47 UDK 821.161.09-1Derzavin G. Anna flumema Ha^H0HanbH0-HCcneg0BaTenbCKHft YHuBepcuTeT Bbicmaa fflKona ^K0H0MHKH annalivina@gmail.com 0edop YcnencKuu hhcthtyt crnBaHOBegeHHH PAH; Ha^oHanbHo-uccnegoBarenbcKuft YHuBepcuTeT Bbicmaa fflKona ^K0H0MHKH fjodor.uspenskij@gmail.com O^flAEMblE nAPAflOKCM B nOCHEflHEM CTHXOTBOPEHHH r. P. flEP^ABHHA «PEKA BPEMEH B CBOEM CTPEMHEHbH...»1 B pa6oTe geMoHcTpupyeTca CB«3b cTpyKTypbi u cogepxaHua nocnegHero ctuxotbo-peHHA TaBpuuna flepxaBum c ^opMynoft, Bocxoga^eft k Tpygy TepogoTa. 3Ta ^opMyna perynapHo ynoTpe6nanacb, c ogHoft cTopoHbi, b HcTopuorpa^unecKux u gugaKTunecKux coHHHeHHflx u, c gpyroft cTopoHbi, b ropugunecKux TeKcTax CpegHeBeKoBba u paHHero Ho-Boro BpeMeHu. Oco6eHHo ycToftHuBoft oHa 0Ka3anacb b 3aBe^aHuax, hto u o6birpbiBaeTcfl m»T0M b cTuxoTBopeHuu «PeKa BpeMeH». KaroqeBwe caoBa: pyccKaa m^ua, cpegHeBeKoBaa ucTopuorpa^ua, HacTHbift aKT, apeHra, nuTepaTypHaa ^opMyna The paper demonstrates the connection between the structure and the content of the last poem of Gabriel Derzhavin and its formula dating back to the works of Herodotus. This formula was used on a regular basis in historiographical and didactic works as well as in legal texts of the Middle Ages and the early Modern period. It was especially consistently used in wills, which is highlighted in Derzhavin's poem Reka vremen ("Time's river"). Keywords: Russian poetry, medieval historiography, act in private form, arenga, literary formula npegcMeprabie ctpoku raBpuuna P0MaH0Buna flep^aBuHa 6binu, KaK u3BecT-ho, BnepHe 3anucaHbi um 8 kkm 1816 r. Ha acnugHoft gocKe u b ganbHeftmeM, y^e npu ^y6nHKa^HH, nonynunu Ha3BaHue «nocnegHue ctuxu flep^aBuHa»: PeKa BpeMeH B cBoeM cTpeMneHbu Yhocut Bce gena nrogeft H TonuT b nponacTu 3a6BeHba Hapogbi, ^pcTBa u ^peft. A ecnu hto u ocTaeTca ^pe3 3ByKu nupbi u Tpy6bi, To BeHHocTu xepnoM noxpeTca H o6^eft He yftgeT cygb6bi! (TpoT III: 235-36) 1 B gaHHoft HayHHoft pa6oTe ncnonb30BaHbi pe3ynbTaTbi npoeKTa «O6^ee u oco6eHHoe b gnHaMme KynbTypHoro u ^0nHTHHecK0^0 pa3BHTHa Ha BocToKe u 3anage EBponbi b X — XVII bb.», BbinonHeHHoro b paMKax nporpaMMU ^yHgaMeHTanbHbix nccnegoBaHnft HHY b 2016 rogy. 48 Slavistična revija, letnik 64/2016, št. 1, januar-marec Cthxh ^TH, KOTOpbie no cnoBaM 6nu3Kux ^ep®aBHHy nrogeft, oh co6upan-ca Ha3BaTb «Ha TneHHocTb», npaKTHnecKH cpa3y BocnprnuManucb 6nu®aHmuM OKpy®eHueM ^o^Ta KaK 3aBe^aHue, b npaMOM, a He b nepeHOCHOM cMbicne. Me®gy TeM, ecnu nogoHTH k geny c tohkh 3peHua cyry6o ^aKTorpa^unecKOH h^h ga^e 6norpa$HHecKOH, to MO^eT BO3HHKHyTb ^enaHue OTKa3aTbca ot poMaHTunecKoro cTepeoTuna, Korga nocnegHue o6Hapy®eHHbie ctpokh HenpeMeHHo nogBogaT uTor BceMy ®H3HeHHoMy nyra aBTopa. B caMoM gene, ^o^T 6bin 6oneH, ho ecnu BepuTb MeMyapucTaM, hh oh caM, hh ero 6nu3Kue coBceM He o^uganu cTonb cKopoft koh-hhhm, a hto KacaeTca o6pa3Horo cTpoa cTuxoTBopeHua, to nonra Ka^gaa cTpoKa, B3aTaa b OTgenbHOCTu, BnonHe TununHa gna ero TBopnecTBa b pa3Hbie rogbi. E^e 3. rpoT (III: 236) b cbohx KOMMeHTapuax OTMenan, HanpuMep, hto cTpoKa u eenno-cmu wepnoM no^pemca — ^TO npaMaa aBTO^HTaTa H3 ogbi «Ha cMepTb Hapbim-KHHa» (1799 r.).2 TeM He MeHee, mm xoTenu 6m nognepKHyTb, hto coBpeMeHHHKH 6binu coBep-meHHo npaBM, u gep^aBHHcKHH TeKcT ono3HaeTca KaK 3aBe^aHHe He TonbKo b MeTa^opunecKOM cMbicne, He TonbKO no o6cToaTenbcTBaM ero HanucaHua, ho u no cy^ecTBeHHenmHM cTpy KTy phmm napaMeTpaM. Oh aBnaeT co6oft He hto uHoe, KaK ^o^THHecKyM pennuKy Hpe3BbinaHHO ycTOHHuBOH u BecbMa gpeBHeft $opMynbi. ,3,na KoHTpacTHoro