ÁCROCEPHALÜS 37 (170/171): 221-227, 2016
10.1515/acro-2016-0013
Wintering sites of Wallcreeper Tichodroma muraria on the east Adriatic coast
Prezimovališča skalnega plezalčka Tichodroma muraria na vzhodni obali Jadrana
Gordan Lukac1, Snjezana Vujcic-Karlo2, Zlatko Ruzanovic3, Ivana Adzic1, Marijan Milovac1, Roberto Stelko4
1	Public Institution Paklenica National Park, dr. Franje Tudmana 14a, HR-23244 Starigrad-Paklenica, Croatia, e-mail: sluzba-zastite@paklenica.hr
2	National Museum Zadar, National History Department, Meduliceva 2, HR-23000, Zadar, Croatia, e-mail: prirodoslovni.odjel@nmz.hr
3	Public Institution Kornati National Park, Butina 2, HR-22243, Murter, Croatia
4	Public Institution Natura Histrica, Riva 8, 52100 HR-Pula, Croatia
Wallcreeper Tichodroma muraria was observed during cold winters in different parts of Croatia, along the Adriatic coast, on islands as well as inland. Their origin remains unknown, but they may belong to the population nesting in the Alps or in Dinaric parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro. The overwintering along the Adriatic coast was explored during field observations, but also from the literature and museum data. The field investigations were carried out in Istria, North Dalmatia, Paklenica NP, Kornati NP and central Dalmatia, Krka NP. In total, 96 observations were made: 35 specimens from museum collections and literature and 61 during field research. The Wallcreeper was observed in Velika and Mala Paklenica canyons in Paklenica NP during cold winters, but not during milder winters. In the Paklenica NP, the earliest individuals were observed on 10 Oct and the latest on 28 Apr. On the complete east Adriatic coast and in Croatian inland, the earliest record was made on 6 Sep and the latest on 2 May. There are 5-10 individuals overwintering in Paklenica National Park.
1. Introduction
Wallcreeper Tichodroma muraria nests on calcareous cliffs of high altitude mountainous habitats in Central Europe and in Asia Minor and East Asia (Hernandez et al. 1997). Its European range extends from the Pyrenees
in the west to the Carpathians in the east. In the Alps, it nests at altitudes ranging from 350 m to 2500 m a.s.l. The only nesting sites on Mediterranean islands are the cliffs of Corsica. It was observed in central and west Asia during the breeding season from 4700 m a.s.l. in Pamir to 5000 m a.s.l. in Tibet. Outside the nesting season it was observed in Ladakh up to 6400 m a.s.l. (Voous 1962, Cramp & Perrins 1993, Snow & Perrins 1998, Glutz von Blotzheim & Bauer 2001, Danko 2002). The lowest altitude nesting sites in Austria are at 540 m a.s.l. (Sackl & Samwald 1997), in Slovenia near Črni kal at 400 m a.s.l. (Geister 1995) and in Slovakia from 400 m a.s.l. (Saniga 1995). Its wintering sites cover wide alpine valleys of east and south Styria (Samwald 1975, Stani 1981, Puntigam 1985) and the Mediterranean coast from Gibraltar to the Black and Azov Seas. There were several winter observations in Sardinia, Sicily, Cyprus, Balearic Islands along with winter observations from Algeria, Malta and Israel (Glutz von Blotzheim & Bauer 2001). During spring migration, one bird was observed on a gravel sandbar of the Mura River, Austria, feeding on insects in April 1994 (Samwald & Ringert 2015). There are some data regarding its nesting sites in Central Dalmatia, Croatia, but without specifying precise locations (Kralj 1997).
From mid-July, adults depart from nesting sites before juveniles towards their wintering sites (Glutz von Blotzheim & Bauer 2001). The closest known breeding sites are in Bosnia and Herzegovina 30-50 km away from wintering sites on the Adriatic coast.
Slovenia
According to Bird Life International (2015), 200-300 pairs breed in Slovenia. Geister (1995) recorded Wallcreeper as rare in Slovenia, found in only 12 UTM squares. It was observed in the Julian Alps and Karavanke Mts at an altitude of 2,109 m a.s.l. and on Mt Triglav (2,864 m a.s.l.) (Gregori 1977, Matvejev 1983). Its nests were positioned on shady and damp parts ofcliffs. An irregular nesting site at 400 m a.s.l. near Črni kal is among the lowest nesting altitudes recorded so far in Europe (Geister 1995, Saniga 1995). Movements to lower parts of Slovenia and Slovenian inland were recorded in the wintering period near settlements with high church towers and buildings (Geister 1995).
