MHTCKHTe npeTCTHBH 3a CBeTOT Ha MpTBHTe BO Tpa^HUHOHa^HaTa Ky^Typa Ha MaKe^OHUHTe
ttymo C. PucmecKU
The author discusses the mythicalpresentations about the existence of two autonomous, different and opposing realities - this world and that world - the first of which is always marked as "ours" and human, and the second one as a strange and a distant world of demoniac creatures.
MHTCKHTe npeTCTaBH 3a nocToeaeTo Ha aBe aBTOHOMHH, pa3aHHHH h enpoTHBeTaBeHH peaaHOCTH - OBOj h ohoj* CBeT, oa koh npBHOT ceKoram e O3HaneH KaKO Ham - HOBenKH, a apyrHOT Tyr - aeMOHCKH, aaaeneH, npeTCTaByBaaT Haj3HaHajHH h onpeaeayBaHKH KaTeropHH 3a BKynHOTO CTpyKTyHpaae h ^yHKnHOHHpaae Ha TpaflHnHOHMHHTe Ky^TypH.1
Pa3^HKHTe h paCTojaHHjaTa noMery hhb Ce orpoMHH, TemKO npeMOCTHBH, ho He h HeBO3MoxHH. 3a oCTBapyBaae Ha KOMyHHKauHCKHTe oaHOCH Mery oBHe aBe peaaHOCTH KOHmTO HCTOBpeMeHO noCTojaT, ho Ha aBe pa3aHHHH er3HCTeHnHj'aaHH HHBoa, noCTojaT HH3a o6peaHH npeaycaoBH h ycaoBH mTO npeTxoaHO Tpe6a aa Ce HcnoaHaT.
Bo ^OKyCOT Ha HHTepecHpaaaTa 3a OBaa npHaHKa Ke 6Hae HCTpaxyBaaeTo Ha Taa "apyra" peaaHOCT, Ha Toj CBeT, HaH noTOHHO eaeH HeroB CerMeHT - ceemom na Mpmeume, odnocno 3aednuu,ama na Mpmeume npeduu - Koj Cnopea CBojaTa BaxHOCT 3a TpaaHnHOHaaHHTe KyaTypH CeKoram ro HMa npHMaTOT.
oto noc^e HacTanyBaaeTO Ha CMpTTa?
Bo HapoaHHTe npeTCTaBH Ha MaKeaoHnHTe, oCBeH Toa mTO CMpTTa e npeTCTaBeHa KaKO xeHa CO aeMOHCKH oco6hhh HaH KaKO aeMOHCKO CymTeCTBO, MomHe mHpoKO paCnpoCTpaHeTH ce HaeHTe 3a CMpTTa KaKO nun, cocmojSa mu nomonno npou,ec na npeMunyeame na Mpmeuom, odnocno neeoeama dywa od ceemom na Mueume eo ceemom na Mpmeume, od edno na dpyeo ez^ucmenuujaAno nueo Meiy dpyeume faucm Mpmeu rnenoeu -npeduu - na 3aednuu,ama.
CMpTTa e cocToj6a Ha coh, mhpho cnHeae, npecTaHyBaae Ha aKTHBHoCTHTe Ha HOBenKHOT opraHH3aM. Oco6eHo 3Haneae bo H3rpaayBaaeTo Ha HapoaHHTe npeTCTaBH
1 TaHac BpaxHHOBCKH, KmHmTO^ Bpo^aBCKH, Onoj u oeoj ceem eo neKou coepeMenu MaKedoHCKU u noACKU MumcKu npedanuja // MaKeaoHCKH OoaKaop (MO), Toa- XIX, 6p. 37, CKonje, 1986, 29-37. (3apaaH o6eMHoCTa Ha aHTepaTypaTa, bo UHTaTHTe BHeceHH ce caMo CTaTHHTe h ny6aHKa^HTe mTO ce oaHecyBaaT HCKayHHBo Ha MaKeaoHHja, a ce noBpaaHH co CBeTOT Ha MpTBHTe).
sa CMpxxa KaKO coh, HMaax npexcxaBHxe sa noBpsaHoexa Ha aKXHBHOcxa Ha HOBeKOx co nocxoeaexo Ha onpeaeayBaHKaxa xHBOXHa KaxeropHja - dymama - 6es HHemxo npHcycxBO HOBeHKOTO xeao ocxaHyBa 6esxHB0XH0. Toa ce cayHyBa KaKO bo MOMeHXH Ha cnHeae, 0C06eH0 bo MOMeHTHxe Ha coHyBaae Kora aymaxa ro Hanymxa xeaoxo h ca060aH0 mexa KaKO hhs HamHOx CBex, xaKa h hhs apyraxa peaaHOCx - mhtckhot CBex Ha aeMOHCKH cymxecxBa, ocxBapyBajKH npHxoa sHanajHH KOHxaKXH co hhb.
"TaKa cxapHxe ja npexcxaByBaja YMHPAHKATA - KAKO COH! Ke aerHHm h Ke sacnHjem, HHmxo He MOxem. Ce sapBHa HoeKO. TaKa cxapHxe ja npexcxaByBája YMHPAHKATA. KaKO coh. Ke aerHHm h Ke sacnHem, HHmxo He MOxem, ce sapBHa HoeKO. Toa e rO.EMHOT COH. BEHHHOT..." 2
Ho CMpxxa ro osHaHyBa MOMeHxox Kora aymaxa KOHeHHO Ke ro HanymxH xeaoxo HaH Kora sapaaH pea npHHHHH HeMa aa ycnee n0BX0pH0 aa ce BpaxH bo Hero.
Oa apyra cxpaHa, naK, cnopea ynoxpeöaxa Ha jasHHHHxe ^opMH bo MaKeaoHCKHxe HapoaHH roBopH sa hhhox Ha yMHpaaexo KaKO: cu npeMuna, cu saMuna, noMuná cu, omude HoeeKom - jacHO Moxe aa ce coraeaa aeKa CMpxxa e osHaHeHa KaKO hhh oaHOCHO cocxoj6a Ha "HcnpaKaae", n0X0HH0 noHexoK Ha eaeH noaoaroxpaeH nponec Ha "naxyBaae" Ha aymaxa Ha yMpeHHOx HaeH Ha saeaHHnaxa koh ocxaHaxHxe mpxbh htohobh bo HHBHaxa saeaHHna.3
Bo xpaaHnHOHmHH ycaoBH nponecox Ha npeMHHyBaae Ha mpxbhox HaeH Ha saeaHHnaxa oöhhho saBpmyBa co Kpajox Ha HHxeHsHBHaxa o6peaHa aKXHBHOcx bo xeKOx Ha eaHa roaHHa. Ho h OBaa c^asa, cnopea HHxeHsHxexox Ha o6peaHHxe aeayBaaa ce cocxoh oa HeKoaKy noa^asH, oa koh HajsHaHajHa e OHaa ao HexHpHecexxHox aeH - Kora aymaxa KOHeHHO ro Hanymxa CBexox h saeaHHnaxa Ha xHBHxe h ce ynaxyBa koh saeaHHnaxa Ha MpxBHxe, MHHyBajKH hhs aoaroxpajHH ayxaaa, npoBepKH hhs CxpamHHOx Cya sa aypH Ha Kpajox oa xaa eaHa roaHHa aa ÖHae KOHeHHO HHxerpHpaHa HaH He bo saeaHHcaxa Ha MpxBHxe npeanH - samxHXHHnH Ha xHBHxe.
3omTO yMpeHHOT Tpeöa Be^Ham ^a ce "Hcnpara" 6o cBeTOT Ha MpTBHTe?
CMpxxa KaKO KaxeropHja h KaKO nojaBa e noxnoaHO onacHa sa xHBHxe HaeHOBH Ha saeaHHnaxa. Taa rH npaBH ayfexo öesxHBOxHH, jaaoBa e, a HajonacHO oa cé - xaa e npeHOcaHBa. (3axoa, bo MOMeHTHxe Ha aHpeKxeH KOHxaKx co MpxoBenox, xHBHxe npeseMaax HHsa MarHCKO - o6peaHH aKXHBHOCXH sa samxHxa oa npeH0CH0X0 HeraxHBHO B^HjaHHe Ha CMpxxa. Kaj MpxoBenox oaax HaMaHKaHH co ayK, KaxpaH, apxax bo ycxaxa xpHHe, He ro raeaaax bo aHnexo h OHHxe, He My ro cnoMHyBaax HMexo h ca.) 3HaHH öaHCKHOx cpoaHHK h HaeH Ha saeaHHnaxa Ha xHBHxe, BeaHam nocae HacxanyBaaexo Ha CMpxxa cxaHyBa onaceH, HenoxeaeH sa saeaHHnaxa Ha xHBHxe. Toj BeKe KaxeropHjaaHO He npHnafa Ha CBexox Ha xHBHxe. Ako MpxoBenox, aoaeKa 6Ha xhb 6Ha aoMaKHH, öepHKexaHja, "aapaHja" (HMaa oco6eH aap) - xpe6a 06peaH0 aa ce HsBpmH pasaaHyBaae Ha aBaxa npHHnHnH mxo bo xHe MOMeHXH rH noceayBa, h npHxoa aa ce HsaBojax aoöpHOx
2	ApxHB Ha HHGTHTyTOT 3a CTapocaoBeHCKa KyaTypa - üpnaen, (noHaTaMy AHCK), HHB.6p. K-54/1996. CHHMeHO bo 1996 roaHHa bo üpHaen.
