Zbirka / Series OPERA INSTITUTI ARCHAEOLOGICI SLOVENIAE 34 Uredniki zbirke / Editors of the series Jana Horvat, Andrej Pleterski, Anton Velušček Železnodobno naselje Most na Soči. Razprave The Iron Age Settlement at Most na Soči. Treatises Recenzenta / Reviewed by Ladislav Ciglenečki, Ivan Šprajc Urednika / Editors Janez Dular, Sneža Tecco Hvala Prevod / Translation Andreja Maver (slo./eng.), Drago Svoljšak (it./slo.), Elena Leghissa (it./slo.) Jezikovni pregled / Language Editor Špela Križ Tehnična ureditev / Technical Editor Mateja Belak Oblikovanje ovitka / Front cover design Tamara Korošec Priprava slikovnega gradiva / Preparation of il ustrations Drago Valoh Prelom / DTP Mateja Belak Izdali in založili / Published and issued by ZRC SAZU, Inštitut za arheologijo, Založba ZRC Zanje / Represented by Oto Luthar, Anton Velušček Tisk / Printed by Collegium Graphicum d. o. o., Ljubljana Izid knjige je podprla / Published with the support of Javna agencija za raziskovalno dejavnost RS (Slovenian Research Agency) Naklada / Print run 500 izvodov / copies Ljubljana 2018; prva izdaja, prvi natis / first edition, first print; prva e-izdaja / first e-edition CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 903(497.4Most na Soči)«638« ŽELEZNODOBNO naselje Most na Soči. Razprave = The Iron Age settlement at Most na Soči. Treatises / uredila, editors Janez Dular, Sneža Tecco Hvala ; [prevod Andreja Maver (slo./eng.), Drago Svoljšak (it./slo.), Elena Leghissa (it./slo.)]. - 1. izd., 1. natis = 1st ed., 1st print. - Ljubljana : ZRC SAZU, Inštitut za arheologijo : Založba ZRC, 2018. - (Zbirka Opera Instituti archaeologici Sloveniae ; 34) ISBN 978-961-05-0108-4 1. Vzp. stv. nasl. 2. Dular, Janez, 1948- 296130048 Knjiga je prosto dostopna tudi v elektronski obliki (pdf) / The book is freely available in e-form (pdf), 978-961-05-0109-1 (pdf), COBISS.SI ID296130304. https://zalozba.zrc-sazu.si/p/1528 © 2018, Inštitut za arheologijo, Založba ZRC, ZRC SAZU Vse pravice pridržane. Noben del te knjige ne sme biti reproduciran, shranjen ali prepisan v kateri koli obliki oz. na kateri koli način, bodisi elektronsko, mehansko, s fotokopiranjem, snemanjem ali kako drugače, brez predhodnega pisnega dovoljenja lastnikov avtorskih pravic. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or trans-mitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. ŽELEZNODOBNO NASELJE MOST NA SOČI Razprave THE IRON AGE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Treatises Uredila / Editors: Janez Dular, Sneža Tecco Hvala LJUBLJANA 2018 PREDGOVOR Most na Soči velja za eno naših najpomembnejših železnodobnih najdišč. Že ob odkritju sredi devetnajstega stoletja je pritegnil zanimanje strokovnjakov, ki so svoj pogled usmerili predvsem v nekropolo. Najaktivnejša med njimi, Carlo Marchesetti iz Trsta in Josef Szombathy z Dunaja, sta med letoma 1884 in 1902 nad sotočjem Idrijce in Soče izkopala več kot 6000 grobov, kar uvršča Most na Soči na sam vrh raziskanih prazgodovinskih grobišč srednje Evrope. Zelo odmevna so bila tudi zaščitna izkopavanja naselja. Čeprav so potekala v neugodnih časih, ko za varovanje arheoloških ostalin še ni bilo pravih normativov, na vse skupaj pa je močno vplivala pospešena gradbena dejavnost ob popotresni obnovi Posočja, so bila izpeljana uspešno in korektno. Še več, pri delu so se v polni meri pokazale dragocene izkušnje vodje izkopavanj Draga Svoljšaka, ki se je kalil pri terenskih raziskovanjih v Stični in brez katerih zanesljivo ne bi dobili tako celovite slike o notranji strukturi naselja, kot jo imamo pred seboj. To omenjamo zato, ker se danes vse prepogosto pozablja, da so bili v Sloveniji temelji modernih izkopavalnih postopkov postavljeni prav v Stični in na Mostu na Soči ter da so današnji standardi v dobršni meri tudi rezultat takratnih dosežkov in prizadevanj! Druga knjiga o železnodobnem naselju Most na Soči prinaša ovrednotenje terenskih izvidov in najdb. Gre za zaključno fazo triletnega projekta z naslovom Železnodobna naselbina na Mostu na Soči − začetki urbanizma v jugovzhodnih Alpah (J6-6835), ki ga je financirala Javna agencija za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije iz državnega proračuna, vodila pa sva ga spodaj podpisana urednika. Zaradi kompleksnosti problematike so bili vanj vključeni številni sodelavci, ne le arheologi, tudi naravoslovci in tehniki, saj smo želeli podati o naselju čimbolj kompleksno sliko. V prvem tematskem sklopu monografije je predstavljena kronologija naselja, ki sloni na kovinskem in keramičnem gradivu. Sledi poglavje o posoškem stavbarstvu, se pravi o gradnji hiš in njihovi umestitvi v prostor. Ta del je zaradi dobro dokumentiranih ostalin zelo pomemben, saj predstavlja prvi resnejši vpogled v železnodobno gradbeno dejavnost na območju jugovzhodnih Alp. V naslednjih dveh razpravah je analizirano drobno gradivo. Omeniti moramo kovinske najdbe, med katerimi prevladuje nakit, ter orodja in druge pripomočke, ki so jih prebivalci naselja uporabljali pri vsakdanjih opravilih. Obsežna je predstavitev lončenine. Analizirana je sestava lončarskih glin, narejena tipologija form in ugotovljeni so časovni razponi posameznih oblik. V drugem sklopu razprav so predstavljeni rezultati analize surovin, ki so jih prebivalci Mosta na Soči uporabljali za izdelavo svojih izdelkov. Najprej glinenih pustil, nato pa še brona, železa in kamna. Podana je sestava predmetov in določena so območja, s katerih so dobivali surovine. V bližnji okolici Mosta na Soči namreč ni pomembnejših rudišč. Tretji sklop zaobjema razprave o organskih ostankih. Najprej o lesu, ki so ga prebivalci Mosta na Soči uporabili za gradnjo hiš. Analiziranih je bilo več sto vzorcev, kar je doslej največja zbirka zoglenelega lesa na območju Slovenije. Predstavljene so tudi kulturne rastline, predvsem žita, ki so jih gojili, ter sadeži, ki so jih nabirali oziroma uvažali iz južnih krajev. V posebni študiji so bili analizirani skromni ostanki tekstila. Sklop zaključuje obsežna razprava o kosteh živali, ki so jih redili in uživali v tem delu Posočja v železni dobi. Spodaj podpisana sva v uvodni študiji ugotovitve avtorjev povzela in jih vpela v širši kulturnozgodovinski kontekst. Tako je dobil železnodobni Most na Soči celovitejšo podobo, ki si jo kot eno najpomembnejših središč jugovzhodnoalpske halštatske kulture nedvomno zasluži. Na koncu bi se rada le še zahvalila. Najprej vsem avtorjem, ki so s svojimi tehtnimi prispevki soustvarili mo-nografijo o Mostu na Soči; nekateri so svoje prispevke tudi sami prevedli (Horvat, Lamut, Šmit in Laharnar, Tolar, Toškan). Za prevod iz italijanščine v slovenščino se zahvaljujeva Dragu Svoljšaku in Eleni Leghissa, za preostale prevode v angleščino Andreji Maver, za jezikovni pregled slovenskih besedil pa Špeli Križ. Hvala tudi sodelavkama Goriškega muzeja dr. Teji Gerbec in Ani Kruh ter kustosu Tolminskega muzeja mag. Mihi Mlinarju, ki so nam bili vedno pripravljeni odpreti depoje in zbirke muzejev, da smo lahko preverjali dokumentacijo in gradivo. Nepogre- šljiva je bila pomoč sodelavcev Inštituta za arheologijo, Mateje Belak, ki je opravila oblikovanje in prelom besedila, in Tamare Korošec, ki je oblikovala naslovnico knjige in rekonstrukcije hiš. Nekateri načrti, slike in fotografije so delo Draga Valoha, nekaj posnetkov je prispeval tudi Tomaž Lauko. Sezname literature je skrbno pregledala Andreja Dolenc Vičič. Vsem skupaj še enkrat prisrčna hvala! Urednika Janez Dular in Sneža Tecco Hvala V Ljubljani, maja 2018 PREFACE Most na Soči is among the most prominent Iron Age sites in Slovenia. Already upon its discovery in the mid-19th century, it attracted the attention of scholars who, mainly focused on the cemetery. The two most active were Carlo Marchesetti from Trieste and Josef Szombathy from Vienna. Between 1884 and 1902, they excavated more than 6000 graves above the confluence of the Rivers Idrijca and Soča, which ranks Most na Soči at the very top of the investigated prehistoric cemeteries in central Europe. The later rescue excavations of the settlement also raised much interest. They were conducted in a very precise and efficient manner in spite of the fact that there were no proper standards for archaeological heritage protection at that time and the investigation was under great pressure by the reconstruction activities following a massive earthquake that had hit the Posočje region. The results of these success-ful excavations offer a unique and comprehensive glimpse into the interior structure of the settlement, which would certainly not be possible were it not for the experienced head of the excavations, Drago Svoljšak, whose previous work included fieldwork at Stična. It is important to remember that the foundations of modern excavation procedures in Slovenia were laid at these very two sites, Stična and Most na Soči, but also that the standards in place today result in a considerable measure in the achievements and efforts from that period! The second volume on the Iron Age settlement at Most na Soči evaluates the structures and small finds. It is the culmination of a three-year project, titled Iron Age settlement at Most na Soči − the beginnings of urbanism in the southeastern Alps (J6-6835), which was finacial y supported by the Slovenian Research Agency. The project was managed by Janez Dular and Sneža Tecco Hvala. The multifariousness of the site’s structures and small finds required the expertise of several archaeologists and other col aborators to present the settlement as comprehensively as possible. The first section of the book opens with the chronology of the settlement based on the metal and ceramic finds. This is followed by a chapter on the architecture in Posočje, more precisely on the construction techniques and the careful choice of building locations. These results discuss the remains that are very well preserved and therefore of great importance as they offer a good insight into the Iron Age constructions in the south-eastern Alpine region. The following chapter present the small finds. These include metal artefacts that mainly consist of jewellery, but also tools and other objects that the inhabitants of Most na Soči used in their everyday activities. Pottery is also numerously represented and presented here as to the composition of the fabrics, the typology of forms and their chronological spans. The second section presents the analyses of some of the raw materials that the artisans used in their work: clay temper, bronze, iron and stone. The results reveal their composition and the origin of the raw materials, which is significant as there are no major ore deposits in the area of Most na Soči. The third section presents the organic remains. Firstly, there are the remains of the structural wood used in house construction. Over a hundred samples of wood were analysed, which is the largest collection of charred wood in Slovenia to date. The settlement also yielded crop plants, mainly cereals, but also fruit that they either gathered local y or imported from areas with a warmer climate. A special study presents the scarce remains of textile. This section is rounded off with the discussion on the remains of animals that were reared and consumed in this part of Posočje during the Iron Age. The results and findings of these expertise are brought together in the introductory study that also provides a broader cultural and historical context of the site and underlines its place among the most important centres of the south-eastern Alpine Hal statt culture. It is an important contribution that would not be possible without the involvement of a group of dedicated col-laborators. Firstly, there are all the authors whose expertise has helped us to il uminate different facets of the site; some also translated their contributions into English (Horvat, Lamut, Šmit and Laharnar, Tolar, Toškan). Drago Svoljšak and Elena Leghissa translated the Italian contribution into Slovenian, Andreja Maver translated the Slovenian articles into English and Špela Križ copyedited the Slovenian texts. We would also like to thank dr. Teja Gerbec and Ana Kruh from the Goriški muzej, as well as mag. Miha Mlinar, curator at the Tolminski muzej, who allowed us free access to their storage facilities and collections in order to examine the excavation records and small finds. At the Institute of Archaeology, Mateja Belak was the desktop publisher, Tamara Korošec designed the book cover and drew the house reconstructions, Drago Valoh contributed several plans, drawings and photographs, Tomaž Lauko contributed several photographs and Andreja Dolenc Vičič careful y checked the references. Sincere thanks to all! Janez Dular and Sneža Tecco Hvala, editors Ljubljana, May 2018 VSEBINA Janez DULAR, Sneža TECCO HVALA: Most na Soči v železni dobi ................................................................................ 9 Janez DULAR: Kronološka slika železnodobne naselbine Most na Soči ......................................................................... 147 Drago SVOLJŠAK: Posoško železnodobno stavbarstvo ................................................................................................... 167 Boštjan LAHARNAR: Kovinske in steklene najdbe ter kamniti kalupi iz železnodobne naselbine na Mostu na Soči ............................................................................................................................................................................. 195 Lucija GRAHEK: Naselbinska keramika z Mosta na Soči .............................................................................................. 249 Lucija GRAHEK, Adrijan KOŠIR: Analiza naselbinske keramike z Mosta na Soči z vrstičnim elektronskim mikroskopom .................................................................................................................................................................. 307 Žiga ŠMIT, Boštjan LAHARNAR: Analiza bronastih surovcev iz železnodobne naselbine na Mostu na Soči in grobnih najdb z Mosta na Soči in iz Bohinja ...................................................................................................................... 321 Jakob LAMUT: Analiza železove žlindre in železnega kvadra iz naselbine na Mostu na Soči ....................................... 333 Aleksander HORVAT: P etrološke analize in provenienca kamnitih artefaktov iz železnodobne naselbine Most na Soči ............................................................................................................................................................................. 349 Sila MOTELLA DE CARLO: Arheobotanične raziskave z najdišča Most na Soči: uporaba lesa, pokrajina in gospodarstvo med 6. in 1. stoletjem pr. Kr. ................................................................................................................... 361 Tjaša TOLAR: Ostanki prehranskih rastlin iz hiš 6 in 15A z Mosta na Soči ................................................................ 445 Karina GRÖMER, Klara KOSTAJNŠEK, Tjaša TOLAR, Gojka PAJAGIČ BREGAR: Tekstilna najdba iz železnodobne naselbine Most na Soči: konservacija, analiza, primerjava ............................................................................ 453 Borut TOŠKAN, László BARTOSIEWICZ: Živalski ostanki iz naselbine na Mostu na Soči: vpogled v družbeno kompleksnost železnodobne skupnosti v jugovzhodnoalpskem prostoru ................................................................... 467 Seznam avtorjev .................................................................................................................................................................. 511 CONTENTS Janez DULAR, Sneža TECCO HVALA: Most na Soči in the Iron Age ........................................................................... 9 Janez DULAR: Chronology of the Iron Age settlement at Most na Soči ........................................................................ 147 Drago SVOLJŠAK: Iron Age architecture in Posočje ....................................................................................................... 167 Boštjan LAHARNAR: Metal finds, glass finds and stone moulds from the Iron Age settlement at Most na Soči ..... 195 Lucija GRAHEK: Pottery from the settlement at Most na Soči ..................................................................................... 249 Lucija GRAHEK, Adrijan KOŠIR: Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the pottery from the settlement at Most na Soči .......................................................................................................................................................... 307 Žiga ŠMIT, Boštjan LAHARNAR: Analysis of raw bronze from the Iron Age settlement Most na Soči and of grave finds from Most na Soči and Bohinj ......................................................................................................................... 321 Jakob LAMUT: Analysis of ferrous slag and a metal block from the settlement at Most na Soči .............................. 333 Aleksander HORVAT: Petrology and provenance of the raw material of stone artefacts from the Most na Soči Iron Age settlement ................................................................................................................................................... 349 Sila MOTELLA DE CARLO: Indagini archeobotaniche a Most na Soči: tecnologia del legno, paesaggio ed economia tra VI sec. e I sec. a. C. ............................................................................................................................. 361 Tjaša TOLAR: Edible plant remains from Houses 6 and 15A at Most na Soči .......................................................... 445 Karina GRÖMER, Klara KOSTAJNŠEK, Tjaša TOLAR, Gojka PAJAGIČ BREGAR: Textile find from the Iron Age settlement at Most na Soči: conservation, analysis and comparisons ....................................................................... 453 Borut TOŠKAN, László BARTOSIEWICZ: Animal remains from the settlement at Most na Soči: insights into the social complexity of an Iron Age community in south-eastern Alps ................................................................. 467 List of contributors .............................................................................................................................................................. 511 Železnodobno naselje Most na Soči. Razprave / The Iron Age settlement at Most na Soči. Treatises. OIAS 34, 2018, 9−145 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Janez DULAR, Sneža TECCO HVALA Most na Soči je postal znan po železnodobni ne- Most na Soči first became known for the Iron Age kropoli, ki sodi med največje, kar so jih doslej raziskali cemetery that ranks among the largest necropoleis ever v Evropi.1 K njegovi slavi je pripomoglo tudi naselje, excavated in Europe.1 Later, its renown became even katerega ostanke je v sedemdesetih in osemdesetih letih greater with the investigations of the settlement that prejšnjega stoletja izkopaval Goriški muzej.2 Da je bil the Goriški muzej conducted in the 1970s and 80s.2 The Most poseljen že v prazgodovini, ni presenečenje. Ljudje investigations showed that Most was already inhabited so namreč hitro prepoznali naravne danosti kraja, ki in prehistory. This is not surprising; people recognised leži na jugu Tolminske kotline v sovodnji Soče, Idrijce the advantageous natural conditions of its location in Bače. Ob rekah so od nekdaj tekle pomembne poti. very early on, lying at the southern edge of the Tolmin Prva je vodila po dolini Idrijce oziroma čez Šentviško Basin and at the confluence of the Soča, Idrijca and planoto do Cerknega ter od tu naprej preko Škofje Loke Bača. Rivers have always represented important lines of v Ljubljansko kotlino. Druga komunikacija je vijugala communication. One such line led along the valley of po Baški grapi proti severovzhodu. Ko je prečkala preval the Idrijca or across the plateau of Šentviška planota to na Petrovem Brdu in Soriško planino, se je spustila v Cerkno and further on via Škofja Loka to the Ljubljana Bohinj, ki je bil znan po bogatih nahajališčih železove Basin. The second line of communication meandered rude. Tretja pot je šla ob Soči proti severu. Pri Kobaridu, along the valley of the River Bača towards the north- se je razcepila v dva kraka: prvi je šel proti Bovcu in čez east; it crossed the mountain pass at Petrovo Brdo and Predel na Koroško, drugi ob Nadiži na zahod v Benečijo the alp of Soriška planina, and descended to Bohinj, in Furlansko ravnino. Končno moramo omeniti še pot an area known for its rich iron ore deposits. The third proti jugu. Najverjetneje ni tekla ob Soči. Iz karte najdišč line followed the River Soča northwards and forked at posoške (svetolucijske) železnodobne skupnosti je moč Kobarid: one line continued towards Bovec and across razbrati, da je prečkala Banjško planoto ( sl. 1). Pri Gorici the Predel Pass to Carinthia, the other followed the je dosegla Vipavsko dolino, še naprej pa Kras in Tržaški River Nadiža/Natisone westwards towards Veneto and zaliv z Jadranskim morjem. the Friuli Plain. We should also mention the route that Razen tega, da je bil Most na Soči naravno vozlišče led southwards; the map of the sites of the Sveta Lucija poti, se odlikuje kraj tudi po svoji legi. Poselitev se je Iron Age community ( Fig. 1) suggests that it probably did lahko širila po širokem pomolu nad sotočjem Idrijce not lead along the Soča, but rather crossed the plateau in Soče, ki sta si na tem mestu v skalno osnovo vrezali of Banjška planota, reached the Vipava Valley at Gorica čez dvajset metrov globoki debri. Danes sta zaliti z and continued further southwards to the Kras and the akumulacijskim jezerom doblarske elektrarne. Severno Bay of Trieste in the Adriatic. stran pomola dodatno varujejo tri vzpetine (Munihov in The geography at Most na Soči made it a natural Cungov kuk ter Teza oziroma Kuk sv. Mavra), pri čemer junction of different routes, though it offered other je z zadnjega (232 m) odličen razgled po soški dolini. advantages as wel . The Idrijca and Soča cut their beds Dostop na pomol je razmeroma lahek le z vzhoda, kjer so as to form a wide promontory that was both suitable se proti zaselku Stopec širijo za poljedelstvo primerne for habitation and natural y well protected. The made površine. Rodovitna polja so tudi na prostrani terasi over 20 metres deep gorges that are flooded today with severno od naselja v smeri proti Modreju. the dam for the Doblar hydropower station. While the Danes je območje Mosta na Soči skoraj v celoti two rivers formed a natural defence on the west and the pozidano in zato močno preoblikovano. Milan Šifrer je south, the north side of the promontory was protected by 1 1 Marchesetti 1893; Gabrovec, Svoljšak 1983; Teržan, Lo Marchesetti 1893; Gabrovec, Svoljšak 1983; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž 1984−1985. Schiavo, Trampuž 1984−1985. 2 2 Svoljšak, Dular 2016. Svoljšak, Dular 2016. 9 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 1: Karta najdišč posoške (svetolucijske) železnodobne skupnosti. Fig. 1: Map of sites of the Posočje (Sveta Lucija) Iron Age community. 1 Bovec; 2 Srpenica; 3 Sedlo; 4 Homec; 5 Podbela; 6 Robič; 7 Staro selo; 8 Kobarid (Gradič, V logu, Tonovcov grad); 9 S. Peitro al Natisone / Špeter Slovenov; 10 S. Quirino; 11 Čedad / Cividale; 12 Darnazzacco; 13 Tolmin; 14 Most na Soči; 15 Kal nad Tol-minskim Lomom; 16 Idrija pri Bači; 17 Slap ob Idrijci; 18 Pečine (Vrh gradu); 19 Šentviška Gora (Berlotov rob); 20 Gorski Vrh (Jerovica); 21 Šentviška Gora; 22 Polje (Gradišče); 23 Levpa (Grad); 24 Kal nad Kanalom (Vrh gradca); 25 Kal nad Kanalom (Na gradu); 26 Grgar (Grašišče); 27 Solkan (Sv. Katarina); 28 Loke (Kolenovca); 29 Trnovo (Kamni breg); 30 Lokavec (Kovačevše); 31 Godovič (Jelenšek); 32 Koritnica; 33 Nemški Rut; 34 Žlan; 35 Brod; 36 Srednja vas v Bohinju; 37 Jereka; 38 Bitnje; 39 Lepence; 40 Bitnje (Ajdovski gradec). še prepoznal dve terasi, zgornjo na višini okoli 195 m in three peaks: Munihov kuk, Cungov kuk and Teza/Kuk spodnjo na 180 m nadmorske višine.3 Sestavlja ju mo- sv. Mavra, the last of which (232 m) affords a clear view rensko gradivo in slabo sortiran fluvioglacialni prod, ki over the Soča Valley. The promontory was only relatively se je mestoma sprijel v čvrst konglomerat. Na nižji terasi easily accessible from the east, where arable land extends je nasutje debelo le še 0,5 do 2,0 m. Pod njim se nadaljuje towards the present-day hamlet of Stopec. Arable land proti Soči in Idrijci nagnjena živoskalnata podlaga. can also be found on a vast terrace of the Soča in the Do kod se je širilo naselje in če je sploh imelo direction of the Modrej vil age, north of Most na Soči. obzidje, brez načrtnih raziskav ne moremo zanesljivo The area of Most na Soči is almost entirely built-up ugotoviti ( sl. 2: 1). Drago Svoljšak je pred časom po- today and therefore greatly altered. In the early 1980s, stavil tezo, da Most na Soči ni potreboval fortifikacij, geographer Milan Šifrer could still identify two terraces, saj so ga dovolj dobro ščitile že naravne danosti terena. the upper one at an altitude of around 195 m and the Obramba naj bi bila prepuščena gradiščem, ki so stala lower one at 180 m asl.3 The two terraces are composed na najbolj nevralgičnih mestih ob glavnih prometnicah of moraine till and poorly sorted fluvioglacial gravel that daleč stran od središča posoške železnodobne skupnosti in places forms a compact conglomerate. This deposit (Ravelnik pri Bovcu, Gradišče pri Robiču, Jelenšek nad is only 0.5–2.0 m thick on the lower terrace; under it 3 3 Šifrer 1983, 68. Šifrer 1983, 68. 10 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 2: Topografska karta Mosta na Soči z vrisanimi najdišči: naselje ( 1), grobišči ( 2, 3). M. = 1:5000. Fig. 2: Topographic map of Most na Soči with marked sites: settlement ( 1), cemeteries ( 2, 3). Scale = 1:5000. Godovičem, Sv. Katarina nad Solkanom).4 Pri razlagi is the bedrock that inclines slightly towards the Soča obrambne strategije je sledil mnenju G. Fogolari, ki je and Idrijca. za venetske naselbine v njihovem teritorialnem jedru Without systematic investigations, it is not possible ugotovila, da niso bile obzidane, ampak so zanje izbrali to reliably determine the limits of the prehistoric settle- naravno zavarovana območja ob vodah in na vzpetinah.5 ment and whether it had defensive wal s ( Fig. 2: 1). Some Zanimivo je, da je Carlo Marchesetti, ta še vedno time ago, Drago Svoljšak put forward the hypothesis that neprekosljiv poznavalec prazgodovinskih kaštelirjev, the settlement itself did not need such fortifications, as v svoji publikaciji o svetolucijskem grobišču zapisal, it was protected by the natural features of the terrain da je bilo naselje sicer dobro varovano že z rekama in and additionally by the hillforts located at strategic hribovjem, vendar pa so ga še dodatno utrdili z obzid- points along the main routes and at some distance from jem, ki je grič obdajalo z vseh strani.6 Šlo naj bi za pravi the centre of this Iron Age community (Ravelnik near kaštelir. Poleg obodnega obzidja je predvideval še ožji Bovec, Gradišče near Robič, Jelenšek above Godovič, notranji zid, kar bi dokazovale velike groblje kamenja, ki Sv. Katarina above Solkan).4 In his interpretation of se podaljšujejo proti vrhu vzpetine. Kaj je s tem mislil ni the defensive strategy, he followed the opinion voiced povsem jasno, saj je danes pomol skoraj v celoti pozidan, by Giulia Fogolari who established that settlements in zato o kakem krožnem obzidju ni sledu. Na južni in Veneto were not enclosed within defensive wal s, but zahodni strani niti ni bilo potrebno, saj so naselje dovolj rather located on natural y protected spots along wa- dobro varovale skoraj navpične stene čez dvajset metrov terways and elevations.5 globokih debri Idrijce in Soče. It is interesting that Carlo Marchesetti, who re- mains the foremost authority on prehistoric hillforts in 4 Svoljšak 1984a; Svoljšak 1986. 5 4 Svoljšak 2001, 131. Svoljšak 1984a; Svoljšak 1986. 6 5 Marchesetti 1893, 316 s. Svoljšak 2001, 131. 11 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 3: Most na Soči. Lidarski posnetek z vrisanim obodom železnodobnega naselja. M. = 1:5000. Fig. 3: Most na Soči. Lidar-derived image with a marked perimeter of the Iron Age settlement. Scale = 1:5000. (Izdelava / Elaborated by: E. Lozić) Nekoliko drugačna je bila situacija na severu. Tu je the region, noted in his 1893 publication of the cemetery potek oboda manj jasen, vendar pa so morale biti vanj at Most na Soči that the settlement was well protected že zaradi strateške lege vključene vse tri vzpetine – kuki. with the rivers and the elevations, but was additional y Dokaz so tudi skromne najdbe, ki so jih našli na njihovih fortified with defensive wal s that surrounded the el- pobočjih ob raznih zemeljskih delih.7 Zelo dobro pa je evated part from all sides;6 he believed it to be a proper bilo naselje zamejeno proti vzhodu, od koder je vodila na hillfort. Apart from the main fortification wal s, he also pomol najlažja pot. Segalo je do velike kamnite groblje, observed large formations of stones running up the ki se v smeri sever-jug vleče prav čez vrh najvišjega kuka slope that he interpreted as the remains of a narrower (Teze). Na lidarskem posnetku je odlično vidna, vendar interior wal . Neither the remains nor the interpretation smo jo vseeno označili z rdečo puščico ( sl. 3). Morda je are clear today, because the promontory is completely imel Marchesetti v mislih prav ta del naselja, ko govori built up with no visible traces of a circular enclosure. It o zidovju, ki se podaljšuje proti vrhu vzpetine. Ali se v is certain that a defensive wall in the south and the west would have been unnecessary, as the almost vertical cliffs 7 V Kroniki fare Sv. Lucije na Mostu jih je zabeležil župnik Alojzij Carli (Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 20 ss); glej tudi 6 Mlinar, Klasinc, Knavs 2008, 192 s. Marchesetti 1893, 316 f. 12 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE groblji res skriva obzidje, bi pokazala sondaža.8 Groblja above the more than 20 m deep beds of the Idrijca and se tik nad cesto proti pokopališki cerkvi sv. Mavra sicer Soča offered sufficient protection. konča, vendar pa je bila v isti liniji, le nekoliko južneje, The situation in the north is different. The perim- ob izkopavanjih Goriškega muzeja odkrita močna, do eter here is less clear, but the settlement area must have 1,5 m debela suhozidna ograda, ki zanesljivo predstavlja included all three peaks (local y named kuki) that would vzhodno mejo naselja (pozicija ograde je označena z have been of strategic importance. Scarce finds that came modro puščico).9 Onkraj nje se je namreč širilo pozno- to light on the slopes during different earthworks lend latensko in zgodnjerimsko grobišče, na katerem so našli some support to this hypothesis.7 To the contrary, the tudi tri domnevno halštatske grobove.10 Naselje je bilo eastern perimeter is clear; in the area where access to the torej branjeno vsaj z vzhodne, najbolj ranljive strani, kar promontory is easiest the settlement extended to the belt ni v tem času nobena posebnost. Podobne, v okljuke ali of stones running north-south and across the highest of sotočja rek umeščene železnodobne naselbine poznamo the three peaks (Teza). The belt is clearly visible on the tudi iz osrednje in jugovzhodne Slovenije.11 lidar image, marked with a red arrow ( Fig. 3). Perhaps Dosedanja izkopavanja so pokazala, da je bil po- Marchesetti had this particular part of the settlement in mol, ki ga oblivata Idrijca in Soča poseljen že v mlajši mind when writing about defensive wal s that continued bronasti dobi.12 Za tem obdobjem opažamo v poselitveni towards the top of the hil . Whether the belt of stones zgodovini Mosta na Soči precejšnjo vrzel, saj v celoti actual y represents a rampart may be revealed by trial manjkajo ostaline iz starohalštatskega obdobja. Kod se trenching.8 The detectable belt ends just above the road je v tem času širilo naselje torej ni znano, pričakovati bi leading towards the cemetery church of St. Maurus. In ga smeli pod temelji hiš najstarejšega dela vasi. To bodo its line further to the south, the Goriški muzej excavated dokazala ali ovrgla prihodnja raziskovanja. Obsežni an up to 1.5 m thick drywall enclosure (marked with a ostanki naselja na Merišču, ki so ga med letoma 1971 blue arrow on the lidar image) that certainly represents in 1984 izkopali sodelavci Goriškega muzeja, sodijo šele the eastern perimeter of the settlement.9 East of the line v mladohalštatski čas (6.–4. stoletje pr. Kr.; stopnje Sv. of this enclosure is the Late La Tène and Early Roman Lucija IIa, IIb in IIc).13 Prostor je bil nato v skromnejšem cemetery that also yielded three burials presumably from obsegu obljuden še v poznolatenskem obdobju (konec the Hal statt period.10 The settlement must therefore 2. st. in 1. st. pr. Kr.; stopnja Sv. Lucija IV), odkrite pa so have been fortified at least in the east where access was bile tudi stavbe iz rimskega časa. Zadnje obdobje seveda easiest, which was a rather common fortification strategy ni več predmet naše razprave. of the period; similar Iron Age settlements, located in Naselju pripadajoča nekropola se je raztezala na the river bends or at river confluences, are also known prostrani terasi na levem bregu Idrijce, zato je morala biti from central and south-eastern Slovenia.11 čez globoko deber na njenem najožjem delu postavljena Excavations have shown that the promontory was lesena brv ( sl. 2: 2). Tu sta Carlo Marchesetti in Josef already inhabited in the Younger Bronze Age.12 After this Szombathy na ledinah Ograjnica, Žvanovo polje in Na period, there is a gap in habitation traces that lasts to bleku ob koncu devetnajstega stoletja za tržaški in du- the Late Hal statt period. The settlement from the Early najski muzej izkopala čez 6400 grobov, kar uvršča Most Hal statt period has not yet been discovered, it may lie na Soči med največja raziskana grobišča prazgodovinske buried under the foundations of the earliest part of the Evrope.14 Grobovi so prihajali na dan tudi pri raziskavah modern vil age. The extensive remains of the settlement v dvajsetem stoletju.15 Da je bilo grobišče res veliko in se excavated between 1971 and 1984 at Merišče all date to je širilo vse do najnižje terase levega brega Idrijce, kažejo the Late Hal statt period (6th–4th centuries BC; the Sv. najnovejša zaščitna izkopavanja Tolminskega muzeja. Lucija IIa, IIb and IIc phases).13 Albeit in a more limited Na ledinah Repelc in Pucarjev rob so odkrili nadaljnjih 7 The priest Alojzij Carli noted the small finds in Kronika 8 Na Tezi je leta 1891 kopal Enrico Maionica in našel fare Sv. Lucije na Mostu (Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 20 ff); also see močno zidovje, kaj več pa ni znanega (zapis A. Carlija v Mlinar, Klasinc, Knavs 2008, 192 f. 8 Kroniki fare Sv. Lucije na Mostu za leto 1891). Enrico Maionica dug at Teza in 1891 and reportedly 9 Glej Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 202 s. found thick wal s (note by Alojzij Carli in Kronika fare Sv. 10 Omenjeno zgolj v kratkih poročilih; Gabrovec, Lucije na Mostu, 1891), but nothing more is known of his Svoljšak 1983, 35; Svoljšak 1984b, 237; Svoljšak 1985, 232. findings. 11 9 Npr. Kranj, Novo mesto, Metlika in Črnomelj; glej See Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 202 f. 10 Dular, Tecco Hvala 2007, 77. Only mentioned in short reports; Gabrovec, Svoljšak 12 Svoljšak 1988–1989, 371 ss, t. 4–8. Glej tudi Teržan 1983, 35; Svoljšak 1984b, 237; Svoljšak 1985, 232. 11 1995, 330. E.g. Kranj, Novo mesto, Metlika and Črnomelj; see 13 Za podrobnejšo kronologijo naselja glej tu Dular, 147 ss. Dular, Tecco Hvala 2007, 77. 14 12 Glavni objavi: Marchesetti 1893; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Svoljšak 1988–1989, 371 ff, Pls. 4–8. See also Teržan Trampuž Orel 1984–1985. 1995, 330. 15 13 Za podrobno zgodovino raziskovanj glej Gabrovec, For a more detailed chronology of the settlement see Svoljšak 1983, 29 ss. here Dular, 147 ff. 13 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE šestdeset žganih grobov, ki so vsebovali dragocene, tudi extent, the area was populated in the Late La Tène period uvožene predmete.16 (late 2nd and 1st centuries BC; the Sv. Lucija IV phase), Drugo, vendar veliko manjše grobišče, se je razte- but also in the Roman period. These habitation traces zalo na desnem bregu Idrijce onkraj že omenjene ograde are not treated here. na skrajnem vzhodnem koncu naselbinskega kompleksa The cemetery associated with the settlement was ( sl. 2: 3). Tu so med letoma 1978 in 1984 pri zaščitnih located on a vast terrace on the opposite, left bank of the izkopavanjih odkrili čez 160 grobov, ki sodijo v halštat- Idrijca. It was presumably connected with the settlement ski, poznolatenski in zgodnjerimski čas.17 via a wooden footbridge in the narrowest part of the deep river gorge ( Fig. 2: 2). Carlo Marchesetti and Josef Szombathy investigated the cemetery towards the end of STAVBIŠČA, GRADNJA HIŠ, the 19th century at the sites of Ograjnica, Žvanovo polje INFRASTRUKTURA NASELJA and Na bleku. Working for the museums in Trieste and Vienna, respectively, they dug up more than 6400 graves, Bistvene značilnosti železnodobnega naselja na which rank the necropolis among the largest excavated Mostu na Soči je v svojih objavah pojasnil že Drago cemeteries in Europe.14 Further burials were unearthed Svoljšak. Tako je bila komaj leto po odkritju v prvem during the investigations in the 20th century.15 The vast- zvezku Goriškega letnika predstavljena hiša 1, ki je za- ness of the cemetery that reached onto the lowest terrace radi načina gradnje in dobre ohranjenosti v strokovnih of the Idrijca on the left bank has also been proven by the krogih vzbudila precejšnje zanimanje.18 Podrobno so bili most recent rescue excavation by the Tolminski muzej, opisani njeni sestavni deli in objavljen izbor najdb, ki conducted at Repelc and Pucarjev rob, where additional so postavile objekt v mladohalštatski čas. Nedaleč stran sixty cremations have been found that contained pre- so bili odkriti ostanki z malto zidane stavbe, s čimer je cious items including imports.16 bila potrjena stara ugotovitev, da je bilo območje Mosta A second, much smaller cemetery is located on the na Soči poseljeno tudi v rimskem obdobju. Na ostaline right bank of the Idrijca east of the above-mentioned iz tega časa sta namreč ob koncu devetnajstega stoletja enclosure that marked the eastern perimeter of the set- naletela že A. Carli in E. Maionica.19 tlement complex ( Fig. 2: 3). The rescue excavations that Z nadaljnjimi izkopavanji se je poznavanje prazgo- took place here between 1978 and 1984 unearthed more dovinske arhitekture še poglobilo.20 Nove stavbe, zlasti than 160 graves dating to the Hal statt, Late La Tène and odlično ohranjena hiša 11, so omogočile rekonstrukcijo Early Roman periods.17 nadgradnje, ki je bila iz lesa in narejena s pomočjo soh. Hiše na Mostu na Soči so bile po konstrukcijskih detajlih podobne prazgodovinskim stavbam iz alpskega in pred- HOUSE CONSTRUCTION AND alpskega sveta, ker pa so imele številne posebnosti, jih SETTLEMENT INFRASTRUCTURE je Svoljšak upravičeno označil kot “posoški tip hiše”.21 Zelo pomembna so bila tudi njegova dognanja o notranji The main characteristics of the Iron Age settle- urejenosti naselja.22 To je bilo skrbno načrtovano z bolj ment at Most na Soči have been discussed by Svoljšak in ali manj stalnim rastrom hiš, ki se skozi čas ni veliko several publications. The remains of House 1 were first spreminjal. Gre torej za naselje, v katerem že lahko published in the opening volume of Goriški letnik not slutimo zametke urbanega središča. even a year after their discovery and attracted consider- Celovita objava gradbenih izvidov in najdb z able interest because of the construction technique and Mosta na Soči omogoča nadaljnji študij posoškega good state of preservation.18 The publication included stavbarstva.23 Številni konstrukcijski detajli sten, bogati a detailed description of the recovered constructional ostanki notranje opreme hiš in pomembni podatki o elements and a selection of small finds, which dated the infrastrukturnih objektih ponujajo dobro osnovo, da si house to the Late Hal statt period. In the vicinity, another pobližje ogledamo, kakšna sta bila tehnično znanje in house was found that was constructed of mortar-bound sposobnost posoških železnodobnih gradbincev. stones and confirmed the earlier hypothesis of the area also being occupied in the Roman period. This hypoth- 16 Mlinar 2002, 21 ss. 17 Neobjavljeno, glej še opombo 10. 18 14 Svoljšak 1974. Main publications: Marchesetti 1893; Teržan, Lo 19 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 20 s. Schiavo, Trampuž Orel 1984–1985. 20 15 Svoljšak 1979a; Svoljšak 1979b; Svoljšak 1980; Svoljšak For a more detailed history of research see Gabrovec, 1983. Svoljšak 1983, 29 ff. 21 16 Svoljšak 1998 (1999). Mlinar 2002, 21 ff. 22 17 Svoljšak 2001. Unpublished, see also Fn. 10. 23 18 Svoljšak, Dular 2016; glej še tu Svoljšak, 167 ss. Svoljšak 1974. 14 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE UREDITEV STAVBIŠČ Proti jugu nagnjen teren je zahteval predhodne zemeljske posege, saj je bilo treba pred gradnjo pro- store bodočih stavbišč poravnati in pravilno usmeriti. Vkopi gradbenih jam so bili različno globoki, odvisno od nagnjenosti terena in velikosti objektov. Čeprav so bili večinoma le delno ohranjeni, je bilo moč kljub temu prepoznati glavne značilnosti posegov ( sl. 5).24 Večina gradbenih jam je bila z enim kotom zasukana proti severu ( sl. 4). Tako usmeritev so verjetno nareko- vale lokalne klimatske razmere (zaščita pred severnim vetrom), stavbišča pa so prilagodili tudi oblikovanosti zemljišča. Vkopi so bili potrebni le s treh strani, četrta, jugozahodna stran se je iztekla v pobočje. Od tega prin- cipa odstopata le gradbeni jami hiš 11 in 29, ki sta bili vkopani z vseh štirih strani. Gradbene jame so bile vkopane v geološko osno- vo. Ta je bila od hiše do hiše različna, vendar je šlo v večini primerov za morensko gradivo in fluvioglacialni prod različnih granulacij. Skoraj tretjino jam so morali vsaj deloma vsekati v trd konglomerat. Stene so bile Sl. 4: Obris severnega dela gradbene jame za hišo 33. M. = 1:100. največkrat poševne, pojavljali pa so se tudi navpični in Fig. 4: House 33. Outline of the northern part of the construc- stopničasti vkopi. Kombinacije enih in drugih so bile tion pit. Scale = 1:100. razmeroma redke. Ob prenovah hiš (gradbena faza 2), ki so jih postav- ljali na istih mestih, so ruševine zgolj poravnali in tako esis was based on the traces that Alojzij Carli and Enrico pripravili stavbišče. Večji vkopi so bili redki, in sicer v Maionica found at the end of the 19th century.19 primerih, ko je bil nov tloris premaknjen in je segal izven The knowledge of the prehistoric architecture območja starega (npr. hiše 2, 6, 16). advanced with further investigations.20 New buildings, particularly the well-preserved House 11, also allowed a reconstruction of the superstructure supported by DRENAŽNI ZIDOVI wooden posts. In construction, the houses from Most na Soči were comparable with other prehistoric build- Pomembna značilnost posoškega stavbarstva je ings from the Alpine and Subalpine areas, but showed gradnja drenažnih zidov. Lesene stavbe je bilo treba a number of specific features that led Svoljšak to rightly zaščititi pred vlago, ki je poleg ognja najhujši sovražnik coin the term the ‘Posočje type house’.21 Also of im- lesenih konstrukcij. Zidove so postavljali ob vkope portance were his observations as to the layout of the gradbenih jam in s tem preprečili, da bi prišla zemljina settlement,22 which was careful y planned with a more v neposreden stik s stenami hiš. Za gradnjo so upora- or less uniform grid of houses that did not change much bili lokalni kamen, torej material, ki ga je bilo najti na through time. In short, the settlement shows the begin- območju naselja ali v njegovi bližnji okolici. nings of an urban centre. The integral publication of all the houses and smal finds from the settlement presented in this and the first Gradbeni kamen volume enables a further study of the architecture in Posočje.23 The numerous constructional details, the Med gradivom, ki je bilo najbolj prikladno za rich remains of interior furnishings and the important izdelavo drenažnih zidov, je tako imenovani volčanski data on the infrastructure offer us an insight into the apnenec.25 Gre za kamenino, bogato z roženci, ki se technical know-how and capabilities of the Iron Age običajno pojavlja v plasteh, debelih od 5 do 20 cm, zato builders in Posočje. jo je moč brez velikega truda lomiti v lepih ploščah. Prazgodovinski prebivalci Mosta na Soči so volčanski 19 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 20 f. apnenec veliko uporabljali pri gradnji svojih hiš, z njim 20 Svoljšak 1979a; id. 1979b; id. 1980; id. 1983. 24 21 Sledi gradbenih jam ni bilo mogoče ugotoviti le pri Svoljšak 1998 (1999). 22 hišah 21, 32 in 34. Svoljšak 2001. 25 23 Ogorelec, Šribar, Buser 1976; Verbič 2002, 103. Svoljšak, Dular 2016; also see here Svoljšak, 167 ff. 15 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE CONSTRUCTION PITS The terrain in the settlement inclines slightly to- njen / vived) ni / ni / e / wards the south, which required earthworks prior to E ur tra tra e / US hra e / ls ten construction. These earthworks consisted of excavat- O o o ten ls ten ls ln rom 3 sides rom 4 sides e s ing a properly oriented construction pit with a levelled aste s artialy s ičn al wa ed wa ped wa ground. The pits varied in depth, depending on the tic evne s clin HIŠA / H vkop de pit (p vkopana s 3 s dug in f vkopana s 4 s dug in f navp ver poš in stopnič step incline of the slope and the size of the houses. They 1/1 x survived in parts only, but nevertheless revealed the 2/2 x main characteristics ( Fig. 5).24 Most had one corner that 3/1 x faced north ( Fig. 4). This orientation was probably an 4 x adaptation to the local weather conditions (protection 5 x against the north wind), in part also to the terrain. Most 6/1 x pits were only dug in from three sides, with the fourth 7 x one in the southwest levelled with the existing terrain. 8/1 x x Only the construction pits for Houses 11 and 29 devi- 9 x ate from this practice; they were dug on all four sides. 10/1 x The construction pits were dug into the natural 11/2 x x x deposit that differed slightly from house to house. It 12/2 x mainly consisted of moraine till and fluvioglacial gravel 13 x x x of different grain sizes, while almost a third of the pits 14/1 x had to be, at least in part, hewn into the hard conglom- 15/1 x erate. The wal s of the pits were predominantly dug at 15A/1 x x an angle, while some were stepped and some vertical; 16/1 x only rare pits revealed a combination of these forms. 16/2 x x During renovations (Construction Phase 2), in 17/1 x x most cases the same construction pits were reused and 17/2 x the debris of the first construction phase levelled so as 18 x to prepare the ground. Only rare houses revealed exten- 19 x sions to the construction pits, made when the new house 20 x x 22/1 x x was moved slightly (e.g. Houses 2, 6, 16). 22A/1 x 23/1 x x 24/1 x x x x DRAINAGE WALLS 24/2 x x x 25/1 x A prominent feature of the Posočje type houses 25/2 x is the construction of drainage wal s. Wooden houses 26/1 x x needed to be protected against moisture, which is the 26/2 x greatest threat to wooden constructions apart from 27/1 x x fire. Drainage wal s were erected along the wal s of the 27/2 x construction pit to prevent the earth from coming into 28 x direct contact with the wal s of the house. The drainage 29/1 x x x wal s were made of local y available stone collected either 30/2 x in the area of the settlement or in its close proximity. 31/1 x 31/2 x 33 x Construction material 35/1 x 36 x The materials most suitable for the construction of drainage wal s include Volče limestone.25 This is a rock Sl. 5: Značilnosti gradbenih jam. rich in cherts that usual y occurs in 5–20 cm thick layers Fig. 5: Characteristics of the construction pits. and allows cleaving into usable slabs without much effort. The prehistoric inhabitants at Most na Soči used Volče 24 Only the construction pits of Houses 21, 32 and 34 could not be positively identified. 25 Ogorelec, Šribar, Buser 1976; Verbič 2002, 103. 16 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE so pokrivali tudi grobne jame na pokopališču. Najbližje limestone in their houses, but also to cover the grave pits nahajališče volčanskega apnenca je pri vasi Modrej, pol- in the cemetery. The closest outcrops of this limestone are drugi kilometer severno od Mosta na Soči, kjer je soški at Modrej, a vil age located roughly 1.5 km north of Most ledenik obrusil in razgalil okoli 200 m visoko prepadno na Soči, where the Soča glacier abraded and exposed a steno z nagubanimi skladi. Tu so kamen lomili in nato roughly 200 m high rock face with highly folded strata. transportirali do naselja. Stone was quarried here and transported to the settlement. Še izdatneje so pri gradnji uporabljali gradivo iz Even more common were the stones of the termi- čelne morene, ki jo je prav pri Mostu na Soči ustvaril nal moraine that the glacier created at Most na Soči. ledenik. V njej je obilica nesortiranega materiala (različ- The moraine is composed of an abundance of unsorted no velikih apnenčastih lomljencev in oblic), ki pa zaradi material, i.e. variously large rough pieces or cobbles of nepravilnih oblik za gradnjo zidov niso bili tako priprav- limestone, though their irregular shape makes them less ni kot ploščati volčanski apnenec. Isto lahko rečemo za suitable for construction purposes in comparison with sicer redkeje uporabljene kose konglomerata. Enkrat the slabs of Volče limestone. The same can be said of (hiša 24) so v drenažni zid vgradili celo kos žrmelj. the conglomerate pieces, which were only rarely used. Pomemben segment drenaž so bile tudi kamnite Excavations also documented a piece of a quern reused obloge. Zanje so izbrali trdi lapor, največkrat sive ali in a drainage wall (of House 24). zelenkasto-sive barve, pojavljajo pa se tudi nekoliko Stone lining was also an important part of the drain- mehkejši rdeči primerki. Bistvena značilnost laporja je age. The material used for lining the wal s was grey or skrilavost, zaradi katere se lepo kolje v plošče.26 Lapor greenish-grey hard marl, sometimes also slightly softer je na Mostu na Soči povsem lokalen. Najdemo ga južno red marl. The main characteristic of marl is its slaty cleav- od sotočja z Idrijco na obeh bregovih reke, kjer dosežejo age.26 Marl is local y available at Most na Soči, south of the skladi debelino okoli 400 metrov.27 confluence of the Soča and Idrijca on both banks, where Brez dvoma je uporaba različnih kamnin pogo- marl strata reach the thickness of around 400 metres.27 jena z njihovo kvaliteto in dostopnostjo. Zanimiva je The use of different materials is certainly connected ugotovitev, da se razmerja med kamninami, ki so jih with their quality and availability. What is noteworthy vgradili v drenažne zidove, dobro ujemajo s pestrostjo is that the ratios of different rocks used to construct the plošč, s katerimi so železnodobni prebivalci Mosta na drainage wal s corresponds closely with the ratios of Soči pokrivali grobne jame na svojem pokopališču. C. the rocks used as cover slabs in the Iron Age cemetery. Marchesetti je za 2950 grobov, ki jih je vključil v analizo, Marchesetti precisely calculated these ratios for the 2950 natančno izračunal deleže. Podobno kot v naselju pred- graves he had included into his analysis: the most com- njači običajen apnenec (49,05 %), temu sledijo plošče mon was limestone (49.05%), followed by marl (24.71%), iz običajnega laporja (24,71 %), volčanskega apnenca Volče limestone (10.51%), conglomerate (1.73%) and (10,51 %), konglomerata (1,73 %) in rdečega laporja red marl (0.71%). As many as 392 graves (13.29%) were (0,71 %). Kar 392 (13,29 %) grobov ni bilo pokritih ozi- either not covered or the cover slabs did not survive as a roma se zaradi obdelovanja polj plošče niso ohranile.28 consequence of land cultivation in the area.28 Način gradnje Construction technique Način gradnje drenažnih zidov smo lahko opazova- The drainage wal s of twenty-seven houses survived li pri sedemindvajsetih hišah ( sl. 6). V ostalih primerih to a sufficient degree to allow us to observe the construc- drenaže niso bile več ohranjene, hiše 3, 4 in 6 so bile celo tion technique ( Fig. 6). Those of the other houses were brez nje. Drenažnega zidu ni imela niti hiša 22A, saj so either not preserved or, in the case of Houses 3, 4, 6 and odvodnjavanje uredili z jarkom. 