Austria
In Austria, it breeds regularly in the eastern and northern Alps, and rarely in central Alps, between 540 and 2000 m a.s.l. A couple of observations were made during the breeding periods at 2600 m a.s.l. The
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G. lukac et al.: Wintering sites ofWallcreeper Tichodroma muraria on the east Adriatic coast
majority of habitats in this area are calcareous cliffs and wet canyons (Sackl & Samwald 1997). In southern Austrian lowlands, Wallcreeper was observed during winter in quarries (Stani 1976, Wohl 1977, Sackl & Samwald 1997) and only exceptionally on the banks of the Mura River during its spring migration (W. Stani in litt). According to Samwald & Ringert (2015), the Wallcreeper is present in climatically favourable breeding habitat throughout the year.
Croatia
In Istria, the Wallcreeper was not registered according to literature (Schiavuzzi 1887, Rubinic 1996) until the end of the 20th century. The three most recent three observations date back to the 2008-2016 period (Durdin 2008, Tout 2016). Typical winter observations were recorded in the Gulf of Kvarner from November to January at three locations. One observation was made at Veli Losinj (Losinj Island) in November 1963, and another two in the area around Rijeka (Kroneisl 1949,
Susic et al. 1988, Rucner 1998). The data from museum collections confirm five observations in Gorski kotar (Susic et al. 1988, Grbac & Kralj 2008). According to Mastrovic (1942), Wallcreepers were observed in northern Dalmatia between the beginning of October and the end of March on steep cliffs along the Zrmanja River valley. Last observation around the Zrmanja River dates to March 2010 (Supraha et al. 2013). In Paklenica National Park, Rucner (1998) observed 10 individuals in the Mala Paklenica canyon on 13 Oct 1967.
In central Dalmatia, Wallcreepers were observed in the canyons of the Krka and Cikola Rivers (Radovic et al. 2004), on the slopes of Mt Mosor (Mastrovic 1942), on rocks near Omis and along the Cetina River on 7 Nov 1966 (Rucner 1998). There is one record from Split (Krpan 1960); it was caught during the autumn migration on 23 Nov 1881 and eventually deposited in the Vienna Museum (Kralj & Tutis 1996). Regarding the species' breeding in Central Dalmatia, a reference to it can be found in Kralj (1997), but without specified location.
O
/
o
Tichodroma muraria ■(y Museum collection and literature data / Muzejske zbirke in podatki iz literature
# Recent observation / opazovanje Protected area / Zaščiteno območje
1	Paklenica National park
2	Kornati National park ■ 3 Krka National park


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Figure 1: Winter, spring and autumn observations data of Wallcreeper Tichodroma muraria in Croatia Slika 1: Zimska, spomladanska in jesenska opazovanja skalnega plezalčka Tichodroma muraria na Hrvaškem
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14
Yea rs / Leta
Figure 2: Temporal distribution of records of Wallcreeper Tichodroma muraria in this study Slika 2: Časovna porazdeltiev opazovanj skalnega plezalčka Tichodroma muraria v tej raziskavi
Figure 3: Wintering sites of Wallcreeper Tichodroma muraria in Paklenica NP
Slika 3: Prezimovališča skalnega plezalčka Tichodroma muraria v NP Paklenica
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G. Lukac, S. Vujcic-Karlo, Z. Ruzanovic, I. Adzic, M. Milovac, R. Stelko: Wintering sites ofWallcreeper Tichodroma muraria on the east
Adriatic coast
Seven observations were made in southern Dalmatia; the specimens were deposited in museum collections, but have not been preserved until the present day (Mastrovic 1942). Only four have been preserved in the ornithological collection ofthe Dubrovnik Museum (Lukac & Baltic 2001). There is a specimen stored in the ornithological collection in Metkovic, originating from spring 1956 (Rucner 1998).
Also, there are 18 records from the spring, autumn and winter periods, recorded at different locations of Croatian inland, predominantly from the surroundings of Zagreb. Maric (in litt.) reports on a particularly interesting finding from Ivanscica, north-west Croatia, in the middle of a forest path, on 17 Oct 2007.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Wallcreeper nests in Mt Prenj, from where records of young nesting individuals originate from the 19th century (Reiser 1939, Obratil 1967). According to Reiser (1939), there are 19 records from Bosnia and Herzegovina, 6 of them originating from the JuneAugust nesting period and 13 from the migratory and wintering periods. The southernmost wintering observations were recorded in the Neretva valley, Capljina and Hutovo blato locations, in the beginning of the 20th century. As pointed out by Rucner & Obratil (1973), it is a possible nesting bird of Maglic, Volujak and Zelengora. In the 2000-2012 period, Wallcreeper apparently bred in the mountains of Zeleca, Vlasic, Visocica, Prenj and Cvrsnica. The breeding population was estimated at 50 to 100 pairs (Kotrosan etal. 2012, NGO Greenvay 2013).