conocTaBneHua npuBegeM HecKonbKO TeKcToB, HanucaHHbix npn6gH3HTegbHo 3a ceMb cToneran go ^ep^aBHHa b TaKux BecbMa yganeHHbix gpyr ot gpyra KynbrypHbix ^HTpax, KaK Bu3aHTua u AHrnua. B XII BeKe BH3aHTHHcKaa ^peBHa AHHa KoMHuHa cocTaBnaeT ®H3HeonncaHHe cBoero o^a uMneparopa AneKcea u b KanecTBe npeaM6ynbi, npu3BaHHoft o6"bac-HHTb, 3aneM oHa ^TO genaeT, AHHa roBopuT: noTOK BpeMeHH b cBoeM HeygepxHMOM u bchhom tchghhh BneneT 3a co6oft Bce cy^ee. Oh BBepraeT b nynuHy 3a6BeHua KaK He3HaHuTenbHbie co6biTua, TaK u BenuKue, gocToftHbie naMaTu; TyMaHHoe, KaK roBopuTca b Tpareguu, oh genaeT aBHbiM, a oneBugHoe cKpMBaeT. OgHaKo ucTopunecKoe noBecTBOBaHue cny:®uT Hage^HOH 3a^uToft ot noTOKa BpeMeHH u KaK 6bi cgep^uBaeT ero HeygepxuMoe TeneHue; oho B6upaeT b ce6a to, o neM coxpaHunacb naMaTb, u He gaeT 3TOMy noru6HyTb b rny6uHax 3a6BeHua. ^TO oco3Hana a, AHHa, gonb ^pcTBeHHbix poguTeneft, AneKcea u HpuHbi, po^geHHaa u BcKopMneHHaa b nop^upe. 3 He TonbKo He nyxga rpaMOTe, ho gocKomnbHo u3ynuna 3TTuHcKyro penb, He npeHe6perna puTopuKoft, BHuMaTenLHo nponna TpygM ApucTOTena u guanoru nnaTOHa u yKpenuna cboh yM 3HaHueM neTHpex HayK [_] H bot a pemuna b 3tom conuHeHuu noBegaTb o geaHuax cBoero OT^a, u6o HeT ocHOBaHuft o6ohtu ux MOTHaHueM u gaTb noTOKy BpeMeHu yBTenb ux b Mope 3a6BeHua [_] Begb gaxe caM^ie 3HanuTeTLHHe gena ucne3aroT bo MpaKe MOTHaHua, ecnu ux He coxpaHaeT gna naMaTu ucTopunecKoe noBecTBOBaHue (AHHa KoMHuHa: 53). 3anagHoeBponeftcKaa ucTopnorpa^uHecKa« TpagH^Ha b ^TO BpeMa nepe^uBa-eT nepuog, kotopmh HepegKO Ha3MBaroT Bo3po®geHueM XII BeKa, ucTopua boc-npuHuMaeTca aBTopaMu gaHHoft ^^oxH KaK nacTb nuTepaTypM, npu3BaHHOH He 2 3Ta oga co3ByHHa nHTepecyro^eMy Hac cTuKOTEopeHuro He ogHoft TonbKo cTpoKoft Bce eemocmu xepRo noxpem (rpoT II: 306). B Heft, b cy^HocTM, Bcrpenarorca Bce Te ®e motubm — noTOK BpeMeHu, MuMoneTHocTb nrogcKux gen u T.n. He cTonb oTHeTnuBo 3BynuT numb TeMa HenpeogonuMocTu 3a6BeHua. AHHa ^HTBHHa, Oegop yCneHCKHft: OrngaeMtie napagoKcti b noraegHeM craxoTBopeHHH 49 xonbKo npenogHecxu Huxaxenro MopanbHbin ypoK, ho u pa3BneHb ero. H b tom, u b gpyroM eBponencKue aBxopbi cnegoBanu 3a 3hxhhhhmu o6pa3^Mu. npaKxuHe-CKu b xy ®e nopy, Korga Ha khu®hom rpeHecKoM a3MKe 6bina cocxaBneHa ucxopua Ahhm Komhuhoh, cpegu npoHux naxuHoa3biHHbix xeKCxoB b AHrnuu 6bina 3anu-caHa «Khu®u^ enucKona ^xenbBonbga», nponor k Koxopon HaHUHaexca cnegyro-^hm o6pa3oM: nocKontKy 3HaHue npomnoro MoxeT oKyTaTbca tlmoh HeBegeHua u nog BnuaHueM U3MeHaro^uxca o6cToaTenbCTB ycKonb3HyTb U3 HenoBeHecKon naMaTU, npunuHHo B3aTb Ha ce6a Tpyg npegaTb nucbMoM to, hto gocTonHo 6mtl 3anucaHHMM, u6o to, hto Morno 6m 6mtl npegaHo 3a6BeHuro, He 6ygb oho 3anucaHo, Tenepb MoxeT 6mtl coxpaHeHo b naMaTU. H nocKonbKy mm Bugenu, KaK BbigyMKU u Henenu^i a3MHHUKoB 6binu rnnoxeHbi co Bcen yHeHocTbro, yKpameHM, TaK cKa3aTb, ^eTaMU puTopuKU, nogKpenneHH cunnoru3MaMU u apryMeHTaMU, b ruMHa3uax u mKonax ny6nuHHo paccMoTpeHH u xBane6Ho npoBo3rnameHM, mm nocHUTanu Heo6xoguMMM, hto6m cnoBa u geaHua cBaTbix 6binu 3anucaHbi u, 6ygyHU 3anucaHbi, nocnyxunu cnaBe u nonuTaHuro XpucTa... (3onoTapëB 2008: 163) BbinneHUM cpa3y ®e cxaHgapxHyro puxopuHecKyro aHxuxe3y, Koxopaa npucyx-cxByex KaK b npuBegeHHbix cpegHeBeKoBbix xeKCxax, xaK u y ,3,ep®aBUHa. nepeg HaMu, c ogHon cxopoHbi, 6bicxpoxeHHoe BpeMa, npuHoca^ee u yHoca^ee, co3garo^ee u ry6a^ee, u c gpyron cxopoHbi, Kynbxypa, HeKoe KynbxypHoe y m e h u e, npoxuBocxoa^ee ^xoMy Bceno®uparo^eMy noxoKy, u cnoco6Hoe c no-Mo^bro ^o^3uu, ucxopuu, nucbMeHHon