The Tenth Biennial International Conference Criminal Justice and Security in Central and Eastern Europe Understanding Professionalism, Trust, and Legitimacy Conference Proceedings Editors: Gorazd Meško Aleš Bučar Ručman Bernarda Tominc Branko Ažman Ljubljana, Slovenia, September 2014 University of Maribor Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security The Tenth Biennial International Conference Criminal Justice and Security in Central and Eastern Europe Understanding Professionalism, Trust, and Legitimacy Conference Proceedings Editors: Gorazd Meško Aleš Bučar Ručman Bernarda Tominc Branko Aţman Ljubljana, Slovenia, September 2014 This publication was published in September 2014 by the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Kotnikova 8, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. To publikacijo je septembra 2014 izdala Fakulteta za varnostne vede, Univerza v Mariboru, Kotnikova 8, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija. Editors/Uredniki: Gorazd Meško (Chair of the Conference) Aleš Bučar Ručman (Organising Committee) Bernarda Tominc (Organising Committee) Branko Ažman (Organising Committee) E-Publishing/E-publikacija: http://www.fvv.uni-mb.si/knjigarna/eknjige/pdf/CJSCEE_2014.pdf CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 343.1(4-011-191.2)(082) 351.78(4-011-191.2)(082) BIENNIAL International Conference Criminal Justice and Security in Central and Eastern Europe (10 ; 2014 ; Ljubljana) Understanding professionalism, trust, and legitimacy [Elektronski vir] : conference proceedings / The Tenth Biennial International Conference Criminal Justice and Security in Central and Eastern Europe, Ljubljana, Slovenia, September 2014 ; editors Gorazd Meško ... *et al.+. - El. knjiga. - Ljubljana : Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, 2014 Način dostopa (URL): http://www.fvv.uni-mb.si/knjigarna/eknjige/pdf/CJSCEE_2014.pdf ISBN 978-961-6821-47-6 (pdf) 1. Gl. stv. nasl. 2. Dodat. nasl. 3. Meško, Gorazd 275448064 The editors thank the authors for their contributions and effort. The principal responsibility for proofreading lies with authors. Uredniki se zahvaljujejo avtorjem za njihove prispevke. Odgovornost za kvaliteto prispevkov nosijo avtorji. The selection of papers will be published in Slovenian and English within a year after the conference. Izbor prispevkov v celotnem obsegu bo najkasneje v enem letu po konferenci objavljen tudi v slovenskem in angleškem jeziku. Programme Committee Chairs of the Conference Professor Gorazd Meško, University of Maribor, Slovenia Professor Mahesh Nalla, Michigan State University, USA Members of Programme Committee Professor Marcelo Aebi, University of Lausanne, Switzerland Professor Oliver Bačanović, University St. Clement of Ohrid, Macedonia (FYROM) Professor Adrian Beck, University of Leicester, UK Dr. Igor Bernik, University of Maribor, Slovenia Dr. Gleb Bogush, Moscow State University - Lomonosov, Russia Dr. Leonidas Cheliotis, Edinburgh University, UK Professor Janina Czapska, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland Dr. Algimantas Čepas, Law Institute of Lithuania, Lithuania Dr. Zvonimir Dujmović, Police College, Croatia Dr. Gennady Esakov, Moscow State Law Academy, Russia Professor Jeffrey Fagan, Columbia University, USA Professor Charles B. Fields, Eastern Kentucky University, USA Dr. Anna Getoš, University of Zagreb, Croatia Professor Peter Grabosky, The Australian National University, Australia Professor Jack Greene, Northeastern University, Boston, USA Professor Tim Hope, University of Salford, UK Professor Djordje Ignjatović, University of Belgrade, Serbia Professor Ljubica Jelušič, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia Professor Susanne Karstedt, University of Leeds, United Kingdom Professor Klara Kerezsi, OKRI, Hungary Professor Vladimir Sergeevich Komissarov, Moscow State University - Lomonosov, Russia Professor Nedţad Korajlić, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Professor Miklós Lévay, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary Professor Michael Levi, Cardiff University, UK Professor René Levy, Le Groupement Européen de Recherches sur les Normativités, France Dr. Branko Lobnikar, University of Maribor, Slovenia Professor Otwin Marenin, Washington State University, USA Branko Masleša, Supreme Court of the Republic of Slovenia Professor Darko Maver, University of Maribor, Slovenia Professor Edmund McGarrell, Michigan State University, USA Professor Alida V. Merlo, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, USA Professor Ljiljana Mikšaj-Todorović, University of Zagreb, Croatia Dr. Elmedin Muratbegović, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Professor Borislav Petrović, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Dr. Biljana Simeunović-Patić, Criminal Investigation and Police Academy, Belgrade, Serbia Professor Julian Roberts, University of Oxford, UK Professor Ernesto Savona, Catholic University and Transcrime, Milan, Italy Professor Wesley Skogan, Northwestern University, USA Professor Nigel South, University of Essex, UK Dr. Andrej Sotlar, University of Maribor, Slovenia Professor Karin Stana Kleinschek, University of Maribor Professor Emeritus Alenka Šelih, Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Slovenia Dr. Justice Tankebe, University of Cambridge, UK Professor Bojan Tičar, University of Maribor, Slovenia Dr. Andra-Roxana Trandafir, University of Bucharest, Romania Professor Emeritus Peter Umek, University of Maribor, Slovenia Dušan Valentinčič, Prison Administration, Slovenia Stanislav Veniger, General Police Directorate, Slovenia Professor David Wall, Durham University, UK Organising Committee Secretary Dr. Aleš Bučar Ručman, University of Maribor, Slovenia Members Brane Aţman, University of Maribor, Slovenia Silva Batista, University of Maribor, Slovenia Gregor Bec, University of Maribor, Slovenia Dr. Matevţ Bren, University of Maribor, Slovenia Dr. Katja Eman, University of Maribor, Slovenia Marjan Fank, Criminal Police Directorate, Slovenia Dr. Danijela Frangeţ, University of Maribor, Slovenia Dr. Maja Modic, University of Maribor, Slovenia Nina Krţič, University of Maribor, Slovenia Anja Lesar, University of Maribor, Slovenia Danijela Prelić Mrhar, Prison Administration, Slovenia Aleksander Podlogar, University of Maribor, Slovenia Boštjan Slak, University of Maribor, Slovenia Aljoša Španger, University of Maribor, Slovenia Bernarda Tominc, University of Maribor, Slovenia Dr. Sabina Zgaga, University of Maribor, Slovenia Danijel Ţibret, Police Academy, Slovenia TABLE OF CONTENTS PROGRAMME COMMITTEE 3 ORGANISING COMMITTEE 4 POLICE INTEGRITY 12 ADRI SAUERMAN, SANJA KUTNJAK IVKOVICH: THE ROLE OF POLICE INTEGRITY IN SOUTH AFRICAN COMMUNITY POLICING 13 ROBERT ŠUMI, BRANKO LOBNIKAR: THE ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS OF BUILDING POLICE INTEGRITY IN SLOVENIAN POLICE SERVICE 15 BRANKO LOBNIKAR, GORAZD MEŠKO: POLICE INTEGRITY, THE CODE OF SILENCE, AND COMMUNITY POLICING IN SLOVENIA 17 SANJA KUTNJAK IVKOVICH: POLICE INTEGRITY AND COMMUNITY POLICING: THE CASE OF CROATIA 19 ORGANISED CRIME 21 BOŠTJAN SLAK, GORAZD MEŠKO, BOJAN DOBOVŠEK: PRELIMINARY FINDINGS OF RESEARCH ON ORGANISED CRIME IN THE LAST DECADE IN SLOVENIA 22 DANIJELA FRANGEŽ, ANTON TONI KLANČNIK, BJØRN-ERIK LUDVIGSEN, MIKKO VEIJALAINEN, MAURINE LEWIN, JAROSŁAW KOOCZYK, FERNANDO RUIZ PEREZ: THERE IS NO “CHILD PORNOGRAPHY”: THE IMPORTANCE OF PROPER TERMINOLOGY IN PUBLIC DISCOURSE 24 SAŠA KUHAR, BOJAN DOBOVŠEK: DRUG-RELATED CRIME IN SLOVENIA AND RESEARCH OF COURT CASES 27 JASNA FEDRAN, BOJAN DOBOVŠEK: THE ISSUE OF THE INTEGRITY PLANS IN SLOVENIA 30 POLICING 1 32 KSENIJA BUTORAC, MARIJAN ŠUPERINA, LJILJANA MIKŠAJ TODOROVID: STRATEGY OF POLICE SEARCH FOR THE MISSING PERSONS 33 MONIKA KLEMENČIČ, MARTINA STIPIČ: DISCUSSION ON THE NEIGHBOURHOOD WATCH IMPLEMENTATION POSSIBILITIES IN SLOVENIA 35 KRUNOSLAV BOROVEC, DRAŽEN VITEZ, IRENA CAJNER MRAOVID: POLICE EFFECTIVENESS AS THE MAIN INFLUENCING FACTOR OF THE COMMUNITY POLICING STRATEGY ON CITIZENS' SENSE OF SAFETY IN CROATIA 37 BERNARDA TOMINC, ANDREJ SOTLAR, GORAZD MEŠKO: LESSONS LEARNED FROM GOOD PRACTICES IN LOCAL SECURITY PROVISION 39 CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION 1 42 DANIJELA FRANGEŽ, SABINA ZGAGA, DARKO MAVER: CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION OF COUNTERFEIT MEDICINES 43 GORAN BOŠKOVID, SLAVIŠA VUKOVID, SAŠA MIJALKOVID: FINANCIAL INVESTIGATION IN SERBIA - CURRENT SITUATION AND PERSPECTIVE 46 SVETLANA NIKOLOSKA: CRIMINAL AND FINANCIAL INVESTIGATION OF MONEY LAUNDERING IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA 48 HARIS HALILOVID, NEDŽAD KORAJLID, AIDA CACAN: THEORY OF PROBABILITY AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE: A NEW PERCEPTION OF INTERPRETATION OF EVIDENCES AND COURT’S RULING 50 MILAN ŽARKOVID, ZVONIMIR IVANOVID, IVAN ŽARKOVID: PUBLIC VIDEO SURVEILLANCE – ENIGMA QUESTION FOR SERBIAN LAWMAKER 52 CRIMINOLOGY AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE 54 STOJANKA MIRČEVA, VESNA STEFANOVSKA, BOGDANČO GOGOV: VICTIM-OFFENDER MEDIATION AND DUE PROCESS GUARANTEES IN THE MACEDONIAN JUSTICE FOR CHILDREN SYSTEM: COMPETITIVE OR BALANCING? 55 GEORGIOS I. NOUSKALIS: ALTERNATIVES TO PRISON FOR DRUG OFFENDERS 58 OLIVERA PAVIDEVID, BILJANA SIMEUNOVID-PATID: VIOLENCE AND CULTURE 59 SHANNON WEER: TEACHING ABOUT DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: CHALLENGES AND TRIUMPHS 61 CRIME, CRIMINALITY AND SOCIAL CONTROL 63 IRENA CAJNER MRAOVID, VALENTINA ASANČAID, DUBRAVKO DERK: JUVENILE CRIME IN 21ST CENTURY: ESCALATING PROBLEM OR JUST A MEDIA SENSATION? THE CASE OF CROATIA 64 DIANA SILVESTRU: TOPOS APP - A MODERN TOOL TO REPORT AND EVALUATE PERCEIVED INSECURITY IN PUBLIC SPACE 66 ROK HACIN, KATJA EMAN: THE USE OF GIS TOOLS AND PROCEDURES FOR THE PROPERTY CRIME ANALYSIS IN LJUBLJANA 68 EMILY A HAYDEN, CHUCK FIELDS: INCREASING FEMALE CRIMINALITY IN SLOVENIA: A LIFE-COURSE ANALYSIS 70 JOHN M. BELL: PUNITIVE POLICY: THE EFFECTS ON SOCIETY AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM 72 LEGITIMACY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE - MULTIDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES 1 74 MICHAEL D. REISIG: MEASURING POLICE LEGITIMACY: ASSESSING THE EMPIRICAL ADEQUACY OF COMPETING SCALES 75 NINA PERŠAK: JUDICIAL LEGITIMACY: BETWEEN PERCEPTION AND OBJECTIVE CRITERIA 77 NIGEL SOUTH: GREEN CRIMINOLOGY, ENVIRONMENTAL VICTIMIZATION AND INEQUALITIES: ENVIRONMENTAL CRIME PREVENTION AND THE CONSTRAINTS OF LEGALITY VS. ENVIRONMENTAL INJUSTICE AND THE EROSION OF LEGITIMACY 79 LEGITIMACY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE - MULTIDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES 2 82 JERNEJA ŠIFRER, GORAZD MEŠKO, MATEVŽ BREN: TESTING LEGITIMACY CONSTRUCTS WITH STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELLING – CASE OF SLOVENIA 83 KATJA EMAN, GORAZD MEŠKO: TRUST AND LEGITIMACY OF POLICING IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE – STUDENT PERSPECTIVE 85 JULIAN ROBERTS: REDUCING THE USE OF CUSTODY: EVALUATING THE OPTIONS 87 PETER KRASKA: MIXED METHODS RESEARCH: A GUIDE TO PRODUCING KNOWLEDGE AND PUBLICATIONS 89 CRIMINAL JUSTICE 1 91 MOJCA REP: TRUST OR DISTRUST: THE PUBLIC OPINION ON THE REPUTATION OF SLOVENIAN JUDICIARY OVER A DECADE 92 NIKOLA MICKOVSKI: REFORM OF EXPERTISE IN THE NEW MACEDONIAN LAW ON CRIMINAL PROCEDURE - NEW, MORE EFFICIENT WAY OF ESTABLISHING THE TRUTH OR ONLY COSMETIC CHANGES TO THE OLD SOLUTIONS 94 TATJANA BUGARSKI:SPECIALIZATION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA 96 DARJA KOTUROVIC, PAUL KNEPPER: CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN SERBIA: THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ADDRESSING DRUG TRAFFICKING 99 FANNY ERCOLANONI, IVANA BIANCHI: THE DESCRIPTIVE LEVEL OF WITNESS: A NEW METHOD OF ANALYSIS 101 CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION 2 104 ELDAN MUJANOVID, IRMA DELJKID: STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MOTOR VEHICLE THEFTS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA: CRIMINAL INVESTIGATORS' PERCEPTIONS 105 HANS DITRICH: COGNITIVE BIAS IN CRIME INVESTIGATIONS 107 ŽELJKO KARAS:THE ROLE OF FORENSIC EVIDENCE COLLECTED ON CRIME SCENE 109 ZVONIMIR IVANOVIC, VLADIMIR UROSEVIC, SERGEJ ULJANOV: CONTROLLED DELIVERY AND UNDERCOVER AGENT (COVERT INVESTIGATOR) INSTITUTES – SERBIAN PERSPECTIVE 111 ALEKSANDAR CHAVLESKI, ALEKSANDAR MARKOSKI: PRE-TRIAL ACQUISITION OF EVIDENCE IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND IN REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA: A COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW 113 LEGITIMACY AND TRUST IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 1 116 GORAZD MEŠKO, KATJA EMAN, MAHESH K. NALLA: CITIZEN TRUST IN POLICE IN FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLICS: A COMPARISON OF BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA, CROATIA, SERBIA, AND SLOVENIA 117 GORDANA BUZAROVSKA, OLIVER BACANOVIC, GORDAN KALAJDZIEV, ALEKSANDRA GRUEVSKA DRAKULEVSKI, BOBAN MISOSKI, BOGDANCO GOGOV, DIVNA ILIC, NATASA JOVANOVA: STUDENTS ATTITUDES REGARDING THE POLICE IN REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA 120 T LÁSZLÓ CHRISTIÁN: RUST IN HUNGARIAN POLICE 123 IVAN KLEIMENOV, MIKHAIL P. KLEYMENOV: CONFIDENCE IN JUSTICE AND PROTECTION OF THE RIGHTS OF VICTIMS OF CRIMES 125 CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2 127 JAN PROVAZNÍK: PROCEDURAL OPTIONS OF DEALING WITH PETTY CRIMINAL OFFENCES 128 ZDRAVKO SKAKAVAC, TATJANA SKAKAVAC: EFFICIENCY OF JUSTICE - ENCOURAGING OR DISCOURAGING CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR - PERCEPTION IN SERBIA 130 NATAŠA MRVID PETROVID, MILAN POČUČA: POSSIBILITIES OF MEDIATION IN SERBIAN CASES OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 131 SECURITY AND SAFETY 134 SABINA ZGAGA: THE ROLE OF INTELLIGENCE SERVICES IN SLOVENIAN CRIMINAL PROCEDURE 135 TINKARA PAVŠIČ MREVLJE, JANA KOTRBOVÁ: A TERRORIST PSYCHOLOGICAL PROFILE: ASSESSING THE ROLE OF PTSD IN RECRUITMENT TO TERRORIST ORGANISATIONS: CASE STUDY OF CHECHNYA 137 RENATO MATID, ANITA DREMEL: THE SOCIAL CAUSES OF TERRORISM 139 GRIGORE NICOLAE LABO: STUDENTS’ SIGNATURE TRANSFORMATIONS 141 LEGITIMACY AND TRUST IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2 142 RADOMIR ZEKAVICA, ŽELIMIR KEŠETOVID: POLICE LEGITIMACY IN SERBIA - STUDENTS PERSPECTIVE 143 ELMEDIN MURATBEGOVID, SRĐAN VUJOVID, ADNAN FAZLID: PROCEDURAL JUSTICE, POLICE LEGITIMACY, AND PUBLIC COOPERATION WITH THE POLICE AMONG BOSNIAN STUDENTS 145 RYAN CARR, EDWARD STEPANO, CHARLES GRIFFITH: A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON POLICE LEGITIMACY: U.S. AND SLOVENIA 148 ANDRA-ROXANA TRANDAFIR: LEGITIMACY AND COOPERATION WITH THE AUTHORITIES AMONG LAW STUDENTS IN ROMANIA 150 JANINA CZAPSKA, EWA RADOMSKA, DARIA WÓJCIK:LEGITIMACY AND PROCEDURAL JUSTICE OF POLISH POLICE: EMPIRICAL PERSPECTIVE 152 CRIMINAL JUSTICE 3 154 MIKHAIL P. KLEYMENOV, IVAN KLEIMENOV: PROFESSIONALISM IN SOLVING CRIMES 155 JORDAN HENSON: CAPITAL PUNISHMENT: JUST DESERT AND YOUTHFUL CONDEMNATION 157 OLIVER BACANOVICH, NATASHA JOVANOVA: VICTIMIZATION OF THE PRISON PERSONNEL, THE RELATION WITH CONVICTED PERSONS AND THE PROBLEMS THEY FACE IN THEIR WORK 159 DARKO PRAŠIČEK: OPEN SOURCE DATA AND ANALYTICS USED AS TOOLS TO PROTECT COMPANIES FROM CORRUPTION AND MONEY LAUNDERING 161 POLICING AND CRIME PREVENTION 163 MAJA MODIC, GORAZD MEŠKO, MAHESH K. NALLA: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMMUNITY POLICING AND JOB SATISFACTION AMONG SLOVENIAN POLICE OFFICERS 164 MATEJA MIHINJAČ: SAFEGROWTH: INTEGRATED AND SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY CRIME PREVENTION FOR THE FUTURE 166 LJUBOMIR ČIMBUROVID, ELDAR SALJID: PEER VIOLENCE VICTIMS - PREVENTION 168 KATARINA MUŠIČ, JANEZ MEKINC, HELENA CVIKL: C HALLENGES OF PROFESSIONAL POLICING FOR SAFER TOURISTIC COMMUNITY 170 LEGITIMACY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE 1 172 EDMUND F. MCGARRELL: DIMENSIONS OF EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF CRIME PREVENTION STRATEGIES 173 PETER KRASKA: POLICE MILITARIZATION: LATE-MODERN TRENDS AND ISSUES 175 BRANKO LOBNIKAR, ANDREJ SOTLAR, MAJA MODIC: CONFIDENCE IN PLURAL POLICING 177 POLICING AND CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION 179 FRANC VIRTIČ, ANDREJ SOTLAR, BRANKO LOBNIKAR: PLURAL POLICING IN SLOVENIA: YESTERDAY, TODAY, TOMORROW 180 IZTOK RAKAR, BOJAN TIČAR: PUBLIC AUTHORISATIONS OF THE CHAMBER OF THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA FOR DEVELOPMENT OF PRIVATE SECURITY – PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE 182 JOZEF METEPKO: PRIVATE SECURITY SERVICES FOR THE SECURITY AT MAJOR EVENTS AS OUTPUTS OF 7 FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME RESEARCHES 184 PATRIK RAKO: CURRENT ISSUES OF WHITE-COLLAR CRIME IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC - INVESTIGATION, PROCEEDINGS, AND THE RIGHT TO FAIR TRIAL 186 POLICING 2 188 SREČKO F. KROPE, MILAN PAGON, BRANKO LOBNIKAR: A GAP IN PERCEPTION OF MANAGEMENT OF CRIMINAL ACTS OF ASSAULT ON POLICE OFFICERS BETWEEN THE GENERAL AND THE PROFESSIONAL PUBLIC 189 ALEKSANDER ARISTOVNIK, JANKO SELJAK, JERNEJ MENCINGER: MEASURING THE PERFORMANCE OF LOCAL POLICE IN SLOVENIA: A THREE-STAGE DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS (DEA) APPROACH 191 DAVID SMOLEJ, BRANKO LOBNIKAR: POLICE OFFICER: EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT IN THE YOUNG DEMOCRACY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA 193 NINA TOMAŽEVIČ, JANKO SELJAK, ALEKSANDER ARISTOVNIK: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMPLOYEE JOB SATISFACTION AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE: THE CASE OF THE SLOVENIAN POLICE SERVICE 195 HUMAN RIGHTS 198 ANDRA-ROXANA TRANDAFIR: WHITE COLLAR CRIME AND DEFENCE RIGHTS OF LEGAL PERSONS IN THE ECHR CASE LAW 199 GORAN BASIC: RECONCILIATION AND IMPLACABILITY: NARRATIVES OF SURVIVORS FROM THE WAR IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA 201 TOMISLAV RADOVID, ZARKO BRAKOVID: COMPATIBILITY OF THE POLICE LAW IN SERBIA WITH THE EU STANDARDS IN THE AREA OF HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION 205 DRAGAN DAKIC: TEMPORAL DIMENSION OF REPRODUCTIVE CHOICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS ISSUES 207 CYBERCRIME 209 MIROSLAV BACA, JASMIN COSIC: DIGITAL EVIDENCE MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK AND DIGITAL EVIDENCE ADMISSIBILITY 210 BLAŽ MARKELJ, SABINA ZGAGA: CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY OF USERS OF MOBILE DEVICES IN BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS 211 IGOR BERNIK: CYBERSECURITY CHALLENGES IN NEXT DECADE 213 MILANA PISARIC: SPECIALIZATION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE AUTHORITIES IN DEALING WITH CYBERCRIME 215 LEGITIMACY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2 217 JANEZ ŠTEBE: EXPLAINING THE LACK OF OVERALL CONFIDENCE IN THE LAW AND CRIMINAL COURTS IN SLOVENIA IN COMPARISON TO EUROPE 218 BENJAMIN FLANDER, ALEŠ BUČAR RUČMAN: TRANSITION, REFORM, AND (LOST) LEGITIMACY: CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE 220 AUTHOR INDEX 222 SUBJECT INDEX 224 CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 228 SPONSORS AND PARTNERS 242 POLICE INTEGRITY 12 The Role of Police Integrity in South African Community Policing Adri Sauerman, Sanja Kutnjak Ivkovich Purpose: This paper explores the relation between police integrity and community policing among South African police officers. Design/Methods/Approach: During the period 2010 to 2014, a stratified representative sample of 1,000 South African police officers participated in a police integrity survey. The majority of the respondents performed traditional police roles, while about one-half of them were employed in community policing. The respondents were asked to evaluate hypothetical scenarios describing a range of police misconducts. In addition, the questionnaire contained questions assessing their experiences and attitudes toward community policing. Findings: This paper analyzes the relation between police integrity and experiences and attitudes toward community policing. With the fundamentals of the South African community policing model inclusive of concepts such as accessibility, acceptability, efficiency, and effectiveness, we hypothesized that the community police officers would generally be more supportive of police integrity than traditional police officers. Furthermore, we argued that in terms of the desired, close and personal relationships between the police and the community, prescribed in community policing, distinct differences in the attitudes of the community police officers and traditional police officers would be perceived for especially the undue use of force scenarios. The results were analyzed across several measures of police integrity, including the police officers‘ knowledge of official rules, evaluations of police misconduct seriousness, views about appropriate and expected discipline, and the adherence to the code of silence. Our results suggest that the views and attitudes of police officers employed in community policing are very similar to the views and attitudes of traditional police officers. On the other hand, we find that the views and attitudes of police officers who support community policing, regardless of 13 whether they have worked as community policing officers, were somewhat different from police officers who are not supportive of community policing. Originality/Value: From the advent of police integrity surveys in the 1990s, the number of empirical studies measuring the extent of police integrity has grown dramatically. Prior studies of police integrity measured it in many police agencies across the world, both at centralized and decentralized levels. This research explores the relation between police integrity and community policing, an issue unexplored by the prior studies on policing in South Africa. Keywords: community policing, police integrity, police attitudes, South Africa About the author(s): Adri Sauerman, Michigan State University, School of Criminal Justice, 560 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A., sauerman@msu.edu Sanja Kutnjak Ivkovich, Michigan State University, School of Criminal Justice, 560 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A., kutnjak@msu.edu Corresponding Author: Adri Sauerman E-mail: sauerman@msu.edu Address: Michigan State University, School of Criminal Justice, 560 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A. 14 The Organizational Aspects of Building Police Integrity in Slovenian Police Service Robert Šumi, Branko Lobnikar Purpose: This paper examines the development of organizational support to reinforce police integrity in the Slovenian Police Service. Based on the knowledge gained through studies on police integrity, the organizational changes from the area of police ethics and police integrity in Slovenian Police service will be described. Design/Methods/Approach: Management of organizational changes regarding police integrity and reasons for these changes in Slovenian Police Service was analyzed. Findings: The integrity is pointed out in the paragraph 17 of Police Tasks and Powers Act (2013), where it is stated that police officers in performing police tasks shall observe the code of professional conduct and strengthen police integrity. In the Organisation and Work of Police Act (2013), there is paragraph 31 on integrity and internal security within the police. The National Working Group on Police Integrity was established within the Police (2008 - 2010). This group was converted into the Integrity and Ethics Committee in the Police in 2011. The Integrity and Ethics Committee in the Police is a consulting body of the Director General of the Police and it consists of experts employed with the Police. It is intended for systematic examination and issuing of strategic proposals, innovations, questions, and dilemmas in the field of integrity and ethics, Code of Police Ethics, equal opportunities for both sexes, conflict management, interpersonal relations and organisational climate in the Police. The Committee, on its own initiative or the initiative of the Director General of the Police, also delivers opinions and participates in the preparation and implementation of integrity plans. The organizational support of the Committee work is provided by the Centre for Research and Social Skills from the Police Academy, established in 2013. A representative of the Centre for Research and Social Skills from the Police Academy 15 in the Committee assumes a strategic and coordinating role and carries out tasks in all services of the Police. Originality/Value: For the first time, the influence of knowledge gained through studies on organizational changes in Slovenian Police was analyzed. Authors argue that the knowledge gained through surveys resulted also in organizational changes, as it was the case of establishing the Integrity and Ethics Committee in the Police and the Centre for Research and Social Skills at the Police Academy. Keywords: Slovenia Police, integrity, police ethics, management of police integrity About the author(s): Robert Šumi, Ph.D., Head of Research and Social Skills Centre, Police Academy, General Police Directorate. He is involved with police integrity management within Slovenian police service. E-mail: robert.sumi@policija.si Branko Lobnikar, Ph.D., Assoc. Professor of Security Management, Head of the Chair of Policing and Security Studies at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Slovenia. His areas of expertise comprise policing, human resource management, and deviant behaviour within organizations. He has authored several papers on community policing and police deviance management. Telephone: +386 1 300 8345, Fax: +386 1 230 2687, Email: branko.lobnikar@fvv.uni- mb.si Corresponding Author: Robert Šumi E-mail: robert.sumi@policija.si Address: GPU, Policijska akademija, Rocenska 56, Ljubljana Šmartno 16 Police Integrity, the Code of Silence, and Community Policing in Slovenia Branko Lobnikar, Gorazd Meško Purpose: This paper examines differences in police integrity and the level of Code of Silence (e. g. unwillingness to report police corruption and/or other forms of police misbehaviour) between community policing officers (CPO and those police officers in Slovenian Police Service, who received CP training) in comparison with those police officers on other duties within the Slovenian Police Service. Design/Methods/Approach: In spring 2011, the study was conducted on a representative sample of 550 Slovenian police officers (22.1 % were community policing officers or received CP training in the past). The assessment of police integrity/code of silence was conducted using the method developed by Kutnjak Ivkovich and Klockers, and consisted of 14 hypothetical case scenarios describing a range of various forms of police misconduct, from those that merely give an appearance of conflict of interests to incidents of bribery and theft. The questions explored police officers‘ willingness to report misconduct, relating to the police code of silence. The validity of the survey‘s results depends on the honesty of police officers when responding to the survey questions. We assured the confidence and anonymity to respondents, their participation was voluntary, and we asked minimum socio-demographic questions not to jeopardize legitimacy of the survey. Findings: Analyzing the Code of Silence, we discovered that there are significant differences in willingness to report police misbehaviour between CPOs and other police officers. Those police officers who work as community policing officers or those police officers who received some CP training were more willing to report police misbehaviour. The Code of Silence is a significant factor in the case involving internal corruption, in the cases involving police brutality, and in the cases implying well-being of the community. We conclude that community policing reinforces police integrity or at least discourages the Code of Silence. 17 Originality/Value: The study analyzes, comprehensively and originally, whether the officers who carry out community policing tasks differ from other police officers in the level of police integrity and willingness to report the cases of police corruption and/or other forms of police misbehaviour. The study demonstrates, for the first time, that community policing strengthens integrity, and the training in community policing is a way of general deterrence against police corruption in Slovenian Police Service. Keywords: Slovenia Police, integrity, police corruption, community policing, Code of silence, community policing officers About the author(s): Branko Lobnikar, Ph.D., Assoc. Professor of Security Management, Head of the Chair of Policing and Security Studies at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Slovenia. His areas of expertise comprise policing, human resource management, and deviant behaviour within organizations. He has authored several papers on community policing and police deviance management. Telephone: +386 1 300 8345, Fax: +386 1 230 2687, Email: branko.lobnikar@fvv.uni- mb.si Gorazd Meško, Ph.D., Dean and Professor of Criminology at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Slovenia. His area of expertise is criminology, crime prevention, victimology, penology, and theory of social control. He was visiting professor at several universities: GVSU, Leicester, Val Paraiso, Eastern Kentucky University, Twente, Greenwich, Keele, University of Crete, and University of Cambridge. Telephone: +386 1 300 8300, Fax: +386 1 230 2687, Email: gorazd.mesko@fvv.uni-mb.si Corresponding Author: Branko Lobnikar E-mail: branko.lobnikar@fvv.uni-mb.si Address: Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Kotnikova 8, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 18 Police Integrity and Community Policing: The Case of Croatia Sanja Kutnjak Ivkovich Purpose: This paper explores the relation between police integrity and community policing among the Croatian police officers. Design/Methods/Approach: In 2008/2009, a stratified representative sample of 1,315 Croatian police officers participated in a police integrity survey. The majority of the respondents performed traditional police roles, while about one-quarter of them were employed in community policing. The respondents were asked to evaluate hypothetical scenarios describing a range of forms of police misconduct. In addition, the questionnaire contained questions assessing their experiences and attitudes toward community policing. Findings: This paper analyzes the relation between police integrity and experiences and attitudes toward community policing. We hypothesized that, overall, community police officers would be more supportive of police integrity than traditional police officers. Furthermore, we argued that, because community policing seeks to establish close and personal relationships between the police and the community, the differences in attitudes between community police officers and traditional police officers would be particularly pronounced for the use of force scenarios. We analyze the results across several measures of police integrity, including the police officers‘ knowledge of official rules, evaluations of police misconduct seriousness, views about appropriate and expected discipline, and adherence to the code of silence. Our results suggest that the views and attitudes of police officers employed in community policing are very similar to the views and attitudes of traditional police officers. On the other hand, we find that the views and attitudes of police officers who support community policing, regardless of whether they have worked as community policing officers, were somewhat different from police officers who are not supportive of community policing. 19 Originality/Value: Since the first police integrity survey in the 1990s, the number of empirical studies measuring the extent of police integrity has grown dramatically. Prior studies of police integrity have measured police integrity in many police agencies across the world, both centralized and decentralized. This research explores the relation between police integrity and community policing, an issue unexplored by the prior studies. Keywords: police integrity, community policing, police misconduct About the author(s): Sanja Kutnjak Ivković is a professor at the School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University. She holds a doctorate in criminology (Ph.D., University of Delaware) and a doctorate in law (SJD, Harvard University). Her research focuses on comparative and international criminology, criminal justice, and law. Prof. Kutnjak Ivković is the author of Reclaiming Justice: The International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and Local Courts (Oxford University Press, 2011; co-authored with John Hagan), The Fallen Blue Knights: Controlling Police Corruption (Oxford University Press, 2005) and Lay Participation in Criminal Trials (1999). She is the co- author with Carl Klockars and Maria R. Haberfeld of Enhancing Police Integrity (Springer, 2006), and co-editor with Carl Klockars and Maria Haberfeld of Contours of Police Integrity (Sage, 2004). Prof. Kutnjak Ivković‘s work has appeared in leading academic and law journals, such as the Law and Society Review; Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology; Criminology and Public Policy; Law and Policy; Stanford Journal of International Law; Cornell International Law Journal; Policing and Society; Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management; Police Quarterly. She has served as Vice Chair (2009-2011) and Chair (2011-2013) of the ACJS International Section and is the co-founder of the Law and Society Association Collaborative Research Network on Lay Participation. Corresponding Author: Sanja Kutnjak Ivkovich E-mail: kutnjak@msu.edu Address: Michigan State University, School of Criminal Justice, 560 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A. 20 ORGANISED CRIME 21 Preliminary Findings of Research on Organised Crime in the Last Decade in Slovenia Boštjan Slak, Gorazd Meško, Bojan Dobovšek Purpose: This paper presents preliminary findings from the research on organised crime in Slovenia as a part of the European research project ARIEL, on the infiltration of organised crime into the legitimate economy of Republic of Slovenia. Design/Methods/Approach: This paper presents preliminary findings from research on organised crime in Slovenia as a part of the European research project ARIEL, on the infiltration of organised crime into the legitimate economy of Republic of Slovenia. Findings: On the one hand, there is only little evidence that ―classical‖ organised crime is extensively entering the legitimate economy of Slovenia. On the other hand, it was noticed again that economic crimes, often organised to a certain degree, present a more serious security threat. Organised crime group members invest or own micro or small legal entities (i.e. companies/businesses). Activities of those businesses often include transportation services (e.g. taxis, trucking) or bars. It is assumed that those business ventures are mostly undertaken by a member of an organised crime group for his own purpose and do not present an activity of an organised crime group as a whole. Generally speaking, the presence of classical organised crime groups - that is those which engage in drug-, arms-, and human smuggling - is not negligible. Slovenia's geostrategic location is one of the reasons for such activities. Therefore, we have to be careful about how the Slovenian police characterise the registered cases of crimes related to organised crime. The reason for this scepticism is rooted in the observation that some recorded crimes are probably mistakenly attributed to organised criminal activities. Another significant finding is related to the absence of the linkage of organised crime and cybercrime in Slovenia. From the criminal investigation point of view, and at least at this stage of research, it can be stated 22 that Slovenian criminal investigators strive to understand the patterns of organised crime and possible responses to it. Originality/Value: This piece of research is a rare example of empirical investigation of the connections between organised crime and the legal/legitimate economy in Slovenia, as previous research on organised crime was more anecdotal. Studying the organised crime's influence on state economy is very significant in learning about the stability of the economy, establishment, and implementation of unified EU business framework rules. Keywords: ARIEL project, organised crime, infiltration in to the economy, abuse of business About the author(s): Boštjan Slak, researcher at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor. Gorazd Meško, Ph.D., Dean and Professor of Criminology at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Slovenia. His area of expertise is criminology, crime prevention, victimology, penology, and theory of social control. He was visiting professor at several universities: GVSU, Leicester, Val Paraiso, Eastern Kentucky University, Twente, Greenwich, Keele, University of Crete, and University of Cambridge. Telephone: +386 1 300 8300, Fax: +386 1 230 2687, Email: gorazd.mesko@fvv.uni-mb.si Bojan Dobovšek, Ph.D., Vice Dean and Associate Professor of Criminal Investigation at the University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security. His research interests are corruption, organized crime, economic crime, criminal investigations, investigative reporting, Western Balkans crime, art crime and environmental crime; bojan.dobovsek@fvv.uni-mb.si Corresponding Author: Boštjan Slak E-mail: Bostjan.Slak@fvv.uni-mb.si Address: Kotnikova 8, 1000 Ljubljana 23 There is no “child pornography”: the importance of proper terminology in public discourse Danijela Frangeţ, Anton Toni Klančnik, Bjørn-Erik Ludvigsen, Mikko Veijalainen, Maurine Lewin, Jarosław Kończyk, Fernando Ruiz Perez Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to present the importance of the contemporary terminology in the field of child sexual exploitation. Design/Methods/Approach: The paper is based on the research on the essential meaning of proper terminology in child sexual exploitation area. The research project included five countries in Europe (Slovenia, Norway, Finland, United Kingdom, and Poland), and Europol. The questionnaire was based on domestic and foreign literature review. Firstly, it was filled in individually by all participants; secondly, the proper and improper terms were compiled, discussed, and collectively defined by the authors of this paper. A qualitative approach was used to analyse the collected data. Findings: The need to define the key terms is very important because the language itself determines the key aspects of positioning a concrete terminology in society. For example, the obvious contrast is shown between the expressions ―child pornography‖ and ―child sexual abuse material‖. Children are not actors in pornographic materials; they do not and cannot give consent for any documented sexual activities. The documented sexual material represents a crime scene of child sexual abuse. Many different proper and improper expressions related to child sexual exploitation are used in legislations, official documents, court decisions, and the media. Any use of improper terminology (e.g. child erotica, kid porn, pedo love, child pornography, child sex tourism, child modelling, lolita porn, pedo pornography, etc.) can result in misunderstanding, misleading, and misinterpretation of seriousness of child sexual abuse. If the wrongful and offensive terminology is used, 24 re-victimization may occur, and it can reflect in the humiliation of a particular victim when describing child sexual abuse as ―just pornography‖, the expression used by offenders to justify their criminal behaviour. The paper suggests a group of proper phrases used among experts in Europe to be widely used in international treaties, national legislation, and in a wider public discussions and concerns. The expressions are divided in five major groups according to (1) the type of sexual abuse (child sexual abuse, child sexual exploitation, etc.), (2) the offender attribute (contact child sexual offender, transnational child sexual offender etc.), (3) the description of the material (documented child sexual abuse, child abuse material etc.), (4) the means of delivery (child abuse on demand, online stream child sexual abuse), and (5) victim identification as a process. Originality/Value: This research is the first known detailed international study on proper and improper use of terminology in child sexual exploitation area. It attempts to provide information on a group of expressions to be widely used in international treaties, national legislation, and in a wider public discussions and concerns (the media, court decisions, and official documents). Keywords: child, victim, sexual exploitation, sexual abuse, internet, terminology About the author(s): Danijela Frangeţ, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Slovenia (danijela.frangez@fvv.uni-mb.si). Anton Toni Klančnik, MA, Senior Criminal Police Inspector Specialist, Police, Criminal Police Directorate, General Police Directorate, Slovenia (toni.klancnik@policija.si). Bjørn-Erik Ludvigsen, Police Superintendent, National Criminal Investigation Service, Norway. Mikko Veijalainen, Senior Detective Constable, National Bureau of Investigation, Finland. 