3	HaTaaHS Beae^aa, %3bmecKue npedcmaeßenua o crnepmu y tmaestn, MO, Toä. VII, 6p. 14, CKonje, 1974, 37-55.
Oa aOmHOT, nO3HTHBHHOT Oa HeraTHBHHOT, XHBOTHHOT Oa CMpTOHOCHHOT npHHnHn. npBHOT - XHBHTe aa TO 3aapxaT KaKO OCOÖeHO npOayKTHBeH H 3HanaeH 3a HaTaMOmHHOT OncTaHOK Ha 3aeaHHnaTa Ha xHBHTe, a btophot bo HajKyc pok aa to HcnpaTaT co yMpeHHOT. TOa noapa3Önpa öoraT h caoxeH oöpeaeH KOMnaeKC HcnoaHeT co MarHCKH aeayBaaa, koh ce oa HajroaeMO 3Haneae 3a HaTaMomHOTO npeMHHyBaae Ha aymaTa koh CBeTOT Ha MpTBHTe. HenoTnoaHOCTa Ha oöpeaHOTO aeayBaae, HeaaeKBaTHaTa ynoTpeöa Ha oöpeaHHTe peKBH3HTH MoxaT aa aoBeaaT ao npoöaeMH bo nponecoT Ha npeMHH.
Ja^H CHTe MpTBH H^eHOBH CTHTHyBaaT BO CBeTOT Ha yMpeHHTe?
nocae HacTanyBaaeTO Ha cmpt Ha HeKoj naeH Ha connjaaHaTa 3aeaHHna, Toj npecTaHyBa aa önae paMHonpaBeH naeH Ha 3aeaHHnaTa Ha xMBHTe, ce Haofa bo eaHa ocoöeHa cocTojöa, MaprHHaaHa cnopea CBOHTe 0C0ÖeH0CTH. npemuom Mpmoeeu oa Toj MOMeHT CTaHyBa coMHumeaeH - h 3apaaH Toa npe3eMaaeT0 Ha BKynHHOT nocMpTeH oöpeaeH KOMnaeKC h CHTe MarHCKH aeayBaaa 0K0ay Hero HMaaT eaHHCTBeHa nea -coMHumernuom Mpmoeeu, eo nepuod od edHa oßpedHa zodum ycnemHo da ce cnpoeede eo 3aedHuu,ama HayMpeHume HaeHoeu, eo ceemom Ha Mpmeume - co mmo Mpmoeeuom Ke cmaHe nucm - odHocHo uHmezpupaH npedoK - 3ammumHuK Ha 3aedHuuama Ha Mueume.
Oa apyra CTpaHa, naK, HeHcnoaHyBaaeTO Ha oöpeaHHTe aKTHBHOCTH HaH ynoTpeöaTa Ha HecooaBeTHH OöpeaHO - MarHCKH peKBH3HTH HaH rpemKH Ha oöpeaHHTe aKTepH Moxe aa aoBeaaT ao HeHcnoaHyBaae, oaHOCHo HecnpoBeayBaae Ha coMHHTeaHHOT MpTOBen bo CBeTOT Ha MpTBHTe. TaKBHTe yMpeHH, noTOHHO HHBHHTe aymH CTaHyBaaT HeHucmu Mpmoeuu, ocTaHyBajKH Ha MaprHHHTe, Mefy CBeTOT Ha xHBHTe h CBeTOT Ha MpTBHTe, "Ha OHoj CBeT", HapymyBajKH rn necTO BOOÖnnaeHHTe oaHOCH Mefy xHBHTe. HeHucmume Mpmoeuu npeTBopajKH ce bo HeKOH oa aoöpo n03HaTHTe aeMOHCKH cymTecTBa (Haeu -HacTaHyBaaT oa aymHTe Ha HeKpcTeHHTe aena, eaMnupu - oa aymHTe Ha ayfeTO mTO ce noBaMnHpHae, KapaKoHyoau - oa aymHTe Ha ayfe co npeancn03HnHH aa ce noBaMnHpaT, ho caMO ao 40-thot aeH oa CMpTTa, caMoeuau - oa aymHTe Ha MaaaH momh mTO ce caMoyÖHae, yaaBHae, jydu - aeMOHCKH cymTecTBa oa momh mTO ce yaaBHae (3anaaHa MaKeaoHHja), dymume Ha caMoyßueHume, ydaeeHume - KaKO aeMOHCKH cymTecTBa co
HeH3aH^epeHnHpaHH KapaKTepHCTHKH) - ocTaHyBaaT BenHo HeHHTerpHpaHH, HaaBop oa
3aeaHHnaTa Ha MpTBHTe, hh BaMy - hh TaMy, KOHTHHynpaHO HapymyBajKH th oaHOCHTe h xapMOHHjaTa bo 3aeaHHnaTa Ha xnBHTe.
"... AMa Koa Baery (bo CBeTOT Ha MpTBHTe -Ha coh. 3aö. Q.P.) jac, eaHO nyne h MamKO npoMeHéTH CToéja Ha BpaTaTa (npea Bae30T bo CBeTOT Ha MpTBHTe - 3aö. Q.P.). H jac My Beaa:
-	Oth BHe TaKa caMH CTojTe?
-	Omu Hue caMu cu HanpajeMe cMpm. He Hé nymnájam da eaesuMe. OBae ch ceaHMe HHje. Ch CToeMe."4
3aToa Haj3HanajH0 oa cé, npn HcnpaKaaeTO Ha MpTOBeuoT e npe3eMaaeT0 Ha noTnoaHa OöpeaHO - MarncKa aKTHBHOCT bo bhcthhcko BpeMe, co bhcthhckh oöpeaHH
4 AHCK, HHB.6p. K-41/1995. CHHMeHO bo 1995 ro^HHa bo npHaen, MaKe^OHHja.
peKBH3HTH H Ofl CTpaHa Ha BHCTHHCKH 06peflHH aKTepH. flOKOAKy TOa He ce OCTBapH, 0C06eH0 3a mptobuhtc 3a kohoto 3aeflHHnaTa npeTx0flH0 BeKe 3Hae fleKa HMaaT oflpefleHH npeflHcno3HnHH fla He ja noMHHaT ycnemHO ^a3aTa Ha npeMHH, fla ocTaHaT HenHcTH, 0C06eH0 ce o6pHyBa BHHMaHHe h ce H3BpmH n0Tn0AH0 HHTeH3HBH0 06peflH0 fleAyBaae. KaKO mTO nepHOflOT Ha aflanTanHja h HHTerpanHja Ha npecHHTe MpTOBnH noMHHyBa, TaKa h HHTeH3HTeTOT Ha o6peflHHTe aKTHBHOCTH onara, 0C06eH0 nocne 3aBpmyBaaeT0 Ha npBaTa 40-flHeBHa n0T^a3a. CenaK, o6peflHaTa h conHjaAHa 3aeflHHna CMeTa fleKa co HCTeKyBaaeTO Ha eflHa o6peflHa roflHHa bo 0CH0Ba Tpe6a fla 6Hfle 3aBpmeH, h TOa ycnemHO, nponecoT Ha npeMHH Ha MpT0Ben0T bo 3aeflHHnaTa Ha MpTBHTe, npH mTO, o6peflHTe HaTaMy floÖHBaaT nocTOjaHO h B006maeH0 TeMno Ha KOHTHHyHpaHO o6e36eflyBaae Ha cHTe noTpenmTHHH 3a ycnemHO er3HcTHpaae Ha 3aeflHHnaTa Ha MpTBHTe npeflnH kohoto ja HrpaaT ynoraTa Ha 3amTHTHHnH Ha xHBHTe.
KaKOB e h Ka^e ce Haora cbctot Ha mptbhtc?
