FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4, 151–163, LJUBLJANA 2010
COBISS 1.01
SUBMEDITERRANEAN MEADOWS IN THE ALPINE BOHINJ 
VA L L E Y ? *
SUBMEDITERANSKI TRA VNIKI V ALPSKEM BOHINJU?**
Igor DAKSKOBLER
1
, Peter STRGAR
2
, Ivan VEBER
3
 & Branko ZUPAN
4
Abstract UDC: 581.5:633.21(234.323)
In the summer of 2010, on dry meadows and pastures on gla-
cial material (unconsolidated moraine, till) in Ukanc (Bohinj, 
the Julian Alps) we found several plants unusual for this re-
gion, as they mainly grow in the Submediterranean region of 
Slovenia. Centaurea rupestris, Dianthus sanguineus, Plantago 
holosteum, Scorzonera villosa, Koeleria macrantha and Cam-
panula rapunculus grow together on only one of the meadows, 
while Scirpoides holoschoenus grows on several spots, but still 
on sites that are very similar to that of the above-mentioned 
species and not on wet meadows that are otherwise its charac-
teristic habitat. With the phytosociological table we describe 
the species composition of these meadows and argue that most 
of the listed species are not indigenous to the new localities, 
but probably grow subspontaneously. We presume that they 
“migrated” to Bohinj a little short of a hundred years ago, du-
ring the World War I. At that time there were military camps 
put up in Ukanc and the existing meadows were used as ex-
pansive pastures kept for horses.
Key words: Dianthus sanguineus, Centaurea rupestris, 
Scorzonera villosa, Scirpoides holoschoenus, Gladiolus palus-
tris, Natura 2000, Bohinj, the Julian Alps, the Triglav National 
Park
Izvleček UDK: 581.5:633.21(234.323)
Na suhih travnikih in pašnikih na ledeniškem gradivu (ne-
sprijeta morena, til) v Ukancu (Bohinj, Julijske Alpe) smo po-
leti 2010 našli več za to območje nenavadnih rastlin, ki v Slo-
veniji v glavnem uspevajo le v submediteranskem območju. 
Samo na enem travniku skupaj rastejo vrste Centaurea rupes-
tris, Dianthus sanguineus, Plantago holosteum, Scorzonera 
villosa, Koeleria macrantha in Campanula rapunculus, vrsta 
Scirpoides holoschoenus pa uspeva na več krajih, vendar na 
precej podobnih rastiščih kot prej naštete in ne na močvirnih 
travnikih, za katere je sicer značilna. S fitocenološko tabelo 
opisujemo vrstno sestavo teh travnikov in razpravljamo o ver-
jetni drugotnosti novih nahajališč. Domnevamo, da se je veči-
na naštetih vrst v Bohinj »priselila« pred nekaj manj kot sto 
leti, med prvo svetovno vojno. Takrat so bila v Ukancu vojaška 
taborišča, zdajšnji travniki pa obsežni pašniki za konje. 
Ključne besede: Dianthus sanguineus, Centaurea rupes-
tris, Scorzonera villosa, Scirpoides holoschoenus, Gladiolus pa-
lustris, Natura 2000, Bohinj, Julijske Alpe, Triglavski narod ni 
park
 
1 
Dr. Igor Dakskobler, the Jovan Hadži Institute of Biology of the Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences 
and Arts, Regional research unit, Brunov drevored 13, 5220 Tolmin, igor.dakskobler@zrc-sazu.si
 2 
Peter Strgar, Zoisova 11, SI-4264 Bohinjska Bistrica, peter.strgar@petersfoto.si
 3 
Ivan Veber, Zoisova 24, SI-4264 Bohinjska Bistrica
 4 
Branko Zupan, Savica 6, SI-4264 Bohinjska Bistrica
 * To the memory of Prof. Dr. Tone Wraber
 **  V spomin prof. dr. Tonetu Wraberju

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SUBMEDITERRANEAN MEADOWS IN THE ALPINE BOHINJ VALLEY?
FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010
Bohinj is a picturesque glacial valley in the Julian Alps. 
Although it is botanically (floristically, phytosociologi-
cally) still insufficiently researched, the knowledge of its 
f lora and vegetation is nevertheless extensive. Recent re-
search studies conducted by unprofessional botanists 
(B. Anderle, B. Zupan, I. Veber, P. Strgar, M. Kocjan, L. 
