town the subalpine m ountains in the west w ith predom inant agriculture and depopulation. C. The region of northern Upper Carniola w hich includes all the western Slovenian alpine region th a t belongs to the Sava drainage b a ­ sin: the industrial and touristic U pper Sava (Jesenice) valley, the inter- m ontane alpine basin of Bohinj and the most northern p a r t of the U pper C arniola p lains and terracces around R adovljica and Bled. The area is included in two communes: the commune of Jesenice w ith its steel­ works and the touristic ressorts areas of K ranjska Gora and P lanica and the commune of R adovljica w ith a dispersed industry in the p lain and w ith strong forestry and touristic activities in the alp ine regions of Bled in Bohinj (including the famous lakes). D. The so called »Black C ountry« region in the Sava m ountains east of L jub ljana w ith m ining of oligomiocene coal (the m ining-industrial communes of Trbovlje, H rastn ik and Zagorje). E. The wooded mezzoregions of Inner Carniola to the southwest of the L jubljana basin w hich include the heavily wooded karst p lateaus and the interm ediate poljes in the two communes of Logatec and Cerknica. F. The wooded mezzoregions of Lower Carniola w ith the same cha­ racteristics to the southeast of the L jubljana basin in the communes of R ibnica and Kočevje. II. The r e g i o n of the S a v i n j a and U p p e r S o t l a r i v e r basins (II on Map 2) w ith its centre in Celje includes the entire drainage basin of Savinja, bu t also, because of the gravitational pu ll of Celje, the u p p er p a r t of the drainage basin of the Sotla river which is a left trib u ­ ta ry of Sava and forms the boundary between Slovenia and C roatia. The core area of this region is the basin of Celje or the Lower Savinja valley w ith its h illy or even m ountainous rim. The region is continued to the west in the subalpine Savinja mountains (the valley of D reta and the area of G ornji grad, the subalpine p lateaus of Dobrovlje, M enina and Golte). The lignite basin of Velenje along the left tr ib u ta ry of the Sa­ v in ja river, the P ak a river, also belongs to th a t m ajor region. To the south of Celje the gorge of the lower Savinja river, cut through the sub­ alpine Sava m ountains, and to the east the extensive subpannonian area of the upper Sotla valley also belong to th a t region; the h illy country of this valley passes over, to the south east of Celje, into the subalpine m ountainous Kozjansko country. A finer subdivision of the macroregion of Savinja and u p p er Sotla would be as follows: A. The central region of Savinja corresponds to the most developed areas of this p a r t of Slovenia. I t includes, besides the industrial and transporta tion focus around Celje (the commune of Celje), the western p a r t of the Celje p lain , an area of small dispersed m anufacturing cen ­ ters and of specialized hop-growTing (the commune of Zalec), the lignite basin of Yelenje w ith new ly established industries (the commune of Ve­ lenje) and the gorge of lower Savinja river w ith a local urban centre at Laško and the railw ays node of Zidani most at the confluence of the Savinja and Sava rivers (the commune of Laško). B. The region of the U pper Savinja va lley (the commune of Mozirje) w hich is m ostly an area of m ountain farm s, forestry, tim ber industry and tourism , delayed in its developm ent by the backw ardness of tran s­ portation conditions. C. The subpannonian region o f Savinja-Soila w hich includes the p ro­ p e r subpannonian eastern p a r t of the Celje basin but also the entire Slovenian p a r t of the u p p er Sotla drainage basin including the K ozjan­ sko m ountainous country. Both communes of this region (Šentjur p ri Celju and Šm arje p ri Jelšah) are, together w ith the other subpannonian communes, among the most ag rarian and least developed in entire Slove­ nia. III. The N o r t h e a s t e r n S l o v e n i a (III on m ap 2) or the m acroregion of the e a s t e r n p a r t of the S l o v e n i a n D r a v a l a n d (the w estern p a r t of Slovenian D ravaland is across the border in A ustrian C arin thia) consists of two basic geographical units. The we­ stern p a r t consists of the subalpine wooded uplands on both sides of the river D rava (the Pohorje-D ravaland) and of the corresponding valleys (the D rava valley w ith a chain of hydroelectrical pow er p lants, the Mežica valley w itk its m ining and