25 Maurine Lewin, The Head of Legal Services, the CEOP Command, the NCA, United Kingdom. Jarosław Kończyk, Lieutenant, Criminal Service Bureau in National Police Headquarters, Poland. Fernando Ruiz Perez, Team Leader FP Twins, EC3, Europol. Corresponding Author: Danijela Frangeţ E-mail: danijela.frangez@fvv.uni-mb.si Address: Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Kotnikova 8, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Kotnikova 8, Ljubljana 26 Drug-related Crime in Slovenia and Research of Court Cases Saša Kuhar, Bojan Dobovšek Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to present the characteristics and case-law aspects of drug-related crime in Slovenia. Design/methods/approach: This paper is based on a literature review and the study of court judgments for drug-related offences in Slovenia. The study included 52 final District Court judgments passed between 2010 and 2012. Findings: In the past few years, the issue of addressing drug problems has been part of an intensive public, scientific, and political debate. Drug policy in the Republic of Slovenia is coordinated and implemented by the government, ministries and their organisational units, and public and other institutions. Police records show that around 1,600 drug-related crimes are committed in Slovenia every year. The paper presents the results of a study of court cases involving drug-related crime. The research sample includes drug-related files from the Ljubljana District Court. All offences that violate Articles 186 and 187 of the 2008 Criminal Code are punishable by imprisonment of more than three years. Penalties prescribed by the law for drug trafficking are similar to penalties prescribed for other serious criminal offences, such as manslaughter, rape, or aggravated robbery. The sample consisted of 52 final District Court judgments from the past three years. There were only 2 final court judgments passed for Rendering Opportunity for the Use of Illicit Drugs or Illicit Substances in Sport (Article 187). In the remaining 50 cases, offenders were sentenced for Unlawful Manufacture of and Trade in Illicit Drugs, Illicit Substances in Sport and Precursors to Manufacture Illicit Drugs (Article 186). The results show that there is no difference in the sentencing practice of offences in terms of non-suspended and suspended sentences. In most cases, the 27 circumstance affecting the Court‘s decision is the defendant‘s criminal record. Judges do not use harsh penalties for drug-related offences. In most of cases, their decisions about sanctions are based on the prescribed minimum. Penalties are harsher only when it comes to large amounts of illicit drugs, when offences are committed within a criminal organisation, or when offenders organised a network of drug resellers or agents. The Criminal Code provisions on the mitigation of punishment were applied in 40 cases. In a few cases, offenders were also sentenced for unauthorised possession of drugs despite the fact that the principal jurisdiction for this type of crime lies with municipal courts. Offenders were prosecuted for drug possession and other more serious drug-related crimes in criminal proceedings at the District Court in order to facilitate prosecution and decrease costs in line with the special provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code. Research limitations/implications: Research limitations are related to data collection. The sample was small and limited to three years. Nevertheless, the data provide some important characteristics of court judgments for drug-related crime in Slovenia. Originality/value: This study is one of the first studies on drug-related court judgments in Slovenia. The findings could be interesting for criminal investigators, judges, prosecutors, non-governmental organisation s and other stakeholders dealing with investigation of drug-related offences. Keywords: drugs, drug-related offences, drug investigation, court case About the authors: Saša Kuhar, M.A., Assistant of Criminal Investigation, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Slovenia. She is a Ph.D. student at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, Slovenia. E-mail: sasa.kuhar1@gmail.com, sasa.kuhar@fvv.uni-mb.si Bojan Dobovšek, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Criminal Investigation, is a Vice Dean at the Faculty of Criminal Justice, University of Maribor, Slovenia. E-mail: bojan.dobovsek@fvv.uni-mb.si 28 Corresponding Author: Saša Kuhar E-mail: sasa.kuhar@fvv.uni-mb.si Address: Preglov trg 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 29 The Issue of the Integrity Plans in Slovenia Jasna Fedran, Bojan Dobovšek Purpose: Corruption is one of the greatest and serious social problems our country faces today. Slovenia was found to be burdened with systemic or structural corruption; therefore, one of its priority efforts should be establishing a more effective national structure and taking the most appropriate systemic anti-corruption measures. According the fact that the previous repressive reactions against corruption have proven ineffective, it is necessary to pursue the anti-corruption measures aimed at its prevention. One of the major measures is the integrity plan, representing a successful breakthrough in the area of prevention of corruption, as Slovenia is the first in the European Union to have implemented it. Consequently, a pilot research on integrity plans was conducted. The purpose of the article is to highlight and emphasize the topical issue related to integrity plans in Slovenia, especially in terms of public sector institutions which are obliged to elaborate these plans. Design/Methods/Approach: This contribution is based on the methods specific to qualitative and interpretative research paradigms, particularly comparative and descriptive ones. Further, the methods of analysis and examination of relevant domestic and foreign primary and secondary resources and legal acts are used. In their interviews with integrity plan planners and producers, the authors also use data collection techniques. Findings: With regard to the issue at hand, aversion or unwillingness of integrity plan producers to participate in our research was found, generally. However, the detailed results of the research not only show that the current concept of integrity plan should be partially upgraded, but they also reveal that only few leading employees participate in elaborating their integrity plans. 30 Originality/Value: An issue arising from the paper reflects the exceptional endeavour to establish a stable prevention national policy. The key findings derive from the research which has never been conducted – it is actually the first pilot research of the integrity plans in Slovenia. Keywords: integrity, integrity plan, integrity plan producers, public sector, Commission for the Prevention of Corruption, Slovenia About the author(s): Jasna Fedran, M.Sc., employed at the Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Slovenia, Slovenian Armed Forces, and a Ph.D. student at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Slovenia. Her research fields of interest are ethics, integrity, integrity plans, prevention of corruption; jasna.fedran@gmail.com Bojan Dobovšek, Ph.D., Vice Dean and Associate Professor of Criminal Investigation at the University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security. His research interests are corruption, organized crime, economic crime, criminal investigations, investigative reporting, Western Balkans crime, art crime and environmental crime; bojan.dobovsek@fvv.uni-mb.si Corresponding Author: Jasna Fedran E-mail: jasna.fedran@gmail.com Address: Mizarska cesta 31 C, 3210 Slovenske Konjice 31 POLICING 1 32 Strategy of Police Search for the Missing Persons Ksenija Butorac, Marijan Šuperina, Ljiljana Mikšaj Todorović Purpose: This paper examines distribution of elderly missing persons in the city of Zagreb per variables (age, sex of the missing person, social and marital status, employment, place and duration of disappearance, method of finding the missing person, its outcome, reasons for disappearance etc.) needed for the design of the plan of the search for the missing person. Design/Methods/Approach: The paper uses the data collected through a questionnaire with 417 variables and processed by way of certain basic statistical methods. The collected data are examined on a sample of 170 elderly missing persons in the city of Zagreb, and through characteristics of methods, measures and actions, together with the methods of search for elderly persons in cities, with special reference to Zagreb. Findings: The statistically established behavioural modes of certain groups of elderly people are analysed: persons with Alzheimer‘s disease and persons with suicidal risk. The stated findings largely assist in planning and conducting the search for those persons, especially for missing person profiling and their possible movement since disappearance. The success of the search for the missing person presumes knowledge about the stated specifics by all searchers. It especially applies to the police in the formal sense due to its sole duty and competence for the search for missing persons, as well as in the real sense where they conduct search measures and actions together with other participants, adapted to real situations of disappearance of elderly persons. The research has been limited by the data available from the police bulletin of daily events, and this limitation was partially removed by a direct insight into the police files also containing case history. During the research, the legal and ethical regulations regarding personal data protection were strictly followed. 33 Originality/Value: There is a number of researches on police search for the missing persons (UK, USA, Australia, etc.), but few of them deal with elderly persons. This paper introduces a new offensive approach to the search for the missing person on the strategic level (missing person profiling with regard to specific variables, possible movement, and routes, ―wanderings―). New police procedures are suggested on the tactical level (e.g., stopping a person who disappeared in a certain area) in addition to the use of traditional police methods (car®ular patrols, police officers on bicycles, police search dogs, collecting information, conducting interviews, terrain search etc.). Also introduced is the principle of partnerhip search for the missing person. Research results should be useful to police practice and training. Keywords: missing person, police search, elderly person, Alzheimer's disease, suicide About the author(s): Ksenija Butorac, Assoc. Prof., Police College, Ministry of the Interior, Republic of Croatia; MSc Marijan Šuperina, doctorand, Faculty of Criminalistics, Criminology and Security Studies, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; Ljiljana Mikšaj-Todorović, Full Professor, Faculty of Education and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Zagreb, Republic of Croatia. Corresponding Author: Ksenija Butorac E-mail: ksenija.butorac@gmail.com Address: Research and University Study, Ministry of the Interior, Police Academy, Police College, Av. G. Suska 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, 0038512426340, GSM 00385915608417. 34 Discussion on the Neighbourhood Watch Implementation Possibilities in Slovenia Monika Klemenčič, Martina Stipič Purpose: This paper examines the level of residents‘ involvement in the community policing. Research focuses on the analysis of foreign good practice examples and possibilities of implementation in Slovenia. Design/Methods/Approach: The major part of this article is based on a review and an analysis of domestic and foreign literature and a review of foreign practices compiled by the European Crime Prevention Network. The empirical part of the research consists of the practitioners‘ and the academia‘s opinions about possibilities of the neighbourhood watch implementation. Findings: Community policing has a long tradition in Slovenia and was successfully implemented to some extent. Police-community cooperation is even more emphasized in the new legislation, but not yet sufficiently implemented. Neighbourhood watch is not established in Slovenia. However, in foreign countries this form of cooperation exists and is regulated in different ways. Analysis of foreign practises demonstrates that neighbourhood watch could be enforced in Slovenia. The system would be based on volunteering or modern technology. Originality/Value: Previous studies of community policing conducted in Slovenia examined neighbourhood watch indirectly. This is also the main reason for the research. This paper presents possibilities of neighbourhood watch implementation and its subsequent upgrades in the Slovenian system. It is intended for practitioners and academia engaged in the field of policing. Keywords: neighbourhood watch, community policing, policing, legislation, good practice, volunteering 35 About the author(s): Monika Klemenčič, undergraduate student at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Slovenia. E-mail: monika.klemencic@student.um.si Martina Stipič, undergraduate student at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Slovenia and former Erasmus exchange student at the University of Salford, United Kingdom. E-mail: martina.stipic@student.um.si Corresponding Author: Monika Klemenčič E-mail: monika.klemencic@student.um.si Address: Peričeva ulica 3, 1000 Ljubljana 36 Police Effectiveness as the Main Influencing Factor of the Community Policing Strategy on Citizens' Sense of Safety in Croatia Krunoslav Borovec, Draţen Vitez, Irena Cajner Mraović Purpose: The main goal of the paper is to explore the relationship between the Community policing strategy and the affective and cognitive citizens' perception of safety in Croatia. Design/Methods/Approach: Field research is conducted on the entire Croatian territory on the representative sample of 1096 respondents. Quasi-canonical analysis is used in data processing to examine how components of the Community policing strategy are related to variables which are indicators of citizens' sense of safety. Findings: Findings suggest a complex relationship between the Community policing strategy and citizens' sense of safety. While most of the extracted components of the Community policing strategy have a positive effect on the perception of safety, others are not significantly connected or they are connected contrary to the expectation. The data prove that the attitudes toward the police and the perception of police effectiveness in preventing and detecting crime are main factors of the Community policing strategy which have the most significant impact on the sense of safety. Originality/Value: Police is subjected to constant change with the purpose of more effective achievement of police objectives. One of the most important objectives is the strengthening of the public sense of safety. This objective is particularly dominant within the community policing model, which has been implemented in Croatia since 2003, as a new police strategy. This paper is a part of evaluation of ten-year implementation of community policing strategy in Croatia. 37 Keywords: Croatian police strategy, community policing, sense of safety, police effectiveness, evaluation About the author(s): Krunoslav Borovec, Ph.D., Croatian Police Directorate, Head of Uniform Police. Research interests: community policing, fear of crime, police public relations, police integrity, crime prevention. Teaching experience: subjects CrimePrevention, Public Relations and Police at Croatian Police College, invited lectures at the University of Zagreb. Rewards: GrandPRix for the Comunicator of the Year 2012, Croatian Public Relations Association. Contact: kborovec@mup.hr Draţen Vitez, Ph.D. candidate at University of Osijek, Croatia, Croatian Police Directorate, Deputy Chief of Police. Research interests: costs of crime, community policing. Teaching experience: invited lectures at Croatian Police College. Contact: dvitez@mup.hr Irena Cajner Mraović, Ph.D., University of Zagreb, Centre for Croatian Studies, Department for Sociology, associate professor. Research interests: community policing, public perception of police, juvenile crime, violent crime, sport and violence. Teaching experience: Croatian Police College: undergraduate and graduate study; University of Zagreb, Centre for Croatian Studies: undergraduate and graduate study; University of Zagreb, Faculty for Education and Rehabilitation Sciences: postgraduate study. Contact: icajner@gmail.com Corresponding Author: Irena Cajner Mraović E-mail: icajner@gmail.com Address: University of Zagreb, Centre for Croatian Studies, Borongajska 83 d, Zagreb, Croatia 38 Lessons Learned from Good Practices in Local Security Provision Bernarda Tominc, Andrej Sotlar, Gorazd Meško Purpose: The purpose is to present the main common characteristics of best practices in local security provision in EU. The case study is based on the research completed as a part of the URBIS project, following the cognition that one of the main obstacles in adoption of best practices is a lack of knowledge thereof. Design/Methods/Approach: The data on best practices in EU member countries was collected by way of desktop research. The data on trust in national security agencies was collected through social surveys. Findings: The knowledge and best practice attributes of local security provision are constantly changing, developing, and adapting to the new security environment. However, learning from and through the experience of others is the best way to achieve and to succeed in security provision objectives in community. The first step into a more secure environment is to define the areas where security could improve and how/with what means (what and how). This improvement is also possible through a best practice that acquires new thinking and capabilities from external sources. In analysing best practices, we identified some factors that may contribute to the success of security provision projects. These are: the role of management (project management and human resource management), pro-activity of personnel involved, their attitudes and dedication to the project, a multi-agency approach and the level of police force involved, innovation, the role of stakeholders and financial resources, the level of knowledge and capabilities, rigidity of implementation, etc. Regarding multi-agency approaches to local security provision, some results from the national survey on trust in different subject are presented. 39 The discussion provides also a critical reflection on a complex nature of the transfer of crime control ideas. Originality/Value: A review of good practices and a reflection on application in the Slovenian social control practice. Keywords: security provision, crime prevention, urban security, local communities, good practices About the author(s): Bernarda Tominc, BA, Teaching Assistant at the University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security. Her research interest includes international political and security integrations, security threats in contemporary society, national security systems. Contact information: Kotnikova 8, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, phone: + 386 1 300 83 31, fax: + 386 1 230 26 87, e-mail: bernarda.tominc@fvv.uni- mb.si Andrej Sotlar, Ph.D., Associate Professor in Security Systems at the University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security. His main research fields of interests are: the structure of national security systems; security policy-making process; intelligence and security services; private security and relationship between public and private security/policing providers; terrorism. Contact information: Kotnikova 8, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, phone: + 386 1 300 83 32, fax: + 386 1 230 26 87, e-mail: andrej.sotlar@fvv.uni-mb.si Gorazd Meško, Ph.D., Professor of Criminology and the Dean at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Slovenia. His research fields are crime prevention, policing, prison work, fear of crime, and crimes against the environment. He is currently involved in the following international projects: eSEC – preparation of a WEB portal of colleges of security studies in Europe, EMUS - European Master in Urban Safety (EFUS, Paris). He is editor in chief of the Journal of Criminal Investigation and Criminology (orig. Revija za kriminalistiko in kriminologijo) and a member of the editorial board of the Policing – An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management. Contact information: Kotnikova 8, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, phone: + 386 1 300 83 00, fax: + 386 1 230 26 87, e-mail: gorazd.mesko@fvv.uni-mb.si 40 Corresponding Author: Bernarda Tominc E-mail: bernarda.tominc@fvv.uni-mb.si Address: University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, Kotnikova 8, SI- 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; +386 1 300 83 31 41 CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION 1 42 Criminal Investigation of Counterfeit Medicines Danijela Frangeţ, Sabina Zgaga, Darko Maver Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to present legal, criminological, and investigation aspects of counterfeit pharmaceuticals in Slovenia and abroad, drawing attention to this world-wide problem which has not yet been discussed in details in Slovenia. Authors will discuss the legal aspects of the Slovenian legislation regarding Convention on the counterfeiting of medical products and similar crimes involving threats to public health. They will consider the counterfeiting and falsification of medicines, fraud, distribution, and consequences of their use. Further, they will highlight the challenges of detection and investigation of these complex and usually well-hidden crimes. The analysis will focus on clues and circumstances which could indicate counterfeits, as well as on consequences of their use. Design/Methods/Approach: The paper offers an analysis of the literature review and a presentation of case studies in Slovenia and abroad. Findings: Counterfeit medicines are fake medicines. Their quality is unpredictable as they may contain wrong amounts of active ingredients, wrong ingredients, no active ingredients, or highly toxic substances. They could be contaminated when being manufactured secretly and without any control, potentially putting at risk the health of millions of people who believe that the medicines they bought are safe and effective. Medicine counterfeiting is increasing around the globe and is, due to high profits, connected with organised crime and terrorism. Fake medicines can be bought online, as if in pharmacies, when fake distributers are able to infiltrate their counterfeits into highly monitored official chains of distribution. Counterfeit medicines can lead to therapeutic failure, deterioration, and, in some cases, to death. 43 Three women had been given highly toxic counterfeit iron injections in Argentina. Two of them died, and the third gave birth to a premature baby. At that time, counterfeiting medicines was not incriminated in Argentinean law, and, due to falsified paper work, the authorities were unable to determine the source of the counterfeit product. Irrespective of severe consequences, in some countries medicine counterfeiting is still not incriminated. Therefore, Council of Europe established Convention on the counterfeiting of medical products and similar crimes involving threats to public health, in 2012. The purpose of this Convention is to prevent and combat threats to public health by providing for criminalisation of certain acts, protecting the rights of victims, and promoting national and international cooperation. The Convention was signed by 20 member States and three Non-members of the Council of Europe. To date, the Convention was ratified by Ukraine, Spain, and Hungary. It will be enacted after five ratifications including at least three member States. Slovenia has not signed it yet. Further, analysis indicated insufficient experiences in detection, investigation, and proving of counterfeit medicines in Slovenia. The authors also determined a lack of domestic and foreign literature, as well as a lack of research in this field. The presented study is therefore the first to analyse medicine counterfeiting from legal, criminological and investigation aspects in Slovenia. In the future, this world-wide problem should be discussed in detail with law enforcement agencies, criminal-justice professionals, forensic medicine experts, pharmaceutical industry, and healthcare. Originality/Value: The paper deals with a global public health issue and should be interesting to law enforcement agencies, criminal-justice professionals, forensic medicine experts, pharmaceutical industry, healthcare, and the public. Keywords: legislation, detection, investigation, medicines, counterfeit About the author(s): Danijela Frangeţ, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, danijela.frangez@fvv.uni-mb.si Sabina Zgaga, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, sabina.zgaga@fvv.uni-mb.si 44 Darko Maver, Ph.D., Full Professor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, darko.maver@fvv.uni-mb.si Corresponding Author: Danijela FrangeţNapaka! Zaznamek ni definiran. E-mail: danijela.frangez@fvv.uni-mb.si Address: Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Kotnikova 8, Ljubljana 45 Financial Investigation in Serbia - Current Situation and Perspective Goran Bošković, Slaviša Vuković, Saša Mijalković Purpose: This paper includes an analysis of the situation in the field of application of financial investigations in Serbia, identifying gaps, pointing to the possibilities and defining recommendations for improving the existing practices. Design/Methods/Approach: The research is based on a content analysis of literature and existing legislation and their comparison in the field of financial investigation in Serbia. Some aspects of researching are based on the analysis of the data of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Directorate for Management of Seized Assets in the domain of results of financial investigation and confiscation of proceeds of crime. Findings: On the global level, the focus of the fight against property-motivated crime is to concentrate on seizure of illegally acquired funds obtained through criminal activity and to disable inclusion of such assets in the legal financial flows. The authors highlight the importance of methods and modalities of financial investigations in the contemporary criminal practice in Serbia. These enable detection of and finding of illegal proceeds of crime activity and provide a basis for initiating proceedings for forfeiture of the funds. Based on the research we can conclude that in Serbia there is a need for: strengthening the capacity of the Financial Investigation Unit; integrating databases of different government bodies in a single system; promotion opportunities and range of financial investigation in law enforcement agencies; defining procedures for pooling of financial and criminal investigations, especially in cases of organized crime; creation of specialized training programs for financial investigators; efficient monitoring of goods and cash flows in foreign trade operations; research volume, distribution and concentration of criminal profits. 46 Originality/Value: This research emphasizes the actual state of financial investigation in Serbia in several aspects, and provides a brief insight into possibilities. Which could help significantly into the improvement of measures against profit oriented criminal activities. Keywords: financial investigation, organized crime, confiscation proceeds of crime, Serbia About the author(s): Goran Bošković, Ph.D. is an Associate professor at the Department of Criminalistic, Academy of Criminalistic and Police Studies, Belgrade, Serbia. His research interest is focused on criminal investigation of organized crime, money laundering and financial investigation. Email: goran.boskovic@kpa.edu.rs Slaviša Vuković, Ph.D. is an Associate professor at the Department of Criminalistic, Academy of Criminalistic and Police Studies, Belgrade, Serbia. Email: slavisa.vukovic@kpa.edu.rs Saša Mijalković, Ph.D. is an Associate professor at the Department of Security, Academy of Criminalistic and Police Studies, Belgrade, Serbia. Email: sasa.mijalkovic@kpa.edu.rs Corresponding Author: Goran Bošković E-mail: goran.boskovic@kpa.edu.rs Address: Cara Dušana Street, 11080 Zemun-Beograd, Republic of Serbia, Mob. +381648925009 47 Criminal and Financial Investigation of Money Laundering in the Republic of Macedonia Svetlana Nikoloska Purpose: Money laundering as a secondary crime or criminal legalization of money and other proceeds acquired by criminal activities is a problem that has been paid special attention in the country in the last decade. The national legislation has adopted most of the recommendations of international legal acts and recommendations of committees and bodies that are responsible for this problem with an international character. Reforms in the penal material and procedure criminal law are made in order to create conditions for criminal and financial research on criminal acts of the perpetrators who have acquired with high crime proceeds that legalized or transferred to in safe shelter abroad, where the there is weak control of origin of the money. Criminal and financial research as a whole is a complex process that involves more civil agencies and institutions under the leadership of the Public Prosecutor. For the successful implementation of the process it is necessary that team working, planning, the coordination of the moment, initial operational information of the full realization with the confiscation of crime proceeds have to be provided. In this paper we will analyze the legal preconditions and the ways and methods of conducting criminal and financial investigation and analysis of practical a criminal - legal cases in the Republic of Macedonia in the period 2010 - 2014 year. Design/Methods/Approach: This paper will be systematized in the following parts: 1. The notion and definition of money laundering; 2. The crime act, money laundering and other proceeds from crime, according to art. 273 of the Penal Code of the Republic of Macedonia; 3. Criminalistic investigation - measures and actions; 4. Financial investigation - concepts, methods; 5. The role of public prosecution - team working for the planning, coordination and exchange of information; 6. Analysis of the criminalistic practice in the Republic of Macedonia; 7. Conclusion and references. 48 Findings: After the reforms of material criminal law in 2009 in the Republic of Macedonia, and with the redefining of the crime, money laundering and the other proceeds from criminal offence, the conditions for criminalistic and financial investigation of criminal situations by which perpetrators obtained a high crime proceeds or wealth enjoyed by in the nation state or, sought shelter, in foreign states and banks, have been improved. Besides that, criminal investigations and financial investigations have been conducted and in most cases criminal money and other criminal proceeds are being detected and confiscated. There has been an increase in the percentage of criminal cases in which the perpetrators are accused of money laundering in addition to the charges of a first instance crime from which money and other proceeds were acquired. Originality/Value: This paper relies on the author‘s own analysis and research based on scientific and professional methods and instruments for data gathering and concept of analyses of practical examples. Keywords: money laundering, criminal investigation, financial investigation, crime proceeds, confiscation About the author(s): Svetlana Nikoloska, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Criminal methodology at Faculty of Security - Skopje, St. Kliment Ohridski – Bitola, Republic of Macedonia. Corresponding Author: Svetlana Nikoloska E-mail: snikoloska@fb.uklo.edu.mk Address: Skopje, Sava Kovacevic, 47 G/36 49 Theory of Probability and Criminal Procedure: A New Perception of Interpretation of Evidences and Court’s Ruling Haris Halilović, Nedţad Korajlić, Aida Cacan Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to test whether it would be possible to introduce the so-called Bayes rule in a contemporary civil criminal procedure of a civil legal tradition. The theory of probability, usually discussed within statistics or mathematics, is rather marginally, if at all, discussed in the civil legal literature in general, and in criminal law literature in particular, especially with regard to its implementation in criminal trials for the purpose of getting a court‘s ruling. On the other side, this theory is well known in Common Law countries, and is as such in the focus of legal theory for a long time. According to purpose, several questions are asked in this paper, such as: Is it possible to use the Bayes rule in the application of the law of evidence for the purpose of obtaining courts‘ rulings? If yes, under what conditions? And finally: What would be consequences of the introduction of such rule? Design/Methods/Approach: Synthesis of accessible theoretical knowledge, court rulings and research studies regarding the Bayes rule and its implementation in contemporary criminal procedure. Findings: Theory of probability and Bayes rule has a real value in interpretation of some specific kinds of evidences but in general its use in criminal procedure remains disputable. Originality/Value: Use of Bayes rule in criminal procedure has not been deeply researched in Bosnia and Herzegovina, so the paper will contribute to better understanding of its use for interpretation of evidences and its influence on court‘s ruling. 50 Keywords: Bayes rule, criminal procedure, evidence law, interpretation of evidences, court‘s ruling About the author(s): Haris Halilović, Ph.D., is Associate Professor of Criminal Procedure at the Faculty of Criminal Justice, Criminology and Security Studies, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. His research interest consists of criminal procedure, comparative criminal procedure and evidence law. E-mail: hhalilovic@fkn.unsa.ba Nedţad Korajlić, Ph.D., is Associate Professor of criminalistics and Dean of the Faculty of Criminalistics, Criminology and Security, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Aida Cacan, MA in Criminal Justice, State Investigation and Protection Agency BiH. Her proffesional and research interest consists of criminal justice, criminal procedure and interpretation of evidences. E-mail: aida_cacani@yahoo.com Corresponding Author: Haris Halilovic E-mail: hhalilovic@fkn.unsa.ba Address: University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Criminal Justice, Criminology and Security Studies, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina 51 Public Video Surveillance – Enigma Question for Serbian Lawmaker Milan Ţarković, Zvonimir Ivanović, Ivan Ţarković Purpose: This paper examines status and practical problems within the scope of the use of public video surveillance for police and criminal procedure purposes. Design/Methods/Approach: The approach used in this paper is, initially, that of comparative and legal analysis of how the Serbian system tackles public video surveillance and its derivate as evidence in different procedures. It also examines different government agencies‘ reactions to usage of this derivate, such as the reaction of the Ombudsperson and the Commissioner for Information of Public Importance and Personal Data Protection, and procedures and actions of the criminal investigation department of police. This paper also examines this question in the light of implementation of European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) and jurisprudence of European Court of Human Rights. Findings: The results allow for different perspectives to changes made in Serbian laws. Also, they lead us to infer about strategically important decisions and deduct about the ways and procedures for implementing different solutions and approaches to surveillance. Research limitations/implications: the implications of this paper are strictly connected with the Serbian system, but the solutions as such are universal. Originality/Value: In Serbia, there were studies which covered public video surveillance, but changes in some crucial system laws were a step back in their evolution. This paper deals critically with such strategically wrong steps. Keywords: surveillance, public surveillance, public video surveillance, Serbia, law 52 About the author(s): Milan Ţarković is a full professor at the Academy of Criminalistic and Police Studies; teaches Criminalistic tactics. Zvonimir Ivanović is an assistant professor at the Academy of Criminalistic and Police Studies, teaches Criminalistic tactics. Ivan Ţarković is a criminalistics specialist and a police inspector at Service for combating organized crime. Corresponding Author: Milan Ţarković E-mail: m.zarkovic@ikomline.net Address: Cara Dušana st. nr.196 53 CRIMINOLOGY AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE 54 Victim-Offender Mediation and Due Process Guarantees in the Macedonian Justice for Children System: Competitive or Balancing? Stojanka Mirčeva, Vesna Stefanovska, Bogdančo Gogov Purpose: The aim of the paper is to report on some of the findings from a small scale survey within the project ―Assistance to Implementation of Restorative Justice Concept‖, carried out in 2014. The paper examines the observance of due process guarantees of the parties referred to Victim-Offender Mediation (VOM) in the Justice System for Children, and particularly the pioneering practice in Macedonia associated with challenges pertaining to the multicultural character of the community. Design/Methods/Approach: The survey uses the qualitative approach. The analysis is based on qualitative data collected by using in-depth interviews and document analysis. The sources of data for assessing the observance of due processes guarantees of parties to VOM were relevant stakeholder from the Court, Public Prosecutor‘s Office, Mediators, Police Service, Center for Social Work, the Child and the Victim, as well as court/prosecutors files. In-depth interviews were carried out with 17 stakeholders in order to examine the professional attitudes, meanings and experience of the respondents in relation to victim-offender mediation and whether such a process meets the due processes rights of parties and whether protection is in place. Document analysis as a data collection technique was applied to two prosecutor‘s files and one court file, which, at present, are the only cases of VOM in Justice System for Children. In particular, to examine how fair trial standards are met in the cases referred to VOM. Findings: The main findings pertain to the indispensable recognition that meanings attributed to VOM in Justice System for Children, as well as expectations, vary extensively among respondents. In turn, this situation is shaped substantially by the due processes standards applied in all 3 VOM cases. In addition, the attributed meaning 55 of VOM impacts the balance between the implementation of basic principles of VOM accompanied with due processes guarantees. Originality/Value: While much research in the Western Europe on balancing VOM principles and fair trial standards has been conducted and good practices developed, no research whatsoever was carried out in relation to VOM in Justice System for Children in Macedonia. This small scale survey is particularly valuable in filling up the existing empirical gap, and the findings might be used as a basis for developing system prerequisites for VOM. Keywords: VOM, child offender, victim, Macedonian Justice System for Children About the author(s): Stojanka Mirčeva, Assistant professor, Police and Human Rights, Faculty of Security - Skopje, University St. Kliment Ohridski –Bitola. Main areas of research: comparative studies on treatment of victims in the criminal justice system, justice system for children, restorative paradigm, as well as research on policing and HIV/AIDS and non-discrimination, police responses to domestic violence against women. Contact details: Department of Police Sciences, Faculty of Security – Skopje, University St. Kliment Ohridski – Bitola, ul. ―1‖ Kolonija Idrizovo, No.2A, 1000, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia, tel/fax: ++389 2 2546-211, mob. ++389 78 275-286, e-mail address: smirceva@gmail.com Vesna Stefanovska, Assistant professor in Criminology, Faculty of Security - Skopje, University St. Kliment Ohridski –Bitola. Main areas of research:criminology, restorative justice, crime prevention, justice for children, prison society. Contact details: Department of Criminology and Criminal Law, Faculty of Security – Skopje, University St. Kliment Ohridski – Bitola, ul. ―1‖ Kolonija Idrizovo, No.2A, 1000, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia, tel/fax: ++389 2 2546-211, mob. ++389 70 243-751, e-mail address: vesne_stojkovska@yahoo.com Bogdančo Gogov, Assistant professor, Police and Human Rights, Faculty of Security - Skopje, University St. Kliment Ohridski –Bitola. Main areas of research: policing and fair trial standards, restorative justice, community policing, gender based violence against women. Contact details: Department of Police Sciences, Faculty of Security – Skopje, University St. Kliment Ohridski – Bitola, ul. ―1‖ Kolonija Idrizovo, 56 No.2A, 1000, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia, tel/fax: ++389 2 2546-211, mob. ++389 70 325-762, e-mail address: bgogov@t-home.mk Corresponding Author: Stojanka Mirceva E-mail: s.mirceva@gmail.com Address: Department of Police Sciences, Faculty of Security – Skopje, University St. Kliment Ohridski – Bitola, ul. ―1‖ Kolonija Idrizovo, No.2A, 1000, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia, tel/fax: ++389 2 2546-211 57 Alternatives to Prison for Drug Offenders Georgios I. Nouskalis Purpose: The investigation of implications of alternative punishment for drug-addicted offenders who committed drug trafficking. Design/Methods/Approach: The research of implementation of greek jurisprudence about the new therapeutic, pre- and post-trial sentencing, measures and alternative punishments in accordance with greek criminal law and procedural law. Findings: The judges hesitate to implement the new provisions due to inadequate training. Originality/Value: There is no published opinion about the related judgment. Keywords: addicted, alternative punishment, therapeutic measures, pre-trial treatment About the author(s): Georgios Nouskalis, Ph.D.