Pintar, V. Leban), gave rise to numerous new findings, 
most of which, however still remain to be published. In 
this short article we want to draw attention to an inte-
resting occurrence of Submediterranean species on 
meadows in Ukanc. Thermophilous species in Bohinj 
are not rare and this is especially true for the sunny 
sl o pes abo v e Lake Bo hin j ( co m par e e.g. M. W rab er 
1961). Nevertheless, we were surprised to find Dianthus 
sanguineus on a dry meadow in Ukanc near the Zlatorog 
Hotel (det. Peter Strgar, 10 June 2010, Figure 5). Once we 
had thoroughly examined the meadow (Figure 6) we 
found four more species unusual for the Alpine region: 
Scorzonera villosa, Campanula rapunculus (Figure 7), 
Plantago holosteum (leg. & det. Igor Dakskobler, B. 
Zupan and Ivan Veber, 11. 6. 2010) and Koeleria macra-
ntha (leg. Igor Dakskobler, B. Zupan and Ivan Veber, 11. 
6. 2010, det. A. Seliškar, 20. 10. 2010). On our revisiting 
the site (6.7.2010, I.D., B.Z., I.V.) we found also Centau-
rea rupestris (Figure 8) and Orobanche minor in the im-
mediate vicinity of this meadow. On very similar mea-
dows under the Mežnar homestead (Blato) and at the 
last weekend houses on the left bank of the Savica, B. 
Zupan and I. Veber found also Scirpoides holoschoenus 
(leg. 27. 6. 2010, det. I. Dakskobler, 6.7. 2010, Figure 9). 
Both researchers also know the locality of the taxa Iris 
sibirica subsp. erirrhiza and Gladiolus palustris on these 
meadows. With the phytosociological table we will pre-
sent the floristic composition of dry meadows in Ukanc. 
In the discussion we will consider the origin of Subme-
diterranean species in the Alpine Bohinj valley.
1 INTRODUCTION
2 METHODS
Standard Central-European method (Braun-Blanquet 
1964) was used in the preparation of phytosociological 
relevés. The relevés were entered into the FloVegSi data-
base (T. Seliškar, Vreš & A. Seliškar 2003). The data-
base was used also in the preparation of distribution 
maps of some of the studied species. The nomenclature 
source for the names of vascular plants is the Mala flora 
Slovenije (Martinčič et al. 2007) and Theurillat 
(2004) for the names of syntaxa.
3 RESULTS
Floristic composition of the researched meadows is pre-
sented in Table 1 and approximate locations of the 
relevés in Figure 1. Their geological bedrock is uncon-
solidated moraine (till) – Buser (1987), the soil is shal-
low and skeletal, in places slightly wet, the soil type is 
rendzina. The climate in Ukanc is montane, relatively 
cold and humid. We have temperature data for Stara 
Fužina, which is located at a similar altitude (547 m 
a.s.l.) on the other side of the lake. Mean annual tem-
perature there in the period 1961–1990 was 7.6 
°
C, mean 
temperature of the warmest month July was 17.3 
°
C and 
of the coldest month January -2.8 
°
C. The vegetation pe-
riod lasts from April to October (the temperature data 
are taken from Mekinda-Majaron 1995: 113). Mean 
annual precipitation in the same period (1961–1991) in 
Ukanc (530 m a.s.l.) was 2915 mm, with the most abun-
dant precipitation in May and November and with the 
least precipitation in February and March (B. Zupančič 
1995: 322). A phenological feature of Ukanc is a relative-
ly early foliation of beech (earlier in spring than else-
where in Bohinj), which indicates a slightly warmer local 
climate and the influence of the lake.
The meadow in the vicinity of the Zlatorog Hotel 
near the outfall of the Savica into the lake is the richest 
in terms of floristics. 86 species were recorded there. 
The entire species composition indicates a slightly rud-
eralized community. The meadow is mowed, but the 
edges are already becoming overgrown. In terms of the 
number and medium coverage it is dominated by char-
acter species of dry and semi-dry central- and southern-
European grasslands from the class Festuco-Brometea. 
We listed 39 species and if the species from ecologically 
similar classes Tr i f o l i o - G e ra n i e t e a and Koelerio-Co-
rynephoretea are included, the number rises to 47. Well 
represented are also the character species of cultivated 
meadows from the class Molinio-Arrhenatheretea (30 

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I. DAKSKOBLER, P. STRGAR, I. VEBER & B. ZUPAN:
 
SUBMEDITERRANEAN MEADOWS IN THE ALPINE BOHINJ VALLEY?
FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010
species), which indicates certain human impact. The 
floristic inventory of this meadow encompasses five spe-
cies diagnostic for the Illyirian-Submediterranean order 
Scorzonero-Chrysopogonetalia: Sanguisorba muricata, 
Dianthus sanguineus, Scorzonera villosa, Plantago holos-
teum and Centaurea rupestris. This is a very high pro-
portion for an Alpine region with the described climate. 