Bo MaKeflOHcKaTa eTH0A0mKa jiHTepaTypa He e nHmyBaHO flOBOAHO 3a pacBeTAyBaae Ha npo6fleMHTe cBp3aHH co TpaflHUHOHaAHHTe npeTCTaBH n0Bp3aHH co cMpTTa, 0c06eH0 Ha OHHe mTO ce oflHecyBaaT koh ocHOBHHTe nocTaBKH 3a coraeflyBaaero Ha MumcKuom Ceem bo hhhoto paMKH ce Haora eflHa flpyra peaAHocT, flpyr cBeT, 03HaneH co 3HaK0T Ha Tyr0T0, "oHoj cBeT" - bo hhhoto paMKH nocTOH h ceemom na Mpmeume.5
BeflHam Tpe6a fla ce HanoMeHe fleKa TpaflHCHnKHTe HapoflHH npeTcTaBH Ha MaKeflOHnHTe Tpe6a fla ce coraeflyBaaT bo n0mHp0KH0T KyATypHO - hctophckh KOHTeKcT Ha BaAKaHOT, HMajKH rH npeflBHfl, KaKO KyATypHOTO HacneflcTBO Ha öaAKaHcKHTe KyATypH mTO er3HcrapaAe h npeHene 3HanajHH KyATypHH BpeflHocTH h bo TpaflHCH-OHaAHHTe npeTcTaBH Ha MaKeflOHnHTe, TaKa h Ha cAOBeHcKaTa KyATypHa TpaflHnHja. npHToa He cMee fla ce npeHe6perae BAHjaHHeTO Ha xpHcrajaHcKaTa npKBeHa TpaflHnHja, Koja ymTe Ofl cBOHTe KopeHH floÖHBa cBoj oco6eH pa3B0j bo cMHcna Ha Hap0flH0 xphcth-jaHcTBO - hh3 Koe flo fleHec, nofl 3aKpHAaTa Ha Taa TpaflHCHja ce BK0Mn0HHpaAe, pa3BH-BaAe h oncTojaAe 3HanajHH BpeflHocTH Ha MHHaTHTe KyATypH, apxaHHHH mhtckh npeTcTaBH, KyATOBH KOHmTO, He Tpe6a fla 3a6opaBHMe, ^yHKqHOHHpaaT KaKO xpHcTHjaHcKH.
Bo Taa cMHcAa, 0c06eH0 HHTepecHH ce apxaHHHHTe npeTcTaBH 3a cMpTTa, cBeTOT Ha MpTBHTe, 3aeflHHnaTa Ha MpTBHTe npeflnH, kohoto ce ymTe MOxaT fla ce 3a6eAexaT npH oÖHflHTe Ha peKOHCTpynpaae Ha OflpefleHH mhtckh npeTcTaBH hah KaTeropHH Ha KpajoT Ha XX BeK bo pa3HH KpaHmTa Ha MaKeflOHHja.
YmTe Ha noneTOKOT Tpe6a fla ce HcTaKHe fleKa KaKO pe3yATaT Ha npeTx0flH0 H3He-ceHOTO, He Moxe fla ce npeTnocTaBH npe3eHTHpaae Ha eflHa yHH^HnHpaHa h eflHHcraeHa cAHKa hah MOfleA Ha cBeTOT Ha MpTBHTe. CenaK, MOxaT fla ce H3flB0jaT onpefleAyBanKH mhtckh KOflOBH KOH BO paMKHTe Ha "HHTaaeT0"Ha MHTcKHTe TeKcTOBH MOXaT fla rH OTKpH-jaT OcHOBHHTe KapaKTepHcTHKH h ^yHKnHOHHpaaeTO Ha n03HanajHHTe KOHcTHTyeHTH h Ha cBeTOT Ha MpTBHTe, ce pa36Hpa, corAacHO Ha (^yHKqHOHHpaaeTO Ha BKynHHOT mhtckh CBeT.
5 ^ynno C. PHcTecKH, nocMpmnu oßpednu KOMmeKC y mpaduu,ujcKoj Kynmypu Mapuoea, MarHcTepcKa TeMa oflöpaHeTa bo 1997 roflHHa Ha YHHBep3HTeT0T bo BeArpafl, 5-312 (paKonHc).
"Omeopéme mernrn nopmu, npeneKajTe BHnaH HOBeK, HAe, anH TaTKO, anH MajKa - npHMHeTe ro! Ja He o^e no TeMHH coKáHH, Ja He meTa no TecHH y^ÚHH, Ja ro npHÔépHTe, Ja My oTBopHTe TemKH BpaTH, H Heeo Kaj eac da eo npußepnme!"6
Ceemom na Mpmeume e u daßenen u ôausok
^aneneH e cBeTOT Ha MpTBHTe 3amTO Toj hm npHnafa caMO hhm - Ha MpTBHTe, 3amTO MOxe Aa ce ÖHAe hah caMO mptob hah caMO xhb. "Koj TaMy OTHmon, HHKoram noTopHO He ce BpaTHn", "Oa TaMy HeMa BpaKaae".
EflHa oa Haj3HaHajHHTe mhtckh KaTeropHH mTO ce nojaByBa hh3 cHTe BapHjaHTH Ha npeTcTaBHTe e oddaœeneHocma. Taa ceKoram e orpoMHa 3amTO cBeTOT Ha MpTBHTe ce Haofa "npeKy cHTe MopHaa", "Ha KpajoT Ha cBeTOT", "npeKy AeBeT nnaHHHH, AeBeT MopHfta", "noA 3eMja", "Ha Heöo". OcoöeHO 3HanajHO 3a AaneHHHaTa KaKO mhtckh koa e Toa mTO Taa e H3pa3eHa He caMO npocTopHO, TyKy ymTe noBeKe chmöoahhkh.
MefyToa, OHa mTO cenaK rH pa3AenyBa OBHe ABe peanHocra e zpamußma - ceKoram MomHe jacHO npeTcraBeHa, nocTaBeHa pecKa, TemKO npeMocTHBa ho He h HecoBnaAAHBa. ToKMy 3aToa, KOMyHHKauHjaTa Mefy cBeTOBHTe He caMO mTO e MOXHa, TyKy e h HeonxoAHa h Toa KaKO B3aeMHa. noTpeÖHre h 3aBHcHocTa eAeH oa Apyr - rH npaBH OBHe ABa cBeTa öäucku. Ho 6nH3HHaTa, npHToa, He noApa3ÖHpa öpHmeae Ha rpaHHnHTe h MefyceÖHO KOHTaMHHHpan>e Ha cBeTOBHTe, TyKy caMO hhbho BpeMeHO HapymyBaae, AOÖAHxyBaae Ha cHMÖonHHKHTe npocTopH HH3 cTporo yTBpAeHHOT MeAHjaTop Ha oöpeAHO - MarHcKH AenyBaaa, 3a koh noAeTanHO Ke craHe 3Öop noAOCHa.
npeTcTaBHTe 3a cBeTOT Ha MpTBHTe noA 3eMjaTa, KaKO n0A3eMH0 napcTBO hah Ha He60T0 KaKO napcTBO HeöecKO, MOxaT Aa ce KopenHpaaT co pa3B0j0T Ha MHTcKHTe npeTcTaBH n0Bp3aHH co c^aKaaaTa 3a AymaTa h TenoTO, KOHmTO (npeTcTaBHTe) ocoöeHO MOxaT Aa ce orneAaaT h cneAaT hh3 HcropHjaTa KaKO cnopeA nHmaHHTe, ymTe noBeKe cnopeA apxeonomKHTe HaoAH 3a HaHHHHTe Ha norpeöyBaae. Toa ocoöeHO ce OAHecyBa 3a cnoBeHcKaTa HapoAHa TpaAHnHja hh3 KojamTO MOxe Aa ce corneAa nocToeaeTO, rnaBHO, Ha ABa HaHHHH Ha norpeöyBaae Ha noKojHHUHTe - co cnanyBaae h HHxyMHpaae. npH Toa, cnopeA HaoAHTe, cnanyBaaeTO npeTxoAeno Ha HHxyManHjaTa, ho bo OApeAeH nepHOA HcTOBpeMeHO er3HcTHpaaT h ABaTa HaHHHH Ha norpeöyBaae KaKO pe3ynTaT Ha pa3B0j0T Ha npeTcTaBHTe no oahoc Ha AymaTa h Hej3HH0T0 3aMHHyBaae bo napcTBOTO Ha MpTBHTe. 3aKnyHyBaaaTa Ha PHÖaKOB noKaxyBaaT AeKa HaHHHOT Ha norpeöyBaae pe3ynTHpan cnopeA pa3B0j0T Ha HAeHTe h npeTcTaBHTe 3a MecTononoxöaTa Ha cBeTOT Ha MpTBHTe.7 Bo oöpeAHTe Ha cnanyBaae Ha noKojHHUHTe, 3aeAH0 co nocMpTHHOT oraH h HaA, AymaTa Ha MpTBHOT ce ynaTyBana koh napcTBOTO HeöecKO. MefyToa, MOxeÖH ymTe bo Toj nepHOA, napanenHO er3HcTHpana h HAejaTa 3a 3aMHHyBafteT0 Ha noKojHHKOT bo n0A3eMH0T0
6	AHCK, HHB.6p. K-49/1995. CHHMeHO bo 1995 roAHHa bo MapHOBO, MaKeAOHHja.
7	Pbi6aK0B, A. Ä3bmecmeo dpeenux cßaesm, HayKa, MocKBa, 1981, 118.
napcTBO, cnopefl Toa mTO nocMpTHHTe ocTaHKH ÖHne 3aK0nyBaHH bo 3eMjaTa, a rpoöoT ocTaHyBan eflHHCTBeHHOT npocTop npeKy Koj önHCKHTe Moxene fla KOHTaKTHpaaT co MpTBHTe. OBHe noflaTonH th HCTaKHyBaMe TyKa, 3apaflH ^aKTOT mTO flO fleHemHH flHH bo HapoflHHTe npeTCTaBH cé ymTe ce 3aöenexyBa Taa n0fleneH0CT 3a MecTononoxöaTa Ha CBeTOT Ha MpTBHTe. MoxeÖH no^enHflHH ce npeTCTaBHTe h noflaTonrne Ha HH^opMaTO-pHTe Kora npH pacKaxyBaaaTa THe th HMaaT npeflBHfl HfleHTe 3a ocTaHyBaaeTO Ha Ten0T0 bo 3eMjaTa, Ha rpoÖHmTaTa h 3aMHHyBaaeT0 Ha cnoöoflHaTa flyma Ha HeöoTo. Toa ce pa3ÖHpa, fleHec ce jaByBa bo MomHe pa3BHeHa h xpHCTHjaHH3HpaHa ^opMa.