22A, non-existent; the last of these had a drainage ditch Zidove so postavili na poravnana tla ob stene that served the same function. gradbenih jam. Narejeni so bili v tehniki suhega zidu, The wal s were erected on the levelled ground of the torej brez vsakršne vezave iz ene vrste kamnov, ki so jih construction pit along its wal s. They were constructed in zložili v več leg.29 Zidovi so bili običajno rahlo nagnjeni, the drywall technique, i.e. without the use of a binder; laid vmesne prostore do sten gradbenih jam so zapolnili z in a line and in several courses.29 The wal s were usual y zemljo, kamnitim drobirjem in manjšimi lomljenci ( sl. slightly inclined towards the exterior and the space be- 7 in 8: D,E). Kar nekaj zidov je dajalo videz površne tween the drainage wall and the wall of the construction 26 26 Verbič 2002, 104. Verbič 2002, 104. 27 27 Buser 1986, 56 s. Buser 1986, 56 f. 28 28 Marchesetti 1893, 135 s. Marchesetti 1893, 135 f. 29 29 Za princip gradnje suhih zidov glej Orbanič, Zupančič, On the drywall technique see Orbanič, Zupančič, Benčič Mohar 2012; Zupančič, Vinazza 2015. Benčič Mohar 2012; Zupančič, Vinazza 2015. 17 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE tones n f s h leg / tio E ses ses o anje / e / ur US njeni ur nstruc če / O hra o zid loš en lar co vne leg s e p labs ra ntal co vived co ej žn g s lumn HIŠA / H število o sur neur irregu vodo horizo stebriči / co oblo linin 1/1 6 x x 2/2 1 x 5 2 x x 7 4 x x 8/1 9 x x x 9 1 x x 10/1 2 x x 11/2 9 x 12/2 1 x 13 4 x 14/1 1 x x 15/2 7 x x x 15A/1 3 x x 16/1 1 x x 17/1 7 x x x 18 1 x x 19 4 x 20 9 x x 22/1 8 x 23/1 5 x x x Sl. 7: Hiša 15/1. Profil severnega drenažnega zidu; pogled z 24/2 3 x x vzhoda. 25/1 3 x Fig. 7: House 15/1. Cross section of the north drainage wall; 26/1 4 x view from the east. 29/2 10 x x 30/2 1 x x 31/1 3 x x 36 1 x pit filled with earth and stone rubble ( Figs. 7 and 8: D,E). Sl. 6: Značilnosti drenažnih zidov. The appearance of a number of drainage wal s suggested Fig. 6: Characteristics of the drainage wal s. either shoddy construction or repair. However, the cause of such an appearance should more likely be sought in the material used in construction, which was irregular in zidave oziroma popravil. Vzrok za neurejeno zidanje both shape and size, and could not be neatly assembled; je bilo predvsem gradivo različnih dimenzij, ki se ga ni these wal s regularly include both large blocks and smal dalo zložiti v pravilne lege. Pri gradnji so namreč večkrat unworked pieces of stone ( Fig. 8: B,C). uporabili tako velike bloke kot tudi manjše lomljence The drainage wal s with pieces of Volče limestone ( sl. 8: B,C). laid in courses were more stable ( Fig. 8: A,D). Stability also Stabilnejši so bili seveda drenažni zidovi, kjer so increased if the stones of individual courses overlapped kamne iz volčanskega apnenca zložili v vodoravne lege ( Fig. 9). Considering their state of preservation, the wal s ( sl. 8: A,D). Trdnost se je še povečala, če so se kamni of stones vertical y stacked into irregular columns were posameznih leg med seboj izmenično prekrivali ( sl. also relatively stable ( Fig. 10), as were the wal s where 9). Razmeroma stabilni so bili – vsaj po ohranjenosti columns were combined with horizontal courses. sodeč – tudi zidovi iz stebričev ( sl. 10), oziroma če so te The drainage wal s were often lined with marl slabs, kombinirali z vodoravnimi legami. which only rarely survived in their original positions. Drenažne zidove so velikokrat obložili z laporna- The limited durability of the material caused the slabs to timi ploščami, ki pa so se le redko ohranile na svojih either weather away or fall down and break into smaller prvotnih mestih. Zaradi neobstojnosti materiala so pieces to form part of the house debris. A good example preperele ali pa so ležale prevrnjene in razlomljene na of lining slabs survived at House 15, where the dividing manjše kose v ruševinah hiš. Lep primer obložnih plošč wall between the construction sites of Houses 15 and 18 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 8: Drenažni zidovi. M. = 1:50. Fig. 8: Drainage wal s. Scale = 1:50. 19 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 9: Hiša 11/2. Jugozahodni drenažni zid. Sl. 11: Hiša 15/2. Obloga iz lapornih plošč ob pregradnem zidu. Fig. 9: House 11/2. Southwest drainage wal . Fig. 11: House 15/2. Dividing wall with a lining of marl slabs. Sl. 10: Hiša 22/1. Detajl severovzhodnega drenažnega zidu. Sl. 12: Hiša 8/1. Niša v drenažnem zidu. Fig. 10: House 22/1. Detail of the northeast drainage wal . Fig. 12: House 8/1. Hole in the drainage wal . se je ohranil v hiši 15, ko so tako imenovani pregradni 15A was lined on one side with large slabs of marl.30 zid, ki je ločeval stavbišči hiš 15 in 15A, z ene strani These slabs remained in situ and show the original ap- obložili z velikimi ploščami laporja.30 Na srečo so ostale pearance of the marl lining ( Fig. 11). na svojih mestih, tako da lahko vidimo, kako je obloženi A unique feature is also the hole in the drainage zid izgledal ( sl. 11). wall of House 8. It was made by neatly laying stones so Povsem unikatna je tudi niša v drenažnem zidu as to obtain a square hole ( Fig. 12). The 23 x 22 cm large hiše 8. Naredili so jo iz lepo zloženih kamnov, tako da opening was 17 cm deep. It was made contemporane- je imela kvadratno obliko ( sl. 12). Njena odprtina je ously with the rest of the wal , as shown by the way that merila 23 x 22 cm, globoka je bila 17 cm. Narejena je stones were neatly stacked at the sides and a slab placed bila sočasno z drenažnim zidom, kar je lepo razvidno iz on top to span the opening. The hole received the sleeper oblike sten in preklade. V nišo je segal konec temeljnega beam of the partition wal , the charred remains of which praga predelne stene, katerega zoglenele ostanke so našli were found in the house interior.31 v njeni notranjosti.31 30 Prim. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 115, sl. 105. 30 Cf. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 115, Fig. 105. 31 Ib., 79 in 84. 31 Ib., 79 and 84. 20 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE TEMELJI HIŠ HOUSE FOUNDATIONS Tudi za temelje hiš so večinoma uporabili volčan- The foundations were mainly constructed of Volče ski apnenec, saj je bilo ploščate kamne zlahka poravnati limestone as wel , as the flat pieces of this stone could v isti nivo. Vendar najdemo v temeljih tudi gradivo iz easily be used to produce the levelled surface needed morene, ki je bilo različnih dimenzij in oblik. Ti kamni to adequately support the superstructure. Apart from so bili na dosegu rok, zato ni bil potreben zamudni Volče limestone, the foundations also contained stones transport. Temelji iz morenskega materiala so imeli to from the moraine till that were of different shapes and slabost, da so bili veliko bolj vegasti, kar je lepo videti sizes. The advantage of these stones is that they were pri nekaterih obnovljenih stavbah druge gradbene faze readily available and did not need to be transported (npr. hiše 22, 22A, 23, 26). from elsewhere. Their drawback was that the founda- Glavne značilnosti temeljev so predstavljene na sl. tions constructed of them were irregular, as is clearly 13. Teren so pred gradnjo poravnali, pri čemer je bilo visible in some of the renovated houses of the second treba na predelih, kjer so bila tla iz trdega konglomera- construction phases (e.g. Houses 22, 22A, 23, 26). ta, ležišča za kamne vsekati v geološko osnovo. Temelji The main features of the foundations are presented so bili večinoma zgrajeni iz ene vrste kamnov. Višinske on Fig. 13. Prior to construction, the ground was lev- razlike med njimi so bile majhne, običajno so znašale le elled, which involved hewing into the bedrock in areas nekaj centimetrov. Poravnava je bila seveda nujna, saj of hard conglomerate. The foundations were mainly je na kamnih počival lesen temeljni prag. Primerov, ko constructed of a single line of stones with smal , up je bil temelj narejen iz dveh vzporednih vrst kamnov, je to a few centimetres large differences in altitude. The bilo razmeroma malo ( sl. 13), pa tudi sicer se dvovrstni stones needed to be level to make solid bedding for princip ni uveljavil dosledno ( sl. 14A). Temelji iz dveh the sleeper beams. Examples of a double line of stones vrst kamnov so bili nekoliko širši, s čimer se je povečala are rare ( Fig. 13) and did not present a rule ( Fig. 14A). njihova nosilnost. Iz več kot dveh vrst kamnov (3−4) The double-line foundations were slightly broader je bil zgrajen le temelj hiše 26. Ker pa je bil razmeroma and were consequently able to carry heavier loads. slabo ohranjen, pravzaprav ne vemo, kakšna je bila Only the foundations of House 26 were constructed of njegova oblika.32 more than two (3–4) lines of stones; their poor state of Podobno kot v širino so bili temelji hiš grajeni tudi preservation, however, does not allow us to establish v višino. Kamne so namreč zložili zgolj v eno lego, kar the original appearance.32 je bilo očitno dovolj, da so bile lesene stene zaščitene As already mentioned, the foundations were pred vlago ( sl. 15, 16). Več kot eno lego kamnov zasle- usual y composed of a single course of stones, which dimo le pri hišah 3, 11 in 34. Za vse je značilno, da niso apparently sufficed to protect the wooden wal s from imele drenažnih zidov. Verjetno je prav to vzrok, da so moisture ( Figs. 15, 16). Exceptions to this rule were bili temelji nekoliko višji, saj je morala biti ob deževju only observed in Houses 3, 11 and 34, none of which lesena nadgradnja dovolj visoko od vlažnih tal ( sl. 17). had drainage walls. To compensate for the lack of Pri hišah na Mostu na Soči je treba omeniti še drainage features, the foundations were built higher to eno posebnost. Železnodobni graditelji so v vogale avoid the wooden superstructure coming into contact stavb, kjer so se temelji stikali, praviloma vgradili večje with moist ground in periods of heavy precipitations plošče, s čimer je bila izboljšana stabilnost celotnega ( Fig. 17). temeljnega venca ( sl. 18). Večje plošče oziroma kamni In most houses, the foundations included large so pogosto povezovali tudi temelje obodnih in predel- slabs in the corners designed to improve stability of the nih sten ( sl. 14A), vendar pa ta princip gradnje ni bil foundations as a whole ( Fig. 18). Large slabs or stones dosledno uporabljen. were sometimes, but not consistently also placed at Na povsem svojski način je bil narejen temelj the junctions of exterior and partition wal s ( Fig. 14A). druge faze hiše 10. Za podlago leseni nadgradnji so An exception in the construction of foundations namreč uporabili osem velikih neobdelanih plošč iz is House 10 (second phase), where the wooden super- apnenca, ki so stale v vogalih in na sredini stranic ( sl. structure rested on only eight large unworked slabs of 14B). Dve se nista ohranili, ker je južni vogal stavbe limestone placed at the corners and at mid-point of uničila eksplozija granate v prvi svetovni vojni. Podlaga each side ( Fig. 14B). Two of the slabs did not survive; iz posameznih plošč ni bila tako stabilna kot sklenjena they were destroyed by a grenade explosion in World vrsta kamnov, zato je bila primerna le za gradnjo manj- War I. These foundations were not as solid as those ših objektov. To dokazuje tudi objekt v levi polovici of a continuous line of stones and could only support preddverja hiše 11, ki je imel za podlago prav tako štiri a smaller building. This observation is supported by vogalne kamnite plošče. Razdalje med njimi so znašale the structure in the left half of the anteroom of House 32 32 Ib., 185, sl. 179A. Ib., 185, Fig. 179A. 21 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE rst / ns ten / E ctio tih v tih leg / US če / un O tone mni tikih s ll j tone n mni f s n loš a s f s e p labs t wa datio ses o datio ln es o če n ur rner s HIŠA / H število ka lin foun število ka co foun voga co ploš slabs a 1/1 1-2 1 x x 2/2 1 1 x 3/1 1-2 4 x x 4 1 1 x 5 1 1 x x 6/1 1 1 7 x 8/1 1 1 x x 9 1 1 10/1 1 1 x 11/2 1 3 x 12/2 1 1 13 1 1 14/1 1 1 x 15/2 1-2 1 x x 15A/1 1 1 x x 16/2 1-2 1 x 17/1 1-2 1 x 18 x 19 1 1 20 1 1 21 1 1 22/2 1 1 x 22A/2 1 1 23/1 1 1 x 24/2 1 1 x 25/1 1 1 x 26/1 3-4 1 x 29/2 1 3 x 30/2 1 1 x 34 1 1-3 Sl. 13: Značilnosti temeljev. Sl. 14: Temelji in temeljne plošče. M. = 1:100. Fig. 13: Characteristics of the foundations. Fig. 14: Foundations and foundation slabs. Scale = 1:100. natančno 1,5 m, tako da je imel prostor 2,25 m² velik 11 with four corner slabs as foundations, which were tloris. Temeljni pragovi se niso ohranili, zato ne vemo, placed exactly 1.5 m apart and enclosed a 2.25 m² kakšna je bila vrhnja konstrukcija.33 large room. The sleeper beams did not survive and the superstructure is unknown.33 33 Ib., 100. 33 Ib., 100. 22 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE 15 Sl. 15: Hiša 2/2. Temelja severovzhodne in jugovzhodne stene. Fig. 15: House 2/2. Foundations of the northeast and south- east wal s. Sl. 16: Hiša 15A/1. Temelji zahodnega prostora. Fig. 16: House 15A/1. Foundations of the west room. Sl. 17: Hiša 3/1. Tri lege kamnov v severnem vogalu hiše. Fig. 17: House 3/1. Three courses of stones in the north corner. Sl. 18: Hiša 5. Vogalna plošča. Fig. 18: House 5. Corner slab. 16 17 18 23 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE LESENA NADGRADNJA HIŠ WOODEN SUPERSTRUCTURE Nadgradnja posoških železnodobnih hiš je bila iz The Iron Age houses in the Posočje region had a lesa. Tega je bilo ob Soči in v sosednjih dolinah dovolj, superstructure made of wood. This material was abun- zato ga je človek s pridom uporabil za gradnjo svojih dant along the Soča and in the neighbouring valleys, hiš. Les je namreč material, ki ga je razmeroma lahko and people used it to construct their homes as a material obdelovati, posamezne nosilne elemente pa povezati v that is relatively easy to work and connect individual čvrsto konstrukcijo. elements into a solid construction. Gradbeni les Tree species used as structural wood Rezultate analiz oglja, ki je bilo najdeno v ruševi- The results of the analyses of the charcoal found in nah hiš z Mosta na Soči, je predstavila Sila Motel a De the debris of the houses at Most na Soči are presented Carlo.34 Na tem mestu bomo iz njene razprave povzeli by Sila Motella De Carlo.34 For the purposes of the tiste ugotovitve, ki so pomembne za razumevanje pra- discussion at hand, we will only reiterate those of her zgodovinskih gradbenih tehnik. Te so v srednji Evropi observations that help us better understand the prehis- razmeroma dobro raziskane,35 pri nas pa imamo o že- toric construction techniques employed at the site. These leznodobnem tesarstvu bolj malo podatkov.36 Do novih techniques have been fairly well researched in central spoznanj se je moč dokopati le z odpiranjem velikih Europe,35 while there is little available data on the Iron površin, ko pridejo na dan celotni tlorisi objektov, in Age carpentry in Slovenia.36 The best source of such prav takšen primer imamo na Mostu na Soči. Čeprav knowledge is investigating larger areas, where a complete je bilo vzorčenje zoglenelega lesa naključno, saj je na ground plan can be studied, such as was the case at Most izbor v veliki meri vplivala ohranjenost, pa je seznam na Soči. Although sampling of the wooden remains was vendarle izpoveden ( sl. 19).37 Izkazalo se je, da je po done in a haphazard manner, mainly influenced by the zastopanosti lesnih vrst na prvem mestu hrast ( Quercus good state of preservation of a particular piece of wood, robur/petraea), ki slovi po trdoti in obstojnosti. Le nekaj the resulting list of the tree species is nevertheless il- manjši je delež jelke ( Abies alba), nato pa si s precejšnjim luminating ( Fig. 19).37 The most commonly used tree zaostankom sledijo bor ( Pinus sylvestris/montana), bu- species was oak ( Quercus robur/petraea), which is known kev ( Fagus sylvatica) in smreka ( Picea abies). Preostale for its hardness and durability. Only slightly lower is the vrste so zastopane zgolj simbolično (skupaj nekaj več kot share of silver fir ( Abies alba), while Scots pine ( Pinus 8 %). Leske ( Corylus avellana), jelše ( Alnus glutinosa/ sylvestris/montana), common beech ( Fagus sylvatica) incana) in gabra ( Carpinus betulus) z repa diagrama and Norway spruce ( Picea abies) are less common. Other ne kaže interpretirati kot gradbeni material. Očitno so trees species are represented in modest shares (more njihov les uporabljali za druge namene oziroma so z than 8% altogether). The remains of common hazel njim le kurili. Dokaz je pestra zastopanost lesnih vrst ( Corylus avellana), alder ( Alnus glutinosa/incana) and v hiši 6 (druga gradbena faza), ki je bila interpretirana common hornbeam ( Carpinus betulus) from the end of kot kultno žgalno mesto.38 the list should not be interpreted as structural elements. Kje so dobili prebivalci Mosta na Soči les za svoje Their wood must have been used for other purposes, hiše, ne vemo. Za kaj takega bi potrebovali pelodne possibly as fuel. The evidence of the latter may be seen diagrame, ki bi nam odstrli vegetacijsko sliko tega dela in the wide variety of species documented in House 6 Posočja v železni dobi. Po mnenju strokovnjakov je (Construction Phase 2), which has been interpreted as potencialna naravna vegetacija okolice Mosta na Soči a cult burning place.38 predvsem bukov gozd.39 Ta je ponekod še ohranjen, The current state of knowledge does not allow us veliko pa je pionirskih gozdov, ki so nastali na nekdanjih to speculate on where the population at Most na Soči kmetijskih površinah ali pa so posledica prve svetovne acquired the wood they needed. We most importantly lack the pollen diagrams that would reveal the vegetation 34 of this part of Posočje in the Iron Age. For the present Glej tu Motel a De Carlo, 361 ss. Les iz prvih dveh hiš je analiziral Alojz Šercelj. 35 34 Zimmermann 1998; Gerner 2000. See here Sila Motel a De Carlo, 361 ff. The remains of 36 Črešnar 2007. wood from the first two houses has been analysed by Alojz 37 V grafikon je vključenih 480 vzorcev zoglenelega lesa. Šercelj. 38 35 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 73. Glej še tu Motel a De Carlo, Zimmermann 1998; Gerner 2000. 36 389 ss, in Laharnar, 224 ss. Črešnar 2007. 39 37 Podatke nama je ljubeznivo posredoval dr. Igor The bar chart comprises 480 samples of charred wood. 38 Dakskobler (Biološki inštitut Jovana Hadžija ZRC SAZU), za Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 73. Also see here Motel a De kar se mu najlepše zahvaljujeva. Carlo, 389 ff, and Laharnar, 224 ff. 24 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE % 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 sp. sp. sp. Acer Abies alba Picea abies cfr. Minor Pomoideae Picea/Larix Fagus sylvatica Fraxunus Laburnum Ulmus Corylus avellana Carpinus betulus Ostryia carpinifolia Quecus robur/petraea Pinus sylvestris/montana Cornus mas/sanguinea Alnus glutinosa/incana Sl. 19: Vrste gradbenega lesa. Fig. 19: Tree species used as structural wood. vojne, ko je bila marsikje vegetacija povsem uničena. climate, experts estimate that the natural vegetation Hrast še dobimo ponekod, več ga je v dolini Idrijce. in the area of Most na Soči mainly consists of beech Gotovo je rasel tudi na obrečnih terasah pri Tolminu in forests.39 Such forests still survive in places, but there is Modreju, zato ga ni bilo treba iskati prav daleč. also a great amount of secondary succession forests with Jelka ima naravna nahajališča v Trnovskem gozdu pioneer tree species that grew on formerly cultivated (kar ni tako daleč, blizu pa tudi ne) ter v dolinah Kneže land or in areas that had been completely devastated in in zgornje Bače. Presenetljivo je njeno uspevanje na World War I. Oak still grows in places, more frequently hribu Senica nad Modrejem (torej blizu Mosta na Soči), in the valley of the Idrijca. It must once also have grown ki pa ostaja nepojasnjeno. along the river terraces near Tolmin and Modrej, and the V bližini Mosta ni niti pravih borovih rastišč, mor- population did not need to look far to obtain it. da bi bila najbližja v okolici Podmelca v Baški grapi. Isto Silver fir grows natural y on the plateau of Trnovski velja za smreko. Ta raste danes predvsem v Trnovskem gozd (which is relatively close to Most na Soči), in the gozdu ter v zatrepih stranskih dolin Kneže, Bače in na valley of the River Kneža and along the upper reaches of Bovškem. the Bača. It also grows on the hill of Senica above Modrej Analiza vzorcev oglja z Mosta na Soči torej kaže, (i.e. in close proximity to Most na Soči). da so železnodobni prebivalci Mosta na Soči za svoje There are no known habitats of Scots pine in the hiše uporabili les, ki je bil za gradnjo najbolj primeren, Most na Soči area, the closest are documented in the vi- vendar ne vedno pri roki. Verjetno so ga morali vsaj cinity of Podmelec in the valley of Baška grapa. The same delno transportirati tudi iz odročnih stranskih dolin, is true of Norway spruce, which today mainly grows on dokončen odgovor na to vprašanje pa bi seveda dale le Trnovski gozd and in the upper parts of the side valleys natančne palinološke analize. of the Kneža and Bača, as well as in the Bovec area. Pending more detailed archaeobotanical analyses, we can tentatively conclude that the Iron Age population at Most na Soči used the wood that was most suitable 39 Dr. Igor Dakskobler (Biološki inštitut Jovana Hadžija ZRC SAZU) kindly provided this information. 25 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE LESNE ZVEZE / ILOVNAT OMET / WOODEN JOINTS LOAM DAUB STENSKI n ns TEMELJNI PRAG / SOHA / OPAŽ / sio on ke / sio E SLEEPER BEAM WOODEN POST WOODEN en pres rotja / pres nje / US WALLS eza / g O eza / pra a zv nd-t dtisi des dtisi p ttle im a zv apped lank im aulkin s-l ljen a / os ortise-a et z o ith p et z o ith wa ašila za š am c HIŠA / H križn cr včep m ročic brace om w om w m lo 1/1 x x 2/2 x 3/1 Abies alba Abies alba x 5 Ulmus cfr. minor; Pinus sylv./m. 7 x x 8/1 Quercus robur/petraea x x 8/2 Quercus robur/petraea x x x 9 Abies alba 11/2 Quercus robur/petraea Quercus robur/petraea Quercus rob./petr. x x x 12/2 Quercus rob./petr.; Abies alba x x 13 Abies alba 14/1 Pinus sylvestris/montana 15/2 Quercus rob./petr.; Abies alba Abies alba Abies alba x x x x 15A/1 Abies alba; Pinus sylv./m. x 16/2 Quercus robur/petraea x x x 18 x 20 Quercus robur/petraea Quercus robur/petraea Fraxinus sp. x x 22A/2 x x 23/1 Abies alba Abies alba; Picea abies x x 24/2 Pinus sylvestris/montana Pinus sylvestris/montana x 27/2 Quercus robur/petraea 29/1 x x 30/2 Quercus robur/petraea x x x 31/1 Quercus robur/petraea 33 Quercus robur/petraea Sl. 20: Značilnosti lesene nadgradnje hiš. Fig. 20: Characteristics of the wooden superstructure. Temeljni pragovi for construction purposes rather than limit themselves to the tree species that were most readily available, and Osnova lesenih sten so temeljni pragovi ( sl. 20). that they presumably transported the wood they needed Na Mostu na Soči so se večinoma ohranili v skromnih even from more remote valleys. ostankih, nekaj pa je bilo tudi večjih, čez dva metra dol- gih kosov. Med bolje ohranjenimi primerki kaže omeniti pragove iz hiš 11/2, 15/2, 16/2 in 23/1, v katerih smo tudi Sleeper beams sicer zbrali največ podatkov o posoškem železnodobnem tesarstvu. Veliko temeljnih pragov je bilo narejenih iz The wal s of the houses rested on wooden sleeper hrasta ( Quercus robur/petraea). To je seveda razumljivo, beams ( Fig. 20). The excavations did unearth the remains saj gre za trd, proti vlagi odporen les. Vendar pa so tesarji of these, but only rarely as longer pieces, measuring over z Mosta na Soči za temeljne pragove uporabili tudi jelko 2 m in length at most. The longest and best surviving ( Abies alba) in bor ( Pinus sylvestris/montana). Dokaz pieces were documented in Houses 11/2, 15/2, 16/2 and so temeljni pragovi hiš 12/2 in 15/2, ki so bili narejeni s 23/1. These were the houses that yielded most data on kombiniranjem hrasta in jelke.40 Iz dveh vrst lesa – brest the carpentry in Posočje. A number of sleeper beams was made of pedunculate oak. This is understandable, as 40 the wood is hard and resistant to moisture. Silver fir and Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 104 in 122. 26 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 21: Princip spajanja temeljnih pragov v vogalih hiš. Fig. 21: Wooden joints in the corners of houses. ( Ulmus cfr. minor) in bor ( Pinus sylvestris/montana) – sta Scots pine were also used for sleeper beams. In Houses bila tudi temeljna pragova v hiši 5.41 12/2 and 15/2, the beams were made in a combination Za temeljne pragove so oblice posekanih dreves of pedunculate oak and silver fir.40 The two surviving obtesali. To je bilo nujno, saj so le ravne površine gred pieces in House 5 were also made in a combination of omogočale dober stik s kamnito podlago in postavitev woods: Field elm and Scots pine.41 zgornje konstrukcije. Če prag ni dobro nalegal, so te- The sleeper beams were made from round trunks meljne kamne prevlekli s plastjo ilovice. Ta pomemben hewn to obtain flat surfaces that ensured a tight fit with detajl se je ohranil v severovzhodni steni hiše 11/2, kjer je both the foundations below and the wooden super- bila ilovnata izravnava med pragom in temeljem zaradi structure above. In the cases where the beam did not fit požara rdeče prežgana.42 Dimenzije temeljnih pragov so snugly onto the foundations, the latter were covered with bile različne. Iz bolje ohranjenih kosov lahko sklepamo, a layer of loam so as to obtain a levelled surface. This da so bile grede pravokotnega ali kvadratnega preseka s important detail survived in the northeast wall of House stranicami, dolgimi od 10 do 26 cm. 11/2, where the loam levelling between the foundations Stabilnost lesene nadgradnje so zagotovili s spa- and the sleeper beam turned red in a fire.42 The sleeper janjem temeljnih pragov v vogalih hiš in na stikih s beams differed in size. The better preserved pieces in- predelnimi stenami. Čeprav ohranjenost zoglenelih dicate that the beams were either square or rectangular kosov ni bila najboljša, je bilo vsaj v petih primerih in cross section with sides measuring from 10 to 26 cm. jasno, kakšno lesno zvezo so uporabili. Gre za tako The stability of the wal s was ensured by joining imenovani križni spah, ki ga najlažje prepoznamo po the sleeper beams at the corners and the junctions of tem, da segata križajoča se gradbena elementa s svojima exterior and partition wal s. Poor preservation of the koncema čez linijo hišnih sten.43 Običajno je bil narejen charred wood notwithstanding, there are at least five tako, da so v vsakega od pragov vsekali zarezo, ki je pieces that clearly show the type of joint. It was a cross- omogočila dobro naleganje gred ( sl. 21). Pomagali so lapped joint, with the two crossing beams projecting si tudi s prilagajanjem višine kamnitih temeljev. Detajli beyond the line of the wall on both sides.43 This joint križanja temeljnih pragov so bili dokumentirani v hišah was usual y made by cutting corresponding notches in 8/2, 11/2, 12/2, 15/2 in 16/2.44 V hiši 8 so za podaljšani the beams to provide a tight fit ( Fig. 21), to which end konec grede predelne stene naredili v drenažnem zidu the builders also previously adapted the height of the celo posebno nišo (glej sl. 12). S križno zvezo, ki je zelo foundations. Details of such a joint and adaptation were zanesljiva na pritisk in pomik, je bila zagotovljena čvrsta documented in Houses 8/2, 11/2, 12/2, 15/2 and 16/2.44 osnova celotne konstrukcije. In House 8, a special hole was made in the drainage wal (described above) to receive the projecting end of one of the beams (see Fig. 12). The cross-lapped joints provided a sturdier frame for the whole construction. 40 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 104 and 122. 41 41 Ib., 70. Ib., 70. 42 42 Ib., 96. Ib., 96. 43 43 Dular 2008, 339. Dular 2008, 339. 44 44 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 80, sl. 65A; 92, sl. 80A; 103, sl. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 80, Fig. 65A; 92, Fig. 80A; 103, 93A; pril 2A; 135, sl. 123B. Fig. 93A; App. 2A; 135, Fig. 123B. 27 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 22: Hiša 11/2. A: profil severovzhodne stene; B: rekonstrukcija severovzhodne stene. M. = 1:50. Fig. 22: House 11/2. A: remains of the northeast wall in cross section; B: reconstruction of the northeast wal . Scale = 1:50. Stene Wal s Stene posoških hiš so bile zgrajene s pomočjo soh. The wal s of the Posočje type houses were support- Gre za nosilni element, katerega glavna značilnost je v ed by wooden posts. These are load-bearing members, tem, da ni zabit v tla, ampak stoji samostojno na čvrsti the main characteristic of which is that they were not podlagi iz kamna ali lesa.45 Zdi se, da so na Mostu na Soči driven into the ground, but rested on solid bedding of poznali obe vrsti podlag. To lahko sklepamo po ostanku either stone or wood.45 Some houses at Most na Soči also okrogle sohe iz jelka ( Abies alba), ki se je ohranila v se- had earthfast posts, while House 13 revealed the remains vernem vogalu hiše 13, stala pa je neposredno na kamniti of a round-sectioned post of silver fir in the north cor- plošči.46 Vendar je hiša 13 izjema. V večini drugih stavb ner, which rested directly on a stone slab.46 It should be je za podlago vogalnim in vmesnim soham zanesljivo noted, however, that House 13 is an exception and other služil temeljni prag. Sohe so bile dokumentirane v sed- houses revealed a sleeper beam between the posts and mih objektih ( sl. 20), najbolje v severovzhodnem profilu the stone foundations. Corner and intermediary posts hiše 11/2, ki si ga bomo podrobneje ogledali ( sl. 22).47 were documented in seven houses ( Fig. 20) and survived Stenska konstrukcija je stala na temeljnem zidu, best in the northeast cross section of House 11/2, which ki je imel zaradi izravnave vrhnjo ploskev prevlečeno will be presented in more detail below ( Fig. 22).47 s plastjo ilovice. Ker je hišo uničil požar, je bila rdeče The wall of House 11 rested on stone foundations prežgana. Na njej je ležal zoglenel temeljni prag iz hra- with the bedding surface levelled with a layer of loam. stovega lesa, ki ni bil več v celoti ohranjen, imel pa je This layer turned red in a fire that destroyed the house. prepoznavno strukturo, v kateri so bili vidni nekateri Found on top of this layer was a charred sleeper beam of pomembni konstrukcijski detajli. Na pragu so stale sohe. oak. The beam did not survive complete, but did reveal Dve v vogalih hiše (št. 1 v severnem, št. 4 v vzhodnem) a number of constructional details. It held four posts, 45 45 Zimmermann 1998, 43 ss; Dular 2008, 340. Zimmermann 1998, 43 ff; Dular 2008, 340. 46 46 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 105, sl. 94A. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 105, Fig. 94A. 47 47 Ib., 95 ss. Ib., 95 ff. 28 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 24: Hiša 11/2. Temeljni prag ( 1), vmesna soha ( 2) in spodnja ročica ( 3) v severovzhodni steni hiše. Sl. 23: Hiša 11/2. Vmesna soha št. 2 v severovzhodni steni hiše. Fig. 24: House 11/2. Sleeper beam ( 1), intermediary post ( 2) Fig. 23: House 11/2. Intermediary Post 2 in the northeast wal . and bottom brace ( 3) in the northeast wal . in dve vmes ( sl. 23). Razdalje med njimi so bile različ- two in the corners (Posts 1 and 4 in the north and east ne: 1,25 m (med prvo in drugo), 1,47 m (med drugo in corners, respectively) and two in between ( Fig. 23). The tretjo) ter 1,57 m (med tretjo in četrto). Od omenjenih distance between them varied: 1.25 m (between Posts soh so na svojih mestih ostale tri, ena (št. 3) pa je bila 1 and 2), 1.47 m (between Posts 2 and 3) and 1.57 m prelomljena in prevrnjena, tako da je iz profila molela (between Posts 3 and 4). Three of the posts survived in le njena prečna ploskev (velikost 23 x 13 cm). Preostale situ, while Post 3 fell down and broke so that only its tri sohe so imele kvadratni presek z 20 x 20 cm oziroma lower end with the standing surface (measuring 23 x 22 x 22 cm dolgimi stranicami. 13 cm) jutted from the cross section. The other three Sohe so imele v temeljni prag vsekana ležišča. posts were square-sectioned, with sides measuring 20 Za povezovanje horizontalnih in vertikalnih delov x 20 cm or 22 x 22 cm. konstrukcije so torej uporabili včepljen spah, ki je zelo The posts were connected with the sleeper beam zanesljiv na pritisk in pomik. Dokončno stabilnost ste- with a mortise-and-tenon joint, making the construction ne so zagotavljale ročice. Ostanek ene je bil prav tako more stable. Additional stability of the construction was dokumentiran v severovzhodnem profilu ( sl. 24). Z njo provided by braces. The remains of one of them were so povezali temeljni prag in soho v severnem vogalu also documented in the northeast cross section ( Fig. 24) (prim. sl. 22A in 22B). Ostanki ročic – sicer v sekun- and connected the sleeper beam to the north corner post darnih legah – so bili odkriti tudi v hišah 15/2 in 20,48 (cf. Figs. 22A and 22B). Remains of braces in secondary zato lahko rečemo, da so bili osnovni principi sohaste positions were found in Houses 15/2 and 20,48 which gradnje posoškim tesarjem znani in da so jih s pridom shows that the carpenters in Posočje were familiar with uporabljali ( sl. 25). the basic principles of the postpad construction and Vmesne predele med sohami so zaprli z lesenim applied them extensively ( Fig. 25). opažem. Tudi ta se je kolikor toliko ohranil le v seve- The spaces between the posts were closed off with rovzhodni steni hiše 11/2 ( sl. 22A). Narejen je bil iz wooden planks. Some of these survived of the northeast obtesanih plohov, debelih do 6 cm. Med severno vogalno wall of House 11/2 ( Fig. 22A). It was made of up to 6 cm 48 48 Ib., 121 s; 153. Ib., 121 f; 153. 29 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 25: Principi sohaste gradnje na Mostu na Soči. Fig. 25: Characteristics of postpad construction at Most na Soči. Sl. 26: Hiša 11/2. Vogalna soha št. 4 in opaž v vzhodnem vogalu. Fig. 26: House 11/2. Corner Post 4 and wooden planks in the east corner. soho (št. 1) in prvo sosednjo (št. 2) sta bila ohranjena thick planks. Two of these survived between Post 1 in dva. Odsek med vmesnima sohama 2 in 3 je bil skoraj the north corner and the adjacent Post 2. The section povsem uničen, boljša je bila situacija v vzhodnem vo- between Posts 2 and 3 was almost completely destroyed, galu, kjer so na svojih mestih ostali trije plohi ( sl. 26). while three planks were found in situ at the east corner Segali so za vogalno soho, kako so bili nanjo pritrjeni, ( Fig. 26). They were fastened to the exterior of the corner pa ni bilo moč ugotoviti. Verjetno so uporabili lesene post. The exact manner of fastening cannot be posi- kline. Dva ploha stenskega opaža sta se ohranila tudi ob tively identified, though it probably involved the use of severozahodni strani sohe 1. Spodnji je imel na koncu wooden tenons. The remains of two planks also survived narejeno zarezo, da se je lepo prilegal ob temeljni prag.49 on the northwest side of Post 1; the lower of the planks Skromni ostanki stenskih opažev so bili odkriti had a groove to fit neatly against the sleeper beam.49 še v dveh hišah, vendar ne na prvotnih mestih, temveč Scarce remains of wooden planks also came to v ruševinah stavb ( sl. 20). Drugačen je opaž iz hiše 16 light in two other houses, in secondary positions in (gradbena faza 1). Zanj niso uporabili tesanih plohov, house debris ( Fig. 20). Of those, the wal s of House 16 temveč okrogla bruna iglavcev.50 Iz pozicije v ruševinah (Construction Phase 1) differ from the others in that je bilo razbrati, da so bila bruna pritrjena na notranji they were made not of planks, but rather of round logs strani soh. Stenski opaž iz okroglic je na območjih, kjer of coniferous trees.50 Their positions within the debris prevladujejo iglasti gozdovi, nekaj običajnega, na Mostu layer suggest that the logs were attached to the interior na Soči pa je izjema. side of the posts. Round logs are commonly used in this way in areas of predominantly coniferous forests, while they are an exception at Most na Soči. 49 49 Ib., sl. 83 in sl. 90. Ib., Fig. 83 and Fig. 90. 50 50 Ib., 138. Ib., 138. 30 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 27: Hiša 30/2. S kamnitimi ploščami obdana luknja za stojko. Fig. 27: House 30/2. Stone slabs lining a posthole. Stojke Earthfast posts Ker so bile hiše na Mostu na Soči praviloma nare- The buildings at Most na Soči were predomi- jene v tehniki sohaste gradnje, so bile stojke ugotovljene nantly postpad constructions and excavations only le v nekaj primerih. Gre za navpičen gradbeni element, documented a handful of earthfast posts. These were ki je bil vkopan ali zabit v tla, zato proti delovanju vlage vertical members dug or driven into the earth and hence ni bil tako zaščiten kot na kamnih ležeči temeljni prag.51 less protected against moisture in comparison with the Ostanek zoglenele stojke se je ohranil le enkrat,52 sicer posts resting on sleeper beams with stone foundations.51 pa so dokaz za njihovo uporabo okrogle in kvadratne Only one piece of a charred earthfast post survived,52 luknje, v katerih so bile nekoč zasidrane. but the existence of others is suggested by the round or Hiša 22A/1 (najverjetneje enokapna lopa) je bila square postholes. v celoti zgrajena s pomočjo stojk, ki so nosile strešno House 22A/1 (most probably a shed with a single- konstrukcijo. Njihove pozicije je bilo moč ugotoviti s pitch roof) was constructed entirely of earthfast posts pomočjo lukenj, ohranilo se jih je pet. Vse so bile vko- that carried the roof construction. Their positions are pane v peščeno geološko osnovo: tri ob severovzhodni clear from the postholes. Five of them survived, all dug steni gradbene jame ter po ena na sredini krajših stranic. into the sandy natural deposit: three along the northeast Večinoma so imele na dnu lomljence iz laporja in apnen- wall of the construction pit and one at midpoint of each ca, ena pa je bila z dveh strani obložena s kamnitimi of the two shorter sides. Most had unworked pieces of ploščami.53 marl and limestone on the bottom, while one had a lin- Na stojkah je počival tudi nadstrešek nad jamo v ing of stone slabs on two sides.53 preddverju hiše 23/1. Dokaz so štiri luknje, ki so bile prav Earthfast posts also supported a projecting roof tako vkopane v peščeno geološko podlago. Njihova dna over the pit in the anteroom of House 23/1. This is in- so bila ravna, kar kaže na to, da stojke niso bile ošiljene.54 dicated by the four postholes dug into the sandy natural Zelo zanimiva je bila konstrukcija hiše 30/2. Na deposit. They had flat bottoms, which suggests that the treh straneh je imela kamnit temelj, le zahodna stran je posts were not pointed.54 bila brez njega. Tu so bile odkrite tri s kamnitimi plo- Also of interest in this respect is the construction of ščami obložene luknje, nedvomno stojišča za pokončne House 30/2. It had stone foundations on three of its sides, stojke, ki so podpirale strešno konstrukcijo.55 Morda so while the course of the fourth side was indicated by three bile iz tesanega lesa, za kar bi govorile kvadratne oblike holes lined with stone slabs, which held the posts that lukenj ( sl. 27). supported the roof.55 The square holes may suggest that the posts were hewn to a square cross section ( Fig. 27). 51 51 Zimmermann 1998, 24 ss. in 60 ss; Dular 2008, 340. Zimmermann 1998, 24 ff and 60 ff; Dular 2008, 340. 52 52 Hiša 30/1; Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 204, sl. 203. House 30/1; Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 204, Fig. 203. 53 53 Ib., 162, sl. 156A. Ib., 162, Fig. 156A. 54 54 Ib., 167, sl. 160A. Ib., 167, Fig. 160A. 55 55 Ib., 206 ss, sl. 211 in pril. 5. Ib., 206 ff, Fig. 211 and App. 5. 31 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Ilovnat omet Loam daub Ostankov prežgane ilovice, ki bi jih lahko inter- Most na Soči did not yield much burnt loam that pretirali kot stenski omet, na Mostu na Soči ni bilo prav could be interpreted as the remains of house daub, veliko, so pa nanje naleteli v skoraj polovici hiš ( sl. 20). though such remains were found in nearly half of all Gre za nekaj centimetrov debele kose, ki so imeli na eni houses ( Fig. 20). The loam pieces are a few centimetres strani zglajeno površino, na drugi pa odtise lesa ( sl. 28). thick, with one side smoothed and the other bearing Glede na dejstvo, da so bile stene posoških hiš iz kalanih wood impressions ( Fig. 28). Considering that the wal s oziroma tesanih plohov, niso odtisi nikakršno presene- of the houses at Most na Soči were made of wooden čenje. Težje je pojasniti maloštevilnost fragmentov, iz planks, such impressions are an expected find. What is česar bi lahko sklepali, da so bili z ilovico prevlečeni le less expected is the paucity of the recovered daub pieces, nekateri predeli sten. Najverjetneje pri dnu ob temeljnih which suggests that only parts of wal s were covered in pragovih, saj se drugod zaradi gladkih površin ilovnat loam, most likely at the base along the sleeper beams nanos ne bi mogel obdržati. Na ometu so namreč vidni where adhesion was best. The daub pieces only bear the zgolj odtisi plohov, ne pa tudi letvic ali drugih oprimkov, impressions of boards and not of laths or other elements ki bi nudili naneseni ilovnati oblogi zanesljivo oporo. that would ensure that daub adhered to the wal . Na Mostu na Soči so bili najdeni tudi ostanki ometa Excavations at Most na Soči also yielded the z odtisi protja ( sl. 29). Ker pa so bili zelo redki, lahko z remains of daub bearing wattle impressions ( Fig. 29). zanesljivostjo trdimo, da stene iz prepleta v posoškem These, however, were very rare, suggesting that wattle- stavbarstvu niso imele vidnejše vloge. Še največ frag- and-daub wal s were not the rule. The greatest number mentov ometa z odtisi protja je bilo najdenih v hiši 30/2, of such pieces was found in House 30/2, along its in sicer vzdolž njene severovzhodne stene. northeast wal . Na koncu moramo omeniti še eno vrsto oblog, ki We should also mention the rare remains of loam prav tako niso bile pogoste. Gre za ostanke ilovnatih caulking ( Fig. 31) used to seal the joints between indi- mašil, s katerimi so zadelali špranje med lesenimi deli vidual wooden members of the wal s wherever neces- sten ( sl. 31); tam, kjer je bilo pač potrebno oziroma kjer sary. The burnt pieces differ in cross section, but most so bile večje reže. Prežgani fragmenti imajo različne are triangular. Most also bear impressions of cleft wood profile, vendar prevladujejo trikotne oblike. Večinoma or thin round logs ( Fig. 30). je na njih razbrati odtise kalanega lesa in oblic manjših premerov ( sl. 30). Sl. 28: Fragment prežganega stenskega ometa z odtisom ploha iz hiše 15/2 (hrbtna in sprednja stran). Fig. 28: Fragment of burnt house daub (back and front sides) from House 15/2 with an impression of a wooden plank. (Foto / Photo: T. Lauko) 32 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 29: Fragment prežganega stenskega ometa z odtisi protja iz Sl. 30: Profili mašil za špranje iz hiš 1, 2, 23 in 30. M. = 1:3. hiše 30/2. (Foto: T. Lauko) Fig. 30: Cross sections of caulking fragments from Houses 1, Fig. 29: Fragment of burnt house daub with wattle impressions 2, 23 and 30. Scale = 1:3. from House 30/2. (Photo: T. Lauko) Sl. 31: Fragment prežganega ilovnatega mašila za špranje iz hiše 30/2. (Foto: T. Lauko) Fig. 31 Fragment of burnt loam caulking from House 30/2. (Photo: T. Lauko) 33 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Strehe Roofs O videzu streh mostarskih hiš nimamo nikakršnih We have no direct evidence as to the appearance neposrednih dokazov, vendar lahko o tipu ostrešij skle- of the roofs that covered the houses at Most na Soči. pamo iz tlorisov stavb in konstrukcijskih detajlov sten. However, the type of roof truss can be inferred from the V poštev prideta tako eno- kot tudi dvokapna zasnova. ground plans of houses and construction details of the Stavbe kvadratnih tlorisov (npr. hiše 1/1, 11/2, 20) so wal s. Evidence suggests the existence of both single- imele skoraj zanesljivo dvokapne strehe. Zanje vemo, da pitch and gabled roofs. The buildings of a square plan počivajo špirovci na slemenskih legah, ki so podprte s (e.g. Houses 1/1, 11/2, 20) almost certainly all had gabled slemenskimi sohami. Spahi so narejeni s čepi in luknja- roofs. Their rafters rested on the ridge purlin supported by mi. Sohe segajo največkrat do temeljnega praga, lahko king posts and fastened together with mortise-and-tenon pa so včepljene tudi v poveznik. Trdnost celotnemu joints. Most posts were anchored in the sleeper beams, ostrešju dajejo ročice, opirače in razpirače, s katerimi while some only reached to the tie beam. Braces, struts je na več mestih povezana celotna strešna konstrukci- and straining beams spread across the truss provided the ja.56 Verjetno so imele dvokapne strehe tudi nekatere necessary stability of the roof.56 Some houses of a rectan- hiše podolgovatih tlorisov (npr. 15/2, 15A/1), saj gre za gular plan probably also had gabled roofs (e.g. Houses bivalne objekte. Drugače so bile zasnovane strehe stavb, 15/2, 15A/1), as they were residential units. The buildings v katerih se je odvijala obrtniška dejavnost (npr. 22A/1, serving as workshops (Houses 22A/1, 23/1) probably had 23/1). Glede na način gradnje, pri kateri so za nosilce differently designed roofs. Given their construction of uporabili tudi v tla vkopane stojke, imamo skoraj gotovo earthfast posts, they were almost certainly sheds with a opraviti z enokapnima lopama. Vsekakor pa so morale single-pitch roof. They must have had broad enough eaves imeti strehe dovolj široke napušče, da deževnica ni za- to stop the rainwater from reaching the drainage ditch; tekala v območje drenaže. Za uporabo žlebov nimamo we have no evidence of the use of rain gutters. namreč nobenega dokaza. We also have no evidence as to the type of roof Iz česa je bila kritina, ne vemo. Analize zoglene- cover. The charred wood analyses gave no results on lega lesa niso dale oprijemljivejših podatkov, glede na this subject, though the alpine environment of Most na alpsko okolje, v katerega je bilo umeščeno naselje, bi Soči may indicate the use of wood (shingles). Thatch smeli predpostavljati predvsem les (skodle). V poštev bi may also have been used, because we know that the prišla tudi slama, saj so poznali in gojili žita. Ker pa je inhabitants knew and grew cereals. There is another pos- v ruševinah hiš 3 in 8 ležalo precej lapornatih plošč, ne sibility, however; the debris of Houses 3 and 8 included gre povsem izključiti še ene možnosti: kritina nekaterih a number of marl slabs that may represent the remains hiš bi lahko bila tudi kamnita. of a stone roof covering. NOTRANJOST HIŠ HOUSE INTERIORS Pomemben del posoškega stavbarstva je notranja Interior furnishings form an important part of the oprema hiš, zato moramo nekaj besed nameniti tudi architecture in Posočje and the text below will offer an temu, kako so bila narejena tla, kje so stala ognjišča ter insight into the floors, the hearths and their locations, as kakšne so bile shrambne in delovne jame ( sl. 32). Most na well as the storage and work pits ( Fig. 32). Among other Soči je znan tudi po ploščah iz žgane gline, ki so krasile things, the settlement at Most na Soči is also known notranjost nekaterih hiš. for the recovered ceramic plaques that decorated the interiors of some of the houses. Tla Floors Hodne nivoje v hišah so v grobem poravnali že The ground in the interior of the houses was ob pripravi stavbišč, kasneje so jih prevlekli s plastjo roughly levelled already during the preparation of the ilovice in površino skrbno zgladili. Tla brez prevleke construction pit. Later, when the wal s already stood, it so bila ugotovljena le v dveh primerih: v manjšem pro- was covered with a layer of loam and the surface care- storu (domnevni shrambi) hiše 1, kjer je bila za hodno ful y smoothed. Only two houses had floors without the površino uporabljena okoli 5 cm debela, ravna in zelo loam surface: the small room (presumably for storage) in trda skorja geološke osnove, ter v hiši 31/1, kjer je za pod House 1 had the roughly 5 cm thick, flat and very hard služila obklesana površina konglomerata. crust of the natural deposit serving as the floor, while 56 56 Dular 2008, 340. Dular 2008, 340. 