Despite the fact that their main distribution area is in 
the Submediterranean region, some of the listed species 
have other localities already known in mainland Slove-
nia, including the Alpine phytogeographical region. 
Such species are e.g. Sanguisorba muricata, Plantago ho-
losteum (the Julian Alps in the Soča Valley: the Tolmin-
ka valley, the Lepena and Soča valleys at the village of 
Soča – Dakskobler 2005: 180, Dakskobler & Za vršnik 
2009) and Scorzonera villosa (only on the margins of the 
Julian Alps, the southern foothills of Matajur, Kanalski 
Kolovrat – Dakskobler 2005: 182). Ukanc in Bohinj is 
the first known locality for Centaurea rupestris and Di-
anthus sanguineus in the Slovenian part of the Julian 
Alps (see Figures 2 and 3). Centaurea rupestris is a south-
eastern European species, a character species of the alli-
ance Saturejion subspicatae, so far known in the Alps 
only in the Italian province of Vicenza (Aeschimann et 
al. 2004 b: 598). Dianthus sanguineus is an Illyrian-east-
ern-Alpine species, a character species of the alliance 
Figure 1: Localities of the researched meadows in Ukanc (Source: State topographical map 1: 25 000, GURS)
Slika 1: Lokacije popisanih travnikov v Ukancu (Vir: Državna topografska karta RS 1: 25 000 GURS)

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SUBMEDITERRANEAN MEADOWS IN THE ALPINE BOHINJ VALLEY?
FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010
Figure 2: Distribution of Centaurea rupestris in Slovenija 
according the data in the FloVegSi-database
Slika 2: Razširjenost vrste Centaurea rupestris v Sloveniji po 
podatkih v bazi FloVegSi
Figure 3: Distribution of Dianthus sanguineus in Slovenija 
according the data in the FloVegSi database
Slika 3: Razširjenost vrste Dianthus sanguineus v Sloveniji po 
podatkih v bazi FloVegSi
Figure 4: Distribution of Scirpoides holoschoenus in Slovenia
Slika 4: Razširjenost vrste Scirpoides holoschoenus v Sloveniji
However , even more surprising that these species’ 
occurrence in Bohinj is the occurrence of Scirpoides ho-
loschoenus. Although the latter was not found in the de-
scribed meadow at Zlatorog, it was found on several 
other meadows in the upper part of Ukanc, in very sim-
ilar ecological circumstances, although it is more likely 
to occur in hedges, on the margins of meadows and pas-
tures with occasionally slightly wet soil, characteristic 
for springs (relevé 4 in Table 1). This Mediterranean-
western-Asian species, a character species of the alliance 
Molinio-Holoschoenion, is not a novelty in the Alps as it 
is known in many regions (Aeshimann et al. 2004 b: 
760). It is very rare in Slovenia (Figure 4). Its localities 
known so far are along the Slovenian coast, in the Vi-
pava valley (Mlake) and in the Borovnica valley to the 
south of Ljubljana (Petelin & Bačič 2009: 418–419). 
The sites on the localities know so far in Slovenia were 
sandy banks and wet meadows, even water pools 
(Martinčič 2007: 798, Petelin & Bačič, ibid.). The 
species is included in the Red list as vulnerable 
(Martinčič, ibid.). In Ukanc, where its northernmost 
and the highest locality in Slovenia is, the species there-
fore grows on slightly different sites, on semi(dry) mead-
ows and their margins, on glacial moraine with shallow 
and only occasionally wet soil.
Scorzonerion villosae, known so far in the Alps in the 
Italian provinces of Udine (in this province also in the 
foothills of the Julian Alps – see Poldini 2002: 168), 
Pordenone, Treviso and Belluno (Aeschimann et al. 
2004 a: 354). Another rarity in the flora of the Julian 
Alps is Koeleria macrantha (compare Jogan et al. 2001: 
214 and Jogan 2007: 885).

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SUBMEDITERRANEAN MEADOWS IN THE ALPINE BOHINJ VALLEY?
FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010
4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
The growth of Submediterranean species in the Alpine 
valley of Bohinj raises dilemmas for a particular reason. 