-Lecturer in Criminal Law, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece (gnouskal@law.auth.gr, tel 0030 2310 996642). Corresponding Author: Georgios Nouskalis E-mail: georgnouskalis@gmail.com Address: Fragon 13, 54626 Thessaloniki, Greece 58 Violence and Culture Olivera Pavićević, Biljana Simeunović-Patić Purpose: The paper aims to highlight the importance of discussing violence as a cultural phenomenon. It intends to stress the need of engaging cultural analysis in explaining dimensions of youth violence, violence against women and hate crimes. The phenomenon of violence is observed in a continuity of social changes that happened in Serbia during the past two decades: in spite of the prevailing cultural patterns, violence continued to exist as a distinct phenomenon incarnated and banalized through the competition of various ‘isms‘ - elitism, sexism, heterosexism, ageism, and so on. Design/Methods/Approach: The approach includes both the concepts of cultural criminology and strain theory. Aggression and violence are understood as phenomena that are learned through behavioural patterns observed as socially acceptable or at least tolerable in some instances/circumstances/forms. They are seen as larger cultural phenomena: society sometimes legitimizes, glorifies, and is entertained by certain forms of violence. On the other hand, a structural basis of violence as its latent dimensions makes violence consistently manifest itself in everyday life in various forms and social spheres. Findings: Constant interrelation between culture and violence has been linked to the rise of specific subculture of violence as a by-product of the 1990s processes of re- traditionalization - the subculture that has been given a chance to be promoted as an adaptable cultural pattern within the context of an explosive growth of delinquency in society. In the post-transition period, an influence of culture that legitimizes aggressiveness and egoism as tolerable forms of 'assertiveness' and 'strength' may be identified. Its characteristics may be obseved in arising cultural order of neoliberal and corporate capitalism relying on all-embracing insecurities of a wider population. Aggresiveness and violence celebrated by mass-culture and 59 entertainment industry, as well as material criteria of social affirmation, are unavoidable elements of new cultural paradigm. Originality/Value: Little academic effort has been done in conceptualizing and testing the concept of violence as a cultural phenomenon, particularly in Serbia. Keywords: culture, violence, democratization, post-transition society, capitalism About the author(s): Olivera Pavićević (Ph.D.) is research associate at the Institute for Criminological and Sociological Research in Belgrade. She is especially interested in research in the field of cultural criminology and crimes of violence. She is author or co-author of several monographs and scientific articles in numerous journals. Contact information: oliverapavicevic@open.telekom.rs. Biljana Simeunović-Patić (Ph.D.) is associate professor of Criminology and Victimology at the Academy of Criminalistic and Police Studies in Belgrade. She has participated in several international and domestic research projects on crime, criminal victimization and crime prevention, and authored/co-authored seven books and more than 80 journal articles and book chapters. Contact information: biljasp@hotmail.com, +381 11 3107275. Corresponding Author: Biljana Simeunović Patić E-mail: biljasp@hotmail.com Address: Kriminalističko-policijska akademija, Cara Dušana 196, 11080 Zemun, Republic of Serbia 60 Teaching about Domestic Violence: Challenges and Triumphs Shannon Weer Purpose: An increasing number of crime and justice programs offer a course in domestic violence. Based on teaching this course every semester for the last ten years, this paper will examine the challenges and rewards of effectively teaching a feminist oriented domestic violence course to undergraduate students that mostly come from a rural appalachian background. Design/Methods/Approach: Through an examination of a wealth of experience and qualitative and quantitative data, this paper demonstrates how a supportive and nurturing feminist approach to teaching students can yield significant changes in students' consciousness about this sensitive and potentially voliatle area of study. Findings: Without exception, students consistently reveal that the bulk of them have had direct experience with some form of domestic violence. Teaching them how to make theoretical and practical sense of their experiences -- as well as the domestic violence problems they will encounter working in the field -- is extremely beneficial in numerous ways that will be reviewed. Originality/Value: Too often academics discuss the difficulties in educating and reaching students. This paper will discuss an approach and various strategies for overcoming these difficulties. Keywords: domestic violence; pedagogy; teaching; feminist approach 61 About the author(s): Shannon Leigh Weer, Adjunct Professor, Eastern Kentucky University, Worked in the field in the area of domestic violence for 10 years. Has taught 34 sections of domestic violence to undergraduate students over the last 10 years. Corresponding Author: Shannon Leigh Weer E-mail: shannon.weer@eku.edu Address: School of Justice Studies, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY 40475 62 CRIME, CRIMINALITY AND SOCIAL CONTROL 63 Juvenile Crime in 21st Century: Escalating Problem or Just a Media Sensation? The Case of Croatia Irena Cajner Mraović, Valentina Asančaić, Dubravko Derk Purpose: The main goal of the paper is to analyse dynamics of juvenile crime and to identify long-term tendencies in the development of this negative social phenomenon in Croatia in this century. Design/Methods/Approach: Because the rule of appropriate scope for discretion is to be allowed at all stages of proceedings and at different levels of juvenile justice administration, data on reported crime are the most appropriate official source of data on juvenile crime. Based on official police statistics, the analysis of the dynamics and the average rate of change are used to reveal and compare trends in reported overall, violent, and juvenile property crime in Croatia between 2000 and 2013. The model of a linear trend is used to make a prediction of future short-time trends in juvenile overall, violent, and property crime in Croatia. Findings: Though the total number of reported juvenile crime is stable or even slightly declining over the observed period, there are exceptional increases or declines in certain years and in certain offences, which can create the wrong impression about alarming changes. It especially applies to the oscillations of the number of reported juvenile homicide and rape, because of small absolute numbers. Substantial and significant fluctuations over observed time are found in the reported rates for robbery and theft: there is a decrease in reported theft and increase in reported robbery. So, although property crime is still dominating juvenile criminal activity, it becomes more violent over the observed period. Originality/Value: It is often assumed that social changes caused by political and economic transformations lead directly to the upturn in crime and other forms of deviance. In Croatia, but also in other post-socialist countries in Central Eastern Europe, there 64 are general beliefs of the dramatic increase in juvenile crime rates since late 1990s. Although these ideas are strongly supported by media coverage, they are not always adequately confirmed by official crime statistics, so they are too simplified and incomplete for any meaningful discussion. The results of this study reveal how such cursory review obscures some long-term and significant changes in juvenile crime which are indicative when speaking about juvenile crime under conditions of intensive social change. Keywords: juvenile, overall crime, violent crime, property crime, Croatia, trends, tendencies, change About the author(s): Irena Cajner Mraović, Ph.D., University of Zagreb, Centre for Croatian Studies, Department for Sociology, associate professor. Research interests: community policing, public perception of police, juvenile crime, violent crime, sport and violence. Teaching experience: invited lectures at the Croatian Police College. Contact: icajner@gmail.com Valentina Asančaić, Graduate student and teaching fellow, University of Zagreb, the Centre for Croatian Studies. Research interests: juvenile crime, violence, crime in post-socialist countries. Teaching experience: Since 2012, has been assisting in courses Social Pathology, Croatian Society and Juvenile Delinquency, Criminology of Violence, Domestic Violence, and Violence of Children and Minors. Main achievements: Since 2013, has been participating in work of the Association of Youth and Family Judges. Contact: valentina.asancaic@gmail.com Dubravko Derk, MA., Ph.D. student, European University in Brčko, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Assistant to the CEO, Zagreb Holding. Research interests: violence, juvenile crime, private and public security. Teaching experience: invited lectures at Police Academy. Main achievements: Leading positions in the police, and participation in surveys at Police Academy. Contact: dubravko.derk@gmail.com Corresponding Author: Irena Cajner Mraović E-mail: icajner@gmail.com Address: Centre for Croatian Studies, Borongajska 83 d, Zagreb, Croatia 65 TOPOS APP - A Modern Tool to Report and Evaluate Perceived Insecurity in Public Space Diana Silvestru Purpose: Abstract for a poster for the panel: Police and policing | Community safety, community policing and crime prevention Design/Methods/Approach: The research project TOPOS, funded by the Austrian security research program KIRAS of the Federal Ministry for Transport, Innovation and Technology (bmvit), uses modern communication technology for the continuous and real time monitoring of subjectively perceived security in a test region (City of Wels/Upper Austria). TOPOS is a collaborative project lead by the Institute for the Sociology of Law and Criminology in Vienna and involves the local police of the City of Wels/Upper Austria, research partners as well as an industry partner. Providing users of smart phones and tablets with a free APP, citizens can report their feelings of (in)security and anytime submit detailed information about specific locations in the area of Wels. The information will be transformed into a database and used for more in-depth analysis, providing a ―map of (in)security‖ for the area under investigation. Findings: The results of this research project can help the police as well other relevant branches of the administration (urban planning etc.) to better allocate their resources. The application to be developed, the TOPOS APP, also can be used by citizens to communicate through a low threshold channel their subjective assessment of public security and so have access to a socially construed image of public security in their neighbourhood. 66 Originality/Value: The objective of TOPOS is to develop a tool to measure general trends of subjectively perceived security in any given region. This tool will also help to identify perceived hot spots in any neighbourhood. The TOPOS project (01.10.2013–30.09.2014) is being run in close cooperation with the Communicating Policing (COP) project in the City of Wels. COP is part of the project Polizei.Macht.Menschen.Rechte (P.M.M.R) founded in 2008 by the Austrian Federal Ministry of the Interior. The focus of P.M.M.R is to raise awareness on human rights issues at all levels of police work. Keywords: community safety, community policing, crime prevention, public security, modern communication technology About the author(s): Diana Silvestru, MA, is a sociologist specialized in quantitative social research methods. Over the past five years she has been working in several EU security research projects and since 2013 she works as a researcher at the Institute for the Sociology of Law and Criminology (IRKS). Currently she is the project manager of the project TOPOS. Corresponding Author: Diana Silvestru E-mail: diana.silvestru@irks.at Address: Museumstr. 5/12, 1070 Vienna 67 The Use of GIS Tools and Procedures for the Property Crime Analysis in Ljubljana Rok Hacin, Katja Eman Purpose: The aim of crime mapping is a synthesis of the crime analysis findings and their presentation on clear and transparent maps in order to establish facts and to find proper solutions. The purpose of this paper is to present the findings of the case study on property crime in the Municipality of Ljubljana using the crime mapping methods and procedures. Design/Methods/Approach: The Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are an analytical method of crime study, where geographical maps present an integral part of the crime analysis. In the present paper, a comparison of the property crime hot spots and areas in Ljubljana between 2012 and 2013 is presented. Findings: The results of present property crime survey in Ljubljana reveals similar situations as in the surveys conducted by Meško and colleagues (2010) in 2003 and 2004, and those conducted by Eman and colleagues (2012) in 2010. Overall, through almost a decade the highest density of property crime remains in the city centre and expands alongside the main roads to the outskirts of the city. The increase of the property crime is also detected in the area of shopping centres BTC, Rudnik and Merkator. The comparison of recorded crime statistics in the years 2012 and 2013 shows an increase in the number of criminal offences in general (20,465 criminal offences in 2012 and 21,059 criminal offences in 2013) and small differences between specific forms of property crime: 1) an increase of thefts, frauds, motor vehicles thefts and robberies; and 2) a decrease of predatory thefts and grand larcenies. As to the spatial distribution of property crime forms, a comparison between the two analysed years showed no significant differences: 1) the majority of thefts still occur in the railway and bus station area and in shopping centres; 2) the residential parking lots, located near the city bypass, remain the areas of motor vehicles thefts; 3) robberies and predatory thefts still prevail in the city centre 68 (two main squares and their surroundings where large numbers of citizens and tourists migrate daily). Research limitations/implications: Crime mapping and identification of property crime concentration areas are good starting points for future planning of the police officers‘ and city wardens' work in Ljubljana and elsewhere in Slovenia. Applying crime prevention methods in the located areas, they will be able to at least partly solve property crime issues and decrease the number of offences in the city. Originality/value: The research findings and conclusions, designed for the police and city wardens, represent a useful basis for the development of strategies and methods for detection, investigation and prevention of property crime in Ljubljana. Keywords: property crime, crime mapping, Ljubljana About the author(s): Rok Hacin, M.A. student at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor. His research interests span crime mapping, legitimacy, fear of crime, organised crime and corruption. E-mail: rokhacin@hotmail.com Katja Eman, Ph.D., is Assistant Professor of Criminology at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor. She was co-editor of the monograph Environmental crime and environmental protection – multidisciplinary perspectives (2012). Her research interests span green criminology, environmental crime, organized crime, crime prevention, crime mapping, and legitimacy. E-mail: katja.eman@fvv.uni-mb.si Corresponding Author: Katja Eman E-mail: katja.eman@fvv.uni-mb.si Address: Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Kotnikova 8, Ljubljana 69 Increasing Female Criminality in Slovenia: A Life-course Analysis Emily A Hayden, Chuck Fields Purpose: This paper examines the effects of life-course ―turning points‖ (e.g., marriage and employment, etc.) on female criminality. Recent increases in U.S. female criminality have been linked to female independence marked by cultural and economic opportunities, and this can also be observed in Slovenia. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether or not Slovenia‘s recent independence has distributed equality among Slovenia‘s female population, and if so, does equality offer new opportunities that may act as negative ―turning points?‖ Design/Methods/Approach: Utilizing a life-course conceptual/theoretical approach, this paper uses descriptive analysis to examine political and economic changes and their influences on female criminality (as measured by the female incarceration rate). Findings: A historical analysis provides two contemporary issues that can account for Slovenia‘s increase in female incarceration. First, Slovenia gained independence in 1991, a movement that essentially increased female opportunities in many areas. For example, as of last year, 57% of women in Slovenia are employed, 47% are married with children, and 66% have obtained a degree in higher education. Secondly, Slovenia has historically embraced a treatment ideology regarding crime and incarceration. However, as a result of a recent ratification to the Slovenian Penal Code of 1995, Slovenia has philosophically shifted to more of a crime control model. This shift was galvanized and reinforced with a ‗just deserts‘ ideology due to the adoption of Slovenia‘s Minor Offences Act of 2005 and a ‗get tough‘ approach to crime under Slovenia‘s new Penal Code of 2008. Originality/Value: First and foremost, female criminality is under-researched and the surge in female incarceration is a relatively new phenomenon. Likewise, life-course is a relatively 70 new theoretical model used to assist us in understanding criminality. Stemming from life-course‘s novelty, it was originally designed to assess on several measure the Gluecks‘ (1950) sample of 500 delinquent boys; therefore, the application of life-course to female criminality is limited. While these areas have been addressed in the United States, currently there is little research that attempts to explain Slovenia‘s recent increase in female criminality and this paper would be the first to do so from a life-course approach. Keywords: Slovenia, female crime, female incarceration, life-course About the author(s): Emily A. Hayden is a graduate student in the School of Justice Studies at Eastern Kentucky University (USA). Chuck Fields, Ph.D., is Professor of Justice Studies in the College of Justice and Safety at Eastern Kentucky University (USA). Corresponding Author: Professor Charles Fields E-mail: chuck.fields@eku.edu Address: School of Justice Studies Stratton 467, College of Justice and Security, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY 40475 71 Punitive Policy: The Effects on Society and the Criminal Justice System John M. Bell Purpose: This paper examines the relationships between America's punitive attitudes and their effects on how law enforcement carries out their daily routines. Furthermore, this paper details that societies attitudes on protecting their life, liberty, and pursuits of happiness have become extremely punitive over the past century, especially in the last 40 years. Ultimately, this paper agrees that the myopic different levels of societies and their interrelated pyramid relationships between themselves have inadvertently reached the epidemic levels of punitive attitudes towards the criminal justice system. This paper asks the ultimate question on whether the punitive attitudes are the government‘s fault or a collective result of both the general public along with the people that enact the laws of the nation. Design/Methods/Approach: Historical, issues and trends of punitive attitudes from societies are discussed and compared against other nations. Findings: The issues cover the different levels and types of how punitiveness is measured, along with the types of people that make up the different levels, and examples of past and current events that edify each level's involvement to the punitive movements. Originality/Value: This paper discusses whether the level of punitiveness in modern societies will become more liberal or will they continue to trend towards the current dominant conservative discourse. Keywords: punitive, law enforcement, society, laws 72 About the author(s): John Bell, Eastern Kentucky University: College of Justice and Safety; research interest include Green Criminology and Punitive Policies and the effects on Society; served in the Military, completed a Bachelors in Criminal Justice, traveled to Japan, Australia, British Virgin Islands, and Cuba; future goal is to complete my M.A. in criminal justice (justice studies), and then apply for doctoral programs (in Europe and the States) that deal in the areas of green criminology. May contact me via email (listed below) or telephone: 1 (615) 521-4110. Corresponding Author: John Bell E-mail: johnnybky@gmail.com Address: Richmond KY, 40475, United States of America 73 LEGITIMACY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE - MULTIDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES 1 74 Measuring Police Legitimacy: Assessing the Empirical Adequacy of Competing Scales Michael D. Reisig Purpose: This study addresses the construct validity and predictive accuracy of two competing police legitimacy scales (i.e., Tom Tyler‘s traditional two-dimensional scale and Justice Tankebe‘s new multidimensional scale). Design/Methods/Approach: Using a university-based sample of approximately 500 participants, the measurement properties of both scales are evaluated using a variety of data- analytic techniques, such as confirmatory factor analysis for categorical data. Commonly used dependent variables (i.e., cooperation with the police and compliance with the law) are regressed onto each legitimacy scale to assess the predictive accuracy of each scale. Findings: Implications for future research are discussed. Originality/Value: Researchers have yet to compare the relative utility of these two police legitimacy scales in an empirical context. The findings will inform the ongoing debate on how best to operationalize police legitimacy. Keywords: legitimacy, confirmatory factor analysis, cooperation with police, compliance with the law About the author(s): Michael D. Reisig, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University. (email: reisig@asu.edu). 75 Corresponding Author: Michael Reisig E-mail: reisig@asu.edu Address: 411 N. Central Ave., Ste. 600, Phoenix, AZ 85004-0685 76 Judicial Legitimacy: Between Perception and Objective Criteria Nina Peršak Purpose: The purpose of the paper is present some results of a recently concluded project on the legitimacy and trust in criminal law, policy and justice, highlighting the importance of trust at the national and EU level, as well as formulating some normative, more objective criteria of judicial legitimacy and presenting EU policy trends in this area. Design/Methods/Approach: The timeliness and relevance of ―taking trust seriously‖, in particularly in Slovenia, is highlighted by using empirical data from Eurobarometers as regards trust in the judiciary and the results of procedural justice studies. The comparative method is used to contrast Slovenian data with that of other Member States. The normative approach is used when formulating objective criteria of judicial legitimacy and assessing EU policy trends. Findings: Trust matters – for a variety of reasons. However, concrete reasons behind the measured mistrust must be uncovered,as well (and not only for the reasons of judging the validity of people‘s subjective perceptions). Further, despite the importance of procedural justice studies, more objective, normative criteria for the assessment of, e.g., legitimacy of judiciary should be developed. This presupposes formulating objective indicators, which would enable cross-country comparisons and longitudinal observation. Originality/Value: The paper highlights the normative, more objective dimension of legitimacy that has until recently been largely overlooked in criminological research. The results may be valuable for policy making on the national and EU level as well as for the court management. 77 Keywords: legitimacy, trust, judiciary, courts, normative, objective, indicators, perception About the author(s): Prof. Dr. Nina Peršak holds a doctorate in law and a master in social and developmental psychology. She is a research professor in the field of Criminology and Sociology of Law, University of Ghent (Belgium). Previously she taught at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor. Her main research interests lie in the fields of criminology, criminal law philosophy, sociology of law, victimology and social psychology. She has written on criminalisation, trafficking in human beings, cybercrime, crime prevention, social control, women and prison, security, human rights, prostitution, trust in courts, road aggression, disqualifications and anti-social behaviour etc. She is also the author of the book "Criminalising Harmful Conduct: The Harm Principle, its Limits and Continental Counterparts" (Springer, 2007, 2010) and the editor of ―Legitimacy and Trust in Criminal Law, Policy and Justice: Norms, Procedures, Outcomes‖ (Ashgate, 2014). Contact: nina.persak@ugent.be Corresponding Author: Nina Peršak E-mail: nina.persak@ugent.be Address: Faculty of Law, University of Ghent, Universiteitstraat 4, 9000 Ghent, Belgium 78 Green Criminology, Environmental Victimization and Inequalities: Environmental Crime Prevention and the Constraints of Legality vs. Environmental Injustice and the Erosion of Legitimacy Nigel South Purpose: The paper explores questions about the legitimacy of law and criminal justice systems to determine whether or not they are unable to grapple with urgent questions regarding crimes and harms affecting the environment and human and non-human victims. Design/Methods/Approach: Literature review and policy analysis. Findings: Until recently, mainstream law-based policing and criminal justice as well as traditional criminology have paid relatively little attention to crimes and destructive acts affecting the environment and to the human and non-human victims of such events. Acts of corporate pollution and trafficking in endangered species have attracted some attention but in general these have not been priorities. However, over the past decade or so, awareness of the financial as well as human costs of environmental damage has increased, the challenge of climate change has been more widely understood, and the illicit trafficking in protected species and precious resources, such as diamonds or timber, has been linked to national security. All of this has encouraged greater interest from national and international law-enforcement and legislative bodies as well as from the rapidly growing ‗green‘ criminology. However, green criminology and the work on environmental justice and victimization show that inequalities in patterns of victimization and in availability of resources devoted to prevention, mitigation, and support persist in this area, as they do in more traditionally-familiar examples of crime, harm, and victimization, as well as in the responses from law-enforcement and legislators. 79 All of this raises important questions about how satisfactory current systems of policing and law are in a world increasingly aware of – and increasingly facing – changing environmental problems. Indeed, when comparing rates of ‗ordinary crime‘ to environmental harms and negative impacts, the latter significantly outweigh the former. As Lynch (2013: 49) argues ‗the definitions of victims and victimization incidents commonly found within criminological literature illustrate the restrictive scope of the traditional criminological gaze and frame of reference. By taking a broader frame of reference, green criminology calls attention to the extensive array of violence humans produce and the large number of victim and victim incidents that escape the attention of orthodox criminological approaches.‘ On this basis we should ask whether ‗criminal justice systems‘ as currently tasked are in-denial, systemically ignorant or simply disinterested in green or environmental challenges. As Skinnider (2013: 3) observes, ‗There is a need for criminal justice systems to function with certainty in order to be fair and consistent. The question then is whether environmental harm can fit neatly into the existing criminal justice system.‘ If the answer to this question is ‗no‘, then, in turn, in the anthropocene 21st century, as Popovski and Turner (2008: 1) suggest: ‗the legitimacy of law can be undermined by its structural inability to respond to urgent problems.‘ Originality/Value: There is some work on environmental justice, environmental victimization, and inequality but little exploring questions of fairness in terms of legitimacy and inadequacy of law. Keywords: green criminology, environmental victimization, legitimacy, legality About the author(s): Nigel South, Professor of Sociology, University of Essex, Colchester, UK. Main research and teaching interests - green criminology and environmental issues, drugs and policy. He has published widely and most recently co-authored' Green Cultural Criminology: constructions of environmental harm, consumerism and resistance to ecocide' (2014) and co-edited 'The International Handbook of Green Criminology' (2013) both with Avi Brisman, both Routledge. In 2013 he received a 'Lifetime Achievement Award' from the American Society of Criminology, Division on Critical Criminology. 80 Corresponding Author: Nigel South E-mail: soutn@essex.ac.uk Address: Department of Sociology, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK 81 LEGITIMACY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE - MULTIDISCIPLINARY PERSPECTIVES 2 82 Testing Legitimacy Constructs with Structural Equation Modelling – Case of Slovenia Jerneja Šifrer, Gorazd Meško, Matevţ Bren Purpose: The purpose of this contribution is to find out how people in Slovenia perceive legitimacy and its dependence on compliance with the law, cooperation with police, and trust in police. Design/Methods/Approach: Legitimacy models were verified using structural equation modelling (SEM) of the data collected in four surveys conducted in Slovenia: (1) survey of Trust in the justice module of the European Social Survey (Round 5); (2) Test of Tyler‘s model on ―why people obey the law‖ in Slovenia among students from four faculties; (3) Adult high school students survey – Slovenia; and (4) The study on law students about legitimacy in Slovenia. The analyses were performed in two steps: first the exploratory factor analyses were conducted with SPSS to provide factors in line with the theoretical models, and then the path analyses were done with AMOS to explore and find the best fitting regression paths to assess, evaluate, and compare validity of legitimacy models. Models were estimated with different fit indices, namely chi- square values (with corresponding degrees of freedom and the p-value of statistical significance), RMSEA (Root Mean Squared Error of Approximation), CFI (Comparative Fit Index), and TLI (Tucker-Lewis Index). Findings: The results show that relationships between dimensions of public trust and fairness of justice officials and dimensions of legitimacy are clear and strong; among all dimensions of public trust and fairness of justice officials, the trust in police (fairness) is of particular importance. It forms the strongest relationship with dimensions of legitimacy. Originality/Value: Using SEM, legitimacy models were assessed for their validity, and some indirect effects were observed, as well. 83 Keywords: structural equation modelling, legitimacy, Slovenia About the author(s): Jerneja Šifrer, M.Sc., is Assistant for Statistics and Research Methods at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, and the doctoral student of Statistics at University of Ljubljana. Her current research interest is the use of different reliability and validity methods in criminological research. E-mail: jerneja.sifrer@fvv.uni-mb.si Gorazd Meško, Ph.D., is Professor of Criminology and Dean of the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor. His current research interests include crime prevention, policing, and legitimacy of criminal justice. E-mail: gorazd.mesko@fvv.uni-mb.si Matevţ Bren, Ph.D., is Associate Professor of Statistics and Research Methods at Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, and a researcher at the Institute of Mathematics, Physics and Mechanics, Slovenia. His research interests include Data analysis (in social sciences), Mathematical chemistry, System Dynamics, and School effectiveness. E-mail: matevz.bren@fvv.uni-mb.si Corresponding Author: Jerneja Šifrer E-mail: jerneja.sifrer@fvv.uni-mb.si Address: Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Kotnikova 8, 1000 Ljubljana 84 Trust and Legitimacy of Policing in Central and Eastern Europe – Student Perspective Katja Eman, Gorazd Meško Purpose: The paper presents the main findings from the 2013 cross-national survey of law students relating to trust and legitimacy of policing in seven Central and Eastern European countries. Design/Methods/Approach: In 2013, a web-survey was conducted among law students in Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Romania, Poland and Russia. The survey included 1368 students whose views on trust and legitimacy of policing were studied. Findings: The results imply significance of legitimacy and trust in police and criminal justice, and the findings on the effect of procedural justice, police effectiveness, and authority regarding legitimacy were found to be similar to those in the studies from Western Europe and the USA. According to the results, legitimacy and trust in the police are related to democratization of the countries. Nevertheless, the majority of results imply a negative attitude of the respondents towards the police. Significant differences among the studied countries exist, while some factors that correlate with legitimacy are about the same. Research limitations/implications: Given that the survey is conducted on a convenient sample (i.e., law students), it is necessary to point out that the presented insight about trust and legitimacy of policing and trust in policing cannot be entirely generalised, though it can be understood as an indicator. Originality/value: Despite different developments in police reforms in the studied countries, all police forces should strive to improve their effectiveness, procedural justice, authority 85 and distributive justice. It is important to do so because the respondents were students of law who will be future legal, law enforcement, and criminal justice professionals. Keywords: trust, legitimacy, policing, Central and Eastern Europe, law students About the author(s): Katja Eman, Ph.D., is Assistant Professor of Criminology at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor. She was co-editor of the monograph Environmental crime and environmental protection – multidisciplinary perspectives (2012). Her research interests span green criminology, environmental crime, organized crime, crime prevention, crime mapping, and legitimacy. E-mail: katja.eman@fvv.uni-mb.si Gorazd Meško, Ph.D., Dean and Professor of Criminology at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Slovenia. His area of expertise is criminology, crime prevention, victimology, penology, and theory of social control. He was visiting professor at several universities: GVSU, Leicester, Val Paraiso, Eastern Kentucky University, Twente, Greenwich, Keele, University of Crete, and University of Cambridge. Telephone: +386 1 300 8300, Fax: +386 1 230 2687, Email: gorazd.mesko@fvv.uni-mb.si Corresponding Author: Katja Eman E-mail: katja.eman@fvv.uni-mb.si Address: Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Kotnikova 8, 1000 Ljubljana 86 Reducing the Use of Custody: Evaluating the Options Julian Roberts Purpose: This presentation will argue that in a period of austerity and shrinking criminal justice budgets it is even more imperative that we attempt to ensure that prisons are served for the most serious cases. Many strategies have been proposed or implemented to achieve reductions in the volume of cases sent to prison. In this presentation, I will review the experiences in a number of countries and draw some conclusions about the most effective and publicly acceptable ways of reducing the prison population. Design/Methods/Approach: The presentation is based on a review of recent reform proposals in England and Wales and other European jurisdictions. Findings: The presentation concludes that a tighter control on the imposition of a term of custody -- either through a statutory restriction or sentencing guidelines -- represents the most effective way to reduce the use of imprisonment as a sanction. Originality/Value: These options have not been systematically explored in the literature to date. Keywords: sentencing, reducing custody About the author(s): Julian V. Roberts is Professor of Criminology at the University of Oxford and a member of the Sentencing Council of England and Wales. His recent books include "Popular Punishment" (2014; Oxford University Press, with J Ryberg) and Sentencing Guidelines (2013; Oxford University Press, with Andrew Ashworth). 