m etalurgical industries and the Mi­ slinja valley w kich is an im portan t transporta tion route). O n the other hand, the eastern p a r t of the region (the low Slovenian D ravaland) con­ sists of extensive p lains along the D rava and the M ura rivers and the surrounding te rtia ry hills, an area of good ecological conditions for the subpannonian ty p e of agriculture, notably for vine-growing and fru it­ growing. The m ain subalpine route (both ra ilw ay and road) in the direc­ tion V ienna—G raz—M aribor—L jub ljana—Trieste follows — in slove- n ia — the line dividing both m ajor geographical units of this p a r t of Slovenia; also, the industria l city of M aribor, the economic and cu ltural centre of tlie entire northeastern Slovenia and the focus of strong u rb a ­ nization influences, has developed along this line. T aking into consideration the socioeconomic regional s tructu re the following mezzoregions can be discerned in northeastern Slovenia: A. The M aribor-Ptuj D ravaland w here tlie areas of both the we­ stern subalpine and the eastern, subpannonian D ravaland m eet along the above m entioned transporta tion axis. A p art from the focal area in the commune of M aribor, w hich extends also fu rther west into the wooded and, in the north, into the agricu ltu ra l h in terland , two more com­ munes along the m ain transporta tion route to the south are included into this region, both w ith dispersed m inor industries (Slovenska B istrica and Slovenske Konjice). The second of the two communes also strongly g ra­ vitates tow ards Celje and the inclusion of it into the northeastern region m ay not be quite justified . Three more communes on the eastern sub­ pannonian agricu ltu ra l and vine-growing side are also included. F irst, the commune of P tu j w hich is still a p redom inant ag rarian terito ry , but where trad itional agriculture is rap id ly changing owing to the big so­ cialist ag ricu ltu ra l en terprise; also, the large allum inium sm elter at Kidričevo is located in th a t commune. The two rem aining communes in the subpannonian east of the M aribor-P tuj D ravaland belong, however, to the most agricu ltu ral and backw ard areas of Slovenia. This are the communes of Ormož in the extrem e eastern p a r t of D rava p la in and the commune of L enart in the western p a r t of the liill-land of Slovenske go­ rice between M ura and D rava. B. The M uraland (»Pomurje«) w hich includes the Slovenian p a r t of the drainage basin of M ura both on the left side of the river (»Prekm ur­ je« — region across the M ura river) w hich, in the times of the form er D anubian double m onarchy, belonged to the less developed H ungarian portion and the areas on the righ t side of the river (»Prlekija«), which belonged to the A ustrian province of S tyria. All four communes of the M uraland (M urska Sobota and Lendava on the left side and G ornja Radgona and Ljutom er on the righ t side) are of distinctly subpannonian character, still m ostly agricu ltural and underdeveloped and also cha­ racterized by strong seasonal or perm anent em igration. M urska Sobota alone among the submezzoregional centers of the four communes has attrac ted som ewhat more of the industrial and te rtia ry activities w hich raised the status of the town to a mezzoregional level in the polycentric system of Slovenia. A few touristic centers based on m ineral w ater or therm al springs are also quickly developing and, in the hills of Sloven­ ske gorice, large vine-growing socialist enterprises are the starting- points of m odernization. C. The C arinthian region includes th a t p a r t of the h istorical D uchy of C arin th ia th a t was annexed — w ithout the plebiscite — to Yugoslavia a fte r W orld w ar I as well as some other p a rts of the Pohorje D ravaland w ith strong trad itional ties to C arin th ia. The best developed commune in the region is th a t of Ravne na Koroškem (Ravne in C arin th ia) in the Meža valley w ith industries and mining. Less developed are the commu­ nes from Slovenjgradec in the M islinja valley and the two communes in the D rava valley (Dravograd, Radlje) w ith well developed forestry and hydroelectrical pow er-stations. A lthough the C arin th ian region is included into the m acro-region of the northeastern Slovenia one m ust also recognize th a t it p lays a ra ther independant role w ith in th a t m ajor region. The links w ith M aribor are ra th e r loose w