During World War I (WWI) Ukanc was the site of a 
military camp. There were warehouses and dwellings 
for Russian war prisoners. They set up several hamlets 
and put up many barracks. All construction sites were 
first stabilised with gravel, which caused considerable 
damage to the meadows. Army horses grazed there, thus 
destroying the grass sward (Budkovič 1999: 78, 116). It 
can be presumed that hay to cater for the horses in the 
winter was brought from different places. Several spe-
cies are known in this part of Bohinj, whose origin is 
associated with developments during World War I. Such 
species are, for example, Telekia speciosa and Tana cetum 
macrophyllum (T. Wraber 1964: 101, 2005). We believe 
that at least Dianthus sanguineus, Centaurea rupestris, 
Scorzonera villosa and perhaps also Campanula rapun-
culus are not autochthonous to Bohinj, but were intro-
duced with horse fodder during WWI and persisted on 
sites that were relatively favourable for their growth 
(shallow sandy soil on moraine). Similarly, Scirpoides 
holoschoenus in Ukanc also grows on otherwise unchar-
acteristic sites. Military camps can also be associated 
with the occurrence of Iris sibirica subsp. erirrhiza – 
Table 1, relevé No. 2, even though this species has also 
entirely natural localities in the Julian Alps, with the 
closest localities to Bohinj on Štuke under Črna prst and 
in Krevle under Kobla (Čušin & Dakskobler 2001: 72–
73). Regardless of the supposedly non-native occurrence 
of Submediterranean species, the (semi)dry meadows in 
Ukanc remain a curiosity worthy of our attention and 
protection. Last but not least, they host a species of Eu-
ropean conservation concern – Gladiolus palustris 
(relevé No. 3 in Table 1, see also Seliškar 2004). In ad-
dition, Ukanc is a part of the Triglav National Park. 
With proper care, annual mowing and pasture that is 
not too intensive (such as the Mežnar homestead's prac-
tice on Blato) these meadows could be preserved for pos-
terity and the Submediterranean species, although most 
likely alien in origin, could be sustained. If they were 
able to survive for nearly one hundred years, they are 
bound to survive in the future. A thorough floristic in-
ventarisation of Ukanc as a whole and a detailed map-
ping of plant communities and habitat types are impera-
tive. Consolidation of knowledge of Slovenian botanical 
enthusiasts and professional researchers is bound to give 
good results and add value to the tourist offer in 
Ukanc.
5 POVZETEK
Uvod
Bohinj je slikovita ledeniška dolina v Julijskih Alpah, ki 
je botanično (floristično, fitocenološko) še pomanjkljivo 
raziskana, čeprav je vednost o tukajšnji flori in vegetaci-
ji precejšnja. Veliko novih spoznanj so prinesle v za-
dnjem času raziskave nepoklicnih botanikov (B. Ander-
le, B. Zupan, I. Veber, P. Strgar, M. Kocjan, L. Pintar, V. 
Leban), ki pa v glavnem še niso objavljene. V kratkem 
prispevku bomo opozorili na zanimivo pojavljanje sub-
mediteranskih vrst na travnikih v Ukancu. Toploljubne 
vrste v Bohinju sicer niso redkost, kar velja še posebej za 
prisojna pobočja nad Bohinjskim jezerom (prim. npr. 
M. Wraber 1961). Kljub temu nas je najdba vrste Dian-
thus sanguineus na suhem travniku v Ukancu v bližini 
hotela Zlatorog (det. Peter Strgar, 10. junij 2010, slika 5) 
presenetila. Ko smo ta travnik (slika 6) podrobno popi-
sali, smo na njem našli še štiri za alpski svet precej nena-
vadne vrste: Scorzonera villosa, Campanula rapunculus 
(slika 7), Plantago holosteum (leg. & det. Igor Daksko-
bler, B. Zupan in Ivan Veber, 11. 6. 2010) in Koeleria 
macrantha (leg. Igor Dakskobler, B. Zupan in Ivan 
Veber, 11. 6. 2010, det. A. Seliškar 20. 10. 2010), ob po-
novnem obisku (6.7.2010, I.D., B.Z., I.V.) tudi vrsto Cen-
taurea rupestris (slika 8), v neposredni bližini tega trav-
nika pa vrsto Orobanche minor. Na precej podobnih 
travnikih pod domačijo Mežnar (Blato) in pri zadnjih 
vikendih na levem bregu Savice pa sta B. Zupan in I. 
Veber našla tudi vrsto Scirpoides holoschoenus (leg. 27. 6. 
2010, det. I. Dakskobler, 6.7. 2010, slika 9), že od prej pa 
na teh travnikih poznata tudi nahajališče taksonov Iris 
sibirica subsp. erirrhiza in Gladiolus palustris. S fitoce-
nološko tabelo bomo predstavili floristično sestavo 
suhih travnikov v Ukancu in v razpravi razmišljali o iz-
voru submediteranskih vrst v alpskem Bohinju.