34 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE TLA / FLOORS OGNJIŠČA / HEARTHS E t blika / d US a / če / ova / osi vel g O vic loš oards al / o / odlaga / ar shaped blika / tora / lace lo am o / d le aped l te p abs odnice / eddin sl ka osn l dep e p ta p sh ros ly p njen bljen la o teni / mni en vnini t roun lo ken tra ooden b sed mni vokotna o tangul edi p ng wa HIŠA / H phana i beaten lo ka stone geološ natura les w dvig rai v ra at g pog sun ka stone b pra rec okrog round sr cen ob s alo 1/1 x x x x x x 1/2 x x x x x 2/2 x 3/1 x 5 x x 8/1 x 8/2 x 9 x 10/2 x 11/2 x Quercus robur/petraea 14/1 x x x x x 15/2 x Abies alba 15A/1 x x x x x 16/1 Abies alba; Picea/Larix; Pinus sylv./m. x x x x 16/2 x 21 x x x x 24/1 x x x x x 30/1 x x x 30/2 x x x x x 31/1 x x x x Sl. 32: Notranje strukture hiš. Fig. 32: Interior structures of houses. Tla iz phane ilovice, ki je po požaru postala rjavo-ru- House 31/1 had a worked surface of conglomerate that mene oziroma opečnate barve, so bila različno ohranjena. was used as the floor. Najbolje v hiši 15/2 ( sl. 33), v drugih objektih so ostale na The floors of beaten loam that turned brown-yellow prvotnih mestih le posamične zaplate. V nekaterih hišah or brick coloured after a fire survived to different degrees je bil ilovnat nanos v celoti uničen. Na iztrganih kosih so in different houses. The floor in House 15 survived best se razmeroma dobro videli odtisi geološke podlage ( sl. ( Fig. 33), other buildings only revealed small patches and 34). Debelina nabite ilovice je znašala nekaj centimetrov. some had the loam layer completely destroyed. The loose Nanos je bil ob stenah nekoliko močnejši (npr. v hiši 15 pieces of loam floor show relatively clear impressions of med 4,5 in 9 cm), saj so z ilovico oblekli tudi temeljne the underlying natural deposits ( Fig. 34). The loam was kamne. Da je bila ilovnata prevleka dvignjena ob temelj, beaten to a thickness of a few centimetres across most s čimer so bile zapolnjene špranje med kamni, je bilo of the interior and slightly thicker along the wal s (in ugotovljeno še v hišah 1/1, 2/2, 11/2 in 15A/1. House 15, for example, between 4.5 and 9 cm), where V treh primerih (hiše 11/2, 15/2, 16/1) so bila the loam even covered the foundations. The loam along ugotovljena tla iz lesa. Gre za ostanke zoglenelih plohov, the edges also served to fill the holes between individual ki so bili tesno drug ob drugem položeni na peščeno stones of the foundations, as was observed in Houses osnovo, le v hiši 15/2 so ležali na poravnanih ruševi- 1/1, 2/2, 11/2 and 15A/1. nah prve gradbene faze ( sl. 35). Podložne lege niso bile Three houses (11/2, 15/2, 16/1) had a wooden floor. ugotovljene. Analize oglja so pokazale, da so za podnice Excavations revealed the charred remains of floor boards uporabili les hrasta in iglavcev ( sl. 32). laid very close to one another on the sandy natural de- Zanimiva so bila tla v hiši 5, ki je imela dva prosto- posit in most cases, only in House 15/2 on the levelled ra. V zahodnem so na geološko osnovo nabili ilovico, debris of the first construction phase ( Fig. 35), without vzhodnega pa tlakovali z velikimi neobdelanimi plošča- the use of wooden subfloor elements. Charcoal analyses mi iz volčanskega apnenca ( sl. 36). Tla iz kamnitih plošč have shown that oak and coniferous wood was used for so na Mostu na Soči izjema, saj jih v drugih stavbah the floor boards ( Fig. 32). niso zasledili. 35 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 33: Hiša 15/2. Tla iz phane ilovice v vzhodnem prostoru; pogled z juga. Fig. 33: House 15/2. Floor of beaten loam in the east room; view from the south. Sl. 34: Fragment prežganih tal z odtisi geološke podlage iz hiše 2/2 (spodnja in zgornja stran). Fig. 34: Fragment of burnt floor (underside and top surface) with impressions of the natural deposit from House 2/2. (Foto / Photo: T. Lauko) 36 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 35: Hiša 15/2. Ostanki zoglenelih podnic v zahodnem prostoru; pogled z zahoda. Fig. 35: House 15/2. Remains of charred floor boards in the west room; view from the west. The floors of the two-room House 5 are also of interest. While the west room had beaten loam applied onto the natural deposit, the east room was paved with large unworked slabs of Volče limestone ( Fig. 36). Stone slab flooring was not documented in any other building at Most na Soči. Sl. 36: Hiša 5. Kamnite plošče v vzhodnem prostoru; pogled s severozahoda. Fig. 36: House 5. Stone slabs in the east room; view from the northwest. 37 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 37: Ognjišče v hiši 14/1; pogled z jugovzhoda. Fig. 37: House 14/1. Hearth; view from the southeast. Ognjišča in peč Sl. 38: Peč v hiši 30/2; pogled z jugozahoda. Glavne značilnosti ognjišč so zbrane na sl. 32. Fig. 38: House 30/2. Built-in oven; view from the southwest. Večina jih je bila postavljenih v ravnino tal ali pa so bila od hodne površine rahlo dvignjena. Poglobljeno (za slabih 10 cm) je bilo le ognjišče v hiši 14/1. Čeprav Hearths and an oven so imela ognjišča v glavnem uničene robove, lahko iz nekaj bolje ohranjenih primerov ugotovimo, da so bile The main characteristics of the hearths are pre- v uporabi tako pravokotne (npr. hiši 1/1, 1/2, 30/1, 30/2) sented on Fig. 32. Most were level with the ground kot tudi okrogle kurilne površine (hiša 15A/1). Tudi pri slightly raised above it, only the hearth in House 14/1 umeščanju ognjišč ni bilo zaznati enotnega pravila. Naj- was sunken (roughly 10 cm). Although their edges were demo jih tako sredi prostorov kot v bližini sten. Požarno largely destroyed, some of the well-preserved hearths re- varnost so v takih primerih zagotavljali manjši zidci veal that they had either rectangular (e.g. in Houses 1/1, oziroma okvirji iz kamnitih plošč, ki so preprečevali, 1/2, 30/1, 30/2) or round top surfaces (House 15A/1). da bi plameni segali do sten (npr. v hišah 14/1 in 24/1). They also occupied different positions in the house Ognjišča so bila narejena tako, da so najprej pri- interiors: in the centre or along one of the wal s. In the pravili podlago iz drobnih oblic in kamnov, ki so jih v latter cases, they were fitted with a protection of stone enem sloju zložili na geološko osnovo. Kamne so nato slabs so that the flames would not come into contact prevlekli s plastjo ilovice (debelina do 10 cm), površino with the wooden wall (e.g. in Houses 14/1 and 24/1). pa zgladili. Zaradi stalnega kurjenja je bila ilovica moč- The bedding for the hearths consisted of cobbles no prežgana, površina pa skoraj po pravilu razpokana and other stones placed in a single layer onto the natural ( sl. 37). K ognjiščem so sodile tudi odlagalne površine. deposit. This was covered by a layer of loam (up to 10 Najbolje je dokumentirana tista iz hiše 30/2, narejena cm thick) and the surface smoothed. The constant use of iz ploščatih kamnov. Temu namenu je očitno služil tudi fire caused the loam to be burnt through and the surface večji močno obrušen kvader, ki je bil za slabih dvajset was usual y cracked ( Fig. 37). Hearths were also asso- centimetrov višji od nivoja okoliških tal.57 ciated with features interpreted as worktops. The best V hiši 30/2 je ob ognjišču stala peč, edina odkrita documented worktop, made of flat stones, was found in v naselju. Imela je iz lapornatih plošč narejen okvir House 30/2. It stood next to a large and heavily worn (krovna plošča se ni ohranila), ki je bil z zunanje strani cuboid rock of the moraine til , which was probably also na debelo obložen z ilovico ( sl. 38). Debelina obloge je a worktop, raised almost 20 cm above the loam floor.57 57 57 Glej Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 210, pril. 5. See Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 210, App. 5. 38 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE znašala do 11 cm. Notranjost peči je merila 70 x 35 cm, House 30/2 also revealed the only built-in oven odprtina za kurjenje je bila na zahodni strani. Peč je slu- in the settlement; it stood next to the hearth. The oven žila za peko: verjetno kruha in mesa, kar bi dokazovale wal s consisted of marl slabs (the cover did not survive) nedogorele živalske kosti, najdene v pepelu v peči in na lined with an up to 11 cm thick layer of loam on the prostoru pred njo. exterior ( Fig. 38). The oven interior measured 70 x 35 cm and the opening was located on the west side. The oven probably served to prepare bread and meat, the Jame latter suggested by the unburnt animal bones found in the ash of the oven and in front of it. K notranji opremi hiš sodijo tudi jame, ki jih je bilo na Mostu na Soči dokumentiranih 40. Glede na obliko, ki ji je očitno botrovala namembnost, jih je moč Pits razvrstiti v dve skupini. V prvo ( sl. 39A) smo združili okrogle ali rahlo ovalne oblike s premerom do 1 m. Excavation documented forty pits in the interiors of Vkopane so bile v geološko osnovo. Njihove globine niso houses at Most na Soči. We can distinguish between two presegle 60 cm, vendar so bile nekatere od njih prvotno groups based on the shape of the pit, which presumably nekoliko globlje, saj meritev večkrat ni bila zanesljiva indicates different functions. The first group ( Fig. 39A) zaradi uničenih tal. Prečni profili so pokazali, da so consists of round or slightly oval pits with a diameter of imele jame kotanjasta ali banjasta dna. Konična oblika up to a metre. They were dug into the natural deposit. je bila dokumentirana le v enem primeru (jama 3 v hiši Their depth did not exceed 60 cm, though some may 1/1). Praviloma so bile umeščene ob zidove oziroma v original y have been deeper, as the damaged ground kote hiš. To je razumljivo, saj bi sicer ovirale gibanje po surface often prevented reliable measurements. The pits prostoru. Izjema je pravzaprav le jama v hiši 16/2, ki je were predominantly rounded in cross section, only one bila vkopana sredi manjšega prostora.58 Bila je odlično was conical (Pit 3 in House 1/1). They were located along ohranjena, njene robove pa so ojačali z nanosom ilovice the wal s or in the corners so as not to hinder the move- in jih skrbno zgladili z okoliškimi tlemi. ment around the house, only the pit in House 16/2 was Polnila jam so bila sicer različna, vendar se v njih dug in the centre of the smaller room.58 This pit was very vedno znova (v različnih kombinacijah in razmerjih) well preserved; its edged were strengthened with a strip pojavljajo peščena zemlja, mivka, pesek, kamnit drobir, of loam careful y levelled with the surrounding floor. oglje in koščki prežgane ilovice. Gre torej za podobno The pits were filled with a variety of materials, sestavo, ki jo najdemo tudi v ruševinah stavb. V neka- which comprise sandy earth, sand, stone rubble, char- terih jamah so bili še fragmenti posod ali drugih kera- coal and pieces of burnt loam in different combinations mičnih predmetov (svitek, ognjiščna kozica), cel lonec and ratios. This is similar to the composition of the se je ohranil le v hiši 3/1.59 V dveh primerih so bili med house debris. Some pits also contained fragments of polnilom jam najdeni kosi kovine: v hiši 7 kvader železa pottery or other ceramic artefacts (ring, firedog), while in v hiši 13 kupček razlomljenih bronastih ingotov in a complete jar survived in the pit of House 3/1.59 The fill pogač.60 Omeniti moramo še organske ostanke. V glav- in two pits included pieces of metal: a block of iron in nem gre za posamezne živalske kosti, žitna zrna so bila House 7 and a heap of broken bronze ingots in House odkrita le v jami 2 v hiši 7. To je verjetno zgolj slučaj, saj 13.60 The fil s also contained organic remains, mostly polnila niso bila pregledana s flotacijskim postopkom. Iz individual animal bones, while cereal grains were only povedanega lahko zaključimo, da na podlagi strukture found in Pit 2 of House 7. This, however, is probably not polnil namembnosti jam sicer ni moč zanesljivo ugoto- an accurate picture as the material from the pits was not viti, verjetno pa ne bomo daleč od resnice, če rečemo, da water-sieved. The available data on the structure of the so služile predvsem za shranjevanje dobrin. fil s does not allow us to reliably identify the function of Druga skupina jam se od prve razlikuje že po these pits, but we may nevertheless presume that they velikosti ( sl. 39B). Gre za velike pravokotne ali ovalne were mainly used for storage. vkope s stranicami oziroma premeri prek enega metra. The pits of the second group ( Fig. 39B) are rectan- V skupino smo vključili tudi tri manjše okrogle jame iz gular or oval in plan and larger, measuring more than a hiše 4 in tri okrogle jame iz hiše 22/1. Razlog za takšno metre across. The group also includes three round pits odločitev je lega objektov, saj so razporejeni v gručo ozi- from House 4 and three round pits from House 22/1 roma jih jarek povezuje v funkcionalno enoto.61 Polnila because the pits form a functional whole. They were jam so podobna tistim iz prve skupine. Prevladujejo joined or connected with a ditch.61 The fil s of the pits 58 58 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 135, sl. 123B. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 135, Fig. 123B. 59 59 Ib., 61. Ib., 61. 60 60 Ib., 75 in 106. Ib., 75 and 106. 61 61 Ib., 66, sl. 47A, in 157, sl. 150A. Ib., 66, Fig. 47A, 157, Fig. 150A. 39 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE A HIŠA / jama / premer / globina / najdbe / organski ostanki / HOUSE pit diameter depth small finds organic remains jama / pit 1 77 cm 48 cm svitek / ceramic ring 1/1 jama / pit 2 85 cm 60 cm frg. keramike / ceramic sherds jama / pit 3 72 cm 48 cm kozica / firedog živalske kosti / animal bones 2/2 jama / pit 1 65 cm 30 cm 3/1 jama / pit 1 55 cm ? lonec / ceramic jar jama / pit 1 60 cm 24 cm živalske kosti / animal bones 5 jama / pit 2 37 cm 10 cm jama / pit 1 80 cm 26 cm železen ingot / iron block 7 jama / pit 2 85 cm 25 cm frg. bronaste posode / frg. of bronze vessel žitna zrna / wheat grains 8/1 jama / pit 1 90 cm 25 cm 12/1 jama / pit 2 35 cm 22 cm jama / pit 1 85 cm 36 cm 13 jama / pit 2 80 cm 10 cm bronasti ingoti / bronze ingots 15A/1 jama / pit 1 95 cm 20 cm žlindra, igla, brus / slag, pin, whetstone živalske kosti / animal bones 16/1 jama / pit 1 55 cm ? 16/2 jama / pit 1 52 cm 19 cm jama / pit 1 65 cm 15 cm frg. keramike / ceramic sherds živalske kosti / animal bones 17/1 jama / pit 2 65 cm 15 cm frg. keramike / ceramic sherds 23/1 jama / pit 2 55 cm 38 cm 27/1 jama / pit 1 70 cm 33 cm živalske kosti / animal bones 30/2 jama / pit 2 75 cm 60 cm B HIŠA / jama / velikost / globina / najdbe / organski ostanki / HOUSE pit size depth small finds organic remains jama / pit 1 50 cm 6 cm kalup / mould 4 jama / pit 2 35 cm 30 cm jama / pit 3 85 cm 48 cm kalup, bronasta talina, zajemalka / frg. obdelane rogovine / mould, pieces of molten bronze, casting ladle worked pieces of antlers 12/1 jama / pit 1 170 × 370 cm 32 cm frg. fibule / frg. of fibula živalske kosti / animal bones 21 jama / pit 1 110 × 140 cm 30 cm svitek, okrašena plošča, utež / ceramic ring, decorated plaque, clay weight jama / pit 1 50 cm 15 cm jama / pit 2 50 cm 11 cm živalske kosti / animal bones 22/1 jama / pit 3 50 cm 12 cm frg. keramike / ceramic sherd živalske kosti / animal bones jama / pit 4 170 × 230 cm 37 cm živalske kosti / animal bones jama / pit 1 120 × 160 cm 23 cm frg. keramike, prstan / ceramic sherds, finger ring živalske kosti / animal bones 22A/1 jama / pit 2 140 × 160 cm 27 cm frg. keramike, brus / ceramic sherds, whetstone živalske kosti / animal bones 22A/2 jama / pit 1 70 × 150 cm 46 cm svitek, okrašena plošča / ceramic ring, decorated plaque 23/1 jama / pit 1 130 × 180 cm 35 cm frg. keramike, svitki / ceramic sherds, ceramic ring jama / pit 1 180 × 300 cm 40 cm bronasta talina, železno orodje / pieces of molten bronze, iron tools 29/1 jama / pit 2 70 × 150 cm 28 cm bronasta talina, brus, črepinje / pieces of molten bronze, whetstone, pottery jama / pit 1 ? × 130 cm 52 cm 30/1 jama / pit 2 200 × 300 cm 30 cm jama / pit 4 ? × 130 cm ? 30/2 jama / pit 1 80 × 180 cm 25 cm Sl. 39: Značilnosti jam. A: shrambene jame; B: delovne jame. Fig. 39: Characteristics of pits. A: storage pits; B: work pits. 40 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE peščena zemlja, mivka, pesek, kamnit drobir, oglje in of the second group are similar to those of the first one, koščki prežgane ilovice. Razmeroma pogosto srečamo mainly comprising sandy earth, sand, stone rubble, char- tudi črepinje posod in živalske kosti. Bistvena značilnost coal and pieces of burnt loam, relatively frequently also jam druge skupine pa je, da imajo ožgane stene. Večkrat pottery shards and animal bones. The main common so bile v njih tudi plasti oglja oziroma pepela. Gre torej characteristics of these pits are burnt wal s and fil s that za objekte, kjer je imel ogenj pomembno vlogo, čemu so often contained layers of charcoal or ash. This reveals the dejansko služili, pa ni lahko ugotoviti. Izjeme so morda houses as places where fire played an important role, but le jame v hišah 4 in 29/1. V njih so bili namreč najdeni their exact function remains for the most part uncertain. ostanki bronaste taline, poleg tega pa še kalupa, talilna The pits in Houses 4 and 29/1 are most revealing; they zajemalka, brus in železna orodja, kar vse kaže na kovi- contained pieces of molten bronze, as well as a mould, narsko dejavnost. Namembnost ostalih objektov je težje casting ladle, whetstone and iron tools, which suggests opredeljiva. Če si ogledamo le tri najbolj zanimive (jame that they were probably associated with metalworking v hišah 22/1, 22A/1 in 23/1), vidimo, da obstajajo že pri activities. As for the other houses, we should mention konstrukcijah stavb, v katerih so bile, določene podob- three most intriguing examples (Houses 22/1, 22A/1 nosti ( sl. 40). Hiša 22A/1 je bila pravzaprav na stojkah and 23/1) that share certain construction similarities sloneča lopa, pri hiši 22/1 je bila ugotovljena zgolj ena ( Fig. 40): House 22A/1 was actual y a shed supported na temelju postavljena stena, medtem ko je imela hiša by earthfast posts, House 22/1 had only one of its wal s 23/1 dva dela: zidanega z jamo in morda lopo pred njim. resting on stone foundations, while House 23/1 had two Stavbe so bile torej bolj ali manj odprte, kar je verjetno parts, one larger with stone foundations and the other zahteval delovni proces, pri katerem je bil prisoten ogenj. smal er, possibly a shed in front of it. The buildings were Drugih podatkov, ki bi natančneje pojasnili, za more or less open, such as would be necessary when kakšne dejavnosti gre, žal nimamo. V veliki jami št. 4 working with open fire. v hiši 22/1 ( sl. 40A) je bila na dnu 15 cm debela plast The small finds from these houses do not shed zdrobljenega oglja in z njim pomešane zemlje, vmes so light onto the activities taking place there. We can only ležale živalske kosti. Kot kurivo so uporabili les bukve mention the large Pit 4 in House 22/1 ( Fig. 40A), which in hrasta.62 contained a 15 cm thick layer of crushed charcoal mixed Nič bolj povedni nista bili niti polnili jam v hiši with earth and the odd animal bone on the bottom. 22A/1 ( sl. 40B). Profil čez prvo je pokazal, da je bila Analyses have shown beech and oak wood to have been prvotno zapolnjena s sivorjavo zemljo in drobci oglja. used as fuel.62 V to plast je bila nato vkopana nova, nekoliko manjša The fil s in the pits of House 22A/1 ( Fig. 40B) are kotanja, katere polnilo je imelo od spodaj navzgor nasle- hardly more telling. The cross section of the first pit dnjo strukturo: tenka plast oglja, plast čistega peska, plast shows that it was original y filled with grey-brown earth prežganega peska, tenka plast oglja, plast mivke. Vmes mixed with bits of charcoal. A new smaller pit was dug so bili tudi živalske kosti, lončene črepinje, zdrobljena into this fill and the second fill revealed the following prežgana ilovica in bronast prstan. Podobno strukturo stratigraphy from the bottom up: a thin layer of charcoal, je imelo tudi polnilo druge jame.63 a layer of pure sand, a layer of burnt sand, a thin layer of Na koncu si oglejmo še jamo v hiši 23/1. Vkopana charcoal, a layer of fine-grained sand. The fill also yielded je bila v neprepustno plast konglomerata, in sicer v animal bones, ceramic shards, pieces of crushed burnt vzhodnem delu stavbe, ki je imel na treh straneh kamnite loam and a bronze finger ring. A similar stratigraphy temelje ( sl. 40C). Jama je bila pravokotne oblike. Iz nje was also documented in the second pit.63 sta bila pod temeljem južne stene speljana dva kanala. The pit in House 23/1 was dug into the imperme- Usmerjena sta bila proti jugu, kjer sta se po dobrih štirih able conglomerate in the eastern part of the house with metrih poteka spojila z odvodnim jarkom. Prečni presek stone foundations on three of the four sides ( Fig. 40C). čez polnilo jame je pokazal, da je bila na dnu do 16 cm The pit was rectangular. It had two canals running from debela plast mivke in drobnozrnatega peska. V njej ni it and under the south foundations to join the drainage bilo najdb. Na mivki oziroma pesku je ležal zoglenel les. ditch some four metres further south. The cross section Gre za ostanke navzkriž položenih plohov, vsi so bili iz of the pit shows an up to 16 cm thick layer of fine- and rdečega bora. Preostali del jame (neposredno nad zogle- medium-grained sand at the bottom without any small nelimi plohi) je polnila mešanica zemlje in zdrobljene finds. Lying on top of the sand was charred wood or the prež gane ilovice. Vmes so bili tudi večji kosi, glinasti remains of boards laid parallel and perpendicular to one svitki ter fragmenti keramike. Svitki (celi in razbiti) so another, all of Scots pine. The rest of the pit (directly on ležali v različnih položajih. Za tiste ob vzho dnem temelju top of the wooden boards) was filled with earth mixed je bilo dobro videti, da so bili naloženi drug vrh drugega, with large and small pieces of crushed burnt loam, medtem ko so ležali v sredini jame bodisi pošev bodisi ceramic rings and pottery shards. The rings (complete 62 62 Ib., 160; glej tu Motel a De Carlo, 429 s. Ib., 160; also see here Motel a De Carlo, 429 f. 63 63 Ib., 164. Ib., 164. 41 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 40: Delovne jame. M. = 1:100. Fig. 40: Work pits. Scale = 1:100. and broken) were lying in different positions: those along the east foundations were clearly stacked one on top of the other, while those in the centre of the pit were either upright or in an oblique position. Found beside the rings were parts of a large jar, a completely preserved beaker and the odd stone. All were covered by a vast layer of burnt loam that spread beyond the pit across most of the western half of the building. The loam certainly did not represent the remains of wall daub; it was rather an amorphous burnt and hardened mass of loam presumably associated with the function of the work pit (as lining?).64 In one of his publications, Svoljšak identified House 23/1 as a workshop where pottery making alternated with metalworking. The numerous ceramic rings and pottery shards suggest the first activity, while the other is indicated by the recovered pieces of iron slag and a piece of a bronze ingot found in the debris in the area of the shed (anteroom) in the west half of the building. He presumed that a kiln stood above the large rectangular pit, in which pottery was fired and occasional y metal was smelted. The last activity before the destruction of the building was that of a potter.65 Such an interpretation is certainly interesting, but does leave certain questions unanswered. The first is con- nected with the form of the pit, which was rectangular and reached on three sides to the foundations of the building. A kiln of a rectangular plan and large size (1.3 x 1.8 m) that would touch wooden wal s has no parallels among the documented prehistoric kilns. Also question- able is the interpretation of the pine boards that lay on a layer of sand on the bottom of the pit. The fact that they were tightly laid parallel to one another does not sug- gest a pile of fuel wood, but more likely the remains of wooden floor boards that covered the pit. It should also be noted that the sand under the boards was not burnt and that water accumulated at the bottom of the pit even during the archaeological excavations. Final y there are the two canals that lead from the pit towards the drainage ditch running along the east side of the house. There are no known parallels for pottery kilns with canals leading from them. The interpretation of this house destroyed in pokonci. Ob njih so bili najdeni deli večjega lonca, v a fire is therefore problematic. To sum up the data from celoti ohranjen manjši lonček pa tudi kakšen kamen. the field documentation, the pit was filled with sand Vse skupaj je prekrivala obsežna ploskev trdo prežgane and covered by parallel and perpendicular boards, on ilovice, ki se ni širila le nad delovno jamo, ampak tudi top of which was a heap of ceramic rings and pottery, po večjem delu zahodne polovice stavbe. To zanesljivo all covered by a burnt and hardened mass of loam; it is ni bil stenski omet, tem več amorfna, prežgana in otrdela not clear whether the loam represented lining or some ilovnata gmota, očitno povezana s funkcijo delovne other structure. The loam certainly did not bear wattle jame (obloga?).64 64 Ib., 171 f. 64 Ib., 171 s. 65 Svoljšak 2014, 290 ff. 42 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Drago Svoljšak je v eni svojih objav hišo 23/1 označil impressions and without some sort of support, the lining za delavnico, v kateri sta se izmenično odvijali lončarska would not be sufficiently stable. Rather than a work pit, in kovinarska dejavnost. Prvo dokazujejo številni svitki the most plausible interpretation is that the pit served in lončenina, drugo pa ostanki železove žlindre in kos to collect and drain water away from the house. Other bronaste pogače, najdeni v ruševinah na območju lope interpretations are less plausible, though new discover- (preddverja) v zahodni polovici objekta. Nad veliko pra- ies of similar structures may provide the parallels we vokotno jamo naj bi stala peč, v kateri so žgali lončenino, now lack.66 po potrebi pa tudi talili kovino. Zadnje proizvodno deja- nje je pred uničenjem hiše pripadalo lončarju.65 Takšna interpretacija objekta je vsekakor zanimiva, Entrances and passages postavlja pa nekaj vprašanj. Prvo je povezano z obliko jame, ta je bila pravokotna in je s treh strani segala vse All houses had their entrance in the south, as all do temeljev hiše. Lončarske peči, ki bi bile pravokot- other sides were lined with drainage wal s erected along nega tlorisa in takih dimenzij (1,3 x 1,8 m), povrhu the wal s of the construction pits. Five of the entrances pa bi se še dotikale lesenih sten, med doslej odkritimi survived to a sufficient degree and their characteristics prazgodovinskimi pečmi ne poznamo. Vprašljiva je tudi will be summarised below.67 interpretacija zoglenelih borovih plohov, ki so prekri- The entrance to House 1 in its Construction Phase žani ležali na plasti mivke in drobnozrnatega peska na 1/1 was in the southwest wall at the west corner ( Fig. dnu jame. Glede na to, da so bili položeni vzporedno in 41A). This position is indicated by a large slab with three tesno drug ob drugem, ne dajejo videza grmade, ampak slabs in front of it, while eighty centimetres further to jih kaže interpretirati kot ostanek lesenih podnic, ki so the south was another large slab. The slabs are believed prekrivale jamo. Pomenljivo je tudi dejstvo, da pesek to have served as a footing for the wooden support of a pod plohi ni bil ožgan, na dnu jame pa se je še ob času projecting roof in front of the entrance, while the slab izkopavanj nabirala voda. In končno sta tu oba odtočna in the line of the foundations represents the surviving kanala, s katerima je bila jama povezana z jarkom ob part of the threshold. vzhodni strani hiše. Tudi lončarskih peči z odtočnimi The entrance to the anteroom of House 11/2 ( Fig. kanali ne poznamo, to pa interpretacijo objekta, ki je 41B) was also relatively well preserved. It was delimited propadel v ognju, le še bolj zapleta. Na osnovi terenske by a pair of low wal s, one on each side. The left wall was dokumentacije je moč zanesljivo reči le to, da je bila v constructed of four courses of stones to the height of 60 spodnjem delu s peskom zapolnjena jama, ki so jo pre- cm. On the right, only a small upright rock remained in krivali navzkriž postavljeni leseni plohi. Na njih je ležal situ. It reached the same height as the top stone of the kup svitkov in lončenine, vse pa je prekrivala prežgana left wal . As in the case of House 1, the low wal s here in otrdela ilovnata gmota. Ali gre za neke vrste oblogo are believed to have served as a footing for the wooden ali kaj drugega, ne vemo. V ostankih ni bilo najti odtisov support of a projecting roof. protja, brez armature pa morebitna obloga ne bi imela The gaps in the line of the foundations of Houses zadovoljive stabilnosti. Vse kaže, da je jama s kanaloma 15/2, 16/2 and 15A/1 have been identified as entrances služila zbiranju in odvajanju vode. Druge interpretacije with a fair amount of certainty given their positions. so manj verjetne, sicer pa bo treba z razlago počakati na The entrances of Houses 15/2 and 16/2 ( Fig. 41C-D) nova odkritja, ki bodo dala več podatkov o funkcional- were located near the corners, in House 15A/1 it was nosti podobno konstruiranih objektov.66 located at midpoint of the wall ( Fig. 41E). The only fairly clear passage within a house has been identified in the partition wall of House 16/2 ( Fig. 41D); it was located Vhodi in prehodi in axis with the entrance and measured 70 cm in width. Missing stones in the foundations are not yet Vhodi v stavbe so bili z juga, saj so bila stavbišča proof of an entrance or a passage. As a rule, the post- na preostalih treh straneh vkopana v pobočje, stene pad construction does not involve the sleeper beams gradbenih jam pa obložene z drenažnimi zidovi. Kolikor to be interrupted, as this would reduce the stability of toliko se je ohranilo pet vhodov, ki smo jih podrobneje the superstructure. Even examples from vernacular že opisali, zato bo na tem mestu dovolj, če ponovimo architecture show that wooden houses had continuous nekatere podatke.67 65 66 Svoljšak 2014, 290 ss. Also see Svoljšak in this publication (187) with a 66 Glej še tu Svoljšak, 187 s spremenjeno interpretacijo new interpretation of the pit. It was presumably intended to jame. Namenjena naj bi bila zbiranju zalednih padavinskih collect the rainwater coming down the conglomerate rock on voda, ki so se vanjo stekale po površju konglomeratne skale. the slope behind the house. 67 67 Hiše 1/1, 11/2, 15/2, 15A/1 in 16/2. Glej Svoljšak, Houses 1/1, 11/2, 15/2, 15A/1 and 16/2. See Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 47, 94, 116, 128, 140. Dular 2016, 47, 94, 116, 128, 140. 43 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 41: Vhodi in prehodi. M. = 1:100. Fig. 41: Entrances and passages. Scale = 1:100. Vhod v hišo 1/1 je bil v prvi gradbeni fazi v jugoza- sleeper beams that were raised above ground and had hodni steni tik ob zahodnem vogalu stavbe ( sl. 41A). To to be crossed when entering a house.68 lahko razberemo iz lege večje plošče, pred katero so bili 68 Good examples of this are the wooden huts in the alps položeni trije ploščati kamni. Osemdeset centimetrov of the Bohinj and Posočje areas, which share a number of stran je bila ob temelju še ena večja plošča. Kamni so other features with the Iron Age architecture in Most na Soči; očitno služili za podlago lesenim stebrom nadstreška see Cevc 1984, 138 ff. 44 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE pred vhodom v hišo, plošča v temelju pa je ohranjeni HOUSE PLANS del praga. Razmeroma dobro je bil ohranjen tudi vhod v The houses at Most na Soči varied in plan, size and preddverje hiše 11/2 ( sl. 41B). Zamejevala sta ga dva interior layout. The analysis of these characteristics is zidca. Levi je bil narejen iz štirih leg kamnov, tako da je based on nineteen of the best surviving buildings in both znašala njegova višina 60 cm. Na desni strani vhoda je na construction phases ( Fig. 42). They have been divided svojem mestu ostala manjša, pokonci postavljena skala. into five groups according to their shape and interior Po višini je bila poravnana z vrhnjo ploščo levega zidca. layout. The first group comprises houses with a single Tudi v tem primeru sta na podstavkih najverjetneje stala room, of a square or rectangular plan and roughly 10 lesena stebra vhodnega nadstreška. m2 of interior surface. More precise measurements were Za vhode smo z dokajšnjo mero previdnosti ozna- not possible, as the houses were only partial y preserved čili tudi vrzeli v temeljih hiš 15/2, 16/2 in 15A/1. Pri ( Fig. 42A). prvih dveh hišah ( sl. 41C-D) sta bila vhoda pomaknjena The houses of the second group are also of a rec- k vogalom, v hišo 15A/1 pa so vstopali v sredini stavbe tangular or square plan, but their interiors were divided ( sl. 41E). Edini kolikor toliko jasen prehod se je ohranil into two rooms ( Fig. 42B): a larger one in front and a v predelni steni hiše 16/2 ( sl. 41D). Njegova širina je smaller rectangular room at the back. House 3/1 has also znašala 70 cm, postavljen pa je bil natanko v osi vhoda. been placed into this group, although the only common Manjkajoči kamni v temeljih še niso zanesljiv characteristic is the bipartite division; it is, in fact, unlike dokaz, da so bili na teh mestih vhodi oziroma prehodi. any other house at Most na Soči and has an L-shaped Pri gradnji s sohami temeljni pragovi praviloma niso plan. The houses of the second group varied greatly in prekinjeni, saj bi bila s tem zmanjšana stabilnost sten. size, from 11 to 30 m2. Tudi primeri iz ljudskega stavbarstva kažejo, da so The houses of the third group also had two rooms, imele lesene stavbe na vhodih skoraj vedno sklenjene but these succeeded each other along a different axis temeljne pragove, ki so bili dvignjeni, zato jih je bilo ( Fig. 42C), which produced an elongated house plan. treba prestopiti.68 Inasmuch as can be gleamed from the surviving remains, the two rooms were of different sizes. The houses were between 12 and 17 m2 large. OBLIKE TLORISOV The houses of the fourth group had three rooms ( Fig. 42D). They were rectangular in plan and varied Zasnove tlorisov hiš, njihova velikost in notranja in internal layout. The rooms could either be equal y členitev so bile na Mostu na Soči dokaj pestre, čeprav large, but could also have a larger central room flanked smo lahko v analizo vključili le devetnajst bolje ohra- by smaller rooms on both sides. The houses also varied njenih struktur obeh gradbenih faz ( sl. 42). Glede na in size, but most were quite large and measured from obliko in notranjo členitev smo jih razvrstili v pet 19 to 32 m2. skupin. V prvo sodijo enoprostorni objekti kvadratne The houses of the fifth group have varied plans. ali pravokotne zasnove s kvadraturami okoli 10 m2. Each of them is unique and the plan and layout was Natančnejši izračuni niso možni, saj gre večinoma za probably dictated by their function ( Fig. 42E). One of delno ohranjene objekte ( sl. 42A). them is House 11/2, which had an anteroom without Tudi za drugo skupino hiš je značilna pravokotna foundations, delimited by the drainage wal , in front of ali kvadratna zasnova, vendar z notranjo členitvijo na the main room. On the right it had an entrance space dva dela ( sl. 42B). Spredaj je bil večji prostor, za njim pa and on the left a small square structure with wooden še manjša pravokotna kamra. Tej skupini smo dodali še floor boards. Its size can be determined from the four tloris hiše 3/1, čeprav vanjo pravzaprav ne sodi. Zasno- corner slabs (2.25 m2), which suggests that it may have van je v obliki črke L, ima pa prav tako dva prostora. served as a granary. Glede na obliko je v naselju edinstven. Hiše druge The other three buildings of this group were con- skupine so se med seboj po velikosti precej razlikovale. structed in a combination of postpad and earthfast post Njihove kvadrature so se gibale od 11 do 30 m2. construction techniques so that they were open on the Dvoprostorna je bila tudi tretja skupina hiš, vendar side supported by earthfast posts. Their layout and con- z izrazito težnjo po pravokotni zasnovi ( sl. 42C). Kolikor struction was probably dictated by the activities taking je moč sklepati iz delno ohranjenih tlorisov, so imele place in them; House 30/2 had a hearth, an oven and hiše različno velika prostora. Njihova skupna površina two pits, House 22A/1 contained two large work pits je bila med 12 in 17 m2. and House 23/1 had a large pit with two drainage canals. Some of the houses saw a change in plan with the renovation (Construction phase 2). Unfortunately, the 68 Dober primer so lesene stavbe na bohinjskih in posoških houses of the second construction phase were predomi- planinah, ki imajo z železnodobno arhitekturo Mosta na Soči nantly less well preserved and it is therefore difficult to še vrsto drugih stičnih točk; glej Cevc 1984, 138 ss. 45 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 42: Tlorisi hiš. M. = 1:200. Fig. 42: House plans. Scale = 1:200. 46 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE V četrto skupino smo uvrstili hiše s tremi prostori make reliable comparisons for al . We do have three ( sl. 42D). Njihova zasnova je zato pravokotna, notranja houses, however, that enable such an observation. When členitev pa ne kaže čvrstega pravila. Prostori so lahko renovated, House 1/2 retained its plan except for the skoraj enake kvadrature, možna pa je tudi drugačna northwest side, which was pushed towards the southeast, zasnova, ko je bil sredi stavbe velik prostor, levo in desno considerably reducing the interior space.69 A similar re- od njega pa še dva manjša. Kvadrature hiš so bile seveda duction occurred in House 8/2, which was turned from različne, vendar gre večinoma za večje objekte. Njihova a three-room to a smaller two-room building.70 To the skupna površina je znašala od 19 do 32 m2. contrary, House 15 was extended. It had two rooms in V peto skupino smo uvrstili objekte, ki v svoji the first phase, while in the second phase another room tlorisni zasnovi ne kažejo nekega pravila. Gre torej za was added in the east, becoming the largest and also the unikatne stavbe, zgrajene na povsem svojski način, most prominent house of the entire settlement.71 čemur je očitno botrovala njihova namembnost ( sl. 42E). To lahko opazimo že pri hiši 11/2, ki je imela pred osrednjim prostorom preddverje, vendar brez temeljev. INFRASTRUCTURE Omejili so ga kar z drenažnim zidom. Na desni strani je OF THE SETTLEMENT bil vhodni prostor oziroma veža, levo od njega pa manjši kvadraten objekt z lesenimi podnicami. Njegovo veli- The Iron Age settlement at Most na Soči revealed kost so določale štiri vogalne plošče. Glede na velikost interesting infrastructural features that comprise drain- (2,25 m2) je verjetno služil za kaščo. age canals, a drainage ditch and a path through the set- Posebno zasnovo kažejo tudi preostali trije objek- tlement. They have already been described in detail in ti. Zgrajeni so bili s kombinacijo sohaste in stojkaste the first volume, we will therefore only summarise their gradnje, tako da so bili na tisti strani, kjer so streho characteristics here. nosile stojke, odprti. Takšno zasnovo stavb so verjetno Drainage canals have been identified in the areas zahtevali delovni procesi. V hiši 30/2 so bili namreč of three houses. Of those, House 26/1 had the most odkriti ognjišče, peč in dve jami, v hiši 22A/1 prav complex drainage system ( Fig. 43). A shallow groove tako dve veliki delovni jami in v hiši 23/1 velika jama z was cut into the conglomerate along the drainage wal , odtočnima kanaloma. from which canals ran under the foundations and under Na koncu si oglejmo še to, ali so se ob obnavljanju the house floor. This drained the water coming down the hiš spremenile tlorisne zasnove. Žal so objekti druge north slope behind the house. The wal s of the canals gradbene faze večinoma slabo ohranjeni, kar otežuje were lined and covered with stone slabs. The same con- primerjave. V treh primerih je vzporejanje vendarle struction was documented for the canal in House 22/1 mogoče. Tako vidimo, da so pri obnovi hiše 1/2 obdržali ( Fig. 44). The two canals in House 23/1 also served to staro tlorisno zasnovo, vendar z znatno manjšo kvadra- drain water.72 They began at the large (work) pit in the turo.69 Podobno se je zgodilo s hišo 8/2. Namesto stavbe house and ran into the drainage ditch east of the house s tremi prostori je nastal manjši dvoprostoren objekt.70 that led down the slope and past Houses 36, 23 and Bile pa so tudi nasprotne težnje. Dokaz je hiša 15, ki je 25.73 The two canals that were lined and covered with imela v prvi fazi dva prostora. Ob prenovi so jo povečali stone slabs, as well as the large drainage ditch reveal a in ji na vzhodni strani dodali še en prostor. S tem je settlement with a rather sophisticated infrastructure. postala največja in hkrati tudi najbolj reprezentančna The same is indicated by the path that led through the stavba celotnega naselja.71 settlement. Although only unearthed in short segments, its construction is clear and involved an up to 20 cm thick bedding of medium-grained gravel laid onto the INFRASTRUKTURA NASELJA levelled natural deposit. In front of House 23, where it covered the two drainage canals, there were even two V železnodobnem naselju na Mostu na Soči so bili layers. The path was around 1.4 m wide and provided odkriti tudi zanimivi infrastrukturni objekti, med katere access to the houses via narrow courtyards.74 uvrščamo odtočne kanale, jarek in pot. Ker smo jih izčr- pno že opisali, bo na tem mestu dovolj, da povzamemo njihove glavne značilnosti. Odtočni kanali so bili ugotovljeni na območju treh hiš. Najbolj kompliciran sistem odvodnjavanja je imela 69 stavba 26/1 ( sl. 43). Vzdolž drenažnega zidu je bil v Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 46, Fig. 22. 70 Ib., 81, Fig. 66. konglomeratno podlago vsekan plitev žleb, od katerega 71 Ib., 114, Fig. 102. 69 72 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 46, sl. 22. Ib., 167, Fig. 160A. 70 73 Ib., 81, sl. 66. Ib., 221, Fig. 223. 71 74 Ib., 114, sl. 102. Ib., 223, Fig. 224. 47 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 43: Hiša 26/1. Odvodni kanal. M. = 1:100. Fig. 43: House 26/1. Drainage canals. Scale = 1:100. so bili pod temeljem in hodno površino hiše speljani kanali. S tem je bilo urejeno odvajanje meteorne vode, ki se je scejala s severnega pobočja. Stene kanalov so bile obložene in prekrite s kamnitimi ploščami. Enako je bil zgrajen kanal v hiši 22/1 ( sl. 44). Odvajanju vode sta služila tudi kanala v hiši 23/1.72 Povezana sta bila z veliko delovno jamo, iztekla pa sta se v bližnji jarek, ki je bil speljan po pobočju ob hišah 36, 23 in 25.73 Oba s kamnitimi ploščami obložena in pokrita kanala ter velik jarek so odraz visoke infrastrukturne opremljenosti naselja. Isto lahko rečemo za pot. Čeprav je bila odkrita le na nekaj krajših odsekih, je njena zgradba jasna. Na poravnano geološko osnovo so nasuli tampon iz drob- nozrnatega proda, debel do 20 cm. Pred hišo 23, kjer je pokrival oba kanala, je bil nasut celo v dveh plasteh. Sl. 44: Hiša 22/1. Odvodni kanal. Pot je bila široka okoli 1,4 m, z nje pa se je prek ozkih Fig. 44: House 22/1. Drainage canal. dvorišč vstopalo v hiše.74 POSOŠKO ŽELEZNODOBNO STAVBARSTVO IRON AGE ARCHITECTURE IN POSOČJE KOT DEL KULTURNE KRAJINE AS PART OF THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE PREDALPSKEGA IN ALPSKEGA SVETA IN SUBALPINE AND ALPINE REGIONS Proučevanje prazgodovinskega stavbarstva in te- The study of the prehistoric construction and car- sarskih tehnik v Sloveniji nima kdove kakšne tradicije, pentry techniques does not enjoy a very long history in saj so se prve možnosti za takšne raziskave pokazale šele Slovenia, as the first pieces of evidence on the subject ob zaključku zaščitnih izkopavanj, ki jih je na Mostu na real y only came to light towards the end of the rescue Soči opravil Drago Svoljšak. Drugače je bilo v srednji in excavations at Most na Soči. To the contrary, central severni Evropi. Tam so že ob koncu devetnajstega stoletja and northern Europe witnessed excavations of large stekla izkopavanja velikih površin, ki so omogočila za- areas of human habitation already at the end of the nesljive rekonstrukcije hiš.75 Velike naselbinske projekte 19th century, the results of which enabled fairly reliable so nadaljevali tudi med obema vojnama,76 še močnejši reconstructions of the prehistoric houses.75 The large pospešek pa so dobile raziskave v drugi polovici dvaj- projects within settlements continued in the period between the two world wars,76 though they gained even 72 Ib., 167, sl. 160A. greater impetus in the second half of the 20th century 73 Ib., 221, sl. 223. with a number of long-term projects specifical y aimed 74 Ib., 223, sl. 224. 75 75 Schuchardt 1909; Kiekebusch 1910. Schuchardt 1909; Kiekebusch 1910. 76 76 van Giffen 1936; van Giffen 1940; Parzinger 1998, 9 ss. van Giffen 1936; van Giffen 1940; Parzinger, 1998, 9 ff. 48 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE setega stoletja, ko je bilo zastavljenih več dolgoročnih at settlement structures. These projects include the programov, usmerjenih v proučevanje naselbinskih research of the settlements along the coast of the North struktur. Med njimi naj omenimo raziskave naselij na Sea,77 decades-long excavations at Heuneburg along the obalah Severnega morja,77 večdesetletna izkopavanja upper reaches of the Danube78 and investigations of the Heuneburga ob zgornji Donavi78 ter raziskave kolišč pile-dwelling settlements along the lakes and marshes ob jezerih in močvirjih predalpskega sveta.79 Obsežne of the Subalpine regions.79 Extensive investigations of raziskave poselitvenih struktur in kulturnih krajin v the settlement structures and cultural landscapes in this tem delu Evrope potekajo tudi danes in so lahko zgled part of Europe continue to this day and serve as a model odlične organiziranosti arheološkega dela.80 of well-organised archaeological work.80 Največ podatkov o prazgodovinskem stavbarstvu so Most data on prehistoric architecture comes from dale raziskave naselij na mokrih tleh. V vlagi se je les, ki the investigations conducted at water-logged sites. Ex- je bil najbolj razširjen gradbeni material prazgodovinske tensively used as building material across prehistoric Eu- Evrope, odlično ohranil, številni podatki o njegovi ob- rope, wood survives well in water-logged conditions to delavi pa so omogočili pravilno prepoznavanje tesarskih reveal numerous details of the woodworking process and tehnik.81 Veliki novi projekti so znanje še poglobili. carpentry techniques.81 The recent large-scale projects Odločilen je bil razmah eksperimentalne arheologije in only enhance our knowledge on the topic. A decisive z njo povezanih muzejev na prostem, od katerih so ne- moment was also the rise of experimental archaeology kateri postali pomembni studijski centri za proučevanje and connected with it a rise in the number of open- prazgodovinskega stavbarstva in gradbenih tehnik.82 Vse air museums, some of which have become important to je omogočilo nove sinteze, ki so bile usmerjene tako v centres for the research of prehistoric architecture and problematiko poselitvenih struktur kot tudi k vprašanjem construction techniques.82 All of this brought about oblikovnega in funkcionalnega razvoja hiš.83 Hkrati so new synthetic publications aimed both at identifying nove raziskave spodbudile poglobljeno analizo prazgo- the types of settlement structures and at tackling ques- dovinskih gradbenih tehnik. Rezultate terenskih raziskav, tions pertaining to the formal and functional develop- eksperimentalne arheologije in podatke, ki so jih zbrale ment of prehistoric housing.83 New investigations have druge vede (npr. zgodovina in etnologija), je pred dvema also encouraged a detailed analysis of the construction desetletjema povezal Haio Zimmermann. Razpravo lahko techniques. Two decades ago, Haio Zimmermann jointly brez zadržkov označimo za temeljni priročnik o prazgo- presented the results of the fieldwork, experimental ar- dovinskem stavbarstvu v srednji Evropi.84 Pa si oglejmo, chaeology and data gathered by other disciplines (such kam lahko na podlagi dosedanjega vedenja in primerjav as history and ethnology); his discussion can safely be uvrstimo dosežke posoških gradbincev. called a manual on prehistoric architecture in central Povsem razumljivo je, da se moramo najprej ozreti Europe.84 The text below examines the practices of the po bližnjem furlanskem in venetskem prostoru, ki sta builders in Posočje in comparison with the findings of Posočju najbližja. Pričakovali bi, da so od tu poleg drugih the above mentioned research. dobrin prihajale v predalpski svet tudi novosti pri gradnji We would expect to find close parallels in the neigh- hiš ter da so jih posoški stavbarji s pridom sprejeli. Bežen bouring areas in Friuli and Veneto not only for goods, sprehod skozi objave je pokazal, da je bilo stičnih točk but also for the construction techniques. However, a razmeroma malo. Če si namreč ogledamo naselbinske brief examination reveals only few common points in the komplekse velikih središč, kot sta bili Padova in Este, architecture and settlement structures. The settlement vidimo, da so se že v 6. stoletju pr. Kr. v njunih zasnovah complexes of the large centres such as at Padua and Este uveljavili zelo napredni urbanistični in gradbeni princi- show highly advanced urban layout and constructional pi.85 Isto lahko rečemo za nekoliko bližja središča v rav- features that were adopted as early as the 6th century BC.85 The same is true of the closer-lying centres along 77 Kossack, Behre, Schmid 1986. 78 77 Gersbach 1997; Gersbach 2006. Kossack, Behre, Schmid 1986. 79 78 Schlichtherle 1990; Schlichtherle 1997a. Glej tudi Gersbach 1997; id. 2006. 79 Perini 1984; Schlichtherle 1997b; Pillonel 2007. Schlichtherle 1990; id. 1997a. See also Perini 1984; 80 Krausse, Steffen 2008; Krausse, Beilharz 2010. Schlichtherle 1997b; Pillonel 2007. 81 80 Zippelius 1954. Krausse, Steffen 2008; Krausse, Beilharz 2010. 82 81 Coles 1979; Hansen 1985; Ahrens 1990; Weiner 1991; Zippelius 1954. 82 Andraschko 1995, 29 ss. Coles 1979; Hansen 1985; Ahrens 1990; Weiner 1991; 83 Hampel 1989; Zimmermann 1992; Luley 1992; Luley Andraschko 1995, 29 ff. 83 1999; Schefzik 2001. Hampel 1989; Zimmermann 1992; Luley 1992; Luley 84 Zimmermann 1998. 1999; Schefzik 2001. 85 84 Na tem mestu navajamo zgolj novejše objave, ki imajo Zimmermann 1998. 85 obsežne sezname starejše literature. Gamba, Gambacurta, We only cite the recent publications with comprehensive Sainati 2005 (Padova); Balista, Gambacurta, Ruta Serafini lists of earlier references. Gamba, Gambacurta, Sainati 2005 2002 (Este). (Padua); Balista, Gambacurta, Ruta Serafini 2002 (Este). 