87 Corresponding Author: Julian Roberts E-mail: julian.roberts@crim.ox.ac.uk Address: 17 Complins close 88 Mixed Methods Research: A Guide to Producing Knowledge and Publications Peter Kraska Purpose: Quantitative and qualitative research are usually approached as opposing epistemologies. This paper examines what some deem the "Third Way" -- a mixed methods approach that views positivist and interpretive social science as not only compatible, but mutually enhancing. Design/Methods/Approach: Beginning with an overview of the pragmatic philosophy of the mixed methods paradigm, I then examine several examples of mixed methods research including studies on police militarization and illegal steroid trafficking. Findings: Nearly all other social science disciplines -- excluding of course criminology -- have moved far beyond the tired and counterproductive debate about quantitative research versus qualitative research. A major factor in this change has been the acceptance and adoption of the mixed methods approach to conducting comprehensive research. The aforementioned studies are solid examples of the rigor and potential benefits of a mixed methods paradigm. Originality/Value: Criminology is late to the dance when it comes to mixed methods research. This paper -- along with other works by this author in other outlets -- has the potential to further our understanding of this important trend. Keywords: mixed method research, positivist social science About the author(s): Dr. Peter B. Kraska, Chair, Professor, School of Justice Studies, Eastern Kentucky University; Author of 6 books; numerous journal articles; http://justicestudies.eku.edu/people/kraska. 89 Corresponding Author: Peter Kraska E-mail: peter.kraska@eku.edu Address: School of Justice Studies, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY 40475 90 CRIMINAL JUSTICE 1 91 Trust or Distrust: The Public Opinion on the Reputation of Slovenian Judiciary over a Decade Mojca Rep Purpose: In recent years, there have been many high-profile criminal cases in Slovenia, many of which did not get a proper epilog. The extensive media coverage of these cases contributed to the high level of distrust of judiciary. This article summarizes the findings of the research of Slovenian public‘s opinion, focusing on the level of confidence enjoyed by the judiciary in the last decade. The final part of the paper offers an analysis of lay and expert articles on this topic, as well as the thorough examination of the measures aimed at improving the reputation of the judiciary and adopted in the meantime. Design/Methods/Approach: This paper is based on the analysis of the following material: the available research regarding the public opinion on this topic over the last decade, the accessible articles on that topic, the experts‘ opinions and reports, including an overview of the already adopted measures as well as the actions in preparation, both aiming at the improvement of the Slovenian judiciary‘s reputation. At the same time, the review of the judiciary statistics and accessible foreign analysis has been carried out. Findings: The review of the research regarding the public opinion has revealed that the level of trust in the judiciary had decreased over time. However, one must not overlook the fact that the Slovenian judiciary enjoyed its highest level of trust around 2000, the year characterized by the maximum backlog of cases, the largest number of barred cases, extremely long judicial proceedings, and deficient functioning of the judicial system. The judiciary has already systematically embraced this problem by changing the relevant legislation. This process was the main topic of the roundtable held at the Slovenian Constitutional Court. The efforts obviously bore fruit as the experts from 92 Slovenia and abroad noticed improvements in the functioning of courts and the Slovenian judiciary, in general. On the other hand and due to the media publications, the lay public might think that individual businessmen and politicians are untouchable. These kinds of perceptions are harmful for the reputation of the judiciary, as they trigger the citizens‘ doubts of the rule of law. This article summarizes the results of the research on the topic of trust in the judiciary, and presents the opinion of lay and expert public on the basis of the available articles. In the meantime, the judiciary representatives have actively embraced this problem. Therefore, only detailed and extensive research would produce the relevant results concerning the changes in the public‘s opinion and the efficiency of the adopted measures. Originality/Value: This paper only points to the trend of the growing distrust into judiciary over the last decade. Notwithstanding the efforts and functioning of the courts, the public‘s attitude towards judiciary also heavily depends on external factors, including the presentation of judiciary in the public. Keywords: public opinion, confidence in the judiciary, mass media About the author(s): Mojca Rep, MA in Criminal Justice, Ph.D. candidate at European Faculty of Law, assistant for Criminal Law, project manager. Corresponding Author: Mojca Rep E-mail: mojca_rep@yahoo.com Address: Metleče 18, Šoštanj 93 Reform of Expertise in the New Macedonian Law on Criminal Procedure - New, More Efficient Way of Establishing the Truth or Only Cosmetic Changes to the Old Solutions Nikola Mickovski Purpose: This work examines the possibility of efficient appliance of the new rules concerning the use of forensic expertise contained in the new Law on Criminal Procedure, for revealing and proving aspects of a criminal act in the present arrangement of relations between the actors involved, and a view of what that will mean for accomplishing more effective suppression of crime. Design/Methods/Approach: Using the information available from the registry of criminal court cases from the Basic Court Bitola, Republic of Macedonia, we examine the frequency and circumstances of use of expertise in criminal cases in the last two years before the coming into force of the new Law on Criminal Procedure, under the provisions of the old Law on Criminal Procedure, and how this situation will relate with the provisions of the new Law enacted on December 1, 2013. Findings: The general conclusion springing from the conducted research is that the former placement of the forensic expertise, under the provision of the old Law on Criminal Procedure, presents a relatively inefficient legislative solution that, according to its definition and practical implementation, fails to meet the basic requirements of the Art. 6 of the Convention of Human Rights and Freedoms of the Council of Europe; therefore, the new provisions in the new Law on Criminal procedure are a crucial necessity and a step forward in the right direction. Originality/Value: This work examines and offers different ways to improve efficiency in the use of the new concept of forensic expertise as independent mean of evidence in the 94 criminal procedure. Though much research examines the role of forensic expertise in criminal procedure, not many researchers examine the transition of this form of evidence from the continental type of procedure to one with adversarial physiognomy. Moreover, the conclusions are reached by using a specially designed empirical research conducted particularly for the purposes of this work. Keywords: forensic expertise, reform, technical advisors, rules of evidence, procedural equality About the author(s): Nikola Mickovski Ph.D., assistant professor, Faculty for Detectives and Security, FON University, Skopje, e-mail: nmickovski@gmail.com; tel. No. +38975477115f Corresponding Author: Nikola Mickovski, Ph.D. E-mail: nmickovski@gmail.com Address: Ul. Vasil Gjorgov 33a/1/26, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia 95 Specialization of Criminal Justice in the Republic of Serbia Tatjana Bugarski Purpose: This work deals with some forms of specialization of criminal courts in the Republic of Serbia, primarily in the proceedings against organized crime, as well as in juvenile proceedings. It addresses the issues related to jurisdiction of the criminal courts, quantitative and qualitative composition of the court panels. Special attention is paid to the role of the court under the new Criminal Procedure Code adopted in Serbia in 2011, the principle of free evaluation of evidence, and a reasonable need for certain forms of specialized criminal courts. Design/Methods/Approach: In its work, the author analyzes the existing regulations related to the subject matter of jurisdiction of the criminal courts, quantitative and qualitative composition of the court panels, the specialization of criminal justice and compliance with generally accepted legal standards. Moreover, the comparative method is used in the author‘s attempt to analyze the existing legal standards in some countries as good examples, indicating feasibility of specialization of criminal courts in certain cases. Findings: The specifics of certain forms of crime, as well as the specifics of some perpetrators, require not only modification of the criminal proceeding, but also specialized criminal courts. This specialization involves possession of certain knowledge, skills, and, above all, experience of the professional judges and jurors who participate in such proceedings. The need for specialized courts proved to be essential when it comes to criminal proceedings against organized crime, due to the specificity of the manifestation of this form of criminality, as well as the specifics of the criminal procedure, which represents a kind of a modification of the general criminal procedure. Furthermore, when it comes to criminal proceedings against juveniles, the specialization of criminal courts is primarily determined by the characteristics of the perpetrators, i.e., minors. 96 Originality/Value: The issue of organization, composition, and specialization of criminal justice is always a current issue, yet professional and scientific works do not pay enough attention on it. For this reason, any coverage of this topic represents a contribution in this field of study. The results presented in this work are proposals de lege ferenda of improving the existing regulations related to this subject matter. Keywords: courts, court panels, specialization, criminal procedure, organized crime, juveniles About the author(s): Tatjana Bugarski, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Novi Sad, Faculty of Law. Elected for Teaching Assistant at the Novi Sad Faculty of Law for the course Criminal Procedure Law in 2000.Gained the diploma of Magister of Law by defending ―Models of Investigation Procedure in Contemporary Criminal Law‖ at the Novi Sad Faculty of Law. In 2006 she defended her doctoral dissertation "Particularities of criminal procedure in organized crime, terrorism and corruption" at the Novi Sad Faculty of Law. Elected as Associate Professor in 2012 for the course Criminal Procedure Law. Within her scientific research work, she published round 70 papers and authored/co-authored several books. Participated in numerous national and international expert and scientific conferences, as well as in several scientific research projects. In 2004 attended the course Diritto Penale Internazionale: Cooperazione Internazionale in Materia Penale in Syracuse (Italy). She won an award for realized performance, contributions to the field of law and enhancing the reputation of the legal profession in the society of the competition for selection of "Top 10 lawyers in the Republic of Serbia" by association "Young Lawyers of Serbia", within Belgrade international law week in 2007. She is a member of the Board of the Department of Social Sciences of Matica Srpska in Novi Sad and a member of the Editorial notebook Matica Srpska (Social Sciences Series). In period 2008-2011 she was Vice-Dean for International Relations at the Novi Sad Faculty of Law and since 2011 she performs the function of Vice-Dean for Study Affairs at the Novi Sad Faculty of Law. Since 2010 till 2013 she was a member of the Committee on Quality and Assurance Quality assurance and internal evaluation programs (permanent subsidiary organ of the Senate of the University of Novi Sad), and since 2010 a member of the Program Council of the Centre for 97 Meteorology and Environmental Modelling and the Centre for Sustainable development and Environment, University of Novi Sad. Since 2006 she is the Head of internship programs that are implemented in the Basic and Higher Public Prosecutor's Office in Novi Sad, Primary, High and Court of Appeal in Novi Sad, Vojvodina Bar Association and the Regional Institute for the Protection of Nature. Since 2007 she is the Head of the Legal Clinic for the protection of the environment and since 2011 of the Legal Clinic for the fight against human trafficking. In 2012 she was a member of the Working Group on amendments to the Code of Criminal Procedure appointed by the Ministry of Justice and Public Administration of the Republic of Serbia. Corresponding Author: Tatjana Bugarski E-mail: t.bugarski@pf.uns.ac.rs Address: Trg Dositeja Obradovica 1, 21000 Novi Sad 98 Criminal Justice in Serbia: The Effectiveness of Addressing Drug Trafficking Darja Koturovic, Paul Knepper Purpose: This paper explores the role of state institutions in suppressing drug trafficking in an attempt to identify potential structural holes that hinder the effectiveness of such efforts. Considering that Serbia lies on the Balkan route, the key drug trafficking route worldwide, examining how these criminal networks can be addressed represents a transnational crime problem. In view of the increased regional and international cooperation against drug trafficking and organized crime, it is of importance to assess the actions undertaken by the state, as they may be a vital link for addressing the problem of international drug traffic. Design/Methods/Approach: Social network analysis is deployed in an innovative manner to map the state institutions‘ network designed to address drug trafficking groups. The participating institutions are conceptualized as nodes, aiming to explore the functioning of the network of state institutions as a ‗response‘ network and determine the strength of links between them. The sample includes 40 state officials from the main institutions in the field of combating organized crime and drug trafficking, as well as relevant CSO representatives. Elite interviewing is used for data collection. Participants have been pre-selected on the basis of their position, competence, or field experience. Interviews are semi-structured. The study utilizes court statistics, institutions‘ annual reports, CSO reports on drug trade, organized crime and money laundering; journal articles. Social network analysis is utilized to identify structural holes among institutions or obstacles to efficient multi-agency and regional cooperation. Findings: Collected data on criminal groups engaged in drug trafficking, types and amounts of narcotics, and specific places associated with larger seizures appear to be effective sources to ‗map‘ the role of Serbia in the Balkan route network. Likewise, the participants‘ responses offer a ‗map‘ of institutions engaged in drug trafficking 99 suppression. Initial findings indicate the existence of significant structural holes with a high potential to provide smooth functioning of illicit networks. Identified socio-political difficulties and specific relationships among the institutions will be explored in more detail. Originality/Value: Contemporary studies show emergence of a symbiosis between legitimate actors and criminal networks, highlighting an increasingly active role of the public sector in facilitating different forms of crime. Only few descriptive studies explored the influence of organized crime in Serbia, but none of them addressed the phenomenon of drug trafficking. Given the recent state efforts in suppressing organized crime, one of the main concerns of this study is to fill the research gap by investigating the impact of governmental and non-governmental efforts in addressing drug trafficking as one of the key activities of criminal groups Keywords: drug trafficking, criminal networks, social network analysis, Balkan route, corruption About the author(s): Darja Koturovic, University of Sheffield, Southeast European Research Centre, Greece, Ph.D. candidate, MA in International Relations, Consultant for Access to Justice at the Ministry of Justice in Serbia, (dkoturovic@seerc.org, 0038163360082). Paul Knepper Corresponding Author: Darja Koturovic E-mail: dkoturovic@seerc.org Address: Stojana Protica26, Belgrade 100 The Descriptive Level of Witness: A New Method of Analysis Fanny Ercolanoni, Ivana Bianchi Purpose: Accident investigations make use of witness reports in order to reconstruct past events. In this work, we analyze the amount of information that different types of reports (used by Italian traffic police officers) succeed to convey. The aim is to suggest new insights and new methods to analytically define the aspects typically present or missing in witness descriptions, i.e., the aspects that are harder to reconstruct due to the lack of information. Design/Methods/Approach: Fifty road traffic accident dossiers consisting of 6 different documents each (300 reports in total) were analyzed by two independent judges, using an ad hoc classification system to record presence/absence of information regarding extensive, intensive, and topological features concerning 12 elements we considered relevant to the type of the event analyzed: vehicles/people involved; actions; damages; collision; road of incident; tracks of broken glass, tyre marks, etc.; traffic sign; conditions of traffic; weather conditions; visibility; time of accident; cause of incident. For each element, specific sub-categories were identified. For example, ‗actions‘ were further distinguished in: planned, only started, executed, endured; and mental actions, further distinguished in perception (e.g. I heard …), cognition (e.g. I was thinking …), interpretation/beliefs (e.g. I suppose that he/she wanted to …). Findings: Overall, the study showed that: a) the 6 documents used by the Italian traffic police differ in their capacity to collect information regarding specific elements of the accident; b) while some aspects are redundantly mentioned in the various documents, others are surprisingly missing. For instance, witness testimonies rarely contain information regarding traffic, weather, and visibility conditions at the time of the accident. However, these are all relevant aspects, and they cannot be collected by the police agents (since they arrive after the accident, with a delay of 101 10 to 30 minutes, and traffic, weather, and visibility might, at that point, already be different from the time of the accident itself). Originality/Value: The method suggests that it is possible to identify a structure of elements and properties, specific to a class of events, and use it like a lens to analyze what is said and what is not in the reports. This allows, on the one side, to photograph the amount of information missing from the reports, helping the investigators. On the other side, it suggests a way to test the usefulness of the documents employed by the police for the reconstruction of the event/crime. At the moment, the results are limited to the 300 documents investigated. Moreover, we are aware that the personal style of the investigator might play a role in the quality of the testimony collected. However, our aim was to suggest a classified grid that might be of help to verify the completeness of descriptive reports derived from witnesses, regardless of who produces them. Keywords: witness description, police attitude, police training, accident reconstruction, event reconstruction About the author(s): Fanny Ercolanoni, graduated in law, abilitated in the profession of lawyer, chief of Municipal Police of the Council of Montegranaro (Italy), obtained the title Ph.D. in psychology of the mental and communicative process, in 2014 at the University of Macerata, Department of the Formative Education Science. Affiliated: Department of the county Council Police office of MontegranaroMontegranaro (Italy), Piazza Mazzini , n. 18; E-mail pm.comando@comune.montegranaro.fm.it; Tel + 39 0734 88697 – cell. 328-5371455. Ivana Bianchi: Associate professor of General Psychology; Department of Humanities – Section Philosophy and Human sciences, Department of Macerata, Italy. Her areas of research lie in the Experimental Phenomenology of Perception (Psychology of Gestalt and the Italian Phenomenological tradition). Besides a general interest for methodological and epistemological themes concerning this approach, her main interests are to specific issues concerning the perception of relationships, between various kinds of stimuli, ranging space perception in ecological environments to the experience of mirror reflections. 102 Member of the Ephp Lab (Experimental Phenomenology of Perception Lab - http://www.ephplab.eu/home). Areas of interest: Experimental Phenomenology of Perception; Direct perception of relationships; Perception and cognition of contraries; Spatial perception; Naive Optics; Mirror reflections. Department of Humanities (Sec. Philosophy and Human Sciences), University of Macerata, Via Garibaldi 20, Macerata; E-mail ivana.bianchi@unimc.it; Tel + 39 0733 258 4320; http://docenti.unimc.it/docenti/ivana-bianchi, http://www.ephplab.eu/home/?p=14. Corresponding Author: Ivana Bianchi E-mail: ivana.bianchi@unimc.it Address: Department of Humanities (Sec. Philosophy and Human Sciences), University of Macerata, Via Garibaldi 20, Macerata 103 CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION 2 104 Structural Characteristics of Motor Vehicle Thefts in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Criminal Investigators' Perceptions Eldan Mujanović, Irma Deljkić Purpose: In this paper, the problem of motor vehicle thefts in Bosnia in Herzegovina is presented from a multidimensional perspective, using official statistics, victimization, and self-report studies to show the experiences and perceptions of criminal investigators within police agencies across country. Design/Methods/Approach: This research used different sources of data and information in order to provide an overview of the phenomenon of motor vehicle thefts. The use of the data collected from 110 respondents across 24 different police agencies and organizational units, all within criminal investigation departments, highlights significant differences between data from the official statistics on motor vehicle thefts, victimization studies, and perceptions of criminal investigators about the level of organization of offenders, typical targets, and other relevant characteristics of these crimes. Findings: In general, the findings from this research show how experiences of criminal investigators impact their perceptions of motor vehicle crimes as a highly organized criminal activity resistant to many formal reactions applied in recent years. On the other side, the data from police and judicial statistics do not allow a reliable insight into the magnitude of the problem due to the anachronistic methods of classification of motor vehicle thefts. The findings from alternative sources, especially those of victimization and self-report studies, show that thefts of motor vehicles are very frequent and serious crimes as regards their lucrative nature, high organization, persistency, and other factors. Originality/Value: There is a large volume of research on motor vehicle thefts worldwide, and one of the most reliable approaches is based on integral explanations of such crimes. Whatever design is used for research on motor vehicle thefts, analysis of structural 105 dimensions of these problems must answer some basic questions about the nature, dimensions, dynamics, and developments of this particular crime. This paper uses comprehensive and innovative approach in order to provide a wide picture of real dimensions of motor vehicle crimes in the country. Keywords: motor vehicle thefts, Bosnia and Herzegovina, criminal investigation, crime statistics About the author(s): Eldan Mujanović, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Criminal Justice, Criminology and Security Studies of the University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, where he teaches Introduction to Criminal Investigation and Strategy of Crime Control. His current research interests include international police cooperation, corruption, money-laundering, financial investigations, human trafficking, juvenile delinquency and property crimes. He has published his work in domestic and international journals, and participated in numerous research projects. Contact information: E-mail: emujanovic@fknbih.edu, Tel:+387 33 56 12 58, Fax:+387 33 56 12 16. Irma Deljkić, Ph.D., is a Associate Professor at the Faculty of Criminal Justice, Criminology and Security Studies of the University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, where she teaches Criminal Investigation Tactics and Drug Policy. Her current research interests include criminal investigation tactics, drug policy, domestic violence, human trafficking, property crimes and community policing. She has published her work in books and domestic and international journals, and participated in numerous research projects. Contact information: E-mail: ideljkic@fknbih.edu, Tel:+387 33 56 12 56, Fax:+387 33 56 12 16. Corresponding Author: Irma Deljkic E-mail: ideljkic@fknbih.edu Address: Faculty of Criminal Justice, Criminology and Security Studies, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina 106 Cognitive Bias in Crime Investigations Hans Ditrich Purpose: Cognitive fallacies are a common feature to all human reasoning. However, misconceptions in a legal procedure may have severe consequences. Several types of cognitive bias that might affect criminal investigations are discussed in this paper, and suggestions how such adverse effects might be managed are given. Design/Methods/Approach: Highly experienced crime scene investigators were asked to give a rating of a list of cognitive fallacies compiled from an analogous list from medical sciences and adapted to a criminal investigation context. The officers evaluated the statements on that list from the perspective of their practical knowledge according to the appearing frequency and severity of errors. Findings: Several cognitive fallacies were regarded as likely to appear and to adversely influence a criminal investigation. Selective perception, expectation, and confirmation bias, anchoring to inappropriate information, as well as shifting the burden of proof from the investigator to the suspect were regarded as most significant. However, also several other sources of misconceptions attributed to individual as well as organizational factors were identified. Cognitive errors are probably based on the evolutionary development of the function of the human brain. Thus, it might be impossible to avoid them altogether. Still, it might be possible to limit adverse consequences with appropriate organizational measures. Such training should alert police officers as well as other persons (forensic experts, coroners, prosecutors, judges, etc.) involved in a criminalistic investigation to the perils of cognitive bias. Additionally, it seems worthwhile to investigate error-prone processes in criminal prosecution on a systematic basis. Originality/Value: Several studies exist on the influence of errors on expert performance in the forensic field. However, most of these studies cover these questions with the 107 criminalistic experts as research subjects. In contrast, the experience and problem awareness of the investigators themselves was used as an information source for generating this paper. Keywords: cognitive bias, error management, criminalists training About the author(s): Hans Ditrich, Ph.D., Institute for Science and Research, Sicherheitsakademie Dept. I/9 – Federal Ministry of the Interior; (for research, curriculum, etc., please see http://homepage.univie.ac.at/hans.ditrich/est.html), Adress: Herrengasse 7, 1014 Vienna, Austria; e-mail: hans.ditrich@bmi.gv.at; Tel.: +43 1 53126 4828; Fax: +43 1 53126 10 8587. Corresponding Author: Hans Ditrich E-mail: hans.ditrich@bmi.gv.at Address: Fed. Ministry of the Interior, Institute for Science and Research, Sicherheitsakademie Dept. I/9 , Herrengasse 7, 1014 Vienna, Austria; 108 The Role of Forensic Evidence Collected on Crime Scene Ţeljko Karas Purpose: The aim of the research is to determine the role of forensic evidence collected through crime scene investigation (Croatian: ogled, očevid). Many methods of analyzing real evidence have been improved during the last couple of decades of rapid development in forensic techniques. In popular culture, it is generally considered that crime investigation relies solely on forensic evidence, which draws some negative consequences on general public (CSI-Effect). For instance, citizens believe that police can solve any crime without relying on any personal evidence and therefore their cooperation with police in no longer necessary. The situation resembles the one from the end of the 19th century, when pioneer techniques such as fingerprints and firearms identification emerged, with predictions that until the mid of the 20th century all personal evidence would no longer be necessary. Design/Methods/Approach: The present part of the project is based on secondary police data analysis in order to determine possibilities of collecting forensic evidence. The research data concern the territory of four main police administrations in Croatia. A brief comparative analysis is aimed at determining similarities with other countries. On a theoretical level, the collected data are interpreted through recent theories and results of some empirical researches. Findings: The analysis showed that from all forensic evidence collected at the crime scene, only approximately 8% was used in resolving some particular criminal offences. Considering the share of forensic evidence in all resolved cases or in all crimes reported to police, it turns out that they do not have a major role. These results are very similar to the features of development in other countries. Personal evidence should not be underestimated, neither in the phase of detection, nor in the proving of the crime. 109 Originality/Value: Although the outcome of the research applies to the Croatian system, it is actually a general issue immanent to all neighbouring countries with a similar situation. In a recent foreign literature, this topic was an object of significant theoretical and empirical research, but in the region of South-Eastern Europe, it has so far not drawn much of scientific interest. Keywords: forensic evidence, personal evidence, CSI effect, crime investigation About the author(s): Ţeljko Karas, College Professor on the Police College in Zagreb, Croatia. Assistant Professor at the University of Zagreb. He teaches few subjects on crime investigation. Contact: zkaras@fkz.hr Corresponding Author: Ţeljko Karas E-mail: zkaras@fkz.hr Address: Police College, Avenue Gojka Šuška 1, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia 110 Controlled Delivery and Undercover Agent (Covert Investigator) Institutes – Serbian Perspective Zvonimir Ivanovic, Vladimir Urosevic, Sergej Uljanov Purpose: This paper examines status and practical issues within the scope of implementing special investigative techniques from the Serbian police services view, especially with regard to combatting cybercrime. Design/Methods/Approach: The authors tackle this issue from different aspects, the first being a need for special combating power or resources. From this aspect, it is a need researched here using PESTLE and SWAT analyses. Combining the two represents another aspect, researched by way of CAF, PMI and APC techniques of thinking techniques by Edward De Bono. At the very end, techniques of OPV, C&S, and AGO and values are used in researching the ways and types of implementation of those institutes in other countries using different Conventions and possibilities. Findings: The research results give us opportunities to create models by applying creative thinking and valid tools in research without actual field experiments which cost much more and could create much more problems. The models created through this analysis could be examined and rethought as many times as needed without creating problems in real life. This type of research presents another type of implementation of game theory. Originality/Value: In Serbia, there have been no studies that would cover implementation of those issues. Thanks to this, there are many problematic inferences, and their results are still lingering in a void of different systems created. Hopefully, this study will change that order of things. Keywords: controlled delivery, undercover agent, cybercrime, Serbia, international police cooperation 111 About the author(s): Zvonimir Ivanovic, LL.D Criminalistic and police University Belgrade, Assistant professor at Department of Criminalistics. Has been engaged in few important projects in Serbia and surrounding, as well as Europe (FP7 phase 2 EDEN - CBRNe Demo project), He has published nearly 50 articles in last three years of which 2 in Slovenia, 1 in USA, and 1 is going to be published in Germany on 05. June. Main areas of interest are Cybercrime, Criminalistics, Criminal procedure law. Vladimir Urosevic, Ph.D.Ministry of Interior (MOI) RS, HTCU, Has been publishing since 2008, and since then he has published over 50 articles. Main areas of interest are Cybercrime, Security and enforcement. Sergej Uljanov, LL.D. MOI RS, Interpol Belgrade, Main areas of expertise, Law, Interpol, International police cooperation, Game theory Corresponding Author: Zvonimir Ivanović E-mail: zvonko31@gmail.com Address: Devet Jugovica 34, Mladenovac, Serbia 112 Pre-Trial Acquisition of Evidence in the European Union and in Republic of Macedonia: A Comparative Overview Aleksandar Chavleski, Aleksandar Markoski Purpose: In the recent period, the European Union has made significant steps towards approximation and mutual recognition of the pre-trial measures, especially with the adoption of the Directive on European Investigation Order in March 2014. This Directive abolishes or replaces a significant part (though not all) of the previous pre-trial measures. This should result in faster and more efficient cooperation in criminal investigations. Consequently, in the Member States where it is to apply, it replaces the Framework Decision on the European Arrest Warrant, as well as the rules of Framework Decision 2003/577/JHA regarding the freezing of evidence. This paper will investigate the scope of application of this new instrument of mutual recognition, give comparison vis-a-vis previous instruments that existed in this field, and assess its impact on human rights/defence rights of the accused persons. On the other hand, this paper will analyze the new system of pre-trial acquisition of evidence introduced with the new Law on Criminal Procedure and the Law on International Cooperation in Criminal Matters adopted in the Republic of Macedonia. It regulates, inter alia, pre-trial acquisition of evidence in cross-border cases to and from Macedonia. This includes: interception of communications, acquiring testimonies by videoconference/phone conference, searching premises and persons, interim acquisition of objects, property or persons related to the criminal act in question, interim freezing, seizure and retaining of funds, bank accounts and financial transactions, etc. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of the requests made for international legal aid will be given based on the data provided by the Ministry of Justice of Republic of Macedonia from 2010 onwards. In particular, the purpose of this article will be to provide a comparison between the legal regime regarding pre-trial acquisition of evidence in EU and that of Macedonia, as well as to assess the compliance of these rules with the EU Charter on Fundamental Rights and the ECHR. 113 Design/Methods/Approach: The research is based on the application of legal, historical, comparative and statistical methods. Quantitative and qualitative analysis will be made on concrete cases concerning pre-trial acquisition of evidence obtained from the Ministry of Justice of Republic of Macedonia. Findings: The paper argues that the analyzed instruments are mostly in line with the human rights standards enshrined in the EU Charter of Fundamental rights and ECHR. However, there is space for further improvement, especially regarding the rights of the accused person/defence rights, right to a fair trial, protection of privacy, judicial review, etc. The Macedonian rules will have to be further upgraded by introducing new sets of pre-trial measures correlative to those enshrined in the new Directive on European Investigation Order. Also, more precise rules should be introduced on the access to remedies against the decisions made in this procedure, grounds for refusal to execute, data protection, etc. Originality/Value: This paper is among the first to address the new EU Directive on European Investigation Order and gives assessment of the compliance of these new rules with the EU Charter on Fundamental Rights and ECHR. This is also true for the relevant Macedonian rules on pre-trial acquisition of evidence, and this is the first research that gives a comparative overview of these rules as well an assessment of their operation in practice, based on the empirical data by the Ministry of Justice of Republic of Macedonia since their enactment in 2010. Keywords: mutual recognition, human rights, investigation, evidence, defence rights About the author(s): Aleksandar Chavleski, Ph.D., Associate Professor of EU Law, Faculty of Law, Basic FON University Skopje, Macedonia, aleksandar_chavleski@yahoo.com, 078/311-302 Aleksandar Markoski, M.Sc., Public Prosecutor, Prosecutor‘s Office Skopje, Macedonia yarbol2000@gmail.com 071/341-604 114 Corresponding Author: Aleksandar Chavleski E-mail: aleksandar_chavleski@yahoo.com Address: Kiro Gligorov 6, Skopje, Macedonia 115 LEGITIMACY AND TRUST IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 1 116 Citizen Trust in Police in Former Yugoslav Republics: A Comparison of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia, and Slovenia Gorazd Meško, Katja Eman, Mahesh K. Nalla Purpose: Our research focuses on police legitimacy in four countries that were all once part of one country, the former socialist republic of Yugoslavia, but declared independence within the last two decades. More specifically, our research question focuses on the youth in these countries and on whether their views of trust and legitimacy in the police are shaped by their perceptions of police procedural fairness in four countries: Bosnia & Herzegovina (1992); Croatia (1991), Serbia (2006); and, Slovenia (2006). Design/Methods/Approach: In 2013, a web-survey was conducted among the millennial generation from four young republics to assess their experiences and attitudes towards police officers. We also examine to what extent larger political and economic factors such as efforts in democratization of their nations impact citizens‘ trust in police. Findings: The results imply significance of legitimacy and trust in police and criminal justice in all four studied republics. The findings revealed that law students generally question their willingness to comply with laws and cooperate with the police. The findings show that police authority and procedural justice are related to trust in the police in all four countries, while police effectiveness was a significant predictor only in Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Croatia. Research limitations/implications: It is necessary to point out that the results resist generalisation due to a specific non-random sample (law students), but they do give an insight about perceptions of policing and trust in policing in four young republics in the present time. 117 Originality/value: This first research addresses an important issue in this region, that of legitimacy and procedural fairness in the new regional democracies sharing history and culture. The findings have implications not only for police officers but also for other actors in the criminal justice system in their interactions and relationship to the citizens they serve in these new democracies. Keywords: police, trust, legitimacy, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia About the author(s): Gorazd Meško, Ph.D., is Professor of Criminology and Dean of the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Slovenia, and a visiting scholar at the Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, UK. He has recently edited the Handbook on Policing in Central and Eastern Europe (2013), with Charles B. Fields, Branko Lobnikar, and Andrej Sotlar). His current research interests include crime prevention, provision of safety/security, and legitimacy of policing and criminal justice. E-mail: gorazd.mesko@fvv.uni-mb.si Katja Eman, Ph.D., is Assistant Professor of Criminology at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor. She was co-editor of the monograph Environmental crime and environmental protection – multidisciplinary perspectives (2012). Her research interests span green criminology, environmental crime, organized crime, crime prevention, crime mapping, and legitimacy. E-mail: katja.eman@fvv.uni-mb.si Mahesh K. Nalla, Ph.D., is Professor and Director of Graduate Studies in the School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University (USA). He has published in journals such as Journal of Crime and Delinquency, Justice Quarterly, and European Journal of Criminology, among others His current research projects include police legitimacy and procedural justice in emerging democracies as well as gendered spaces and female victimization in emerging democracies. He serves as Editor-in- Chief of the International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, the official journal for the International Division of the American Society of Criminology. E-mail: nalla@msu.edu 118 Corresponding Author: Gorazd Meško E-mail: gorazd.mesko@fvv.uni-mb.si Address: Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Kotnikova 8, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 119 Students Attitudes Regarding the Police in Republic of Macedonia Gordana Buzarovska, Oliver Bacanovic, Gordan Kalajdziev, Aleksandra Gruevska Drakulevski, Boban Misoski, Bogdanco Gogov, Divna Ilic, Natasa Jovanova Purpose: The paper presents findings from a national survey on legitimacy of policing and criminal justice. The survey was conducted in February 2013 in the Republic of Macedonia, with law students and security studies students as respondents. Design/Methods/Approach: The study has been focused on student‘s experiences with a criminal justice system and possible victimization. Particularly, the authors have analyzed respondents' official/formal communication/contact with the police. In addition, the authors have identified the most important factors that were predominantly decisive for their depicted attitude. These findings were gathered using statistical methods for generating conclusions regarding the data for the following variables: perception of the police, respect to the police, police fairness, respect of laws and perception of effectiveness of criminal justice system. Besides these variables, the research was also focused upon the respondents‘ readiness to report crime to the police and to stand as witnesses of crime. The research had also analysed demographic and respondents‘ personal system of values. Findings: The general finding of the data has shown that most of the respondents were neither victims nor witnesses of crime (in more than 80-85% respectively). However, more than 60% of respondents were willing to report a crime to the police, and to stand as a witness. Findings have demonstrated significant percentage of scepticism of respondents regarding trust and confidence in police. 120 Originality/Value: The results of the study are important because they depict the general perception of the police in Macedonian society. They are particularly beneficial to the police in their endeavour to undertake additional measures for improvement of their behavior and professional conduct. Keywords: police, police authority, police trust, police cooperation, legal compliance, criminal victimization About the author(s): Gordana Buzarovska, Ph.D., Full-time professor, University of ―Ss. Cyril and Methodius‖, Faculty of Law ―Iustinianus Primus‖ in Skopje, Vice-Dean, gordana2206@gmail.com Oliver Bacanovic, Ph.D., Full-time professor, University of ―St. Kliment Ohridski‖ in Bitola, Faculty of Defense in Skopje, Dean, bacanovicoliver@gmail.com Gordan Kalajdziev, Ph.D., Associate professor, University of ―Ss. Cyril and Methodius‖, Faculty of Law ―Iustinianus Primus‖ in Skopje, gordankalajdziev@yahoo.com Aleksandra Gruevska Drakulevski, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, University of ―Ss. Cyril and Methodius‖, Faculty of Law ―Iustinianus Primus‖ in Skopje, aleksandra_gruevskadrakulevski@yahoo.com Boban Misoski, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, University of ―Ss. Cyril and Methodius‖, Faculty of Law ―Iustinianus Primus‖ in Skopje, bmisoski@yahoo.com Bogdanco Gogov, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, University of ―St. Kliment Ohridski‖ in Bitola, Faculty of Defense in Skopje, bgogov@t-home.mk Divna Ilic, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, University of ―Ss. Cyril and Methodius‖, Faculty of Law ―Iustinianus Primus‖ in Skopje, didana_mk@yahoo.com Natasa Jovanova, MSc, Teaching and research assistant, University of ―St. Kliment Ohridski‖ in Bitola, Faculty of Defense in Skopje, natasa.akademija@yahoo.com 121 Corresponding Author: Gordana Buzarovska E-mail: gordana2206@gmail.com Address: Buleward "Goce Delcev", No. 9B, 1000, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia 122 Trust in Hungarian Police László Christián Purpose: The pupose of this paper is to examine how college and university students view the law and the police in Hungary, as part of an international survey on crime and justice. Design/Methods/Approach: Using the responses of 150 college and university students, the present analysis utilizes the public view of police work and crime jurisdiction. Based on an online 133 multiple choice question survey focused on the following areas: criminal justice system and possible victimization, legitimacy, personal experiences, and imaginary scenarios. This survey is not representative because it is only limited to a relatively small number of students. Our aim is to continue the survey in the near future. Findings: Most of the students trust the Hungarian Police, but still a significant number of responders do not have confidence in the police. Interestingly, every fourth responder has already been a victim of a crime. Overall, the public view of the Police can be considered positive. Originality/Value: This research sought to examine the public confidence, opinion, and experience regarding the Hungarian police and law enforcement. Keywords: trust and confidence in Hungarian Police, criminal justice and law enforcement system About the author(s): László Christián, Ph.D., associate professor, Head of Department of Private Security and Local Policing, at National University of Public Service, Budapest, 123 Hungary, Leader of Law Enforcement Research Group at NUPS. E-mail: christian.laszlo@uni-nke.hu, christian.laszlo@gmail.com Corresponding Author: László Christián E-mail: christian.laszlo@gmail.com Address: 2440, Százhalombatta, Strand u. 14/2. 124 Confidence in Justice and Protection of the Rights of Victims of Crimes Ivan Kleimenov, Mikhail P. Kleymenov Purpose: This paper examines the attitudes of judges to the participants of the criminal process. Design/Methods/Approach: The study involved 382 respondents in St. Petersburg and Omsk on the topic of justice. A survey was given to students of the law faculties, Higher School of Economics, and Omsk University. F.M. Dostoevsky. Findings: Installed were negative characteristics that undermine public confidence in justice: rudeness, bias, and arrogance. These characteristics indicate professional shortcomings of judges caused by "ideological bias" of the criminal process. Criminal proceedings in Russia are based on the ideology of priority protection of the rights of the accused, not the victim. Protection of the rights of the victim and not the perpetrator is imperative for a constructive criminal policy. Research limitations/implications: The data were not drawn from a study specifically focused on attitudes of judges to the participants of the criminal process. Originality/Value: The improvement of Russia's criminal policy dictates changes to the ideology of the criminal process: the priority protection of the rights of victims. Keywords: confidence in justice, professional shortcomings, rights of victims 125 About the author(s): Kleimenov Ivan, Ph.D., assistant Professor of Higher School of Economics (St.- Petersburg branch), the author 105 publications, including 7 monographs on white collar crime and comparative criminology. Kleymenov Mikhail Petrovich, Dr.of criminology, Prof. of the Omsk State University F.M. Dostoyevsky name, Vice-President of Russian Criminology Association, The author of one,s own textbook «Criminology» (printed by prestige mockery «Norma», first ed. 2008, second ed. 2012), monograph «Introduce in the Ethnic Criminology» (2004), another books (12) and articles (more 250). Corresponding Author: Kleimenov Ivan E-mail: piligrim111@mail.ru Address: St.- Petersburg, Savushkina str.77a, 61, telephone +79110801203 126 CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2 127 Procedural Options of Dealing with Petty Criminal Offences Jan Provazník Purpose: This paper is focused on possible specific approaches to petty criminality from the procedural point of view with regards to diversions and other special forms of the criminal procedure and on setting the line between criminal and administrative liability. Design/Methods/Approach: This paper approaches the topic at hand from the synthetic perspective of combining and confronting various and sometimes discordent requirements imposed on petty-crimes trials by several relevant material sources of law. Findings: There are several different sets of requirements for the optimal legal frame to deal with petty criminality. On the one hand, criminal offences in the modern state, governed in accordance with the rule of law, are supposed to be exclusively the most serious delicts which cannot be reacted to by any other legal means than those of criminal law with its extraordinary traits, such as the emphasis on deterrence resulting from the threat of very strict sanctions and moral condemnation accompanying them. On the other hand, there is a call for not stigmatizing the perpetrators of petty crimes (especially the first-time offenders) and to pursue their re-socialisation in much more therapeutic and restorative manner, as well as to make these trials as cheap and fast as possible. There is also a huge concern for human rights guarantees, applicable for each criminal trials and their possible counterproductivity in petty-crimes trials, as well as deciding where administrative delicts end and criminal offences start. The issue is even more complex because all these sets of requirements come from multiple sources, which are often autonomous (e.g. national political milieu, ECHR case-law, EU-law etc.), which means their systematic and institutional congruence is not assured. Thus, when fabricating the optimal legal frame to deal with petty criminality, the legislative body does no longer have the full capacity in its own fashion and it must often harmonize diametrically different requirements into a functional 128 concordance. To do so, it must know all these sets and it must also find new, more complex conceptions of petty criminality procedural solutions. Originality/Value: As far as I know, there is no synthetic study that would encompass all the different requirements a national legislator has to bear in mind when regulating the procedure of petty-crime trials. There only exist particular studies as to the ECHR requirements for all criminal trials or those explaining its attitude to criminal administrative delicts and the necessary level of guaranties, or those dealing with specific needs of these cases from the restorative justice or practical criminal policy point of view. Keywords: criminal procedure, petty criminal offences, diversions, criminal liability, administrative liability About the author(s): Jan Provazník is a Ph.D. student at the Masaryk University, Faculty of Law, Department of Criminal Law. In his dissertation he deals with the issue of conceptions, fundaments and perspectives of criminal procedure in the context of contemporary development of law and the legal environment we currently find ourselves at. Corresponding Author: Jan Provazník E-mail: jan.provaznik@seznam.cz Address: Masaryk univerzity - Faculty of Law, Veveří 70, 611 80 Brno, Czech republic 129 Efficiency of Justice - Encouraging or Discouraging Criminal Behavior - Perception in Serbia Zdravko Skakavac, Tatjana Skakavac Purpose: Last twenty years, crime and its more complex forms in particular, registered a growth rate almost everywhere in the world. In the former Yugoslavia, the situation is further burdened by the current transition process. In such circumstances, the fight against crime depends largely on the efficiency of the judiciary. Inefficient judiciary of a country will contribute to encouraging criminal behaviour to the extent as the effectiveness of the prosecution and the courts to deter preventive effect of the protagonists of such behaviour. This paper will point out some aspects of the current efficiency or inefficiency of the judiciary in Serbia. Originality/Value: This paper will point out some aspects of the current efficiency or inefficiency of the judiciary in Serbia. Keywords: court, prosecution, crime, organized crime, prevention, criminal policy, criminal sanctions About the author(s): Zdravko Skakavac, Ph.D., Full professor at Faculty of law and business studies Lazar Vrkatić, Novi Sad, University Union, Belgrade, zskakavac@useens.net, +38163602618 Tatjana Skakavac, M.Sc. Assistant at Faculty of law and business studies Lazar Vrkatić, Novi Sad, University Union, Belgrade, tatjana.skakavac@gmail.com, +381656660044 Corresponding Author: Zdravko Skakavac E-mail: zskakavac@useens.net Address: Bulevar OsloboĎenja 76, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia 130 Possibilities of Mediation in Serbian Cases of Domestic Violence Nataša Mrvić Petrović, Milan Počuča Purpose: This paper analyses theoretical, legislative and practical advantages and limitations of mediation as an alternative way of resolving the conflict between a perpetrator and a victim of domestic violence in Serbia. Design/Methods/Approach: The authors use the comparative method, the legal dogmatic method and the case study method (examples for police and court practice in Serbia) to examine the hypothesis that mediation may constitute a constructive way to resolve less violent conflicts within family members and why it is not used enough in practice. Findings: Modern criminal political orientation of the "zero" tolerance of domestic violence only with a repressive approach, which was adopted in law in practice in Serbia, is ―blocking‖ the use of mediation which is seen as an inadequate response to this crime in the public opinion. Originality/Value: There are few studies in Serbia comparing foreign experience and domestic social possibilities for the success of mediation in cases involving domestic violence. Keywords: alternative criminal sanction, mediation, domestic violence, Serbia About the author(s): Nataša Mrvić Petrović, Ph.D., Research Fellow, Professor of Criminal Law; present position: Research Fellow, Institute for comparative law, Belgrade, and Professor of Criminal Law and Criminology (with Penology and Victimology) at Faculty of Law, University «Union» in Belgrade. She worked as researcher at the Institute for Criminology and Sociology Researches from 1985 to 2000, ant at the Institute for Comparative Law from 2000 to 2004and from February 2012 to date. Research work 131 exclusively on the fields of Criminal Law, Victimology, Criminology and Penology: compensation and restitution of victims of crime, victim's position in criminal procedure, reforms for penal system and alternative sanctions, reducing traffic of human beings, protection of human rights in criminal procedure (regarding ECtHR), political corruption and anti-corruption strategy and on Civil Law (torts and damages especially for crime). Key qualifications: Criminal Law, Criminology, Victimology and Penology - compensation and restitution of victims of crime, position of victims in criminal procedure, criminal sanctions and community based sanctions, human beings trafficking, anti-corruption strategy, protection of human rights in criminal procedure, misdemeanours. Civil Law – torts and damages (material and non-material), liability (strict liability). During 2004, she was a member in Commissions of the Ministry of Justice Republic Serbia for preparation Criminal Code and legal regulations on contraventions. In 2005. she was a member of Commissions of the Ministry of Justice Republic Serbia for preparation Code of Execution of Criminal Sanctions (Amendment) and she cooperated in Projects OSCE to prepare the special legal regulations of prison regime for persons convicted for organized crime, bylaw for execution community based sanctions and Strategy for reduced prison overcrowding and Strategy for social reintegration convicted person. As an expert OSCE, she was a member in Commissions of the Ministry of Justice Republic Serbia during 2007. Preparation of by-laws for enforcement of community sanctions (community service and probation) and during 2009 and 2010. to develop a strategy and action plan to reduce overcrowding in prisons. From November-December 2010. she was International short-time consultant in United Nations Development Project on the job to assist Ministry of Justice of Montenegro in revising the drafted changes and amendments to the Law of enforcement of criminal sanctions (project: Strengthening the Capacities for Mediation of Montenegro and Promotion of Alternative Sanctions - 2010). From 2011. to 2013. she was also a member in Commissions of the Ministry of Justice Republic Serbia for preparation the Law of enforcement of criminal sanctions, Law of probation and Law of Misdemeanours. Milan Počuča Ph.D. Professor Family law, inheritance law and Commerce law. Present position: Vice Dean for Science, Quality and Development, Head of department for commercial and international law, Faculty of law for Commerce and Judiciary in Novi Sad, Serbia. Prof. Počuča has 25 years of work experience in commercial company, public and government organization. Last 8 years he worked 132 at Private University. Key qualifications: Civil law; family law, inheritance law, family violence, tort law, Commercial law: Company contracts, public procurement. He participated in more than 25 international and national scientific conference in last 10 years. Corresponding Author: Milan Počuča E-mail: pocucabmilan@gmail.com Address: Geri Karolja br. 1. 21000, Novi Sad, Srbija (Pravni fakultet za privredu i pravosuĎe u Novom Sadu) 133 SECURITY AND SAFETY 134 The Role of Intelligence Services in Slovenian Criminal Procedure Sabina Zgaga Purpose: The paper analyses the role of the Slovene Intelligence and Security Agency (the Agency) and the Intelligence and Security Service of the Ministry of Defence in Slovenian criminal procedure, especially from the viewpoint of the validity of the evidence acquired by the mentioned intelligence services, in Slovenian criminal procedure. Design/Methods/Approach: The paper discusses the validity and lawfulness of the evidence acquired by Slovenian intelligence services through the analysis of the valid constitutional and legislative regulation, with special emphasis on the Criminal Procedure Act and Slovene Intelligence and Security Agency Act, in order to establish whether and under which conditions intelligence data could be used as evidence in the criminal procedure. Findings: Taking into consideration the current Slovenian constitutional and legal regulations, the Agency should not collect evidence in pre-emptive manner with the intent of subsequently using the data in criminal procedure. However, the intelligence data obtained according to the Slovene Intelligence and Security Agency Act could be subsequently used as evidence in criminal procedure under certain conditions. The first condition is that the evidence was obtained legally: according to the Slovene Intelligence and Security Agency Act, not according to the (usually much stricter) CPA. Secondly, the evidence must have been obtained in constitutionally conformed manner. The third condition could be inferred from the Constitutional Court‘s case law. Namely, the intelligence data obtained by the Agency is admissible in the criminal procedure provided it has been obtained in good faith and unexpectedly, if the Agency‘s measures were not used to bypass the CPA standards to collect evidence, but were executed according for the aims of the Slovene Intelligence and Security Agency Act. 135 Originality/Value: The paper discusses a relevant and hot topic in current case law of Slovenian courts with an overall overview of the constitutional and legislative conditions. Keywords: intelligence data, evidence in criminal procedure, constitutional standards, listening and recording, legality About the author(s): Sabina Zgaga, Ph.D. graduated from Faculty of Law, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia in 2006 with thesis ―The Relation between the Constitution and the Theoretical Model of the Criminal Procedure‖. In her doctoral study of criminal law at the same faculty she focused on international criminal law, especially its general part. For this she has been granted two Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law fellowships. Her doctoral thesis from April 2011 (―Necessity and Duress in International Criminal Law‖), for which she received the United Nations Association for Slovenia‘s award, focused on regulation of necessity and duress (and other related issues such as self-defence, military necessity and superior order) in international, comparative and Slovenian criminal law. Currently she is working at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Slovenia, as an Assistant Professor. Her research work is focused on international criminal law, criminal substantive and procedural law. Corresponding Author: Sabina Zgaga E-mail: sabina.zgaga@fvv.uni-mb.si Address: Poţenik 45, 4207 Cerklje na Gorenjskem, Slovenia 136 A Terrorist Psychological Profile: Assessing the Role of PTSD in Recruitment to Terrorist Organisations: Case Study of Chechnya Tinkara Pavšič Mrevlje, Jana Kotrbová Purpose: The aim of the paper is to examine the possible influence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on the recruitment procedure in terrorist organisations. Taking into consideration the case of Chechnya, the authors analyse the potential match between the symptoms of PTSD and the factors indicated by RAND Corporation research center to be studied on the topic of terrorist recruitment. Design/Methods/Approach: The paper presents a literature review regarding PTSD and terrorist recruitment, applying it in a Chechnya case study analysis. The single case study has been chosen for two major reasons; firstly, to respect theoretical guidance of local specifics identified, e.g., by Kilcullen (2010), and secondly, taking into account the nature of Chechen background which is, in many aspects, highly unique. The historical, ideological, as well as organisational factors are taken into consideration. Findings: The findings suggest that the factors that are crucial for the recruitment to extremist organisations match the symptoms of PTSD. It has been proven on the case of Chechnya that the grievances and the traumatic stress from the two deadly wars play a significant role in drawing the local people into the extremist structures. The paper recommends paying more attention to psychological help in post war regions. Originality/Value: The author draws on data that has been partly collected on the spot, in Chechnya. Moreover, the case of Chechnya is an example of how the fight against terrorists can be protracted to destabilize the whole region. Moreover, little research has been done on the effects of PTSD on the recruitment itself. The findings might be 137 beneficial to the counterinsurgency (or counterterrorist) strategists considering the means for stabilising the security situation in post-war regions. Additionally, the paper connects two research fields, those of psychology and security studies. Keywords: Chechnya, PTSD, recruitment, counter-terrorist operations, post war regions About the author(s): Tinkara Pavšič Mrevlje, Ph.D., lecturer at the Faculty of criminal justice and security, University of Maribor, tinkara.pavsicmrevlje@fvv.uni-mb.si; + 386 1 3008 316 Bc. Jana Kotrbová, student of Master program at Faculty of social sciences, Masaryk University, Brno, the Czech Republic, kotrbova.j@gmail.com, +420608228902 Corresponding Author: Jana Kotrbová E-mail: kotrbova.j@gmail.com Address: Werichova 9, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic 138 The Social Causes of Terrorism Renato Matić, Anita Dremel Purpose: The paper deals with the origins of different interpretations of the events associated with terrorism, with particular emphasis on different interpretations of the causes and consequences of terrorism. Design/Methods/Approach: In this paper, we attempt to argue that the political interpretation of a certain phenomenon, in this case terrorism, together with its causes and consequences, can impose or artificially increase the interest of science in it. The analysis of articles on terrorism makes the issue particularly prominent, because the political discourse is detected as dominant in explaining the reality in a ―top down‖ manner. This means that contrary to scientific and critical empirical testing, a phenomenon is explained as functional or dysfunctional in relation to the frozen picture of reality in which mutual relationships between actors are automatically seen as morally unquestionable. Findings: Capitalist strategies of dealing with threats, like the yearlong neglect of the severity of the problem, the ideologization of political violence and the attempts to instrumentalize it for personal goals, have failed this time, and they have even served logistically as the basis for providing an even greater momentum for terrorism. The same political actors have participated in all these processes for decades, and have therefore also occupied the leading positions in the war on global terrorism. Originality/Value: This paper tries to relieve the approach to the phenomenon of contemporary terrorism of the ideological and biased discourse, and to simultaneously create a scientifically based and value-neutral discourse. Therefore, the processes of explaining and understanding the causes of terrorism today involve the critical 139 interpretation of the relationships between the main actors of global ―terrorism‖ and ―counter-terrorism‖, as well as the possible outcomes of their relationships. Keywords: terrorism, colonialism, center, periphery, causes and consequences, the logic of force, power relations, redistribution of power About the author(s): Renato Matić (rmatic@hrstud.hr) was born in Vinkovci, Croatia, in 1963. He is an associate professor at the Sociology Department, the Center for Croatian Studies, University of Zagreb. Previously, he worked at the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Police College in Zagreb, where he was a Vice Dean. He studied sociology at the University of Zagreb – Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, where he was awarded his M.A. degree in sociology (1994), and his doctor of science degree (Ph.D.) in sociology (2001, thesis entitled Some Value Orientations and Deviant Behavior in Croatian Society). He also graduated from the Executive Program of International and Security Affairs at George. C. Marshall Center for International and Security Studies. His full list of articles and publications is available through the portal of Croatian Scientific Bibliography (CROSBI). http://bib.irb.hr Anita Dremel (adremel@hrstud.hr) was born in Vukovar, Croatia in 1983. She graduated from the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, with majors in sociology and English language and literature (2006), and Japanology (2007). She obtained her Ph.D. degree at the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, with a doctoral thesis on The Construction of Gender Identities in The Novels by Marija Jurić Zagorka – a Critical Discourse Analysis (2014). She has been employed as an external associate at the Sociology Department, the Center for Croatian Studies, University of Zagreb since 2008. She has presented at scientific conferences in Croatia and abroad. Her bibliography is available through http://bib.irb.hr Corresponding Author: Anita Dremel E-mail: adremel@hrstud.hr Address: Ivana Broza 20, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia 140 Students’ Signature Transformations Grigore Nicolae Labo Purpose: This paper examines the changes of the students‘ signature tracking in an interval of four years. Design/Methods/Approach: Using registration forms from more than 100 subjects, we have watched the evolution of their signature. We prepared statistical categories by the criteria of sex, high-schools graduated from, and exam results obtained by the subjects. Findings: The use of the computer and the decrease of the handwriting practice at classes leading to change the initial style of handwriting, and consequently the signature. Originality/Value: It has been possible to distinguish between students' concerns reflected in the evolution of their signature. We have made an analysis of signature modifications in a period when the subjects were students. Keywords: students‘ signature, signature transformation, signature modifications About the author(s): Grigore Nicolae Labo, Lecturer, "Dimitrie Cantemir" Christian University Bucharest, Faculty of Law Cluj-Napoca, Ph.D. from 2006, Articles and Courses in the Faculty Edition. Corresponding Author: Grigore Nicolae Labo E-mail: grigore_labo@yahoo.com Address: home address - Cluj-Napoca, str. Deva nr. 2 ap. 15, Romania cellphone 0040746929638; faculty address - Cluj-Napoca, str. Burebista nr. 2, Romania phone 0040264432211" 141 LEGITIMACY AND TRUST IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2 142 Police Legitimacy in Serbia - Students Perspective Radomir Zekavica, Ţelimir Kešetović Purpose: This paper analyses changes in legitimacy of Serbian police in wider social and political context in last two decades with special emphasis on student attitudes towards whole criminal justice system, and police in particular. Design/Methods/Approach: The analysis is based on secondary sources, a literature review, and a survey conducted on a representative sample of students of the Academy of Criminalistic and Police Studies and the Faculty of Security Studies. Findings: The paper presents the understanding of legitimacy of government/political authority and legitimacy of the police in the Serbian academic community. Through the analysis of the social context and the empirical findings of public opinion surveys, the authors are following the delegitimization of Serbian police in the period 1990-2000 and the attempt for its relegitimization after launching the reform of the Ministry of the Interior in 2000. In the empirical research, a survey will be conducted on a sample of students of the Academy of Criminalistic and Police Studies and the Faculty of Security Studies, University of Belgrade, in order to determine how they perceive legitimacy of the Serbian police. After presenting the results the attitudes of students from two faculties will be compared. In conclusion, the paper provides a review of possible perspectives of police legitimacy perceptions. Originality/Value: So far, there have been no insights in legitimacy of Serbian police, so this paper presents initial findings regarding this issue. Keywords: police, legitimacy, students, Academy of Criminalistic and Police Studies, Faculty of Security Studies, Serbia 143 About the author(s): Radomir Zekavica Ph.D., associate professor at the Academy of Criminalistic and Police Studies, Belgrade, Serdar Janka Vukotića 13 11090 Beograd Serbia, Phone no. +381641100593, email: radomir.zekavica@kpa.edu.rs Ţelimir Kešetović Ph.D., full professor, Faculty of Security Studies University of Belgrade, Gospodara Vučića 50 11040 Beograd Serbia, Phone No. +38162335869, Fax: +381116457685, email: zelimir.kesetovic@gmail.com Corresponding Author: Radomir Zekavica E-mail: rzekavica@gmail.com Address: Serdar Janka Vukotića 13 11090 Beograd Serbia, Phone no. +381641100593 144 Procedural Justice, Police Legitimacy, and Public Cooperation with the Police among Bosnian Students Elmedin Muratbegović, SrĎan Vujović, Adnan Fazlić Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the factors that influence students' trust in the police in Sarajevo. More specifically, this study represents an empirical test of students' experiences with the police and the criminal justice system. The final purpose of this study is to test various research hypotheses derived from the process-based model of policing. More specifically, the effect of procedural justice judgments on perceived police legitimacy is empirically scrutinized. The influence of police legitimacy on a variety of forms of public cooperation with police is also adjudicated. Also, this study aims at determining the correlations between procedural justice, police legitimacy, and public cooperation, as well as to examine what influences trust in the police among students of Faculty of Law and Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security from the University of Sarajevo. Design/Methods/Approach: This study tests process-based model hypotheses using cross-sectional data from 583 students of two faculties within University of Sarajevo (Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security and Faculty of Law), Bosnia and Herzegovina. Findings: The study compares the findings among some countries where same surveys were conducted among the students. A series of linear regression equations is estimated for purposes of hypothesis testing. Research Limitations/Implications: A decent number of students did not complete the survey, which can be considered as research limitation. 