hile there are new tendencies of closer ties w ith the industrial and m ining tow n of Ve­ lenje to the south in the Savinjaland. IV. T h e S o u t h e a s t e r n S l o v e n i a (IV on the m ap 2) in­ cludes the lower p a r t of the Slovenian Savaland including the drainage basins of the local tribu taries of M irna, K rka, K olpa and lower Sotla. The eastern, lower p arts of the subalpine Sava m ountains area are also included, b u t the two contiguous core areas are the subpannonian p lain of Brežice-Krško along Sava w ith its vine-growing rim of te rtia ry hills and the subpannonian-subdinaric m iddle K rka valley (or the Novo me- sto country). The low karst area of Bela K ra jina th a t lies beyond the subpannonian-subdinaric G orjanci m ountains also belongs to this p a r t of Slovenia. Insp ite of the fact th a t Novo mesto is la tely developing w ith in the polycentric p a tte rn of Slovenia as one of the im portan t foci of m anu­ facturing and of te rtia ry activities — in p articu la r since the m odern new road has been built from L jub ljana to Zagreb — it is still im possib­ le to characterise this town as the dom inant centre of Southeastern Slo­ venia, since some other towns along the Sava river (Brežice as a central place, bu t in p articu la r Krško w ith its p ap e r industries and the p ro ject­ ed nuclear pow er-station) also show signs of lively developm ent and the submezzoregional functions were also retained by the two local centres of Bela K ra jina (Črnom elj, M etlika). A w ay from both m ain focal areas (Novo mesto, Brežice-Krško) the southeastern Slovenia is still a ra ther ag rarian country w ith the subpannonian agriculture. As there is no dis­ tinct common centre for the entire territo ry it can be clearly subdivided into two subregions: A. Eastern Lower Carniola w ith Bela Krajina includes the two com­ munes of Novo mesto and T rebnje (the la tte r of the two being one of the most ag ricu ltu ra l communes in Slovenia) and the two communes of Bela K rajina , Č rnom elj and M etlika, th a t have just begun to emerge out of the extrem e agrarian backw ardness. B. Lower Slovenian Savaland including the communes of Sevnica, Krško and Brežice w here the m ain ra ilw ay line tow ards Zagreb (which is now hundred years old) has induced non-agricultural activities and had laid foundations for quicker development. Y. The W e s t e r n o r » l i t t o r a l « S l o v e n i a ( Yo n m ap 2) is a transitional region to the M editerranean (a subm editerranean region) both w ith regard to the n a tu ra l environm ent and to strong cu ltura l in flu ­ ences th a t were penetrating the area from the west. D uring the existence of the A ustro-H ungarian em pire the area was included largely into the A ustrian province of K üstenland (»Primorsko«) w hile it was under I ta ­ lian rule between both w orld wars. Since, a t th a t time, some parts of the h istorical province of C arniola (around Id rija , Postojna and Ilirska Bi­ strica) were also annexed to I ta ly they m ay be w ith some justification classified as »littoral«, although the gravitational pu ll of the C entral Slo­ venian region in those p arts is so strong th a t some of them (Idrija , Po­ stojna) m ight nearly ju st as well be included into the C en tral Slove­ n ian region. A considerable degree of the m acro-regional un ity for areas of the W estern Slovenia during the A ustrian period and during Ita lian domi­ nation was provided by the strong grav ita tional p u ll exercised by T ri­ este. Now th a t the city is beyond the in ternational boundary the areas of its h in terland lack a centre strong enough to tie them together into a m acro-regional unit. K oper w ith its new functions (the port, im portan t central functions for the Slovenian littoral) lias indeed developped as one of the most dynam ic foci in the polycentric developm ent of the S. R. of Slovenia, bu t is in no position to m atch tlie form er role of Trieste. F irst of all, K oper cannot a ttra c t by its general activities the northern p a r t of the W estern Slovenia (the Sočaland — Soča valley). Moreover, th a t p a r t w hich is really more continental than »littoral« is getting its own regional centre a t Nova G orica th a t is striving to become the main gatew ay-tow n for road tra ffic to Ita ly . The fact th a t the tra ffic from the in terior of Slovenia w hich passes through the well know n »Postojna gates« and through