49 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE nici vzhodno od reke Brenta, saj tudi v Altinu, Oderzu the plain east of the River Brenta, at Altino, Oderzo and ali Concordii ni takšnih naselbinskih struktur, za katere Concordia, none of which revealed settlement structures bi lahko trdili, da so bile neposreden vzor posoškim that could be seen as direct models for the constructions gradbincem.86 To je do neke mere razumljivo. Ne gre in Posočje.86 This is understandable to a certain extent, namreč prezreti dejstva, da imamo opraviti z naselji, ki as these settlements already reached the stage of urban so po svoji zasnovi že dosegla stopnjo urbanih središč z centres with a street grid, a drainage system and a pre- izdelano ulično mrežo, sistemi odvodnjavanja in vnaprej planned functional division (areas intended for housing, določeno funkcionalnostjo prostora (bivalna območja, for production processes, sanctuaries and so forth).87 proizvodni predeli, svetišča itd.).87 Naprednejša je bila Also more advanced was the construction of the houses, tudi gradnja stavb, ki so imele pogosto kamnite temelje, often with stone foundations and a superstructure of nadgradnja pa je bila narejena bodisi iz opeke ali lesa, brick or wood, presumably mainly timber-framed con- pri čemer predvidevajo predvsem uporabo tehnike tako structions with different infil s.88 imenovanih predalčnih sten.88 The settlements of the Alpine and Subalpine re- Precej drugačno arhitekturo srečamo v naseljih gions revealed a different architectural practice. The alpskega in predalpskega sveta. Tu se je že v pozni bro- type of buildings constructed here was in use from nasti dobi uveljavil poseben tip stavb, ki je bil dobro the Bronze Age onwards and was well adapted to the prilagojen tamkajšnjim geomorfološkim in klimatskim existing geomorphological and climatic conditions. It is razmeram. Gre za tako imenovani retijski tip hiše,89 ki the type known as a Raetian house type ( casa retica),89 je bil razširjen zlasti v Zgornjem Poadižju in Trentinu, widely used in Trentino-Alto Adige, but also known in poznale pa so ga tudi sosednje pokrajine.90 Intenzivna neighbouring areas.90 Intensive excavations in the two izkopavanja na tem območju so spravila na svetlo števil- regions revealed the remains of numerous buildings, ne ostanke stavb, od katerih so bile nekatere zelo dobro some of them very well preserved, that allow for a study ohranjene, tako da je bil omogočen tudi študij tesarskih of the carpentry and construction techniques. The exca- in gradbenih tehnik. Rezultate izkopavalcev je pred več vation results have been presented in a comprehensive kot dvema desetletjema povzela Mara Migliavacca, ki overview of the Raetian architecture in the Iron Age je v pregledni študiji vsestransko osvetlila problema- written more than two decades ago by Mara Migliavac- tiko retijskega železnodobnega stavbarstva.91 Kasnejše ca.91 Later investigations and reinterpretations of some raziskave in ponovne interpretacije nekaterih objektov of the already excavated buildings have advanced our so poznavanje konstrukcijskih detajlov še razširile in knowledge of the details of construction.92 The main dopolnile.92 Tip retijske hiše je torej bolj ali manj znan, characteristics of the Raetian type houses are therefore zato si oglejmo njegove glavne značilnosti. known and will briefly be presented below. Stavbe, večinoma pravokotnih ali kvadratnih tlo- The buildings were mainly rectangular or square risov (nekaj primerov je prikazanih na sl. 45), so bile in plan (some examples are shown on Fig. 45), and were praviloma vkopane. Globino in obliko gradbenih jam je usual y sunken into the ground. The depth and shape of narekoval teren. Če je bil prostor raven, je bila poglobitev the construction pit varied depending on the configura- enakomerna, na pobočjih pa je moral biti vkop v smeri tion of the terrain; if the ground was flat, the construction hriba globlji, saj so le tako ustvarili ravno podlago. pit was evenly sunken, while on slopes the sides of the pit Po končanem izkopu so ob stene gradbene jame differed so as to create levelled ground for construction. postavili zidove. Zgrajeni so bili v suhozidni tehniki, v The next step was to construct wal s that lined the njihovem poteku so se v bolj ali manj pravilnih razmakih construction pit. The wal s were made in the drywal ohranile pokončne reže, v katerih so stale lesene sohe technique and included vertical recesses for wooden posts ( sl. 45: 1, 2). Reže za sohe so bile tudi v vogalih hiše. Pri at more or less regular intervals ( Fig. 45: 1, 2). Recesses dnu so bila zanje narejena posebna ležišča iz ploščatih were also left for corner posts. At the bottom, the posts kamnov. Sohe so brez dvoma ojačale stabilnost obodnih rested on a bedding of flat stones. The posts certainly zidov, hkrati so bili na njih pritrjeni plohi oziroma oblice, 86 Capuis 1996; Capuis 1999; Capuis, Gambacurta, Tirelli 86 Capuis 1996; Capuis 1999; Capuis, Gambacurta, Tirelli 2009 (Altino); Balista, Ruta Serafini 1996; Ruta Serafuni, 2009 (Altino); Balista, Ruta Serafini 1996; Ruta Serafuni, Balista Balista 1999 (Oderzo); Sainati, Salerno 1996 (Concordia 1999 (Oderzo); Sainati, Salerno 1996 (Concordia Sagittaria). Sagittaria). 87 87 Balista, Gamba 2013. Balista, Gamba 2013. 88 88 Merlo 1989 (1990). Merlo 1989 (1990). 89 89 Prim. Perini 1967. Cf. Perini 1967. 90 90 Migliavacca 1991 (1994). Migliavacca 1991 (1994). 91 91 Migliavacca 1993 (1996). Migliavacca 1993 (1996). 92 92 Npr. Dal Ri, Rizzi, Tecchiati 1998 (1999); Marzatico, E.g. Dal Ri, Rizzi, Tecchiati 1998 (1999); Marzatico, Stelzer 1998 (1999); Tecchiati, Rizzi 2014; Tecchiati et al. Stelzer 1998 (1999); Tecchiati, Rizzi 2014; Tecchiati et al. 2010 (2011); Dal Ri 2010; Leonardi, Facchi, Migliavacca 2010; Dal Ri 2010 (2011); Leonardi, Facchi, Migliavacca 2011; Staudt 2011; Pöll 2014. 2011; Staudt 2011; Pöll 2014. 50 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 45: Tlorisi “retijskih hiš”. Po: Migliavacca 1993 (1996) ( 1); Marzatico, Stelzer 1998 (1999) ( 2); Sölder 1992 ( 3); Leonardi, Ruta Serafini 1981 ( 4); Leonardi et al. 2011 ( 5); Migliavacca 1993 (1996) ( 6). Fig. 45: Plans of “Raetian houses”. From: Migliavacca 1993 (1996) ( 1); Marzatico, Stelzer 1998 (1999) ( 2); Sölder 1992 ( 3); Leonardi, Ruta Serafini 1981 ( 4); Leonardi et al. 2011 ( 5); Migliavacca 1993 (1996) ( 6). 51 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE iz katerih so bile narejene stene objekta. V nekaterih reinforced the exterior wal s, but were also the element to hišah so bile za podlago leseni konstrukciji vzdolž which the wooden planks or round logs were attached that obodnih zidov narejene posebne police (cokli), na njih made up the wal s. Some houses had double or stepped so se tu in tam še ohranili ostanki temeljnih pragov ( sl. stone foundations for the wooden superstructure, the 45: 3, 4, 6). Namesto polic so za podlago velikokrat upo- exterior step of which sometimes revealed the remains rabili kamnite plošče ( sl. 45: 5). Kot se lahko poučimo of sleeper beams ( Fig. 45: 3, 4, 6). Often stone slabs were iz nekaterih odlično ohranjenih ostalin (npr. Rosslauf used instead of lines of smaller stones ( Fig. 45: 5). Some v Brixnu), je bil lahko z lesom oblečen celoten prostor, of the well-preserved houses (e.g. at Rosslauf in Brixen) torej tudi tla in strop.93 also show that wood was used to line not only the wal s, V hiše so vstopali skozi koridorje. Ti so bili ravni, but also the floor and the ceiling.93 večinoma pa vsaj enkrat ali tudi večkrat zaviti. Vhodni The houses were entered via an entranceway. These koridorji so posebnost retijskih hiš. Njihovo uporabo led either straight into the house or, more frequently, povezujejo s težkimi klimatskimi razmerami alpskega made one or more turns. The entranceways are a feature sveta.94 typical of the Raetian house and their function is believed Večina raziskovalcev meni, da so imele retijske hiše to have been connected with the severe Alpine climate.94 poleg vkopanega dela, ki je očitno služil za klet, še vrhnji Most researches believes that, apart from the sunk- bivalni del.95 Kakšna je bila njegova oblika, lahko le ugi- en level that was presumably used as a cel ar, the Raetian bamo, saj so se od zgornjih konstrukcij ohranili borni house also had an upper, residential level.95 The shape ostanki. Kolikor je moč razbrati iz gradbenih izvidov, of the latter is largely unknown because only very little so imele nekatere hiše dejansko dvignjen nadzemni del survived of this part of the house. The excavation results (nadstropje), pri drugih bi lahko govorili zgolj o neki do suggest that some houses real y did have a raised level vrsti dvignjenih podstrešij. (storey), while others only had a sort of an attic. Na najdiščih alpskega in predalpskega sveta najde- The sites in the Alpine and Subalpine regions also mo primerjave tudi za infrastrukturne objekte, kot so offer paral els for the infrastructural features such as ca- kanali in odtočni jarki. Gradili so jih že v bronasti dobi, nals and drainage ditches. Such structures were already poznala pa so jih tudi železnodobna naselja.96 known in the Bronze Age, but also documented in Iron Če se sedaj vrnemo na Most na Soči, je že na prvi Age settlements.96 pogled jasno, da je med železnodobnim stavbarstvom The Iron Age architecture in Posočje, Trentino and Posočja, Trentina in Južne Tirolske vrsta stičnih točk, South Tyrol clearly have a number of points in common, vendar moramo opozoriti tudi na razlike. Podobna je but we should also points out certain differences. The na primer priprava stavbišč. Tudi na Mostu na Soči so construction pits at Most na Soči were also dug into the bile gradbene jame vkopane v pobočje, vendar veliko ground as part of the preparations prior to construction bolj plitvo, zato o kletnih prostorih ne moremo govo- itself, but to much shallower depths that preclude the riti. Nekoliko drugačna je tudi gradnja kamnitih zidov, existence of cel ars. The technique for constructing the s katerimi so obložili stene gradbenih jam. Čeprav so stone wal s that lined the construction pit also differs bili narejeni podobno, torej v suhozidni tehniki, pa na slightly; all are made as drywal s, but those at Most Mostu na Soči v njih ni bilo rež za pokončne sohe.97 To na Soči did not include recesses for posts,97 as such, seveda pomeni, da zidovi niso bili vključeni v stavbno these wal s were not real y part of the house proper and telo. Njihov glavni namen je bila zaščita lesenih sten pred only intended to protect the wooden wal s of the house vlago, opravljali so zgolj funkcijo drenaže. against moisture, merely as drainage. Temeljni pragovi lesenih sten so na Mostu na Soči The sleeper beams of the houses at Most na Soči počivali na kamnitih temeljih, ločenih od drenažnih rested on stone foundations, separate from the drainage zidov. Na pragove so bile s pomočjo včepljenih zvez wal s. Using mortise-and-tenon joints, sleeper beams postavljene sohe, na katere so z zunanje strani pritrdili supported wooden posts, with wooden planks fastened plohe. Vsi ti gradbeni detajli so se odlično ohranili v to the exterior sides of the posts. Al these constructional severovzhodni steni hiše 11/2 (prim. sl. 22), ki je ključna details have survived in a good condition in the north- 93 Tecchiati, Rizzi 2014, 77 ff. 93 94 Tecchiati, Rizzi 2014, 77 ss. Migliavacca 1993 (1996), 74 ff; Migliavacca 1998 94 Migliavacca 1993 (1996), 74 ss; Migliavacca 1998 (1999). 95 (1999). Sölder 1992. 95 96 Sölder 1992. E.g. S. Ambroglio di Valpolicel a: Salzani 2004, Figs. 2 96 Npr. S. Ambroglio di Valpolicel a: Salzani 2004, sl. 2 and 3; Ganglegg: Steiner 2007, 92; Löhningen: Jahrbuch der in 3; Ganglegg: Steiner 2007, 92; Löhningen: Jahrbuch der Schweizerischen Gesel schaft für Ur- und Frühgeschichte 78, Schweizerischen Gesel schaft für Ur- und Frühgeschichte 78, 1995, 200 f. 97 1995, 200 s. The only exceptions are the recesses for earthfast posts 97 Izjema so reže za stojke v podpornem zidu hiše 19; glej in the retaining wall of House 19; see Svoljšak, Dular 2016, Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 148, pril. 3A in 3B. 148, Apps. 3A and 3B. 52 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE za razumevanje posoškega tesarstva. Streha je počivala east wall of House 11/2 (cf. Fig. 22), which is therefore na slemenski in kapnih legah, ki se seveda niso ohra- of crucial importance for understanding the carpentry nile. Zanimiva je ugotovitev, da na Mostu na Soči niso techniques practised in Posočje. The roof rested on the odkrili jasnih dokazov za uporabo vmesnih slemenskih ridge and foot purlins, but none of these survived. Inter- soh. Po tem detajlu se stavbe v Posočju razlikujejo od estingly, the excavations at Most na Soči yielded no clear nekaterih retijskih hiš, kjer so bili kamniti podstavki za evidence of posts that supported the roof ridge in the slemenske sohe tudi sredi prostora (prim. sl. 45: 2–5). interiors of rooms or houses, the stone footings for which Seveda pa je glavna razlika v tem, da hiše na Mostu na have been found in some of the Raetian houses (cf. Fig. Soči niso imele nadstropij, ampak kvečjemu za bivanje 45: 2–5). The main difference between the houses at Most urejena podstrešja. na Soči and the Raetian houses is that the former did not Posoške hiše se razlikujejo tudi od stavbe, ki so jo have multiple storeys, at most they had habitable attics. pred desetletji raziskali v kraju Montereale Valcellina The houses in Posočje also differ from the house pri Pordenonu.98 Posebej jo omenjamo zaradi tega, ker investigated some decades ago at Montereale Valcellina leži najdišče v Furlaniji, torej razmeroma blizu Mosta near Pordenone.98 This house is of importance because na Soči. Stavba je bila vkopana 2 m globoko v prodnato of its location in Friuli, i.e. in relative proximity to Most osnovo (imela je kletni del), od hiš v Posočju pa se je na Soči. It was sunken 2 m deep into the natural deposit razlikovala tudi po tem, da je bil objekt brez drenažnih of gravel (it had a cel ar) and had no drainage wal s, but zidov. Več podobnosti je opaziti v izvedbi lesenih sten. was similar in the stone foundations that held sleeper Na kamnitih temeljih so namreč ležali temeljni pragovi, beams and posts above them, fastened together with vanje pa so bile včepljene vertikalne sohe, na katere so mortise-and-tenon joints, with wooden planks attached z zunanje strani pričvrstili lesene plohe. to the exterior faces of the posts. Ne glede na omenjene razlike sodi Most na Soči v Differences notwithstanding, the buildings at Most krog alpskega stavbarstva.99 Objekti kažejo vse bistvene na Soči form part of the Alpine architectural circle.99 značilnosti hiš, kot so jih v železni dobi gradili na širšem They show all the main features common across a wide območju vzhodnih Alp. Seveda z določenimi posebnost- area of the eastern Alps in the Iron Age. They also have mi, ki jih je izoblikoval posoški kulturni prostor. Zdi se, certain specific features, created within the Posočje da je razvoj dosegel zavidljiv tehnološki nivo. Dokaz je cultural circle that attained a high level of technical de- trdoživost nekaterih prazgodovinskih tesarskih tehnik, velopment. Some of the prehistoric carpentry techniques ki so se v planšarski arhitekturi zahodne Slovenije ohra- have proven to be very durable and could be observed nile do konca dvajsetega stoletja.100 in the alpine architecture of western Slovenia up to the end of the 20th century.100 FUNKCIONALNOST STAVB FUNCTION OF BUILDINGS IN BIVALNA KULTURA AND THE STANDARD OF LIVING The standard of living in the settlement at Most na O bivalni kulturi v železni dobi na Mostu na Soči Soči can be assessed by observing a number of features: je poleg kakovosti gradnje in velikosti stavb ter delitve quality of construction, size of the buildings and their prostorov mogoče presojati še po notranji opremi, interior layout, interior furnishing, household items and premičnem hišnem inventarju in prehranskih ostankih the remains of foodstuffs ( Figs. 46, 47). The settlement ( sl. 46, 47). O tem imamo sicer na voljo bolj skromne revealed only few of these features in organic materials, podatke, saj v danih naravnih razmerah organske snovi as the natural conditions only al owed such items to sur- (tekstilije, kože, les, protje, slama, živež) hitro propade- vive in a highly limited degree. Apart from the natural jo oziroma se ohranijo samo v izjemnih primerih. Na processes, the preservation of the settlement remains ohranjenost so poleg naravnih procesov vplivali tudi is also influenced by human activities: throughout the človekovi posegi. Hiše so večkrat prenavljali oziroma Iron Age and in the Roman period, houses were being na istem mestu postavljali nove, pri čemer so ruševine repaired and new ones constructed on the same spots, starejših stavb poravnali, odstranili ali pa deloma po- levelling the debris of the earlier houses or reusing as novno uporabili kot gradbeni material. Povrh tega je building material. bilo to območje po propadu železnodobne naselbine The function of the houses and of individual rooms, poseljeno v rimski dobi. hence the activities taking place in them can be inferred from the nature, structure and position of the small finds 98 98 Vitri 1996, 399 ss, sl. 5 in 7. Vitri 1996, 399 ff, Figs. 5 and 7. 99 99 Prim. Migliavacca, Ruta Serafini 1992. Cf. Migliavacca, Ruta Serafini 1992. 100 100 Cevc 1984; Cevc 1995. Cevc 1984; Cevc 1995. 53 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 46: Velikost in notranja oprema hiš v železnodobni naselbini na Mostu na Soči. Fig. 46: Size and interior furnishings of the Iron Age buildings at Most na Soči. 54 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE s gs horls in e E s očki / g lid s ca / dle w US oze / ns mic r sils tum O ečke / ve latter hoi shes en e k pin gots e p akin eaker tulae oblets ožje / ripom ten le o ars ret s, s eapon e / f cos osn ji / p e, or g u oš njiščn edogs osi / pit de / di nci / j nčki / b itki / cera otki, v odj rski p goti / in li n ces o HIŠA / H og fir pren portab pekve / b pladn pit lo skle lo situle / si kelihi / g sv m bobbin or tools, w liva castin in de pie 1/1 x x x 1/2 x x x x x x x x x x x x 2/2 x x x x x 3/1 x x x x x x x 4 x x x 5 * x 7 x x x x x x x x 8/1 x x 8/2 x x x x x x x 10/2 x x x x x x 11/2 x x x x 12/1 x 13 x x x x x x 14/1 x x x x x x x x x 14/2 x x x x x x x x x 14/3 x x x x 15/1 15/2 x x x x x x x x x x x 15A/1 x x x x x x x 15A/2 x x x x x 16/1 x x x x x x x 16/2 x x x x x x x 17/1 x x 21 x x x 22/1 x x x x x 22A/1 x x x 22A/2 x x x x x x x x x 23/1 x x x x x x x x x x 23/2 x x x x x ? 24/1 x x x 29/1 x x x x x x x 29/2 x x x x x x x x 30/2 x x x x x x x x Sl. 47: Struktura najdb iz hiš v železnodobni naselbini na Mostu na Soči (* = skyphos). Fig. 47: Structure of small finds from the Iron Age buildings at Most na Soči (* = skyphos). 55 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Kljub vsemu lahko o namembnosti železnodobnih recovered in the interiors. A functional analysis was per- stavb in uporabnosti prostorov ter dejavnostih, ki so se formed on a selection of the most il ustrative examples. odvijale v njih, sklepamo na podlagi značaja, strukture The houses with fairly well-preserved ground plans (see in lege najdb. V analizo smo vključili izbor ilustrativnih Fig. 42) show a variation in building size, ranging roughly primerov. Iz bolje ohranjenih tlorisov (glej sl. 42) je from 6 to 28 m2 ( Fig. 46). They had one or more rooms, razvidno, da so bile stavbe različno velike, od približno most frequently two, one of them usual y smaller, half or 6 do 28 m2 ( sl. 46). Imele so enega ali več prostorov, a third the size of the larger one and in some cases barely največkrat dva – eden je bil običajno večji, drugi za a metre wide. The large room (determined as the main polovico ali tretjino manjši in sem ter tja komaj kaj room) was separated by a partition wall from the smal širši od enega metra. Večji prostor (označujemo ga kot room located in the northern, eastern or western part of glavnega) je bil ločen s pregradno steno od manjšega, the house and dug into the slope on at least two sides. The ta je navadno zavzemal severni, vzhodni ali zahodni small room was predominantly accessed from the main del stavbe, ki je bil vsaj z dveh strani vkopan v pobočje. room (e.g. Houses 1/1, 1/2, 8/2, 15/1, 16/2) and may have Vanj se je vstopalo iz glavnega prostora (npr. hiše 1/1, been roofed (cf. here Svoljšak, 179, Fig. 10). The smaller 1/2, 8/2, 15/1, 16/2), morebiti je imel celo strop (prim. tu rooms in the three-room buildings were located either Svoljšak, 179, sl. 10). V trodelnih stavbah sta bila manjša east and west of the main room (Houses 8/1, 15/2) or next prostora umeščena zahodno in vzhodno ob glavnem to one another in the eastern part of the building (House (hiši 8/1, 15/2) ali pa drug zraven drugega v vzhodnem 15A/1). House 11/2 is an exception in this respect, as it delu stavbe (hiša 15A/1). Izjema je hiša 11/2, ki je imela had an anteroom divided into two parts through which preddverje razdeljeno na dva dela in skozi katerega se je one could access the main room. Most buildings had prišlo v glavni prostor. Stavbe so imele povečini vhode v the entrances to the main room located in the south or glavni prostor na južni oziroma jugozahodni strani (glej south-west sides (see Fig. 41). House 15/2 may have had sl. 41). Pri hiši 15/2 je možno, da se je s ceste vstopalo three entrances directly from the path running through tudi v druga dva prostora, morda je svoj vhod imel the settlement, to the main and both side rooms, the east vzhodni prostor hiše 3/1, medtem ko sta bili stavbi 23/1 room of House 3/1 may also have had a separate entrance, in 30/2 odprti proti zahodu. while Houses 23/1 and 30/2 were open towards the west. NOTRANJA OPREMA INTERIOR FURNISHING V večdelnih stavbah so bila tla v glavnih prostorih The buildings with two or three rooms had the večinoma iz phane ilovice ( sl. 46; prim. sl. 32), izjema floor in the main room made of beaten loam ( Fig. 46; cf. je hiša 5, v kateri so bila tlakovana z apnenčastimi plo- Fig. 32) with the exception of House 5, where the main ščami. Tudi dodatni prostori so imeli pogosto ilovnata room was paved with limestone slabs. The floors in the tla, le v severnem prostoru hiše 1/1 je bila poravnana side rooms were also usual y made of beaten loam with zgolj morenska osnova, tla v zahodnem prostoru hiše the exception of the north room of House 1/1, where 15/2 pa prekrita z lesenimi podnicami. Hiša 11/2 je the natural deposit of moraine till was simply levelled, imela v zahodnem delu preddverja postavljeno leseno and the west room of House 15/2, which had wooden konstrukcijo, ki je počivala na vogalnih kamnitih plo- floorboards. House 11/2 had a wooden construction in ščah. V enoprostornih hišah je bila za hodno površino the western part of the anteroom, which rested on stone uporabljena poravnana peščena ali morenska osnova slabs in each of the corners. The floors in the single-room (npr. hiše 21, 22/1, 22A/1) ali ruševine starejše stavbe buildings were made of level ed natural deposits of sand (npr. hiše 14/3, 22A/2, 29/2). Nekaj jih je imelo ilovnata or moraine till (e.g. Houses 21, 22/1, 22A/1), or of the tla (npr. hiše 10/2, 15A/2, 30/2), hiša 16/1 pa v jugoza- levelled debris of the earlier house (e.g. Houses 14/3, hodnem delu lesene podnice. 22A/2, 29/2), some also had beaten loam (e.g. Houses Skoraj tretjina stavb je bilo opremljenih z ognjišči 10/2, 15A/2, 30/2), while House 16/1 had wooden floor- pravokotne ali okrogle oblike (glej sl. 32), postavljena so boards in the south-western part. bila na različnih koncih v glavnih prostorih, medtem ko Almost a third of all investigated buildings was je imela hiša 15A/1 eno ognjišče v večjem, zahodnemin furnished with rectangular or round hearths (see Fig. drugo v malce manjšem srednjem prostoru. V stavbi 32). They were located in different parts of the main 30/2 je poleg velikega ognjišča stala še kalotasta peč.101 room, while House 15A/1 had one hearth in the main Drugačna je lega jam. Tiste v večdelnih stavbah so west room and another one in the smaller room in the bile praviloma okroglega tlorisa s premerom od 35 do centre. In addition to a hearth, House 30/2 had a domed 95 cm ter različno globoke (glej sl. 39); vkopane so bile oven.101 pretežno v stranskih prostorih – v severni in/ali vzhodni 101 101 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, sl. 114, pril. 5. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, Fig. 114, App. 5. 56 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE kot ali ob predelno steno (npr. hiše 1/1, 1/2, 5, 8/1, 8/2, The building interiors also had pits that were of dif- 16/2).102 Izjeme so hiša 3/1, ki je imela okroglo jamo ferent shapes, sizes and positions. Most pits in the houses z loncem v jugozahodnem kotu večjega prostora, hiša with two or three rooms were round in plan, variously 15A/1 ob vzhodni predelni steni srednjega prostora, deep and measured between 35 and 95 cm in diameter hiša 17/1 pa dve jami v severnem kotu glavnega pro- (see Fig. 39). They were mainly located in the side rooms, stora.103 Jame v enoprostornih stavbah so se razlikovale in the north and/or east corners or beside partition wal s po obliki in velikosti. Okrogel tloris so imele jama ob (e.g. Houses 1/1, 1/2, 5, 8/1, 8/2, 16/2).102 The exceptions severovzhodni steni v hiši 2/2, tri v severnem kotu stav- to this general rule are House 3/1, which had a round be 4, na enakem mestu in podobne oblike sta bili dve pit containing a jar in the southwest corner of the larger v hiši 13, hiša 7 je imela eno v severnem kotu in drugo room, House 15A/1 that had a pit beside the east partition ob jugovzhodni steni, v hiši 16/1 pa je bila jama odkri- wall of the central room and House 17/1 that had two ta v jugovzhodnem kotu.104 Več stavb z enim samim pits in the north corner of the main room.103 Pits in the prostorom je bilo opremljenih z manjšimi okroglimi single-room buildings differed in shape and size. Some in velikimi pravokotnimi ali ovalnimi jamami (npr. were fairly large and round: one beside the northeast wal hiše 12/1, 21, 22/1, 22A/1, 22A/2, 23/1, 29/1, 30/2).105 of House 2/2, three in the north corner of House 4, two Te so bile največkrat vkopane v vzhodnem delu stavbe, in the same position in House 13, one in the north corner medtem ko sta jami v stavbi 22A/1 zavzemali večji del and one along the southeast wall of House 7, while House uporabnega prostora, ki je bil na severni in zahodni 16/1 had one round pit in the southeast corner.104 Other strani obdan še s plitvim kanalom. V stavbi 22/1 so bile pits were round, but smal , as well as large rectangular or v severovzhodnem delu tri med seboj povezane okrogle oval (e.g. Houses 12/1, 21, 22/1, 22A/1, 22A/2, 23/1, 29/1, jame in v zahodnem delu še velika ovalna jama; v hiši 30/2).105 These were predominantly dug in the eastern 30/2 sta bili umeščeni pravokotna jama ob južni steni part of the buildings with a few exceptions. House 22A/1 in okrogla ob severni, v primeru stavbe 23/1 je okrogla had two pits that took up a large part of the usable space jama ležala zunaj njenega tlorisa. and opened in the north and west to a shallow canal. V ruševinah hiš so se ponekod pojavljali kompakt- House 22/1 had three round and interconnected pits in nejši kosi ožgane gline, ki jih na osnovi natančnejšega the north-eastern and a large oval pit in the western part. opazovanja njihove oblike, sestave, načina izdelave House 30/2 had a rectangular pit beside the south wal in žganja ločimo na glinaste plošče in na dele velikih and a round pit at the north wal . House 23/1 had a round shrambnih posod oziroma silosov, kot jih nekateri pit just outside its ground plan. označujejo,106 pripišemo pa jih lahko k nepremični The debris of some of the houses yielded fragments notranji opremi ( sl. 46). of fired clay that belonged to objects other than pottery. A careful analysis of their shape, composition, production manner and firing technique has allowed us to differenti- O glinastih ploščah ate between ceramic plaques and parts of large storage containers or silos, as some term them,106 al forming part Sploščeni kosi ožgane gline z okrasom so že med of the immovable interior furnishings ( Fig. 46). izkopavanji pritegnili veliko pozornosti, saj česa podob- nega v naselbinah jugovzhodnoalpskega prostora dotlej še niso zasledili. Ugibalo se je, kaj bi te debele glinaste Ceramic plaques plošče lahko bile in čemu so služile. Ponujala se je raz- laga, da gre za dekorativne stenske obloge.107 Already during excavations, the flat and deco- Plošče so debele od 5 do 7,5 cm in različno široke, rated pieces of fired clay attracted much attention as od 10 do 33 cm ( sl. 48−50), medtem ko njihove dolžine such finds had been unknown in the settlements of the zaradi fragmentarnosti ni mogoče rekonstruirati. Neka- south-eastern Alpine region until then. There was some teri kosi imajo skozi sredico narejene vzdolžne kanale,108 speculation as to what these thick plaques were and what drugi prečne predrtine v širšo ploskev.109 purpose they served; one of the proposed interpretations was that of decorative wall lining.107 The plaques measure between 5 and 7.5 cm in 102 Ib., sl. 22, 50, 66, 123. thickness and from 10 to 33 cm in width ( Figs. 48–50), 103 Ib., sl. 36, 115, 134. while their length cannot be reconstructed because of 104 Ib., sl. 30, 47, 61, 94, 124. 105 102 Ib., sl. 93, 148, 151, 157, 161, 195, pril. 5. Ib., Figs. 22, 50, 66, 123. 106 103 Glej Tasca 1998, 322; Vinazza 2016, 9 ss. Ib., Figs. 36, 115, 134. 107 104 Svoljšak 2014, 292 ss; Vinazza 2016, 15 ss. Ib., Figs. 30, 47, 61, 94, 124. 108 105 Glej še Svoljšak, Dular 2016, t. 36: 17, 46: 1, 77: Ib., Figs. 93, 148, 151, 157, 161, 195, App. 5. 106 16,18,19,21, 85: 10, 87: 1-3, 98: 2. See Tasca 1998, 322; Vinazza 2016, 9 ff. 109 107 Ib., t. 5: 1,2, 6: 8, 19: 1, 49: 1. Svoljšak 2014, 295; Vinazza 2016, 15 ff. 57 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 48: Hiša 23/2. Deli glinastih plošč. M. = 1:4. (Foto: T. Lauko). Fig. 48: House 23/2. Fragments of decorative plaques. Scale = 1:4. (Photo: T. Lauko). Izdelane so bile iz svaljkov vlažne zgnetene gline s the highly fragmented state of preservation. Some of the primesmi grobega peska in travja. Svaljki so bili sestav- pieces have lengthwise holes through the core,108 others ljeni v ploščo tako, da so nalegali drug na drugega ( sl. are pierced perpendicularly.109 49). Širši prednja in hrbtna stran sta bili sploščeni more- The plaques were made of coils of wet kneaded clay biti s pomočjo deske, robni stranici pa ravno odrezani. V with inclusions of coarse-grained sand and grass. The še mehko glino sta bila skozi sredico narejena vzdolžna coils were assembled to form a block by placing one on kanala, odtisi lesa na stenah kanalov pa kažejo na upo- top of the other ( Fig. 49). The wider front side and the rabo oglatih palic ( sl. 48: 1, 3). Robni stranici in čelna back were flattened, possibly with the help of a board, stran plošče so bile nato zglajene, hrbtna stran je bolj and the edges cut straight. The channels were impressed grobo obdelana s potegi prstov, zamazali so tudi stike. into the clay when still wet and the impressions of wood Sledila je izdelava dekorja na čelni ploskvi ( sl. 50). Okras je bil v mehko glino vrezan z ostrim predmetom ( sl. 108 Also see Svoljšak, Dular 2016, Pls. 36: 17, 46: 1, 77: 48: 2; 49) ali modeliran iz drobnih nalepljenih svaljkov 16,18,19,21, 85: 10, 87: 1-3, 98: 2. 109 Ib., Pls. 5: 1,2, 6: 8, 19: 1, 49: 1. 58 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 49: Hiša 15A/1. Čelna in hrbtna stran glinaste plošče. M. = 1:3. (Foto: T. Lauko). Fig. 49: House 15A/1. Front and back of a decorative plaque. Scale. = 1:3. (Photo: T. Lauko). 59 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 50: Hipotetična rekonstrukcija poteka in postavitve glinastih plošč; a – pritrditev z zatiči; b, c – fiksiranje z vzdolžnimi letvami. Fig. 50: Proposed reconstruction of the succession and position of the decorative plaques; a – attached with tenons; b, c – attached with lengthwise rods. (Risba / Drawing: T. Korošec). ( sl. 48: 1, 3–5), ti so sem ter tja še poševno narezani.110 inside the channel indicate the use of rectangular-sec- Ali je bila okrasna ploskev tudi pobarvana, ne moremo tioned rods ( Fig. 48: 1, 3). Both edges and the front were reči, saj sledov barvnih nanosov nismo opazili, čeprav te then smoothed, while the back was coarsely finished by možnosti ne izključujemo (prim. npr. sl. 52: e). hand (visible lines made by fingers) and the coil joints Gre za najbolj bogato okrašene glinene izdelke iz sealed. This was followed by decorating the front ( Fig. te naselbine (prim. tu Grahek, 291, sl. 19). Motivika je 50), either by incising into the soft clay ( Figs. 48: 2; 49) 110 or by applying thin cordons ( Fig. 48: 1, 3–5) that were Ib., t. 5: 4,7, 6: 1,4,6,7, 39: 5,6, 44: 10,11, 45: 2, 46: 4-8. 60 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE geometrijska, ornamenti pa raznoliki; sestavljeni so iz obliquely notched in some cases, possibly also by paint- enojnih ali dvojnih spiral, valovnic, meandrov, četvero- ing, though no traces of paint have been observed.110 kotnikov, trikotnikov ali pa poševnih črt v obliki ribje The remains of these plaques are the most lavishly kosti ( sl. 50, 51). Ornament pogosto sestavljajo nizi decorated ceramic finds from the Most na Soči settle- zrcalno simetričnih motivov, ki jih ločujejo in obrobljajo ment (cf. here Grahek, 291, Fig. 19). Most motifs are ravne linije, v nekaterih primerih je vmesni prostor za- geometric and comprise single or double spirals, wavy polnjen še z mrežastim motivom in trikotniki. Redkeje lines, meanders, lozenges, squares/rectangles, triangles so zastopani izmenično ponavljajoči se motivi, denimo and chevrons ( Figs. 50, 51). The design is usual y com- koncentrični pravokotniki v kombinaciji s trikotniki.111 posed of series of symmetrical y arranged motifs sepa- Kako so plošče žgali, ni najbolj jasno. Po rumen- rated and surrounded by straight lines, in some cases the kasto oranžnih in rdečkasto rjavih odtenkih površine space between individual motifs is filled with reticular ter sivkasti sredici je mogoče sklepati, da so bile neena- and/or chevron motifs. Rare fragments revealed series komerno in nepopolno oksidacijsko žgane. Lončarski of alternating motifs, for example concentric rectangles glini primešani kamenčki in rastlinje niso popolnoma combined with triangles.111 zgoreli oziroma spremenili sestave, kar pomeni, da je It is not completely clear how the plaques were bila temperatura žganja nizka. Ker plošče niso bile skoz fired. The yellowish-orange and reddish-brown hues in skoz prežgane, so precej drobljive in slabo obstojne. on the surface and a greyish core suggest they were Kje in kako so bile nameščene (ali pokončno ali fired unevenly in an incomplete oxidising atmosphere. vodoravno), je težko ugotoviti, saj so bili fragmenti The tiny stones and plant inclusions did not change in razpršeni v stavbnih ruševinah. Največ delov glinastih composition or became burnt through, indicating a plošč je bilo odkritih v hišah 1/1, 3/1, 15A/1, 23/1 in low firing temperature; this made them brittle and not 23/2, posamični kosi so dokumentirani še v stavbah 2/1, very durable. 8/2, 11/2, 14/2, 15/2, 16/2, 21, 22A/1, 22A/2 in 32 ( sl. The plaque fragments were found scattered in the 46, 51), vendar ti ne prispevajo prav veliko uporabnih house debris, hence it is not entirely clear where and podatkov za rekonstrukcijo.112 Na orientacijo plošč ne how the plaques were positioned. Greater numbers of moremo sklepati niti iz ornamentike, saj je ta geometrij- fragments were recovered from Houses 1/1, 3/1, 15A/1 ska. V prid pokončni postavitvi bi govoril le fragment and 23/1 and 23, while Houses 2/1, 8/2, 11/2, 14/2, 15/2, s shematično upodobljenim konjenikom, najden sredi 16/2, 21, 22A/1, 22A/2 and 32 revealed individual pieces jame ob jugovzhodni steni objekta 22A/2 ( sl. 51: desno ( Figs. 46, 51); none have yielded much information of spodaj). use in reconstructions.112 Neither does the geometric Po zabeleženih podatkih je večina glinastih plošč decoration offer clues as to the orientation (vertical or v hiši 1/1 ležala v vzhodnem delu glavnega prostora tik horizontal) of the plaques. The only fragment that indi- nad tlemi ob severni predelni steni,113 kar bi pomenilo, cates a vertical position is one that bears a schematical y da so spadale k notranji opremi, ne pa denimo na pro- rendered horseman, found in the middle of the pit beside čelje oziroma zunanjo steno hiše. Da bi bile nameščene the southeast wall of House 22A/2 ( Fig. 51: bottom right). zgolj na lesen stenski opaž brez opore ali nekakšne The excavation records for House 1/1 show that konzole, je zaradi njihove masivnosti in teže malo most fragments came to light in the eastern part of the verjetno. Tem opažanjem pritrjuje njihova lega v hiši main room just above the floor and beside the north par- 3/1, tu so bile zgoščene v osrednjem delu manjšega, tj. tition wall,113 suggesting that they formed part of interior vzhodnega prostora, kjer so ležale tik nad tlemi.114 V furnishings rather than exterior decoration on the front trodelnih stavbah 15/2 in 15A/1 so se okrašeni fragmenti of the house. Given their considerable size and weight, glinastih plošč znova pojavljali v vzhodnem prostoru. it is not very likely that the plaques were placed onto a Večja količina je bila odkrita še v enoprostorni in proti wooden board lining without some sort of a support zahodu odprti stavbi 23/1, v njej se je vzdolž vzhodne or bracket. This is corroborated by the position of the stene raztezala pravokotna jama, z natančno analizo plaques in House 3/1, where they were concentrated on terenske dokumentacije pa je bilo ugotovljeno, da je bila the floor in the central part of the smaller east room.114 jama deloma prekrita z lesenimi podnicami, nanje so The three-room Houses 15/2 and 15A/1 revealed decora- bili zloženi glineni svitki ter drugi lončeni izdelki, med njimi okrašene glinaste plošče (prim. tu Svoljšak, 186, 110 Ib., Pls. 5: 4,7, 6: 1,4,6,7, 39: 5,6, 44: 10,11, 45: 2, 46: sl. 14). V hiši 14/2 je kos okrašene plošče ležal v vzhod- 4-8. However, we do not rule out painting options, cf. e.g. Fig. 52: e. 111 111 Ib., t. 17: 2,3, 18, 22. Ib., Pls. 17: 2,3, 18, 22. 112 112 Ib., t. 1: 7, 5, 6, 8: 13, 16–22, 31: 1-3,5-7, 32: 22, 36: 17, Ib., Pls. 1: 7, 5, 6, 8: 13, 16–22, 31: 1-3,5-7, 32: 22, 36: 39: 1-6, 44: 10,11, 45, 46, 47: 3-8, 48–52, 57: 9,11, 59: 20, 60: 17, 39: 1-6, 44: 10,11, 45, 46, 47: 3-8, 48–52, 57: 9,11, 59: 20, 22, 61: 5, 65: 4, 77: 16-21, 78, 85: 7-10, 86, 87, 98: 2. 60: 22, 61: 5, 65: 4, 77: 16-21, 78, 85: 7-10, 86, 87, 98: 2. 113 113 Ib., 51, t. 5, 6. Ib., 51, Pls. 5, 6. 114 114 Ib., 61, sl. 41, 42, t. 16–22. Ib., 61, Figs. 41, 42, Pls. 16–22. 61 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 51: Vrste okrasov na glinastih ploščah po posameznih stavbah. Fig. 51: Decorative motifs on the ceramic plaques according to buildings. nem delu, na vrhu s kamni obdane prežgane površine tive plaque fragments in the east rooms. Several pieces (ognjišča?), fragmenti v hiši 22A/2 pa so ležali v zasutju were also found in the single-room House 23/1 that was jame ob vzhodni steni. Četudi podatki kažejo navezavo open towards the west. This building had a rectangular glinastih plošč na vzhodno stran stavb, vseeno nimamo pit along the east wall, which the detailed desk-top dovolj elementov za rekonstrukcijo postavitve. analyses revealed to have been partial y covered with Pri tem nam niso kaj dosti v pomoč niti redke wooden floorboards that held rings and other ceramic omembe tovrstnih najdb s sočasnih severnoitalskih naj- items including plaques, i.e. the products of a potter’s dišč.115 Na venetskem območju se podobni kosi z vreza- workshop (cf. here Svoljšak, 186, Fig. 14). In House 14/2, nimi geometrijskimi ornamenti omenjajo npr. v Santorso a piece of a decorated plaque was lying in the eastern in Montereale Valcellina, kjer naj bi pripadali hišam s part, on top of a burnt surface enclosed with stones kamnitimi temelji in leseno nadgradnjo; v Montereale (hearth?), while the fragments in House 22A/2 were found in the fill of a pit beside the east wal . Although 115 Prim. Vinazza 2016, 15 ss. these data do reveal an association of the plaques with 62 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Valcellina so bili najdeni s spiralnim motivom okrašeni the east wal s of houses, we still lack sufficient evidence fragmenti denimo v jami v bližini tako imenovane hiše for a reconstruction of their placement. z doliji.116 Na veronskem območju so v eni od bivalnih Neither can much information be gained from struktur na najdišču Archi di Castelrotto odkrili kos gli- the rare parallels from contemporary north Italian nastega ometa z ohranjenimi sledovi rdeče barve, na njem sites.115 In the Venetic area, similar pieces with incised je v reliefu upodobljena žival, najverjetneje konj.117 Več geometric decoration are known from Santorso and podatkov je znanih v zvezi z najdbami iz Lovare, kjer je Montereale Valcellina, where they presumably belonged bila odkrita precejšnja količina glinastih oblog in ostankov to houses with stone foundations and a wooden super- silosov v jarkih, ki so obdajali neko stavbo, veliko jih je structure; the pieces decorated with a spiral motif from bilo tudi v jami blizu nje.118 Največji ohranjeni fragmenti Montereale Valcellina were found in the vicinity of the plošč so merili v širino do 30 cm, v dolžino do pol metra ‘Casa dei dolii’.116 In the area of Verona, a fragment of in so bili debeli od 3 do 9 cm; domneva se, da gre za such a plaque found in one of the dwellings at Archi di plošče, pritrjene na leseno ogrodje oziroma da so bile z Castelrotto bore traces of red paint, but also a relief of njimi zapolnjene predalčne stene.119 Glinaste plošče se an animal, probably a horse.117 More is known of the prav tako omenjajo med naselbinskimi najdbami v Este in finds from Lovara, where a large quantity of ceramic Oderzo; na območju severnega svetišča v Este je bil najden plaques and remains of storage containers was found in fragment z reliefno voluto, ki je opredeljen kot antefix; taki the ditches around a building, numerous such remains okrasni arhitekturni členi so v času 5. st. pr. Kr. izpričani were also unearthed in a pit near the building.118 The še v Adrii in Marzabottu.120 Ker je v objavah najdišč iz largest surviving of these plaque fragments measured sosednjih pokrajin predstavljen le skromen zbir tovrstnih up to 30 cm in width, up to 50 cm in length and 3–9 najdb in so podatki o kontekstih precej skopi, navajamo cm in thickness; they were presumably served as the nekatere primere iz bolj oddaljenih krajev v Etruriji, na infill of timber-framed wal s.119 Ceramic plaques are Siciliji in v Grčiji, od koder bi lahko bila posredovana ideja mentioned in the settlements at Este and Oderzo. The arhitekturnih dekoracij v zaledje Caput Adriae. area of the north sanctuary at Este yielded a fragment Morebiti gre za posnemanje arhitekturnih terakot- with a relief volute interpreted as an antefix. Such deco- nih členov, ki so se na etruščanskem teritoriju in Siciliji rative architectural elements from the 5th century have pojavili v arhajskem obdobju, povezujejo pa jih z vplivi also been documented at Adria and Marzabotto.120 The iz jonske Grčije.121 Terakotne plošče interpretirajo kot publications of the sites from the neighbouring regions dekoracijo pročelij zgradb, ki so imele lahko opečnate only include a small selection of these finds and the data strehe in druge okrasne elemente (antefixes, timpanone), on their contexts are scant; we therefore present several iz plošč sestavljeni frizi naj bi potekali vodoravno pod examples from more distant areas (Etruria, Sicily, Ionian napuščem. Te terakotne plošče so modelirane v kalupu Greece) that could have conveyed the idea of such archi- in trdo opečnato rdeče žgane, debele so od 6,5 do 7,5 cm, tectural decoration to the hinterland of Caput Adriae. v širino merijo od 24 do 50 cm, v dolžino pa od 50 do These plaques presumably imitate the architec- 75 cm, medtem ko je zgornji rob pogosto konkavno tural terracotta elements that appeared in the Etruscan ukrivljen.122 Čelne ploskve so običajno okrašene s figu- territory and Sicily in the Archaic period under the ralnimi prizori v plitvem reliefu in z borduro v obliki influences coming from Ionian Greece.121 The plaques pletenice, meandra, palmet in raznih drugih orientalizi- are interpreted as the frieze decoration of the front of rajočih motivov; lahko so tudi poslikane, navadno z belo buildings that possibly had roofs with brick tiles and na rdečo podlago. Zgradbe na etruščanskem teritoriju, other decorative elements (antefixes, tympana), with h katerim naj bi spadali arhitekturni terakotni členi, friezes composed of several plaques running horizon- tal y below the eaves. These plaques were shaped in 116 Ruta Serafini 1984, 770, 774: slika levo zgoraj; Vitri moulds and fired hard to a brick red colour, measure 2013, 114, kat. št. 11.2.9.1. 6.5–7.5 cm in thickness, 24–50 cm in width, 50–75 cm 117 Salzani 1984, 795 ss, 797: slika desno spodaj; Bianchin in length, and commonly have one of the longer edges Citton 2002, 89 ss, sl. 17: 9; Gamba et al. 2013, 221, 247, 392 115 ss, kat. št. 2.3.18, 4.1.4, 11.2.4.1. Cf. Vinazza 2016, 15 ff. 118 116 Moffa 2002, 172 ss. Ruta Serafini 1984, 770, 774: fig. top left; Vitri 2013, 119 Ib., sl. 1: 1. 114, Cat. No. 11.2.9.1. 120 117 Gambacurta, Zaghetto 2002, 285 s, sl. 123, 128: 31; Salzani 1984, 795 ff, 797: fig. bottom right; Bianchin Vitali, Brizzolara, Lippolis 2001, 59 ss, sl. 31, 33. Citton 2002, 89 ff, Fig. 17: 9; Gamba et al. 2013, 221, 247, 392 121 Prim. npr. Brendel 1978, 134 ss; Nicosia 1992, 57; ff, Cat. Nos. 2.3.18, 4.1.4, 11.2.4.1. 118 Rystedt, Wikander, Wikander 1993. Moffa 2002, 172 ff. 122 119 Glej prispevke v Rystedt, Wikander, Wikander 1993; Ib., Fig. 1: 1. 120 Brendel 1978, 134 ss, sl. 87–89; Les Etrusques et l'Europe 1992, Gambacurta, Zaghetto 2002, 285 f, Figs. 123, 128: 31; 128: kat. št. 96–100, 140: kat. št. 163–165; Torelli 2000, 127, Vitali, Brizzolara, Lippolis 2001, 59 ff, Figs. 31, 33. 121 129, 204, 208, 209, 590 ss, kat. št. 147, 166–169; Donati 2000, Cf. e.g. Brendel 1978, 134 ff; Nicosia 1992, 57; Rystedt, 323 ss; Malnati 2011, 249, sl. 7, 8; Locatelli 2011, 271, sl. 4. Wikander, Wikander 1993. 63 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE so imele kamnite temelje in leseno nadgradnjo, ki je that is concave.122 Their front surfaces are usual y deco- propadla, zato tudi tam ni vedno lahko rekonstruirati rated with figural scenes in low relief with guilloche, prvotne lege ohranjenih fragmentov. Po ugotovitvah se meander, palmette and other borders of Orientalising take dekoracije ne pojavljajo zgolj na svetiščih, temveč še motifs; they can also be painted, usual y white-on-red. na raznih drugih stavbah z bolj profano funkcijo – javno The buildings in the Etruscan territory furnished with ali zasebno. V Murlu in Cerveteriju so bile med drugim such architectural terracottas had stone foundations odkrite v delavnicah, v Acquarossi in Marzabottu so kra- and wooden superstructures that have not survived sile rezidenčne zgradbe, v Laviniu so pripadale manjši and it is not always possible to reconstruct the original stavbi v neposredni soseščini trinajstih oltarjev, ki je bila positions of the surviving terracotta fragments. They are z njimi domnevno funkcionalno povezana; v mestih, kot associated not only with sanctuaries, but also a variety of so Velletri, Veio, Tarquinia in Sirakuze, se navezujejo other buildings of a more profane function, both public na tempeljske zgradbe.123 Kljub drugačni izdelavi in and private. At Murlo and Cerveteri, for example, such motiviki jih je z najdbami z Mosta na Soči mogoče pri- plaques were found in workshops, at Acquarossa and merjati po dimenzijah ter podobnih prečnih luknjicah Marzabotto they decorated residential buildings, at skozi širše ploskve za pritrditev. Podobnosti bi nemara Lavinio they belonged to a small building in the vicin- lahko videli celo v nekaterih vzorcih in kompozicijah z ity of and probably in connection with thirteen altars, zrcalno postavljenimi pletenicami oziroma spiralami, in Velletri, Veii, Tarquinia and Syracuse the terracotta če primerjamo fragment plošče iz hiše 15A/1 na Mostu plaques are associated with temples.123 In spite of the na Soči in npr. friz na tempeljski zgradbi v Sirakuzah differences in production and decorative motifs, they na Siciliji, ki ima dobre analogije na kikladskem otoku are comparable with the plaques from Most na Soči in Naksos (prim. sl. 50: a in 52: b).124 Enak vrezan spiralni size and the manner of attachment. We may even see okras kot na Mostu na Soči zasledimo v egejskem pro- similarities in some of the decorative compositions, for storu npr. na terakotnih opekah iz pristaniške naselbine example the symmetric guil oches or spirals present Dardanele-Maydos Kilisetepe Höyöğü, kjer so pripadale on a fragment from House 15A at Most na Soči and centralni stavbi iz pozne bronaste dobe, zgrajeni na on the frieze of a temple at Syracuse in Sicily, the latter kamnitih temeljih z opečnatimi zidovi; te so bile belo in with close parallels in eastern Greece, for example the rdeče pobarvane ( sl. 52: c).125 Da bi te primerjave lahko Cycladic island of Naxos (cf. Figs. sl. 50: a and 52: b).124 bile dokaj umestne, ne nazadnje nakazujejo še razne The same incised motifs as documented at Most na Soči druge najdbe, ki pričajo o razvejeni mreži povezav in are also known from the Aegean, for example on the prenosu idej med vzhodnim Sredozemljem, Apeninskim terracotta bricks from the port at Dardanele-Maydos polotokom in Caput Adriae, v katerega orbito je spadal Kilisetepe Höyöğü, associated with the central building Most na Soči (prim. npr. sl. 74, 75: a, b; 79: a).126 dated to the Late Bronze Age and constructed with stone Sočasno s terakotnimi dekoracijami zunanjih delov foundations and brick wal s; these plaques were also stavb so se v etruščanskem prostoru pojavile poslikave painted white-on-red ( Fig. 52: c).125 The validity of these na notranjih stenah grobnic, kjer vodoravni frizi z parallels is supported by other finds that point to a wide orientalizirajočimi motivi obrobljajo figuralne prizore, network of connections and the transfer of ideas between umeščene na zgornjo polovico sten.127 Podobnost mo- the eastern Mediterranean, the Apennine Peninsula and 123 122 Andersen 1993, 71 ss, in drugi prispevki v Rystedt, See contributions in Rystedt, Wikander, Wikander Wikander, Wikander 1993. 1993; Brendel 1978, 134 ff, Figs. 87–89; Les Etrusques et 124 Ciurcina 1993, 29 ss, sl. 5, 12, 14. l‘Europe 1992, 128: Cat. Nos. 96–100, 140: Cat. Nos. 163–165; 125 Sazci 2013, 35, sl. 8, 10. Vplivi iz vzhodnega Torelli 2000, 127, 129, 204, 208, 209, 590 ff, Cat. Nos. 147, Sredozemlja so se širili tudi po donavski poti v panonsko- 166–169; Donati 2000, 323 ff; Malnati 2011, 249, Figs. 7, 8; karpatski prostor, o čemer bi pričali s spiralnim motivom Locatelli 2011, 271, Fig. 4. 123 okrašeni fragmenti glinastih oblog z najdišč pozne bronaste Andersen 1993, 71 ff and other contributions in dobe in zgodnje železne dobe na Madžarskem (Patek 1968, Rystedt, Wikander, Wikander 1993. 124 133, t. 111: 7), v spodnji Avstriji (Smolnik 1996, 96, sl. 15: Ciurcina 1993, 29 ff, Figs. 5, 12, 14. 