145 Practical Implications: Results of this study can make implications for the police practice in Canton Sarajevo and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Specifically, these results correlate with promoting fair and just police practices, as well as students' cooperation with police and their law-related behaviour. Originality/Value: This study is important because this kind of studies are a rarity in Bosnia and Herzegovina, meaning that its results could become a basis for other similar studies. Also, this study examines what influences trust in the police among students of law, criminal justice, criminology, and security studies in Sarajevo. Keywords: police legitimacy, trust, students, cooperation, compliance, Sarajevo About the author(s): Elmedin Muratbegović, Ph.D. is Associate Professor of Criminology at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. His research interest consists of crime control and prevention, criminological prognosis, spatial analysis of crime and fear of crime. E-mail: emuratbegovic@fknbih.edu SrĎan Vujović graduated from the Faculty for Criminal Justice, Criminology and Security Studies at the University of Sarajevo in 2011. He has earned a Master's Degree in the same faculty. He has participated in several scientific and research projects, and has taken participation in a number of seminars, conferences and workshops both in Bosnia and Herzegovina and abroad. As author and co-author he has published several scientific and professional papers. His main research interests are in areas of corruption, youth and hate crimes. Currently he works as teaching assistant (volunteer) on Faculty for Criminal Justice, Criminology and Security Studies University of Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina). Adnan Fazlić, M.A. in Criminal Justice and Security. Senior assistant at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. E- mail: fazlonni@gmail.com 146 Corresponding Author: Elmedin Muratbegović, Ph.D. E-mail: emuratbegovic@fknbih.edu Address: Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Sarajevo, Zmaja od Bosne 8, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina 147 A Comparative Study on Police Legitimacy: U.S. and Slovenia Ryan Carr, Edward Stepano, Charles Griffith Purpose: Legitimacy of any institution is central to the ability of that particular institution's effectiveness. A community's trust in the police and police legitimacy is imperative to the success of the police in their crime control efforts. The purpose of this study is to test the impact of procedural justice, distributive justice, and various other factors (race, age, etc.) on trust in the police and police legitimacy. Design/Methods/Approach: The study uses a previous survey conducted in Eastern and Central European countries on trust in the police and police legitimacy. That survey was sent out to several countries. For the purposes of this study, results from US Criminal Justice college students will only be compared to those of the Slovenian students. Findings: All of the surveys have not been returned and, therefore, they cannot be analyzed as of yet. Originality/Value: This study will shed insight upon the differences and similarities between Slovenian and US Criminal Justice college students on trust in the police and police legitimacy. Keywords: police, legitimacy, criminal justice About the author(s): Ryan Carr, Eastern Kentucky University, ryan_carr32@eku.edu, 908-217-5868 Edward Stepano, Eastern Kentucky University, ejstepano@gmail.com, 724-799-0047 Charles Griffith, Eastern Kentucky University, chg4@bellsouth.net, 859-556-0756 148 Corresponding Author: Edward Stepano E-mail: ejstepano@gmail.com Address: 211 St. George Street, Apt 3, Richmond KY, 40475 149 Legitimacy and Cooperation with the Authorities Among Law Students in Romania Andra-Roxana Trandafir Purpose: The main goal of this paper is to test the importance of legitimacy and cooperation with the authorities in various countries using an international survey conducted on law students in Romania. Design/Methods/Approach: With the use of SPSS statistical tool, factors such as legal cynicism, procedural justice, distributive justice, police effectiveness, police trust, police authority, moral credibility, deterrence, police cooperation, and legal compliance are analysed for the purpose of this study. Findings: The findings show low police effectiveness as well as low trust to the police. Law students believe that there is a lack of authority on the part of the police, and procedural and distributive justice are also quite negatively perceived. Moral credibility and deterrence are perceived in a negative way, but the students are willing to report crimes and other offences to the police and serve as witnesses in criminal investigations. Legitimacy is thus perceived in a negative way. It is obvious that these findings imply a challenge for the police and the criminal justice system, generally. Originality/Value: However, the results of this exploratory study should not be accepted without reservation, as the law students are not representative of the population, but a certain number of law graduates will (presumably) work in the fields of law enforcement and criminal justice in future. As there were no similar surveys in Romania to date, this study brings a new perspective about the concepts related to legitimacy and cooperation with the authorities. Keywords: legitimacy, legal cynicism, efficiency, police, cooperation, criminal justice 150 About the author(s): Andra-Roxana Trandafir, Ph.D., is Assistant Professor of Criminal Law at Department of Criminal Law, Faculty of Law, University of Bucharest Corresponding Author: Andra-Roxana Trandafir E-mail: andra-roxana.trandafir@drept.unibuc.ro Address: Department of Criminal Law, Faculty of Law, University of Bucharest, Bd. M. Kogălniceanu 36-46 Sector 5, 050107 Bucharest, Romania 151 Legitimacy and Procedural Justice of Polish Police: Empirical Perspective Janina Czapska, Ewa Radomska, Daria Wójcik Purpose: The paper presents the key findings of the research conducted in Poland in 2013 within the framework of the international project ‗Legitimacy Policing and Criminal Justice in Central and Eastern Europe‘. The main purpose of the study was to test research hypotheses derived from the process-based model of policing. More specifically, the research examined the influence of main factors that shape perception of police legitimacy (e.g. procedural justice, police effectiveness) and the impact of police legitimacy on public cooperation with the police. Design/Methods/Approach: The study was conducted through means of a web-survey on 506 Polish students of law, security, and administration from eleven higher education institutions in Poland. Many complex variables were constructed, mainly on the basis of factor analysis and adopted theoretical model; also, a series of correlation coefficients and regression models were used in order to examine relations between all variables and test the research hypothesis. Findings: The analyses of relations between all included variables showed that the largest impact on the police legitimacy is that of the perceived procedural fairness of the police. Furthermore, the attitude towards the level of the abidance to procedural justice rules by the police has the strongest influence on the students‘ trust in the police. Less equivocal are connections between police legitimacy and cooperation with the police. The dependencies indicated by coefficients were not confirmed by regression models, which proves only influences of police effectiveness and the obligation to obey the law on this antecedent of police legitimacy. Research limitations and implications: Taking into account that most of the research on police legitimacy and procedural justice was conducted in the United States, there were some difficulties in adapting 152 theoretical constructs constituting the process-based model of policing to the cultural and historical context of Polish society. Additionally, linguistic problems appeared during operationalization of particular variables. Nevertheless, the research carried out in Poland points out that normative perspective can be applied to young democracies like Poland. Moreover, the results from the conducted analysis could make an important contribution to the ongoing international discussions about various ways of legitimacy conceptualization. Originality/Value: There are two important reasons why the study presented in this paper is innovative. First, similar studies have not been carried out in Poland until now. Second, the study points out practical implications of tenets underyling the process- based model of policing. These implications may be the starting point of promoting ‗good practices‘ to increase perceived legitimacy of Polish police. Keywords: procedural justice, police legitimacy, cooperation with the police, process- based model of policing, Poland About the author(s): Janina Czapska, Professor; Department of the Sociology of Law, Faculty of Law and Administration, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland; her research fields of interest are fear of crime, local security, police science; janina.czapska@uj.edu.pl Ewa Radomska, Ph.D. Student in Sociology, Faculty of Philosophy; Law Graduate Student, Faculty of Law and Administration, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland; her research fields of interest are legal psychology, legal socialization, phenomenon of law perception mechanisms; ewa.radomska@uj.edu.pl Daria Wójcik, Law Student, MA Seminary Member in the Department of the Sociology of Law; Faculty of Law and Administration, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland; her research fields of interest are crime prevention, fear of crime, police science and penal populism; daria.wojcik@uj.edu.pl Corresponding Author: Daria Wójcikl E-mail: daria.wojcik@uj.edu.pl Address: Faculty of Law and Administration, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland 153 CRIMINAL JUSTICE 3 154 Professionalism in Solving Crimes Mikhail P. Kleymenov, Ivan Kleimenov Purpose: This paper examines the attitude of the population and policemen towards professional skills to solve crimes. Design/Methods/Approach: A survey of 226 residents of Omsk population and 87 policemen in different regions of Siberia. Findings: The main professional skills to solve crimes are: great experience, intuition, professional contacts, in the criminal environment, honesty, decency, devotion the case, dedication to work, and creative approach. Research limitations/implications: The data was not drawn from a study specifically focused on the unsolved crime. Originality/Value: New data on professional skills to solve crimes. Honesty of the police preferable to their special education. Keywords: professionalism, skills, police, solving crimes About the author(s): Kleymenov Mikhail Petrovich, Dr. of criminology, Prof. of the Omsk State University F.M. Dostoyevsky name, Vice-President of Russian Criminology Association, The author of the textbook «Criminology» (printed by prestige mockery «Norma», first ed. 2008, second ed. 2012), monograph «Introduce in the Ethnic Criminology» (2004), another books (12) and articles (more 250). 155 Kleimenov Ivan, Ph.D., assistant Professor of Higher School of Economics (St.- Petersburg branch), the author 105 publications, including 7 monographs on white collar crime and comparative criminology. Corresponding Author: Kleymenov Mikhail Petrovich E-mail: klim798@mail.ru Address: Russia, Omsk, Ordgonikidze str, 83, 11, telephone +79139661088. 156 Capital Punishment: Just Desert and Youthful Condemnation Jordan Henson Purpose: While the majority of developed nations have abolished capital punishment generally, some have retained it, a few even for juveniles under special circumstances. The United States has long tried to stand as the moral exemplar to the world, but yet remains one of the few nations still allowing capital punishment. The reasoning a superpower uses to justify the continuity of capital punishment is only best understood through an analysis of death penalty and just desert support in American culture. In the United States, the US Supreme Court ruled in Roper v. Simmons (2005) that children under the age of 18 could not be executed. And even though there have been numerous international efforts (notably by the United Nations) to abolish it for juveniles, in a few countries (e.g., Bangladesh, Iran, Iraq, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Yemen, among others) it is still a more common practice. This paper will investigate capital punishment as just desert, and trends from an historical perspective relating to juveniles around the world. Design/Methods/Approach: An examination of the literature and Gallop polls within the US offers unique insights into the culture of violence and just desert principles dominating American death penalty policy. Comparative studies of international juvenile death penalty policies and practices also provides an important literature for understanding the continued use of capital punishment for juveniles around the world. Findings: Despite continued international pressure from its Western partners, the US continues to use capital punishment, in large part, because of a culture of 'just desert' mentalities and a history of violence that has been a foundational aspect of US policy and practice. The idea of the death penalty being a contributive influential deterrent is a strong proponent for death penalty support, despite the literature and research that shows this to be utterly incorrect. When confronted with such a fact, the majority of Americans will still be supportive of the death 157 penalty because of 'just desert' principles inherent in the culture itself, or a desire for everyone to 'get what they deserve'. Also, despite very forceful international law, use of capital punishment for juveniles around the world continues to be a very forceful human rights and criminal justice issue. Originality/Value: While not making any groundbreaking discoveries concerning the death penalty generally, this is an informative collection of literature not only for Americans to understand their own policy practices, but also for a comparative approach for understanding capital punishment practice around the world, particularly for juveniles. Keywords: capital punishment, death penalty, just desert, deterrence, juvenile justice About the author(s): Jordan Henson, Graduate Assistant and Masters Degree Candidate at Eastern Kentucky University, USA. Corresponding Author: Jordan Henson E-mail: jordan_henson27@mymail.eku.edu Address: 450 N Keeneland Dr Apt 1010, Richmond, KY 40475-8527, USA 158 Victimization of the Prison Personnel, the Relation with Convicted Persons and the Problems They Face in Their Work Oliver Bacanovich, Natasha Jovanova Purpose: This paper aims to analyze one part of the results from the research "The position of the convicted persons in penal institutions" concerning the extent of victimization of prison personnel within penal institutions in the Republic of Macedonia, the relation with convicted persons, and the problems they faced at work. Design/Methods/Approach: The survey "The position of the convicted persons in penal institutions" uses the survey as a technique and the questionnaire as an instrument. Findings: The survey involved 188 respondents from prison personnel from six penal institutions in the Republic of Macedonia. In the sample, male persons dominate (79.4%), mostly aged 26 to 55 years. Based on the results, it can be noted that prison personnel often appears as victims of verbal and non-verbal provocations (i.e. psychological violence), only rarely as victims of physical violence. Often, these verbal attacks and provocations are experienced in the halls or in the places for visits of convicted persons. Mostly, they are victimized by men aged between 31-40 years. When it comes to the relationship of inmates to prison personnel, the results show that, generally, prison personnel have daily contacts with inmates. The general attitude of the prison personnel is that the relation with the inmates is correct, but the cooperation with them is not so intensive. The most frequently cited problems that prison personnel are facing at work as are low personal income, overcrowding, and a lack of teamwork. 159 Originality/Value: The Research "The position of the convicted persons in penal institutions" is of such character that this is the first time it has been conducted within penal institutions in the Republic of Macedonia. Keywords: prison personnel, victimization, convicted persons About the author(s): Oliver Bacanovich- Full Professor, Faculty of Security-Skopje, oliverb@ukim.edu.mk Natasha Jovanova, Teaching assistant, Faculty of Security-Skopje, natasa.akademija@yahoo.com Corresponding Author: Oliver Bacanovich E-mail: oliverb@ukim.edu.mk Address: Idrizovo bb, Skopje, Macedonia 160 Open Source Data and Analytics Used as Tools to Protect Companies from Corruption and Money Laundering Darko Prašiček Purpose: The Republic of Slovenia, as a member of a global community, is not resistant to increasing negative occurrences and criminal offences related to corruption. After being accepted in the European Community and having experienced the effects of globalisation, the fluctuation of people and goods in Slovenia has increased. The removal of national borders facilitated the activities of criminal organisations and contributed to an increase of transnational crime rates. The primary goal of criminal groups is to obtain any kind of economic advantage and to legalize unlawfully gained assets and hide them from law enforcement authorities. As a result, persistent attempts of money laundering incur substantial financial damage to companies and harm their corporate image. An appropriate and timely analysis of open source data can be used as an efficient tool to protect the companies by preventing all types of corruption and money laundering attempts. Apart from open source data collected by state intelligence agencies, other corporate organisations, which provide the security of the citizens in a broader sense (e.g. social safety, healthcare, and fire safety) and the media, have to be taken into consideration. The cooperation among government agencies, private security companies, and other corporate organisations can result in lower costs related to collecting and analysing open source data. Design/Methods/Approach: The method applied herein is based on the descriptive analysis of legal resources, scientific publications, international research papers, reports on the work of the Slovenian Police, and media publications. The analysis also consists of the findings based on the author‘s own experience by introducing specific forms of police cooperation, thus providing examples of cooperation between the Police, private security companies, other corporate organisations, and the media. 161 Findings: The prevention of criminal offences related to corruption and money laundering based on a systematic use of open source data and analysis has not yet been widely researched in Slovenia and represents a challenge to the cooperation among state authorities, other state agencies, private companies, other corporate organisations, and the media. Originality/Value: The research is limited to the current state of cooperation in the field of crime prevention and money laundering in Slovenia with regard to collection of intelligence data from open sources in order to conduct crime prevention activities more effectively, and to consider it as an opportunity for economic development. In Slovenian scientific and professional publications, the issue of criminal offences related to corruption and money laundering is discussed mainly in terms of causes, effects, and fields of prevention and criminal investigation of such offences. There is no indication of a more complex approach to this issue which would be based on open source data and would include all previously mentioned organisations. A method for a potentially more successful work in the field of preventing and investigating criminal offences related to corruption and money laundering is presented in the paper. Keywords: open source data, analytics, corruption, money laundering, crime prevention, companies About the author(s): Darko Prašiček, Ph.D. student at the University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, Slovenia, and Criminal Police Inspector Specialist at the Criminal Police Division‘s Organized Crime Section, Ljubljana Police Directorate, Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Slovenia. E-mail: apeedpsp@gmail.com Corresponding Author: Darko Prašiček E-mail: apeedpsp@gmail.com Address: Švabićeva 1, 1000 Ljubljana 162 POLICING AND CRIME PREVENTION 163 The Relationship between Community Policing and Job Satisfaction among Slovenian Police Officers Maja Modic, Gorazd Meško, Mahesh K. Nalla Purpose: This paper examines the relationship between job satisfaction and attitudes toward community policing among Slovenian police officers. Design/Methods/Approach: Using survey data collected in 2011 from a larger project with a national sample of 570 Slovenian police officers, we examined how their levels of job satisfaction affect their attitudes toward community policing. Findings: We found that job satisfaction is one of the contextual factors which significantly affect police officers' attitudes toward community policing, the more satisfied they are, the more positive their attitudes toward community policing are. Results also show that there are statistically significant differences between how community policing officers and other police officers perceive community policing: community policing officers hold more positive attitudes toward community policing than other police officers. Originality/Value: Police officers‘ job satisfaction has been examined in various contexts. Previous research shows that if police officers are not satisfied with their job, their willingness to accept and conform to the community policing ideals may be seriously jeopardized. However, little research has examined the direct relation between police officers‘ job satisfaction and attitudes toward community policing, particularly in Slovenia. Keywords: Slovenian Police, job satisfaction, community policing, police attitudes 164 About the author(s): Maja Modic, Ph.D., is Assistant Professor of Security Studies at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Slovenia. Her current research interests include policing, police-residents relationships and legitimacy of policing. E-mail: maja.modic@fvv.uni-mb.si Gorazd Meško, Ph.D., is Professor of Criminology and Dean of the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Slovenia, and a visiting scholar at the Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge. He has recently edited the Handbook on Policing in Central and Eastern Europe (2013), with Charles B. Fields, Branko Lobnikar, and Andrej Sotlar. His current research interests include crime prevention, provision of safety/security, and legitimacy of policing and criminal justice. E-mail: gorazd.mesko@fvv.uni-mb.si Mahesh K. Nalla, Ph.D., is Professor and Director of Graduate Studies in the School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University (USA). He has published in journals such as Journal of Crime and Delinquency, Justice Quarterly, and European Journal of Criminology, among others. His current research projects include police legitimacy and procedural justice in emerging democracies as well as gendered spaces and female victimization in emerging democracies. He serves as Editor-in- Chief of the International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, the official journal for the International Division of the American Society of Criminology. E-mail: nalla@msu.edu Corresponding Author: Maja Modic E-mail: maja.modic@fvv.uni-mb.si Address: Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Kotnikova 8, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 165 SafeGrowth: Integrated and Sustainable Community Crime Prevention for the Future Mateja Mihinjač Purpose: This paper presents a new integrated and holistic approach to developing, planning, and administering public safety in cities and neighbourhoods. Design/Methods/Approach: SafeGrowth‘s transdisciplinary framework draws from geography, urban planning, criminology, and environmental studies. Central to local SafeGrowth plans is the amalgamation of their principles, which are integral to 1st and 2nd generation crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). As a comprehensive community safety method SafeGrowth recognises that individual crime prevention strategies administered to and for the neighbourhoods by experts, planners, and law enforcement will often not sustain safe and liveable communities. Instead, SafeGrowth is characterised by local community, crime prevention experts, and service providers working together with the community—residents, community organisations and associations. This empowers the locals to assume self-ownership and self-regulation in the process of neighbourhood (re)development. Findings: San Romanoway apartment complex in Toronto, Canada, and the Hollygrove neighbourhood in New Orleans, USA, exemplify successful long-term implementation of SafeGrowth principles. In both of these communities local action, social programs and environment modifications resulted in residents‘ caring attitude, improvement of social conditions and significant crime reductions. Neighbourhood development incorporating SafeGrowth principles has also permeated to the Southern Hemisphere including Satiago, Chile, and most recently Christchurch, New Zealand, and Melbourne, Australia, confirming applicability and success of this method in a variety of local contexts. 166 Originality/Value: SafeGrowth differs from other problem-oriented approaches to solving crime by attempting to holistically address life-quality issues in socio-physical environments by using a bottom-up approach. Community development following these principles that is characterised by civic engagement holds a great potential for the rapidly changing structure of today‘s urban environments. By empowering the local community to adapt to these changes and undertake a leading role in addressing quality of life and safety issues in their own living environments, we can create more cohesive and efficacious environments that address both opportunities and motivation for offending. This way crime and disorder issues can be addressed in a holistic, sustainable, and culturally appropriate manner. Keywords: SafeGrowth, CPTED, second generation CPTED, community building, community cohesion About the author(s): Mateja Mihinjač, doctoral candidate at School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Brisbane. Mateja has completed her undergraduate degree at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security at University of Maribor and obtained her MA in Criminology and Criminal Justice (Honours) at Griffith University, Queensland. She is now completing her Ph.D. on the topic of Implementation of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) in Queensland while also working as a tutor, research assistant and a SafeGrowth advocate. Email: m.mihinjac@griffith.edu.au Corresponding Author: Mateja Mihinjač E-mail: m.mihinjac@griffith.edu.au Address: Griffith University, Mt Gravatt Campus (M10_4.18), 176 Messines Ridge Road, Mt Gravatt, 4122 QLD, Australia 167 Peer Violence Victims - Prevention Ljubomir Čimburović, Eldar Saljić Purpose: In their paper, the authors suggest that peer violence is a global problem that permeates all societies, all cultures and all regions of the world. Millions of children suffer violence on daily basis. Violence against children is a gross violation of the children‘s rights. It causes suffering of the child, seriously threatens development, welfare, and children‘s life itself, and the consequences are often severe and long- lasting. Design/Methods/Approach: This article is based on the application of theoretical work to the police and prosecutors competence in the fight against peer violence victims through qualitative methods (i.e., the descriptive method and contents analysis), as well as through the application of primary and secondary written sources. Findings: The analysis includes bullying among students is a specific form of aggressive behaviour, a process in which each participant can be lead to serious and far- reaching consequences, both physical as well as in the social and emotional life. It is considered the most widespread form of the unacceptable behaviours in school, which can escalate into an extremely serious form of antisocial behaviour. Originality/Value: The article is one of its kind in the review of the new solutions of fight against peer violence victim forms. This is why this article is expected to be of interest to the criminal police and prosecutors. Keywords: peer violence, victim, forms of peer violence, police, criminal procedure legislation, security, prevention About the author(s): Prof. Ljubomir Čimburović, Ph.D., University of Novi Pazar, cimbur@sbb.rs 168 Ass. prof. Eldar Saljić, Ph.D. University of Novi Pazar e.saljic@uninp.edu.rs Corresponding Author: Eldar Saljic E-mail: e.saljic@uninp.edu.rs Address: Dimitrija Tucovica bb 36300 Novi Pazar, Serbia 169 Challenges of Professional Policing for Safer Touristic Community Katarina Mušič, Janez Mekinc, Helena Cvikl Purpose: The purpose of the research is to identify challenges and opportunities for more efficient policing in touristic communities in Slovenia. The research analysed the forms and the characteristics of crime offences in Slovenian accommodation facilities during 2007 - 2013. Design/Methods/Approach: We are going to perform a quantitative-empirical research in which we will analyse and compare different data on crime offences in Slovenian accommodation facilities over the period 2007-2013. Research based on the databases of the Slovenian police. Findings: Criminality which occurred in Slovenian accommodation facilities has indicative characteristics. Certain types of crimes are prevailing for accommodation facilities, such as theft, fraud, grand theft, money forging, and damaging foreign property. In the regions where tourism is more developed, a larger number of crimes are detected. The number of crimes increases during the summer season in July and August. Most of the crimes took place during weekend. Originality/Value: It is the first research focused on crime offences in Slovenian accommodation facilities. The results and findings on the patterns of crimes in Slovenian accommodation facilities have a practical value to the Slovenian tourism industry and also provide the grounds for comparison with similar research studies done in other countries. Keywords: criminality, professional policing, tourism, safety, security, accommodation facilities 170 About the author(s): Katarina Mušič is a teaching assistant at the Faculty of Tourism Studies – Turistica at the University of Primorska, Slovenia. Main research areas are safety and security in tourism, tourism management and exploitation of children and women in tourism. E-mail: katarina.music@fts.upr.si Janez Mekinc, an associate professor of Tourism at the Faculty of Tourism Studies – Turistica, University of Primorska, Slovenia, ex-president of the honorary arbitration court of the Codex of police ethics, an expert at the European Council in the program ―Police and Human Rights‖. The areas of his scientific work are: safety and security in tourism and protection of human rights and freedoms. E-mail: janez.mekinc@fts.upr.si Helena Cvikl, M.Sc., Director of the Vocational College for Catering and Tourism Maribor and a lecturer for management in tourism, Faculty of Tourism Studies – Turistica, University of Primorska. E-mail: helena.cvikl@turistica.si Corresponding Author: Katarina Mušič E-mail: katarina.music@fts.upr.si Address: Olševek 25, 4205 Preddvor 171 LEGITIMACY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE 1 172 Dimensions of Effective Implementation of Crime Prevention Strategies Edmund F. McGarrell Purpose: Recent years have witnessed increasing attention of the adoption of evidence-based crime prevention strategies. Yet, criminal justice research demonstrates that many crime prevention strategies suffer from implementation failure. This paper reviews research on the importance of effective implementation and presents findings on the dimensions of capacity for effective implementation. Design/Methods/Approach: The findings are based on a review of the implementation research literature combined with a modified delphi survey method involving criminal justice professionals and academic researchers involved with policy implementation. Findings: The findings suggest that four dimensions are key to having the capacity for effective implementation of criminal justice policy. These include: governance and project management, partnerships, data and analysis, and feedback and awareness. Originality/Value: Although research has documented the issue of implementation failure, this is one of the first studies identifying the components of implementation capacity. Keywords: crime prevention, policy, implementation About the author(s): Edmund F. McGarrell, School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University, is Director and Professor of the School of Criminal Justice at Michigan State University, USA. His research focuses on communities and crime with a particular focus on gun-related violence. His research has been funded by the Office of Justice Programs in the U.S. Department of Justice and by foundations and state government. Recent publications have appeared in Crime and Delinquency, 173 Criminology and Public Policy, and the Journal of Experimental Criminology among other academic outlets. Phone: 1-517-355-2192, 1-517-432-1787 Corresponding Author: Edmund F. McGarrell E-mail: mcgarrel@msu.edu Address: School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823 174 Police Militarization: Late-Modern Trends and Issues Peter Kraska Purpose: While all police institutions draw from the military model to some extent, many police analysts have documented numerous indicators that U.S. policing has become increasingly militarized over the last 25 years. This paper provides a brief historical overview of this trend, and then examines some important new developments and issues in the area of police militarization. Design/Methods/Approach: Previously published national-level survey data are examined as a part of providing a socio-historical snapshot of this trend. This is followed by an examination of recent field research into the role of the U.S. Military and the Department of Homeland security in moving the U.S. policing institution further down the militarization continuum. Findings: Recent trends and issues associated with an increasingly militarized police approach in the U.S. coincide with macro-structural and cultural shifts associated with late- modernity. Originality/Value: The importance of this research and discussion lies in exposing and teasing out some of the nuances of a not often discussed issue in U.S. policing. Keywords: police, security, late-modernity, militarization About the author(s): Dr. Peter B. Kraska, Chair, Professor, School of Justice Studies -- Eastern Kentucky University. Have published numerous articles over the last 20 years on police militarization -- and have had this research featured in U.S. and International television and print media outlets. 175 Corresponding Author: Peter Kraska E-mail: peter.kraska@eku.edu Address: School of Justice Studies, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY 40475 176 Confidence in Plural Policing Branko Lobnikar, Andrej Sotlar, Maja Modic Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to evaluate the public trust in various security providers in plural policing environment in European countries. Design/Methods/Approach: Literature review, comparative study, analysis of previous research Findings: Contemporary policing is getting more and more pluralized. In addition to the state police forces there are public and private organizations, which were not primarily established for the purpose of policing but their tasks, nature of work, and special powers make them ―the new police forces‖. These are public state/local control or/and security organizations, such as local police or municipal warden services as well as private security firms and private detectives. Public evaluate the actions of authorities primarily by evaluating the fairness of the procedures through which they exercise their authority. High level of trust in the (public/state) police in Europe is connected with high welfare spending, high quality of governance, and high level of social capital. In comparison with the growing body of research on public opinion and trust in public police, public interest in plural policing, as well as other aspects of the relationship between citizens and plural policing bodies, seems to be a rather under-researched field. There is very hard to find a survey that will evaluate the trust to other policing stakeholders the same way as to state police. One example is survey in Slovenia where the public police enjoy the highest level of public trust, followed by private security companies, private detectives, municipal warden service, and inspection services ranking the lowest. The future public opinion surveys should focus also on local police organizations and/or municipal warden services, private security organizations, private investigators, and other members of diverse plural policing family. 177 Originality/Value: The findings draw attention to gaps that still exist in the field of public confidence in plural policing providers and are typical for countries in transition. Keywords: plural policing, police, public opinion, trust, confidence About the author(s): Branko Lobnikar is Associate Professor of Police Management and Administration at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security Studies, University of Maribor, Slovenia. His previous work includes Handbook on Policing in Central and Eastern Europe (co- edited with Gorazd Meško, Chuck Fields, and Andrej Sotlar), and studies on police integrity. Andrej Sotlar is Associate Professor of Security Sciences at the Faculty of Criminal Justice, University of Maribor, Slovenia. His previous work includes Handbook on Policing in Central and Eastern Europe (co-edited with Gorazd Meško, Chuck Fields and Branko Lobnikar). Maja Modic, Ph.D., is Assistant Professor of Security Studies at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Slovenia. Her current research interests include policing, police-residents relationships and legitimacy of policing. E-mail: maja.modic@fvv.uni-mb.si Corresponding Author: Branko Lobnikar E-mail: branko.lobnikar@fvv.uni-mb.si Address: Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Kotnikova 8, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 178 POLICING AND CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION 179 Plural Policing in Slovenia: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow Franc Virtič, Andrej Sotlar, Branko Lobnikar Purpose: This paper examines the nature of Plural Policing in Slovenia. Can we talk about it today, was it already present yesterday, and what about the future? There are different stakeholders, and we will describe their interdependence in providing security/safety in the Republic of Slovenia and examine legitimacy or public trust to those Plural Policing institutions. Design/Methods/Approach: Literature review on existing studies in Slovenia and review of legal framework in which they operate. Findings: In Slovenia there are different Plural Policing stakeholders. In general, providing safety/security is not only a responsibility and matter of the police but also a responsibility of other public and private agencies, such as customs service and judicial police on the state level and city wardens and private security firms on the local level as well. Some researches on legitimacy were done in Europe, few of them in Slovenia, and the results show that the public police enjoys the highest level of public trust compared to other members of plural policing family. We found out that more researches should be done to examine legitimacy or public trust in those plural policing institutions. Originality/Value: There are very few researches done about legitimacy and public trust in plural policing. This paper will provide the first oversight of stakeholders and the legal framework in which they operate. Keywords: plural policing, public police, custom service, judicial police, city wardens, private security firms 180 About the author(s): Franc Virtič, Ph.D. student - Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, franc.virtic@policija.si, +386 31 373 915 Andrej Sotlar, Ph.D., Associate Professor in Security Systems at the University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security. His main research fields of interests are: the structure of national security systems; security policy-making process; intelligence and security services; private security and relationship between public and private security/policing providers; terrorism. Contact information: Kotnikova 8, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, phone: + 386 1 300 83 32, fax: + 386 1 230 26 87, e-mail: andrej.sotlar@fvv.uni-mb.si Branko Lobnikar, Ph.D., Assoc. Professor of Security Management, Head of the Chair of Policing and Security Studies at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Slovenia. His areas of expertise comprise policing, human resource management, and deviant behaviour within organizations. He has authored several papers on community policing and police deviance management. Telephone: +386 1 300 8345, Fax: +386 1 230 2687, Email: branko.lobnikar@fvv.uni- mb.si Corresponding Author: Franc Virtič E-mail: franc.virtic@gmail.com Address: Jerzdarska ulica 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia 181 Public Authorisations of the Chamber of the Republic of Slovenia for Development of Private Security – past, present, and future Iztok Rakar, Bojan Tičar Purpose: This paper examines the development of delegation of public authorisations to the Chamber of the Republic of Slovenia for Development of Private Security. Based on the evaluation of past and present experiences, the authors set guidelines for future legal regulation and administrative practice. Design/Methods/Approach: The research is based on an analysis of legal regulations, the case law of Slovenian constitutional court, and reports of administrative inspection. Findings: Public authorisations are an institute of the Slovenian constitutional and administrative law. The analysis of sector-specific laws shows that various administrative tasks are delegated to public and private law subjects (e.g. public enterprises, chambers, and individuals). Public authorisations of the Chamber of the Republic of Slovenia for Development of Private Security are very delicate, as their implementation may violate human rights and fundamental freedoms. There are several major problems in delegating public authorisations in practice – ex ante justifications of delegation are very vague and not supported by the analysis, while ex post evaluation of delegation does not exist, and supervision of implementing of public authorisations is insufficient. In practice, supervision is mainly results from malpractice discovered by the media or a random check, not from a systematic activity. A special problem is the public authorisations held by professional chambers, especially those related to licensing and professional supervision of members of chambers. Based on the findings by the administrative inspection, several public 182 authorisations of the Chamber of the Republic of Slovenia for Development of Private Security were revoked. Originality/Value: The analysis addresses key problems in delegating and implementing public authorisations, evaluates results of previous experience, and provides possible solutions. The research is limited to Slovenia, but the findings are also relevant to other ―young democracies‖ in the region and interesting for West-European democracies. Keywords: public authorisations, chamber of private security, case law, constitutional court, Slovenia About the author(s): Iztok Rakar, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor of Public Administration at the Faculty of Administration of the University of Ljubljana. He is the Head of the European Institute of Administration and the Slovenian member of the independent group of experts on the European Charter of Local Self-government at the Council of Europe. His research work takes place in the fields of local self-government, the organization and functioning of state administration, and administrative-procedural law. Contact: iztok.rakar@fu.uni-lj.si, +386 