peHu unu nepegaro^uxca U3 ycx b ycxa cbh-gexenbCKux noKa3aHun coxpaHuxb HaBcerga peHb unu co6bixue. OgHaKo b aHrnuHCKon ucxopuorpa^uHecKon xpagu^uu ^xo^o BpeMeHu mo®-ho o6Hapy®uxb naMaxHUK, rge uHxepecyro^aa Hac $opMyna cogep®ux u xpexun ^neMeHx, Koxoporo mm He o6Hapy®uM hu y Komhuhoh, hu y ^xenbBonbga. PeHb ugex o6 «Hcxopuu aHrnoB» TeHpuxa XaHxuHrgoHCKoro, co3gaHHon b xom ®e cxo-nexuu. Bo Bxopon Bepcuu ero xpyga Bce xpu ocHoBHbie Hacxu KHuru — nponor, ucxopuHecKoe noBecxBoBaHue u ^^uno^ — 3aKaHHUBaroxca ceHxeH^uaMu, pa3Bu-Baro^uMu xeMy contemptus mundi. npu ^xoM b VIII KHure ero «Hcxopuu» mm HaxoguM pa3BepHyxoe paccy®geHue Ha ^xy xeMy, b KoxopoM mo®ho Ha6nrogaxb Bce xpu onopHbix ^neMeHxa gep®aBUHCKoro xeKCxa — BpeMa, HeMegneHHo yHo-ca^ee nrogcKue cnoBa u gena, na m ax b, npoxuBocxoa^aa BpeMeHu, u BeHHocxb KaK 3a6BeHue, no®uparo^ee xo, hxo yganocb coxpaHuxb naMaxu: H6o, hto 6m mm hu genanu, hto 6m hu roBopunu, KaK TonbKo 3to cgenaHo unu cKa3aHo, oho yMupaeT. npaBga, hto naMaTb o HeM, KaK u naMaTb o6 yMepmux, e^e xuBeT HeKoTopoe BpeMa, ho Korga u oHa ucHe3aeT, 3to nogo6Ho BTopon cMepTU, KoTopon nonHocTbro yHUHToxaroTca Bce Hamu gena u peHU. rge to, hto a cgenan BHepa? rge to, hto a cKa3an? npeBpaTunocb b hhhto. rge to, hto a cKa3an u cgenan b npomnoM rogy? Ero nornoTuna BeHHaa cMepTb 3a6BeHua (reHpux XanruHrgoHCKun, kh. VIII: 445).3 Hgea «Bxopon CMepxu», npoxuBocxoa^en coxpaHHocxu cnoB u co6mxuh, 6onb- 3 y reHpuxa UHTepecyro^aa Hac Tpuaga noaBnaeTca b cBoeo6pa3HoM o6paMneHUu HeTBepToro KoMnoHeHTa, o KoTopoM HaM e^e npegcTouT ynoMaHyTb Hu®e. 50 Slavistična revija, letnik 64/2016, št. 1, januar-marec mHHCTBy uccgegoBaTegen reHpuxa XaHTuHrgoHcKoro Ka3agacb HacTogbKo Heo®u-gaHHon b ycTax xpoHucTa, nen Tpyg HanpaBgeH uMeHHo Ha to, hto6m npeogogeTb ^To 0K0HHaTegbH0e 3a6BeHue, hto ohh roBopaT o c^e^u$uHecKOM «aHTuucTopu3-Me», npucy^eM ^TOMy aBTopy, HecKogbKo MeHbme o6pa^aa BHHMaHHe Ha $op-MygbHyra npupogy ^TOH ceHTeH^uu. Pa3yMeeTca, b npeaM6ygax u ^^ugo^ax k ucTopuorpa^uHecKuM conuHeHuaM KoHcTpy^ua H3 gByx onopHbix ^geMeHTOB, rge 6m oTcTauBagacb cn0C06H0CTb KygbTypHon Tpagu^uu coxpaHJTb naMaTb o npomgoM, OKa3MBaeTca Kyga 6o-gee pacnpocTpaHeHHon. B cpegHeBeKoBbix conuHeHuax gaHHoro Tuna mm o6Hapy-®uBaeM egBa gu He Bce KoMnoHeHTbi Toro aggeropunecKoro paga, kotopmh nepe3 MHoro CTogeTun npoaBUTca b npegcMepraoM CTuxoTBopeHuu ^ep^aBUHa. 06pa3 Tpy6b, HanpuMep, oKa3MBaeTca BnogHe ycTonnuBMM cuMBogunecKUM o6o3Hane-HueM, nonTu ^M6geMOH ucTopuonucaHua, KoTopoe npucyTCTByeT b cooTBeTCTBy-ra^ux BBogHbix ^opMygax. TaK, Bo3Bpa^aacb Ha Bu3aHTuncKyra nonBy, mm Haxo-guM cgegyra^ee ero Bongo^eHue y ucTopuKa Hukutm XoHuaTa: HCTopna MoxeT 6htl Ha3BaHa TaK:»:e u cBoero poga KHuron xubhx, u 3ByHHon Tpy6on, KoTopaa KaK 6bi u3 Morug BocKpemaeT gaBHo yxe yMepmux u BbiCTaBgaeT ux Ha Bug BcaKoMy xegaro^eMy (HuKuTa XoHuaT, I, kh. 1, rg. 1: 15). Pa3yMeeTca, penb hu bo KoeM cgynae He ugeT o tom, hto ^ep^aBuH Henocpeg-cTBeHHo opueHTupoBagca Ha KaKon-gu6o u3 ynoMaHyTbix 3gecb cpegHeBeKoBbix naMaTHuKoB, cKopee Bcero, oh u He 3Hag o6 ux cy^ecTBoBaHuu, pyccKun ^o^T u cpegHeBeKoBMe uctopuku nonpocTy 3agencTByMT ogHy u Ty ®e ^opMygbHyra pu-TopunecKyM cTpyKTypy, opueHTupyMTca Ha HeKun o6^uh, cTaHgapTHbin npoTo-Tun, npegcTaBgeHHMH orpoMHbiM KogunecTBoM nucbMeHHbix TeKcToB, co3gaHHbix b pa3Hoe BpeMa.4 KaK BugHo u3 npuBegeHHbix npuMepoB, y®e b XII BeKe TaKoro poga $opMyga coxpaHHocTu 6biga BecbMa nponHo yKopeHeHa b guTepaTypHon Tpagu^uu, ee npo-ucxo^geHue cBa3MBagocb c aHTuHHon rpenecKon