125 3; Kultus 2014, 224, sl. 21), severovzhodni Sloveniji (Lamut Sazci 2013, 35, Figs. 8, 10. Influences from the 1988–1989, 240, t. 19: 1; Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, t. eastern Mediterranean also spread up the Danube into the 120: 8; Kerman 2011, 108 s, 631) in Hrvaški (Kovačević 2008, Pannonian-Carpathian area, the evidence of which can be 63, t. 9: 3, 10: 5); prim. še Vinazza 2016, 15. seen in the spiral y decorated ceramic fragments excavated 126 Glej tu poglavje o blagovni menjavi in kulturnih stikih. at the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age sites in Hungary Prim. še Braccesi, Veronese 2013, 138 ss; Vallicelli 2013, 260 (Patek 1968, 133, Pl. 111: 7), Lower Austria (Smolnik 1996, ss. Na zgodnje stike kažejo tudi najdbe iz bronastodobne 96, Fig. 15: 3; Kultus 2014, 224, Fig. 21), north-eastern naselbine Monkodonja v Istri (Hänsel, Mihovilić, Teržan Slovenia (Lamut 1988–1989, 240, Pl. 19: 1; Dular, Tomanič 2015, 499 ss; Hellmuth 2017, 379 ss). Jevremov 2010, Pl. 120: 8; Kerman 2011, 108 f, 631) and 127 Bianchi Bandinelli 1939, 8 ss, sl. 9, 12; Brendel 1978, Croatia (Kovačević 2008, 63, Pls. 9: 3, 10: 5); also cf. Vinazza 120 ss; Roncalli 2000, 345 ss; Torelli 2000, 132, 133, 263. 2016, 15. 64 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 52: Izbor podobnih motivov kot na glinastih ploščah z Mosta na Soči. a – Marzabotto, fragmenti poslikanih arhitekturnih členov iz akropole (po Vitali, Brizzolara, Lippolis 2001, sl. 33); b – Naksos, terakotni okrasni friz iz svetišča B (po Ciurcina 1993, sl. 14); c – Dardanele-Maydos Kilisetepe Höyöğü, fragmenti terakotnih opek iz centralne zgradbe (po Sazci 2013, sl. 8); d – Tarquinia, detajl poslikave v Tomba degli Scudi (po Torelli 2000, 132, 133); e – Most na Soči, fragmenti glinastih plošč iz hiše 3/1 (foto: T. Lauko). Fig. 52: Select motifs similar to decorations on the ceramic plaques from Most na Soči. a – Marzabotto, fragments of painted architectural terracotta from Acropolis (from Vitali, Brizzolara, Lippolis 2001, Fig. 33); b – Naxos, decorative terracotta frieze from Temple B (from Ciurcina 1993, Fig. 14); c – Dardanele-Maydos Kilisetepe Höyöğü, fragments of terracotta bricks from the central building (from Sazci 2013, Fig. 8); d – Tarquinia, detail of the wall painting in Tomba degli Scudi (from Torelli 2000, 132, 133); e – Most na Soči, fragments of the decorative plaques from House 3/1 (Photo: T. Lauko). 65 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE tivov bi bilo mogoče videti npr. v kombiniranem vzorcu Caput Adriae with Most na Soči in its hinterland (cf. e.g. koncentričnih pravokotnikov in trikotnikov na ploščah Figs. 74, 75: a, b; 79: a).126 iz hiše 3/1 na Mostu na Soči ( sl. 52: e)128 in na stenski Concurrently with the terracotta decoration of poslikavi grobnice v Tarquinii – Tomba degli Scudi building exteriors, the tombs in the Etruscan territory (prim. sl. 52: d).129 Prav tako bi jih bilo mogoče primer- also began to receive painted decoration on the interior jati z rdeče-črno-belo poslikanimi arhitekturnimi členi wal s, where figural scenes adorned the upper half of z akropole v Marzabottu, kjer naj bi šlo za strešnike oz. the wal s and were associated with horizontal borders dekoracijo napušča templja C (prim. sl. 51 in sl. 52: a).130 of Orientalising motifs.127 A parallel may be drawn be- Z geometrijskimi ornamenti so pogosto bogato tween the plaques from House 3/1 at Most na Soči ( Fig. okrašene tudi keramične ognjiščne koze z najdišč v 52: e)128 and a wall painting in the Tomba degli Scudi severovzhodni Italiji, ki imajo obliko ploščice pravokot- in Tarquinia (cf. Fig. 52: d),129 both decorated with a nega ali trapezastega preseka ( alari a mattonel a); te so combined pattern of concentric rectangles and triangles. prav tako izdelane prostoročno iz grobozrnate gline, v They may also be paralleled with the red-black-white višino merijo do 15 cm, v dolžino do 25 cm, debele pa painted architectural members from the acropolis at so od 4 do 9 cm.131 Ločevanje med njimi in ploščami Marzabotto, interpreted as acroteria of Temple C (cf. je težavno, kadar gre za manjše fragmente, ki nimajo Fig. 51 and Fig. 52: a).130 ohranjenih obeh širših ploskev, saj sta ti pri ognjiščnih Also richly adorned with geometric motifs are the kozah običajno okrašeni, prav tako stranske ploskve, ceramic firedogs unearthed at sites in north-eastern Italy medtem ko je zgornji rob lahko stanjšan in zaobljen. that have the form of a rectangular- or lozenge-sectioned Nekaj fragmentov ognjiščnih koz je bilo odkritih tudi v plaque ( alari a mattonel a). They are also hand-built of naselbini na Mostu na Soči, vendar so vsi brez okrasa, coarse-grained clay and measure up to 15 cm in height, razen primerka iz stavbe 23/1, ki ima trikoten presek in up to 25 cm in length and 4–9 cm in thickness.131 It zaključek oblikovan v stilizirano živalsko glavico (glej is difficult to distinguish between these firedogs and tu Grahek, 279, sl. 15: Ok).132 Glede na to, da ploščati decorative plaques, particularly when dealing with glinasti kosi na Mostu na Soči niso bili najdeni v bližini small fragments without surviving surfaces, which in ognjišč ali v povezavi z njimi (razen pri hiši 14/2), bi to firedogs are usual y decorated on all sides. The upper lahko bil dodaten argument, da gre za okrasne arhitek- edges of firedogs can also be thinned and rounded. turne člene in ne za ognjiščno opremo. The settlement at Most na Soči yielded fragments of firedogs, but they are not decorated with the excep- tion of the triangular-sectioned firedog from House O silosih 23/1 with a finial in the shape of a stylised animal head (see here Grahek, 279, Fig. 15: Ok).132 The flat ceramic Velikim shrambnim posodam ali silosom so pripa- pieces from Most na Soči were not found in proximity dali približno enako debeli kosi kot glinaste plošče (od to or association with hearths (with the exception of 5 do 8 cm), le da imajo izražene krivine, ki nakazujejo that from House 14/2), which is additional evidence premere med 70 in 90 cm ( sl. 53, 54). Prav tolikšna je in support of decorative architectural elements rather najbrž bila njihova višina, če presojamo po razponu than hearth utensils. globin, na katerih so se ti fragmenti pojavljali v ruše- vinah hiš. Kaže, da so imeli silosi bolj ali manj valjasto ali sodčasto obliko, njihova prostornina bi potemtakem znašala med 250 in 450 litri. 126 Fragmenti silosov so bili odkriti v hišah 1/2, 3/1, See the chapter on the Exchange of goods and cultural 15A/1 in 29/2 ( sl. 53−55). Po zabeleženih prostorskih contacts. The finds from the Bronze Age settlement at Monkodonja in Istria also indicate such early contacts (Hänsel, podatkih je bil silos v hiši 1/2 postavljen v vzhodnem Mihovilić, Teržan 2015, 499 ff; Hellmuth 2017, 379 ff). Also cf. kotu glavnega prostora, v hiši 3/1 sredi vzhodnega pro- Braccesi, Veronese 2013, 138 ff; Vallicelli 2013, 260 ff. stora, v hiši 15A/1 v južnem delu vzhodnega prostora, 127 Bianchi Bandinelli 1939, 8 ff, Figs. 9, 12; Brendel 1978, 120 ff; Roncalli 2000, 345 ff; Torelli 2000, 132, 133, 263. 128 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, Pls. 17: 2,3, 18, 22. 128 129 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, t. 17: 2,3, 18, 22. Torelli 2000, 132, 133. 129 130 Torelli 2000, 132, 133. Vitali, Brizzolara, Lippolis 2001, 59 ff, Fig. 33. 130 131 Vitali, Brizzolara, Lippolis 2001, 59 ss, sl. 33. Salzani 1976, 170, Cat. No. 10, Fig. 28: 10 (Coazze); 131 Salzani 1976, 170, kat. št. 10, sl. 28: 10 (Coazze); Bianchin Citton, Panel a, Panozzo 1998, 363 ff, Figs. 213– Bianchin Citton, Panel a, Panozzo 1998, 363 ss, sl. 213–216; 216; Taglioni 1999, 20, 55 ff, Figs. 8, 26–34; Bianchin Citton Taglioni 1999, 20, 55 ss, sl. 8, 26–34; Bianchin Citton 2002, 2002, 89 ff, Fig. 19: 4,5; Pirazzini 2013, 246 f; Gamba et al. 89 ss, sl. 19: 4,5; Pirazzini 2013, 246 s; Gamba et al. 2013, 396 2013, 396 ff, Cat No. 11.2.7.3. 132 ss, kat. št. 11.2.7.3. Svoljšak 2014, 239, Fig. 9; Svoljšak, Dular 2016, Pl. 132 Svoljšak 2014, 239, sl. 9; Svoljšak, Dular 2016, t. 74: 1,2. 74: 1,2. 66 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 53: Hiša 15A/1. Obod silosa iz naključno sestavljenih fragmentov. M. = 1:5. (Foto: T. Lauko). Fig. 53: House 15A/1. Perimeter of a storage container composed of randomly selected sherds. Scale = 1:5. (Photo: T. Lauko). 67 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 54: Fragmenti silosov iz hiše 15A/1 ( 1, 2) in hiše 3/1 ( 3–5). M. = 1:4. (Foto: T. Lauko). Fig. 54: Storage container fragments from House 15A/1 ( 1, 2) and House 3/1 ( 3–5). Scale = 1:4. (Photo: T. Lauko). 68 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 55: Fragmenti silosa iz hiše 29/2. M. = 1:4. (Foto: T. Lauko). Fig. 55: Fragments of a storage container from House 29/2. Scale = 1:4. (Photo: T. Lauko). 69 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE medtem ko so fragmenti silosa v stavbi 29/2 ležali v Storage containers severozahodnem delu ohranjenega tlorisa.133 Tehnika izdelave in sestava lončarske zmesi sta The fragments ascribed to large storage containers enaki kot pri ploščah, se pravi, da so bili narejeni iz or silos are roughly as thick as those of ceramic plaques svaljkov vlažne zgnetene gline, ki so ji primešali ra- (between 5 and 8 cm), but distinguishable in their curved stlinje, grobi pesek in grog za pustilo ( sl. 54, 55). Za shape that suggests diameters ranging from 70 to 90 cm izdelavo tako velikih posod je bilo potrebne po grobi ( Figs. 53, 54). This was also the range of their height if oceni od 250 do 350 kg gline v mokrem stanju, ki ji judging from the range of depths at which their fragments je bilo dodanega od 5 do 7 kg rastlinskega pustila in were documented within house debris. The containers okoli 10 kg peska in groga.134 Svaljek so verjetno morali were presumably roughly cylindrical or barrel-shaped, vsaj deloma osušiti, da bi postal kompaktnejši, preden with a volume ranging from 250 to 450 litres. so nanj nanesli naslednjo gmoto gline, saj bi se sicer Their fragments were unearthed in Houses 1/2, 3/1, posoda zaradi teže sesedla in razlezla. Na nekaterih 15A/1 and 29/2 ( Figs. 53−55). According to the docu- fragmentih so vidni vtisi lesenih zatičev za fiksiranje. mented spatial data, the container in House 1/2 was placed Glede na višino in obseg posode je postopek izdelave in the east corner of the main room, in House 3/1 in the terjal kar precej časa. Zunanjo steno so nazadnje zgla- centre of the east room, in House 15A/1 in the southern dili in okrasili z vrezanim motivom ali nalepljenimi part of the east room, while the sherds in House 29/2 lay rebri, notranjo pa le grobo zamazali, prav tako stike in the north-western part of the surviving ground plan.133 med svaljki. Ustje silosov je ravno odrezano ali malce The production manner and fabric composition zaobljeno, medtem ko je dno težje razpoznavno, mor- were the same as for the plaques, i.e. made of coils of da so mu pripadali bolj ploski fragmenti, ki so ležali moist kneaded clay with inclusions of plant material, najgloblje in imajo obdelano in ožgano samo eno stran. coarse-grained sand and grog ( Figs. 54, 55). It is roughly Zaradi teže in krhkosti bi bilo premikanje tako estimated that 250–350 kg of wet clay was required to velikih posod težavno in tvegano, zato predpostavljamo, produce one such container, as well as 5–7 kg of plant da so jih izdelali ali na kraju samem ali nedaleč stran temper and around 10 kg of sand and grog.134 A coil od končne postavitve. Tudi v suhem stanju je morala presumably had to be at least partial y dry and thereby biti njihova teža precejšnja (okoli 200 kg). Ohranjeni more compact before applying another coil, otherwise the kosi imajo največkrat ožgane samo stene, domnevno container would col apse in on itself due to great weight. dno pa le notranjo stran, kar bi pomenilo, da so bili ali Some sherds show impressions of wooden tenons used slabo pečeni ali pa izpostavljeni ognju ob požaru, slednja to stabilise the container wal s. The height and diameter možnost se zdi verjetnejša. indicate a lengthy process of production that finished Oprijemljivih indicev, kaj so prebivalci Mosta na with smoothing the exterior surface and decorating it Soči v njih hranili, nimamo. Za shranjevanje tekočine with incised motifs or applied cordons, while the interior zaradi vpojnosti niso bili najbolj primerni. Lahko bi se surface was only roughly finished and the joints between uporabljali za skladiščenje živeža. individual coils sealed. The containers have a flat or only Podatke o pojavu tovrstnih shrambnih posod slightly rounded rim. Base sherds are not easily identifi- v severnoitalskem in jugovzhodnoalpskem prostoru able and possibly include the flat fragments found deepest, je zbrala in o njih razpravljala Manca Vinazza.135 V of which only one side was smoothed and fired. vzhodnem delu Padske nižine so silosi znani iz nasel- The weight (estimated around 200 kg once dried) bin pozne bronaste in železne dobe, kjer so pogosto and fragility of the silos made moving them very difficult pripadali shrambnemu delu hiš (Oderzo, Padova, and risky; we therefore presume they were made either Adria, Verona).136 Mostu na Soči bližja najdišča silosov, on the spot of subsequent use or in its close proximity. datirana na konec bronaste in začetek železne dobe, so The surviving pieces show firing marks on the body, both Pozzuolo pri Vidmu v Furlaniji ter Tabor pri Vrabčah in inside and outside, while the presumed base sherds only morda Debela griža na Krasu. V železno dobo so opre- show them on the interior, suggesting that the containers deljeni fragmenti npr. s Stramare di Muggia, Sermina in were either insufficiently fired or exposed to a fire, of Kaštelirja nad Kortami v priobalnem pasu ter Štanjela which the latter possibility seems more plausible. There is no clear evidence as to the kind of material the inhabitants of Most na Soči stored in their containers. 133 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 51, 61, 130, 202, t. 7: 6, 20: 3,4,6, They had rather absorbent wal s and therefore not suited 21: 2, 47: 1, 52: 4, 93: 4. for storing liquids, but may have held dry foodstuffs. 134 Oceno je na podlagi avtopsije fragmentov iz hiše 133 15A/1 izdelal Igor Bahor, Lončarski center Bahor, Topolšica, Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 51, 61, 130, 202, Pls. 7: 6, 20: za kar se mu najlepše zahvaljujeva. 3,4,6, 21: 2, 47: 1, 52: 4, 93: 4. 135 134 Vinazza 2016, 7 ss, sl. 1 s seznamom najdišč in zbrano Igor Bahor from the Bahor pottery centre in Topolšica literaturo. has kindly provided this estimate upon inspecting the 136 Groppo 2013, 227. fragments from House 15A/1. 70 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE na Krasu;137 pričakovati jih je mogoče na istrskih in Manca Vinazza has gathered and discussed the notranjskih kaštelirjih, medtem ko v naseljih dolenjske known data on such storage containers in northern Italy halštatske skupnosti doslej niso bili odkriti. V zaledju and south-eastern Alpine region.135 In the eastern Po severnega Jadrana so bili razširjeni zlasti v razviti železni Plain, they were mainly found in the Late Bronze and Iron dobi (6.–4. st. pr. Kr.), kamor sodijo tudi najdbe iz hiš Age settlements, often in the storage parts of buildings 1/2, 3/1, 15A/1 in 29/2 z Mosta na Soči, kjer jih uvrščamo (Oderzo, Padua, Adria, Verona).136 The finds closest to k nepremični notranji opremi, saj zaradi krhkosti in teže Most na Soči and dating from the end of the Bronze to the niso bili prikladni za premikanje. beginning of the Iron Age are known from Pozzuolo near Udine in Friuli, Tabor near Vrabče and possibly Debela griža in the Kras region. Attributed to the Iron Age are the PREMIČNI INVENTAR IN DRUGE NAJDBE fragments from Stramare di Muggia, Sermin and Kaštelir above Korte in the littoral, as well as Štanjel in the Kras V ruševinah hiš so se ohranili še drugi predmeti, ki in the hinterland,137 further finds can be expected in the so povedni z vidika bivalne kulture in za opredeljevanje hillforts of the Istria and Notranjska regions, while none funkcije stavb in prostorov ( sl. 47). Za pripravo pečene have as yet been documented at the sites of the Dolenjska in kuhane hrane so železnodobni prebivalci Mosta na Hal statt community. In the Caput Adriae, ceramic con- Soči poleg ognjišč (ta so jim služila tudi za ogrevanje) tainers were particularly widespread in the late phases of uporab ljali prenosne pečke, pekve, pladnje in lonce the Early Iron Age (6th–4th century BC), which include the (prim. tu Grahek, 298 ss, sl. 23 in 26). Z naštetim so bile containers from Houses 1/2, 3/1, 15A/1, 29/2 at Most na opremljene hiše 1/1, 1/2, 14/1, 14/2 in 30/2 (prim. sl. 46 Soči. Here, they are seen as part of interior furnishings, as in sl. 47), v preostalih stavbah z ognjišči (15A/1, 16/1, their weight made them unsuitable for moving. 21 in 24/1) prenosnih naprav za pripravo jedi ni bilo. Pekve in pečke, ki so priročne za prenašanje in kuho na prostem,138 so bile večkrat najdene v stavbah brez ognjišč MOVABLE FURNISHINGS AND OTHER FINDS (7, 8/2, 10/2, 15/2, 16/2, 22A/2, 23/1, 23/2 in 29/2). Za shranjevanje živeža so poleg silosov uporabljali Apart from the plaques and containers, the house pitose, najbrž tudi lesene posode in pletene košare.139 debris at Most na Soči yielded other objects that tell of Kolikor je mogoče razbrati iz zabeleženih podatkov o le- the living standard and of the function of individual gi, so bili fragmenti pitosov najdeni v stranskih prostorih buildings and rooms ( Fig. 47). They show that people v hišah 8/2, 16/2 in 15A/1, v slednji so ležali v severnem cooked their food on hearths (which also provided delu vzhodnega prostora, v hiši 29/2 pa na kupu v seve- heat), but also used portable ovens, baking lids, platters rozahodnem delu. Nekje ob južni steni so bili odkriti v and jars (cf. here Grahek, 298 ff, Figs. 23 and 26). All of hiši 15/2, v hiši 3/1 v vzhodnem kotu večjega prostora, these items were found in Houses 1/1, 1/2, 14/1, 14/2 nekaj jih je bilo še v njenem vzhodnem prostoru, kjer je and 30/2 (cf. Fig. 46 and Fig. 47), while other buildings stal tudi silos. V jugovzhodnem delu hiše 16/1 je bil v furnished with hearths (15A/1, 16/1, 21, 24/1) revealed bližini ognjišča in jame postavljen lesen čeber, ki je edina no portable devices for food preparation. Baking lids and lesena posoda iz tega naselja, medtem ko je v vzhodni portable ovens, suitable for transporting and cooking jami hiše 7 ležala bronasta posoda z ohranjenim žitnim in the open,138 were often found in buildings without zrnjem in plodovi.140 hearths (7, 8/2, 10/2, 15/2, 16/2, 22A/2, 23/1, 23/2, 29/2). K jedilnim posodam lahko prištejemo sklede, k Apart from the large storage containers, food pivskemu servisu pa lončke raznih oblik in fino po- was stored in pithoi and probably wooden vessels and sodje, kot so situle, kelihi in uvoženi skyphoi (prim. wicker baskets as wel .139 The recorded locations for tu Grahek, 299, sl. 24). Največ tega je bilo v hiši 14/1 pithos fragments show that these were placed in the side in stavbi 23/1, situle so bile odkrite še v hišah 1/2, 2/2, rooms of Houses 8/2, 16/2 and 15A/1 (in the last house 7, 15A/2 in 29/1, kelih je dokumentiran v hiši 3/1, more precisely in the northern part of the east room), skyphos pa v hiši 5 ( sl. 47), kjer je ležal ob zahodni while in House 29/2 they were found in a heap in the steni stranskega prostora.141 Iz grobišča so znane še 135 Vinazza 2016, 7 ff, Fig. 1, with a list of sites and references. 137 136 Betic, Bernardini, Montagnari Kokelj 2007, 28 ss, sl. 5; Groppo 2013, 227. 137 Sakara Sučević 2007, 48, t. 2: 21; Vinazza 2016, 8 ss, sl. 1 in 4. Betic, Bernardini, Montagnari Kokelj 2007, 28 ff, Fig. 138 Prim. npr. Scheffer 1981, II/1, 96 ss. 5; Sakara Sučević 2007, 48, Pl. 2: 21; Vinazza 2016, 8 ff, Fig. 139 V nekaterih grobovih so se ohranili ostanki preple- 1 and Fig. 4. 138 tenega protja: glej npr. Marchesetti 1893, t. 27: 13; Vitri 2004, Cf. e.g. Scheffer 1981, II/1, 96 ff. 139 285, sl. 1. Remains of wickerwork have survived in some of the 140 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 75 s, 138, sl. 123, 126, 128. graves, see e.g. Marchesetti 1893, Pl. 27: 13; Vitri 204, 285, 141 Ib., sl. 50, 56. Fig. 1. 71 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE lončene, lesene in celo steklene skodele, pa tudi vrči north-western part. House 15/2 revealed pithos sherds in bronasto posodje.142 beside the south wal , House 3/1 in the east corner of Pri pripravi hrane so za drobljenje žita uporabljali the large room and some sherds in the smaller east room žrmlje. Te so spadale k inventarju hiš 1/1, 3/1, 5, 7, 8/2, that also held a storage container. House 16/1 revealed a 12/1, 15/2, 15A/1 in 16/1 (prim. tu Horvat, 350, tab. wooden bucket in the south-eastern part, in the vicinity 1). V hiši 15A/1 so ležale v srednjem prostoru, v hiši of a hearth and a pit, which is the only surviving wooden 16/1 ob severni steni.143 Uporabljale so se lahko tudi vessel from the site. The east pit in House 7 contained a pri lončarjenju za drobljenje peska, ki so ga dodajali bronze vessel, cereal grains and fruits.140 glini kot pustilo. The inhabitants ate from dishes and drank from Funkcija keramičnih svitkov prav tako ni enoznač- an array of beakers, as well as fineware vessels such as na, uporabni so bili kot podstavki za posodje ali kot uteži situlae, goblets and imported skyphoi (cf. here Grahek, za statve (prim. tu Grahek, 300, sl. 25).144 V hišah 1/1, 299, Fig. 24). Most such vessels were recovered in Houses 13, 21 in 22A/2 jih posamično zasledimo v jamah (prim. 14/1 and 23/1, situlae were also found in Houses 1/2, sl. 39), v stavbi 21 so ležali okoli ognjišča, v hiši 16/2 pa 2/2, 7, 15A/2 and 29/1, one goblet in House 3/1, one v severnem kotu stranskega prostora. Ti svitki so najbrž skyphos beside the west wall in the side room of House služili kot podstavki za odlaganje posod. Morda bi kot 5 ( Fig. 47).141 The associated cemetery also revealed kuhinjske podstavke lahko interpretirali še nekatere ceramic, wooden and even glass bowls, as well as jugs fragmente iz hiš 1/2, 22/2 in 29/2, ki so opredeljeni and bronze vessels.142 kot glinaste obloge s krožnim obodom premera 17 do The Most na Soči diet included cereals, which were 23 cm.145 Zdaleč največ svitkov je premogla stavba 23/1, ground with quernstones. Pieces of these were found in kjer so bili zloženi na lesene podnice, ki so prekrivale Houses 1/1, 3/1, 5, 7, 8/2, 12/1, 15/2, 15A/1 and 16/1 (cf. jamo; zanje domnevamo, da so bili tam v izdelavi. V here Horvat, 350, Tab. 1). In House 15A/1, a quern was hiši 16/1 so ležali v osrednjem delu prostora, ob njih unearthed in the central room, in House 16/1 beside the pa prevrnjen lonček, v katerem je bila modra steklena north wal .143 Querns may also have been used by potters jagoda. V hiši 1/1 so bili najdeni v stranskem prostoru, to grind sand added to the clay as temper. ob svitku v zahodnem kotu sta ležali še dve piramidalni Ceramic rings may also have served more than uteži, medtem ko je bil v hiši 3/1 odkrit kup svitkov v one purpose, either as pot stands or as loom weights (cf. plitvi kotanji v vzhodnem prostoru, ti so morebiti služili here Grahek, 300, Fig. 25).144 Individual ceramic rings kot uteži za statve, ki so potemtakem stale v vzhodnem were found in the pits of Houses 1/1, 13, 21, 22A/2 (cf. kotu.146 Z izdelavo tkanin in pripravo preje so povezani Fig. 39), in House 21 they lay around the hearth and in še šivanka (v hiši 11/2) ter motki in vretenca (v hišah House 16/2 in the north corner of the side room; these 15/2, 23/1, 23/2 in 24/1; prim. tu Grahek, 301, sl. 26).147 rings were probably used as pot stands. A similar use Drugačno dejavnost nakazujejo livarski pripomoč- may be ascribed to several fragments from Houses 1/2, ki ( sl. 47).148 V stavbi 4 sta v medsebojno povezanih 22/2 and 29/2, otherwise determined as round pieces jamah ležala dva kalupa skupaj z livarsko zajemalko of clay daub measuring 17–23 cm across.145 By far the in predmeti iz rogovja (prim. sl. 39), dva pa v ruševini; greatest number of ceramic rings was found in House po en kalup je bil odkrit v hišah 15A/3 in 29/2 (glej tu 23/1, where they were stacked on wooden floorboards Horvat, 350, tab. 1), medtem ko sta bila v stavbi 22A/2 over a pit; these are believed to be the products of the najdena livarska žlička in nedodelan bronast prstan. workshop operating in the building. In House 16/1, Talilni posodici sta dokumentirani v hišah 15/2 in 30/2 ceramic rings were lying in the central part of the room (glej tu Grahek, 287, sl. 17: Liv), v slednji je ležala zunaj beside an overturned beaker containing a blue glass bead. In House 1/1 they were found in the side room, of which the one in the west corner was lying next to 142 Za grobno lončenino glej Dular 1982, 92 ss, sl. 10; 140 za bronasto posodje pa Jereb 2016, 14 ss, tab. 2; za lesene in Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 75 f, 138, Figs. 123, 126, 128. 141 steklene skodele npr. Marchesetti 1893, t. 8: 1,2, 9: 1,2, 27: 13 Ib., Figs. 50, 56. 142 in Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, t. 91: 10, For the pottery from burial contexts see Dular 1982, 104: 12, 146C: 8, 149A: 7; 260: 11, 264: 7. 92 ff, Fig. 10; for the bronze vessels see Jereb 2016, 14 ff, Tab. 143 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 130, 138, sl. 120, 128. 2; for the wooden and glass bowls see e.g. Marchesetti 1893, 144 Prim. še Bianchin Citton, Panozzo, Tasca 1998, 349 ss, Pls. 8: 1,2, 9: 1,2, 27: 13 and Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž- sl. 205, 206; Bianchin Citton, Panel a, Panozzo 1998, 371 ss, Orel 1984–1985, Pls. 91: 10, 104: 12, 146C: 8, 149A: 7; 260: sl. 218, 219; Groppo 2013, 228. 11, 264: 7. 145 143 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, t. 7: 1,3,4, 65: 5, 93: 2; prim. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 130, 138, Figs. 120, 128. 144 Scheffer 1981, II/2, 105–107, 110. Also cf. Bianchin Citton, Panozzo, Tasca 1998, 349 ff, 146 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 50, 61, 138, 171, sl. 36, 40, 123, Figs. 205, 206; Bianchin Citton, Panel a, Panozzo 1998, 371 ff, 127, 160, 165. Figs. 218, 219; Groppo 2013, 228. 147 145 Ib., t. 32: 7, 38: 16, 69: 1, 74: 3-7, 85: 5, 88: 6. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, Pls. 7: 1,3,4, 65: 5, 93: 2; cf. e.g. 148 Glej še tu Grahek, 287, sl. 17: Liv. in Horvat, 350, tab. 1. Scheffer 1981, II/2, Figs. 5, 105–107, 110. 72 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE njenega tlorisa blizu južne stene.149 Glede na to, da v a pair of pyramidal weights. House 3/1 yielded a heap teh stavbah z izjemo 30/2 ni bilo ognjišč, je mogoče of rings in a shallow depression in the east room; these sklepati, da se je taljenje kovin dogajalo na prostem. may have been used as loom weights, with the loom Predelavo kovin dokazujejo še ostanki strjene taline, standing in the east corner.146 Other objects connected kovaška žlindra in ingoti. Ostanki strjene taline so bili with sewing, weaving and spinning are a needle (House najdeni v jamah stavb 4 in 29/1 ter v ruševinah hiš 8/2, 11/2), bobbins and spindle whorls (Houses 15/2, 23/1, 10/2 in 22A/2 (glej sl. 68). Večja količina železove žlindre 23/2 and 24/1; cf. here Grahek, 301, Fig. 26).147 je zabeležena v stavbah 14/3, 15/3 in 22A/2 ter v predd- Quite a different activity is indicated by the finds of verju objekta 23/1 in ob drenaži hiše 16/3, znat no manj casting utensils ( Fig. 47).148 House 4 yielded two moulds je je bilo v drugih hišah, kjer se je sem ter tja pojavljala in two interconnected pits together with a casting ladle v polnilu jam (prim. sl. 73). Fragmenti bronastih ingo- and objects of horn (cf. Fig. 39), and two other moulds tov so zastopani v hišah 15/2, 22/1 in 15A/1, iz slednje in the debris. One mould was found in House 15A/3 and izhaja fragment v obliki uhate sekire. V hiši 8/1 je bil one in House 29/2 (see here Horvat, 350, Tab. 1), while bronast ingot odkrit v vzhodnem prostoru, v hiši 13 jih House 22A/2 yielded a casting spoon and an unfinished je ležalo cel kup v severni jami (prim. sl. 39), medtem bronze finger ring. Two melting pots were documented in ko je železen kvader ležal v jami v severnem kotu hiše Houses 15/2 and 30/2 (see here Grahek, 287, Fig. 17: Liv), 7 (prim. tu Lamut, 340 ss); iz hiš 1/1 in 16/1 pa sta se respectively, in the latter close to the south wall but already ohranila amforna kosa svinca.150 Ker so bili ingoti tudi outside the ground plan.149 With the exception of House predmet blagovne menjave – označuje se jih celo kot 30/2, these buildings had no hearths, which suggests that prazgodovinsko predmonetarno sredstvo, zlasti tiste v melting at Most na Soči was an open-air activity. Metal- obliki uhatih sekir in tako imenovanega tipa ramo secco working is further evidenced by the remains of hardened (glej tu Laharnar, 222 in Laharnar, Šmit, 328)151 –, niti melt, smithing slag and ingots. The remains of melt were ni presenetljivo, da jih zasledimo v dobro opremljenih recovered from the pits of Houses 4 and 29/1, as well as hišah, kot so 1/2, 7, 8/1, 13, 15A/1, 16/1, in samo v 15/2 in the debris of Houses 8/2, 10/2, 22A/2 (see Fig. 68). A skupaj s talilno posodico. large quantity of iron slag was recorded in Houses 14/3, V mnogih hišah se je ohranilo še razno drugo orod- 15/3, 22A/2, in the anteroom of House 23/1 and beside je (prim. sl. 67), od katerega so najpogosteje zastopani the drainage wall of House 16/3, in considerably smaller železni noži in brusi (glej tu Laharnar, 220, in Horvat, quantities in other buildings, in the fil s of their pits (cf. 350, tab. 1); v hišah 1/2, 14/2 in 15A/2 so bili najdeni Fig. 73). Fragments of bronze ingots were unearthed in tudi kosi orožja, in sicer fragmentirane sulične osti, med Houses 15/2, 22/1 and 15A/1, the last of which yielded a deli noše pa je največ fibul in prstanov. fragment of an ingot in the shape of a shaft-hole axe. The bronze ingot from House 8/1 was found in the east room. In House 13 a heap of ingots was found in the north pit NAMEMBNOST STAVB IN PROSTOROV (cf. Fig. 39). An iron block was unearthed in the pit in the north corner of House 7 (cf. here Lamut, 340 ff), while Ker so bile na Mostu na Soči raziskane razmeroma Houses 1/1 and 16/1 each yielded an amorphous piece velike površine in je bilo dokumentiranih kar šestinšest- of lead.150 Ingots were goods of exchange – they are even deset hiš, se kar samo postavlja vprašanje, kakšna je bila interpreted as pre-monetary currency, particularly the njihova namembnost. Seveda so v gornjem številu zajete shaft-hole axes and ramo secco bars (see here Laharnar, vse gradbene faze, tudi take, od katerih so se ohranili 222 and Laharnar, Šmit, 328)151 – and it is not surprising le borni ostanki. V analizo smo vključili zgolj polovico that they were unearthed in well-furnished buildings such objektov, ki so bili ohranjeni do te mere, da njihova as Houses 1/2, 7, 8/1, 13, 15A/1, 16/1, and only in House oblika ni bila sporna. Kot prvi in hkrati najpomembnejši 15/2 in association with a melting pot. kriterij pri ugotavljanju funkcionalnosti smo postavili prav tlorisno zasnovo stavb, pri čemer smo izhajali iz 146 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 50, 61, 138, 171, Figs. 36, 40, predpostavke, da so tiste zaprtega tipa najverjetneje 123, 127, 160, 165. služile bivanju, one z eno ali dvema stenama in nad- 147 Ib., Pls. 32: 7, 38: 16, 69: 1, 74: 3-7, 85: 5, 88: 6. streškom pa gospodarskim dejavnostim. Seveda obstaja 148 Also see here Grahek, 287, Fig. 17: Liv.; and Horvat, 350, Tab. 1. 149 149 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, t. 24: 5-9, 38: 6, 54: 9, 62: 5, 64: Svoljšak, Dular 2016, Pls. 24: 5-9, 38: 6, 54: 9, 62: 5, 8, 92: 6, 96: 7. 64: 8, 92: 6, 96: 7. 150 150 Ib., 75 s, 104 ss, sl. 96, t. 2: 1, 33: 18-20, t. 29: 2, 37: Ib., 75 f, 104 ff, Fig. 96, Pls. 2: 1, 33: 18-20, t. 29: 2, 37: 5,6, 40: 9, 60: 4. 5,6, 40: 9, 60: 4. 151 151 Za uhate sekire glej še Trampuž Orel, Heath 1998, 237 For shaft-holes axes also see Trampuž Orel, Heath ss, sl. 4, 5; Teržan 2008, 296 ss, sl. 48; Pavlin, Turk 2014, 44 ss, 1998, 237 ff, Figs. 4, 5; Teržan 2008, 296 ff, Fig. 48; Pavlin, sl. 10; za ingote tipa ramo secco pa Panvini Rosati 1988, 20 ss; Turk 2014, 64 ff, Fig. 10; for the ramo secco ingots see Panvini Pellegrini, Macel ari 2002. Rosati 1988, 20 ff; Pellegrini, Macel ari 2002. 73 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE možnost, da so se v bivalnih hišah ukvarjali tudi z roko- Many buildings revealed a variety of other tools and delstvom, a so bili za zahtevnejše delovne procese, npr. implements (cf. Fig. 67), most frequently iron knives and livarstvo, kovaštvo in lončarstvo, že zaradi varnosti pred whetstones (see here Laharnar, 220 and Horvat, 350,Tab. požarom nujni samostojni objekti. Kot dodaten kriterij 1); Houses 1/2, 14/2 and 15A/2 also yielded pieces of smo upoštevali jame: najprej delovne z jasnimi sledmi weaponry, more precisely fragmented spearheads, as ognja oziroma kurjenja ter preostale, ki so najverjetneje well as pieces of the costume that mainly consisted of služile za shranjevanje dobrin (glej sl. 39). Ognjišča so fibulae and finger rings. bila maloštevilna, z ozirom na to, kako so bila narejena (podlaga iz prodnikov, ilovnat premaz), so služila pred- vsem za pripravo hrane. Prisotnost skromnih ostankov FUNCTION OF BUILDINGS AND THEIR ROOMS strjenih bronastih talin je za določanje funkcionalnosti hiš manj odločujoča. Gre namreč za posamezne koščke, ki so ležali v ruševinah, zato jih večinoma ni bilo mogoče The excavations at Most na Soči unearthed fairly zanesljivo povezati z objekti. Izjemi sta hiši 4 in 29/1, large portions of the settlement and documented as kjer so ostanki bronaste taline ležali v delovnih jamah. V many as sixty-six buildings. This high number, which hiši 4 so bila najdena tudi specifična rokodelska orodja comprises all the construction phases including those of (kalupi, livarska zajemalka, brusna koluta), zato je na which very little survived, prompted the question of their dlani, da gre za livarski obrat. function. The functional analysis was only performed on Takšno delitev na delavnice in stanovanjske stavbe half of the buildings, preserved to the degree that left no potrjujejo tudi analize hišnega inventarja in strukture doubt as to their design. The first and main criterion in najdb. Poleg stavb 4 in 29/1 so za opravljanje gospo- determining the function was in fact the ground plan: the darskih dejavnosti verjetno služile še 12/1, 22/1, 22A/1, buildings closed off on all four sides were interpreted as 22A/2 in 23/1 ( sl. 46). Gre za manjše enoprostorne residential units and those with one or more sides open objekte z enokapnimi strehami, ki so povečini slabše as workshops. It is, of course, possible that certain crafts ohranjeni, kar je deloma lahko tudi posledica slabe gra- or production activities also took place in the residential dnje; v glavnem so brez drenažnih zidov in večkrat brez buildings, but the more demanding work processes such solidnih temeljev, stavba 23/1 jih je sicer imela, a je bila as metal casting, metal working and pottery making are odprta proti zahodu.152 Za hodno površino je bila v njih believed to have been conducted in separate buildings, uporabljena kar poravnana naravna osnova, velik del also for safety reasons to minimise fire hazard. The second funkcionalne površine so zavzemale jame različnih oblik criterion was the presence of pits, distinguishing between in velikosti – malodane v vseh so bile odkrite velike pra- work pits with clear traces of fire or burning and other vokotne jame, ki smo jih opredelili za delovne. V nobeni pits presumably used for storage (see Fig. 39). The settle- od naštetih stavb ni bilo ognjišča niti shrambnih posod ment did not reveal many hearths and their construc- (silosov, pitosov). Razlike, izražene v drugih najdbah ( sl. tion (cobble bedding, loam top surface) suggests they 47), pa nakazujejo, da sta bili stavbi 4 in 22A/1 name- were mainly used for preparing food. The finds of smal njeni predelavi kovin, medtem ko je stavba 23/1 služila pieces of bronze melt were in most cases not considered predvsem lončarjenju, občasno tudi kovaštvu. V prid tej as indicative of the building function, being small pieces domnevi govorijo na eni strani ostanki metalurške de- found in the debris and impossible to reliably connect javnosti in na drugi širok asortiment lončarskih izdelkov, with the buildings. Houses 4 and 29/1 are exceptions in v katerem je zastopan velik del keramičnih tipov, ki jih this sense, yielding remains of bronze melt inside work zasledimo tudi po drugih hišah (prim. tu Grahek, 251, pits. In addition, House 4 revealed craft-specific tools sl. 2, 23–26). Iz tega bi lahko zaključili, da je bila stavba (moulds, casting ladle, grinding wheels) that clearly show 23/1 lončarska delavnica,153 ki je pokrivala pretežen the building as a foundry. del potreb tamkajšnjih gospodinjstev, in da metalurška The distinction between residential units and dejavnost, ki je zahtevala posebna tehnična znanja in workshops is supported by the analyses of the interior veščine, ni bila del samooskrbnega hišnega gospodar- furnishings and movable items, as well as the structure stva. Težje je prepoznati naravo dejavnosti v preostalih of the finds. Apart from the above-mentioned Houses 4 sorodnih objektih, saj najdbe niso dovolj indikativne. and 29/1, other buildings are interpreted as workshops: Stavba 12/1 je denimo imela veliko pravokotno jamo z Houses 12/1, 22/1, 22A/1, 22A/2, 23/1 ( Fig. 46). All are ožganimi stenami, zapolnjeno z ruševinami, v katerih je single-room buildings probably covered with single-pitch bilo le nekaj nerazpoznavnih bronastih fragmentov.154 roofs. Most are poorly preserved, which may in part be Po drugi strani je vsebovala večjo količino živalskih the consequence of a poorer quality of construction; kosti; precej jih je bilo sežganih, na nekaterih so vidne they lack drainage wal s and often also solid foundations. House 23/1 did have solid foundations, but was open to 152 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, sl. 47, 93, 150, 156, 160, 194. 153 the west.152 Their floors were made by simply levelling Prim. Svoljšak 2014, 287 ss. 154 152 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 102. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, Figs. 47, 93, 150, 156, 160, 194. 74 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE vreznine. Gre tudi za zelo pester zbir živalskih vrst (glej the natural deposit and a large portion of the functional tu Toškan, 487 s, tab. 5) – od drobnice, domačega prašiča surfaces was taken up by pits of different shapes and sizes in goveda do obdelanega kosa jelenjega rogovja, konj- – almost all of these buildings had large rectangular pits ske nožne kosti in zoba ter edino najdbo kokošje kosti interpreted as work pits. None of them had either a hearth iz tega naselja. In ne le to, kar nekaj kostnih ostankov or storage vessels (large containers, pithoi). Other smal pripada bolj mesnatim delom drobnice in goveda (glej finds ( Fig. 47) point to differences in the work processes tu Toškan, tab. 2 in 4). Podobno sliko razkrivajo najdbe taking place there. Houses 4 and 22A/1 were mainly in- iz stavbe 22/1, kjer so večidel prostora zavzemale jame; tended for metalworking, while House 23/1 was mainly a večina živalskih kosti je bila odkrita v veliki ovalni jami potter’s workshop occasional y used for metalworking.153 št. 4 (glej tu Toškan, tab. 8), ki je imela na dnu debelo A wide variety of pottery types found in this workshop plast zdrobljenega oglja, medtem ko so bili kovinski with similar finds from numerous residential buildings predmeti in lončenina razpršeni v plasti ruševine.155 (cf. here Grahek, 251, Figs. 2, 23–26) suggest that House Kako razumeti arheozološki vzorec v stavbah 12/1 in 23/1 supplied a large portion of the need of the local 22/1, ostaja odprto. households. It can also be surmised that the metal urgic Skupnim potrebam je morebiti služila proti zaho- activities, which certainly required special technical du odprta stavba 30/2, ki je imela ob južni steni veliko knowledge and skil s, were not part of a self-sufficient pravokotno jamo, kar smo prepoznali kot značilnost household economy. It is much more difficult to identify delavnic, a je v nasprotju z njimi spadala med večje in the nature of activities taking place in other workshops, bolje grajene objekte. Stala je na vzhodnem obrobju as the associated small finds are not sufficiently indicative. naselbine in je bila pokrita z dvokapno streho, tla pa House 12/1, for example, had a large rectangular pit with z zbito ilovico; opremljena je bila z velikim ognjiščem burnt wal s and a debris fill that only included a few amor- in kalotasto pečjo, v kateri so se ohranile nedogorele phous fragments of bronze.154 The building did, however, živalske kosti. Po zabeleženih podatkih so v območju yield a fairly numerous and also diverse assemblage of ognjišča ležali še kosi pekev in prenosne pečke, ob njem animal bones, many of them burnt and some showing se je raztezala tlakovana ploskev iz kamnov, ki bi jo lahko cut- and chop-marks (see here Toškan, 486 f, Tab. 5). The interpretirali kot odlagalno površino.156 bones belong to sheep/goats, domestic pigs and cattle, but Med hišami, opremljenimi z ognjišči, izstopata po also include a worked piece of red deer horn, a metacarpal količini in številnih keramičnih tipih stavbi 14/1 in 14/2 bone and a tooth of a horse, as well as the only hen bone ( sl. 46, 47; prim. tu Grahek, 251, sl. 2, 23–26) pa tudi in the settlement. Moreover, a fair share of the animal po živalskih ostankih (prim. tu Toškan, 488 ss, tab. 5, 9, remains belongs to more meaty parts of sheep/goats and 10), kar je presenetljivo, saj se je od arhitekturnih ostalin cattle (see here Toškan, Tabs. 2 and 4). A similar picture ohranilo bore malo.157 Postavljeni sta bili v vzhodnem can be gained from the finds recovered from House 22/1, delu naselbine, dobrih 20 m proč od stavbe 30, vendar in which pits took up most of the interior surface. Most of sta od nje starejši (glej tu Dular, 163, sl. 2). Bili sta dobro the animal bones were found in the large oval Pit 4 (see založeni z najraznovrstnejšim kuhinjskim, servirnim here Toškan, Tab. 8), which held a thick layer of crushed in pivskim posodjem (lonci, pladnji, skledami, lončki, charcoal at the bottom and debris higher up interspersed situlami in kelihi). Po drugi strani nista imeli jam niti with metal objects and pottery.155 The interpretation of shrambnih posod, denimo pitosov ali silosov. Kakšna the archaeozoological assemblage from Houses 12/1 and je bila njuna namembnost, lahko samo ugibamo. Mor- 22/1 remains unclear. da je šlo za poseben prostor, namenjen druženju, kjer House 30/2 may also have had a special function. so potekali skupni posveti, dogodki in pojedine, ki so It was open to the west and had a large rectangular pit bili pomembni v družbenem in političnem življenju beside the south wal , which has been identified as a skupnosti. Skupnemu religioznemu obredju pa je bil feature of workshops. However, contrary to other work- posvečen kultni prostor, tako imenovana hiša 6/2, v shops, House 30/2 was a large and well-built structure. severovzhodnem delu naselbine.158 It was located at the eastern edge of the settlement, its Zrcalno sliko temu kaže dvodelna stavba 15/1, ki je floor was of beaten loam, it was covered with a gabled bila dobro grajena. V obeh skoraj enako velikih prostorih roof and furnished with a large hearth and a domed je imela tla iz phane ilovice, toda nobene druge opreme oven that contained incompletely burnt animal bones. ali najdb. Razlog je morebiti v tem, da notranjost ni bila v The excavation records also show that pieces of baking celoti raziskana (zaradi prezentacije na kraju samem)159 lids and portable ovens were found in the area of the in da so na istem mestu pozneje postavili veliko novo hearth, next to which was a stone-paved surface that may be interpreted as a worktop or shelf.156 155 Ib., 156 ss. 156 153 Ib., 210 s, sl. 211–213, pril. 5. Cf. Svoljšak 2014, 294 f. 157 154 Ib., sl. 97–100. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 102. 158 155 Ib., pril. 1. Ib., 156 ff. 159 156 Ib., 35, sl. 18. Ib., 210 f, Figs. 211–213, App. 5. 75 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE hišo s tremi prostori (15/2).160 Ta je bila ena največjih Standing apart in the number and diversity of pot- in najbolje grajenih železnodobnih stavb na Mostu na tery finds among the buildings furnished with hearths are Soči; imela je močne drenažne in temeljne zidove ter Houses 14/1 and 14/2 ( Figs. 46, 47; cf. here Grahek, 251, verjetno dvokapno streho, tla v srednjem in vzhodnem Figs. 2, 23–26), that also stand apart in the documented prostoru je prekrivala zbita ilovica, v zahodnem pa le- animal remains (cf. here Toškan, 486 ff, Tabs. 5, 9, 10); this sene podnice. Čeprav v njej ni bilo jam niti ognjišč, jo is surprising as very little survived of their architecture.157 lahko po drugem imetju uvrščamo med bogatejše in za They were located in the east part of the settlement, at a bivanje primerne stavbe. V vzhodnem prostoru so bili distance of some 20 m from House 30, but earlier in date odkriti fragmenti okrasnih glinastih plošč, prenosnih (see here Dular, 163, Fig. 2). They revealed numerous and pečk in pekev, ob južni steni je stal pitos; med lončenino diverse cooking, serving and drinking vessels (jars, plat- v ruševini je bilo več vrst loncev, nekaj skled in lončkov, ters, dishes, beakers, situlae and goblets). They did not, svitkov, motkov, pa tudi bronasti ingoti, talilna posodica however, have any pits or storage vessels such as pithoi in žrmlje. Hiša je stala na zahodnem delu raziskanega or large containers, hence their function is unclear. It is območja blizu niza delavnic (prim. tu Dular, 164, sl. possible that it was, in both phases, a special building 3B), o njeni namembnosti je možnih več razlag, a so where social gatherings took place, where the inhabitants vse hipotetične. Po velikosti in opremi bi bili vsi trije discussed common matters and enjoyed common meals prostori primerni za bivanje, morda so celo imeli vsak or drinking symposia of political and social significance. svoj vhod s ceste. Lahko bi jo opredelili kot hišo mogoč- The settlement also revealed a cult place, in House 6 lo- nejše razširjene družine, lahko bi v njej stalno prebivalo cated in the north-eastern part of the settlement, where več družin – vsaka v svojem prostoru ali pa so nemara v common religious practices took place.158 njih občasno stanovali potujoči rokodelci in obiskovalci. At the other end of the scale in terms of the preser- V tem nizu je bila postavljena tudi tridelna hiša vation of architectural remains and small finds is House 15A/1, ki je po stratigrafskih odnosih in najdbah sta- 15/1, which was well built and had two rooms. The rooms rejša od hiše 15/2 v njeni neposredni bližini (glej tu were almost equal y large and had floors of beaten loam, Dular, 163 s, sl. 2, 3), po kvadraturi pa precej manjša. but almost no smal finds or traces of interior furnishings. V vseh treh prostorih je tla prekrivala zbita ilovica. V This may be the consequence of incomplete excavation zahodnem prostoru, malce večjem od drugih dveh, je (due to a presentation in situ)159 and of a large new house v severozahodnem kotu stalo ognjišče, v tem delu so with three rooms (15/2) later erected on the same spot.160 ležali še fragmenti pitosa. V srednjem prostoru je bila This second house was among the largest and best con- v jugovzhodnem kotu vkopana večja ovalna jama (v structed Iron Age buildings at Most na Soči; it had thick njenem polnilu so bili odkriti kosi žlindre, bronasta drainage wal s and foundations, probably a gabled roof igla in brus), zraven jame je stalo manjše ognjišče, v and floors of beaten loam in the central and east rooms, severozahodnem delu so ležale žrmlje. V vzhodnem while the west room had wooden floorboards. It had prostoru je stal silos, in sicer v južnem delu, kjer je no pits or hearths, but other furnishings and finds rank bilo tudi veliko okrašenih glinastih plošč, medtem ko it among the wealthy residential units. The east room so se v severnem delu tega prostora grupirale črepinje yielded fragments of decorative plaques, portable ovens pitosov, ki kažejo, da so bile tja postavljene shrambne and baking lids, beside the south wall also a pithos; the posode. V tem delu je bilo tudi največ živalskih kosti pottery recovered from its debris consisted of several types (glej tu Toškan, 498, sl. 8). Med najdbami iz ruševin je of jars, several dishes and beakers, ceramic rings, bobbins, nekaj bronastih, steklenih in železnih predmetov ter but also bronze ingots, a melting pot and a quernstone. veliko lončenine, večinoma loncev in svitki (prim. tu The house was located in the western part of the investi- Grahek, 251, sl. 2).161 Zahodni prostor stavbe 15A/1 gated settlement, close to the row of workshops (cf. here bi lahko interpretirali kot bivalnega, vzhodnega kot Dular, 164, Fig. 3B). There are several possible interpreta- shrambo, srednjega pa morda kot delovnega. Svoljšak tions of its use. In size and interior furnishings, all three je ta objekt interpretiral kot delavnico,162 čeprav je po of its rooms were suitable for habitation and possibly had načinu gradnje, velikosti in opremi pa tudi po živalskih separate entrances directly from the path. The house may ostankih povsem primerljiv s stavbami, opredeljenimi be seen as the dwelling of an important extended family, za stanovanjske (1, 3, 8, 11, 15, 16). or possibly the dwelling of several families, each in its own Velika hiša 1/1 in njena manjša naslednica 1/2 sta room, though it may also have been intended to lodge stali bolj na samem v jugovzhodnem delu naselbine. travelling artisans or visitors. Notranjost obeh je bila razdeljena na dva prostora z Next to this house (15/2) and also along the path različnima hodnima površinama, v večjem je ob zahodni was the much smaller House 15A/1 with three rooms, steni stalo ognjišče, v vzhodnem kotu hiše 1/2 pa še pitos, 157 Ib., Figs. 97–100. 160 158 Ib., 113 ss, sl. 102, pril. 2. Ib., App. 1. 161 159 Ib., 125 ss, sl. 114, t. 40–52. Ib., 35, Fig. 18. 162 160 Svoljšak 2014, 288 s; glej tudi tu, 183. Ib., 113 ff, Fig. 102, App. 2. 