Montenegro
Regular winter observations of Wallcreeper were made in Boka Kotorska (Mastrovic 1942). Five individuals were caught in December, January, February and March (2 males and 3 females). Wallcreeper is a resident bird in Montenegro according to Saveljic & Jovicevic (2015).
Data regarding wintering sites and vertical migrations ofWallcreeper are scarce for Croatia and its surrounding area. Therefore, based on winter observations, published literature and museum collections, we tried to summarise the data about the wintering sites along the east Adriatic coast and Croatian inland.
2. Study area and methods
The areas under investigation were: Istria, north Dalmatia, Paklenica National Park, Kornati National Park, central Dalmatia and Krka National Park. A total of 2040 winter fieldwork days were conducted in the 1985-2015 period in Istria, Paklenica NP in 1995-2015, Krka NP in 2012-2015 and Kornati NP in 2000-2007.
Istria was divided into 52 UTM 100 km2 squares, as part of the breeding bird atlas surveys (Lukac & Stelko 2016). Southern Velebit and Paklenica National Park were researched in the 1984-1996 period within 296 days of fieldwork (Lukac & Stipcevic 1997). In 1995-2015, Paklenica NP was divided into 175 1 km2 squares and surveyed in the nesting season, during spring and autumn migration and in winter within 1000 field days. In Krka NP, transects were done
IV V VI VII VIII Months / Meseci
Total number of observations based on recent field observations and literature data
Recent field observations
XI XII
Figure 4: Seasonal distribution of Wallcreeper Tichodroma muraria records in Croatia
Slika 4: Sezonska dinamika opazovanj skalnega plezalčka Tichodroma muraria na Hrvaškem
II
II
X
X
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between Skradin and Skradinski buk, at Roški slap and in the Čikola canyon near the road. In Kornati NP, islands were visited during the breeding and wintering seasons, as well as during spring and autumn migration, when more than 500 field days were conducted. Islands were visited by boat, especially steeper cliffs. Museum data include collections from the Croatian Natural History Museum in Zagreb, Ornithology Department of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Natural History Department of the National Museum Zadar, Natural History Museum in Split and Dubrovnik Museum.
3. Results
We identified 96 records: 61 during our field work and additional 35 records in museum collections in Croatia and Austria. 52 of these observations were classed as recent, i.e. after 1984 (Figures 1 & 2).
The most recent records reported from Istria relate to the observations made during the wintering and spring migration periods. Wallcreeper was recorded six times in Labin, Marina area, in the 1985-2005 period in two squares during the months of February, March, January and December. The last observation was made in autumn during the migration period near Pula (28 Oct 2015), whereas three were made by other ornithologists in the 2008-2016 period (Durdin 2008, TOUT 2016).
The only recorded observation from Kornati National Park dates from 17 Mar 2005, when one individual was observed on a steep cliff of Mana Island during spring migration. Individuals were observed on rocks and cliffs of the Velika and Mala Paklenica canyons between 10 Oct and 28 Apr in 11 squares.
Additional observations were made in three squares outside the boundaries of the National Park (Figure 3). The highest number of observations was made in 1999 in Paklenica National Park, when the first individual was spotted on 10 Oct and then regularly observed until 23 Nov. In 2015, the first individuals were observed on 10 Feb, while the last observation was made on 9 Apr. Generally, observations of Wallcreeper in Paklenica National Park since 1984 have been irregular, with only short periods of regular observations made during the winter period from 1999-2006.
The frequency of observations through the wintering period (Figure 4) shows the highest numbers in January and February. First observations were made in the first decade of September and the last in the first decade of May. Observations in the nesting season, from June until August, are missing. The biggest number of individuals observed in the Mala Paklenica canyon in Paklenica National Park was 10 individuals during their autumn migration on 13 Oct 1967 (Rucner 1998).
The occurrence of this species in the South Velebit mountain range as its overwintering site is restricted to an altitudinal range of 30-700 m a.s.l. So far, there have been no observations at altitudes higher than 700 m a.s.l. Most observations, a total of 36 (Figure 5), occurred at altitudes between 90 and 320 m a.s.l.