Cnopefl H3HeceHHTe noflaronH, Moxe fla ce 3aKnyHH fleKa HapoflHHOT CBeTornefl Ha MaKeflOHnHTe 3a CTpyKTypaTa Ha mhtckhot CBeT, KaKO h Ha MHory flpyrH HapoflH, HMa mpunapmumm cmpyKmypa: Topna, ffoAna u Cpedna 3eMja. CBeTOT Ha MpTBHTe co ornefl Ha ropecnoMeHaTaTa KynTypHa h HCTopHCKa HcnpenneTeHOCT, HajHecTO e nonHpaH Ha ffornama 3eMja} Ho, napcTBOTO Ha MpTBHTe, ocoöero Ha flymHTe ce Haora h Ha Topnama 3eMja, npH Bora. HMajKH th Ha yM HapoflHHTe npeTCTaBH, CHMÖonHKaTa, KapaKTepHCTH-KHTe h ^yHKqHHTe Ha flonHaTa h IopHaTa 3eMja - HecTonaTH roneM öpoj Ha MHTonoreMH yKaxyBaaT Ha HHBHaTa önHCKOCT h n0Bp3aH0CT, mTO Ofl flpyra CTpaHa, jacHO th flH^epeHnHpa h flBeTe Ofl CpeflHaTa 3eMja - HOBeHKaTa.
n0CT0H ymTe eflHa 3HanajHa ocoöeHa MHTonoreMa 3a CBeTOT Ha MpTBHTe -neu3du$epenu,upanocma. HaKO KaKO KaTeropHja e flOCTa önHCKa flO OflflaneHeHOCTa, cenaK HeH3flH^epeHnHpaH0CTa HMa CHnHa CHMÖonHHKa 0nT0BapeH0CT, mTO He KOHOTHpa caMO npocTopHa He0flpefleH0CT, TyKy noBeKe Tpeöa fla 03HaHyBa HeflOCTanHOCT, He0CB0HB0CT,
3roneMyBajKH ja co Toa HH^epHopHOCTa Ha xHBHTe bo 0flH0C Ha CMpTTa. TaKBHOT 0flH0C Ha nyreTO ce ornefla npH KopHCTeaeTO Ha TepMHHH mTO ro onpeflenyBaaT CBeTOT Ha MpTBHTe co MomHe HCTaKHaTO ey^eMHCTHHKO 3HaHeae - "TaMy", "Ha Toj CBeT", Ha Toj BeK", ho HajnoBeKe npH oöpaKaaeTO Ha TaxaHKaTa flO mptbhot bo MOMeHTHTe Ha OöpeflHO Taxeae, ocoöero npH H3neryBaaeT0 Ofl MaprHHanHaTa cocTojöa bo MOMeHTOT Ha oöpefleH KOHTaKT co MpTBHTe npH TaxeaeTO.
MHTonoreMaTa ßecMpmnocm - e ymTe eflHa 0C06eH0CT Ha CBeTOT Ha MpTBHTe. MpTBHTe npeflnH ocTaHyBaaT BeHHO fla xHBeaT 3aflpxyBajKH th nHHHHTe KapaKTepHCTHKH mTO TH noceflyBane bo MOMeHTOT Ha CMpTTa. noroneMHOT öpoj HapoflHH npeTCTaBH flOHecyBaaT HH3a noflaTonH KOHmTO ro noTBpflyBaaT Toa. Ha flonHaTa 3eMja - HajHecTHOT CHHOHHM 3a CBeTOT Ha MpTBHTe e fleKa nyreTO ce flonroBeHHH, xHBeaT no 200 - 300 roflHHH. TaMy xHBeaT HajcTapHTe opnH Ha CBeTOT, ßecMpmnume oprn - HHemro Meco HMano ocoöeHa oöpeflHa ynoTpeöa bo MapHOBO, bo oöpeflHTe CBp3aHH co parafera. HoBopofleHHHaaTa ÖHne 3apaHyBaHH co Meco Ofl open - 3a fla ÖHflaT flonroBeHHH. "Boj 3apaHeT Ofl open ÖHn". Ha flonHaTa 3eMja ce Haora ßecMpmnama eoda HnH ymTe n03HaTa KaKO wuea eoda - mTO MHTCKHTe jyHanH ja nHene - a flO fleHec ce OBeHHaHH co BeHHOCT.
BepyBajKH fleKa bo CBeTOT Ha yMpeHHTe Bnaflee eenenMpaK, bo TpaflHnHOHanHaTa Kynrypa Ha MaKeflOHnHTe, ce npaKTHKyBa OöpeflHO H3HecyBaae Ha TemKO öonHHTe nyre HaflBop, co cen fla ce "npocraT co öen0T0 BHfleno" KaKO Haj3HaHajHa ono3HnHja Ha OHa mro th HeKa nocne CMpTTa. Bo cmpthhot Hac, 0C0ÖeH0 aKO HOBeKOT He e npH CBecT My ce nanH CBeKa bo paceTe "fla Ofle co BHfléno Ha Bora", "flypH yMHpa fla My CBeTe", "fla My ro 0CBeTnaT naTOT".
8 BecenHH HajKaHOBHh,ßowu ceem Kod cmapux // Mht h penHraja y Cp6a, CpncKa KHHxeBHa aaflpyra, Beorpafl, 1973, 80-81.
MefyToa CBeTAOCTa mTo noKojHHKOT ja "hoch" co ceöe He e flOBOAHa h He Moxe fla noTpae flOAro, 3aToa, ÖAHCKHTe xhbh HAeHOBH ofl MOMeHTOT Ha CMpTTa naAaT CBeKH "fla hm CBeTaT Ha yMpeHHTe". Bo HeKOH KpaHmra Ha MaKeflOHHja co TaKBa u;eA ce cnpoBeflyBaAa MomHe apxaHHHa oöpeflHa npaKca Ha "npeKonyBa»e" Ha rpoöoBHTe Ha noKojHHUHTe h hhbho noBTopHo norpeöyBa»e oTKaKo e cnpoBefleHo fleTaAHo h oöpeflHo fleAyBa»e, co neA, ymTe eflHam noKojHHKOT fla "BHfle öeAO BHfléAo". Toa ocoöeHo ce npaKTHKyBaAO 3apaflH "npoBepyBa»e h CAefle»e" Ha nponecoT Ha HHTerpanHja Ha MpTOBeuoT bo 3aeflHH-naTa Ha ocTaHaTHTe npeflnH, ocoöeHo aKo oöpeflHaTa 3aeflHHna npeTnocTaByBa fleKa Toj nponec 3anpeA hah HeycnemHO ce peaAH3HpaA.
HeKOH ofl HCTpaxyBaHHTe Ha CAOBeHCKaTa KyATypHa TpaflHnHja, npeTCTaBHTe mTO fleHec HajnecTO ce onpefleAyBaaT KaKo xpHCTHjaHCKH, bo OflHOC Ha rAoöaAHaTa CTpyKTypa Ha CBeTOT Ha MpTBHTe Ha paj u nenoA, rH onpefleAyBaaT KaKo npeTxpHCTHjaHCKH.9 3a eTHorpa^CKHTe noflaTonH mTO ce oflHecyBaaT Ha oBHe npeTCTaBH öh peKAe fleKa ce MomHe pamHpeHH h xpHCTHjaHH3HpaHH ^opMH. TprHyBajKH ofl noflaTonHTe 3a CBeTOT Ha MpTBHTe Ha KHerH»aTa OAra flOfleKa ro norpeöyBaaT Hej3HHHOT conpyr, na cé flo coBpeMeHHTe eTHorpa^KH noflaTonH ce cpeKaBaMe co rAoöaAHaTa nofleAöa Ha OBoj CBeT Ha paj h neKOA. no noMHHyBa»eTO Ha CTpamHHOT Cyfl h npoBepKaTa Ha rpeBOBHTe, flymHTe Ha MpTBHTe ce ynaTyBaaT hah koh pajoT, bo CBeTHa rpaflHHa, 3eAeHHAO, BeHHa yöaBHHa10 hah koh neKOAOT, "Kaj mo bpth xemKOTo", "bo ycTaTa Ha AaMjaTa".