Tpareguen u c aHTuHHon ucto-puorpa^uen, no oraomeHura k kotopmm cpegHeBeKoBbin aBTop o^y^aeT cbom npeeMcTBeHHocTb ugu npoTuBonocTaBgeHHocTb. B TeKcTe Komhuhoh noaBgeHue $opMygbi He b nocgegHMM onepegb o6ycgoBgeHo cTpeMgeHueM npogeMoHcTpu-poBaTb cbom BKgMneHHocTb b aHTuHHyro Tpagu^uM, npuHagge^HocTb k Hen — co6cTBeHHo ee no3HaHuaM b puTopuKe u aHTuHHbix aBTopax nocBa^eH nacca®, HenocpegcTBeHHo cgegyra^un 3a uHTepecyra^en Hac npeaM6ygon. He MeHee no-Ka3aTegeH u gyx copeBHoBaHua, geKgapupyeMbin aBTopoM «Khu^u^i enucKona ^TegbBogbga», kotopmh, oTBepraa jnbinecKue BbigyMKu aHTuHHocTu, ®egaeT, hto-6m noxBaga cbstmm 6biga Bbipa^eHa c noMo^bra Tex ®e puTopunecKux cpegcTB, hto ucnogb3oBagucb b naHerupunecKux conuHeHuax goxpucTuaHcKon gpeBHocTu. 4 Ha cxogcTBo nocgegHero cTHxoTBopeHua ^ep^aBHHa u npeaM6yg^i k «AgeKcHage» o6parag BHHMaHHe O. PoHeH b cBoen cTaTbe «Ocun MaHgegbmTaM» (PoHeH 1992: 530), ogHaKo aBTop, no-BHgHMoMy, Haxogacb nog BnenaTgeHueM bmcokoh cTeneHu 6gu3ocTu gByx 3Tux tckctob u He nogo3peBaa o cy^ecTBoBaHuu MHo®ecTBa gpyrux npeaM6yg, He MeHee cxogHbix c npou3BegeHueM ^ep^aBuHa, npunucag 3Ty 6gu3ocTb npaMoMy Bo3geHcTBuro Bu3aHTuHcKoH xpoHuKu Ha 3tot o6pa3HuK pyccKon no33uu. AHHa ^HTBHHa, Oegop yCneHCKHft: OrngaeMtie napagoKcti b noraegHeM craxoTBopeHHH 51 CTporo roBopa, b gaHHoM cjynae nepeg HaMu He 3aBe^aHua, a CKopee 6uo-rpa^uu yMepmux, ogHaKo Ta ®e caMaa puxopunecKaa ^opMyja npucyTCTByeT u b aBxo6uorpa$uHecKux npeaM6yjax k 3aBe^aHuaM KaK xaKoBMM, cogep^a^uM HMy^ecTBeHHbie pacnopa^eHua. Hago oxMexuxb, hxo XII BeK KaK b Bu3aHxuu, xaK u b 3anagHon EBpone 6mj oxMeneH b3pmbom nonyjapHocxu nogo6Horo poga npeaM6yj, xoxa caMu no ce6e ohh ropa3go cxapme, u xopomo $uKCupyroxca, Ha-npuMep, b nancKux nocjaHuax, y^e c VIII BeKa. ConuHeHue Komhuhoh uHxepecHo xeM, hxo HenocpegcxBeHHo oxcMjaex Hac k xoh KyjbxypHon c$epe, rge xaKoro poga ceHxeH^uu 3apo®gajucb. Tparegua, o Koxopon oHa ynoMUHaex, ^xo, no Bcen BuguMocxu, «AaKC» Co^oKja, xaM mm HaxoguM CBoero poga npoxoxun, cogep^a^un no KpañHeñ Mepe ogHy u3 nacxen Hamen 6ygy^eñ ycxoHHUBon KoHCxpy^uu: Eer BpeMeHu b hgcmgthmx gHen TeneHbe Ha cBeT BMBoguT Kpomenrnm 3apogbim H cBeTa geTU^ xopoHUT b TbMe. 3apoKoB HeT gja cMepTHbix; BpeMa tohht H KjaTBM cTpamHon u ynopcTBa cujy.5 (Co^okj: cTpoKU 645-49, nep. O. O. 3ejuHCKoro) rpenecKue xpareguu (u He b nocjegHMM onepegb xeKCXM Co^oKja), Boo6^e roBopa, gaju o6ujbHMH ypo^an xaKoro poga $opMyj, KoxopMM cy^geHa 6bija noxoM npe3BMHaHHo gojraa ®u3Hb. B ux Hegpax BMKpucxajju3oBMBajocb He xojbKo peneHue o Bcenoraa^aro^eM BpeMeHu, ho u xaKue, HanpuMep, cxaHgapxHMe KoHxpacxHMe xapaKxepucxuKu npaBuxeja, KaK Munocmueuü k dpy3bXM, cypoeuü k epa^aM, e dnu Mupa KpomKuü KaK a^He^, na eoüne xpocmnbiü KaK nee u x. n.6 OgHaKo Kyga 6ójbmyro pojb gja pe^e^^uu ^xoH ^opMyjM CMrpaj xox $aKx, Hxo oguH u3 paHHux ee o6pa3^B nogapuj BceM nocgegyro^uM ucxopuorpa^aM u nucaxejaM He kxo uhoh, KaK «oxe^ ucxopuu» repogox. HanoMHUM nepBMe cxpoKu, oxKpMBaro^ue nepByro KHury ero ucxopuu, «Kjuo»: repogoT U3 rajUKapHacca co6paj u 3anucaj 3th cBegeHua, hto6m npomegmue co6MTua c TeneHueM BpeMeHu He npumju b 3a6BeHue u BejUKue u yguBjeHua gocTotabie geaHua KaK otjhhob, TaK u BapBapoB He ocTajucb b 6e3BecTHocTU (repogox ll).7 5 A'iaç ânav0' ó |raKpôç Kàvapi0^r|Toç xpôvoç h HeBcTaBHHHocTbro, piHeMt KoTopLiext ca HMyTt HanoToMt giaTH, mKogLi 6li He 6lmo, ygoxngn Ha to TBepgocTH gncTOBt, cBigeT^raa yKgagaroHH 3HaMa uxtÖH to 6lmo b4hho (A3P, I: M 165; cp. TaKxe: .He0HT0BnH, t. I/2: M 680). npuBegeHHLie 