The habitat where Wallcreepers were recorded most often was, based on NATURA 2000 classification, 8210 Carbonate rocks with chasmophytic vegetation and 8130 West Mediterranean thermophilous scree which include thermophilous plant species such as: Quercus ilex, Quercus pubescens, Fraxinus ornus, Carpinus orientalis, Ostrya carpinifolia, Celtis australis, Rhamnus intermedia, Frangula rupestris, Ficus carica,
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0-100 101-200 201-300 301-400 401-500 501-600 Al tí tudinal classes (m a.s.l.) / Višinski pas (m n. v.)
Figure 5: Altitudinal distribution of Wallcreeper Tichodroma muraria records in Croatia Slika 5: Višinska porazdelitev opazovanj skalnega plezalčka Tichodroma muraria na Hrvaškem
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G. Lukac, S. Vujcic-Karlo, Z. Ruzanovic, I. Adzic, M. Milovac, R. Stelko: Wintering sites ofWallcreeper Tichodroma muraria on the east
Adriatic coast
Prunus mahaleb. We observed Wallcreepers while they were searching for food along shady places with dripping water, on cliffs rich with crevices and on large limestone blocks in the Velika and Mala Paklenica canyons. Even though there is a stream running through the canyon in autumn, winter and spring, we have very seldom recorded Wallcreeper on rocks near or protruding from the stream. Based on the collected data, it appears to be more frequent during colder winters, whilst during mild winters observations are missing.
4. Discussion
Wallcreeper is a rather irregular wintering bird species on its overwintering sites in Paklenica National Park (Lukac 2011). It was specified as a nesting species in Central Dalmatia by Kralj (1997), overwintering in Dalmatia and in inland from October until March (Mastrovic 1942). Wallcreeper is not listed as a breeding species in the Red book of birds of Croatia (Tutis et al. 2013). Low temperatures and high snow cover limit the food availability and force birds to migrate further south in search for new food sources. The majority of observations of Wallcreeper were made in cold winter with snow near the coast in north Dalmatia (e.g. in 996, 1999, 2005).
Observations from South Velebit and Paklenica National Park were more frequent and similar to experiences in the Mediterranean part of Slovenia and in Styria. The earliest observation of Wallcreeper in its wintering site was recorded in Croatian inland, in Zagreb, on 6 Sep 1900 and the latest in early May (2 May 1929, Moslavina, Nova Gradiska), when they start migrating from their winter sites. Irregular observations since 1984 point out that this bird species overwinters in the researched area every second or third year (Lukac & Stipcevic 1997, Lukac 2011). In the Mala Paklenica canyon it may be observed at the earliest in the first decade of October (10 Oct 1999); it leaves the area at the latest in the third decade of April (28 Apr 1984). It is possible that one part of birds from Istria, Gorski kotar and the Gulf of Kvarner arrive from the Alps and another part of the wintering population (birds observed in Dalmatia) from mountainous parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro.
It is important to highlight additional sites where Wallcreeper overwinters irregularly such as eastern Istria, Kvarner, Gorski kotar, Krka, Cikola and Cetina River canyons, Split, Neretva mouth and Dubrovnik surroundings (Mastrovic 1942, Krpan 1980, Kralj & Tutis 1996, RUCNER1998). Mastrovic (1942) reports on six individuals caught in Dubrovnik area and 5
individuals caught at wintering sites in Boka Kotorska, Montenegro. Scarce findings from Lošinj Island, 11 Nov 1963 (Kvarner Region), and one observation recorded in Kornati National Park, 17 Mar 2005, show that some individuals fly all the way to north Adriatic islands. Winter dispersal and migration was recorded in the Mediterranean in Sicily, Sardinia, Malta, and Balearic Islands and even at several locations in North Africa (Glutz von Blotzheim, Bauer 2001). Findings from Croatian inland indicate its presence during the winter in Gorski kotar, North-west Croatia (Zagreb area, Karlovac, Hrvatsko Zagorje, Ivanščica) and Central Croatia (Slavonia, Kutjevo).
Based on our field observations, we estimate that 5-10 individuals overwinter in Paklenica National Park, based on best expert opinion. It is rather difficult to estimate overwintering population on the entire east Adriatic coast, as recent fieldwork was restricted to only small part of the area researched.
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Prispelo / Arrived: 2. 9. 2016 Sprejeto / Accepted: 6. 12. 2016
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