"Ko ja 3aHeAe TaMy rope, Kaj mo omAa, MAaflHTe ceTe öHAe OflfleAeHH, cemo ceeüuna, yúaeúnu, ce moa noeodéno - deopuwmemo, a CTapHTe - BHKa, Ha CTapo MecTO KAafléHH. A aKo HeKoj KpafleA, aKo HeKoj AaxeA, Ha ernmo BHKa, Ke noMHHe h flOAy bo neno^om nafaA. Koj KpafleA, Koj AaxeA, Koj TenaA, KOAeA, bo neKOAOT - BapH."11
nocToH ^h moxhoct 3a KoMyHHKaHHja Mery cBeToT Ha xHBHTe h cBeToT Ha MpTBHTe?
Ako cnopefl MHTCKHTe npeTCTaBH Ha AyfeTo 3aKAyHHBMe fleKa CBeTOT Ha xHBHTe h CBeTOT Ha MpTBHTe ce flBa pa3AHHHH, OnO3HUHOHO nOCTaBeHH, flaaeHHH HO H öahckh CBeTOBH, pa3fleAeHH h oMefeHH co jacHa h pecKa rpaHHna - ce nocTaByBa eceHnHjaAHOTo npama»e 3a MOXHOCTHTe 3a BOcnocTaByBa»e Ha KOMyHHKauHja Mefy hhb, mTO HMa ocoöeHo B3aeMHo 3Hane»e.
TprHyBajKH ofl AorHKaTa Ha coBpeMeHHOT HOBeK, ho ce HafleBaM h cnopefl AorHKaTa Ha AyfeTo bo MHHaTOTo, CMeTaM fleKa e onpaBflaHo h HOBeHHo HyBCTBOTo h noTpeöaTa bo oflpefleHH MOMeHTH fla ce öHfle bo öAH3HHa Ha CBOHTe öahckh, HaKo yMpeHH, hah öapeM Ha Kyco fla ce BocnocTaBH HeKaKOB KOHTaKT co hhb. CnpeMa Toa, MHTCKHTe npeTCTaBH, BepyBa»aTa h oöpeflHoCTa noKaxyBaaT fleKa KOMyHHKacHjaTa Mefy OBHe flBa CBeTa He caMo mTO e BO3MOXHa, TyKy e h HeonxoflHa 3apaflH ycnemHO er3HCTHpa»e Ha flBeTe 3aeflHHnH, Ha mhtcko hhbo, a ocoöeHo 3a ^yHKCHOHHpa»eTo Ha 3aeflHHnaTa Ha xHBHTe KaKo conHjaAHa, cpoflHHHKa, na flypH h KaKo eTHo - noAHTHHKa 3aeflHHna. 3amTo, efleH
9	HaTaAHa BeaecKaa, Ä3bmecKue npedcmaeAenust o 3azpaÖHoÜ xu3hu u pydumeHmu ux e cmshhckoü HapodHoÜ mpaduu,uu, II MO, Töfl. II, öp. 3-4, CKonje, 1969, 317. HcTa, fàbmeœue npedcmaeaeHun o crnepmu y caem, II MO, To«. VII, öp. 14, CKonje, 1974, 46.
10	CTeBaH TaHOBHh, Cpncxu HapodHu oßunaju y EeefieaujcKoj Ka3u II CKA, CpncKH ETHorpa^CKH 3öopHHK, K». 40, Xhbot h oöHHajH HapoflHH, K». 16, Heorpafl, 1927, 259.
11	AHCK, HHB.öp. K-54I1996. CHHMeHo bo 1996 roflHHa bo HpHAen, MaKeflOHHja.
on Haj3HaHajHHxe eneMeHXH Ha cxpyKxypaxa Ha HneHXHxexox Ha eHXHxexHxe, ocoöero Ha 3aeflHHnHxe, npexcxaByBa onpxyBaaexo Ha H3rpaneH mhxckh, KynxeH h oöpeneH CHCxeM CO CBexox Ha MpxBHxe npennH. CBpxyBajKH ce koh MHHaxoxoxo h HCxopHjaxa Ha CBOHxe npeOTH - 3ae^HHnaxa HaexojyBa na ja oöe3öenH CBojaxa HnHHHa.
On npyra cxpaHa, naK, ^aKxox neKa CMpxxa h Hej3HHaxa MarHCKa npeHoenHBoex MOxax ^axanHO na ce onpa3ax Bp3 xHBHxe, npenH3BHKyBa ocoöeHa npexna3.HB0ex h nyBCTBO Ha nnamnHBoex, mxo naK, on CBoja cxpaHa, pe3ynxypa npeKy cxpyKxyHpaHO nenyBaae Ha 3aenHHnaxa, co H3rpaneH oöpeneH CHCxeM, non exporo yxBpneHH oöpenHH npaBHna na ee o6e36enH HecMexaHO oexBapyBaae Ha hhhot Ha KOMyHHKacHja co Mpx-BHXe.
Ja ce bhm Ha rpamuaTa Mefy CBeTOT Ha xHBHTe h CBeTOT Ha MpTBHTe
3a na ee exanH bo öh.o KaKOB onHoe co CBexox Ha MpxBHxe noxpeöHo e na ee C03nanax HH3a oöpenHH yenoBH, npHmxo Haj3HaHajH0 e - oßpednuom aKmep na öHne exaBeH bo ocoöeHa eoexojöa, eoexojöa mxo H3neryBa on paMKHxe Ha npo^aroxo, na ee exaBH bo eoexojöa Ha MaprHHanHoex, da ce noža na zpanuußma Mežy wueume u Mpmeume. CaMO bo xaKOB enynaj, oöpenHHxe aKxepH yeneBaax na rH noönHxax OBHe nBa mhxckh, chmöo.hhhh CBexa eneH no npyr, ho HHKoram He npeMHHyBajKH rH HHBHHxe rpaHHnH, 3amxo bo enpo-XHBHO HaexaHyBa eoexojöa Ha CMpx h.h 3a aKxepox bo OöpenHHOx hhh h.h no onacHoex 3a KOHxaMHHacHja Ha chmöo.hhkhox npoexop Ha xHBHxe.
Toa öh 3Haneno neKa CHMöonHHKaxa KOMyHHKauHja e jacHO onpeneneHa h ne^HHH-paHa HCK^yHHBO bo paMKHxe Ha mhxckhox h oöpenHO - chmöo.hhkhox npoexop Ha Kyn-xypaxa. HaKO, 3a na rH enaöopHpaMe OBHe noexaBKH e noxpeÖHo noBeKe BpeMe h npoexop, 3a OBaa npHnHKa Ke ee oÖHneMe caMO na rH npenoHHMe 0CH0BHHxe HHHHxe.H 3a yenemHa KOMyHHKacHja Mery CBexoBHxe.
Oôpednu aumepu
HaKO, MOxHOcxa na ee BoenoexaBH KOHxaKx co MpxBHxe ja HMaax CHxe, 0C0ÖeH0 ö.HCKHxe Ha MpxBHxe, eenaK bo (^a3axa mxo HaexanyBa BenHam noene norpeöyBaaexo Ha MpxoBenox co HHxeH3HBHa oöpenHa aKXHBHoex, xaa ynora ja npe3eMaax .Hna on nonaneHHOTO conHjanHO OKpyxyBaae (nonane^HH ponHHHH, coeenH) - npeBeHXHpajKH npoxHB npeHOC.HBOCxa Ha CMpxxa Ha HajönHCKHxe nneHOBH, npHmxo HHBHHxe oöpenHH ynorH noÖHBaax ocoöeHa CHMÖo.HHKa h MarHCKa KOHOxacHja. Haj3HanaHH oöpenHH aKxepH bo n0CMpxHH0x oöpeneH nHKnye ee Mecapujama h.h MecapKama (xeHa Koja rH H3BpmyBa Haj3HaHajHHxe oöpenHH nenyBaaa n0Bp3aHH co Meeeaexo Ha oöpenHHxe neöoBH, on MOMeHxox Ha CMpxxa, no 3aBpmyBaaexo Ha OöpenHHOx nHKnye bo nepHon on enHa ronHHa, MarHCK0X0"0neeKyBafte" Ha MpxoBenox h np.), eodapKama, noaeeapmma fxeHa mxo ro noneBa rpoöox co Bona Hayxpo h HaBenep bo nepHon on 40 neHa).
Bo xeKOx Ha nenHOx oöpeneH i^HKnyc, 0C0öeH0 bo MOMeHXHxe Ha OöpenHO nenyBaae, HaorajKH ee bo ocoöeHa oöpenHa eoexojöa Ha MenHjaxopH Mery CBexoBHxe, OBHe aKxepH npexexaByBaax noeeöHa KaxeropHja enpeMa koh oexaHaxHxe hmhobh Ha 3aenHHcaxa HMaax HCKnyHHxeneH onHoe.
MeryToa, BeKe oa nepHoaoT nocae norpe6yBaaeTO Ha MpTOBeuoT h aoMamHHTe HaeHOBH, 6aHCKH Ha MpTOBeUOT, MOXaT aa BOCnOCTaByBaaT HH3a Ha KOHTaKTH CO MpTBHTe. Ce pa36Hpa, Toa e bo3moxho hh3 eaeH CHCTeM Ha oaHecyBaaa HaH cocToj6H.