3gecb tckcth HecKogbKo oTguHaroTca gpyr ot gpyra, ho ^TH pa3guHua o6ycgoBgeHLi He cTogbKo xpoHogoruHecKon gucTaH^en Mexgy hhmh, cKogbKo TeM, hto b caMux ^opMygax TaKoro poga 3agoxeHo Tpe6oBaHue BapuaTHB-hocth.10 Boo6^e roBopa, b cBa3u c ^THM Tpe6oBaHueM Bo3HuKaeT Bonpoc, KaK0BLi KoHKpeTHMe $yH^uu nogo6HLix Bapbupyro^uxca u npu ^T0M noBToparo^uxca apeHr b goKyMeHTe. C ogHon ctopohli, ux pogb 3gecb oTHacTu cpogHH toh, hto ohh urparoT b, yc-goBHo roBopa, blicokoh guTepaType, y Komhhhoh ugu KaKoro-To HHoro xpoHucTa ugu $ugoco$a. Ohh npu3BaHLi nognepKHyTb o6pa3oBaHHocTb cocTaBHTega TeKcTa h ero BKgroneHHocTb b Tpagu^ro gegonpou3BogcTBa. ^0^T0My gga npegcTaBHTe-ga pa3BHTOH KaH^gapuu, Haxogucb oHa b TepMaHuu ugu b nogbme, cnoco6HocTb BapbupoBaTb, Bugou3MeHaTb apeHry aBgaeTca gegoM npecTuxa, geM0HCTpa^en BLiyHKH h gocTaToHHo H3o^peHHoro BgageHua puTopuHecKHMu TexHHKaMu. Ho npu ^T0M ^opMyga Bcerga ocTaeTca ^opMygon, u BcanecKoe BapbupoBaHue 0Ka3Li-BaeTca BLimuBaHueM no 3apaHee oneHb xecTKo 3agaHHon KaHBe.11 C ^THM cBa3aHa gpyraa, He MeHee cy^ecTBeHHaa $yH^ua apeHru b gegoBoM TeKcTe. OHa npu3BaHa ygocToBepuTb, hto nepeg HaMH He npocTo HeKaa 3anucb, a goKyMeHT, cocTaBgeHHLin b Haggexa^eM MecTe u Haggexa^HM HegoBeKoM, npomegmuM cooTBeTCTByro^yro mKogy, a cTago 6LiTb u cogepxaHue ero npomgo gogxHHH KoHTpogb h oTBenaeT Tpe6oBaHuaM BceM ropugunecKon npaKTHKu. B cooTBeTcTBHu c ^T0H TeHgeH^en oguH h tot xe BapuaHT apeHru MoxeT 6LiTb 6e3 KaKoro-gu6o H3MeHeHua noBTopeH, HanpuMep, b nogbcraon Ma30Be^0H KaH^ga-puu b HecKogbKux gecaTKax gomegmux go Hac goKy MeHT0B. C TaK0H tohkh 3peHua, cogepxaTegbHaa cTopoHa TeKcTa Hamen npeaM6ygLi B006^e b 3HaHHTegbH0H cTeneHu HHBegHpyeTca. OHa urpaeT pogb nero-To Bpo-ge rpu^a ugu o$u^agbHoro 6gaHKa ynpexgeHua, KoTopLie yxe b cugy cBoero npucyTcTBua npugaroT BceMy HanucaHH0My gagee oco6lih, o^u^agbHLin cTaryc. OgHaKo Heo6xoguM0 oTMeTUTb, hto nogo6Haa $ugoco$cKaa apeHra Bce-TaKH hh-Korga, n0-BuguM0My, He BLipoxgaeTca nogHocTbro b hhcto opHaMeHTagbHyro ygo- 10 Moxho npHBecTH 3gecb pag BapnaHToB 3Toro c^opMygbHoro TeKcTa, BcTpenaro^eroca b KaH^gapnax BegHKon h Magon nogbmn XIII — HaHaga XIV cTogeTHa, h Tex, hto ml HaxogHM b HeMe^KHx KaH^gapnax h b noco6nn no ars dictandi y ^ygogb^a H3 XngbgecxanMa: Que geruntur in tempore ne simul labuntur cum tempore, et de gestis hominum etiam laudabilibus de facili emergit dura calumpnia, nisi causa memoriae oblivia rerum per scripti memoriam auferatur (Rockinger 1863: 381); Que geruntur in tempore ne labantur cum tempore poni solent in lingua testium vel vivacis littere memoria conseruari quatinies sic hominiscalumpria possit aliquatenies dertari, que plerumque solet benefactis novercari (KDM, II: M 401, 1280 r.); Ne ea qui geruntur in tempore cum lapsi temporis labantur solent poni in linguarum testimonia et scripti memoria perhennari (KDW, I: M 305). B ^goM xe, KogHHecTBo goKyMeHToB, rge TaKaa apeHra to BocnpoH3BogHTca 6e3 H3MeHeHHn, to BapbnpyeTca b npegegax gByx-Tpex cgoB, to o6peTaeT cy^ecTBeHHo 06H0BgeHHyro c^opMy, nonpocTy He noggaeTca ncHncgeHnro. 