Metode
Pri fitocenoloških popisih smo uporabili standardno 
srednjeevropsko metodo (Braun-Blanquet 1964). Fi-
tocenološke popise smo vnesli v bazo FloVegSi ((T. 
Seliškar, Vreš & A. Seliškar 2003). To bazo smo upo-
rabili tudi pri izdelavi arealnih kart nekaterih od obrav-
navanih vrst. Nomenklaturni vir za imena praprotnic in 

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SUBMEDITERRANEAN MEADOWS IN THE ALPINE BOHINJ VALLEY?
FOLIA BIOLOGICA ET GEOLOGICA 51/4 – 2010
semenk je Mala flora Slovenije (Martinčič et al. 2007), 
za imena sintaksonov pa Theurillat (2004). 
Rezultati
Floristična sestava popisanih travnikov je v tabeli 1, pri-
bližne lokacije popisov pa v sliki 1. Njihova geološka 
podlaga je nesprijeta morena (til) – Buser (1987), tla so 
plitva in skeletna, ponekod tudi nekoliko mokrotna, 
talni tip je rendzina. Podnebje v Ukancu je gorsko, raz-
m e r o m a hl a dn o in h umi dn o . T e m p e r a turn e p o da tk e 
imamo za Staro Fužino, ki leži na podobni nadmorski 
višini (547 m nm. v.), a na drugi strani jezera. Letna pov-
prečna temperatura v razdobju 1961–1990 je bila tam 7,6 
°
C, povprečna temperatura najtoplejšega meseca julija 
17,3 
°
C in najhladnejšega meseca januarja -2,8 
°
C. Vege-
tacijska doba traja od aprila do oktobra (temperaturne 
podatke povzemamo po Mekinda-Majaron 1995: 113). 
V istem razdobju (1961–1991) so v Ukancu (530 m nm. 
v.) izmerili povprečno letno množino padavin 2915 mm, 
največje obilje padavin je bilo v maju in novembru, naj-
manj padavin pa v februarju in marcu (B. Zupančič 
1995: 322). Fenološka značilnost Ukanca je za razmero-
ma zgodnje spomladansko olistanje bukve (prej kot dru-
gje v Bohinju), kar kaže na krajevno nekoliko toplejše 
podnebje in vpliv jezera. 
Floristično najbogatejši je travnik v bližini hotela 
Zlatorog oz. izliva Savice v jezero. Na njem smo popisali 
86 vrst. Celotna vrstna sestava kaže na nekoliko rudera-
lizirano združbo. Travnik kosijo, robni deli pa se že za-
raščajo. Po številu in srednjem zastiranju na njem pre-
vladujejo značilnice suhih in polsuhih srednje- in juž-
noevropskih travišč iz razreda Festuco-Brometea. Na-
šteli smo jih 39, če jim prištejemo še vrste ekološko soro-
dnih razredov Tr i f o l i o - G e ra n i e t e a in Koelerio-Co-
rynephoretea, je takih vrst celo 47. Precej obilno so za-
stopane tudi značilnice gojenih travnikov iz razreda 
Molinio-Arrhenatheretea (30 vrst), kar kaže na določene 
človekove vplive. V florističnem inventarju tega travni-
ka je pet vrst, ki so diagnostične za ilirsko-submedite-
ranski red Scorzonero-Chrysopogonetalia: Sanguisorba 
muricata, Dianthus sanguineus, Scorzonera villosa, 
Plantago holosteum in Centaurea rupestris. To je za alp-
sko območje s prej opisanim podnebjem nenavadno 
visok delež. Nekatere od naštetih vrst imajo kljub teži-
šču uspevanja v submediteranskem območju že znana 
nahajališča v notranjosti Slovenije, tudi v alpskem fito-
geografskem območju. Take so npr. vrste Sanguisorba 
muricata, Plantago holosteum (posoški del Julijskih Alp: 
dolina T olminke, dolini Lepene in Soče pri vasi Soča – 
Dakskobler 2005: 180, Dakskobler & Završnik 2009) 
in Scorzonera villosa (le na obrobju Julijskih Alp, južno 
prigorje Matajurja, kanalski Kolovrat – Dakskobler 
2005: 182). Ukanc v Bohinju pa je prvo znano nahajali-
šče za vrsti Centaurea rupestris in Dianthus sanguineus 
v slovenskem delu Julijskih Alp (glej sliki 2 in 3). Cen-
taurea rupestris je jugovzhodno-evropska gorska vrsta, 
značilnica zveze Saturejion subspicatae, ki so jo v Alpah 