O6peaHH cocToj6H h oaHecyBaaa
BeaHam nocae norpe6yBaaeTO Ha noKOj'HHKOT, Ha npBOTO yTpo, no3HaTO KaKO "npBO yTpo", "pa36yaoK", "TpeTHHH", "TpeTH aeH", 3anoHHyBa nHKaycoT Ha o6peaHO noaapxyBaae Ha npeoraaeTO Ha aymaTa Ha mptbhot oa OBoj Ha OHOj CBeT. npHToa, Haj3HanajHH ce o6peaHHTe cocToj6H KOHmTO Tpe6a aa npHaoHecaT 3a mTO noycnem-hh KOHTaKTH co 6aHCKHTe mptbh. EaHa oa Haj3HaHajHHTe o6peaHH nocTanKH npeT-CTaByBa opraHH3npaaeTo Ha o6peaHHTe Tpne3H, pa3aaBaaeTo Ha xpaHaTa h aapy-BaaeTO - mTO, ce pa36Hpa c^aTeHH, Ha CHM6oaHHHO - KOMyHHKauncKO hhbo npeT-CTaByBaaT 3HanaeH hhh Ha KOMyHHKaunja h pa3MeHa Ha ao6pa h BpeaHOCTH Mery CBeToBHTe.
Pasdaeawe u dapyeawe
YmTe oa MOMeHTHTe Kora co MpTOBeuoT npH norpe6yBaaeTO Tpe6a aa ce HcnpaTaT HeonxoaHHTe noTpenmTHHH bo o6aeKa, xpaHa, npeaMeTH oa noKyKHHHa, HeroBH aHHHH npeaMeTH - BcymHOCT 3anoHHyBa nponecoT Ha KOHTHHynpaHa KOMyHHKauHja KOjamTO, reHepaaHO, on^aKa caMO o6peaHO daeane. HMeHO, Ha CHM6oaHHKO hhbo 3eManemo, ocoSeno Koea cmanyea 36op 3a KonmaKmu co yMpenume, Konomupa neeamuenu nocaeduuy no ceemom na Mueume. Toa 3HaHH aeKa He e ao6po HHTy yMpeHHTe aa 3eMaT HemTO oa xHBHTe, HHTy naK xHBHTe aa 3eMaT oa yMpeHHTe. Toa He 3HaHH aeKa nponecoT Ha KOMyHHKannja e eaHOHaconeH, oa CBeTOT Ha xHBHTe koh CBeTOT Ha MpTBHTe, TyKy Toa 3HaHH aeKa hhhot Ha KOMyHHKauHja npe^epnpa oSpedno daeane, no ne u oSpedno 3eMane. 3aToa, MomHe ao6po h noxearo e hh3 hhhot Ha KOMyHHKauHja ceKoram da ce daea, KaKO xHBHTe Ha MpTBHTe - TaKa h MpTBHTe Ha xHBHTe. Toa oco6eHo ce oraeaa hh3 pa3BHeHHOT CHCTeM Ha ToaKyBaae Ha HH3a mhtckh KoaoBH KOHmTO ce H3HecyBaaT hh3 BH3HHTe Ha ayreTO, coHHmTaTa, TaxeaeTO h ca.
TopeH3HeceHOTO, HaKyco, Ke ro pa3jacHeMe cnopea eaeH BOo6nnaeH o6peaeH hhh Hapa3daeane u dapyeane Ha xpaHa h o6aeKa Ha rpo6oT Ha yMpeHHOT. OBoj o6peaeH hhh ce Bpmn Ha rpo6nmTaTa, npeKy rpo6oT Ha yMpeHHOT, npn mTO, o6peaHHOT aKTep, Haj-6ancKaTa CTapa xeHa, CToejKH Ha aecHaTa CTpaHa Ha rpo6oT, co CBojaTa aecHa Hora Bp3 Hero, rn aapyBa SancKHTe co xpaHa h aapoBH mTO BcymHOCT npncyTHHTe ja aoHecae "3a ayma Ha yMpeHHOT". XpaHaTa h nnjaaoKOT aapyBaHHTe rn KacHyBaaT Haa rpo6oT, a aapoBHTe rn ao6nBaaT Ha aecHOTo paMo.
Ha Toj HaHHH, aapoBHTe h xpaHaTa mTO npeTxoaHO rn 6ea aoHecae CHTe HaeHOBH Ha ceacKaTa 3aeaHnna 3a yMpeHHOT, MHHyBajKn hh3 paneTe Ha raaBHHOT o6peaeH npoTaroHHCT - dapyeanu npeKy epoGom - ce BOcnocTaByBa KOMyHHKauHja Mery xHBHTe h MpTBHTe, npnmTO THe CTaHyBaaT dapoeu Mmo doaeaam od ceemom na Mpmeume, eu daea Mpmoeeu,om, dapoeu ucnoaenmu co noea ecenu,uja u Mueomeopna mok.12
12 tt>ymo C. PHCTecKH, Gifts for dead - gifts for alive // 36opHHK "flapyBaaero - ayxoBeH KOHTHHyHTeT Ha EaaKaHOT", 1997, (bo neqar).
Oßpednume mpne3u - Ha koh ce npHHecyBa xpaHa bo necT Ha yMpeHHTe, corAeflaHH Ha eflHO chmöoahhho - KOMyHHKanHcKO hhbo npeTcTaByBaaT moxhoct 3a BAeryBaae bo cBeTOT Ha caKpaAHOTO, npH mTO pa3flaBaHaTa xpana npemcmaeyea najeamnuom Medujamop u mpancMumop na unftopMauyu u epednocmu Meiy ceemoeume.13
TaxeaeTO - npeTcTaByBa HajcymTecTBeHaTa ^opMa KOjamTO h ^kthhkh h ^0pMaAH0 cHTe ynecHHnH bo 06pefl0T rH cTaBa bo eflHa oco6eHa cmyanHja, noce6ro xeHHTe TaxanKH, koh bo eflHa cocToj6a Ha HcKAyneHocT Ofl HaflB0pemHH0T cBeT BocnocTaByBaaT KOHTaKTH co cBOHTe 6ahckh mptbh. nponecoT Ha Taxeae Moxe fla noTpae h n0fl0Ar0, noBeKe h Ofl n0A0BHHa nac, flOBeflyBajKH ce bo cocToj6a Ha HcnpneHocT, flOKOAKy HeKoj flpyr noBeK, HaflBop Ofl c^epaTa Ha o6peflHaTa cocToj6a He rH "pacTpece", 0flH0cH0 He ce o6Hfle n0BT0pH0 fla rH BpaTH bo HopMaAHa cocToj6a. Oco6eH0 3HanajH0 npHToa e fla hm ce flafle flOBOAHO BpeMe, TaxanKHTe npH KpajoT Ha cB0eT0 Taxeae, n0BT0pH0 fla rH 03HanaT rpaHHnHTe Mery ce6e h mptbhot, fla rH pa3fleAaT cBeTOBHTe, HcTaKHyBajKH ja cHMÖOAHnKaTa oflflaneneHocT h HeraflH^epeHnHpaHocT Ha npocTopoT Ha MpTBHTe, Ha hhbhhot cBeT co 36opoBHTe: "AeAe TaTne, AeAe od nurnde", AeAe CTojaHe, AeAe od nurnde", "MHAa cecTpo, MHAa od nuKade".
CoHyBaae. TprHyBajKH Ofl MomHe pamHpeHHTe HapoflHH npeTcTaBH fleKa c0HyBaaeT0 KaKO cocToj6a e MomHe 0nacH0, 3amT0 bo THe MOMeHTH flymaTa ro HanymTa TeAO Ha n0BeK0T co mTO ro npaBH 6e3xHB0TH0, npHToa, ocTBapyBa 6pojHH KOHTaKTH, koh 0c06eH0 bo peaAHocTa ce HeocTBapAHBH. nopaflH TOa c0HyBaaeT0 KOHOTHpa cocToj6a Ha MaprHHaAHocT, cBeTocT, ho h moxhoct 3a KOHTaKTHpaae co npHnaflHHnHTe Ha cBeTOBHTe mTO bo mhtckoto MHcAeae KaTeropHjaAHO ce onpefleAeHH KaKO pa3AHnHH.
"Mhah TaTne KaKO He th ce HaxaAH,
6apeM eflHam TaTne na con da mu ce jaeum,
oth TaTne HeMam flpyra KepKa..."14
Cnopefl OcHOBHHTe mhtckh koaobh, koh MOxaT fla ce eKcnepnHpaaT Ofl öoraTHOT eTHorpa^cKH h ^0AKA0peH MaTepHjaA Ha MaKeflOHnHTe, HeKOAKy ochobhh mhtckh KOflOBH h KaTeropHH HMaaT 0npefleAyBanK0 3Haneae bo TOAKyBaaeTO Ha coHHmTaTa. Ce pa36Hpa, OBHe KOflOBH ce cTpyKTyHpaHH h ^yHKUHOHHpaaT cnopefl rA06aAHaTa meMa Ha mhtckhot ÖHHapeH cHcTeM Ha CBeTOT: zope - doay, ßamy - da^eKy, decno - aeeo, nucmo -nenucmo, ceemao - meMno, cyeo - ernwno, ßucmpo - Mamno, ceoe - myeo, daeane - 3eMane, h ymTe MHory flpyrH.