11 O pacnpocTpaHeHHH 3toh apeHrn Ha Pycn h b ^HTpagbHon EBpone cm. nogpo6Hee: ^HTBHHa 2002: 315-51. AHHa ^HTBHHa, Oegop yCneHCKHft: OrngaeMtie napagoKcti b noraegHeM craxoTBopeHHH 55 cTOBepuTenbHyro KOHcTpy^uro, ocTaBaacb cBoeo6pa3HbiM «mocthkom» Mexgy bhcokoh nuTeparypon u genoBon nHCbMeHHOCTbK». XapaKTepHO b ^TOM oraome-hhh, hto b roro-3anagHon Pycu, Kyga TaKaa npeaM6yna npoHHKaeT nog nonbcKHM BnuaHueM, OHa BcTpenaeTca unu b oco6o 3HanuMbix, TaK CKa3aTb, TopxecTBeHHbix rocygapcTBeHHbix aKTax — HanpuMep, CBogax 3aKOHOB, npuBuneruax ropogaM Ha Marge6yprcKoe npaBO — unu b HacTHbix 3aBe^aHuax u gapeHuax ^pkbh, T.e. TaM, rge b goKyMeHTe ocBo6oxgero np0CTpaHCTB0 gna «ucTopuu Bonpoca», aBTO-6uorpa$uu, onucarenbHoro paccyxgeHua o gyme u o BeHHocTH (.nHTBHHa 2004: 3-27). npuBegeM b KanecTBe HnnrocTpa^HH k cKa3aHHoMy 3aBe^aHue XVI b.: Bo hm« O^a h Cbrna h CBeToro flyxa. Ä pa6t Boxiu Mnxanno Borymt Botobuthho-BHHb nogcKap6ÍH 3cmckíh BenHKoro KH«3CTBa .HnTOBcKoro MapmanoKt h nucapt rocno-gapa ero MHnocTH cTapocTa CnoHHMcKin h KaMeHe^in HHHro h numy cecb TecTaMeHTt cBOHMt ^nbiMt yMOMt u nonHHMt po3yMOMt HHKHMt He HaMOBeHt a He npHHyxeHt 6o 6m~b mo^o cenma 6e3~b nucMa ecnKan peuy c naMemu euxodum^, a nucMOM-b cm no-meepwaemb u cnpaeyemb (AK3P, I: N° 91, 1529 r.). B HHbix o6nacTax roro-3anagHon Pycu, HanpuMep, Ha BonbiHH, ^Ta $opMyna b cocTaBe gyxoBHbix rpaMoT npoaBnaeT oco6eHHyro xHBynecTb, ucnonb3yacb u b XVIII cToneTuu. CTporo roBopa, ecnu peHb ugeT o 3aBe^aHuax, a He o goKyMeH-Tax Boo6^e, to b ee ynoTpe6neHuu npaKTHHecKu HeBO3MoxHO onpegenuTb xpoHO-norunecKon KOHeHHon tohkh, terminus post quem. HraK, nepeg HaMH Tun ^opMynbi oco6oro poga, He coBnagaro^un hh c $opMy-non ropugunecKon (xoTa b HeM-TO en pogcTBeHHbrä), hh c ^opMynon ^^HHecKOH, ^onbKnopHon unu ^0^THHecK0H. Oh poxgaeTca b Hegpax nucbMeHHon Kynbrypbi h BMecTe c TeM He cBoguM k ^HTaTe. B cBoro onepegb, ot Toro, hto TpagH^HOHHO HMeHyeTca TonocoM, ero OTnunaeT BHyTpeHHaa cTpyKTypHaa o^opMneHHocTb, ot-HacTH coxpaHaro^aaca gaxe b cTuxoTBopeHuu ,3,epxaBHHa. KaK yxe OTMenanocb, Heo6xoguMHM cbohctbom TaKux ^opMyn «BnaeTca ^OTeH^Han BapbupoBaHua, u OTgenbHon uccnegoBaTenbcKon 3aganen b KaxgoM KoHKpeTHoM cnynae 6biBaeT bh-aBneHue ^paHH^ nogo6Horo poga BapuaTHBHocTu, nonpocTy roBopa, BbiacHeHue Toro, HTó BMe^aeTca b paMKH gaHHoro Knume, a htó npuHagnexuT KaKon-TO hhoh c$epe.12 MoxeT Bo3HHKHyTb Bonpoc, ecTb nu Boo6^e cMbicn b aHanu3e TaKux ^opMyn, Begb noMHMo Bcero nponero mh 3anacTyro gaxe He MoxeM ycTaHoBHTb ux nepBO-hctohhhk. ,3,eno o6ctoht nerne, ecnu ^TO Bu6nua unu, HanpuMep, rpenecKaa hcto- 12 TaK, npHBegeHHbm Bbime naccax reHpuxa XaHTHHgoHrcKoro MoxeT paccMaTpHBaTbca b pycne oco6oro cpegHeBeKoBoro nogxaHpa tckctob o ckopotchhocth Bcero 3eMHoro (b HccnegoBaTenbcKon nHTepaType nogxaHp 3tot 6bno npegnoxeHo o6o3HaHaTb c noMo^bro naTHHcKon KOHCTpyK^HH "ubi sunt?" — 'rge Tenepb?') (Gilson 1955: 9-30; Partner 1977: p. 34-40; Greenway 1996: lxii; MepeMHHcKHn 2015: 32-35). OcHoBaHHa gna TaKoro cononoxeHua HecoMHeHHo ecTb, TaK KaK b Tpyge reHpuxa, noMHMo Tpex aneMeHToB HHTepecoBaBmen Hac KOHCTpyK^HH (6bcTpoTeHHocTb BpeMeHH ^ naMaTb, npoTHBocToa^aa 6bcTpoTeHHocTH, ^ «BTopaa cMepTb», 3a6BeHHe b BeHHocTH, nepeg kotophm 6eccunbHa naMaTb), HMeeTca h HeTBepT^in — Heo6xogHMocTb 3Toro 3a6BeHHa b BeHHocTH gna Bcero, hto aBnaeTca aTpu6yTOM cyeTHoro, TenecHoro MHpa. C gpyron cTopoHH, HacTb TonocoB, Ha KOTopbe onupaeTca TeHpnx, gna gpyrnx coHHHeHHn b xaHpe ubi sunt — HexapaKTepHH h nexaT cKopee b pycne rpag^HOHHbix npeaM6yn cpegHeBeKOBOM ncTopnorpa^HH. 56 Slavistična revija, letnik 64/2016, št. 1, januar-marec puorpa^ua, ogHaKo 3anacTyro mm cnoco6Hbi jamt K0HcTaTup0BaTb, hto TaKoro poga K0HcTpy^ua ®HBeT He 0gH0 cToneTue, ho 0TKyga 0Ha B3anacb, ocTaeTca He-acHMM. TeM He MeHee, ga^e b ^T0M cnynae royneHue hx Mu^pa^uu, Ha Ham B3rnag, BecbMa nepcneKTHBHo, b tocthoctu, oho no3BonaeT Ha^ynaTb rpaHb Me^gy Kynb-TypHon yHuBepcanueñ, TunonorunecKuM cxogcTB0M u 