doslej poznali le v italijanski provinci Vicenza (Aeschi-
mann et al. 2004 b: 598), Dianthus sanguineus pa je ilir-
sko-vzhodno-alpska vrsta, značilnica zveze Scorzoneri-
on villosae, v Alpah doslej znana v italijanskih provincah 
Udine (v tej provionci tudi v prigorju Julijskih Alp, glej 
Poldini 2002: 168), Pordenone, Treviso in Belluno (Ae-
schimann et al. 2004 a: 354). Redkost v flori Julijskih 
Alp je tudi vrsta Koeleria macrantha (primerjaj Jogan 
et al. 2001: 214 in Jogan 2007: 885). Še bolj presenetljivo 
kot je v Bohinju pojavljanje naštetih vrst, je tukajšnje 
uspevanje vrste Scirpoides holoschoenus. Te sicer nismo 
našli na prej opisanem travniku pri Zlatorogu, pač pa na 
več drugih travnikih v zgornjem delu Ukanca, v ekolo-
ško precej podobnih razmerah, le da bolj v mejicah, na 
robovih travnikov in pašnikov, kjer so tla ponekod ne-
koliko povirna, mokrotna (popis 4 v tabeli 1). Ta medite-
ransko-zahodnoazijska vrsta, značilnica zveze Molinio-
Holoschoenion, v Alpah sicer ni novost, saj jo poznajo v 
številnih pokrajinah (Aeshimann et al. 2004 b: 760). V 
Sloveniji je zelo redka (slika 4). Doslej znana nahajališča 
so ob Jadranski obali, v Vipavski dolini (Mlake) in v Bo-
rovniški dolini južno od Ljubljane (Petelin & Bačič 
2009: 418–419). Rastišče na doslej znanih nahajališčih v 
Sloveniji so bilo peščeni bregovi in močvirni travniki, 
tudi mlake (Martinčič 2007: 798, Petelin & Bačič, 
ibid.). Vrsta je uvrščena v Rdeči seznam kot ranljiva 
(Martinčič, ibid.). V Ukancu, kjer je doslej najbolj se-
verno in najvišje ležeče nahajališče v Sloveniji, ta vrsta 
raste torej na nekoliko drugačnih rastiščih, na pol(suhih) 
travnikih in na njihovih robovih, na ledeniški moreni s 
plitvimi in le ponekod mokrotnimi tlemi. 
Razprava in zaključki
Uspevanje submediteranskih vrst v alpskem Bohinju 
vzbuja pomisleke predvsem iz enega razloga. V Ukancu 
je bilo med prvo svetovno vojno vojaško taborišče. V 
njem so bila skladišča in bivališča ruskih vojnih ujetni-
kov. Osnovali so več naselij, postavili številne barake. 
Vsa gradbišča so najprej utrdili z gramozom in s tem na-
redili veliko škode na travnikih. Na njih so se pasli voja-
ški konji in uničevali travno rušo (Budkovič 1999: 78, 
116). Domnevamo lahko, da so seno za zimsko oskrbo 
konjev prinesli iz različnih krajev. V tem delu Bohinja 
poznamo že nekaj vrst, katerih izvor povezujemo z do-
gajanjem med prvo svetovno vojno. Taki vrsti sta npr. 
Telekia speciosa in Tanacetum macrophyllum (T. Wrab-
er 1964: 101, 2005). Menimo, da vsaj vrste Dianthus san-

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guineus, Centaurea rupestris, Scorzonera villosa in 
morda tudi Campanula rapunculus v Bohinju niso prvo-
tne (avtohtone), temveč so sem prišle s krmo za konje 
med prvo svetovno vojno in so se na zanje razmeroma 
ugodnih rastiščih (plitvih peščenih tleh na moreni) ob-
držale. Podobno velja za navadno bičevje ( Scirpoides ho-
loschoenus), saj v Ukancu uspeva na zanj neznačilnih 
rastiščih. Najbrž z vojaškimi taborišči med prvo svetov-
no vojno lahko povezujemo tudi uspevanje kojniške pe-
runike (Iris sibirica subsp. erirrhiza) – Tabela 1, popis št. 
2, čeprav ima ta vrsta tudi povsem naravna nahajališča v 
Julijskih Alpah, Bohinju najbližje na Štukah pod Črno 
prstjo in v Krevlah pod Koblo (Čušin & Dakskobler 
2001: 72–73). Ne glede na domnevno nesamoniklost su-
bmediteranskih vrst so (pol)suhi travniki v Ukancu po-
sebnost, vredna naše pozornosti in predvsem varovanja. 