TyKa Ke HaBefleMe caMO HeKOAKy npHMepH Ofl Hap0flHH0T cohobhhk kohoto yKaxyBaaT Ha HacoKHTe h KBaAHTeTHTe npH B0cn0cTaByBaaeT0 Ha HenocpeflHH KOHTaKTHTe Mery xHBHTe h MpTBHTe nAeHOBH Ha 3aeflHHcaTa:
"fla ce BHflHm co MpTOBen Ha coh, fla 36opnBam - fla, apHO e, aMa fla th nocaKa nemmo, da mu noßapa - ne e na apno."15
13	^ynno C. PHcTecKH, Oöpednu mpne3u Ha noMenume u 3adyMHuu,ume eo napodnama peßuzuja Ha MaKedonu,ume // ETH0A0r, 6p. 7-8, CKonje, 1997, 219-227.
14	AHCK, Hhb. 6p. K-53/1995. CHHMeHO bo 1995 roflHHa bo MapHOBO, MaKeflOHHja.
15	AHCK, Hhb. 6p. K-54/1996. CHHMeHO bo 1996 roflHHa bo MapHOBO, MaKeflOHHja.
"Moj'Ta MajKa e yMpéHa. BenepTa aojae Moj'Ta MajKa (Ha coh), yMpéHa e Taa, h mi Beae: ' Ke ci ro 3eMa eoa ¿e3eemo 3a paKÜja aa ci BapeMe! - H mu eo 3ede! ffpyeama den, dememo od 3dpaeoc muyMpe".16
"Toa Ha coh, coh raeaâaa. Ha coHe, KyrpaTa Kaj yMpeHiTe ja 3aHécae. ApHo aMa, nocae naK Ha3aa ja BpaTiae...
-	Ko Ke Te noöapaMe, Toraj Ke aojaim. Ha3aa...
...noxiBeja Taja nenec (neT-mecT) roaÜHi oa Toraj, h ko ci aojae BpeMeTo, ce pa3öoae i hi Beai:
-	Toraj ce bptib, aMa cera Me noöapäja, cera Ke oaaM. Kawyeajme mo da mwyeaM maMy!.... A moeajMe epamûja - neno3namu Ayee Me epamûja na3ad."17
Oôpedno epeMe
EaeH oa 3HaHajHiTe ycaoBi 3a BocnocTaByBaae ycnemeH KoHTaKT co CBeToT Ha MpTBiTe npeTCTaByBa epeMemo i3öpaHo 3a Toa. CTpyKTypaTa Ha mitckoto oaHecyBaae Ha ayreTo onpeaeaiaa CTporo yTBpaeHi npaBiaa 3a Toa Kora MoxaT aa ce ocTBapaT Tie KoHTaKTi. HMeHo, aoaeKa MproBenoT bpbi hi3 oöpeaHioT niKayc oa eaHa roaiHa, ocBeH MoxHocTiTe 3a necTo noceTyBaae oa CTpaHa Ha öaiCKHTe, yTBpaeHo e Toj aa ce noceTyBa i npiToa aa ce BocnocTaByBaaT KoMyHiKaniCKH oaHoci, nonHyBajKH oa TpeTioT, ceaMioT, aeBeTTioT, aBaeceT i npBioT aeH, neTipieceTTioT aeH, noaoBiHa roaiHa i roaiHa. Toa ce oöpeaHi MoMeHTi Kora CBeToBiTe Ha MpTBiTe i xiBiTe ce aoöaixyBaaT, npi mTo, necTo naTi Ha oöpeaHHTe Tpne3i bo necT Ha yMpeHioT ce ocTaBa npa3eH npocTop i 3a Hero, ce i3aBojyBa xpaHa i 3a Hero, BepyBajKH aeKa i Toj e npicyTeH Mery xiBiTe. Haj3HanaeH oöpeaeH MoMeHT Ha cpeaöa i pa3aeaöa co aymaTa Ha yMpeHioT e 40-tiot aeH, Kora, cnopea BepyBaaaTa Ha ayreTo, aymaTa KoHenHo ro HanymTa HamioT CBeT, ynaTyBajKH ce Ha aaae^Ho naTyBaae ao CBeToT Ha MpTBiTe, Koe Tpeöa aa 3aBpmi co 3aBpmyBaaeTo Ha oöpeaHioT i^iKayc bo TeKoT Ha eaHa roaiHa. MHoryöpojHi ce HH^opManuTe koi 30opyBaaT 3a 3aMiHyBafteTo Ha aymaTa oa CBeToT Ha xiBiTe, npi mTo bo HeKoi noapxaiHHi (^opMi Ha oöpeaHocTa noBp3aHa co oBoj MoMeHT, bo MapioBo Ha npiMep, bo namaTa iai mimeTo co biho mTo ctoi Ha rpoöoT bo MoMemw Ha neeaero Ha nonoT, ce oöiayBaae aa ro BiaaT mptbiot, noTonHo HeroBaTa ayma KaKo ce ynaTyBa koh CBeToT Ha MpTBiTe.
npa3HUU,U
Bo roaimHioT oöpeaeH niKayc, ocoöeHo 3a MpTBiTe 3a koi ce 3Hae aeKa BeKe ce iHTerpipaHi bo 3aeaHinaTa Ha yMpeHiTe, MoxHocTiTe 3a KoHTaKTipaae co hib ce aaaeHi 3a BpeMe Ha npa3HimTe, noceöHo 3a BpeMe Ha roaeMiTe npa3nuuu noceemenu na Mpmeume. Mpmeenume dnu ce pacnopeaeHi bo TeKoT Ha neaaTa KaaeHaapcKa roaiHa 3anoHHyBajKH oa noKaaaHiTe - ciponocHiTe, npeKy ^yoBaeHCKHTe i MiTpoBaeHCKHTe i npeTCTaByBaaT Haj3HaHajHi MoMeHTi 3a oöpeaHo KoMyHinipaae co MpTBiTe. Oa ciTe, Haj3HaHajHi ce ^yoBaeHCKHTe, npimro, 3aeaHinaTa Ha xHBiTe He caMo mTo im icnpaKa öoraTi aapoBi i npexpaHöeHi npoayKTi 3a hib hi3 pa3aaBaaeTo, TyKy oneKyBa bo TeKoT Ha HoKra HajroaeMioT öpoj Ha MpTBiTe, npea caMoTo Bo3HecyBaae, aa ce nojaBaT Ha rpoöimTaTa.
16	AHCK, HHB.öp. K-52/1995. CHHMeHo bo 1995 ro^HHa bo MapHoBo, MaKeaoHHja.
17	AHCK, HHB.öp. K-52/1995. CHHMeHo bo 1995 ro^HHa bo MapHoBo, MaKeaoHHja.
"Beaax, aa He xh e cxpaB, Ha ^yoBaeH Ha rpo6Hmxaxa HoKxa aa nojm yMpeHHxe Haéae h npaBeae:'Byyy, yyyy' - 6yHéae. Tomhxh.
EaHa xeHa... Beaeme:
- CMexexe y6áB0, oxh HoKecKa - rH BHaéaa HeKoa xeHa - cxapHxe HamH (yMpeHHxe) HaBaxéHH cexe, CBeKop mh Hanpea - 6a6axa BeaHKa rH raeaaaa yMpeHHxe mo 6Hae - Hrpaj, Hrpaj, Hrpaj. CBeKop mh Hanpea h apysHxe cexe. Hrpaj. TaKa CMe caymaae. Hh KaxyBaae. Taja u KaKo eo con eu eœeddAa."18
EaHa oa HajsHaHajHHxe nocxanKH Ha flyoBaeH, no BpaKaaexo oa npKBaxa "MoaHeHKyM" aa ce oxHae npaBO Ha HeKoj 6yHap sa aa ce cpexHax co yMpeHHxe, aa ch rH BHaax 6aHCKHxe.
"KaKO bo Boaa rH raeaaae, bo 6yHapHxe rH raeaaae ayfexo - xHe aa nHeae Boaa. Toram My HOceMe 6apaH^a - aaBaMe sa ayma. H HeKoj oa cxapHxe Ke oxBopeae 6yHap h Ke rH raeaaae xaKa HapeaeHH 0K0ay Boaaxa. Tue mo eu nosnaeaam - Ke cu eu nosnáam podumérnme, deKa maKa no eodama doMAe, omuympe Ke My ce daea 6apde na moj noeeK, co eoda da 6ude."19
Oöpeden npocmop
npocTopoT hhs HaH npeKy Kojmxo xpe6a aa ce oaBHBa KOMyHHKanHjaxa Mefy CBexox Ha xHBHxe h CBexox Ha MpxBHxe e hcxo xaKa onpeaeayBaHKH, HcnoaHex co CHaHa CHM6oaHKa h sHaHeaa mxo npoHsaeryBaax oa xoa. HaKO, bo xpaaHnHjaxa nocxoH yxBpaeH npocxop cooaBexeH sa BOcnocxaByBaae Ha KOHxaKXH co MpxBHxe, co xxoHCKHxe CHaH, cenaK bo 06peaHH0x nHKayc, nocae HacxanyBaaexo Ha CMpx Ha HeKoj HaeH oa saeaHHnaxa, xoj HecTO ce MeHyBa h xoa bo HacoKa Ha oaaaaeHyBaae oa aoMamHHxe paMKH, oa KyKaxa. HMeHO, npBHxe aeHOBH nocae CMpxxa raaBHHxe o6peaHH aeayBaaa noBpsaHH co ocxBapyBaae Ha KOHxaKXH co aymaxa Ha yMpeHHOx noBpsaHH ce cé ymxe co KyKaxa h KyKHHOT npocxop. (TpH hoKh Ha Mecxoxo Kaae mxo aexea MpxoBenox ce ocxaBa bhho, Boaa h 6pamH0 co nea aa ce BHaH "sa mxo KonHee MpxoBenox"- mxo nocaKyBa).