1 5805 571 Bojan Tičar, Ph.D. is a Professor of Law at the University of Maribor and the University of Primorska. He is a member of the International Scientific Commission of the International of Research and Information on Public, Social and Cooperative Economy (Centre International de Recherches et d'Information, sur l'Economie Publique) and has participated in number research and project groups. He is also a member of the Association of Lawyers of the Republic of Slovenia, The Association of Financial Lawyers of the Republic of Slovenia, and the International Bar Association. His research work takes place in the fields of administrative and corporate law. Contact: bojan.ticar@fvv.uni-mb.si, +386 1 3008 33 34 Corresponding Author: Iztok Rakar E-mail: iztok.rakar@fu.uni-lj.si Address: University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Administration, Gosarjeva ulica 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana 183 Private Security Services for the Security at Major Events as Outputs of 7 Framework Programme Researches Jozef Meteňko Purpose: Protection of persons and property in terms of social structures, including all levels of government, is one of the most important tasks for state security services. Existing legislation in the countries of Europe offers several alternative solutions to these issues by using private security. Each of these solutions has its limitations arising mainly from the local legislation. Some of the results from the 7. framework EU programme research projects are presented. Design/Methods/Approach: The presented and realized research projects carried in FP7 result in the direction of major events research and many consequences. It is in the interest of sustainable development to look for best practices in order to increase efficiency and optimize provision of private security services, especially by municipalities in their protection of persons and property. Findings: This study presents some outputs from 7. framework EU research projects EU SEC II - VÝSK. 173, GODIAC - VÝSK. 171 and The HOUSE - VÝSK. 172. Originality/Value: The results presented are those of the research projects carried out in last three years outputs and, as a comparison, have not been published to this time. Keywords: protection of persons and property, municipal police, private security service, security sustainability About the author(s): Jozef Metenko, Ph.D., Associate professor, Academy of Police Forces in Bratislava - www.akademiapz.sk, Head Criminalistics & forensic science Department, in last 10 years his research oriented to police science, criminalistics, forensic. Sklabinská 1 184 835 17 Bratislava, Slovak republic, tlf: +(421) 9610 57 517, 501, cellular: +(421) 949 443101, fax: +(421) 961 059 052, e-mail: jozef.metenko@minv.sk; jmetenko@hotmail.com; icq: 197168064, skype: metenko, www.metenko.estranky.sk Corresponding Author: Jozef Metenko E-mail: jmetenko@hotmail.com Address: Academy of Police Forces in Bratislava, Sklabinska 1, 83517 Bratislava, Slovakia 185 Current Issues of White-Collar Crime in the Slovak Republic - Investigation, Proceedings, and the Right to Fair Trial Patrik Rako Purpose: In the first instance, the Paper examines the legal framework based on a single Criminal Code as Act No. 300/2005 Coll. of the Slovak Republic focusing on white- collar crimes. This analysis then deals with the procedural part of investigation of white-collar crimes, as in over 21 years of the existence of the Slovak Republic none from top white-collar criminals have been awarded prison sentences. Moreover, most of them take part as industry leaders and business professionals without any consequences. Last but not least, the paper shows how courts provide justice through judicial errors or through any other options from the executive branch that deny justice regardless of white-collar crimes cases. Case-law from last two decades will show in details how justice was delivered. Design/Methods/Approach: The most frequently used method has been the analytical method of research. This method has been used in the analysis of the legal basis of the white-collar legislation, its features, case-law, similarities, differences and evaluation. Another frequently used method has been the comparative method of research. It has been used in the comparison of white-collar crime statutes, case-law, and naturally, in the comparison of opinions of scholars. Last but not least, the synthetic method of research has been used. It has been used with regard to current developments of the white-collar crimes. Findings: The main hypothesis is to verify the fact that in spite of the established institutions‘ fight against White-Collar crime, making affordable legislation that is not perfect and requires improvements, the Slovak legal practice in White-Collar Crime criminal matters is widely remote and has a narrow view. The additional hypotheses to be verified are: 186 – the national legislation on the White-Collar crime in the Slovak republic is not fully optimised to satisfy the requirements for effective struggling against this type of criminal conduct and, as a result, requires improvement; – the legal practice in White-Collar Crime criminal matters is widely remote and shows a narrow view that needs a general change of the point of view, as well as development of new institutions independent from the police structures responsible for combating White-Collar crime. Originality/Value: A disclosure of the practice in Slovak criminal justice concerning investigation, proceedings, and sentencing of white-collar criminals. Furthermore, it brings the light by foreign sight on to what extent Slovak criminal proceedings adhere to the law. Last but not least, it shows how under a formal democracy and due process of law a legal regime denying the law and justice can be established. Keywords: white-collar crime, investigation, criminal procedure, judicial review, corporate criminal liability About the author(s): Patrik Rako; City University of Hong Kong, School of Law, LL.M Candidate; Pan- European University, Faculty of Law, Department of Public Law; Vienna University of Economy and Business, Institute for European and International Law; first law student with publications in ASPI - national legal database, Dr.iur. under supervision of Univ.-Prof.DDr. Christoph Grabenwarter - judge of The Constitutional Court of Austria, Ph.D. candidate under supervision of Dean of Faculty of Law, PEU - prof. JUDr. Jaroslav Ivor, DrSc., obtained black belt (1.dan) of Go-ju ryu karate, appointment with Dean of Faculty of Law, Oxford University - Timotty Endicott on language of law, appointment with The Rt Hon The Lord Collins of Mapesbury; patrik.rako@gmail.com; +421908489061 Corresponding Author: Patrik Rako E-mail: patrik.rako@gmail.com Address: Račianska 55, 83101 Bratislava, Slovakia 187 POLICING 2 188 A Gap in Perception of Management of Criminal Acts of Assault on Police Officers between the General and the Professional Public Srečko F. Krope, Milan Pagon, Branko Lobnikar Purpose: The purpose of this article is to study assaults on police officers on the basis of criminal charges brought to the District State Prosecutor's Office in the years 2005 – 2006. The goal is to determine the difference or a gap between the opinions by the general and the professional publics about the created organizational model for managing the criminal acts of assaults on police officers. Design/Methods/Approach: The opinion on the organizational model of managing the criminal acts of assaults on police officers was obtained via an online survey. The questionnaire was designed in three sets; we measured agreement/disagreement with statements on a five-point scale. A total of 106 persons aged between 18 to 70 years were included into the survey, representing the general public (inhabitants of Slovenia) and the professional one (police trade unit members). Findings: A statistically significant difference between the public and the union representatives exists on the opinion that the criminal acts of assaults on police officers should be addressed by criminal investigators (t = 2.26, p = .025). The union representatives agreed with this more (average = 4.74) than the public (average = 4,46). We have found a statistically significant difference between the public and the union representatives on the opinion that the ―General Police Directorate should create a special department that specializes in addressing the problem of criminal acts of assaults on police officers‖ (t = 2.87, p = .005). The union representatives agreed more with this (average = 4.06) than the public (average = 3,52). We found a statistically significant difference between the public and the union representatives (t = 2.79, p = .006) in the opinion that an established special department should monitor each case from the assault to the judgment. Union 189 representatives agreed more with this argument (average = 4.53) than the public (average = 4.08). A statistically significant difference between the public and the union representatives also exists in the opinion that the ―Police should give more care and attention to the assaults, whereby it must use the research tasks in the Police and within the Faculties‖ (t = 2.74, p = .007). The union representatives agreed with this (average = 4.35) more than the public (average = 3.94). Originality/Value: The survey represents the first comprehensive approach of the topic in Slovenia. Although few researches about assaults on police officers have been carried out so far, most of the analyses remained at the level of descriptive statistics. On the other side, the police carry out such an analysis each year in the context of presenting statistical data on the use of coercive means, which only gives us the information about the assaults and provides a non managerial response to the issue. Keywords: Slovenia, police, management of assaults on police officers About the author(s): Srečko Felix Krope, M.A., staff-educational direction, retiree of Ministry of interior - General police Directorate, Senior Lecturer at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security at University of Maribor. Milan Pagon, Ph.D., is a professor at the College of Business Studies Al Ghurair University. UAE. Branko Lobnikar, Ph.D., Assoc. Professor of Security Management, Head of the Chair of Policing and Security Studies at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Slovenia. His areas of expertise comprise policing, human resource management, and deviant behaviour within organizations. He has authored several papers on community policing and police deviance management. Telephone: +386 1 300 8345, Fax: +386 1 230 2687, Email: branko.lobnikar@fvv.uni- mb.si Corresponding Author: Srečko Felix Krope E-mail: srecko.krope@siol.net Address: Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Kotnikova 8, 1000 Ljubljana 190 Measuring the Performance of Local Police in Slovenia: A Three-stage Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Approach Aleksander Aristovnik, Janko Seljak, Jernej Mencinger Purpose: The main purpose of the paper is to measure the relative efficiency of police activities in the Slovenian police at the local level. Design/Methods/Approach: As the state allocates a relatively large amount of budget financing police operations with more than a quarter of public employees being employed in the police, the efficient use of limited public funds is even more important. In particular, a three-stage Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique is presented and then applied to measure the relative efficiency of police-work-related data for selected police units at the local level (i.e. police stations (PSs)) in 2010, with additional controlling for external (environmental) factors. The data obtained from the police databases is analyzed through the Frontier Analyst 4.0 and SPSS 19.0 statistical package software. Findings: The results of the DEA empirical analysis reveal that approximately 80 percent of the observed PSs are inefficient relative to their peers. A more detailed analysis also shows that, on the average, PSs with more than 50 posts occupied are less efficient. To some extent, the differences in efficiency rates are a consequence of external factors the management of police stations cannot control, yet they are even more a result of better governance and well organized police work. Originality/Value: The empirical results of the paper are important indicators of the relative efficiency (or inefficiency) of police stations, serving as a guide to the police management when further investigating how to enhance the performance efficiency of various units. 191 Keywords: performance measurement, efficiency, data envelopment analysis, police stations, Slovenia About the author(s): Aleksander Aristovnik, Ph.D., is currently working at the Faculty of Administration (University of Ljubljana) as an Associate Professor in the Department of Economics and Public Sector Management. In addition, he is an Associate Professor in the Department of International Economics at the Faculty of Economics. He has actively participated in around fifty international conferences and recently acted as the head or a member of numerous research projects financed by the Slovenian Research Agency (ARRS). He has also published and reviewed many professional and scientific articles in domestic and international (ISI-cited) journals. He recently became a member of various international associations and organizations (e.g. EEA, NISPAcee, INFER etc.). Contact: aleksander.aristovnik@fu.uni-lj.si, + 386 41 735673, +386 1 5805 541 Janko Seljak, Ph.D., is an independent researcher at the Faculty of Administration, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. His research focuses on statistics, performance indicators, public sector and health care. Contact: janko.seljak@kabelnet.net, + 386 41 998499, +386 1 5805 521 Jernej Mencinger is young researcher at the Faculty of Administration, University of Ljubljana in the Department of Economics and Public Sector Management. Currently, he is Ph.D. student at Faculty of Economics, University of Ljubljana. His primarily research interests are related to public sector economics, macroeconomics and econometrics. Contact: jernej.mencinger@fu.uni-lj.si, + 386 1 5805516, +386 1 5805 521 Corresponding Author: Aleksander Aristovnik E-mail: aleksander.aristovnik@fu.uni-lj.si Address: University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Administration, Gosarjeva ulica 005, 1000 Ljubljana 192 Police Officer: Employee Engagement in the Young Democracy of the Republic of Slovenia David Smolej, Branko Lobnikar Purpose: The purpose and objective of this paper is to establish the level of employee engagement among police officers in the Republic of Slovenia and to explain employee engagement and suggest measures to improve it because the previous research had shown that the economic crisis had a negative effect on employees and their engagement. Design/Methods/Approach: We used a non-experimental research method, a field study; the research technique that we selected was a questionnaire. The data collected was then analyzed with SPSS using descriptive statistics, factor analysis, discriminant analysis, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Findings: On the basic questionnaire ―Q12‖, used from Gallup, we found out that more police officers are ―Not – engaged‖, slightly fewer are ―Engaged‖, and the fewest are ―Actively disengaged‖. Originality/Value: This article is the first to explain employee engagement of police officers. Some similar studies about Employee engagement exist, but not on the police officer population. Keywords: employee engagement, self-efficacy, police officer, Republic of Slovenia About the author(s): David Smolej has an M.A. degree in Criminal Justice and Security and is a doctoral candidate at the Faculty of Criminal and Security Justice, University of Maribor, Slovenia. He works for the Slovenian General Police Directorate, and is also working as assistant lecturer at the Faculty for Criminal and Justice and Security for the 193 area of management in security organisations. His main area of research is police performance. Branko Lobnikar, Ph.D., is Associate Professor of Police Management and Administration. As a former police officer and police supervisor he serves as OSCE international expert, was a member of the management board of European Diploma in Policing, an international Leonardo da Vinci project of senior police managers training, a short-time expert of Council of Europe and a short-time expert of DCAF. His areas of expertise comprise policing, human resource management, and deviant behaviour within organizations. He has authored several papers on various aspects of policing and police deviance management and recently (2013) co-edited Handbook on Policing in Central and Eastern Europe for Springer. Currently, he is involved in the study of police integrity. Corresponding Author: David Smolej E-mail: david.smolej@fvv.uni-mb.si Address: Planina pod Golico 61, 4270 Jesenice, Slovenia 194 The Relationship between Employee Job Satisfaction and Organizational Performance: The Case of the Slovenian Police Service Nina Tomaţevič, Janko Seljak, Aleksander Aristovnik Purpose: Measuring the performance of the police is a complex task since multiple inputs and multiple outputs are involved. This paper examines the relationship between employee job satisfaction and performance of police stations in Slovenia. Design/Methods/Approach: A survey on job satisfaction and trust of police service employees was conducted in March 2012 within the framework of a targeted research project entitled ―The establishment of a system for efficiency, effectiveness and quality measurement in the Slovenian Police Service‖. As of 1 January 2012, there were 128 police stations in Slovenia. In our research, we analysed only 76 police stations, i.e., those which cover all core police activities (crime prevention, detection and investigation, public order and overall safety of people and property, and road safety). Factor analysis was employed to define the facets of job satisfaction. In addition, a three-stage DEA was introduced to combine the data from a survey with the data from the state‘s statistical databases to measure relative efficiency of police stations in Slovenia. Data analysis was made using Frontier Analyst 4.0 and SPSS 19.0 statistical packages software. Findings: In the first phase, only job satisfaction data were included in the analysis as discretionary inputs. However, non-discretionary or environmental variables are regarded as important when evaluating efficiency in DEA. Subsequently, Tobit regression analysis was undertaken in the second stage to estimate the influence of non-discretionary variables. In the third stage, DEA was conducted using the discretionary and non-discretionary input variables. The inclusion of non- discretionary inputs led to an increase in the DEA efficiency score of police stations 195 from local communities with a high population density, a big rise in immigration and a dense network of traffic linkages. The analysis showed that the DEA scores vary significantly across the police stations. All police stations with low DEA scores could learn how to achieve higher DEA scores from the benchmark police stations. Potential improvements in outputs were calculated for those police stations with a low DEA score. Originality/Value: Although the definition and measurement of performance indicators in public administration is very difficult and challenging, all of the police stations with low DEA scores can learn how to ensure higher DEA scores from the benchmark police stations. Consequently, the empirical results of the paper can serve as a guide for police management when further investigating how to enhance the performance results of police stations. Keywords: job satisfaction, performance, Slovenian Police Service, police station, DEA analysis About the author(s): Nina Tomaţevič, Ph.D., is an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Administration, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Within the Department of Public Sector Organization, she teaches Basics of Organization, Theory of Organization, Management in the Public Sector, Human Resources Management and Social Responsibility. Her research interests encompass management, human resources management, social responsibility and business excellence. In the last 10 years she has been actively participating in international conferences and projects and is the author of scientific articles, monographs and parts of monographs. Contact: nina.tomazevic@fu.uni-lj.si, + 386 41 737 947, +386 1 5805 541 Janko Seljak, Ph.D., is an independent researcher at the Faculty of Administration, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. His research focuses on statistics, performance indicators, the public sector and health care. Contact: janko.seljak@kabelnet.net Aleksander Aristovnik, Ph.D., is currently working at the Faculty of Administration (University of Ljubljana) as an Associate Professor in the Department of Economics and Public Sector Management. In addition, he is an Associate Professor in the 196 Department of International Economics at the Faculty of Economics. He has actively participated in around 50 international conferences and recently acted as the head or a member of numerous research projects financed by the Slovenian Research Agency (ARRS). He has also published and reviewed many professional and scientific articles in domestic and international (ISI-cited) journals. He recently became a member of various international associations and organizations (e.g. EEA, NISPAcee, INFER etc.). Contact: aleksander.aristovnik@fu.uni-lj.si, + 386 41 735673, +386 1 5805 541 Corresponding Author: Nina Tomaţevič E-mail: nina.tomazevic@fu.uni-lj.si Address: University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Administration, Gosarjeva ulica 005, 1000 Ljubljana 197 HUMAN RIGHTS 198 White Collar Crime and Defence Rights of Legal Persons in the ECHR Case Law Andra-Roxana Trandafir Purpose: The purpose of the study is to provide an in-depth analysis on the subject of the defence rights of legal persons in the ECHR case law involving white collar crime. Design/Methods/Approach: Using the existing ECHR case law, the present analysis also utilizes relevant legal literature in order to examine how defence rights are recognized for legal persons on the European level. Findings: The analysis of the ECHR case law in this field shows that defence rights in criminal trials were traditionally recognized only for natural persons. It was not until recently that legal persons were granted the same level of protection. However, limitations deriving from the particularity of such defendants still exist. Originality/Value: There is little literature analyzing the reconnaissance of defence rights for legal persons, particularly in Eastern Europe. Also, there is even less literature on the observance of such rights at a national level. Keywords: ECHR, defence rights, legal person, white collar crime About the author(s): Andra-Roxana Trandafir, Ph.D., is Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Law, University of Bucharest, Romania, teaching Criminology and Criminal Law. She is also Secretary General of the Association "Henri Capitant" of the Friends of the French Legal Culture - the Romanian Group and representative of Romania in the Max Planck Partner Group for Balkan Criminology established by the University of Zagreb. She published two books on Criminal Liability of Legal Persons in Romania and more than 35 articles in Romania, Canada, Italy, Panama, Slovenia etc. 199 Corresponding Author: Andra-Roxana Trandafir E-mail: andra-roxana.trandafir@drept.unibuc.ro Address: STOICA&Asociatii (pt. Andra Trandafir), Opera Center II, et. 2, str. Dr. Staicovici nr. 2, Sector 5 - Bucuresti , 050558 200 Reconciliation and Implacability: Narratives of Survivors from the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina Goran Basic Purpose: Previous research on post-war society emphasized structural violence with subsequent reconciliation processes. Researchers have focused on the importance of narratives, but they have neither highlighted narratives about reconciliation nor analyzed conditions for reconciliation in post-war interviews. This article tries to fill this gap by analyzing the stories told by survivors of the Bosnian war during the 1990s. The aim of analyzing the retold experiences of 27 survivors of the 1990s war in north-western Bosnia is to evaluate markers of reconciliation and implacability, as well as those of reconciliation being actualized in the narratives. Stories on implacability, reconciliation, and conditions for reconciliation are not shaped only in relation to the war as a whole, but also in with regard to an individual‘s wartime actions and those of others. In these stories, implacability is the predominant feature, but reconciliation is said to be possible if certain conditions are met. Examples of these conditions are justice for war victims, recognition of perpetrators of crimes, and emotional commitment from the perpetrator (by showing remorse and shame, for example). Design/Methods/Approach: The material for the study was gathered through qualitative interviews with 27 individuals who survived the war in north-western Bosnia and Herzegovina. This study joins those narrative traditions within sociology where oral presentations are seen as both discursive- and experience-based (Potter, 2007[1996]). An interactionally inspired perspective on human interaction, through symbols and an ethno-methodological perspective on human stories (Blumer, 1986[1969]; Garfinkel, 1984[1967]) is a general starting point. In addition, I perceive the concept of reconciliation as an especially relevant component in those specific stories that I analyzed. 201 Findings: The struggle has to end before reconciliation takes place, Simmel (1955[1908]: 117- 123) argues, and the difficulty of ‗forgetting‘ war memories in many cases seems to generate an unforgiving attitude, especially when the stories are specific and emotionally strong with a concrete course of events and filled with names of individuals and places (for example, ‗Rade,‘ ‗Zuti,‘ ‗Dragan,‘ ‗Keraterm‘). Atrocities during the war also raise the question of unforgivable crimes. Ricœur and Derrida believe that forgiveness either includes ‗the unforgivable‘ or does not exist. This study shows that some violent war crimes are described as particularly difficult to forgive. The analysis of interactive consequences of violence shows that the latter is intimately associated with earlier personal experiences. Anger is sometimes expressed with charged emotional terms, with very little space for reconciliation, and guilt sometimes gets transferred over the whole category (not only the individual/individuals who committed atrocities). The features of reconciliation seen in the interviewees‘ stories are imbued with conditionality. Forgiveness and reconciliation are depicted as possible to achieve, but only if guilty war criminals are punished and also show remorse and shame for their atrocities. It seems that one of the most important conditions leading to reconciliation in post- war Bosnia is justice for the war victims. Many war criminals have been arrested or convicted by the Hague tribunal and Bosnia and Herzegovina war crime tribunal for crimes committed during the war, but many are still at large. Simmel (1955[1908]: 121-122) argues that forgiveness is required to achieve reconciliation. The picture that emerges from the analyzed narratives is that it is easier to forgive someone imprisoned for his atrocities. Reconciliation through a truth committee to which the perpetrators confess their crimes as an alternative to judicial punishment is based on the idea of exposing a perpetrator‘s feeling of remorse and shame (Braithwaite, 2006[1989]: 69-107; Christie, 2004: 92-100). The purpose of these feelings is not to condemn the criminal but to give him a possible way out by showing remorse and shame for his actions and thus ‗be forgiven.‘ Even here, there is an obvious condition; namely, through participation in a truth commission, the perpetrator avoids a judicial trial and potential punishment. The interviewees did not like the idea that participants 202 in a truth commission avoided being punished, i.e., they were sceptical of this path leading to reconciliation. In the stories on reconciliation, it is highlighted that the perpetrators now are shameful (or should be ashamed), and an expulsive shame is stipulated, aiming at stigmatizing and excluding single perpetrators. This way, one not only condemns the misdeeds but also points out the individual as a criminal who has lost the right to be a part of the collective. This kind of shame, when single perpetrators are ‗sacrificed‘ to achieve reconciliation between groups, is presented as reconciliation on a macro-level. An interesting question that could not be resolved in this article is what the limits are in models of international tribunals and truth commissions. In this sense, I mean that sociology can address the dysfunctionality of both processes. Another interesting aspect of the problem that could not be investigated in this study is how various actors in the reconciliation fare in the future. What significance will be awarded to the reconciliation question in Bosnian society? Originality/Value: The aim of this article was to analyze the retold experiences of 27 survivors from the 1990s war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. I have examined verbal markers of reconciliation and implacability and analyzed the described terms for reconciliation that are being actualized in the narratives. Previous research on post-war society emphasized the structural violence with subsequent reconciliation processes, as in South Africa (Sampson, 2002), Rwanda (Applegate, 2012), and Bosnia and Herzegovina (Cehajic et al. 2008). Researchers have emphasized the importance of narratives (Hatzfeld, 2008, 2005a,b; Broz et al. 2005; Broz 2008), but they have not focused on narratives about reconciliation or analyzed conditions for reconciliation in post-war interviews. This article tries to fill this gap by analyzing stories told by survivors of the Bosnian war during the 1990s. The research issue is from which normative orientations and from what social values the assumptions draw for moral sense and social intelligibility, and how do these normative orientations and values then guide the actions of individuals as well as communities in post-war societies? The war as a whole (its structure and its political character) and individuals‘ wartime actions are not independent of each other. Personal troubles are addressed in relation to social issues like reconciliation. Post-war reconciliation in Bosnia is closely connected to the war period. The reconciliation process seems to correlate 203 with the war period‘s interactive dynamics, and events taking place during the war affect interpretations regarding a possible reconciliation. This analysis used, among others, Simmel (1955[1908]), Ricoeur (2004[2000]), and Derrida (2004). Their use is not typical for scholarly discussions of interviews, and for this reason, I intend for the study to cast a fresh light on the existing literature. Keywords: reconciliation, conditions for reconciliation, narrative, forgiveness, implacability, shame, justice, perpetrator, emotion About the author(s): Goran Basic is a lecturer in sociology at the Department of Sociology, Lund University. His research concerns fieldwork in Bosnia and Herzegovina, he has written articles on the post-war society and carried out an evaluation of a project in the juvenile care. Basic‘s dissertation ―When collaboration becomes a struggle. A sociological analysis of a project in the Swedish juvenile care‖ is based on ethnographic material. Basic is currently analyzing the collaboration between border police and coastguard in the countries of Baltic region. Corresponding Author: Goran Basic E-mail: goran.basic@soc.lu.se Address: Department of Sociology, Lund University, Box 114, 221 00 Lund, Sweden 204 Compatibility of the Police Law in Serbia with the EU Standards in the Area of Human Rights Protection Tomislav Radović, Zarko Braković Purpose: Human rights are a part of the universal, natural and inalienable civilisation values. Being such, they have been incorporated in the international law, and also in the national legal systems through which they are enjoyed. National police institutions have a key role in the implementation, realization, and protection of human rights. Unification of human rights at the international level had resulted in the creation of international standards in the field of policing as a service. The constant need for harmonization of the legislative framework for the organization, operation, and conduct of the police in the Republic of Serbia according to the high standards of the Council of Europe and the European Union, it is one of the assumptions of European integration of Serbia, especially after the opening of the accession negotiations with the EU. A significant segment of harmonization of national legislation belongs to the harmonization of laws and other state regulations to the European standards in the field of human rights. Design/Methods/Approach: Theoretical approach. Findings: Display options in further efforts to police regulations in the Republic of Serbia into line of EU standards in the field of human rights. Originality/Value: Original article. Keywords: compatibility, human rights, police, law, EU standards, principles 205 About the author(s): Assist. Prof. Tomislav Radović, Ph.D., Faculty of Law, University Business Academy in Novi Sad, Faculty of management, Megatrend University in Belgrade, Ţarko Braković, Ministry of interior Republic of Serbia Corresponding Author: Tomislav Radović E-mail: tomislav.radovic@fmz.edu.rs Address: Dojranska 12a/3, Belgrade, Republic of Serbia. 206 Temporal Dimension of Reproductive Choice and Human Rights Issues Dragan Dakic Purpose: The purpose of this article is to address state‘s positive obligations inherent in two human rights issues arising of temporal constraints to negative aspect of reproductive choice. The first issue is one of the most controversial ethical and legal questions concerning the reproductive choice in general. Depending on late pregnancy terminating techniques, it is possible that a child survives abortion. State‘s obligations in respect to such a child were discussed from the point of positive guarantees inherent in the right to life and prohibition against inhumane and degrading treatment. The second human right issue of temporal constraints to reproductive choice concerns Conventional rights of pregnant woman safeguarded through the right to respect private life. Design/Methods/Approach: Investigation is mostly based on the analysis of Conventional institutions‘ case law and academic comments on key cases. The most significant scientific methods are: - case law study (examination of regional human rights case law); - normative/historic (analysis of regional human rights instruments, origin and present national statutory regulation on abortion and criminal law remedies); - comparative (inquiries on national statutory approaches to previous issues and standings of regional regulation ), - induction (application of this method in research is of particular importance since regional judicial institutions make reference to the national statutes through ―present day conditions‖, ―consensus‖, etc., as to decisive facts. In such a way, national statutes impact judicial precedents, indirectly affecting other legislators); and - deduction (this method provides an answer to the question on which are the effects of regional human rights requirements concerning the national legislation and criminal law practice). 