Ne nazadnje na njih uspeva tudi evropsko varstveno po-
membna vrsta Gladiolus palustris (popis št. 3 v Tabeli 1, 
glej tudi Seliškar 2004) in Ukanc je del Triglavskega 
narodnega parka. S primerno rabo, vsakoletno košnjo, 
ne preveč intenzivno pašo (primer Mežnarjeve domačije 
na Blatu) lahko te travnike ohranimo zanamcem, sub-
mediteranske vrste, čeprav najbrž priseljenke (apofiti), 
pa obdržimo. Če so tu preživele že skoraj 100 let, bodo 
lahko tudi v prihodnje. Nujna bi bila podrobna floristič-
na inventarizacija celotnega Ukanca in podrobno karti-
ranje rastlinskih združb oz. habitatnih tipov. Združitev 
znanja domačih botaničnih navdušencev in poklicnih 
raziskovalcev bi nedvomno dalo dobre rezultate in turis-
tičnemu Ukancu prineslo dodano vrednost. 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Sincere thanks to Mag. Andrej Seliškar for his assistance in the determination of two grasses, Koeleria macrantha 
and Festuca nigrescens. He and Dr. Branko Vreš also reviewed our article and contributed valuable corrections. Iztok 
Sajko prepared Figure 6 for print. English translation by Andreja Šalamon Verbič.
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Figure 5 (Slika 5): Dianthus sanguineus in Ukanc (Vrsta Dianthus sanguineus v Ukancu) – Photo (Foto) Peter Strgar 
Figure 6 (Slika 6): Meadow at Ukanc, locality of the sub-Mediterranean species (Travnik v Ukancu, nahajališče submediteranskih 
vrst) Photo (Foto) Igor Dakskobler

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Figure 9 (Slika 9): Scirpoides holoschoenus in Ukanc (Vrsta 
Scirpoides holoschoenus v Ukancu) – Photo (Foto) Peter Strgar 
Figure 7 (Slika 7): Campanula rapunculus in Ukanc (Vrsta 
Campanula rapunculus v Ukancu) – Photo (Foto) Peter Strgar 
Figure 8 (Slika 8): Centaurea rupestris in Ukanc (Vrsta 
Centaurea rupestris v Ukancu) – Photo (Foto) Peter Strgar 

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Table 1: Phytosociological composition of meadows on unconsolidated moraine in Ukanc (Bohinj, the Julian Alps)
Tabela 1: Fitocenološka sestava travnikov na nesprijeti moreni v Ukancu (Bohinj, Julijske Alpe) 
Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4
Working number of relevé (Delovna številka popisa)   236962 237001 237000 237005 
Altitude in m (Nadmorska višina v m)     527 560 560 570
A s p e c t ( L e g a ) 0000
Slope in degrees (Nagib v stopinjah)           0 0 0 0
Parent material (Matična podlaga) Mo Mo Mo Mo
S o i l ( T l a ) RRRR
Stoniness in % (Kamnitost v %) 0 0 0 0
Cover in % (Zastiranje v %)
Herb layer (Zeliščna plast) E1 100 100 100 100
Relevé area (Velikost popisne ploskve)   m
2
40 20 20 20
Number of species (Število vrst)               86 54 31 30
Date of taking relevé (Datum popisa)          6/11/2010 6/11/2010 6/11/2010 7/6/2010
Locality (Nahajališče) Ukanc - Jezero Ukanc - Blato Ukanc - Blato Ukanc - Blato 
Quadrant (Kvadrant) 9749/1 9748/2 9748/2 9748/2
SCh Scorzonero-Chrysopogonetalia Pr.