76 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE silos in okrasne glinaste plošče, v kote manjšega prostora which stratigraphy and small find reveal to be earlier so bile vkopane okrogle (shrambne) jame. K imetju than House 15/2 (see here Dular, 163 f, Figs. 2, 3). The stanovalcev hiše 1/1 so spadale žrmlje, svitki in uteži za floors in all three rooms were made of beaten loam. The statve, od dobrin v hiši 1/2 so se ohranili raznovrstna slightly larger west room had a hearth in the northwest lončenina, brusna kamna, železna sulična ost in nož ter corner, in the vicinity also the sherds of a pithos. The amorfen kos svinca ( sl. 46, 47).163 Podobno prostorsko central room had a large oval pit (with pieces of slag, a ureditev in inventar so imele hiše 5, 8/2 in 16/2, le da v bronze pin and a whetstone in its fill) dug in the south- njih ni bilo ognjišč. east corner next to a small hearth, while a quernstone Brez ognjišča je bila tudi hiša 3/1 s tlorisom L-oblike was found in the northwest corner. The east room had in dvema prostoroma, morda celo z dvema ločenima a large storage container in its southern part that also vhodoma. V večjem, tj. zahodnem prostoru, je bila v yielded numerous decorative plaques, while the north- jugovzhodni kot vkopana jama, v njej je stal lonec, v ern part of the room revealed a concentration of pithos severovzhodnem kotu pa pitos. Malce manjši vzhodni sherds that show a spot reserved for storage vessels. In prostor je premogel več opreme – v osrednjem delu je bil this part there were also a large quantity of animal bones nameščen silos, tam so ležali tudi kosi pitosa in okraše- (see Toškan, 498, Fig. 8). The finds recovered from the nih glinastih plošč, medtem ko so bile, sodeč po svitkih, debris of the house include several bronze, glass and iron v severovzhodnem kotu postavljene statve. Oba prostora artefacts, as well as numerous ceramic fragments, mainly sta imela ilovnata tla, zahodni bi lahko bil namenjen belonging to jars and rings (cf. here Grahek, 251, Fig. bivanju, vzhodnega so nemara uporabljali za hranjenje 2).161 The west room of House 15A/1 may be interpreted stvari in za delovna opravila.164 Posebnost te hiše so tudi as residential, the east room as pantry and the central v njej najdene kosti psa (glej tu Toškan, 493, tab. 5 in room possibly a work place. Svoljšak interpreted the 12); ta verjetno ni spadal na jedilnik, temveč bi lahko building as a workshop,162 though the construction man- bil domači ljubljenček, ki mu je še po poginu pripadalo ner, size, furnishings and animal bone remains make it mesto v hiši. Kost psa je bila odkrita še v hiši 15A/1. more closely comparable with the buildings interpreted Največja stavba v naselbini prav tako ni imela ognji- as residential units (1, 3, 8, 11, 15, 16). šča niti jam, celo drenaže ne in je po tej plati primerljiva The large House 1/1 and its smaller successor 1/2 s hišo 3/1. To je hiša 11/2 s preddverjem, obdanim z had a more isolated location in the south-eastern part of zidcem. Stala je v osrednjem delu naselbine blizu drugih the settlement. The interior of both houses was divided stavb, od katerih sta z njo sočasni hiši 8 in morda 9 (glej into two rooms with different floors. The large one had a Dular, 163, sl. 2). Njeni arhitekturni ostanki so se dokaj hearth beside the west wal , in the second phase (House dobro ohranili, v zahodnem delu preddverja je imela 1/2) also a pithos, a large storage container and decora- leseno kaščo (za shranjevanje poljščin?), v vzhodnem tive plaques in the east corner, while the smaller room delu ilovnata tla in najbrž nadstrešek, v 21 m2 velikem had round (storage) pits dug in the corners. The movable bivalnem prostoru v hiši pa se je ohranilo bore malo furnishings of House 1/1 included a quernstone, ceramic premičnega inventarja (nekaj delov železnega orodja rings and loom weights, those of House 1/2 included a in noše, loncev, svitkov in fragment okrasne plošče).165 variety of pottery, two whetstones, an iron spearhead Na osnovi analize notranje ureditve in opreme and knife, as well as an amorphous lump of lead ( Figs. stavb ter ohranjenega hišnega inventarja ugotavljamo, 46, 47).163 A similar interior layout and furnishings have da so imele večje stavbe ločene bivalne, shrambne in been documented in Houses 5, 8/2 and 16/2, though delovne prostore. Lahko bi jih označili za imenitnejše these had no hearths. stanovanjske hiše (1/1, 1/2, 3/1, 5, 8/1, 8/2, 11/2, 15/1, Also devoid of a hearth was House 3/1 with an L- 15/2, 15A/1 in 16/2), ki niso vse sočasne; med starej- shaped ground plan and two rooms, possibly with two šimi sta 1/1 in 15A/1 (iz stopnje Sv. Lucija IIa – glej tu separate entrances. The larger west room had a pit dug in Dular, 163, sl. 2), med mlajšimi pa 5 in 16/2 (Sv. Lucija the southeast corner that held a jar, while the northeast IIc). Stale so na različnih koncih naselbine, najbolj na corner revealed a pithos. The slightly smaller east room samem sta bili hiši 1/1 in 3/1, ki sta imeli tudi pester was better furnished: a large container was found in the repertoar najdb; precej imetja se je ohranilo še v hišah centre together with fragments of a pithos and decora- 15/2 in 15A/1, postavljenih v bližino niza delavnic. tive plaques, while the presence of ceramic rings in the Posebna je hiša 5 v soseščini svetega prostora (6/2), saj northeast corner suggests the location of a loom. Both je edina imela s kamnitimi ploščami obložena tla in rooms had a loam floor. The west room may have been uvoženo posodo. residential, while the east room may have been used for Kot skromnejše lahko opredelimo manjše hiše storing and working.164 The house also stands apart in that (npr. 2/2, 7, 10/2, 15A/2 in 16/1), v katerih so bile vse 161 Ib., 125 ff, Fig. 114, Pls. 40–52. 163 162 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 44 ss, sl. 22, t. 1–7. Svoljšak 2014, 288 f. Also see here, 183. 164 163 Ib., 57 ss, sl. 36–39, t. 11–22. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 44 ff, Fig. 22, Pls. 1–7. 165 164 Ib., 93 ss, sl. 81, t. 32. Ib., 57 ff, Figs. 36–39, Pls. 11–22. 77 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE te funkcije združene v enem samem prostoru (bivanje, it yielded the bones of a dog (see here Toškan, 493, Tabs. 5 delovna opravila, shranjevanje stvari). Kronološko jih and 12) that probably did not end its life as food, but can lahko opredelimo v stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIb, mlajša je rather be seen as a pet that remained at the household even le hiša 7, razpršene pa so bile po vsem naselju. Resda after its death. A dog bone was also found in House 15A/1. je izkopavanje zajelo le del v mladohalštatskem času The largest building of the settlement is House 11/2 poseljenega prostora in da je ta slika deloma odsev that also had neither hearth nor pits, not even drainage različne ohranjenosti stavb ter da zelo očitnih razlik v wal s, which makes it similar to House 3/1. It did have strukturi najdb med njimi ni videti. Kljub temu bi kot an anteroom enclosed with a low wal . It was located in najimenitnejše lahko opredelili hiše 1/1, 3/1 in 15A/1 s the central part of the settlement close to other buildings, silosi in okrašenimi glinastimi ploščami, ki spominjajo contemporary with House 8 and possibly also 9 (see here na arhitekturne terakotne dekoracije v sredozemskih Dular, 163, Fig. 2). Its architecture is well preserved and deželah. Tam so ponekod z arhitekturnimi terakotnimi shows a wooden structure in the west part of the ante- členi okrašene tudi manjše hiše v bližini svetišč. Interpre- room (granary for storing crops?), while the east part tirajo jih kot zakladnice (thesauroi) ali kot sakralnemu had a loam floor and probably a projecting roof. The 21 prostoru pripadajoče objekte za hranjenje dragocenih m2 large room revealed very scarce movable furnishings oziroma votivnih predmetov, ali pa kot domovanje (several pieces of iron tools and items of costume, jars, svečenika/svečenice.166 V tem oziru bi lahko bila po- ceramic rings and a decorative plaque fragment).165 menljiva lega hiše 5 v naselbini na Mostu na Soči, ki je The analysis of the interior layout, furnishings and stala v soseščini kultnega mesta; v bližini je bila sicer še small finds suggests that large houses had separate rooms livarska delavnica 4, a je starejša od nje (prim. tu Dular, intended for habitation, storage and work. These may be 163, sl. 2). Glede na to, da je imela hiša 5 zelo malo najdb seen as wealthier residential units (1/1, 1/2, 3/1, 5, 8/1, in nobene dekorativne glinaste plošče,167 bi je ne mogli 8/2, 11/2, 15/1, 15/2, 15A/1, 16/2), not all of which were opredeliti za zakladnico. Morda pa bi v pripadajoči contemporaneous; Houses 1/1 and 15A/1 were among the najdbi atiškega skyphosa lahko videli kultno posodo, ki early ones (the Sv. Lucija IIa phase – see here Dular, 163, se je uporabljala pri religioznem obredju. Fig. 2), Houses 5 and 16/2 among the later ones (Sv. Lucija V gradnji in opremi je jasneje izražena ločnica med IIc). They were located in different parts of the settlement, stanovanjskimi stavbami in delavnicami (prim. sl. 46 in with Houses 1/1 and 3/1 most isolated, but yielding a 47), ki kaže na delitev dela v tej skupnosti oziroma na to, varied range of small finds. Numerous small finds also da sta vsaj metalurška in deloma lončarska proizvodnja survived in Houses 15/2 and 15A/1, located in the vicin- že pomenili specializirano obrtno dejavnost. Kolektivno ity of the row of workshops. House 5, located close to the delo je morebiti predstavljala gradnja infrastrukture, cult place (House 6/2) stands apart in that it was the only kot so jarki za odvodnjavanje, pot in nemara vzhodno one to have a stone-paved floor and imported pottery. obzidje, ki je zaznavno v konfiguraciji terena, a še ni Smaller houses (e.g. 2/2, 7, 10/2, 15A/2, 16/1) are bilo arheološko raziskano. Javne prostore, ki so imeli more modest and combined all these functions (habita- povezovalno vlogo in poseben družbeni pomen, pa bi tion, storage, work) in a single room. Chronological y, lahko videli v kultnem mestu dolgega trajanja (6/2) ter they are attributable to the Sv. Lucija IIb phase with the v stavbah 14/1, 14/2 (v stopnji Sv. Lucija IIa) in 30/2 (v exception of later House 7, and spread across the whole stopnji Sv. Lucija IIb/c). of the investigated settlement. It is true that only a por- tion of the area inhabited in the Late Hal statt period was excavated, that the buildings and structures differ in the state of preservation and show no major differences in the structure of the small finds. However, it is possible to distinguish Houses 1/1, 3/1 and 15A/1 as the richest, with large storage containers and decorative plaques remi- niscent of the architectural terracottas known from the Mediterranean. There, smaller houses near temples were also decorated with terracotta architectural elements, in- terpreted as treasuries ( thesauroi) or buildings associated with the sacred space that either stored precious/votive objects or served as the dwelling of a priest/priestess.166 Of interest in this sense is the location of House 5 at Most na Soči, which stood close to the cult place (the adjacent foundry or House 4 was of an earlier date; cf. here Du- 166 165 Andersen 1993, 77, op. 38 (v antičnih pisnih virih se v Ib., 93 ff, Fig. 81, Pl. 32. 166 severnojadranskem prostoru omenja thesauros v Spini). Andersen 1993, 77, Fn. 38 (for northern Adriatic, 167 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, t. 25. ancient written sources mention a thesauros at Spina). 78 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE KULTNO MESTO lar, 163, Fig. 2). House 5 yielded very few finds and no decorative plaques,167 hence it cannot be interpreted as Močna plast temnorjave zemlje, pomešane z žga- a treasury; while the Attic skyphos from the house may nino, ožganim kamnitim drobirjem in kosi zoglenelega represent a cult vessel used in religious ceremonies. lesa, predvsem pa ostanki semen, živalskih kosti ter A much clearer distinction can be made between spekter drobnih najdb kažejo, da imamo na območju residential units and workshops (cf. Figs. 46 and 47), hiše 6, v njeni drugi fazi opraviti s kultnim mestom, na which indicates a division of labour within the com- katerem so se odvijali žgalno-daritveni obredi.168 Loka- munity in which at least metalworking and partial y cija je nekoliko nenavadna, saj leži sredi drugih objektov pottery making represented specialised crafts. The na skrajnem severnem delu raziskanega predela, kjer construction of the settlement’s infrastructure, such as se začne pobočje strmeje dvigati proti severu.169 Lega drainage ditches, path and possibly the eastern rampart je dominantna, čeprav je res, da so bili lahko pozidani detectable in the configuration of the terrain but as yet tudi višji deli pobočja vse do sedla s pokopališko cerkvijo not investigated, may be seen as a common effort of the sv. Mavra. community. The cult place (House 6/2) in use over a long Od objekta − gre za vkop, ki je presekal in odstranil period, as well as Houses 14/1, 14/2 (the Sv. Lucija IIa ostanke starejše hiše, segal pa je tudi v geološko osno- phase) and 30/2 (Sv. Lucija IIb/c) may be seen as public vo − se je ohranilo malo ostankov. V rimskem času je spaces with a consolidating function and a special social bila namreč na istem mestu postavljena z malto zidana significance within the community. stavba, ki je uničila večino jame in polnila. Kolikor toliko nedotaknjeni sta ostali le obe stranici ob severnem kotu. Vzdolž severozahodne stene se je pri dnu vlekel pas ka- CULT PLACE menja, ki je dajal videz suhega zidu. Ob predpostavki, da je imel vkop kvadraten tloris, je znašala njegova površina The thick layer of dark brown earth mixed with približno 25 m². Do 75 cm debela plast z dobro vidnimi burnt remains, burnt stone rubble and pieces of charred sledmi delovanja ognja je bila enovite strukture, v njej wood, but also remains of grains, animal bones and the ni bilo mogoče razbrati nikakršnih stratifikacij. Največ array of small finds unearthed in the second construc- najdb je ležalo pod rimskimi zidovi v severnem kotu tion phase of House 6 point to the existence of a cult vkopa, pojavljale pa so se tudi drugod. place, where ritual burning and offering took place.168 The location of the cult place is somewhat unusual, as it is surrounded by other houses in the northern part of the Najdbe iz kovine, stekla, koral in keramike investigated settlement, where the slope begins to rise more steeply towards the north.169 It is a dominant loca- Ker so drobne najdbe izčrpno predstavljene v po- tion, though houses were also constructed above it all to sebnem članku, bo na tem mestu dovolj, če navedemo the saddle where the church of St Maurus stands today. nekaj osnovnih podatkov.170 V nasutju je bilo odkritih Very little survives of the cult structure, only the čez dvesto drobnih najdb, v glavnem bronastega nakita, contours of the pit that was dug into the remains of ki je bil večinoma razkosan in izpostavljen ognju. Površi- the previous building down to the natural deposits. A ne predmetov so namreč hrapave in ožgane. Poleg tega je building of mortar-bound stones was constructed on bilo najdenih precej majhnih obročastih steklenih jagod, the same spot in the Roman period, which destroyed nekaj ploščic in obeskov iz rdečih koral ter kosi bronaste most of the pit and its fil . Surviving best of the cult pločevine, ki so pripadali različnim kovinskim posodam. structure is the two sides adjoining the north corner. Tudi večina teh predmetov – izjema so steklene jago- At the bottom along the northwest wall of the pit lay a de – je ožgana. Keramičnih izdelkov je bilo za vzorec. row of stones that resembled a drystone wal . Assuming Omenimo lahko le nekaj ostenj loncev in kos svitka. V a square ground plan, the structure would have occupied severnem kotu so ležali trije veliki noriški srebrniki brez roughly 25 m². Its remains consisted of an up to 75 cm sledi ožganosti. Sodeč po skromnih znakih obrabe, niso thick unstratified layer with clearly discernible traces of bili dolgo v obtoku. fire. Small finds were most numerous under the Roman Čeprav je bil objekt večinoma uničen, najdbe pa wal s in the north corner, but also occurred elsewhere. zbrane povsem naključno, si je vseeno vredno ogledati razmerja med posameznimi vrstami predmetov ( sl. 56). Na prvem mestu so z nekaj čez 40 % zastopani bronasti gumbi z zanko, za katere velja, da so bili kot okras naj- 168 167 Ib., 2016, 73 s. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, Pl. 25. 169 168 Ib., pril. 1. Ib., 73 f. 170 169 Glej tu Laharnar, 224 ss, sl. 7−9. Ib., App. 1. 79 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE %45 Small finds of metal, glass, coral and pottery 40 The small finds are discussed in detail in another 35 chapter and will only briefly be presented here so as to offer a complete picture.170 The fill contained over 200 30 objects, mainly bronze pieces of jewel ery that were bro- 25 ken into fragments and had a rough and burnt surface that indicated exposure to fire. The finds also included 20 many small annular beads, several plaques and pendants 15 of red coral, as well as pieces of sheet bronze that origi- nal y formed different metal vessels. Most of these were 10 also burnt, with the exception of the glass beads. There 5 was only a handful of pottery goods, comprising body sherds of jars and a piece of a ceramic ring. The north 0 corner yielded three large Norican silver coins without traces of fire; they also showed little wear and could only have been in circulation for a brief period of time. Even though the structure was for the most korale / corals fibule / fibulae drugo / other gumbi / buttons part destroyed and the finds gathered randomly, we obeski / pendants should nevertheless take a look at the ratio between individual types of objects ( Fig. 56). Most numerously represented (just over 40%) are bronze buttons, which steklene jagode / glass beads obročast nakit / ring jewellery are believed to have been sewn onto garments and kovinsko posodje / metal vessels belts as adornments.171 The same can be supposed for the small annular beads of yellow, white and blue glass; Sl. 56: Kultno mesto, deleži drobnih najdb (n = 210). they constitute 20% of all finds and rank second. Also Fig. 56: Cult place, shares of small finds (n = 210). relatively numerous are fragments of metal vessels and ring jewel ery, while fibulae and pendants of bronze and coral are fewer in number and constitute less than 5% verjetneje prišiti na oblačila in pasove.171 Istemu namenu of all recovered artefacts. so lahko služile drobne obročaste jagode iz rumenega, The finds have numerous parallels from the graves belega in modrega stekla, ki zasedajo z 20 % na diagra- in Posočje and reveal long-term deposition at the cult mu drugo mesto. Razmeroma številni so tudi fragmenti place that took place throughout the Late Hal statt pe- kovinskih posod in obročastega nakita, medtem ko so riod (6th–4th century BC) and again in the late La Tène deleži fibul ter obeskov iz brona in koral skromnejši, saj period (last quarter of the 2nd and the 1st century BC).172 ne presegajo meje 5 %. This observation corresponds with the chronological Najdbe, ki imajo številne paralele v posoških sequence of the settlement, though it is surprising that grobiščih, kažejo, da so predmete odlagali skozi celo offerings resumed on the same spot after a break lasting mladohalštatsko obdobje (6.–4. st. pr. Kr.), nato pa še v more than a century and a half. It seems that the local poznem latenu (zadnja četrtina 2. st. in 1. st. pr. Kr.).172 population retained the memory of the location of the Ugotovitev se ujema s poselitveno dinamiko naselja, cult place. preseneča pa dejstvo, da so bile aktivnosti odlaganja predmetov obnovljene na istem mestu po več kot stoletje in pol dolgem premoru. Lokacija kultnega mesta je torej Charred wood morala ostati v zavesti oziroma izročilu takratnih ljudi. The fill also revealed numerous pieces of charred wood that was used as fuel. The randomly selected 29 Zoglenel les samples were subjected to 80 analyses.173 The results have shown eight tree species: most frequently oak, V zasutju je ležalo precej kosov zoglenelega lesa, followed by fir and beech ( Fig. 57). The ratios are com- ostankov kurjave. Naključno odbranih je bilo 29 vzorcev, parable with those revealed by the analysis of structural na katerih je bilo nato narejenih 80 analiz.173 Izkazalo 170 See Laharnar in this publication, 224 ff, Figs. 7−9. 171 171 Ib., 231 ss. Ib., 231 ff. 172 172 Za podrobnejšo datacijo predmetov glej tu Dular, 150 s For a detailed dating of the artefacts see here Dular, in Laharnar, 224 ss. 150 f and Laharnar, 224 ff. 173 173 Glej tu Motel a De Carlo, 364, tab. 1. See Motel a De Carlo in this publication, 364, Tab. 1. 80 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE wood, only pine is missing, which was relatively often %40 used in construction. The shares of other species (e.g. dogwood, elm, alder, hazel) are low and reveal the range 35 of trees used as firewood. 30 Some of the pieces show traces of woodworking. Most were parts of beams,174 while one was a piece of 25 turned wood that presumably represents the remains of a spindle.175 20 15 Grains and fruits 10 5 The charred plant remains in the fil survived as in- dividual grains or in lumps. The predominant cereals are 0 a millet ( Panicum miliaceum) and either oat or rye ( Avena/ lba tica nor us cana lm Secale), some grains also belonged to foxtail millet ( Se- etraea r. Mi vellan /U anguinea taria italica) and one to bitter vetch ( Vicia ervilia). Some Abies a osa/in obur/p us cf as/s num of the lumps were hardened and burnt organic remains s r Fagus sylva m tin Corylus a of a porous structure resembling bread or cake; it was cu Ul Labur uer us glu not possible to positively identify the remains.176 The Q Cornus m Aln fill also yielded several pieces of hazelnuts and walnuts. Sl. 57: Kultno mesto, deleži drevesnih vrst (n = 80). Fig. 57: Cult place, shares of tree species (n = 80). Textile Three pieces of charred textile survived, bound se je, da so vzorci pripadali osmim drevesnim vrstam. together with earth. They were poorly preserved, which Najštevilčnejše je bil zastopan hrast, sledita mu jelka posed quite a challenge for the subsequent analysis. They in bukev ( sl. 57). Razmerja so podobna, kot jih je dala most likely formed part of the same piece of canvas wo- analiza gradbenega lesa. Manjka le bor, ki je bil razme- ven of flax or hemp fibres.177 A thread was identified and roma pogost gradbeni material. Deleži preostalih vrst hence a seam in one of the textile pieces, which suggests (npr. dren, brest, jelša, leska) so majhni, kažejo pa, kaj that the offering was a garment.178 vse so uporabili za kurjavo. Na nekaterih kosih so sledi obdelave. Večinoma gre za iveri oziroma dele tramov in desk.174 Še najbolj Animal bones zanimiv je okrogel, na stružnici izdelan predmet, naj- verjetneje ostanek predilnega vretena.175 The assemblage of the animal remains from the cult place closely corresponds with such assemblages from other burnt-offering places in the Alpine regions. Semena in plodovi It consists almost exclusively of cranial and feet skeletal elements of domestic animals, i.e. the elements with least V zasutju jame so bili identificirani ostanki zo- meat. Most belong to sheep/goats, followed by cattle and glenelih semen v obliki raztresenega zrnja ali sprijetih pigs. The cut marks observable in some of the bones may kep. Prevladujeta proso ( Panicum miliaceum) in oves ali have occurred during the ritual activity. Interestingly, a rž ( Avena/Secale), vmes je bilo nekaj laškega muhviča single bone fragment shows traces of fire.179 ( Setaria italica) in zrno grašice ( Vicia ervilia). Nekatere kepe porozne strukture so imele videz strjene in ožgane organske snovi, podobne kruhu ali pogači. Zanesljiva identifikacija ni bila mogoča.176 Poleg semen je bilo odkritih tudi nekaj koščkov plodov lešnikov in orehov. 174 Ib., 389 ff. 175 See Tolar in this publication, 446, Fig. 1b. 176 See Motel a De Carlo in this publication, 379; Tolar, 449. 174 177 Ib., 389 ss. See Grömer et al. in this publication, 453 ff. 175 178 Glej tu Tolar, 446, sl. 1b. Ib., 459. 176 179 Glej tu Motel a De Carlo, 379; Tolar, 448. See Toškan in this publication, 490 f. 81 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Tekstil Cult practice Trije vzorci zoglenelega tekstila so se ohranili sku- The offerings at Most na Soči mainly comprises ele- paj z zemljino. Bili so v slabem stanju, kar je oteževalo ments of the female dress. The predominant objects are analizo. Najverjetneje so pripadali istemu kosu platna, pieces of jewellery (fibulae, rings, finger rings, bracelets, stkanega iz lanu ali konoplje.177 V enem od vzorcev je pendants and adornments sewn onto textile) that suggest bila odkrita nit, ki je bila prepoznana za sukanec, torej rituals connected with the female sphere. Also connected del šiva v tkanini. Ugotovitev je zanimiva, saj kaže, da with this sphere are the remains of textile and a spindle, niso darovali zgolj platna, ampak del oblačila.178 which are certainly rare finds that may symbolical y be associated with women spinning the threads of human destiny. The remains of animal bones, mainly caprovids, Živalske kosti pigs and cattle, suggest animal sacrifice and feasting. Of interest in connection with this is the presence of Zbir živalskih kosti se dobro ujema s sliko z drugih grains and fruits, possibly even bread or cake. The vo- žgalno-daritvenih mest v alpskem prostoru. V njem so tive offerings of foodstuff and animals mirror the cult of zastopani malodane izključno zobje ter drobci lobanj- fertility. What is striking is the absence of the elements skih kosti in stopal, torej nemesnati deli domačih živali. of the male outfit, though this is in congruence with the Največ jih pripada drobnici, sledijo ostanki goveda in funerary rituals of the Posočje community that did not prašičev. Vreznine, ki so opazne na nekaterih kosteh, practise offering of weapons into graves all to the end bi lahko bile zadane pri obredni dejavnosti. Ob tem of the Early Iron Age. It would appear that the martial je zanimivo, da je od kostnih ostankov ožgan samo en rituals took place elsewhere, possibly along streams as fragment.179 suggested by two iron spearheads found in the riverbed of the Soča north of the Napoleon Bridge at Kobarid and below the vil age of Mlinsko, respectively.180 O kultnih praksah The range of offerings and the location within the settlement indicate that the cult place may have been V spektru darovanih predmetov z Mosta na Soči se connected with the worship of a local female divinity. odsevajo prvine ženske noše. Prevladuje nakit (fibule, The local character is discernible from the fact that obročki, prstani, zapestnice, obeski in okrasni našitki), there are other known cult places in Posočje and the zato je zelo verjetno, da je bil pri ritualih v ospredju žen- surrounding areas, though most have not yet been sys- ski spol. Nanj se vežejo tudi ostanki darovanega tekstila tematical y investigated and it is not even clear whether in fragment lesenega predilnega vretena, vsekakor redki they were located within a settlement or stood isolated. najdbi, ki bi ju kazalo simbolno povezati s predicami Dragan Božič collected the known data on these places človeških usod. Kostni ostanki drobnice, goveda in ( Fig. 58). He identified them as cult places on the ba- svinj govore o žrtvovanju živali in kultnih pojedinah. sis of the characteristic assemblages of finds in which Zanimiva je prisotnost žit in plodov, morda celo kruha intentional y fragmented objects predominate (fibulae, oziroma pogače. V zaobljubnih darovih prehrambnih bracelets, rings, pendants and so forth).181 Four of such rastlin in živali se zrcali kult plodnosti in rodovitnosti. sites (Tonovcov grad, Gradič, Vrh gradu and Berlotov Presenetljiva je odsotnost elementov moške noše, kar rob) have also revealed votive plaques dating to the last pa se dobro ujema s pogrebnimi rituali posoške skup- two centuries BC.182 The plaque from Berlotov, with nosti, ki vse do konca starejše železne dobe v grobove impressions symbolising the phases of the moon, points ni polagala orožja. Vse kaže, da so se marcialni obredi to the knowledge of astronomical phenomena that ap- odvijali drugod. Najverjetneje ob rekah in potokih, o parently formed part of the religious and cult rituals.183 čemer govorita najdbi železnih suličnih osti v strugi As opposed to Most na Soči, some of the cult places have Soče severno od Napoleonovega mostu v Kobaridu in also revealed weapons and armour dating exclusively pod vasjo Mlinsko.180 to the end of the Early and even more to the Late Iron Iz spektra darovanih predmetov in lokacije kult- Age.184 This indicates changes in the cult sphere that nega mesta, ki je bilo v območju naselja, bi lahko skle- pali, da imamo na Mostu na Soči opraviti s čaščenjem 180 Mlinar, Gerbec 2011, 17. lokalnega ženskega božanstva. Za lokalnost govori 181 Božič 2011, 260 ff. The list can be extended by adding dejstvo, da poznamo v Posočju in bližnji soseščini še Most na Soči, Kobarid (Bizjakova hiša), Gradišče in Cerkno, druga kultna mesta, ki pa večinoma niso bila načrtno Šmihel pod Nanosom and Parti at Stara Sušica near Košana. Guštin 1979, Pl. 64; Horvat 1995, 178 ff; Mlinar, Gerbec 2011; 177 Glej tu Grömer et al., 453 ss. Mlinar 2016. 178 Ib., 459. 182 Božič 2011, 256 ff. 179 Glej tu Toškan, 491 s. 183 Laharnar, Mlinar 2014, 12 ff. 180 Mlinar, Gerbec 2011, 17. 184 Tonovcov grad, Kovačevše, Kolenovca, Stari grad, 82 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Drau / Drava Monte Sorantri Sa Tonovcov grad Gradič va Bizjakova hiša Soča Most na Soči Vrh gradu Gradišče Berlotov rob Tag Idr a il i m jca e n Kolenovca t Monte di Medea o (Medejski hrib) Kovačevše Vipava Stari grad Šmihel Parti pri Stari Sušici 0 50 km Sl. 58: Kultna mesta v Posočju in sosednjih pokrajinah. Dopolnjeno po Božič 2011. Fig. 58: Cult places in Posočje and the neighbouring regions. Adapted after Božič 2011. raziskana. Znano ni niti to, ali so bila v naseljih ali zunaj occurred at this time, with warrior elements coming to njih. Podatke o njih je zbral Dragan Božič ( sl. 58). Kult- the forefront. A parallel process has been noted in the na mesta je prepoznal s pomočjo značilnih najdbenih necropoleis of Posočje.185 skupkov, v katerih prav tako prevladuje namerno raz- The scope of the changes taking place at the tran- kosan nakit (fibule, zapestnice, obročki, obeski itd.).181 sition from the Early to the Late Iron Age can best be S štirih najdišč (Tonovcov grad, Gradič, Vrh gradu in observed in the cult place at Bizjakova hiša in Kobarid.186 Berlotov rob) so znane tudi daritvene ploščice, vse iz The site revealed a single event of sacrificing horses and zadnjih dveh stoletij pr. Kr.182 Tista z Berlotovega roba, military equipment such as swords, spears, two-piece na kateri so vtisnjeni simboli luninih men, kaže na shield bosses and belts. Apart from those of predominant poznavanje astronomskih pojavov, ki so bili očitno del horses, the recovered animal bones also belonged to religiozno-kultnih obredov.183 Vendar se v nasprotju z caprovids, cattle, pigs, there was also a chamois horn.187 Mostom na Soči na nekaterih kultnih mestih pojavljata Items from the male sphere absolutely predominate; only tudi orožje in obrambna oprema, ki sodita brez izjeme a decorated hollow bracelet of bronze and an iron sickle na konec starejše in zlasti v mlajšo železno dobo.184 To may be connected with women. Kobarid continued to be an important cult centre 181 Božič 2011, 260 ss. Seznamu lahko poleg Mosta in the following centuries, when an Iron Age – Roman na Soči dodamo še Kobarid (Bizjakova hiša), Gradišče v period sanctuary flourished on the northwest slopes of Cerknem, Šmihel pod Nanosom in Parti pri Stari Sušici pri Košani. Guštin 1979, t. 64; Horvat 1995, 178 ss; Mlinar, Monte Sorantri; Božič 2011, Figs. 6.2: 6,8,10; 6.21: 17,18; Gerbec 2011; Mlinar 2016. 6.22: 2; 6.25: 1-7,9-12. 182 185 Božič 2011, 256 ss. Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 434; Guštin 1991, 75 ff. 183 186 Laharnar, Mlinar 2014, 12 ss. Mlinar, Gerbec 2011. 184 187 Tonovcov grad, Kovačevše, Kolenovca, Stari grad, Toškan 2011, 49 f, Fig. 25. 83 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE pomeni, da so se v tem času zgodile spremembe tudi v Gradič, in close proximity to the fortified settlement. kultni sferi, saj so postali v ritualnih praksah bistveno The Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine from Nova bolj prisotni vojaški elementi noše. Podoben proces je Gorica conducted archaeological excavations there in bil dokumentiran v posoških nekropolah.185 several campaigns, unearthing the remains of buildings Kako velike so bile spremembe na prehodu iz sta- and a rich array of offerings: bronze votive plaques, finger rejše v mlajšo železno dobo, najbolje ponazarja kultno rings, bracelets, necklaces, pendants and fragments of mesto Bizjakova hiša v Kobaridu.186 Gre za enkratni akt vessels.188 The site also revealed numerous statuettes of žrtvovanja konj in vojaške opreme, kot so meči, sulične gods and goddesses that include Venus, Diana, Minerva, osti, dvodelne ščitne grbe ter pasovi. Poleg konjskih so Mercury, Jupiter and Mars.189 Apollo and Hercules are bile, sicer v manjšem številu, najdene kosti drobnice, represented with several statuettes; the former as the goveda, prašiča in rog gamsa.187 Predmeti iz moškega god of light, spring and art, the latter as the protector of življenjskega področja so skoraj v absolutni večini, z travellers and merchants. The offerings also include coins žensko nošo in opravili lahko povežemo le okrašeno and vessels imported from Italy. The site has not yet been votlo bronasto zapestnico in železen srp. comprehensively published and the data available from Pomembnost Kobarida kot kultnega središča se brief excavation reports does not allow us to speculate on je ohranila tudi v naslednjih stoletjih, ko je zacvetelo the changes to the traditional cult practice brought about na severozahodni strani Gradiča, torej tik ob utrjenem by the advancing Romanisation. It is clear, however, that naselju, železnodobno-rimsko svetišče. Večletna izko- the sanctuary reached its peak in the 1st century BC and pavanja Zavoda za varstvo kulturne dediščine iz Nove the first half of the 1st century AD. It may be seen as the Gorice so odkrila ostanke arhitekture in bogat spekter central sanctuary of the Posočje region located along an darovanih predmetov: bronaste votivne ploščice, prsta- important road leading from Italy towards central Europe. ne, zapestnice, ogrlice, obeske in kose posodja.188 Dolg We should also mention the burnt-offering places je seznam bronastih kipcev bogov, med katerimi so or Brandopferplätze in the eastern Alpine area.190 Some na primer Venera, Diana, Minerva, Merkur, Jupiter in of them have been systematical y investigated (e.g. Rung- Mars.189 Večkrat sta upodobljena tudi Apolon in Herkul; ger Egg, Piller Höhe, Ganglegg)191 and also analysed as prvi kot bog svetlobe, pomladi in umetnosti, drugi kot to their contents and spatial context. They are located at zavetnik popotnikov in trgovcev. Posebej kaže omeniti different altitudes, from high mountains to the lowland, še novce in iz Italije uvoženo posodje. Ker so bila doslej and in different settings, from peaks, slopes, caves, but o Gradiču objavljena le skopa poročila, temeljna objava also near lakes, marshes and springs. These are all natural pa je šele v pripravi, težko razpravljamo o spremembah, settings, though there are also some, albeit rare, within ki jih je v tradicionalne kultne prakse prinesla roma- settlements.192 nizacija. Svetišče je namreč največji razcvet doživelo v The sanctuaries of the Veneti were located outside 1. stoletju pred Kr. in v prvi polovici 1. stoletja po Kr. settlements, on the outskirts of urban agglomerations Označiti ga smemo za osrednje svetišče posoške regije or at the edge of territories associated with individual ob pomembni poti iz Italije proti srednji Evropi. centres or ethnic communities.193 The best known di- Preden zaključimo, moramo besedo ali dve name- vinity worshipped in their sanctuaries is Reitia, whose niti še žgalno-daritvenim mestom (Brandopferplätze) name appears on the votive plaques from the sanctuary na območju vzhodnih Alp.190 Ne le, da so bila nekatera at Baratel a in Este.194 She is a goddess associated with načrtno izkopana (npr. Rungger Egg, Piller Höhe, fertility, health, afterlife and even war. Ganglegg),191 temveč so bili analizirani tudi njihovi The lack of investigations into the cult places in vsebinski in prostorski konteksti. Pojavljajo se na raz- Posočje – with the exception of Gradič at Kobarid – hin- ličnih nadmorskih višinah, od visokogorja do nižin. ders a comparison with the burnt-offering places and Najdemo jih na vrhovih, pobočjih in v jamah, pa tudi v sanctuaries in the wider hinterland of Caput Adriae.195 We bližini jezer, barij in izvirov. Gre torej za naravna kultna have observed, however, offering of intentional y broken pieces of jewellery, cereals and bread(?) both at Most and Soči and at the Venetic sanctuaries.196 Furthermore, two 188 Monte Sorantri; Božič 2011, sl. 6.2: 6,8,10; 6.21: 17,18; 6.22: Osmuk 1984; Osmuk 1998; Mlinar 2011. 189 2; 6.25: 1-7,9-12. Only nine have been published thus far; Osmuk 1987. 185 190 Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 434; Guštin 1991, 75 ss. Weiss 1997; Gleirscher 2002a; Gleirscher 2002b; 186 Mlinar, Gerbec 2011. Endrizzi, Degasperi, Marzatico 2009. 187 191 Toškan 2011, 49 s, sl. 25. Gleirscher, Northdurfter, Schubert 2002; Steiner 188 Osmuk 1984; Osmuk 1998; Mlinar 2011. 2007, 259 ff; Stefan 2010. 189 192 Doslej objavljenih je le devet; Osmuk 1987. Gleirscher 2002b, 191 ff. 190 193 Weiss 1997; Gleirscher 2002a; Gleirscher 2002b; Capuis 2002, 239 f; also see Ruta Serafini 2002. 194 Endrizzi, Degasperi, Marzatico 2009. Calzavara Capuis, Chieco Bianchi 2010. 191 195 Greirscher, Northdurfter, Schubert 2002; Steiner For the near Friuli, see Adam 1991. 196 2007, 259 ss; Stefan 2010. Motel a De Carlo 2002; Rottoli 2009. 84 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE mesta. Še najredkejša so v naseljih, čeprav so znani tudi of the votive plaques from Vrh gradu near Pečine and takšni primeri.192 Gradič at Kobarid, respectively, bear Venetic inscrip- Zunaj naselij so stala svetišča Venetov. Locirana so tions.197 There is no doubt as to contacts between the two bila na obrobja urbanih aglomeracij oziroma na meje te- areas, but the question of whether there was a common ritorijev središč in etničnih skupnosti.193 Od božanstev, religious identity remains open. The differences in the ki so jih častili, je verjetno najbolj znana Reitia, katere votive formulas speak against the existence of general y ime se pojavlja na votivnih ploščicah iz svetišča Baratela accepted cult practices in the Early Iron Age.198 v Este.194 Gre za boginjo, ki jo povezujejo z rodovit- nostjo, zdravjem, posmrtnim življenjem in celo vojno. Neraziskanost kultnih mest v Posočju − izjema je SETTLEMENT MORPHOLOGY Gradič v Kobaridu − otežuje primerjavo z žgalno-darit- venimi mesti in svetišči širšega zaledja Caput Adriae.195 In prehistory as today, many factors influence the Pa vendar, nekateri vzorci, na primer darovanje razkosa- construction techniques and the layout of settlements. nega nakita, žit in kruha(?), poznajo tako Most na Soči The text below focuses on identifying the factors that kot venetska svetišča.196 Nenazadnje imata tudi daritveni most prominently shaped Most na Soči in the Iron ploščici z Vrh gradu pri Pečinah in Gradiča v Kobaridu Age, how they interacted and what interior order they napisa v venetski pisavi.197 Stiki so torej bili, vprašanje je helped to create. le, kdaj smemo govoriti o enotnem religioznem prostoru. Razlike v zaobljubnih formah kažejo, da v starejši železni dobi še ni prišlo do splošno sprejetih kultnih praks.198 Environmental factors One of the key environmental factors is certainly MORFOLOGIJA NASELJA the terrain. At Most na Soči, the terrain gradually descends southwards with the difference in attitude Tako kot danes je tudi v prazgodovini na zgradbo between the highest and lowest point of the investigated in obliko naselij vplivalo veliko dejavnikov, zato bomo area exceeding 25 m. The slope required the buildings to skušali v nadaljevanju prepoznati tiste elemente, ki so be arranged in terraces. The investigated area revealed bili odločilni pri formiranju železnodobnega Mosta na three rows of buildings: the highest row (Houses 3−6, Soči. Zanima nas, kako so bili med seboj povezani in 10) above the 195-m contour line, the middle one five kakšen je bil notranji red naselja. metres lower down (e.g. Houses 7−9, 11, 13, 17, 18, 21) and the third row around the 185-m contour line (e.g. Houses 1, 12, 15, 15A, 22, 22A). House 2 lies at the lowest Naravne determinante altitude, at 175.5 m.199 The inclined terrain also created favourable mi- Med najbolj odločujoče naravne determinante croclimatic conditions. One is certainly solar exposure, sodi gotovo relief. Teren na Mostu na Soči se spušča od which is very important in the alpine environment. The severa proti jugu, tako da znaša višinska razlika med three elevations (Cungov kuk, Munihov kuk, Kuk sv. najnižjo in najvišjo točko raziskanega območja več kot Mavra-Teza) sheltered houses from the north winds. 25 m. Naklon je velik, zato so se morali pri umeščanju This protection, however, was not equally effective hiš zateči k terasasti ureditvi. Stavbe so razvrščene v across the whole of the settlement, as suggested by the treh nizih: najvišje ležeča skupina (hiše 3−6, 10) je nad fact that the houses located behind the saddle separating izohipso 195 m, srednja dobrih pet metrov niže (npr. hiše Munihov kuk and Teza differ slightly in orientation and 7−9, 11, 13, 17, 18, 21), tretja pa nad ali pod plastnico have one of the corners facing north (e.g. Houses 1, 3−6, 185 m (npr. hiše 1, 12, 15, 15A, 22, 22A). Najnižji objekt 7−11).200 In this manner, they would have been much je hiša 2 na višini 175,5 m.199 better protected against the wind than if exposed to Proti jugu nagnjen relief je ponujal ugodne mikro- the north with one of their sides. The same orientation, klimatske razmere. Tu mislimo na osončenost, ki igra v with one corner to the north, has also been observed at the west end of the settlement, but the shift is not as 192 Gleirscher 2002b, 191 ss. apparent. 193 Capuis 2002, 239 s; glej tudi Ruta Serafini 2002. Water supply was another important factor. There 194 Calzavara Capuis, Chieco Bianchi 2010. was an abundance of water at Most na Soči, as the set- 195 Za bližnjo Furlanijo glej Adam 1991. 196 197 Motel a De Carlo 2002; Rottoli 2009. Eichner, Nedoma 2009, 73; Turk et. al. 2009, 60; 197 Eichner, Nedoma 2009, 73; Turk et. al. 2009, 60; Mlinar, Crevatin 2012. 198 Mlinar, Crevatin 2012. Cf. Capuis 2002, 248. 198 199 Prim. Capuis 2002, 248. See Svoljšak, Dular 2016, App. 1. 199 200 Glej Svoljšak, Dular 2016, pril. 1. Ib. 85 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 59: Most na Soči po izpraznitvi akumulacijskega jezera, januarja 2018. Zadaj je kanjon Idrijce, spredaj so ostanki rečnih nanosov; pogled z zahoda. Fig. 59: Most na Soči after the dam for the hydropower sta- tion had been emptied in January 2018; the gorge of the River Idrijca is in the back and the river deposits in the foreground; view from the west. alpskem svetu pomembno vlogo, tri vzpetine − kuki pa so s severne strani ščitile naselje pred vetrom. Kot kaže, ne povsod dovolj učinkovito. To je mogoče razbrati iz umeščenosti stavb, ki so stale na prepišnem pobočju pod sedlom med Munihovim kukom in Tezo. Prav vse, brez izjeme, so bile z enim od vogalov obrnjene proti severu (npr. hiše 1, 3−6, 7−11).200 Tako so jih veliko bolje zaščitili, kot če bi bile vetru in dežju izpostavljene s celimi stenami. Vogalno usmerjenost proti severu je opaziti tudi na zahodnem koncu naselja, vendar zasuk ni tako izrazit. Preskrba z vodo na Mostu na Soči ni pomenila večjega problema, saj je bilo naselje umeščeno nad so- točje rek. Vendar dostop do vode ni bil enostaven. Soča in Idrijca sta si prav na tem mestu vrezali zelo globoki in tesni debri, zato je bilo po skoraj navpičnih stenah težko speljati varne steze. Vse kaže, da je bil najugodnejši tlement was located above the confluence of two rivers. dostop do vode na sotočju rek, čeprav to domnevo težko Having said that, accessing water was not so easy, be- preverimo. Območje je namreč zalito z akumulacijskim cause both rivers carved deep and narrow gorges with jezerom, če pa ga občasno izpraznijo, prekrivajo nekda- near vertical sides and it would have been difficult to nji relief debeli nanosi rečnih usedlin ( sl. 59). make safe paths to reach the water level. We therefore presume that access was easiest where the two rivers actual y met, but it is a hypothesis impossible to verify Funkcionalne determinante as the area is flooded with the dam for the hydropower station and, even when it is being cleared, the ancient Že med izkopavanji, še bolj pa po prvih analizah, relief is covered with thick al uvial deposits ( Fig. 59). je postalo jasno, da imamo na Mostu na Soči opraviti z dvema vrstama stavb, in sicer z bivalnimi hišami ter delavnicami. Stavb, ki bi služile shranjevanju dobrin, na Functional factors območju raziskanega dela naselja niso odkrili. Izjema je manjši objekt kvadratnega tlorisa, inkorporiran v It was already clear during excavation and even more preddverje hiše 11/2, ki bi lahko bil kašča.201 Ob takšni so after the first desktop analyses that the settlement at klasifikaciji, ki jo je potrdila tudi naša analiza funkci- Most na Soči had two types of buildings: houses and onalnosti (glej zgoraj), se seveda postavlja vprašanje, v workshops. The excavated area revealed no buildings kolikšni meri je različna namembnost stavb vplivala na only intended for storage, with the exception of the smal morfologijo naselja. V dosedanjih objavah Mosta na square structure incorporated into the anteroom of House Soči je bil večkrat govor o grupiranju funkcionalno so- 11/2, which may have functioned as a granary.201 The rodnih objektov znotraj določenega območja. Povedano distinction between residential buildings and workshops, drugače, v naselju naj bi bila razmeroma dobro ločena also confirmed by the functional analysis (see above), begs bivalni in delavniški del. Če projiciramo rezultate, ki the question of the measure in which the differences in smo jih dobili z analizo funkcionalnosti stavb, na tloris function influenced the morphology of the settlement. naselja, vidimo, da slika ni tako jasna. Že v vzhodnem, The publications on the Most na Soči settlement thus far razmeroma redko pozidanem delu delavniški objekti noted functional y similar buildings grouped in certain niso skoncentrirani zgolj na enem mestu, ampak ležijo areas. In other words, there was an assumed division of 200 the residential and production parts. However, when Ib. 201 201 Ib., 100 s. Ib., 100 f. 86 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 60: Prostorska umeščenost bivalnih hiš, delavnic in kultnega mesta. Fig. 60: Locations of houses, workshops and the cult place at Most na Soči. daleč vsaksebi ( sl. 60). Še več, hiša 4, ki je bila prepozna- applying the results of our functional analysis onto the na za delavnico livarja, je stala v neposredni soseščini plan of the site, the picture is not so clear. The eastern part kultnega mesta, kar je s sedanjega vidika prostorskega with relatively few buildings shows that the workshops načrtovanja težko razumljiv primer. Nekoliko boljšo are not concentrated, but rather widely dispersed ( Fig. strukturiranost je opaziti na zahodni strani naselja, kjer 60). Moreover, House 4 identified as a foundry, is located so bili v vrsti nanizani kar štirje delavniški objekti. Toda in close proximity to the cult place, which is not easy to tudi tu so jih obkrožale bivalne hiše, med njimi take, ki understand from the point of view of modern spatial bi jih lahko zaradi dovršene gradnje uvrstili v kategorijo planning practices. A slightly clearer division is in the višjega kakovostnega razreda (npr. hiši 15/2 in 15A/1). western part of the settlement, where four workshops Zanimiva situacija je bila ugotovljena pri hiši 29. Izkaza- stand together in a row. But even here, the workshops are lo se je, da je tu najprej stala livarska delavnica, po njeni surrounded by residential houses, some of which show a opustitvi pa so na istem mestu zgradili bivalno hišo.202 Iz higher quality of construction and hence a higher living povedanega lahko zaključimo, da namembnost objektov standard (e.g. Houses 15/2 and 15A/1). A particularly ni bistveno vplivala na notranjo ureditev naselja. interesting case is House 29, which was a casting work- O poteku komunikacij, ki so pomemben del shop in Phase 1 rebuilt as a residential building in Phase naselbinske infrastrukture, nimamo veliko podatkov. 