EaeH sHaHaeH aea oa 06peaH0Cxa mxo Ha CHM60aHHH0 - KOMyHHKaxHBHO hhbo jacHO yKaxyBa BOcnocxaByBaae Ha aHpeKXHa BpcKa co CBexox Ha MpxBHxe npeanH e 06peaH0Cxa CBpsaHa co aoMamHHxe KyaxoBH, a aonHpaHa 0K0ay oenuMmemo u KyKnuom npae. Toa ce oraeaa hhs 06peaH0Cxa noBpsaHa KaKO co xhboxhhox CHKayc Ha ayfexo, xaKa h co KaaeHaapHaxa 06peaH0Cx. (O6peaH0 saayayBaae Ha HOBopoaeHHexo Haa orHHmxexo, 06peaH0 noKaoHyBaae Ha HeBecxaxa Ha orHHmxexo, HyBaae Ha 0rH0x bo orHHmxexo bo cayHaj Ha CMpx, o6peaHa npaKca sa BoxHKHHxe npasHHnH 0K0ay orHHmxexo; KyKHaxa sMHja HaH cmok - samxHXHHK h HyBap xHBee bo orHHmxexo HaH noa KyKHHOx npar; npeHecyBaae Ha HOBopoaeHHexo h HeBecxaxa npeKy nparox, npeMHHyBaae Ha KyKHHOx npar co aecHa Hora, ocxaBaae Ha yMpeHHOx Ha KyKHHOx npar npH HsHecyBaaexo oa KyKaxa h ca.)
18	AHCK, Hhb. 6p. K-44/1995. CHHMeHO bo 1995 ro^HHa bo üpHaen, MaKe^OHHja.
19	AHCK, HHB.6p. K-46/1995. CHHMeHO bo 1995 ro^HHa bo MapHOBO, MaKe^OHHja.
rpoö u zpoöumma
oa MOMeHTOT Ha norpe6yBafteTO Ha hoko'hhot, Hajro^eMHOT ^e^ oa 06peflH0CTa ce HpeHecyBa bo hpoctopot Ha rpoÖHmTaTa oahocho rpo6oT. Tpo6oT CTaHyBa aom, eenen öom na Mpmoeeu,om. noBp3aHo co HpeTCTaBHTe Ha jiyrero aeKa rpo6oT ro o3HanyBa MecToTo Kaae mTo HonHBa mptbhot, HpeTcTaBeH KaKo aom, oahocho KyKa Ha hokoj'hhot. OBHe HpeTcTaBH oco6eHo ce o^Hrae^HH KaKo cHopea BH^oBHTe Ha rpo6oBH h Ha^rpo6HH cHoMeHHUH mTo HmHKyBaaT Ha KyKH, TaKa h cHopea necTaTa yHoTpe6a Ha TepMHHoT "TBoj'Ta KyKa", "BenHa KyKa", "rpaa KyKa", mTo oco6eHo e necTa hph Taxeaem ",D,o6po yTpo / Bor HoMarM, ao6po yTpo Ha meojma KyKa, TBojTa KyKa e MHory rpaa, TBojTa KyKa Hory e TeMHa, HeMa yaM, HeMa BpaTa..."20
Tpo6oT e MecTo mTo HpeTcTaByBa e^HHCTBeH HpocTop Kaae mTo Moxe aa ce HoceTH MpToBeuoT, aa ce pa3roBapa co Hero, aa ce 6H^e bo Ho^o^roTpaeH KoHTaKT hh3 TaxeaaTa, HpocTop Kaae mTo Moxe aa ce H3BpmaT 3HanajHHTe TpaHcaKUHH co xpaHa, aapoBH h apyrH Bpe^Ha Mery xHBHTe h MpTBHTe h o6paTHo hh3 HpouecoT Ha o6pe^HHTe pa3aaBaaa.
20 AHCK, HHB.6p. K-46/1995. CHHMeHo bo 1995 ro^HHa bo MapHoBo, MaKe^oHHja.
Mythical Presentations of the World of the Dead in the Traditional Culture in Macedonia
Ljupco S. Risteski
Mythical presentations about the existence of two autonomous, different and opposing realities, this world and that world - the first of which is always marked as "ours" and human, and the second one as a strange and a distant world, a world of demoniac creatures - are the most important and the most defining categories for all structuring and functioning of the traditional cultures.
Although the differences and the distances between them are great, and almost unbridgeable, inter-communication is not impossible. However, a number of ritual prerequisite conditions must be fulfilled in advance in order to realize the communicational relationships between the two different realities that exist continuously. The focus of interest on this occasion will be the investigation of that "other" reality , of that world and one of its segments: the world of the dead - the community of the dead ancestors - which, according to its importance for the traditional cultures, always has priority.
Do all dead members reach the world of the dead?
After the death of a member of the social community, he is no longer an equal member of the community of the living, and he is in a special state which is marginal according to its characteristics. From that moment, the lately deceased person becomes suspicious and all postmortal ceremonies and magic actions around him have only one unique purpose: the suspicious dead person must be led to the community of the dead members, in the world of the dead, for the period of one ceremonial year. This is how the dead person will become a clean, integrated ancestor, a protector of the community of the living persons.
Unfulfillment of the ceremonial activities or use of inappropriate ceremonial - magic equipment and some mistakes by the ceremonial protagonists may lead to a failure of fulfillment or realization of the suspicious dead person in the world of the dead. Such dead persons and their souls, become dirty dead persons being left on the margins between the world of the living persons and the world of the dead persons often ruining the usual relationships among the living persons.
This is why the most important thing, when the dead person is being sent on his way, is to undertake a full ceremonial - magic activity in the real time with real ceremonial equipment and real ceremonial protagonists.
What does it look like and where is the world of the dead?
One of the most important mythical categories about the world of the dead persons which appears in all variants of presentations is the distance. It is always big because the world of the dead persons is "over all seas", "in the end of the world", "over nine mountains and nine seas", "under the ground", "in the sky". Especially important for the distance of the mythical code is the fact that it is presented not only spatially but also symbolically.
But what separates these two realities: the world of the living and the world of the dead, is the limit which is always very clearly represented, almost unbridgeable, but not insurmountable. The communication between the worlds is not only possible but it is also necessary as a mutual link. Necessities and interdependence make these two worlds close. The closeness does not mean intercontamination of the worlds but their temporal destruction and bringing closer of the symbolic spaces through the strictly defined medium of ceremonial - magic actions.
According to the data presented here, we can conclude that the folk point of view of the Macedonians about the structure of the mythical World, like those of many other nations, has a tripartite structure: Upper Land, Under Land and Middle Land. The world of the dead persons is most often located in the Under Land according to the above mentioned cultural and historical interlacing. But, the empire of the dead, especially that of the souls, is in the Upper Land, with God. Having in mind the folk presentations, symbolism, characteristics and functions of the Upper and the Under Land, many mythic codes show their closeness and connection which clearly differentiate both of them from the Middle Land - the human one.
There is another important mythic code about the world of the dead - undifferentiation.
The mythic code of immortality is another characteristic of the world of the dead persons.
Believing that an eternal darkness governs in the world of the dead, in the traditional culture of Macedonians it is a practice to ceremonially take out the seriously sick people in order "to say good bye to the white brightness", as the most important opposition to what is waiting for them after their death.
To establish any kind of relationship with the world of the dead persons, it is necessary to create a number of ceremonial conditions and it is also most important that the ceremonial protagonist be put into a special state. This state gets the person out of what is profane and places him there in the state of marginality, on the limit between the living persons and the dead persons. This means a built system of action in which there must be all the necessary elements for it to function successfully. When I say this, I have in mind:
-	Ceremonial protagonists - "mesarija, mesarka" -the persons who prepare the ritual breads and the food for the people who have come to the funeral, "vodarka, polevarka"- the person who brings water to pour on the grave, close relatives and friends of the dead person;
-	Ceremonial states and behavior - we think of the ceremonial delivering of food and clothes, organization of the ceremonial dining table, mourning as a particular state of communication between the Worlds; dreaming.
-	Ceremonial time - on holidays;
-	Ceremonial space - a grave, a graveyard, the house and the space of the house which has a mythic character - a fire-place, a door-step.