3aHMCTB0BaHHeM. nopoñ TaKue ^opMynbi MoryT cny^uTb Hage^HbiM HHgHKaTopoM K0HTaKT0B TaM, rge HHKaKHx gpyrux cBugeTenbcTB o hhx nonTu He ocTanocb. KpoMe Toro, ohh cno-co6hm KaK-T0 3anenaTneBaTb oco6bie, gonro^uBy^ue KynbTypH0-ucT0punecKue npo^ccbi, 6onee gnuTenbHbie, neM, HanpuMep, 06pa30BaHue ^HTpanu30BaHH0r0 rocygapcTBa, ocTaBaacb npu ^T0M b nonHoñ Mepe ^neMeHT0M cyry6o nucbMeHHoñ, a He HapogHon Tpa,^u^uu. HanoMHHM, HT0 Hama $opMyna coxpaHHocTu no cümmm ckpomhmm nogcneTaM npo^una 6onee gByx TbicaneneTuñ. Mo^eT nu ucnonb30BaHue nogo6Horo poga xiHme HT0-T0 coo6^HTb HaM o KapTHHe Mupa nenoBeKa, cocTaBnaro^ero cooTBeT-CTByM^HH nncbMeHHHH TeKcT? Omanyn, ga, ho b pa3HMx cnynaax b pa3nunHoñ Mepe, n0T0My hto 0Ha 3anacTyw ynoTpe6naeTca nonTu no uHep^uu, aBT0MaTune-ckh, ho, BMecTe c TeM, o6nagaeT cnoco6HocTbw Hanpa^eHHoñ, Tpeneraoñ, cTpacT-Hoñ aKTyanu3a^uu, 6ygynu Bocnpou3BegeHa Tbicanu pa3, Mo^eT Bgpyr 3a3BynaTb KaK BH0Bb o6peTeHHoe noHuMaHue. TaK, HanpuMep, HecKonbKo pa3 npoucxoguT b pyccK0-cKaHguHaBcK0M cpegHeBeK0B0M Mupe c ^opMynbHbiMu naHerupuKaMu npaBHTe^aM, rge ohh BocxBanawTca 3a to, hto He nw6aT 30n0T0, ho nw6aT gpy-®HHy u oxotho pa3gawT eñ coKpoBu^a (cm. nogpo6Hee: ^HTBHHa & ycneHcKuñ 2007). To ®e cnynanocb u c Hameñ ^opMynoñ coxpaHHocTu. Bnarogapa genoBoñ nucbMeHHocTu 0Ha pa3HocuTca u pacnpocTpaHaeTca no cBeTy TaK, KaK egBa nu Morna pacnpocTpaHuTbca b gonenarayro ^^oxy b cocTaBe TpaKTaT0B unu ucTopunecKux coHHHeHHH. npu TaK0M Tupa^upoBaHuu ee cmmc-noBoe HanonHeHue ottocth HuBenupyeTca u cTupaeTca. OgHaKo no3gHee, Korga b XVII b. n0T0K ee ynoTpe6neHua b goKyMeHTax ocna6eBaeT, Hama apeHra B03Bpa-^aeTca, npuHuMaa caMbie pa3Hbie o6nunua, b gugaKTunecKyw u 0TH0cuTenbH0 pacxo^yro ucTopuK0-$unoco$cKyro nuTepaTypy. TaK, b XVIII cToneTuu gupeKTopoM HeMe^K0H rHMHa3HH b KnocTep6epreHe ®pugpuxoM CTpaccoM 6bina cocTaBneHa ucTopunecKaa KapTa nog Ha3BaHueM «PeKa BpeMeH, unu ^M6neMaTUHecKoe u3o6pa®eHue BceMupHoñ hctophh ot gpeB-Heñmux BpeMeH no K0He^ ocbMoro Ha gecaTb cToneTua». HMeHa ucTopunecKux geaTeneñ 6binu BbmucaHbi 3gecb b cto^6hk, u cTon6^i ^aMHjañ, noMe^eHHbie cBepxy BHH3, HanoMHHa^H pycno h3bh^hctoh peKu. Ka^goñ cTpaHe c00TBeTcTB0-Ban cboh «pyKaB», a Bcë BMecTe gaBano HarnagHoe BnenaTneHue o BceMupH0M HcT0pHHecK0M ^po^ecce, ncTeKmnx nara Tacan neT (ncHHcneHHe KapTM goxoguno go 1800 r.). y npaBoro Kpaa «KapTM» 6ana pacnono^eHa caMaa npaMaa np0T0Ka: gocTH^eHua HayKu, nuTepaTypa, ucKyccTBa. B 1805 r. ^T0 u3o6pa®eHue c nepeBegeHHMM Ha pyccKuñ a3MK nognucaMu 6ano 0ny6nuK0BaH0 b ^ypHane Poccuhckoh cnoBecHocTu. B ganbHeñmeM, Ha npoTa^e-Huu XIX b. oho nonb30Banocb b Poccuu Heu3MeHHoñ nonynapHocTbw u, no cbu-geTenbcTBy MeMyapucT0B, Morno noMe^aTbca Ha cTeHe b ruMHa3uu. HMeHHo ^Ty KapTy noBecun y ce6a b Ka6uHeTe u raBpuun ^ep^aBUH, ogHaKo TeKcTa, garo^ero AHHa ^HTBHHa, Oegop yCneHCKHft: OrngaeMtie napagoKcti b noraegHeM craxoTBopeHHH 57 nu^y gna ero nocnegHero cTuxoTBopeHua, Ha Hen He 6bino. C ^opMynoñ KaK Ta-koboh oh no3HaKOMunca, no-BuguMoMy, gpyruM nyTeM. ,3,ocTOBepHO 3Haa ee «KaHOHunecKyK»» cTpyKTypy, mm MOxeM y6eguTbca, hto ^ep^aBuH o6birpbiBaeT ^Ty KOHcTpy^uro u noneMu3upyeT c Hen, ucnonb3ya, TaK cKa3aTb, Hau6onee neccuMucTuHHbrä TpexnacTHbrä ee BapuaHT — 6bicTpoTen-HocTb Bcenoxuparo^ero BpeMeHu MOxeT 6biTb npeogoneHa cunoM nucbMa unu ucKyccTBa, ho u ^TO npeogoneHue numb BpeMeHHoe, BenHocTb cBoguT Ha HeT Bce to, Ha neM gepxuTca uHTepecyro^aa Hac apeHra. TeM He MeHee, He hto uHoe, KaK KaH^napcKaa u ucTopuorpa^unecKaa Tpa-gu^ua, c KOTopon noneMu3upyeT ^ep^aBuH, 3acTaBnana BocnpuHaTb ero TeKcT KaK 3aBe^aHue. Pa3yMeeTca, uMeHHo KaK 3aBe^aHue, KaK nogBegeHue uToroB no-^TUHecKOH ®u3Hu oh ucnonHeH oco6oh TparuHHocra u 6e3HagexHocTu. npuMe-HaTenbHo, hto ^TOH 6e3HagexHocTu pyccKaa nuTepaTypHaa Tpagu^ua nocne Aep-xaBuHa He npuHana. OHa npegnonna $opMyny coxpaHHocTu b ee, TaK cKa3aTb, KnaccunecKoM BapuaHTe, Korga nucbMo, naMaTb oneBug^B u ucKyccTBo BnacTHo npeogoneTb HeyMonuMbrä 6er BpeMeHu. TaKoro poga ^uTaTOH, a BepHee nepu^pa-3OM Mro-3anagHopyccKux aKTOB, HanuHaeTca, HanpuMep, «®u3Hb ApceHbeBa» H. A. ByHuHa: 'Be^u u gena, a^e He HanucaHm 6biBaK>TL, TMoro noKpbiBaroTca u rpo6y 6e3naM«TcTBa npegaroTca, HanucaBmiu xe «ko ogymeBneHiu ...'. Ä pogunca nonBeKa TOMy Ha3ag, b cpegHen Poccuu, b gepeBHe, b ot^obckoh ycagb6e. y Hac HeT nyBcTBa cBoero Hanana u koh^. H oneHt xanb, hto MHe cKa3anu, Korga uMeHHo a pogunca (ByHuH V: 7). ^HTEPATyPA A3P, I-IV, 1846-1853: ÂKmu, omHocx^uecx k ucmopuu 3anadnoù Poccuu. Co6p. u u3g. Apxeorpa^unecKOM KOMuccuero 1-4. CaHKT-neTep6ypr: : HereHga nenara h gereHga Bgacra b HopBernn XII-XIII bb. Historia animata: naMxmu On^u H^ope8Hbl Bapbxrn 3. MocKBa: HHcTHTyT Bceoö^en Hctophh PAH. 39-54. Heinrich Fichtenau, 1957: Arenga: Spätantike und Mittelalter in Spiegel von Urkundenformeln. Grdec, Köln: Verlag Hermann Böhlaus Nachf. Etienne Gilson, 1955: De la Bible à François Villon. Les idées et les letters: Essais d'Art et Philosophie. Paris: Vrin. 9-30. Diane. E. Greenway (ur.), 1996: Henry of Huntingdon. Historia Anglorum. Oxford: Clarendon Press. AHHa ^HTBHHa, Oegop yCneHCKHft: OrngaeMtie napagoKcti b noraegHeM craxoTBopeHHH 59 H. Helbig, L. Weinrich (ur.), 1968: Urkunden und Erzählende Quellen zur deutschen Ostsiedlung im Mittelalter 1. Mittel- und Norddeutschland: Ostseeküste. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftlich Buchgesellschaft. Ioannes Ephianiensis, 1870: Fragmentum. Historici Graeci Minores 1. Ur. L. Din-dorfius. Lipsiae. George F. Jones, 1962: Grim to your foes and kind to your friends. Studia Neophilo-logica 34. 91-103. KDM, 1886: Kodeks Dyplomatyczny Malopolski 2. Zbr. F. Piekosinski. Krakov: Akad. Umiej^tnosci, W. L. Anczyc. KDW, 1982: Kodeks Dyplomatyczny Wielkopolski. Varšava: Poznan, Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. Nancy F. Partner, 1977: Serious entertainments: The writing of history in twelfth-century England. Chicago, London: University of Chicago Press. Ludwig von Rockinger, 1863: Briefsteller und Formelbücher des eilften bis vierzehnten Jahrhunderts 1. München: Georg Frank. Povzetek Izhodišče raziskave je predsmrtna pesem Gavrila Deržavina (1743-1816) Reka časov in vprašanje o tem, ali jo lahko označimo za oporoko. V članku avtor pokaže, kako se besedilo uvršča v tradicijo, ki izhaja iz antike in je bila zelo razširjena po Evropi od Bizanca do Anglije, od Skandinavije do Poljske in Velike litovske kneževine. Gre za posebno besedno formulo, ki ne sovpada s pravno, epsko ali folklorno. Ta formula obstaja že dve tisočletji in pol. V času srednjega veka in zgodnjega novega veka so jo uporabljali na dva načina: kot preambulo k različnim vrstam dokumentov, od katerih jo najdlje vključujejo oporoke; prav tako pogosto jo najdemo v srednjeveških zgodovinopisnih in didaktičnih spisih. Rusko leposlovje 19. in 20. stoletja je podedovalo to stalno besedno formulo in jo na novo osmislilo. Deržavinovo besedilo ostaja oporoki blizu ne le po vsebini, pač pa tudi strukturno. 60 Slavistična revija, letnik 64/2016, št. 1, januar-marec