2.202 This proves that the function of the buildings did Odkriti so bili zgolj štirje krajši odseki poti, široke okoli not greatly affect the interior layout of the settlement and 1,4 m, ki je tekla vzdolž niza delavnic in hiš na skrajnem that it is not possible to talk of separate production and zahodnem koncu raziskanega dela naselja.203 Narejena residential areas at Most na Soči. 202 Ib., 195 ss. 203 202 Ib., 222 s, sl. 224. Ib., 195 ff. 87 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE je bila iz 10−20 cm debelega nasutja drobnozrnatega Not much is known of the communications proda. Njen potek se dobro ujema z oblikovanostjo through the settlement, which form an important part of pobočja, saj sledi tamkajšnjim plastnicam, zato med its infrastructure. Excavations only unearthed four short ohranjenimi odseki ni omembe vrednih višinskih sections of a roughly 1.4 m wide path that ran along the razlik. Stavbe so bile obrnjene k poti z daljšimi stra- row of workshops and houses in the westernmost part nicami, v katerih so bili vhodi. V pozidavi območja of the investigated settlement.203 The path was surfaced je slutiti prvine načrtnega planiranja, saj so se vsi ele- with a 10−20 cm thick layer of gravel. Its course traces menti – namreč komunikacija kot glavna prostorska the configuration of the terrain and runs roughly along determinanta in objekti ob njej – zlili v funkcionalno the same altitude throughout. The buildings faced the celoto. O poteku poti na drugih delih naselja nimamo path with their longer sides that had the entrances. This podatkov. Drago Svoljšak je v eni od svojih razprav built environment has all the elements of spatial plan- začrtal možne smeri, ki v glavnem sledijo oblikovanosti ning – communication as the main spatial determinant pobočja.204 Predlog se zdi sprejemljiv, nimamo pa zanj and buildings that line it – coming together to form a materialnih dokazov. functional whole. We have no evidence on communi- Med pomembne dejavnike, ki so vplivali na mor- cations in other parts of the settlement. In one of his fologijo naselij, sodijo obrambni sistemi. Za Most na publications, Drago Svoljšak outlined possible other Soči se je že pred desetletji uveljavilo mnenje, da ni bil paths, which mainly trace the configuration of the slop- utrjen, saj ga je dovolj dobro ščitila voda. Obramba naj ing terrain;204 his proposition is certainly plausible, but bi bila prepuščena manjšim gradiščem, ki so v precejšnji can as yet not be supported by any material evidence. oddaljenosti od središča skupnosti varovala dostopne An important factor that determined settlement poti.205 Vendar pa Most na Soči ni bil brez lastne za- morphology is the fortification system. For Most na Soči, ščite. Kot smo dovolj nazorno pokazali v uvodnem it has long been believed that the settlement was devoid poglavju, je ob prepadnih stenah Idrijce in Soče niti ni of additional fortifications, as the two rivers provided potreboval, zato pa je bila toliko bolj utrjena njegova protection that functioned together with a series of vzhodna, najlažje dostopna stran, kjer so v obod naselja smaller hillforts, located at some distance to the centre učinkovito vključili ostanek kamnite groblje ( sl. 61). To and controlling the points of access.205 However, later je na skrajnem južnem delu nadomestil čez meter debel research has revealed that the centre was not without zid, ki se je vlekel ob hiši 30.206 Most na Soči se torej its proper defences, which are described in detail in the ni razlikoval od drugih naselij, saj je za svojo varnost introduction. The banks of the Rivers Idrijca and Soča najprej poskrbel sam. Podobno opažamo na Gradiču were precipitous and the settlement hence inaccessible nad Kobaridom, ki leži v isti poselitveni niši in ima on those sides, while the readily accessible eastern side prav tako ohranjene ostanke fortifikacijskih sistemov.207 was fortified by including a moraine heap into its pe- Obe naselji seveda ne izključujeta možnosti obstoja rimeter ( Fig. 61). This eastern fortification continued obrambnega obroča, kot ga je zarisal Svoljšak.208 Za southwards as a wall over a metre thick that ran along potrditev teze potrebujemo le več dokazov, saj zahteva House 30.206 In providing for its own protection close sistem varovanja celotnega teritorija skupnosti z zgolj at hand, Most na Soči thus did not differ from other enim mestom odločanja visoko organizirano družbo. settlements. A similar observation has been made for Če je posoška železnodobna skupnost dosegla tak nivo, the hillfort on Gradič near Kobarid, which lies in the ne vemo. Vprašanje je vsekakor zanimivo, presega pa same settlement niche and also revealed remains of stanje trenutne raziskanosti in tudi okvir naše razprave. a fortification system.207 This does not exclude the Naselju z jasno začrtanim obodom lahko izraču- possibility of a defence ring of outposts as outlined by namo površino. Ta je na Mostu na Soči znašala nekaj Svoljšak.208 It is certainly an intriguing hypothesis, but čez 13 hektarjev, kar je seveda malo, če ga primerja- one that requires further evidence to confirm it, as such mo s sočasnimi venetskimi središči.209 Drugače je na a large-scale defence system covering the whole of the jugovzhodnoalpskem območju, kjer sodi med večje community’s territory with a central command requires aglomeracije.210 Gre torej za naselje, v katerem je lahko a highly organised society and it is not clear whether 204 the Posočje Iron Age community reached such a level. Svoljšak 2001, 133, sl. 3. 205 Svoljšak 1984a; Svoljšak 1986; Mlinar 2018. 206 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 202 s. 207 203 Laharnar, Štular, Mlinar 2015; da bi bil Gradič utrjen Ib., 222 f, Fig. 224. 204 šele v poznorepublikanskem času, kot menijo avtorji, je malo Svoljšak 2001, 133, Fig. 3. 205 verjetno, seveda bo odgovor dalo le izkopavanje. Svoljšak 1984a; Svoljšak 1986; Mlinar 2018. 208 206 Svoljšak 1984a, 117, fig. 1. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 202 f. 209 207 Npr. Padova in Este 100 ha, Oderzo in Oppeano Laharnar, Štular, Mlinar 2015; it is not likely that 65 ha, Concordia 40 ha; Malnati, Gamba 2003, 34. Gradič was only fortified in the Late Republican period as 210 Žal je primerjava možna le z nekaterimi kaštelirji na suggested by the authors. 208 Krasu (glej Slapšak 1995, 24, sl. 1) in zlasti z gradišči jugo- Svoljšak 1984a, 117, Fig. 1. 88 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 61: Most na Soči. Vzhodni obod naselja: rdeča puščica označuje kamnito grobljo, modra pozicijo zidu ob hiši 30. Fig. 61: The eastern periphery of the settlement at Most na Soči: the red arrow marks the moraine heap, the blue arrow the location of the wall at House 30. živelo, delalo ali pa se vanj zateklo veliko ljudi. Poseli- tev najverjetneje ni bila osredotočena zgolj na pomol. Podobno kot na Dolenjskem moramo tudi v Posočju računati z izvengradiščno poselitvijo. Doslej še ni bila odkrita. Iskanje zaselkov in posameznih kmetij je ena od nalog prihodnjih raziskav. Socialne determinante Vplive družbenih dejavnikov je v naselbinskem rastru najtežje prepoznati, posebno v primerih, če so bila raziskana majhna območja. To velja tudi za Most na Soči, kjer so z dolgoletnimi zaščitnimi izkopavanji sicer odprli zavidljive površine, a te kljub temu ne dosegajo 20 % nekdanjega naselja. Pri interpretaciji moramo biti zato previdni. Na pasti prenaglega sklepanja je že pred časom opozoril Hermann Parzinger, ki je s temeljito analizo terenskih izvidov nekaterih bolje raziskanih gradišč v srednji Evropi ugotovil, da s pomočjo notranje strukturiranosti naselij pravzaprav ni mogoče zanesljivo dokazati obstoja dvorov in bivalnih predelov takratnih elit.211 Zdi se, da imamo podobno situacijo tudi na Mostu na Soči. Na raziskanem območju, kjer sta vidni dve izraziti grupaciji stavb, gostejša na zahodu in precej redkejša na vzhodu, ne moremo prepoznati objekta, ki bi stal na izpostavljenem mestu in bil celo obdan z ogrado. Pa vendar, tudi na Mostu na Soči hiše niso bile With a known perimeter, we can calculate that the enake. Kot je pokazala analiza stavbnih ostalin, notranje settlement at Most na Soči stretched across the surface opreme in inventarja, se nakazuje možnost delitve na area of just over 13 hectares. This is not much in compari- premožnejše in skromnejše stanovanjske hiše, speciali- son with the contemporary Venetic centres,209 but it does zirane delavnice in javne prostore, namenjene skupnemu rank among the large agglomerations in the south-eastern druženju ali religioznemu obredju. Alpine area.210 It is a settlement where a large number of Podoben rezultat je dala analiza ostankov živalskih people lived, worked or took shelter. Habitations were kosti.212 Čeprav v prehrani prebivalcev premožnejših ali probably not limited to the area of the promontory. skromnejših hiš ni videti izrazite socialne diferenciacije Similarly as in Dolenjska, people in Posočje probably also glede pestrosti in starosti živali ob zakolu ter zastopa- lived outside the hillforts, though traces of hamlets and nosti bolj ali manj kakovostnih kosov mesa, pa so bili individual farmsteads have not yet been detected. ostanki divjadi (z izjemo rogovja) ugotovljeni zgolj v premožnejših hišah. To bi lahko pomenilo, da je bil lov povezan z družbenim statusom. Kosti srne in divjega 209 prašiča so bile odkrite tudi v stavbah 14 in 30, ki smo E.g. Padua and Este 100 ha, Oderzo and Oppeano 65 jim pripisali posebno funkcijo. V stavbah 14/1 in 14/2, ha, Concordia 40 ha; Malnati, Gamba 2003, 34. 210 Unfortunately, the number of possible comparisons vzhodne Slovenije, ki imajo natančno izračunane površine; is limited as size has only been precisely calculated for some Dular, Tecco Hvala 2007, 192, sl. 110. of the hillforts in the Kras (see Slapšak 1995, 24, Fig. 1) and 211 Parzinger 1991, 26; Parzinger 1992, 83 ss. several more in south-eastern Slovenia; Dular, Tecco Hvala 212 Glej tu Toškan, 479 ss. 2007, 192, Fig. 110. 89 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE opredeljenih kot javni prostor za druženje, posvete in Social factors druge pomembne dogodke v življenju skupnosti, je bilo zdaleč največ kosti domačih živali. Med njimi so zasto- These are the most difficult to identify in the layout pani anatomski deli trupa govedi, ki so bolj mesnati. Na of a settlement, particularly when only limited areas have osnovi arheozoološke analize bi dejavnost, ki se je tam been investigated. The long years of excavation at Most odvijala, lahko povezovali z zakolom oz. razkosavanjem na Soči have unearthed fairly large areas, but they do not in pripravo mesa. Povsem drugačen vzorec razkrivajo exceed 20% of the total surface of the ancient settlement. kostni ostanki s kultnega mesta, kjer prevladujejo zobje, We should therefore be careful when drawing conclusions. delci čeljustnic in stopal, torej neužitni kosi; ta vzorec Some time ago, Hermann Parzinger clearly demonstrated je primerljiv z drugimi žgalno-daritvenimi mesti v the dangers of hasty conclusions by conducting a thor- alpskem svetu. ough analysis of the excavation results for some of the Po drugi plati raster raziskanega dela naselja ne better investigated hillforts in central Europe to show that kaže stroge ločenosti med stanovanjskimi in obrtni- their interior structures do not allow us to convincingly škimi četrtmi, saj so bile delavnice umeščene v bližino argue the existence of courts and areas reserved for the stanovanjskih stavb ( sl. 60). Prav tako ni vidna ostra elite residences.211 We seem to have a similar situation at prostorska segregacija med premožnejšimi in skromnej- Most na Soči. The investigated area reveals two noticeable šimi hišami, zato bi težko govorili o izrazitejše razslojeni groupings of buildings, a denser one in the west and one skupnosti, ki je v železni dobi živela na Mostu na Soči. of more dispersed buildings in the east, but none of them include a building with a prominent location or even sepa- rated from the rest by an enclosure. And yet, the houses Vaško ali protourbano naselje at Most na Soči are not all the same. The analysis of the building remains, interior furnishings and small finds in Urbanizacijski procesi so že dolgo predmet inten- individual buildings has indicated the possible differen- zivnih razprav, ki se vrtijo zlasti okoli kriterijev, s kate- tiation between wealthier and more modest residential rimi želi arheološka stroka čim bolj natančno definirati houses, specialised workshops, as well as public spaces poselitvene strukture. Kdaj ima neko naselje urbani intended either for community matters and gatherings značaj, je stvar definicij, ki pa nimajo univerzalnega or for religious practices. učinka in se jih običajno ne da aplicirati na vse strukture. The analysis of the animal bone remains shows simi- Od tod tudi zagate arheologov, ki se v nejasnih situacijah lar results.212 The diet of the people living in the wealthier radi zatekajo k izrazom, kot so “protourbani centri” ali houses did not differ from those of the poorer households “nepopolno urbanizirani kraji”, pri čemer sploh ni jasno, in terms of variety and age of animals at death, as wel kaj je s tem mišljeno. as the share of more or less meaty body parts. However, Michael E. Smith, ki se je v enem svojih zadnjih only the well-off households revealed the remains of člankov izčrpno ukvarjal s to problematiko, je zato na- game (with the exception of horn), which may indicate mesto ozko začrtanih definicij, ki omejujejo fleksibilnost that hunting was an activity connected with the social analiz, predlagal alternativno metodo, temelječo na vrsti status. Roe deer and wild boar bones were also recovered “arheoloških urbanih atributov”. Skupaj jih je nanizal from Houses 14 and 30 that are believed to have been of enaindvajset, kar je precej več, kot sta jih pred njim a special function. By far the highest number of domestic uporabila Flannery in Renfrew.213 Gre za štiri skupine animal bones was found in Houses 14/1 and 14/2, inter- podatkov, od katerih večino najdemo v arheološkem preted as public spaces for social gatherings, for discussing zapisu: velikost naselja, socialni vpliv (urbane funkcije), matters of common interest and other important events pozidanost ter socialne in ekonomske značilnosti. Toda in the life of the community. These bone remains include tudi ob tolikšnem naboru atributov Smith svari pred meaty body parts of cattle, indicating slaughtering or prenagljenim sklepanjem. Kar je v nekaterih poselitve- dismemberment, as well as meat preparation. A very nih okoljih odločujoče, drugod ne igra nobene vloge. different bone assemblage is that from the cult place that Zato meni, da so ponujeni atributi uporabni predvsem mainly yielded teeth, but also fragments of jaw and feet za analizo stopnje urbaniziranosti, manj pa za ugotav- skeletal elements, i.e. least meaty body parts; this assem- ljanje, kateri kraji so bili urbani in kateri ne. Atribute je blage is comparable with those from other burnt-offering preskusil na dveh južnonemških železnodobnih naseljih, place in the Alpine regions. in sicer Heuneburgu in Manchingu, ki sta imeli vsaj v The layout of the investigated part of the settle- nekaterih razvojnih fazah že urbani značaj.214 Izkazalo ment shows neither a strict organisation of space nor se je, da je treba atribute uporabljati fleksibilno, saj na a division between residential and artisan’s quarters, primer odsotnost kraljevih palač v obeh naseljih pri with workshops rather intermingled among the houses ( Fig. 60). The available data also reveals no clear spatial 213 Smith 2016, 158 s, t. 10.1. 214 211 Sievers 2007; Fernández-Götz, Krausse 2012; Parzinger 1991, 26; Parzinger 1992, 83 ff. 212 Fernández-Götz 2013; Fernández-Götz 2016. See here Toškan, 479 ff. 90 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 62: Tabela arheoloških urbanih atributov, apliciranih na Heuneburg in Manching (po Smith 2016); dodani so podatki za Most na Soči. Fig. 62: Table of archaeological urban attributes applied to Heuneburg and Manching (from Smith 2016) with added data for Most na Soči. določanju njunega urbanega statusa ni imela nobene segregation between the wealthy and the modest houses, vloge.215 Ob takšnih pogledih smo si dovolili na Smith- hence no clear social stratification of the people inhabit- ovo tabelo dodati podatke o Mostu na Soči ( sl. 62). Če- ing Most na Soči in the Iron Age. prav gre po površini in številu prebivalstva za bistveno manjšo aglomeracijo, je ujemanje presenetljivo.216 Vrsto atributov premore tudi Most na Soči, ki se s tega stališča Vil age or proto-urban settlement kaže kot pomembno naselje. Ali ga potemtakem že lahko označimo za protourbano? Mislimo, da ne, saj nas od The processes of urbanisation have been the subject take interpretacije odvrača problematičnost samega of ongoing and intense discussions mainly focused on izraza, hkrati pa še vedno zelo slabo poznamo družbeno the criteria for defining settlement structures as pre- strukturo tamkajšnje skupnosti. Zadnje razprave o tej cisely as possible. The question of whether a settlement problematiki so stare skoraj štiri desetletja.217 Zdi se, da has an urban character or not is a matter of defining so na Mostu na Soči dobro prepoznavne predvsem tiste its structures, but these are not universal definitions funkcije, s katerimi je pred časom Gringmuth-Dallmer and can usual y not be applied to all structures. Hence the difficulties that many archaeologists face when at- tempting to make sense of unclear situations, resorting 215 Smith 2016, 163, t. 10.3. to the use of vague terms such as ‘proto-urban centre’ 216 Za izračun živeče populacije, ki je seveda zgolj or ‘incompletely urbanised site’. informativen, smo uporabili formulo P = n/(t/30); P = število Michael E. Smith examined this topic exhaustively živeče populacije, n = število pokopov (7000), t = trajanje in one of his recent articles and proposed an alternative pokopavanja (500 let), 30 = trajanje generacije. Glej Nikulka method to tackling the problem, one that is based on a 2016, 139 ss. 217 series of archaeological urban attributes and replaces the Bergonzi et al. 1981. 91 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE skušal definirati centralnost naselij.218 Te funkcije so narrow definitions that reduce analytical flexibility. He oblast, zaščita, obrt, trgovina in kult. Glede Mosta na lists twenty-one attributes, which is considerably more Soči ostajamo zato pri nevtralnem terminu: središče than previously used by Flannery and Renfrew.213 They posoške skupnosti. form four groups of data, most of which can be gained from the archaeological record: settlement size, social impact (urban functions), built environment, as well as GOSPODARSKE OSNOVE social and economic features. But the attributes do not lead to clear definitions; what is a decisive factor in one Da se je Most na Soči lahko razvil v veliko in po- area may be irrelevant in another. He notes that the at- membno središče, ni bila dovolj zgolj njegova strateška tributes are mainly useful in conducting a comparative lega v sovodnji treh rek, temveč je moral imeti tudi pri- analysis of the nature and scale of urbanism rather than merno zaledje. Tu mislimo zlasti na bližino polj, saj sta establishing which sites were urban and which were not. bila poljedelstvo in živinoreja, kljub razmahu nekaterih He applied his attributes on two Iron Age settlements in novih panog, osnova za preživetje. southern Germany, Heuneburg and Manching, both of which exhibited an urban character at least in some of the phases.214 It turned out that the attributes should be POLJEDELSTVO used in a flexible manner, as the absence of royal palaces in both settlements played no role in determining their Ker za neposredno okolico Mosta na Soči nimamo urban character.215 In view of that, we used Smith’s table pelodnih profilov, vemo o vegetacijskem pokrovu tega and added the data for Most na Soči ( Fig. 62). Although a dela Soške doline v železni dobi zelo malo. Vse kaže, considerably smaller agglomeration in terms of settlement da je prevladoval listnat gozd. To je mogoče sklepati na and population size, the data is surprisingly closely com- podlagi analiz zoglenelega lesa iz naselja, ki pa ne daje parable.216 The great number of corresponding attributes odgovora na vprašanje, kako velike so bile izkrčene in shows that Most na Soči was an important settlement. Can v polja spremenjene površine. O njihovi legi in velikosti we define it as proto-urban? We think not, firstly because lahko govorimo zgolj hipotetično, pri čemer izhajamo iz we believe the term itself to be problematic and secondly predpostavke, da je bila rodovitnost odvisna predvsem because of the lack of knowledge on the social structure. od sestave tal, oblikovanosti površja ter hidroloških in Moreover, the last discussion on the social structure of klimatskih razmer. this community is already forty years old.217 It seems that Če se torej opremo na današnjo situacijo, vidimo, the functions most readily identifiable at Most na Soči are da se neposredno ob naselju – na severni strani proti primarily those that Gringmuth-Dallmer used to define vasi Modrej ter na vzhodu do zaselka Stopec – širi za the central character of a settlement,218 namely authority, poljedelstvo zelo primerno območje, veliko okoli 60 hek- protection, crafts and cult. The definition we therefore tarjev. Gre za plodne njive in sočne travnike. Površina propose for Most na Soči is a neutral one: centre of the se znatno poveča, če razširimo polje opazovanja na radij Posočje community. štirih kilometrov od naselja, kar ustreza približno uri hoda, ki je ekonomsko še upravičena za prazgodovinske skupnosti.219 V tem primeru pridejo v poštev tudi polja ECONOMIC BASE in travniki na desnem in levem bregu Soče pri vaseh Modrejce (40 ha), Čiginj-Kozaršče (100 ha), Podljubinj- Prapretno (550 ha), pa tudi obdelane površine na obeh The development of the Most na Soči settlement into bregovih Idrijce med vasjo Bača pri Modreju in zaselkom a large and important centre in the region was fostered Hotešk (90 ha). Vsota razpoložljivih površin znaša skoraj not only by its strategic location at the confluence of three 9 km2, kar je dovolj tudi za veliko večje aglomeracije, rivers, but also by favourable economic conditions. Par- kot je bil v železni dobi Most na Soči. ticularly important among these is the presence of arable Glede na upodobitev rala na cisti iz Montebel une land that enabled crops to be grown and animals to be v bližnjem Venetu220 lahko s precejšnjo verjetnostjo domnevamo, da so to pripravo poznali tudi v Posočju in 213 Smith 2016, 158 f, Pl. 10.1. da je bilo obdelovanje zemlje že na ravni ornega polje- 214 Sievers 2007; Fernández-Götz, Krausse 2012; delstva. V naselju o tem niso našli neposrednih dokazov. Fernández-Götz 2013; Fernández-Götz 2016. 215 Od poljedelskih orodij lahko omenimo le dva srpa, od Smith 2016, 163, Pl. 10.3. 216 katerih sodi prvi (iz hiše 30/2) na konec halštatskega To estimate the number of people living in the settlement, we used the formula P = n/(t/30); P = population, n = number of burials (7000), t = duration of burial (500 years), 218 Gringmuth-Dallmer 1996; Gringmuth-Dallmer 1999. 30 = duration of a generation. See Nikulka 2016, 139 ff. 219 217 Higs, Vita-Finzi 1972. Dular, Tecco Hvala 2007, 198 ss. Bergonzi et al. 1981. 220 218 Capuis, Ruta Serafini 1996, Fig. 6. Gringmuth-Dallmer 1996; Gringmuth-Dallmer 1999. 92 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 63: Poljedelsko orodje iz Idrije pri Bači (gr. 1, 18), Modreja in Mosta na Soči (gr. 1817B) (po Guštin 1991). M. = 1:6. Fig. 63: Farming tools and implements from Idrija pri Bači (Gr. 1, 18), Modrej and Most na Soči (Gr. 1817B) (from Guštin 1991). Scale = 1:6. obdobja, drugi (iz hiše 35/2) pa v poznolatenski čas.221 reared; this formed the mainstay of subsistence even when Tretji je bil najden v rimskih stavbnih ruševinah.222 Trije other economic activities were on the rise. primerki so znani tudi iz grobišča (Repelc, gr. 14; gr. Sz. 1817B), vendar pa zadnja grobna celota ni zanesljiva.223 Bogat spekter poljedeljskega orodja je bil odkrit v CROP CULTIVATION depojih in grobiščih idrijske skupnosti. Njeni pripadniki so v Posočju živeli v mlajši železni dobi, tezavriranje in There are no pollen diagrams available for the pridajanje orodja v grobove pa kaže na njihov poseben area of Most na Soči and we know very little about the odnos do narave/zemlje kot glavnega vira življenja in vegetation of this part of the Soča Valley in the Iron preživetja. V depojih in grobiščih poznolatenskega ob- Age. The analyses of the charred wood unearthed at the settlement have revealed a predominance of deciduous 221 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, t. 95: 3, 98: 15. Glej tudi tu forests, but not the extent to which forests were cleared Laharnar, 216 ss. to gain fields for crop cultivation. The position and size 222 Svoljšak 1974, 25, t. 14: 7. 223 of the fields can only be inferred from the supposition Mlinar 2002, 26–27, sl. 19; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, that the fertility of the soil mainly depended on the soil Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, 293, t. 173: B 17–18. 93 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE composition, configuration of the terrain, as well as hydrologic conditions and climate. Today, there is roughly 60 ha of land that is very suitable for cultivation in the immediate vicinity of the settlement to the north, in the direction towards Modrej, and to the east, to Stopec. Both areas are now used as fields and pastures. This potential arable surface increases if extending the radius of cultivation to 4 km from the settlement, which corresponds with an hour’s walk that is still considered economical y viable for prehistoric com- munities.219 The resulting arable surface thus includes the fields and pastures on the right and left banks of the Soča at the vil ages of Modrejce (40 ha), Čiginj-Kozaršče (100 ha), Podljubinj-Prapretno (550 ha), as well as the arable land on both banks of the Idrijca between the vil age of Bača pri Modreju and the Hotešk hamlet (90 ha). The sum of all available arable surface is almost 9 km2, which Sl. 64: Most na Soči. Žrmlje iz kremenovega konglomerata. Fig. 64: Most na Soči. Quernstone of quartz conglomerates. is sufficient even for much larger agglomerations than the (Foto / Photo: D. Svoljšak) Iron Age settlement at Most na Soči. The depiction of an ard plough on a cist from Mon- tebel una in nearby Veneto220 indicates that the people living in Posočje may also have been familiar with this implement and consequently that they already practised dobja najdemo pravzaprav vse: lemeže, črtala, ukrivljene plough agriculture. The settlement at Most na Soči in ravne kopače, lopate, vejnike, srpe in kose ( sl. 63).224 yielded no direct evidence of this; the recovered farming Obdelovanje polj je doseglo z uporabo pluga, ki je imel tools only include two sickles, one dating to the end of železen lemež in pred njim črtalo za rezanje brazd, the Hal statt period (House 30/2) and the other to the naprednejšo raven. Isto lahko rečemo za koso, ki je do- Late La Tène period (House 35/2).221 The third sickle was kaz, da so se ukvarjali tudi s spravilom sena, s katerim found among Roman building debris.222 Three sickles so ohranili stalež živali skozi zimske mesece. Seveda have also been found in two graves of the associated velja povedano zgolj za latensko obdobje. Ali so takšno cemetery (Repelc, Grave 14; Grave Sz 1817B), though poljedelsko orodje poznali že prej, torej tudi v starejši the grave group of the latter is unreliable.223 železni dobi, ostaja odprto vprašanje. A rich array of farming tools and implements has S poljedelstvom je povezano mletje žita. V naselju come to light within the Idrija community, the mem- so žrmlje našli v dvanajstih hišah, nekaj kosov pa je le- bers of which inhabited Posočje in the Late Iron Age. žalo tudi zunaj stavbišč.225 Večinoma imamo opraviti z Hoarding and depositing such items in graves reveals različno velikimi fragmenti, ki so prepoznavni po ravnih their special relationship with nature/land as a source površinah ( sl. 64). Celih kosov je bilo malo. Žrmlje so of life and subsistence. The hoards and cemeteries of bile sestavljene iz dveh polovic: masivnejšega spodnja- the Late La Tène period have revealed a near complete ka, ki je stal na mestu in premikajočega se vrhnjaka, s set of tools: ploughshares, coulters, curved and flat katerim so drobili žito. Petrološka analiza je pokazala, hoes, spades, bil hooks, sickles and scythes ( Fig. 63).224 da je bila večina žrmelj (85 %) izdelanih iz kremenovih Ploughing became more advanced with the use of a konglomeratov, za preostali del so kot material uporabili plough equipped with an iron ploughshare preceded by kremenov peščenjak. Različno zrnatost surovine je mor- a coulter for cutting furrows. The same can be said of da zahtevala priprava različnih prehranskih izdelkov; the scythe, which is evidence of haymaking to provide jedi iz fino zmlete moke bi bile potemtakem v manjšini. for the animals during winter months. Whether such Seveda so lahko žrmlje uporabljali tudi za druge namene, farming tools had already been used earlier, in the Early na primer drobljenje kalcita, ki so ga lončarji kot pustilo Iron Age, remains an open question. dodajali glini. Najbližja ležišča karbonskih in permskih 219 klastitov, iz katerih so izdelane žrmlje, so v okolici Cer- Higs, Vita-Finzi 1972. Dular, Tecco Hvala 2007, 198 ff. 220 knega ter v Poljanski in Selški dolini. Prebivalci Mosta Capuis, Ruta Serafini 1996, Fig. 6. 221 na Soči so morali po kamenino v 20–30 km oddaljene Svoljšak, Dular 2016, Pls. 95: 3, 98: 15. Also see here Laharnar, 216 ff. kraje.226 222 Svoljšak 1974, 25, Pl. 14: 7. 224 223 Guštin 1991, 60 ss; glej tudi Božič 2007. Mlinar 2002, 26–27, Fig. 19; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, 225 Glej tu Horvat, tab. 2. Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, 293, Pl. 173: B 17–18. 226 224 Ib., sl. 2. Guštin 1991, 60 ff; also see Božič 2007. 94 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Pridelke so verjetno hranili v jamah. Vsebine teh Connected with crop cultivation is the grinding niso bile pregledane s flotacijskim postopkom, zato of crops – cereals. The Early Iron Age settlement at iz njih, razen živalskih kosti, ne poznamo organskih Most na Soči has revealed the remains of querns inside ostankov. Izjema je bila jama 2 v hiši 7. Zapolnjevali so twelve houses and some also outside them.225 They are jo kamnit drobir, koščki prežgane ilovice, deli bronaste mostly variously large fragments identifiable as querns posode in žganina s številnimi zoglenelimi zrni. Karpo- by their flat surfaces ( Fig. 64); very few querns have been loška analiza polnila je pokazala, da je bila v jami prava unearthed complete. The quern was composed of two “semenska banka” kulturnih rastlin, ki so jih za prehrano quernstones: the larger lower stone that was stationary gojili železnodobni prebivalci Mosta na Soči.227 Med and the movable upper stone. Petrological analysis has njimi naj omenimo več vrst pšenice (navadna, enozrna, shown that most querns (85%) were made of quartz dvozrna, sevka), dve vrsti ječmena (navadni in dvored- conglomerates, the rest of quartz sandstone. It is possible nik), rž in proso. Slednjega je bilo največ, medtem ko so that the preparation of different foods dictated the cereals bile druge vrste, razen rži, zastopane le z nekaj zrni. Poleg to be ground to varying degrees; the type of stone thus žit je bilo v jami še nekaj lečnate grašice, lešnikove lušči- suggests that foods of finely ground flour were seldom ne in − kar je še posebej zanimivo − več deset fragmentov prepared. Querns could also be used for other purposes, jedrc oreha ter zoglenel kos navadnega smokvovca. Vsaj for example for grinding calcite to be used as temper in nekateri od teh sadežev (oreh in figa) so prišli v Posočje pottery making. The closest deposits of Carboniferous and najverjetneje iz južnih krajev, podobno kot redki kosi Permian clastics, used to make the querns, are located in uvoženega posodja. Kot kaže, so prebivalci Mosta na the area of Cerkno, as well as in the valleys of the Poljanska Soči gojili tudi bob, vendar ta ugotovitev zaradi zelo dolina and Selška dolina. The people living at Most na fragmentarno ohranjenih semen, najdenih v hiši 15A, Soči had to travel 20–30 km to obtain this raw material.226 ni povsem zanesljiva.228 They probably stored produce in pits. Their contents were not wet-sieved and the only recorded organic remains are fragments of animal bones. An exception is Pit 2 in ŽIVINOREJA, LOV IN RIBOLOV House 7, the fill of which consisted of stone rubble, pieces of burnt loam, parts of a bronze vessel and burnt remains Kmetijstvo je bilo v Zgornjem Posočju do nedav- with numerous charred grains. The carpological analysis nega in je pravzaprav še danes tradicionalno usmerjeno of the grains has revealed a proper ‘seed bank’ of crops.227 v ovčerejo in govedorejo ter pridobivanje lesa, za kar They include several types of wheat (common, einkorn, so naravne danosti tod najprimernejše. Gre za alpsko emmer, spelt), two types of barley (common and two-row), pokrajino z globokimi rečnimi dolinami in velikimi raz- rye and millet. The greatest number of grains belongs to likami v nadmorski višini ter strmimi nakloni. Različne millet, followed by rye, while other species are only repre- so tudi podnebne razmere, ugodnejše za poselitev in sented with a few grains. Apart from cereals, the pit also kmetovanje so v rečnih dolinah, po katerih se širi sre- contained several grains of bitter vetch, hazelnut shel s dozemski vpliv, medtem ko vladajo v hribovitem zaledju and – particularly interesting – several tens of fragments of in visokogorju ostrejši pogoji s krajšimi vegetacijskimi walnut kernels and a charred piece of the common fig. At cikli, ki so bolj primerni za sezonske dejavnosti, kot je least some of these fruits (walnut and fig) came to Posočje pašništvo.229 from the south, similarly as the rare pieces of imported Arheozoološki vzorec iz železnodobnega naselja na pottery. It is possible that the inhabitants of Most na Soči Mostu na Soči, ki je po številčnosti najdb (n = 11.767) also grew broad beans, though the grains in question found največji iz tega časa v jugovzhodnoalpskem prostoru, in House 15A are highly fragmented.228 kaže na veliko prevlado drobnice (51,1 %) in goveda (37 %) ter manjši delež domačega prašiča (10 %), pri- sotni so še skromni ostanki psa, konja in kokoši.230 Med ANIMAL HUSBANDRY, HUNTING AND FISHING določljivimi najdbami pripada kar 98,5 % domačim živalim, medtem ko je divjad zastopana le z 1,5-odstot- Agriculture in the upper Posočje region has been nim deležem, od tega je največ jelenjadi (1 %) in divjega until recently, and largely still is, oriented towards rear- prašiča (0,3 %), najdenih je bilo še nekaj fragmentov ing sheep and cattle, as well as wood production. These kosti srnjadi, tura, poljskega zajca, medveda, lisice in are the activities most suitable to the natural conditions kune zlatice ( sl. 65). in this alpine region with deep ravines, steep slopes Živalski ostanki iz naselbine razkrivajo pred- and great differences in altitude. Its undulating terrain vsem ekonomski vidik človekovega odnosa do živali. causes differences in the climate, with Mediterranean 227 225 Glej tu Motel a De Carlo, tab. 7. See here Horvat, Table 2. 228 226 Glej tu Tolar, 450. Ib., Fig. 2. 229 227 Perko, Orožen Adamič 2001, 34 ss. See here Motel a De Carlo, Table 7. 230 228 Glej tu Toškan, 470 ss, tab. 1. See here Tolar, 450. 95 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Jelenjad / Red deer Divji prašič / Wild boar (1 %) (0,3 %) Druge domače živali / Other domesticates Druga divjad / Other wild animals (0,4 %) (0,2 %) Domači prašič / Domestic pig (10 %) Govedo / Cattle (37%) Drobnica / Sheep-goat (51,1 %) Sl. 65: Razmerje med posameznimi vrstami živali, zastopanih v železnodobni naselbini na Mostu na Soči. Skupno število dolo- čljivih ostankov kosti in zob je 5546 (glej tu Toškan, tab. 1). Fig. 65: Shares of animal species as revealed by the bone and teeth remains from the Iron Age settlement at Most na Soči. The total number of identifiable specimens is 5546 (see here Toškan, Tab. 1). Drobnico, govedo in prašiče so vzrejali za prehrano, influences spreading up the river valleys, making them za pridobivanje volne in kož, govedo tudi kot delovno most suitable for both habitation and crop cultivation, živino. Videti je, da so s čredami smotrno gospodarili. while the climate in their alpine hinterland is harsher Sodeč po starostnem profilu živali ob zakolu, jim je bila and vegetation cycles shorter, which are conditions that poleg mesa in maščob pomembna pridelava mleka in favour seasonal activities such as pastoral farming.229 volne, saj so denimo ovce pogosto redili tri do pet let, ko The archaeozoological assemblage from the Iron je imelo njihovo meso še vedno kulinarično vrednost, Age settlement at Most na Soči is the largest (n = 11.767) ob tem so lahko več sezon od njih pridobivali volno of its period from the south-eastern Alpine area. It shows in mleko. V populaciji goveda prav tako prevladujejo a predominance of sheep/goats (51.1%) and cattle (37%), odrasle živali, te so jim lahko dajale več mleka, poleg a smaller share of domestic pigs (10%) and scarce re- tega so bile uporabne za vleko in transport, kar je vi- mains of dogs, horses and hens.230 The identifiable finds dno po deformacijah na nožnih kosteh starejših živali. comprise as much as 98.5% of domestic animals and Drugačen starostni profil je bil ugotovljen pri prašičih, 1.5% of wild species, of the latter mainly red deer (1%) iz katerega je mogoče razbrati, da so jih namenili za and wild boar (0.3%), but also a few bone fragments of zakol že v prvih treh letih starosti. Reja kokoši je imela roe deer, aurochs, hare, brown bear, fox and European v hišnem gospodarstvu, sodeč po eni samcati najdbi, za- pine marten ( Fig. 65). nemarljivo vlogo oziroma se še ni razmahnila.231 Glede The animal remains from the Most na Soči set- na majhno zastopanost konja je mogoče domnevati, da tlement mainly il uminate the economic aspect of the ta ni bil prehranski vir. Metrični podatki kažejo, da so human-animal relationships. They show efficient animal nekatere kosti konja iz naselbine primerljive denimo husbandry in which sheep/goats, cattle and pigs were z jezdnimi konji z Magdalenske gore na Dolenjskem, reared for their meat, wool and hides, cattle also as kjer so bili pokopani skupaj s konjeniki in so pomenili draught animals. The age-at-death analysis shows that prestiž.232 Da so jih tudi na Mostu na Soči uporabljali milk and wool were as important as meat and fats. Sheep, for example, were slaughtered at the age of three to five 231 229 Ib., 477 ss, tab. 4 in 7. Perko, Orožen Adamič 2001, 34 ff. 232 230 Ib., 471 ss, tab. 2. See here Toškan, 470 ff, Tab. 1. 96 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE za ježo, govorijo z brzdami opremljeni konjski skeleti, years, when their meat still had a culinary value, but had odkriti v grobišču.233 provided wool and milk for several seasons. The cattle Zagotavljanje krme za živino za tamkajšnjo skup- population also mainly consisted of adult individuals, nost ni pomenilo večjih težav, saj je v neposredni okolici which could provide more milk and were also useful as Mosta na Soči dovolj travniških površin, možnosti za draught and pack animals, which is indicated by the de- sezonsko pašo pa ponuja tudi hribovito zaledje. Do- formations on the extremities of older individuals. Quite a mnevno so gorsko pašništvo oziroma transhumanco different age-at-death profile has been established for pigs, prakticirali že v železni dobi, vendar je gospodarsko which were slaughtered in the first three years of their life. izkoriščanje planin iz tistih časov še slabo poznano in ar- The single hen bone shows that poultry rearing was not heološko raziskano.234 Kako so železnodobni prebivalci (yet) significant in the household economy.231 The low Mosta na Soči vzdrževali stalež živali čez zimo, ni jasno, share of horse bones suggests that the animal was not a saj znotraj naselbinskega rastra staje ali ograde niso bile food source. The metric data show that some of the horse ugotovljene niti prostori za skladiščenje krme. Prav tako bones are comparable with the riding horses excavated at nimamo jasnih indicev o načinih konzerviranja mesa. Magdalenska gora in Dolenjska, where they were buried Prehrano so si morda občasno dopolnjevali z div- together with their owners and served as symbols of social jačino, ki so jo lovili v okoliških gozdovih – jelenjadjo in status.232 The horses from Most na Soči were also used for srnjadjo, divjim prašičem, turom, medvedom in zajcem, riding, as suggested by horse skeletons buried complete ali pa so jo lovili zaradi kož in krzna, slednja možnost je with bridle bits in the associated cemetery.233 verjetnejša predvsem za lisico in kuno zlatico. Ostanki The community presumably had a plentiful supply lovnih živali so bili odkriti v hišah, ki smo jih prepoznali of fodder, with vast meadows in the immediate vicinity kot nekoliko premožnejše, medtem ko je jelenje rogovje and seasonal pastures in the mountainous hinterland. zastopano tudi v objektih, namenjenih rokodelskim de- Transhumance would also have been practised in the javnostim; na nekaterih kosih so vidni znaki obdelave, Iron Age, though the economic exploitation of the alpine torej so ga uporabljali kot surovino.235 areas of the period is still very poorly known, with few Čeprav v naselju ni bilo najdenih ostankov rib, je archaeological investigations carried out thus far.234 It vendarle mogoče predpostavljati, da so se kdaj pa kdaj is not clear how the Iron Age inhabitants of Most na znašle na jedilniku tamkajšnjih prebivalcev, saj so na- Soči maintained their stock during winter, as no pens vsezadnje živeli v objemu dveh rek. Dokaz za ribolov je or enclosures, as well as no structures for fodder storage bronast trnek iz jarka, ki je prečil pobočje na zahodnem were documented within the settlement. We also have delu naselbine.236 In kaj bi z njim lahko ulovili? Soča je no clear indications as to how they preserved their meat. v zgornjem toku hudourniška reka, ki teče do Furlan- The diet may occasional y have been supplemented ske nižine po ozkih koritih in beli prodnati strugi proti with game hunted in the surrounding forests: red and Jadranskemu morju. Gre za mrzlo alpsko reko s snežno- roe deer, wild boars, aurochs, bears and hares. Wild dežnim režimom, ki dosega višek pretoka spomladi ob animals may also have been hunted for their fur; this taljenju snega v visokogorju in drugega ob jesenskem is particularly likely for foxes and pine martens. The deževju, dolvodno pa se režim postopoma spremeni v remains of hunted animals were recovered from houses dežno-snežnega. Celo v najtoplejših mesecih v zgornjem identified as slightly wealthier, while red deer antlers toku komaj kdaj doseže temperaturo 15 oC. V njej uspe- were also found in buildings intended for crafts; some of vajo salmonidne vrste rib, med avtohtone sodita soška the antler pieces bear traces of being worked and suggest postrv ( Salmo trutta marmoratus), ki je danes cenjena their use as raw material.235 lokalna specialiteta, in lipan ( Thymal us thymal us) ter The settlement yielded no fish remains, but the še nekatere druge vrste.237 proximity of two rivers suggests that fish were on the menu from time to time, there is also material evidence O posebnem odnosu, ki ga je tedanji človek gojil of fishing in the shape of a fishhook, which was unearthed do živali, govorijo najdbe s kultnega mesta (hiša 6/2), in the ditch that ran down the slope in the western part of kjer so zastopani izključno nemesnati deli domačih the settlement.236 We may even speculate as to the kinds živalih v podobnih razmerjih, kot kaže slika najdb iz 231 Ib., 477 ff, Tabs. 4 and 7. 232 Ib., 471 ff, Tab. 2. 233 233 Marchesetti 1893, 95, t. 30 (gr. M 2141), 123 s (gr. M Marchesetti 1893, 95, Pl. 30 (Gr. M 2141), 123 f (Gr. 2788); Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, 120 s, t. M 2788); Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, 120 51–52A (gr. Sz 592). Oznaka Sz je dodana številkam grobov, f, Pls. 51–52A (Gr. Sz 592). The letters Sz mark the graves ki so bili odkriti med Szombathyjevimi izkopavanji na Mostu excavated during Szombathy’s campaigns at Most na Soči, na Soči, tisti z Marchesettijevih izkopavanj so označeni z M. the letter M the graves excavated by Marchesetti. 234 234 Glej npr. Horvat 2006, 21 ss; Cevc 2006, 113 ss. See e.g. Horvat 2006, 21 ff; Cevc 2006, 113 ff. 235 235 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, t. 24: 14-19, in še tu Toškan, tab. 6. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, Pl. 24: 14–19, and here Toškan, 236 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 221 s, t. 100: 1. Tab. 6. 237 236 Povž, Sket 1990, 369; Rojšek 1991, 36 ss. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 221 f, Pl. 100: 1. 97 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE celotnega naselja (50,5 % drobnice, 34 % goveda in of fish would have been fished. The Soča is a torrential 15,5% prašiča).238 To le še potrjuje, kako pomembno river in the upper reaches, then flowing along a narrow vlogo so imele te živali za preživetje skupnosti. Prav bed to the Friuli plain and along a wide bed of white gravel tako jih zasledimo med pridatki v grobovih nekdanjih further towards the Adriatic. It is a cold Alpine river with a prebivalcev.239 Na osnovi odkritij v grobišču lahko nivo-pluvial regime that has one discharge peak in spring, sklepamo, da so žrtvovali tudi konje.240 Bolj oseben ali from the snow melting in the mountains, and the other intimen odnos pa bi lahko videli v kostnih ostankih psa in autumn during the autumn rains, while further down znotraj tlorisov hiš 3/1 in 15A/1, ki je nemara pomenil it gradual y changes to a pluvio-nival regime. Even in zvestega spremljevalca gospodarju pri lovu ali varovanju the warmest months, it barely reaches 15oC in the upper črede ali pa čuvaja hiše.241 stretch. It is host to fish of the Salmonidae family, among them the autochthonous marble trout ( Salmo trutta marmoratus), today a local delicacy, grayling ( Thymal us ROKODELSTVO thymal us) and several other species.237 The animal remains unearthed at the cult place Verjetno ne bomo daleč od resnice, če rečemo, da (House 6/2) tell of the special relationship towards the se je v železni dobi precej dejavnosti odvijalo v krogu animals. The cult structure only yielded least meaty body samooskrbnega gospodarstva, saj so se z obdelovanjem parts of domesticates in similar ratios as documented for lesa, pletarstvom, tkalstvom in deloma tudi lončarstvom the settlement as a whole (50.5% sheep/goat, 34% cattle lahko ukvarjali doma, oziroma za to niso bili potrebni and 15.5% pig).238 This confirms the great significance samostojni poklici. Dosti večjo izurjenost je zahtevalo of animals in the subsistence strategy of the community. obdelovanje kovin. Potrebna so bila specialna znanja, ki Animal remains were also found in the graves of the so jih do podrobnosti obvladali le izurjeni mojstri. Pa si community.239 These show horse sacrifice as part of the oglejmo, kaj nam o rokodelstvu povedo terenski izvidi burial ritual.240 A more intimate relationship may be sup- in najdbe z Mosta na Soči. posed for the bones of dogs recovered in Houses 3/1 and 15A/1, which may have accompanied their masters during hunting or herding, or may have guarded the house.241 Lončarstvo Izdelki lončarjev, bodisi celi ali v črepinjah, so CRAFTS tudi na Mostu na Soči najpogostejše najdbe. Spekter predmetov je izredno širok, od posodja za kuho in Evidence suggests that the Iron Age inhabitants at vsakdanjo rabo pa vse do velikih silosov, v katerih so Most na Soči mainly practised subsistence economy; morda shranjevali živež in druge dobrine. Oblikovno wood working, wickerwork, weaving and partly also pestra je tudi lončenina, izdelana za kultne namene. Ob pottery making took place within individual households posodju kaže omeniti številne glinene plošče, okrašene and did not require special y trained craftsmen. Much z najrazličnejšimi plastičnimi in vrezanimi ornamenti, greater skil s were required for metal working; with spe- ki so bile inventar nekaterih hiš. cialised knowledge only possessed by trained masters. Analiza keramičnega gradiva iz naselja – upo- The text below will examine individual crafts at Most na števano je bilo okoli 19 % vseh najdb – je pokazala Soči in greater detail. vrsto oblikovnih in tehnoloških značilnosti, ki si jih je vredno podrobneje ogledati.242 Če se najprej ustavimo pri surovini, iz katere je bilo posodje narejeno, vidimo, Pottery making da so lončarji glino pripravljali po preizkušeni recep- turi. Praviloma so ji dodali pustilo iz kalcitnega peska The products of potters, be it complete or in shards, različnih granulacij, ki ga zasledimo v večini izdelkov. are the commonest small finds at Most na Soči. The Brez njega so redki kosi, predvsem uvoženo posodje array of everyday pottery is very wide, from cooking pots to large containers that presumably held foodstuffs 238 237 Glej tu Toškan, 480 ss, tab. 5. Povž, Sket 1990, 369; Rojšek 1991, 36 ff. 239 238 Npr. gr. M 325, 411, 614, 863, 869, 880 itd. in Sz 248, See here Toškan, 479 ff, Tab. 5. 239 1149, 1354, 1819: Marchesetti 1893, 12, 17, 27, 39 ss itd.; E.g. Grs. M 325, 411, 614, 863, 869, 880 and others, Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, 77, 206, 229, as well as Sz 248, 1149, 1354, 1819: Marchesetti 1893, 12, 17, 293 s. 27, 39 ff etc.; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, 240 Glej spodaj poglavje o blagovni menjavi in kulturnih 77, 206, 229, 293 f. 240 stikih. See below, in the chapter on Exchange of goods and 241 Glej tu Toškan, 493, tab. 12. cultural contacts. 242 241 Glej tu Grahek, 250 ss. See here Toškan, 492 f, Tab. 12. 98 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE iz finozrnate gline in grafitna keramika, ki večinoma and other goods. Also formal y varied is the pottery izvirajo iz latenskodobnih hiš.243 produced for cult purposes. There are even numerous Lončenino so oblikovali prostoročno. Ta tehnika ceramic plaques decorated with different applied and izdelave je bila v starejši železni dobi običajna in jo sre- incised motifs found inside several of the houses. čamo tudi na drugih območjih jugovzhodnih Alp. Na The analysis of the settlement pottery (performed on počasnem lončarskem vretenu je bilo namreč izdelanih roughly 19% of all ceramic finds) has revealed a number manj kot 3 % posod. Kdaj natančno se je uporaba ročne- of common formal and technological features.242 One of ga vretena uveljavila, ni čisto jasno, sklepajoč iz časovne these is the raw material. Clay was prepared according opredelitve gradiva, se je to najverjetneje zgodilo na to a tested recipe, general y with added temper of calcite začetku mladohalštatskega obdobja. Ker je bil Most na sand of various grain sizes, and used to make the majority Soči poseljen tudi v mlajši železni dobi, ne preseneča, of products. The rare products without such temper are da je bilo nekaj posod narejenih na hitrem lončarskem mainly imported vessels of fine fabric and graphite ware vretenu. Njihovo število pa je majhno in ne dosega pol predominantly from the La Tène houses.243 odstotka analiziranih fragmentov. The pottery was hand-built. This was the technique Večina keramičnih izdelkov je bila oksidacijsko general y employed in the Early Iron Age and has been žganih. Posod, narejenih v redukcijski atmosferi, je bilo recorded in other areas of the south-eastern Alps as manj kot 18 %, še skromnejši pa je delež reoksidacijsko wel . Less than 3% of vessels was thrown on the slow žgane lončenine, ki dosega okoli 11 %. Prisotnost reok- wheel. It is not clear exactly when the potters began sidacijsko žganega posodja je pomembna predvsem using the hand-driven wheel on a regular basis, though s tehnološkega vidika. Kaže namreč, da so mostarski the chronological attribution of pottery suggests it must lončarji pri svojem delu uporabljali peči, saj je bilo mo- have occurred at the beginning of the Late Hal statt goče le v njih doseči nadzorovano atmosfero. Keramika period. As Most na Soči was also inhabited in the Late z Mosta na Soči je večinoma trda in čvrsta. Kvaliteta Iron Age, it is not surprising that several vessels were also je vsekakor rezultat skrbne priprave lončarske gline, k made on the fast wheel; their number is small though temu pa je treba dodati dobro obvladovanje postopkov and does not exceed 0.5% of the analysed shards. sušenja in žganja. Most of the pottery was fired in an oxidising atmos- Največji delež posodja iz naselja pripada loncem in phere. Less than 18% of the analysed pieces reveal firing pitosom, ki po številu skoraj za petkrat presegajo ostale in a reducing and even less, roughly 11%, in a reoxidising oblike.244 Gre za lončarske izdelke namenjene shranje- atmosphere. The presence of pottery fired in a reoxidis- vanju živil in pripravi hrane. Glede na priljubljenost ing atmosphere is significant from the technological loncev bi lahko rekli, da so na ognjiščih pripravljali standpoint, because it shows that potters at Most na Soči zlasti kašaste jedi. Med kuhinjskim inventarjem je used pottery kilns, as this is the only way to achieve the treba omeniti še redke pekve in prenosne pečke, ki so controlled atmosphere needed. The pottery from Most služile za peko kruha in mesa.245 Številnejši so bili v na Soči is predominantly hard and resistant. Its quality hišah glinasti svitki, za katere pa ni nujno, da so jih kot is certainly the result of careful preparation of the clay, podstavke uporabljali zgolj na ognjiščih.246 Ob skoraj but also of mastering the drying and firing process. popolni odsotnosti piramidalnih uteži je zelo verjetno, The commonest forms of vessels are jars and pithoi, da so z njimi napenjali tudi niti na statvah. which are five times more numerous than other forms.244 Zanimiva je primerjava naselbinske lončenine s po- These were products intended for storing and prepar- sodjem, ki so ga našli v grobišču. Čeprav gre za izdelke is- ing food. The high number of jars suggests that mainly tih lončarjev, prevladujejo v grobovih povsem drugačne porridge and stews were prepared on the hearths. The forme. Izjema so zgolj pitosi in situle, ki so razmeroma cooking utensils also include rare baking lids and portable številni tako v naselju kot grobišču. Največji razkorak ovens, which would have been used for making bread and je opaziti pri latvicah in loncih z nogo, ki sta v grobovih preparing meat.245 Found in the houses in greater num- najpogostejši obliki, medtem ko jih v naselju skorajda bers were ceramic rings, which could have been used as ni. Vzrok tiči morda v dejstvu, da gre v obeh primerih cooking stands.246 The almost complete absence of loom za posodje, ki mu je priljubljenost v mladohalštatskem weights, however, indicates that they may also have been obdobju, torej v času, kamor sodi raziskan predel naselja, used in looms, for keeping the threads taught. vidno upadla.247 Bodi kakorkoli že, grobiščna keramika The pottery from the settlement differs from that se od naselbinske bistveno razlikuje. To ne preseneča, found in the associated cemetery. Although products of saj je posodje služilo različnim namenom. the same potters, the cemetery revealed a very different 243 242 Grahek, Košir v tej knjigi, 309 ss. See here Grahek, 250 ff. 244 243 Grahek v tej knjigi, sl. 23 in 24. Grahek, Košir here, 309 ff. 245 244 Ib., sl. 26. Grahek in this publication, Figs. 23 and 24. 