Sanguisorba muricata E 11+.+3
Dianthus sanguineus E 12...1
Centaurea rupestris E 1+...1
Plantago holosteum E 1+...1
Scorzonera villosa E 1+...1
FB Festuco-Brometea
Rhinanthus freynii E1 3 3 3 + 4
Euphorbia cyparissias E 111114
Salvia pratensis E 111214
Centaurea scabiosa subsp. fritschii E 1+1114
Peucedanum oreoselinum E1 1 1 1 . 3
Koeleria pyramidata E1 1 1 . + 3
Briza media E 111.13
Brachypodium rupestre E1 + . 1 + 3
Hippocrepis comosa E 1++.+3
Anthyllis vulneraria E1 + . + + 3
Thymus praecox E 11+.+3
Bromopsis erecta E1 2 2 . . 2
Thlaspi praecox E1 1 + . . 2
Orobanche gracilis E1 + 1 . . 2
Plantago media E1 + + . . 2
Polygala comosa E1 + + . . 2
Ranunculus polyanthemophyllus E1 + + . . 2
Helianthemum ovatum E1 + + . . 2
Campanula rotundifolia E1 + + . . 2
Carlina acaulis E1 + + . . 2
Campanula glomerata E 1+.+.2
Trifolium montanum E1 . 1 1 . 2
Galium verum E1 . . + + 2
Silene vulgaris subsp. vulgaris E 11...1
Medicago lupulina E 11...1
Allium carinatum subsp. carinatum E 1+...1
Arabis hirsuta E 1+...1
Carex humilis E 1+...1
Filipendula vulgaris E 1+...1
Hieracium bauhinii E 1+...1
Pimpinella saxifraga E 1+...1
Thymus pulegioides E 1+...1
Verbascum austriacum E 1+...1
*Koeleria macrantha E 1+...1
Orchis ustulata E 1r...1
Medicago falcata E1 . 1 . . 1
Buphthalmum salicifolium E1 . + . . 1
Iris sibirica subsp. erirrhiza E1 . + . . 1

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Teucrium chamaedrys E1 . + . . 1
Potentilla pusilla E 1..+.1
MC Molinion caeruleae
Galium boreale E1 + 1 + . 3
Molinia caerulea subsp. caerulea E 1+...1
Gladiolus palustris E 1..1.1
Gymnadenia conopsea E 1..1.1
Scirpoides holoschoenus E1 . . . 1 1
MA Molinio-Arrhenatheretea 
Trifolium pratense E 131114
Plantago lanceolata E1 1 1 2 + 4
Leontodon hispidus E 111+14
Centaurea jacea E 11+++4
Lotus corniculatus E1 + + + 1 4
Achillea millefolium E1 1 + . 1 3
Dactylis glomerata E 11+.+3
Erigeron annuus E 1.+++3
Helictotrichon pubescens E1 3 2 . . 2
Galium mollugo E1 1 + . . 2
Festuca pratensis E1 + 1 . . 2
Tragopogon orientalis E1 + + . . 2
Leucanthemum ircutianum E1 1 . . + 2
Stellaria graminea E 1+.+.2
Agrostis capillaris E1 + . . + 2
Colchicum autumnale E1 . + + . 2
Knautia arvensis E 12...1
Ranunculus acris E 11...1
Ajuga reptans E 1+...1
Allium scorodoprasum E 1+...1
Arrhenatherum elatius E 1+...1
Bromus hordeaceus E 1+...1
Campanula patula E 1+...1
Rhinanthus minor E 1+...1
Rumex acetosa E 1+...1
Trifolium repens E 1+...1
Veronica chamaedrys E 1+...1
Daucus carota E 1+...1
Euphrasia rostkoviana E 1+...1
Lychnis flos-cuculi E 1+...1
Poa pratensis E 1+...1
Trisetum f lavescens E 1+...1
Crepis biennis E1 . + . . 1
Pastinaca sativa E1 . + . . 1
Vicia cracca E 1..+.1
Festuca arundinacea E1 . . . 1 1
Prunella vulgaris E1 . . . + 1
Agrostis stolonifera E1 . . . + 1
KC Koelerio-Corynephoretea
Echium vulgare E1 1 1 . . 2
Arenaria serpyllifolia E 1+...1
Cerastium pumilum E 1+...1
Sedum sexangulare E 1+...1
ES Elyno-Seslerietea
Galium anisophyllum E1 + + . . 2
Betonica alopecuros E 1.1.12
Carduus crassifolius E1 . + + . 2
Phyteuma orbiculare E1 . + + . 2
CU Calluno-Ulicetea
*Festuca nigrescens E1 1 1 . . 2
Anthoxanthum odoratum E 1+...1
Luzula campestris E 1+...1
Carex pallescens E 1..+.1
Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa)
1234P r .

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SCF Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae
Carex panicea E1 . . . + 1
 Juncus articulatus E1 . . . + 1
TG Tr ifolio - Ge ranie te a
Thalictrum minus E1 + + 1 . 3
Polygonatum odoratum E 1+.+.2
Campanula rapunculus E1 + . . . 1
Anthericum ramosum E1 + . . . 1
Viola hirta E1 + . . . 1
TR Thlaspietea rotundifolii
Petasites paradoxus E1 . 2 1 + 3
Biscutella laevigata E1 + + . . 2
EP Erico-Pinetea
Carex alba E1 . 1 . . 1
Carex ornithopoda E1 . + . . 1
QP Quercetalia pubescentis
Convallaria majalis E 1.++.2
Carex flacca E1 . . + . 1
QF Querco-Fagetea
Carex montana E1 + . . . 1
Cruciata glabra E1 + . . . 1
Melica nutans E1 . + . . 1
Equisetum arvense E1 . + . . 1
* det. A. Seliškar
Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa)
1234P r .