other karstified valleys or lower gaps in the flysch hills (Razdrto) necessarily splits into two flows w hen it passes Postojna (and reaches the area th a t m ight best be described as the »littoral karst hinterland«) was essential for the b i-polar regional developm ent in W e­ stern Slovenia. The first direction leads to the sea-ports (Trieste and Ko­ per) and the second direction of the tra ffic flows is the overland route to I ta ly passing through G orica (Gorizia). In accordance w ith such an evolution in the W estern Slovenia three regions of a low^er order can be discerned. They are: A. The Soča-land (Soča valley) th a t includes the valleys of Soča and its tribu taries from the high alp ine areas (Bovec), across the subalpine uplands (the Tolmin country) and the subalpine-subm editerranean stretches along the m iddle Soča valley (the region of Kanal) all the w ay down to the p la in of Gorica. The alp ine and the subalpine Sočaland is included into the commune of Tolmin, whereas the area along the m iddle and the lower Soča is included into the commune of Nova Go­ rica. The area along the larger left tribu taries (Idrijca and Vipava) is contained w ith in the two communes of Tdrija and Ajdovščina. More dynam ic recent developm ent was lim ited to the lowland areas, to Nova G orica w ith the surroundings and, to a m uch lesser extent, to V ipava valley w ith its town of Ajdovščina. The uplands and, in particu lar, the u p p er Sočaland rem ained a very backw ard area w ith strong depopula­ tion since m any decades. B The littoral karst hinterland (the communes of Postojna, Ilirska B istrica and Sežana) where transporta tion and forestry w ith related p ro ­ cessing industries in the inner wooded borderland anim ate only places along the m ain tra ffic arteries whereas the remote villages both in the karst p lateaus and in the flysch hills (Brkini. V ipavska Brda) remained backw ard and in process of depopulation. C. The Koper littoral is the most subm editerranean and tru ly »lit­ toral« area of the S. R. of Slovenia w ith its po rt and navigation functions (Koper, P iran) and its touristic activities (Portorož, P iran , S trunjan). The three existing communes were formed around the three old coastal towns (Koper, Izola, P iran). The coastal settlem ents are rap id ly develop­ ing and strongly a ttra c t new population, but they are — even p u t to­ gether — still an isolated island of developm ent in the Slovenian poly- centric system ; even in the im m ediate suroundings there are backw ard areas of depopulation. If. finally , we would like to extend the notion of Slovenia to in ­ clude those areas across the state boundaries w hich are p a r t of the ethnic te rrito ry of the Slovenes and have rem ained outside the boun­ daries in H ungary, A ustria and Ita ly , this six th p a r t of Slovenia could possibly be called the E x t e r n a l S l o v e n i a . These areas consist of the following parts: A. The Baba country E xterna l Slovenia w ith in H ungary w here Slo­ venian villages around Szent G otthard (Monošter) are located in the same area of low hills th a t is called Goričko on the south side of the M ura — R aba divide. B. The C arinthian E xternal Slovenia w hich includes the southern p a r t of the A ustrian province of C arin tliia wdiere a strong Slovenian speaking m inority lives either in contiguous areas or in term ixed w ith the G erm an speaking population. I t includes the u p p er D ravaland th a t has its core area in the basin of K lagenfurt (Celovec). The a ttem p t a t a geographical regionalization of the C arin th ian E x terna l Slovenia (10) shows th a t the following p arts can be discerned: a) the w estern p a r t of southern C arin th ia (Gail-Zilja valley, the confluence area of Villach- Beljak) w hich is oriented tow ard V illach-Beljak, b) the central p a r t of southern C arin th ia w hich m ostly gravitates d irectly to K lagenfurt-Celo- vec: the hills of Ossiach-Osoje and Felden-Y rba to the north of the lake, tlie lowland of W örthersee- Vrbsko jezero, the p la in of K lagenfurt-C e- lovec, the higher conglomerate country of S attn itz (Gure) to the south of the lake and the low land of the D rav a valley in Rosental-Rož a t the foot of the K aravanke m ountains and c) the eastern p a r t of southern C arin th ia (the Völkerm arkt-Velikovec area, the Jaun tal-P od juna and the valley of Yellach-Bela) w ith several small centres (Völkerm arkt-Velikovec, Blei- berg-P liberk, E isenkappel-Zelezna K apla). C. the W estern E xternal Slovenia into w hich is included tlia t p a rt of the autonomous Ita lian region of F riu li — Venezia G iulia th a t is in ­ habited by Slovenian population. Several sm aller p arts can be discerned, i. e.: a) the Triestine E x tern a l Slovenia w ith the city of T rieste-T rst and its Slovenian speaking m inority and the Ita lian p a r t of the karst h in te r­ land just above the city which is inhabited m ainly by Slovenian po p u ­ lation and the p roper litto ra l betw een Trieste-T rst and D uino-Devin where Slovenian population is also num erous; b) the Gorica-Gorizia p art of the W estern E x terna l Slovenia w ith a Slovenian m inority in the city and several Slovenian villages along the Soča river to the south and in the Ita lian p a r t of the B rda H ill Lands (Collio) to the northvest of the city ; 3. The Venetian Slovenia, a backw ard area of strong depopulation in the subalpine hills and m ountains along rivers N atisone-N adiža and Torre-Ter, d irectly oriented tow ard the p la in of F riu li. To this region belongs also the lone, half-closed valley of B esia-Rezija in the w estern­ most p a r t of the Ju lian Alps. The Venetian Slovenia, in contrast to other p arts of the W estern E x terna l Slovenia, came under Ita lian rule as early as in 1866; 4) The Kanal valley, a lower valley-like stretch in the u pper reaches of the rivers Sava, Fella-Bela w hich is a trib u tary of Tagliam en- to and of Silizza (Ziljica) w hich belongs a lready to the D rava drainage basin. The centre of the K anal valley, w hich used to be p a r t of the h i­ storical province of C arin th ia , bu t was passed over to Ita ly following W orld W ar I, is the town of Tarvisio (Trbiž). A Slovenian m inority still persists to live in this area. Literatura — References 1. Slovenski Štajer. Dežela in ljudstvo, Spisali rodoljubi. 1, 3, Ljubljana 1868, 1870. — S. Rutar, Poknežena grofija Goriška in Gradiščanska. Prirodo- znanski, statistični in kulturni opis, Ljubljana 1892. — S. Rutar, Samosvoje mesto Trst in mejna grofija Istra, Ljubljana 1896. — S. Rutar, Beneška Slo­ venija, Ljubljana 1899. — F. Orožen, Vojvodina Kranjska. Prirodoznanski, po­ litični in kulturni opis, Ljubljana 1901. — M. Potočnik, Vojvodina Koroška 1, Prirodoznanski, politični in kulturni opis, Ljubljana 1909. 2. A. Melik, Slovenija I. Geografski opis. Splošni del, 1.-2., Ljubljana 1935, 1936. — Nova izdaja (new edition): Slovenija. Geografski opis, I. Splošni del, Ljubljana 1963. 3. A. Melik, Slovenija, Geografski opis. II. Opis slovenskih pokrajin. 1. zv.: Slovenski alpski svet, Ljubljana 1954; 2 zv.: Štajerska s Prekmurjem in Mežiško dolino, Ljubljana 1957; 3. zv.: Posavska Slovenija, Ljubljana 1959; - 4. zv.: Slovensko Primorje, Ljubljana 1960. 4. S. Ilešič, Slovenske pokrajine. Geografski obzornik, Ljubljana, III, 1956, p. 25—38. 5. S . Ilešič, Problemi geografske rajonizacije ob primeru Slovenije (Re­ sume: Sur les problemes de delimitation et classification des regions geogra- phiques d’apres l’exemple de la Slovenie), Geografski vestnik, Ljubljana XXIX—XXX (1957—1958), p. 83—140. 6. V. Kokole, Centralni kraji v SR Sloveniji. Problemi njihovega omrežja in njihovih gravitacijskih območij (Summary: The Central Places of Slo­ venia. Problems of their Network and their Service Areas). Geografski zbor­ nik (Acta Geographica), Ljubljana, XII, 1971, p. 5—133. 7. V. Klemenčič, Prostorska diferenciacija Slovenije po selitveni mobil­ nosti prebivalstva (Summary: Spatial Differentiation of Slovenia according to the Migration Mobility of the Population). Geografski zbornik (Acta geo­ graphica), Ljubljana XII, 1971. p. 135—220. 8. Fr. Planina, Slovenija in njeni kraji. Ljubljana 1963. 9. S. Ilešič, Regionalne razlike v družbeno-gospodarski strukturi SR Slo­ venije (Resume: Les differences regionales dans la structure socio-economique de la Slovenie.). Geografski vestnik, Ljubljana, XI (1968) p. 3—18. — S. Ilešič, Die wirtschaftsgeographische Struktur Sloweniens in regionaler Sicht. Mit­ teilungen der österreichischen Geographischen Gesellschaft, Band 112, Heft 1. 1970, p. 56—77. — S. Ilešič, La Slovenie et ses problemes regionaux actuels. Bulletin de la Societe Beige d’etudes geographiques XLI. 2. 1972, p. 23—42. 10. S. Ilešič. Pokrajinsko okolje na slovenskem Koroškem. Koroška in Ko­ roški Slovenci, Maribor 1971, p. 11—28.