207 Findings: The conclusions reached through discussion could be summarized as follows. State‘s positive obligations inherent in Conventional right to life and prohibition against inhumane and degrading treatment require that medical help is provided to a surviving child. Depriving medical help to such child requires state to impose a criminal law sanction against the doctor involved. Simultaneously, temporal constraints to access the negative aspect of reproductive choice require state to timely provide the woman with relevant information for her to be able to make a decision about terminating her pregnancy. Originality/Value: Considering that both medical and criminal law practice, particularly in the field of prosecution, diverge from human rights requirements, this paper could help to their improvement. It clarifies which legal remedies state needs to employ in regard to its positive obligations to protect the right to life and the right to respect private life. It is also helpful to medical practitioners who could face criminal accountability because of possible omission. Keywords: reproductive choice, temporal constraints, right to life, criminal responsibility, private life About the author(s): Dragan Dakic, Ph.D. candidate at University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, sponsored by European Commission through Basileus IV programme, visiting researcher at Mannheim/Heidelberg Institute for Medical Law, Public Health and Bioethics, (dragan.dakic@unibl.rs and ddakic@mail.uni-mannheim.de). Corresponding Author: Dragan Dakic E-mail: dragan.dakic@unibl.rs Address: Bulevar Vojvode Stepe Stepanovica 94 B, 78000 Banja Luka, Bosna i Hercegovina 208 CYBERCRIME 209 Digital Evidence Management Framework and Digital Evidence Admissibility Miroslav Baca, Jasmin Cosic Purpose: The main goal of this paper is to address the problem of admissibility of digital evidence in court rooms. It also suggests a conceptual framework that enables digital evidence formal acceptability. Design/Methods/Approach: It will use modelling methods and ontology creation. Findings: Formal conceptual framework that can be used in a court room, in police, prosecution, or software engineering for digital evidence management. Originality/Value: Digital forensic/evidence knowledge dissemination and formal description of keys artefact in the digital forensic field. Keywords: digital evidence, acceptability, admissibility, DEMF, ontology About the author(s): prof. dr.sc. Miroslav Baca, Faculty of Organization and Informatics, Croatia, mbaca@foi.hr, www.foi.hr dr.sc. Jasmin Cosic, Ministry of Interior, B&H, jascosic@mupusk.gov.ba, www.mupusk.gov.ba, +38761790484 Corresponding Author: Jasmin Cosic E-mail: jascosic@gmail.com Address: Podgrmecka bb., 77240 Bos.Krupa, B&H 210 Criminal Responsibility of Users of Mobile Devices in Business Organisations Blaţ Markelj, Sabina Zgaga Purpose: Mobile devices are an important tool in the business world. Despite their numerous practical advantages, there are disadvantages of mobile devices as well, such as high vulnerability to security risks due to constant access to information and their basic element; mobility. The number of threats to mobile devices is increasing daily. The realisation of such threats to information security becomes more likely when users use mobile devices improperly and fail to use adequate security protection. It is, therefore, important for organisations and their employees responsible for the safe use of mobile devices to introduce appropriate technical and organisational solutions and measures for the safe use of such devices. Namely, realisation of threats could cause enormous harm to the organisation, its employees, and/or its clients and also bring about criminal responsibility of the users of a mobile device. Therefore, it is important that, among other solutions and measures, the organisation also introduces binding regulations on the safe use of mobile devices as preventative and punitive aims. Design/Methods/Approach: Conclusions are based on descriptive findings and results of a research study conducted among the staff of different Slovene organisations responsible for the safe use of mobile devices in organisations. In the second part of the paper, criminal legislation and literature regarding criminal law consequences for improper use of mobile devices leading to loss of data is examined. Findings: Users use mobile devices for personal as well as business purposes, since these offer a certain business advantage in the business environment. The results of the survey conducted in 34 Slovenian organisations show that organisations are still in the preparatory phase of introducing technical and organisational solutions and measures aimed at establishing information security among employees. The use of binding regulations and standards which would define a safe use of mobile devices 211 in certain organisations is still rare. However, since the line between personal and business data is blurred with the use of these devices, it is necessary to follow the information security recommendations to provide for proper protection of data accessible by mobile devices and to avoid criminal responsibility for the loss of data, as well. Namely, an assessment of a user‘s criminal responsibility is conducted through a set of the elements of the general definition of a criminal act; definition, unlawfulness, and especially user‘s guilt (negligence). Originality/Value: The work conducted in the field of mobile devices is original and deals with the issues presented hereby in an innovative manner. Keywords: mobile devices, threats, organisations, criminal responsibility, negligence About the author(s): Blaţ Markelj is Lecturer of Information Science at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Slovenia. His research interests include blended threats to mobile devices, and information security. Sabina Zgaga, Ph.D., graduated from Faculty of Law, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia, in 2006 with thesis ―The Relation between the Constitution and the Theoretical Model of the Criminal Procedure‖. In her doctoral study of criminal law at the same faculty, she focused on international criminal law, especially on its general part. For this she has been granted two Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law fellowships. Her doctoral thesis from April 2011 (―Necessity and Duress in International Criminal Law‖), for which she received the United Nations Association for Slovenia‘s award, focused on regulation of necessity and duress (and other related issues such as self-defence, military necessity and superior order) in international, comparative and Slovenian criminal law. Currently she is working at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Slovenia, as an Assistant Professor. Her research work is focused on international criminal law, criminal substantive and procedural law. Corresponding Author: Blaţ Markelj E-mail: blaz.markelj@fvv.uni-mb.si Address: Poţenik 45, 4207 Cerklje na Gorenjskem, Slovenia 212 Cybersecurity Challenges in Next Decade Igor Bernik Purpose: Due to enterprises' dependence on ICT (information and communication technologies) and the exchange of information in cyberspace, cybersecurity is an extremely important issue. This is why the present paper analyses some key identified areas aimed at ensuring the adequate functioning of information and communication infrastructure, networking, and information exchange. By identifying key areas and directions of cybersecurity development, enterprises can prepare themselves for the forthcoming challenges and adapt their approaches to cyberspace and data protection accordingly in order to maintain their strategic position and even improve it through the successful implementation of measures in the aforementioned areas. Design/Methods/Approach: By analysing forthcoming technologies and security trends in the field of cyberspace protection and the provision of cybersecurity, and by examining the current state- of-affairs regarding protection in cyberspace, this paper presents the main challenges that will have to be faced in the coming years. On the basis of the analysis of trends and abuse discussed in different global reports on cybersecurity, the development of cybercrime and legal guidelines adopted by the EU, the paper identifies key areas for the provision of cybersecurity in the future and incorporates them into enterprises‘ organisational structure. Findings: Key areas of cybersecurity development in the next decade are identified on the basis of the current state-of-play and the development of threats in cyberspace. The paper presents guidelines for the development of protective mechanisms, proposes organisational approaches, and indicates the expected trends related to the development of cybersecurity provision. The author believes that successful operation of enterprises and provision of data protection are important for maintaining their market position and achieving long-term business success. 213 Security trends presented in this paper represent a great challenge to the majority of modern enterprises in terms of achieving business success. The key areas of cybersecurity development presented in this paper help decision-makers to understand appropriate ways of developing the protection of ICT and providing support to the processes necessary for the implementation of cyber protection at operational levels. Originality/Value: By analysing contemporary trends and identifying key areas of development on the basis of the results obtained in research studies dealing with ICT and its protection, the present paper presents six key challenges in the field of cybersecurity. Its originality is reflected in the approach to the presentation of research results, as trends are presented in a way that enables decision-makers to understand them and thus take appropriate decisions aimed at providing adequate cybersecurity in the coming years. Keywords: technology, protection, trends, next decade, cybersecurity About the author(s): Igor Bernik is Assistant Professor of Information Sciences and the head of the Information Security Department at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Slovenia. His research fields are information systems, information security, and the growing requirements for information security awareness. Corresponding Author: Igor Bernik E-mail: igor.bernik@fvv.uni-mb.si Address: University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, Kotnikova 8, 1000 Ljubljana 214 Specialization of Criminal Justice Authorities in Dealing with Cybercrime Milana Pisaric Purpose: This paper deals with specialized cybercrime units within criminal justice system as one of the key elements of proper response to cybercrime. The author emphasizes the need for establishment/improvement of such an organization with specific powers within law enforcement and prosecution authorities, as well as within courts, in order to tackle problematic issues raised by computer-related crimes, especially the ones concerning investigation and prosecution of offences committed against/by computer data and systems, as well as for carrying out computer forensics with respect to electronic evidence in general. Design/Methods/Approach: The author analyzes relevant international legal frameworks and different national legislations chosen as examples of good practice in order to present the justification for and the purpose of specialization, types of specialized law enforcement units, their organization, functions, strategic, and tactical responsibilities. Findings: The investigation and prosecution of cybercrime and forensic analysis of electronic evidence require specific skills within criminal justice authorities. Therefore, it is favourable to set up or strengthen police-type and prosecution-type cybercrime units with strategic and operational responsibilities, as well as those with computer forensic capabilities within cybercrime units, or as separate structures. As for judiciary, dealing with computer-related crimes requires particular knowledge and skills, and where compatible with the legal system of the country, the creation of specialized courts may be considered. Besides the existing legal mechanisms for dealing transnational crime, the creation of an international court or tribunal that would have jurisdiction over individuals having committed the most serious cybercrimes of global concern may also be a good solution to ensure that serious cyberattacks do not go unpunished. 215 Originality/Value: Although there is a solid number of papers‘ dealing with cybercrime, not many of them are concerned with tactical and procedural issues of investigation and prosecution of these specific crimes. The results presented in this paper are de lege ferenda suggestions for improvement of the existing legislation on organization and powers of authorities in combating cybercrime. Therefore, the value of this paper may be seen in the analysis of legal solutions regarding the law enforcement and prosecution response to computer-related crime, with the emphasis on specialization of the authorities involved. Keywords: cybercrime, investigation, prosecution, court, specialization About the author(s): Milana Pisaric, LL.M, Assistant for Criminal Procedure Law, Department of Criminal Law at Novi Sad Faculty of Law. Graduated from the Faculty of Law of the University of Novi Sad in 2007. In 2010 defended master thesis ―Illegal evidence in criminal procedure‖ at the Faculty of Law of the University of Novi Sad. Since 2010 is a Ph.D. student at the Faculty of Law of the University of Belgrade. Currently is working on Ph.D. thesis ―Investigation and prosecution of cyber crime‖. Elected for the position of Teaching Assistant for the courses Criminal Procedure Law and Criminalistic in December 2008 and promoted to the position of Assistant for the same courses in December 2010. Since 2009 is associate in the Internship Program for Students realized in Primary, Higher and Appeal District Attorney Office and in Primary, Higher and Appeal Court of Justice, Vojvodina‘s Bar Association, Novi Sad Police, Department for Environmental Protection of Vojvodina. Also, I am engaged as the associate of Legal Clinic for Environmental Protection since 2007, the associate of Moot Court Centre at the Faculty of Law since 2010 and the associate of Legal Clinic for Combating Human Trafficking since 2011. She is author of more than 10 scientific articles and has so far participated in several international conferences. mpisaric@pf.uns.ac.rs +381.63.824.73.27 Corresponding Author: Milana Pisaric E-mail: mpisaric@pf.uns.ac.rs Address: Trg Dositeja Obradovica 1, 21000 Novi Sad 216 LEGITIMACY OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2 217 Explaining the Lack of Overall Confidence in the Law and Criminal Courts in Slovenia in Comparison to Europe Janez Štebe Purpose: The overall confidence in courts in Slovenia has been exceptionally low. It is not enough to state this as the legacy of the communist system, as other public institutions are valued more positively in a comparative context. We will assess the other, more specific micro, macro, and contextual level explanations. Design/Methods/Approach: We will manly exploit the ESS5-2010, ed.3.1 data, which allow to study how much of the aggregate level difference of Slovenia compared to other European countries can be explained with micro-level indicators of trust and legitimacy, together with the set of objective macro level judicial system performance indicators, and finally considering some contextual factors of specific legal system implementation. Findings: We expect to find some specific components of trust and legitimacy, in particular perceived legality of court action, to explain a larger part of the specificity of the Slovene case. Both subjective and objective indicators of effectiveness of courts show low performance levels we expect will be the main explanation of low overall confidence. The general expectation is that short term ineffectiveness, when not compensated with the moral beliefs about legitimate authority of the institutions, will have even larger deteriorating effect on the overall confidence. This, in turn, will provide some additional support to the institutional system legitimacy theory. Originality/Value: The ESS data publicly accessible allow for the results of the analysis from different points of departure to cumulate, which substantiates the decision to focus on one country in the comparison. The topic has so far not been studied in an explicitly comparative setting with so many countries available. 218 Keywords: ESS, confidence in institutions, courts, legitimacy, effectiveness, comparative analysis About the author(s): Janez Štebe, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana is Assistant Professor (Ph.D. in Sociology). He is teaching Social Science Methodology courses. His is engaged as a researcher in the infrastructure research program Slovene Social Science Data Archives. He is also a member of Public Opinion and Mass Communication Research Centre research group, the leading academic survey research centre in Slovenia, since 1989. His research interests include comparative analysis of social and political attitudes, quantitative empirical analysis of survey data, and social research methods and social science epistemology in general. Tel. +386-5805-292, E-mail: janez.stebe@fdv-uni-lj.si Corresponding Author: Janez Štebe E-mail: janez.stebe@fdv-uni-lj.si Address: Faculty of Social Sciences, Kardeljeva pl.5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 219 Transition, Reform, and (Lost) Legitimacy: Criminal Justice in Central and Eastern Europe Benjamin Flander, Aleš Bučar Ručman Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyse transition of former socialist countries in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) and present an overview of social and political changes with a special focus on criminal justice system reforms. The authors address the transition and its consequences in criminal justice systems of CEE countries, taking into account some of the key concepts of theories of legitimacy. Design/Methods/Approach: The authors used a literature review method, where they searched for papers and studies of various criminologists from CEE countries. Additionally, they analysed different sources of criminal justice statistics and reports of governmental institutions as well as NGOs. Applying these methods, they placed their (regional) analysis into a broader context of global changes. Findings: The paper argues that transition should be revisited in the context of a global decline of the rule of law and democracy driven by a structural crisis of legitimacy of the neo-liberal postmodern capitalism. In their view, the transition in CEE countries brought about a shift from the crisis of ―democratic‖ socialism to the crisis of ―capitalist‖ democracy. Simultaneously, the CEE countries experienced a transition from an illegitimate socialist criminal justice system into an allegedly democratic model of criminal justice pestered by the lack of legitimacy. From the middle of the 1990s on, reforms in almost all CEE countries introduced measures that drove their criminal justice systems towards a more extensive formal social control, greater penal repression, and lower levels of public trust (e.g. towards lower levels of legitimacy), similar to those from the socialist times. Originality/Value: The authors present their critical perspective on transition and its consequences in CEE countries. This approach differs from other mainstream and less critical 220 evaluations which usually present transition solely as ‗a success story‘, e.g., as a social process of liberalization and democratization of former socialist states, more or less successfully escaping the iron clasp of totalitarianism. Keywords: criminal justice, transition, legitimacy, Central and Eastern Europe About the author(s): Benjamin Flander, Ph.D., Assistant Professor of the Theory of Law and State at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Slovenia. His areas of specialisation include constitutional law and human rights in criminal justice systems. Lately, his research interests also include Nietzsche, postmodernism, advanced critical legal studies and critical criminology/penology. He is the author of two books and several scientific articles. Since 2012, he has been active as an evaluator within the Group of States Against Corruption (GRECO). Aleš Bučar Ručman, Ph.D., senior lecturer at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Slovenia. His research is focused on issues of structural violence, migrations and crime and media discourse of crime. He is the author of several scientific articles, book chapters and his latest book Consumer democracy: Analysis of political-media discourse of contemporary ‗democratic‘ societies. Corresponding Author: Benjamin Flander E-mail: benjamin.flander@fvv.uni-mb.si Address: Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security at University of Maribor, Kotnikova 8, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 221 AUTHOR INDEX Aristovnik, 191, 195 Kešetović, 143 Asančaić, 64 Klančnik, 24 Aţman, 2 Kleimenov, 125, 155 Baca, 210 Klemenčič, 35 Bacanovic, 120, 159 Kleymenov, 125, 155 Basic, 201 Knepper, 99 Bell, 72 Kończyk, 24 Bernik, 213 Korajlić, 50 Bianchi, 101 Kotrbová, 137 Borovec, 37 Koturovic, 99 Bošković, 46 Kraska, 89, 175 Braković, 205 Krope, 189 Bren, 83 Kuhar, 27 Bučar Ručman, 2, 220 Kutnjak Ivkovich, 13, 19 Bugarski, 96 Labo, 141 Butorac, 33 Lewin, 24 Buzarovska, 120 Lobnikar, 15, 17, 177, 180, 189, 193 Cacan, 50 Ludvigsen, 24 Cajner Mraović, 37, 64 Markelj, 211 Carr, 148 Markoski, 113 Chavleski, 113 Matić, 139 Chechnya, 138 Maver, 43 Christián, 123 McGarrell, 173 Cosic, 210 Mekinc, 170 Cvikl, 170 Mencinger, 191 Czapska, 152 Meško, 2, 17, 22, 39, 83, 85, 117, 164 Čimburović, 168 Meteňko, 184 Dakic, 207 Mickovski, 94 Deljkić, 105 Mihinjač, 166 Derk, 64 Mijalković, 46 Ditrich, 107 Mikšaj Todorović, 33 Dobovšek, 22, 27, 30 Mirčeva, 55 Drakulevski, 120 Misoski, 120 Dremel, 139 Modic, 164, 177 Eman, 68, 85, 117 Mrvić Petrović, 131 Ercolanoni, 101 Mujanović, 105 Fazlić, 145 Muratbegović, 145 Fedran, 30 Mušič, 170 Fields, 70 Nalla, 117, 164 Flander, 220 Nikoloska, 48 Frangeţ, 24, 43 Nouskalis, 58 Gogov, 55, 120 Pagon, 189 Griffith, 148 Pavićević, 59 Hacin, 68 Pavšič Mrevlje, 137 Halilović, 50 Perez, 24 Hayden, 70 Peršak, 77 Henson, 157 Pisaric, 215 Ilic, 120 Počuča, 131 Ivanović, 52, 111 Prašiček, 161 Jovanova, 120, 159 Provazník, 128 Kalajdziev, 120 Radomska, 152 Karas, 109 Radović, 205 222 Rakar, 182 Štebe, 218 Rako, 186 Šumi, 15 Reisig, 75 Šuperina, 33 Rep, 92 Tičar, 182 Roberts, 87, 88 Tomaţevič, 195 Saljić, 168 Tominc, 2, 39 Sauerman, 13 Trandafir, 150, 199 Seljak, 191, 195 Uljanov, 111 Silvestru, 66 Urosevic, 111 Simeunović-Patić, 59 Veijalainen, 24 Skakavac, 130 Virtič, 180 Slak, 22 Vitez, 37 Smolej, 193 Vujović, 145 Sotlar, 39, 177, 180 Vuković, 46 South, 79, 110, 203 Weer, 61 Stefanovska, 55 Wójcik, 152 Stepano, 148 Zekavica, 143 Stipič, 35 Zgaga, 43, 135, 211 Šifrer, 83 Ţarković, 52 223 SUBJECT INDEX abuse of business, 23 confiscation, 49 Academy of Criminalistic and Police confiscation proceeds of crime, 47 Studies, 143 constitutional court, 183 acceptability, 210 constitutional standards, 136 accident reconstruction, 102 controlled delivery, 111 accommodation facilities, 170 convicted persons, 160 addicted, 58 cooperation, 146, 150 administrative liability, 129 cooperation with police, 75 admissibility, 210 cooperation with the police, 153 alternative criminal sanction, 131 corporate criminal liability, 187 alternative punishment, 58 corruption, 100, 162 Alzheimer's disease, 34 counterfeit, 44 analytics, 162 counter-terrorist operations, 138 ARIEL project, 23 court, 130, 216 Balkan route, 100 court case, 28 Bayes rule, 51 court panels, 97 Bosnia and Herzegovina, 106, 118 court‘s ruling, 51 capital punishment, 158 courts, 78, 97, 219 capitalism, 60 CPTED, 167 case law, 183 crime, 130 causes and consequences, 140 crime investigation, 110 center, 140 crime mapping, 69 Central and Eastern Europe, 86, 221 crime prevention, 40, 67, 162, 173 chamber of private security, 183 crime proceeds, 49 change, 65 crime statistics, 106 Chechnya, 138 criminal investigation, 49, 106 child, 25 criminal justice, 148, 150, 221 child offender, 56 criminal justice and law enforcement Christián, 123 system, 123 city wardens, 180 criminal liability, 129 Code of silence, 18 criminal networks, 100 cognitive bias, 108 criminal policy, 130 colonialism, 140 criminal procedure, 51, 97, 129, 187 Commission for the Prevention of criminal procedure legislation, 168 Corruption, 31 criminal responsibility, 208, 212 community building, 167 criminal sanctions, 130 community cohesion, 167 criminal victimization, 121 community policing, 14, 18, 20, 35, 38, criminalists training, 108 67, 164 criminality, 170 community policing officers, 18 Croatia, 65, 118 community safety, 67 Croatian police strategy, 38 companies, 162 CSI effect, 110 comparative analysis, 219 culture, 60 compatibility, 205 custom service, 180 compliance, 146 cybercrime, 111, 216 compliance with the law, 75 cybersecurity, 214 conditions for reconciliation, 204 data envelopment analysis, 192 confidence, 178 DEA analysis, 196 confidence in institutions, 219 death penalty, 158 confidence in justice, 125 defence rights, 114, 199 confidence in the judiciary, 93 DEMF, 210 confirmatory factor analysis, 75 democratization, 60 224 detection, 44 justice, 204 deterrence, 158 juvenile, 65 digital evidence, 210 juvenile justice, 158 diversions, 129 juveniles, 97 domestic violence, 61, 131 late-modernity, 175 drug investigation, 28 law, 52, 205 drug trafficking, 100 law enforcement, 72 drug-related offences, 28 law students, 86 drugs, 28 laws, 72 ECHR, 199 legal compliance, 121 effectiveness, 219 legal cynicism, 150 efficiency, 150, 192 legal person, 199 elderly person, 34 legality, 80, 136 emotion, 204 legislation, 35, 44 employee engagement, 193 legitimacy, 75, 78, 80, 84, 86, 118, 143, environmental victimization, 80 148, 150, 219, 221 error management, 108 life-course, 71 ESS, 219 listening and recording, 136 EU standards, 205 Ljubljana, 69 evaluation, 38 local communities, 40 event reconstruction, 102 logic of force, 140 evidence, 114 Macedonian Justice System for Children, evidence in criminal procedure, 136 56 evidence law, 51 management of assaults on police Faculty of Security Studies, 143 officers, 190 female crime, 71 management of police integrity, 16 female incarceration, 71 mass media, 93 feminist approach, 61 mediation, 131 financial investigation, 47, 49 medicines, 44 forensic evidence, 110 militarization, 175 forensic expertise, 95 missing person, 34 forgiveness, 204 mixed method research, 89 forms of peer violence, 168 mobile devices, 212 good practice, 35 modern communication technology, 67 good practices, 40 money laundering, 49, 162 green criminology, 80 motor vehicle thefts, 106 human rights, 114, 205 municipal police, 184 implacability, 204 mutual recognition, 114 implementation, 173 narrative, 204 indicators, 78 negligence, 212 infiltration in to the economy, 23 neighbourhood watch, 35 integrity, 16, 18, 31 next decade, 214 integrity plan, 31 normative, 78 integrity plan producers, 31 objective, 78 intelligence data, 136 ontology, 210 international police cooperation, 111 open source data, 162 internet, 25 organisations, 212 interpretation of evidences, 51 organised crime, 23 investigation, 44, 114, 187, 216 organized crime, 47, 97, 130 job satisfaction, 164, 196 overall crime, 65 judicial police, 180 pedagogy, 61 judicial review, 187 peer violence, 168 judiciary, 78 perception, 78 just desert, 158 performance, 196 225 performance measurement, 192 public surveillance, 52 periphery, 140 public video surveillance, 52 perpetrator, 204 punitive, 72 personal evidence, 110 reconciliation, 204 petty criminal offences, 129 recruitment, 138 plural policing, 178, 180 redistribution of power, 140 Poland, 153 reducing custody, 87 police, 118, 121, 143, 148, 150, 155, 168, reform, 95 175, 178, 190, 205 reproductive choice, 208 police attitude, 102 right to life, 208 police attitudes, 14, 164 rights of victims, 125 police authority, 121 rules of evidence, 95 police cooperation, 121 SafeGrowth, 167 police corruption, 18 safety, 170 police effectiveness, 38 Sarajevo, 146 police ethics, 16 second generation CPTED, 167 police integrity, 14, 20 security, 168, 170, 175 police legitimacy, 146, 153 security provision, 40 police misconduct, 20 security sustainability, 184 police officer, 193 self-efficacy, 193 police search, 34 sense of safety, 38 police station, 196 sentencing, 87 police stations, 192 Serbia, 47, 52, 111, 118, 131, 143 police training, 102 sexual abuse, 25 police trust, 121 sexual exploitation, 25 policing, 35, 86 shame, 204 policy, 173 signature modifications, 141 positivist social science, 89 signature transformation, 141 post war regions, 138 skills, 155 post-transition society, 60 Slovenia, 31, 71, 84, 118, 183, 190, 192, power relations, 140 193 pre-trial treatment, 58 Slovenia Police, 16, 18 prevention, 130, 168 Slovenian Police, 164 principles, 205 Slovenian Police Service, 196 prison personnel, 160 social network analysis, 100 private life, 208 society, 72 private security firms, 180 solving crimes, 155 private security service, 184 South Africa, 14 procedural equality, 95 specialization, 97, 216 procedural justice, 153 structural equation modelling, 84 process-based model of policing, 153 students, 143, 146 professional policing, 170 students‘ signature, 141 professional shortcomings, 125 suicide, 34 professionalism, 155 surveillance, 52 property crime, 65, 69 teaching, 61 prosecution, 130, 216 technical advisors, 95 protection, 214 technology, 214 protection of persons and property, 184 temporal constraints, 208 PTSD, 138 tendencies, 65 public authorisations, 183 terminology, 25 public opinion, 93, 178 terrorism, 140 public police, 180 therapeutic measures, 58 public sector, 31 threats, 212 public security, 67 tourism, 170 226 transition, 221 victimization, 160 trends, 65, 214 violence, 60 trust, 78, 86, 118, 146, 178 violent crime, 65 trust and confidence in Hungarian Police, volunteering, 35 123 VOM, 56 undercover agent, 111 white collar crime, 199 urban security, 40 white-collar crime, 187 Veijalainen, 24 witness description, 102 victim, 25, 56, 168 227 CONFERENCE PROGRAMME 228 DAY 1 Monday, September 15th, 2014 REGISTRATION: 8.00-9.00 Conference Room 6 Panel 1 - Police Integrity: 9.00-10.15 Conference Room 1 Chair: Sanja Kutnjak Ivkovich The Role of Police Integrity in South African Community Policing Adri Sauerman, Sanja Kutnjak Ivkovich The Organizational Aspects of Building Police Integrity in Slovenian Police Service Robert Šumi, Branko Lobnikar Police Integrity, the Code of Silence, and Community Policing in Slovenia Branko Lobnikar, Gorazd Meško Police Integrity and Community Policing: The Case of Croatia Sanja Kutnjak Ivkovich Panel 2 - Organised Crime: 9.00-10.15 Conference Room 2 Chair: Boštjan Slak Preliminary Findings of Research on Organised Crime in the Last Decade in Slovenia Boštjan Slak, Gorazd Meško, Bojan Dobovšek There is no “Child Pornography” – The Importance of Proper Terminology in Public Discourse Danijela Frangež, Anton Toni Klančnik, Bjørn-Erik Ludvigsen, Mikko Veijalainen, Maurine Lewin, Jarosław Kooczyk, Fernando Ruiz Perez Drug-related Crime in Slovenia and the Research of Court Cases Saša Kuhar, Bojan Dobovšek An Issue of the Integrity Plans in Slovenia Jasna Fedran, Bojan Dobovšek 229 Panel 3 - Policing 1: 9.00-10.15 Conference Room 3 Chair: Bernarda Tominc Strategy of Police Search for the Missing Persons Ksenija Butorac, Marijan Šuperina, Ljiljana Mikšaj Todorovid Discussion on the Neighbourhood Watch Implementation Possibilities in Slovenia Monika Klemenčič, Martina Stipič Police Effectiveness as the Main Influencing Factor of the Community Policing Strategy on Citizens' Sense of Safety in Croatia Krunoslav Borovec, Dražen Vitez, Irena Cajner Mraovid Lessons Learned from Good Practices in Local Security Provision Bernarda Tominc, Andrej Sotlar, Gorazd Meško BREAK: 10.15-10.30 Panel 4 - Criminal Investigation 1: 10.30 -12.00 Conference Room 1 Chair: Danijela Frangež Criminal Investigation of Counterfeit Medicines Danijela Frangež, Sabina Zgaga, Darko Maver Financial Investigation in Serbia - Current Situation and Perspective Goran Boškovid, Slaviša Vukovid, Saša Mijalkovid Criminal and Financial Investigation of Money Laundering in the Republic of Macedonia Svetlana Nikoloska Theory of Probability and Criminal Procedure: A New Perception of Interpretation of Evidences and Court’s Ruling Haris Halilovid, Nedžad Korajlid, Aida Cacan Public Video Surveillance – Enigma Question for Serbian Lawmaker Milan Žarkovid, Zvonimir Ivanovid, Ivan Žarkovid 230 Panel 5 - Criminology and Criminal Justice: 10.30-12.00 Conference Room 2 Chair: Stojanka Mirčeva Victim-Offender Mediation and Due Process Guarantees in the Macedonian Justice for Children System: Competitive or Balancing? Stojanka Mirčeva, Vesna Stefanovska, Bogdančo Gogov Alternatives to Prison for Drug Offenders Georgios I. Nouskalis Violence and Culture Olivera Pavidevid, Biljana Simeunovid-Patid Teaching About Domestic Violence: Challenges and Triumphs Shannon Weer Panel 6 - Crime, Criminality and Social Control: 10.30-12.00 Conference Room 3 Chair: Katja Eman Juvenile Crime in 21st Century: Escalating Problem or Just a Media Sensation? The Case of Croatia Irena Cajner Mraovid, Valentina Asančaid, Dubravko Derk TOPOS APP - A Modern Tool to Report and Evaluate Perceived Insecurity in Public Space Diana Silvestru The Use of GIS Tools and Procedures for the Property Crime Analysis in Ljubljana Rok Hacin, Katja Eman Increasing Female Criminality in Slovenia: A Life-course Analysis Emily A Hayden, Chuck Fields Punitive Policy: The Effects on Society and the Criminal Justice System John M. Bell BREAK: 12.00-12.10 231 OPENING OF THE CONFERENCE 12.10 - 12.50 Conference room 1 Chair: Aleš Bučar Ručman Branko Masleša, President of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Slovenia Professor Danijel Rebolj, Rector of the University of Maribor Professor Ed McGarrell, Director of the School of Criminal Justice Michigan State University Professor Chuck Fields, School of Justice Studies, Eastern Kentucky University, and Honorary Senator of the University of Maribor Professor Gorazd Meško, Dean of the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor Annual Awards of the FCJS-UM Significant Contributions to Criminal Justice Practice (Mr. Stanislav Veniger, Director General of the Police) Professionally Successful Graduate of the FCJS-UM (Mr. Bojan Majcen, Acting Director of the Central Prison of Slovenia - Dob) Outstanding Student Achievements and Students Research (Ms. Ana Triller) Plenary 1 - Legitimacy of Criminal Justice - Multidisciplinary Perspectives 1: 12.50-13.50 Conference Room 1 Chair: Katja Eman Measuring Police Legitimacy: Assessing the Empirical Adequacy of Competing Scales Michael D. Reisig Judicial Legitimacy: Between Perception and Objective Criteria Nina Peršak Green Criminology, Environmental Victimization and Inequalities: Environmental Crime Prevention and the Constraints of Legality vs. Environmental Injustice and the Erosion of Legitimacy Nigel South LUNCH: 13.50-14.40 232 Plenary 2 - Legitimacy of Criminal Justice - Multidisciplinary Perspectives 2: 14.40-16.00 Conference Room 1 Chair: Matevž Bren Testing Legitimacy Constructs with Structural Equation Modelling – Case of Slovenia Jerneja Šifrer, Gorazd Meško, Matevž Bren Trust and Legitimacy of Policing in Central and Eastern Europe – Student Perspective Katja Eman, Gorazd Meško Reducing the Use of Custody: Evaluating the Options Julian Roberts Mixed Methods Research: A Guide to Producing Knowledge and Publications Peter Kraska BREAK: 16.00-16.15 Panel 7 - Criminal Justice 1: 16.15 -17.45 Conference Room 1 Chair: Mojca Rep Trust or Distrust: The Public Opinion on the Reputation of Slovenian Judiciary over a Decade Mojca Rep Reform of Expertise in the New Macedonian Law on Criminal Procedure - New, More Efficient Way of Establishing the Truth or Only Cosmetic Changes to the Old Solutions Nikola Mickovski Specialization of Criminal Justice in the Republic of Serbia Tatjana Bugarski Criminal Justice in Serbia: The Effectiveness of Addressing Drug Trafficking Darja Koturovic, Paul Knepper The Descriptive Level of Witness: A New Method of Analysis Fanny Ercolanoni, Ivana Bianchi 233 Panel 8 - Criminal Investigation 2: 16.15 -17.45 Conference Room 2 Chair: Zvonimir Ivanovic Structural Characteristics of Motor Vehicle Thefts in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Criminal Investigators' Perceptions Eldan Mujanovid, Irma Deljkid Cognitive Bias in Crime Investigations Hans Ditrich The Role of Forensic Evidence Collected on Crime Scene Željko Karas Controlled Delivery and Undercover Agent (Covert Investigator) Institutes – Serbian Perspective Zvonimir Ivanovic, Vladimir Urosevic, Sergej Uljanov Pre-Trial Acquisition of Evidence in The European Union and in Republic of Macedonia: A Comparative Overview Aleksandar Chavleski, Aleksandar Markoski 19.00 –> SOCIAL EVENT: Reception Hosted by Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, and School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University 234 DAY 2 Thuesday, September 16th, 2014 REGISTRATION: 8.00-8.30 Conference Room 6 Panel 9 - Legitimacy and Trust in Criminal Justice 1: 8.30-9.45 Conference Room 1 Chair: Gorazd Meško Citizen Trust in Police in Former Yugoslav Republics: A Comparison of Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia, and Slovenia Gorazd Meško, Katja Eman, Mahesh K. Nalla Students Attitudes Regarding the Police in Republic of Macedonia Gordana Buzarovska, Oliver Bacanovic, Gordan Kalajdziev, Aleksandra Gruevska Drakulevski, Boban Misoski, Bogdanco Gogov, Divna Ilic, Natasa Jovanova Trust in Hungarian Police László Christián Confidence in Justice and Protection of the Rights of Victims of Crimes Ivan Kleimenov, Mikhail P. Kleymenov Panel 10 - Criminal Justice 2: 8.30-9.45 Conference Room 2 Chair: Jan Provazník Procedural Options of Dealing with Petty Criminal Offences Jan Provazník Efficiency of Justice - Encouraging or Discouraging Criminal Behavior - Perception in Serbia Zdravko Skakavac, Tatjana Skakavac Possibilities of Mediation in Serbian Cases of Domestic Violence Nataša Mrvid Petrovid, Milan Počuča 235 Panel 11 - Security and Safety: 8.30-9.45 Conference Room 3 Chair: Sabina Zgaga The Role of Intelligence Services in Slovenian Criminal Procedure Sabina Zgaga A Terrorist Psychological Profile: Assessing the Role of PTSD in Recruitment to Terrorist Organisations: Case Study of Chechnya Tinkara Pavšič Mrevlje, Jana Kotrbová The Social Causes of Terrorism Renato Matid, Anita Dremel The Students Signature Transformations Grigore Nicolae Labo BREAK: 9.45-10.00 Panel 12 - Legitimacy and Trust in Criminal Justice 2: 10.00-11.15 Conference Room 1 Chair: Gorazd Meško Police Legitimacy in Serbia - Students Perspective Radomir Zekavica, Želimir Kešetovid Procedural Justice, Police Legitimacy and Public Cooperation with the Police among Bosnian Students Elmedin Muratbegovid, Srđan Vujovid, Adnan Fazlid A Comparative Study on Police Legitimacy: U.S. and Slovenia Ryan Carr, Edward Stepano, Charles Griffith Legitimacy and Cooperation with the Authorities Among Law Students in Romania Andra-Roxana Trandafir Legitimacy and Procedural Justice of Polish Police: Empirical Perspective Janina Czapska, Ewa Radomska, Daria Wójcik 236 Panel 13 - Criminal Justice 3: 10.00-11.15 Conference Room 2 Chair: Natasha Jovanova Professionalism in Solving Crimes Mikhail P. Kleymenov, Ivan Kleimenov Capital Punishment: Just Desert and Youthful Condemnation Jordan Henson Victimization of the Prison Personnel, the Relation with Convicted Persons and the Problems They Face in Their Work Oliver Bacanovich, Natasha Jovanova Open Source Data and Analytics Used as Tools to Protect Companies From Corruption and Money Laundering Darko Prašiček Panel 14 - Policing and Crime Prevention: 10.00-11.15 Conference Room 3 Chair: Maja Modic The Relationship between Community Policing and Job Satisfaction among Slovenian Police Officers Maja Modic, Gorazd Meško, Mahesh K. Nalla SafeGrowth: Integrated and Sustainable Community Crime Prevention for the Future Mateja Mihinjač Peer Violence Victims - Prevention Ljubomir Čimburovid, Eldar Saljid Challenges of Professional Policing for Safer Touristic Community Katarina Mušič, Janez Mekinc, Helena Cvikl BREAK: 11.15-11.30 Plenary 3 - Legitimacy of Criminal Justice 1: 11.30-12.30 Conference Room 1 Chair: Branko Lobnikar Dimensions of Effective Implementation of Crime Prevention Strategies Edmund F. McGarrell Police Militarization: Late-Modern Trends and Issues Peter Kraska Confidence in Plural Policing Branko Lobnikar, Andrej Sotlar, Maja Modic 237 FIELD VISIT 13.00 - 20.00 Police Academy, Criminal Investigation Museum and Trip to Bled (Bus departure from FCJS, Kotnikova 8 at 13.00). 238 DAY 3 Wednesday, September 17th, 2014 REGISTRATION: 8.00-8.30 Conference Room 6 Panel 15 - Policing and Criminal Investigation: 8.30-9.45 Conference Room 1 Chair: Andrej Sotlar Plural Policing in Slovenia: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow Franc Virtič, Andrej Sotlar, Branko Lobnikar Public Authorities of Chamber of the Republic of Slovenia for Development of Private Security – Past, Present, and Future Iztok Rakar, Bojan Tičar Private Security Services for the Security at Major Events as Outputs of 7 Framework Programme Researches Jozef Metepko Current Issues of White-Collar Crime in Slovak Republic - Investigation, Proceedings and Right to Fair Trial Patrik Rako Panel 16 - Policing 2: 8.30-9.45 Conference Room 2 Chair: Branko Lobnikar A Gap in Perception of Management of Criminal Acts of Assult on Police Officers between the General and the Professional Public Srečko F. Krope, Milan Pagon, Branko Lobnikar Measuring the Performance of Local Police in Slovenia: A Three-stage Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Approach Aleksander Aristovnik, Janko Seljak, Jernej Mencinger Police Officer: Employee Engagement in the Young Democracy of the Republic of Slovenia David Smolej, Branko Lobnikar The Relationship Between Employee Job Satisfaction and Organizational Performance: The Case of the Slovenian Police Service Nina Tomaževič, Janko Seljak, Aleksander Aristovnik BREAK: 9.45-10.00 239 Panel 17 - Human Rights: 10.00-11.15 Conference Room 1 Chair: Andra-Roxana Trandafir White Collar Crime and Defence Rights of Legal Persons in the ECHR Case Law Andra-Roxana Trandafir Reconciliation and Implacability: Narratives of Survivors from the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina Goran Basic Compatibility of the Police Law in Serbia with the EU Standards in the Area of Human Rights Protection Tomislav Radovid, Zarko Brakovid Temporal Dimension of Reproductive Choise and Human Rights Issues Dragan Dakic Panel 18 - Cybercrime: 10.00-11.15 Conference Room 2 Chair: Blaž Markelj Digital Evidence Management Framework and Digital Evidence Admissibility Miroslav Baca, Jasmin Cosic Criminal Responsibility of Users of Mobile Devices in Business Organisations Blaž Markelj, Sabina Zgaga Cybersecurity Challenges in Next Decade Igor Bernik Specialization of Criminal Justice Authorities in Dealing with Cyber Crime Milana Pisaric BREAK: 11.15-11.30 Plenary 4 - Legitimacy of Criminal Justice 2: 11.30-12.30 Conference Room 1 Chair: Maja Modic Explaining the Lack of Overall Confidence in the Law and Criminal Courts in Slovenia in Comparison to Europe Janez Štebe Transition, Reform, and (Lost) Legitimacy: Criminal Justice in Central and Eastern Europe Benjamin Flander, Aleš Bučar Ručman 240 CLOSING OF THE CONFERENCE: 12.30-13.00 Conference Room 1 Chair: Gorazd Meško and Aleš Bučar Ručman 241 ORGANIZERS University of Maribor Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security Michigan State University School of Criminal Justice CONFERENCE PARTNERS Government of the Republic of Slovenia Ministry of the Interior & Slovene Police Eastern Kentucky University College of Justice & Safety Groupement Européen de Recherche sur les Normativités (GERN) The Academic Council on the United Nations Systems (ACUNS The Faculty of Law, Lomonosov Moscow State University The Joint Research Centre on Transnational Crime of the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart of Milan and the University of Trento, Italy University of Leicester Department of Criminology 242