246 245 Ib., sl. 25. Ib., Fig. 26. 247 246 Dular 1982, 92 ss, sl. 9 in 10. Ib., Fig. 25. 99 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Lončenina iz grobov je velikokrat bogato okrašena. array of forms with the exception of pithoi and situlae Omenimo lahko nalepljena rebra in bradavice, barvanje that are relatively frequent everywhere. The largest z rdečo in črno barvo ter apliciranje bronastih žebljičkov, difference is in the dishes with an inturned rim and s katerimi so narejeni najrazličnejši ornamenti. Vreze so pedestal jars, which are the commonest forms in graves, večkrat zapolnili z belo pasto in s tem dosegli pestrejši but almost absent in the settlement. The cause of this videz. Nekatere posode so bile okrašene z nalepljenimi difference may be in the fact that both forms drastical y lističi iz svinca ali kositra.248 Vse kaže, da je imela okra- dropped in popularity in the Late Hal statt period, which šena lončenina precejšnjo vrednost, sicer je ne bi, če se is the date of the investigated part of the settlement.247 je razbila, skušali popraviti. Marchesetti nam je o tem Having said this, differences are to be expected as the posredoval pomembna opažanja. Odlomljene dele so pottery served different purposes. zlepili s smolo, nato pa so spoje povezali z objemkami The pottery from the graves is often richly decorated iz svinca in kositra, ki so jih vstavili v prej izvrtane lu- with cordons and knobs, red and black painting, bronze knjice.249 Zanimiv je podatek o reparaturi žare iz groba studs to form a variety of motifs. Incisions were frequently M 1203. Razmeroma široko luknjo so zalili z zlitino filled with white paste to achieve a more colourful ap- 45,60 % kositra in 33,47 % svinca, za kar so porabili kar pearance. Some vessels are also adorned with leaves of 576 gramov zmesi.250 Iz podatka je mogoče sklepati lead or tin.248 This shows a higher value of the decorated dvoje: da svinec in kositer nista bili kdove kako cenjeni pottery, which was repaired when broken. Marchesetti kovini – kar je seveda malo verjetno – ali pa je imelo offered important observations on this topic. He noted nekatero posodje v pogrebnih ritualih zelo pomembno that the broken off pieces were reattached using resin and mesto. S svinčenimi čepi zakrpane pitose omenja namreč the fractures reinforced with clamps of lead and tin set v svojih terenskih dnevnikih tudi Szombathy.251 into previously drilled holes.249 An interesting example is Razgibane oblike, pestra ornamentika in dovršena also the urn from Grave M 1203, which was repaired by izdelava posodja kažejo na to, da se je lončarstvo na Mo- filling a relatively large crack with an alloy of tin (45.60%) stu na Soči v mlajšem halštatskem obdobju večinoma že and lead (33.7%) that weighed as much as 576 grams.250 izvilo iz objema hišnega gospodarstva. Od objektov, ki This information reveals that either lead and tin were not bi jih lahko prepoznali kot lončarski obrat, je edino hiša especial y precious metals – which is not very likely – or 23/1.252 V njej je bila večja jama, na njenem dnu pa je that some of the pottery involved in the burial rituals na zoglenelih deskah ležal velik kup svitkov, okrašenih was of particular importance. Szombathy makes similar plošč in lončenine. Vse skupaj je prekrivala prežgana references in his field diaries, mentioning pithoi repaired in otrdela ilovnata gmota. Svitki so bili v različnih po- with lead plugs.251 ložajih. Ob vzhodnem robu so bili naloženi drug vrh The diversity of form and decoration, as well as drugega, v sredini pa so ležali bodisi pošev ali pokonci. the skillful execution show that pottery making in the Iz njihovih leg je mogoče razbrati, da so bili zloženi na Late Hal statt period at Most na Soči was no longer a lesen podest, ki je prekrival jamo. Očitno zaradi sušenja. household activity. The only one of the buildings in Ker je delavnico zajel uničujoči požar, je ogenj neenako- the settlement that may have functioned as a potter’s merno prežgal tudi izdelke. Kje so stale lončarske peči, workshops is House 23/1.252 It had a large pit that izkopavanja niso odkrila. Gotovo na prostem in zaradi contained charred wooden boards and on them a large požarne varnosti tudi v primerni oddaljenosti od hiš. heap of ceramic rings, decorated plaques and pottery, all covered by a burnt and hardened mass of loam. The rings were lying in different positions; at the eastern Obdelava lesa edge they were found stacked on top of one another, in the centre they were positioned either at an angle or Čeprav je bila v železni dobi večina predmetov upright. This suggests they were placed onto a wooden najverjetneje iz lesa, imamo o tem pravzaprav malo floor that covered the pit, apparently for drying. At one dokazov, saj gre za neobstojen material, ki se je ohranil point, the workshop suffered a devastating fire that le v redkih primerih. Če namreč odmislimo ostanke caused the ceramic products to become unevenly fired. lesene arhitekture in z njo povezanega tesarstva – to Excavations did not establish the location of the pottery smo izčrpno obravnavali v poglavju o gradnji hiš – lahko kilns; they were certainly located in the open and, to omenimo iz naselja zgolj tri predmete. Najprej zoglenele avoid fire hazard, also at a safe distance from the houses. 247 Dular 1982, 92 ff, Figs. 9 and 10. 248 248 Marchesetti 1893, 140 ss, t. 4−7. Marchesetti 1893, 140 ff, Pls. 4−7. 249 249 Ib., 150, t. 4: 3, 11. Ib., 150, Pl. 4: 3,11. 250 250 Ib., opomba 1 in 2. Ib., Fns. 1 and 2. 251 251 Npr. gr. Sz 73, 221, 642, 651. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, E.g. Graves Sz 73, 221, 642, 651. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984−1985, 55, t. 10C: 16; 74, t. 22C: 3; 126 s, Trampuž-Orel 1984−1985, 55, Pl. 10C: 16; 74, Pl. 22C: 3; 126 t. 55B: 4; 129, t. 60B: 2-4. f, Pl. 55B: 4; 129, Pl. 60B: 2−4. 252 252 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 166 ss. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 166 ff. 100 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 66: Lesene posode iz grobov M 2672, Sz 908, Sz 1586, Sz 1563; pokrov iz protja iz groba M 2151; (po Marchesetti 1893 in Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985). M. = 1:3. Fig. 66: Wooden cups from Graves M 2672, Sz 908, Sz 1586, Sz 1563 and wicker lid from Grave M 2151; (from Marchesetti 1893 and Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985). Scale = 1:3. Woodworking Most artefacts used in the Iron Age were probably made of wood, though this is an assumption not well supported by material evidence given that wood as an organic material rarely survives through the ages. The Iron Age settlement at Most na Soči has revealed remains of wood, most of which is structural and discussed in detail in the chapter on the Iron Age architecture in Posočje. It also revealed three smaller objects of wood. One is a tub or tank, the charred remains of which were found on the floor near the hearth in House 16/1.253 Wood analysis has shown that the staves were made of rose and beech wood, while the hoop was made of hazelwood.254 The other two artefacts were recovered in the area of the cult place (second phase of House 6).255 One is a fragment of wood worked and smoothed from both sides that may also have formed part of a wooden vessel. The other piece is probably part of a spindle; it is round and bears parallel incisions indicating turning.256 The last two items have been subjected to inappropriate ostanke manjše kadi oziroma čebra, ki so ležali na podu conservation procedures and the wood species cannot blizu ognjišča v hiši 16/1.253 Antrakološka analiza je be determined. pokazala, da so za izdelavo dog uporabili les rožnic in The cemetery at Most na Soči revealed several bukve, medtem ko je bil obroč iz leske.254 Ostala dva wooden vessels offered in graves ( Fig. 66: 1−4).257 They predmeta sta bila najdena na območju kultnega mesta are small bowls or dishes that served as ladles, as indi- (druga faza hiše 6).255 Prvi je odlomek z obeh strani cated by their positions inside larger bronze vessels. They obdelanega in zglajenega lesa, ki bi lahko bil prav tako are similar in form to the ceramic vessels. del lesene posode. Drugi kos je zanimivejši, verjetno gre Tools provide indirect evidence of woodworking. za del predilnega vretena. Predmet je okrogle oblike, A number of them have been found at Most na Soči na njem so sledi vzporednih raz, kar je dokaz, da je bil and are jointly presented on Fig. 67.258 They include narejen na stružnici.256 Vrste lesa, iz katerega sta bila tools only used in woodworking, namely a drawknife predmeta narejena, zaradi neustreznih konservacijskih and spoon auger from House 29/1.259 Knives, chisels, posegov ni bilo mogoče določiti. punches, choppers and awls could also have been used Z Mosta na Soči je znanih tudi nekaj lesenih po- to work other materials, such as metal, leather and bone. sod. Najdene so bile v grobovih ( sl. 66: 1−4).257 Gre za Drawknives, which continued to be used in similar skodele oziroma sklede manjših dimenzij, ki so služile 253 Ib., 2016, 137, Fig. 126. za zajemanje pijače, saj so ležale v notranjosti bronastih 254 See here Motel a De Carlo, 419, Fig. 49 (Samples 36, posod. Po oblikah so podobne lončenim izdelkom. 38–41). 253 255 Ib., 137, sl. 126. Tolar in this publication, 446, Fig. 1. 254 256 Glej tu Motel a De Carlo, 419, sl. 49 (vzorci 36, 38–41). On turning in the Iron Age see Drescher 1980, 58 ff. 255 257 Tolar v tej knjigi, 446, sl. 1. Graves M 2672, M 2694, Sz 908, Sz 955, Sz 1563, Sz 256 O struženju v železni dobi glej Drescher 1980, 58 ss. 1586. Marchesetti 1893, 118, Pl. 2: 3; 119. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, 257 Gr. M 2672, M 2694, Sz 908, Sz 955, Sz 1563, Sz Trampuž-Orel 1984−1985, 171, Pl. 91: 10; 180; 258, Pl. 146C: 1586. Marchesetti 1893, 118, t. 2: 3; 119. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, 8; 262, Pl. 149A: 7. 258 Trampuž-Orel 1984−1985, 171, t. 91: 10; 180; 258, t. 146C: 8; Also see Laharnar in this publication, 219 ff. 259 262, t. 149A: 7. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, Pl. 90: 5,8. 101 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 67: Seznam rokodelskih orodij iz naselbine Most na Soči. e Fig. 67: List of tools found in the settlement at Most na Soči. E sel ch knif US hi er w O e rodje / ool sel un eedle at c ug nif g t no o hi l k / dra w cir chin o /c nka / n eder / a lni HIŠA / H nož / k pun pun dlet sekač / fl prebijač / p sv rezi šilo / a šiva Posredni dokaz za obdelavo lesa so tudi rokodelska 1/2 x orodja. Na Mostu na Soči jih ni bilo veliko, zato smo 3/1 2x jih združili na eni preglednici ( sl. 67).258 Med njimi sta 7 x značilni orodji za les zgolj polkrožen rezilnik in žličast 10 x sveder iz hiše 29/1.259 Z noži, dleti, puncirnimi orodji, 11/1 x sekači in šili je bilo moč obdelovati tudi druge materiale, 11/2 x x 14/1 2x na primer kovino, usnje in kost. Rezilnik, ki se je kot 15A/1 x značilno orodje kolarjev in sodarjev v podobnih oblikah 15A/2 4x ohranil vse do današnjih dni, najdemo v grobovih na 16 x Mostu na Soči, Idriji pri Bači in Reki pri Cerknem.260 29/1 x x x 30/1 x x 31/1 x x Pletarstvo Maloštevilni so pletarski izdelki, čeprav so jih, podobno kot keramiko, verjetno množično izdelovali. forms to this day as the typical tool of cartwrights and Poznamo jih zgolj iz grobov. Gre za nekakšne pokrove, coopers, have also been found in the graves at Most na spletene iz vrbja, s katerimi so zaščitili bronaste situle Soči, Idrija pri Bači and Reka near Cerkno.260 ( sl. 66: 5).261 Posode so pred tem praviloma zavili v platno, večkrat so jih obdali tudi z drevesno skorjo.262 Wickerwork production Obdelava rogovine, kosti in koral Very few wickerwork objects survive, even though they must have been produced in great numbers simi- V hiši 4, ki je bila zanesljivo delavnica, je bilo v eni larly as pottery. Remains of such objects were found in od jam odkritih šest delno obdelanih kosov rogovine. graves, in the form of covers made of interwoven willow Gre za polizdelke, zato ne vemo, čemu so bili name- branches that protected bronze situlae ( Fig. 66: 5).261 njeni.263 Sicer pa je bilo tudi končnih izdelkov malo. Iz Before covering them, the vessels were usual y wrapped hiše 31/1 lahko omenimo fragment koščene igle,264 valj, in a cloth, often also surrounded by tree bark.262 iglo in lepo okrašeni platišči nožev iz kosti pa poznamo tudi iz grobišča.265 Okrogle ploščice in obeske iz rdečih koral so odkrili na območju kultnega mesta.266 Seveda Working horn, bone and coral ni nujno, da so bili izdelani v naselju; v Posočje bi lahko prišli po trgovskih poteh. House 4 has been positively identified as a work- shop and revealed, among other finds, six partially worked pieces of horn in one of its pits. These are semi- finished products of unknown function.263 The settle- ment yielded very few finished products of either horn, 258 bone or coral. House 31/1 revealed a fragment of a bone Glej tu Laharnar, 218 ss. 259 needle,264 while a cylinder, a pin and beautiful y deco- Svoljšak, Dular 2016, t. 90: 5, 8. 260 rated bone grips of knives were found in graves.265 Discs Guštin 1991, t. 2:7, 33: 2, 43: 12. 261 Npr. gr. M 2151, M 2672, M 2694. Marchesetti 1893, 260 95, t. 27: 13; 118 s. Guštin 1991, Pls. 2:7, 33: 2, 43: 12. 262 261 Ib., gr. M 356, M 1377, M 2792 itd. Marchesetti 1893, E.g. Graves M 2151, M 2672, M 2694. Marchesetti 14, 63, 124. 1893, 95, Pl. 27: 13; 118 f. 263 262 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, t. 24: 14−19. Ib., Graves M 356, M 1377, M 2792 etc. Marchesetti 264 Ib., t. 97: 5. 1893, 14, 63, 124. 265 263 Gr. M 19, M 1527, M 2683, M 2695. Marchesetti 1885, Svoljšak, Dular 2016, Pl. 24: 14−19. 264 101. Marchesetti 1893, 70, t. 7: 17; 118, t. 27: 17; 119, t. 27: 16. Ib., Pl. 97: 5. 266 265 Laharnar v tej knjigi, 224. Graves M 19, M 1527, M 2683, M 2695. Marchesetti 102 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Tkalstvo and pendants of red coral were recovered in the area of the cult place.266 The last items may have been produced S prejo in tkanjem običajno povezujejo glinaste elsewhere and arrived in Posočje as trade goods. vijčke in uteži, ki so v naseljih pogoste najdbe. Situacija na Mostu na Soči je nekoliko drugačna.267 Čeprav so bile raziskane razmeroma velike površine, so našli v Weaving naselju zgolj tri vijčke (v hišah 3/2, 19 in 31/1).268 Ker so takšni predmeti na Mostu na Soči zelo redki tudi v The items usual y associated with spinning and grobovih,269 je zelo verjetno, da so za prejo uporabljali weaving are clay spindle whorls and weights, which are predvsem vretena iz lesa z odebeljenim spodnjim delom, common finds in settlements. Most na Soči is somewhat s čimer je bil palici zagotovljen vztrajnostni moment. of an exception in this sense;267 even though a relatively Del takšnega vretena je že večkrat omenjeni zogleneli large area has been investigated, archaeologists only izstruženi kos, ki so ga našli na območju kultnega mesta recovered three spindle whorls (in Houses 3/2, 19 and (druga faza hiše 6). 31/1).268 They are also rare in graves,269 which suggests Prav tako preseneča maloštevilnost piramidalnih that the inhabitants mainly spun their yarn by using uteži. Našli so jih pet, od teh pa je bila ena tako slabo spindles with a thickened lower part that provided the žgana, da je razpadla že ob izkopu.270 Uteži so običajno weight to keep the spin going. Part of such a spindle is služile za napenjanje niti na statvah, o čemer se lahko the already mentioned charred piece of turned wood poučimo iz primerov, ko so jih našli v funkcionalnih found at the cult place (second phase of House 6). legah.271 Izostanek piramidalnih uteži kaže na to, da so Also surprising is the paucity of pyramidal weights. na Mostu na Soči za napenjanje niti uporabljali druge Only five have been found in the settlement, one of which predmete, najverjetneje glinaste svitke.272 Našli so jih was so poorly fired that it disintegrated upon discovery.270 v več kot polovici hiš, največ (čez sto) v hiši 23/1, kjer Weights were used to keep the threads on the loom so jih očitno izdelovali. S predenjem in tkanjem lahko taught, as indicated by the examples found in functional povežemo tudi glinaste motke.273 positions.271 This low number suggests that other objects Poleg predilnih in tkalskih pripomočkov poznamo were used for this purpose at Most na Soči, most probably z Mosta na Soči tudi ostanke tekstila. Več kot dvajsetkrat ceramic rings.272 These have been found in more than half sta jih v grobovih dokumentirala Marchesetti in Szom- of all houses, most numerously (over a hundred rings) in bathy. Gre za fino, redkeje tudi grobo tkano platno, v House 23/1, where they were presumably produced. Also katerega so zavili bronaste situle in ciste, preden so jih connected with spinning and weaving are clay bobbins.273 pridali v grobove.274 Trije manjši zogleneli vzorci tka- Most na Soči has even yielded remains of textile. nine so bili najdeni tudi v naselju, in sicer na območju Marchesetti and Szombathy documented textile remains kultnega mesta (druga faza hiše 6). Natančna analiza in more than twenty graves. They are the remains of je pokazala, da so pri tkanju uporabili vezavo platno, mainly finely, rarely coarsely woven fabrics used to wrap vlakna pa so bila iz lanu ali konoplje.275 To je vsekakor bronze situlae and cists before placing them in graves.274 zanimivo, saj med analiziranimi semeni z Mosta na Soči Three smaller pieces of charred cloth have also been re- ni bilo teh dveh kulturnih rastlin. Vzrok tiči verjetno v covered in the settlement, at the cult place (second phase dejstvu, da vsebine shrambnih jam niso bile preiskane of House 6). Detailed analysis has shown a plain-woven s flotacijskim postopkom.276 Visok delež ovac med do- fabric or canvas of either flax or hemp fibres.275 This is mačimi živalmi dovoljuje sklep, da so uporabljali tudi significant because the analysed seeds from Most na Soči volno. Verjetno ne bomo daleč od resnice, če rečemo, did not include these two plants, though this is probably da so se s prejo in tkanjem ukvarjale predvsem žene v okviru hišnih gospodarstev. Isto velja za šivanje, kar 1885, 101. Marchesetti 1893, 70, Pl. 7: 17; 118, Pl. 27: 17; 119, Pl. 27: 16. 267 266 Grahek v tej knjigi, 285 s. Laharnar in this publication, 225. 268 267 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, t. 23: 12, 59: 9, 97: 4. Grahek in this publication, 285 f. 269 268 Marchesetti 1893, 141. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, Pls. 23: 12, 59: 9, 97: 4. 270 269 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 155 in t. 1: 9, 11, 10: 10, 65: 3. Marchesetti 1893, 141. 271 270 Glej npr. Dobiat 1990, 50 ss; Slonek 1990. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 155, Pls. 1: 9,11, 10: 10, 65: 3. 272 271 Glej tu Grahek, 280 ss. See e.g. Dobiat 1990, 50 ff; Slonek 1990. 273 272 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, t. 69: 1, 74: 3-7, 85: 5, 100: 17-19. Grahek in this publication, 280 ff. 274 273 Npr. gr. M 256, M 356, M 1349; Sz. 1563; Sz 1586 itd. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, Pls. 69: 1, 74: 3-7, 85: 5, 100: Marchesetti 1893, 8, 14, 62. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž- 17-19. 274 Orel 1984−1985, 258, 262. E.g. Graves M 256, M 356, M 1349; Sz 1563; Sz 1586 275 Gromer et al. v tej knjigi. etc. Marchesetti 1893, 8, 14, 62. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž- 276 Lan je na primer znan s sočasnega gradišča Cvinger Orel 1984−1985, 258, 262. 275 pri Dolenjskih Toplicah; Dular, Tecco Hvala 2007, 209, sl. 119. Gromer et al. in this publication. 103 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE kaže fragment bronaste šivanke iz hiše 11/2.277 Nekaj the result of the fil s in storage pits not being wet-sieved.276 so jih našli tudi v grobovih.278 Seveda ob tem ne smemo The high share of sheep bones among the domestic ani- izključiti možnosti, da so tkanje platna in šivanje zahtev- mals allows us to infer the production of wool. We may nejših krojev lahko zaupali tudi za to dejavnost posebej propose that spinning and weaving was the domain of izurjenim rokodelcem. women as part of their household activities. The same goes for sewing, as indicated by the fragment of a bronze needle found in House 11/2.277 Several needles were also found Livarstvo in graves.278 Having said that, we should not exclude the possibility that weaving canvas and sewing more intricate Zaradi bližine bakrovih rudišč, ki so razširjena v grö- costumes was entrusted to special y trained tailors. denskih plasteh na območju Cerkljanskega in Škofjeloških hribov, bi lahko predpostavljali, da so se prebivalci Posočja s to pomembno kovino oskrbovali tudi s tega območja.279 Metal casting and metalworking Od Mosta na Soči je namreč oddaljeno 20−30 km. Vendar so to zgolj predpostavke, ki jim manjkajo trdni dokazi. The proximity of copper ore deposits, widespread Že zdaj je jasno, da so se v naselju ukvarjali s sekundarno in the Gröden formations in the Cerkno area and the proizvodnjo, torej z izdelovanjem bronastega nakita in Škofja Loka Hil s, indicate that the inhabitants of Posočje posod, kar dokazujejo številne lokalne oblike, značilne le may have extracted this important metal here,279 at a za posoško železnodobno skupnost. Ena najprepoznav- distance of 20−30 km from Most na Soči. We have thus nejših je svetolucijska ločna fibula, ovešena s številnimi far not been able to support this hypothesis with material obeski, unikatna pa je tudi zasnova velikih žar iz bronaste evidence. It is certain that they did engage in secondary pločevine, za katere je že Marchesetti ugotovil, da imajo production of bronze, making jewellery and vessels; obliko na Mostu zelo priljubljenih keramičnih pitosov.280 this is proven by numerous local forms characteristic Vendar imamo v naselju o livarstvu tudi neposred- of the Posočje Iron Age community. Among the most ne dokaze. To so ostanki bronaste taline, ki je med characteristic local products is the Sveta Lucija arch vlivanjem mimo kalupa stekla na tla in nato skrepenela fibula adorned with numerous pendants hanging from v različne oblike. Našli so jih v sedmih hišah. Gre za it, but also the design of the large urns of sheet bronze majhne količine, kar kaže na to, da so s surovino varčno that share the form of ceramic pithoi so popular at Most ravnali ( sl. 68).281 Ostanki taline so večinoma ležali v na Soči, as Marchesetti already observed.280 ruševinah objektov, ki niso imeli drugih, za livarstvo We also have direct evidence of the casting process značilnih struktur in orodij (velja za hiše 8/2, 10/2, at Most na Soči. The settlement revealed pieces of bronze 22A/2, 31/1). Nekoliko drugačna je bila situacija v hiši melt that represent the liquid metal that ran outside 29/1.282 Drobci strjene bronaste taline so namreč ležali the casting mould and ended on the floor, where it v polnilu jam, ki sta bili vkopani v geološko osnovo iz solidified into amorphous pieces. Such finds have been rumenkaste ilovice in peska. Večja jama je imela pra- documented in seven houses. Together they make up vokoten tloris (1,8 x 3,0 m), njena prvotna globina je a small amount of metal, which indicates economical znašala vsaj 40 cm. Stene so bile prežgane, močna plast handling of the raw material ( Fig. 68).281 The pieces of pepela in drobcev lepa se je vlekla tudi po njenem dnu. bronze melt were mainly found in houses that revealed Ker so podobne ostanke odkrili tudi v drugi, manjši no other structures or tools characteristic of casting (e.g. jami, je na dlani, da se je v obeh odvijal proces povezan Houses 8/2, 10/2, 22A/2, 31/1). The situation in House z ognjem. Žal razen fragmenta brusa, železnega svedra 29/1 is slightly different:282 the pieces of bronze melt in rezilnika v jamah niso našli drugih orodij, je pa bil were found in the fill of the pits dug into the natural fragment dvodelnega kalupa za vlivanje obročkov najden deposit of loam and sand. The larger of the two pits nekoliko višje v ruševinah njene druge gradbene faze.283 was rectangular in plan (1.8 x 3.0 m) and its original Hišo 29/1 lahko kljub temu označimo za delavnico, v depth measured at least 40 cm. Its wal s were burnt and kateri so se zanesljivo ukvarjali tudi z livarstvom. 276 Flax has been documented at the contemporary hillfort on Cvinger near Dolenjske Toplice; Dular, Tecco 277 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, t. 32: 7. Hvala 2007, 209, Fig. 119. 278 277 Gr. M 2175, Sz 519, Sz 1015. Marchesetti 1893, 97, t. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, Pl. 32: 7. 278 23: 26. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984−1985, 111, t. Graves M 2175, Sz 519, Sz 1015. Marchesetti 1893, 44F: 10; 189, t. 102E: 2. 97, Pl. 23: 26. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984−1985, 279 Drovenik, Pleničar; Drovenik 1980, 46. 111, Pl. 44F: 10; 189, Pl. 102E: 2. 280 279 Marchesetti 1893, 139 s, 184; glej še Bravar 1984, 137. Drovenik, Pleničar; Drovenik 1980, 46. 281 280 Količine iz hiše 10 ni bilo mogoče izmeriti, ker so Marchesetti 1893, 139 f, 184; also see Bravar 1984, 137. 281 fragmenti izgubljeni. The bronze melt from House 10 has not been weighed 282 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 196 ss. because the fragments are lost. 283 282 Ib., t. 90: 5, 7, 8; 92: 6. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 196 ff. 104 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE HIŠA / ŠT. KOSOV / TEŽA (dkg) / LEGA / HOUSE NO. OF PIECES WEIGHT (dag) POSITION 4 2 9,2 jama / pit 3 8/2 8 11,8 v ruševinah / in debris 10/2 ? ? v ruševinah / in debris 22A/2 1 5,0 v ruševinah / in debris 29/1 23 15,0 jama / pit 1 29/1 15 8,3 jama / pit 2 31/1 4 22,3 v ruševinah / in debris Sl. 68: Ostanki strjene bronaste taline iz naselbine Most na Soči. Fig. 3: Remains of solidified bronze melt from the settlement at Most na Soči. Sl. 70: Hiša 4; livarska zajemalka z dulcem. (Foto: T. Lauko) Fig. 70: Casting ladle with a spout from House 4. (Photo: T. Lauko) the bottom covered with a thick layer of ash and bits of loam daub. A similar fill was also recorded in the second, smaller pit, which suggests that a process involving fire took place in both. The tools found in the pits comprise a fragment of a whetstone, an iron auger and a drawknife, while a fragment of a two-piece mould for casting rings lay higher up in the debris of the second construction phase.283 In spite of this, House 29/1 can be interpreted as a workshop where casting was one of the activities Sl. 69: Hiša 4; dvodelni kalupi. (Foto: T. Lauko) being conducted. Fig. 69: Two-piece moulds from House 4. (Photo: T. Lauko) Even clearer evidence for casting was unearthed in House 4. The building stood on the slope, at the north-eastern edge of the investigated area.284 Its scarce remains include few stones of the northeast foundations Še prepričljivejši dokazi za livarsko dejavnost so in situ, but also three round pits in the north corner dug bili odkriti v hiši 4. Stala je na pobočju na skrajnem into the natural deposit close to one another. The largest, severovzhodnem koncu raziskanega območja, zato so Pit 3 was 48 cm deep and its fill included heavily burnt se od nje ohranili borni ostanki.284 Na svojih mestih je objects of horn, pieces of solidified bronze melt, a two- namreč ostalo le nekaj kamnov severovzhodnega teme- piece mould for casting rings and a casting ladle ( Figs. lja. Veliko pomembnejše je bilo odkritje treh okroglih 69: c; 70). Part of a mould for casting spearheads was jam v severnem kotu objekta, ki so bile tesno druga ob found in the fill of Pit 1, but it must have been in sec- drugi vkopane v geološko osnovo. Največja (jama 3) je ondary use as both ends are missing, but have smoothly bila globoka 48 cm, v njenem zasipu so poleg močno rounded sides ( Fig. 69: b). The remains of casting and prežganih predmetov iz rogovine ležali še ostanki strjene metalworking tools were also found in the debris of the bronaste taline, dvodelni kalup za vlivanje obročkov in house, i.e. two other moulds, two whetstones and two livarska zajemalka ( sl. 69: c; 70). Del kalupa za vlivanje 283 Ib., Pls. 90: 5,7 8, 92: 6. 284 Ib., 65 ss. 284 Ib., 65 ff. 105 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 71: Hiša 4; brusna koluta in brusni kamen. (Foto: T. Lauko) Fig. 71: Grinding wheels and whetstone from House 4. (Photo: T. Lauko) grinding wheels. The last two items show that rotating abrasive wheels were used to finish metal objects ( Figs. 69: a,d; 71). House 4 can therefore reliably be identified as a casting-metalworking workshop. The settlement at Most na Soči yielded another, frag- mented two-piece mould intended for casting buttons. It was found among the remains of the third construction phase of House 15A, which was so poorly preserved that it is not possible to determine its function.285 The petrologic analysis has revealed that only flysch sandstone and marlstone was used to make the moulds at Most na Soči.286 This is understandable because these rocks can be readily worked, can withstand high tem- peratures and their deposits are known in the immediate vicinity of the settlement. The settlement also yielded two casting ladles. The first has already been mentioned in connection with House 4. It is a miniature ladle only measuring 6 cm across. It has a grip at one side and a small spout in front 285 Ib., 133, Pl. 54: 9. 286 See here Horvat, 349 ff, Tables 1 and 2. Sl. 72: Hiša 15/2; livarska posodica z dulcem. (Foto: D. Svoljšak) Fig. 72: Casting pot with a spout from House 15/2. (Photo: D. Svoljšak) 106 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE suličnih osti je bil najden tudi v polnilu jame 1, vendar ( Fig. 70). It would probably not even have been identified je moral služiti drugemu namenu, saj je imel na obeh as a casting implement had it not been found next to a manjkajočih koncih lepo zaobljene stranice ( sl. 69: b). mould. In addition to the mould, its function has later Ostanki livarskih in kovinarskih orodij so ležali tudi been proven by the results of PIXE (particle-induced X- v ruševinah hiše. Gre za nadaljnja dva kalupa, brusna ray emission) measurements.287 These revealed that the kamna in − kar je še posebno zanimivo − brusna koluta, ladle contained melt composed of roughly 82% tin, 13% ki kažeta, da so pri finalni obdelavi kovinskih predmetov lead and 5% copper. The second casting ladle or rather uporabljali tudi rotacijske brusilnike ( sl. 69: a,d; 71). Hiša pot was found in House 15/2. It is much larger and also 4 je bila torej zanesljivo livarsko-kovinarska delavnica. had a spout in front ( Fig. 72). This pot also contained Poleg naštetih orodij poznamo iz naselja na Mostu the remains of melt, which was an alloy of roughly 60% na Soči še en fragmentiran dvodelni kalup, namenjen copper and 40% lead. A similar alloy was established vlivanju gumbov. Najden je bil med ostanki tretje grad- for the raw bronze that will be discussed below. It is bene faze hiše 15A, ki pa so bili tako slabo ohranjeni, da possible that the two spouted pots and a spoon from ni bilo jasno niti to, za kakšen objekt pravzaprav gre.285 Houses 22A/2, 23/2 and 30/2 were also used in casting, Petrološka analiza kamenin je pokazala, da so za but their contents have not been analysed and we cannot izdelavo kalupov uporabili izključno flišne peščenjake in confirm their function.288 laporovce.286 To je razumljivo, saj gre za kamenino, ki jo je The composition of the solidified pieces of melt has lahko obdelovati, dobro prenaša temperaturne spremem- also been analysed.289 The results have shown two types be, njena nahajališča pa so v neposredni bližini naselja. of copper alloy at Most na Soči: one with a high lead and Poleg kalupov sta bili odkriti dve livarski zajemalki. a low tin content, the other with a low lead and a high Prvo iz hiše 4 smo že omenili. Gre za miniaturen izde- tin content. The former composes the raw bronze and lek, velik komaj šest centimetrov. Ob strani ima držaj, fragments of shaft-hole axes, while finished products spredaj pa majhen dulec ( sl. 70). Če ne bi bila najdena such as jewel ery were made of an alloy with a maximum skupaj s kalupom, je verjetno niti ne bi opredelili kot of 20% lead. One piece of solidified melt from House livarsko orodje. Vendar takšno funkcijo potrjuje rezul- 31/1 revealed a relatively high zinc content indicative of tat meritev z metodo protonsko vzbujenih rentgenskih intentional production of brass. This is not surprising žarkov (PIXE).287 Izkazalo se je, da je bila v njej talina, given the dating of the house to the late 1st century BC. sestavljena iz približno 82 % kositra, 13 % svinca in 5 % The discriminant analysis also provided an important bakra. Druga zajemalka ali bolje posodica je bila najdena result in that the trace amounts of cobalt, nickel, arse- v hiši 15/2. Bila je precej večja, spredaj je imela prav nic, silver and antimony revealed a great heterogeneity tako dulec ( sl. 72). Tudi v tej posodici so bili ugotovljeni of raw copper, which indicates that the founders from ostanki kovine, vendar drugačne sestave. Gre namreč za Most na Soči came into contact or used copper from a zlitino iz približno 60 % bakra in 40 % svinca. Iz podobne larger number of different ore deposits.290 zlitine so bili narejeni surovci, ki jih bomo podrobneje The profession of a founder was also reflected in obravnavali v enem od naslednjih poglavij. Morda so v the funerary cult. One of the graves excavated by Szom- livarstvu uporabljali tudi posodici z izlivom in žlico iz bathy contained a fragment of a stone mould among the hiš 22A/2, 23/2 in 30/2, ker pa njihove vsebine niso bile grave goods.291 analizirane, jih za zdaj puščamo ob strani.288 Zelo zanimiva je tudi sestava ostankov strjenih Blacksmithing talin.289 Analiza je pokazala, da imamo na Mostu na Soči opraviti z dvema vrstama bakrovih zlitin: takšno z The inhabitants of Posočje were familiar with iron veliko svinca in malo kositra in obrnjeno. Iz prve je bila from the turn of the 2nd millennium onwards, as sug- narejena večina surovcev in fragmentov uhatih sekir, gested by the blade of a small knife found in Grave 417 medtem ko so za izdelavo uporabnih predmetov, na of the Tolmin cemetery.292 However, these early items primer nakita, uporabljali zlitino z največ 20 % svinca. of the new metal that appeared across a wider area of Zanimivo je, da so v enem koščku strjene taline iz hiše the Adriatic hinterland do not yet herald the beginning 31/1 ugotovili razmeroma visok odstotek cinka, kar of a new age, i.e. the Iron Age and with it the produc- kaže na namerno izdelavo medenine. To ni nikakršno tion of iron. The latter first requires the technological presenečenje, saj sodi objekt v konec 1. stoletja pr. Kr. 287 Zanimiv rezultat je dala tudi diskriminantna analiza. Šmit, Laharnar in this publication, 330 f. 288 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, Pls. 64: 8; 96: 7. Also see here 285 Ib., 133, t. 54: 9. Grahek, 287. 286 289 Glej tu Horvat, 349 ss, tab 1 in 2. Šmit, Laharnar in this publication, 323, Tables 1 and 2. 287 290 Šmit, Laharnar v tej knjigi, 330 s. Ib., 328. 288 291 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, t. 64: 8; 96: 7. Glej še tu Grahek, Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984−1985, Pl. 287. 265A: 1. 289 292 Šmit, Laharnar v tej knjigi, 323 s, tab. 1 in 2. Svoljšak, Pogačnik 2001, Pl. 82: 2; Teržan 2002, 86 f. 107 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE HIŠA / TEŽA (kg) / Sl. 73: Ostanki železove žlindre iz naselbine Most na Soči. HOUSE WEIGHT (kg) LEGA / POSITION Fig. 73: Remains of iron slag from the settlement at Most na 3/1 0,09 JV kot večjega prostora / Soči. SE corner of the larger room 6/? 0,18 7 0,50 8/2 0,03 zahodni prostor / west room Po primeseh kobalta, niklja, arzena, srebra in antimona 10/2 0,24 je bila ugotovljena velika raznolikost surovega bakra, 11/2 0,56 na tlaku glavnega prostora / on the floor of the main room kar kaže na to, da so livarji z Mosta na Soči uporabljali 12/? 0,43 surovino iz različnih rudišč.290 14/3 2,10 v ruševinah / in debris Poklic livarja je našel svoj odsev tudi v grobnem 15/3 3,10 v ruševinah / in debris kultu. V enem od grobov, ki jih je izkopal Szombathy, je bil najden fragment kamnitega kalupa.291 15/? 0,22 na poti ob hiši / on the path along the house 15A/1 1,35 jama v srednjem prostoru / pit in the middle room Kovaštvo 15A/1 0,17 srednji prostor / middle room 16/1 0,08 Prebivalci Posočja so se z železom seznanili že na 16/3 7,50 ob drenaži / along the drainage wal s prelomu iz drugega v prvo tisočletje pr. Kr., kar dokazuje 22/? 0,21 rezilo manjšega noža, ki so ga našli v grobu 417 na gro- 22A/1 0,07 jama / pit 1 bišču v Tolminu.292 Toda prvi predmeti iz nove kovine, 22A/1 0,17 ki so se približno v istem času pojavili tudi drugod v 22A/2 11,80 v ruševinah / in debris zaledju Jadrana, še ne pomenijo začetka železne dobe 23/1 5,28 preddverje / anteroom oziroma železarske proizvodnje. Za kaj takega je bilo treba osvojiti tehnološko znanje. V naše kraje je prišlo 23/1 0,03 manipulativni prostor / manipulative space postopoma s trgovskimi stiki čez Italijo oziroma Jadran. 23/2 0,44 v ruševinah / in debris O železni dobi lahko govorimo šele takrat, ko se je železo 24/2 0,41 ob pokončni sohi v SZ kotu na široko uveljavilo. Proces je na Mostu na Soči dobro along the post in NW corner dokumentiran s številnimi predmeti iz grobov. Opra- 24/2 0,35 viti imamo s tako imenovanim železnim horizontom, 27 0,28 ki ga poznamo tudi z drugih območij jugovzhodnih 30/? 0,53 Alp, definira pa ga predvsem nakit: fibule, ovratnice 31/1 0,15 32 0,62 in zapestnice, narejene iz nove kovine.293 Novosti so se uveljavile v zadnjih desetletjih 9. in zlasti v 8. stoletju pr. Kr.294 Pojav železa je dodobra pretresel takratni svet: spremenila se je poselitvena slika, uveljavile so se novosti knowhow. This was gradual y introduced in the region v gospodarstvu in na novo se je izoblikovala družbena through trade connections with Italy and the Adriatic. struktura.295 We can only speak of the Iron Age when iron is widely Dokaz, da so se na Mostu na Soči ukvarjali z ob- used. This process is well documented at Most na Soči delovanjem železa, so ostanki žlinder, ki so jih našli v through numerous grave goods that constitute the Iron triindvajsetih hišah ( sl. 73). Večinoma gre za posamezne Horizon, which has been observed in other areas of the kose. Količine, večje od kilograma so bile ugotovljene south-eastern Alps as well and is mainly defined by iron na območju šestih objektov, največ v ruševinah druge jewellery such as fibulae, torques and bracelets.293 These faze hiše 22A v skupni teži 11,80 kg. Žal ni bilo v bližini novelties appear in greater numbers in the final decades odkritih nikakršnih kurišč ali drugih struktur, iz katerih of the 9th and even more so in the 8th century BC.294 The bi izvedeli kaj več o železarski dejavnosti. Izjema je hiša appearance of iron brought about significant changes: a new settlement pattern, economic innovations and a 290 Ib., 328. different social structure.295 291 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984−1985, t. Pieces of slag recovered from twenty-three houses 265A: 1. prove that the inhabitants at Most na Soči practised iron- 292 Svoljšak, Pogačnik 2001, t. 82: 2; Teržan 2002, 86 s. 293 Na Mostu na Soči je bil železen nakit odkrit predvsem 293 Iron jewellery at Most na Soči mainly came to light in v grobovih, ki jih je izkopal Marchesetti. Glej Marchesetti the graves excavated by Marchesetti. See Marchesetti 1893, 1893, 141. 141. 294 Teržan, Črešnar 2014, 706 ss, sl. 37 in 38. 294 Teržan, Črešnar 2014, 706 ff, Figs. 37 and 38. 295 Dular, Tecco Hvala 2007, 250 s. 295 Dular, Tecco Hvala 2007, 250 f. 108 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE 23/1, v kateri je bila lončarska delavnica, kosi žlindre iz working ( Fig. 73). These pieces predominantly occurred preddverja (skupna teža 5,28 kg) pa morda kažejo na to, singly and quantities exceeding a kilogram only came to da so se tu občasno ukvarjali tudi s kovaštvom. light in the areas of six houses, the largest amount (11.80 Analiza žlindre iz hiše 22A/2 je pokazala, da ne kg) in the debris of the second phase of House 22A. The gre za stranski produkt pri primarni proizvodnji (re- settlement revealed no fireplaces or other structures dukciji železove rude), temveč za odpadek, ki je nastal next to the recovered pieces of slag that would indicate med segrevanjem volka oziroma železa na kovaškem the type of ironworking activity that took place there, ognjišču.296 To ne preseneča, saj so bili obrati s talilnimi with the exception of House 23/1. This building was a pečmi običajno zunaj naselij.297 Najbližja ležišča železove potter’s workshop, while the pieces of slag found in the rude se omenjajo v bližini Idrije pri Bači in na Šentviški anteroom (in the total weight of 5.28 kg) may indicate planoti.298 Posoška skupnost je dragoceno kovino za- the occasional blacksmithing. nesljivo dobivala tudi iz Bohinjskega kota, ki ga je prav The analysis of the slag from House 22A/2 revealed zaradi bogatih nahajališč kvalitetnega bobovca zgodaj that it is not a by-product of the primary production kolonizirala.299 Železnodobna najdišča Bohinja imajo (reduction of iron ore), but rather the slag extruded namreč vse značilnosti posoške (svetolucijske) skupine: while heating iron lumps on the smith’s hearth.296 This enaki so način pokopa, noša in materialna kultura.300 is hardly surprising as the production facilities with Verjetno ne bomo daleč od resnice, če rečemo, da se je smelting furnaces were usual y located outside inhab- zaradi kvalitetne rude primarna proizvodnja železa od- ited areas.297 The closest deposits of iron ore have been vijala predvsem v Bohinju, v dolino Soče pa so prihajali mentioned in the vicinity of Idrija pri Bači and on the polizdelki.301 Čez gorske prelaze – najugodnejša sta Vrh plateau of Šentviška planota.298 The Posočje community Bače (1273 m) in Bohinjsko sedlo (1277 m) – so tovorili is known to have obtained the precious metal from the železo v obliki volka ali kovanih kvadrov. Enega so našli Bohinj area as wel , which it colonised very early on v hiši 7.302 Gre za manjši blok heterogene strukture s because of the rich deposits of high-quality pisolitic številnimi vključki žlindre, kar kaže na to, da je bila iron ore.299 The Iron Age sites in Bohinj show the burial redukcija prekinjena oziroma da blok še ni bil stisnjen rite, costume and material culture characteristic of the v dovolj kompaktno celoto. Vsebnost ogljika je na posa- Posočje (Sveta Lucija) group.300 We may even go as far meznih mestih nihala od 0,2 do 0,58 mas. %. Jeklo takšne as to say that the high-quality iron ore led to the pri- sestave je bilo primerno za izdelavo orodja in orožja.303 mary production of iron mainly taking place in Bohinj, whence semi-finished products were transported to the valley of the Soča.301 Iron was transported across moun- BLAGOVNA MENJAVA IN KULTURNI STIKI tain passes – the two most suitable are Vrh Bače (1273 m) and Bohinjsko sedlo (1277 m) – in the form of bloom Čeprav skrita v dolini med visokimi hribi, pa na- or blocks. One iron block was actual y found in House selbina na Mostu na Soči vseeno ni bila odmaknjena od 7.302 It is a small block of a heterogeneous structure with blagovno menjalnih tokov med sredozemskimi deželami numerous inclusions of slag, which indicates either that in srednjo Evropo, za kar najdemo neposredne dokaze reduction was cut short or that the block was not yet med naselbinskimi najdbami in še več v grobišču.304 Gre compressed into a compact piece. The carbon content za redke predmete, ki odstopajo od lokalne proizvodnje, of the block was measured in several places and varied noše ali običajev. from 0.2 to 0.58 mass %. The steel of this composition was suitable for making tools and weapons.303 296 Lamut v tej knjigi, 333 ss. 297 Kot primer lahko navedemo talilniški kompleks z več sto pečmi na Branževcu nad Seli pri Dolenjskih Toplicah; glej Mušič, Orengo 1998; Dular, Križ 2004, 228 ss. 296 298 Lamut in this publication, 333 ff. Müllner 1909, 631 s; Laharnar, Mlinar 2008, 476; 297 An example of this is the smelting complex with Laharnar, Mlinar 2011 (2013), 18. 299 several hundred of furnaces at Branževec above Sela pri Rjazancev 1963a, 1963b. 300 Dolenjskih Toplicah; see Mušič, Orengo 1998; Dular, Križ Gabrovec 1974, 299 ss. 301 2004, 228 ff. Trampuž Orel 2012, 26 s; za bohinjsko železarstvo glej 298 Müllner 1909, 631 f; Laharnar, Mlinar 2008, 476; Cundrič 2002. 302 Laharnar, Mlinar 2011 (2013), 18. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, t. 28: 14. 299 303 Rjazancev 1963a, 1963b. Lamut v tej knjigi, 346. 300 304 Gabrovec 1974, 299 ff. Najdbe iz naselbine so celovito predstavljene v 301 Trampuž Orel 2012, 26 f; for ironworking in the Svoljšak, Dular 2016, Szombathyjeva izkopavanja grobišča Bohinj area see Cundrič 2002. v Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, medtem 302 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, Pl. 28: 14. ko je Marchesetti rezultate svojih izkopavanj z opisi grobov 303 Lamut in this publication, 346. in risbami izbranih predmetov objavil v več razpravah (Marchesetti 1885; 1893; 1899). 109 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Trahit, korale, jantar, južni sadeži EXCHANGE OF GOODS AND CULTURAL CONTACTS O blagovni menjavi na dolge razdalje govorijo iz- delki iz tujerodne snovi. Oddaljen izvor lahko pripišemo Although tucked away in a valley and surrounded kamnitima kroglama iz trahita s premerom okoli 7 cm, by hil s and mountains, the settlement at Most na Soči ki sta bili odkriti v hišah 8/2 in 16/1.305 Najbližje ležišče was not removed from the trading and exchange routes te vulkanske kamnine je v Evganejskih gričih,306 kjer so that connected the Mediterranean and central Europe. trahit izkoriščali že v pozni bronasti dobi.307 Pričevanja Direct evidence of these connections has been recovered o njegovi uporabi v železni dobi najdemo v Este in širši at the settlement and even more numerously at the okolici, uporabljali pa so ga za različne namene, denimo cemetery;304 it is the rare objects that stand apart from kot mejne kamne kultnega mesta ali za označevanje gro- the artefacts of local production, costume and customs. biščnega prostora ali za vsakdanje potrebe kot drobilnike skupaj s spodnjim delom žrmelj.308 V naselbini na Mostu na Soči so bili med darovi s Trachyte, coral, amber, exotic fruit kultnega mesta najdeni koralni obeski.309 O njihovem magičnem pomenu za odganjanje zla poročajo že antični The long-distance exchange of goods is mirrored in literarni viri. Najbližja rastišča koral so v priobalnem pa- objects of foreign origin. These include two bal s of tra- su Tirenskega morja, na estenskem območju se predmeti chyte measuring roughly 7 cm in diameter and found in iz te tvarine pojavljajo kot obeski ali kot inkrustacija na Houses 8/2 and 16/1, respectively.305 The closest trachyte bronastih izdelkih v grobovih 7. st. in pogosteje v 6. in deposits are in the Euganean Hil s (Colli Euganei), south 5. st. V latensko-keltski kulturi so bile priljubljene kot of Padua,306 which were already exploited in the Late okrasni dodatek na železnih predmetih.310 Bronze Age.307 Evidence of its use in the Iron Age can be Jantar prav tako ni lokalnega izvora, ta je na Mostu found at nearby Este and its wider surroundings, where na Soči zastopan v manj kot enem odstotku grobov, this volcanic rock was made into a variety of products, kar gre nemara pripisati običaju sežiganja. Da je bila such as boundary stones in cult places and cemeteries, trgovina z jantarjem med Baltikom in Sredozemljem as well as grinders together with quernstones.308 široko razvejena in sega že v bronasto dobo, je splošno Also foreign is coral, which the ancient texts men- znano dejstvo; o smereh širjenja pričajo najdbe jantarnih tion as possessing the power to ward off evil. The Most predmetov, ki nakazujejo, da so nekatere poti do sever- na Soči settlement yielded coral pendants as offerings at nega Jadrana vodile prek alpskih dolin in prelazov.311 O the cult place.309 The closest coral reefs are in the coastal jantarju govorijo tudi antične legende; posebno slikovita waters of the Tyrrhenian Sea. In the Este area, artefacts je tista o Faetontu, sinu boga sonca, ki naj bi si pri oče- of coral have been found in the graves from the 7th, but tu izprosil, da sme popeljati sončni voz po nebesnem more commonly from the 6th and 5th centuries BC, either svodu; ker temu ni bil kos, ga je zadela božja strela in je in the shape of pendants or as inlay in bronzework. In zgrmel v reko Eridan (= Pad), njegove žalujoče sestre the La Tène Celtic culture, coral objects were popular pa naj bi za njim točile solze v obliki jantarja, ki ga je as decorations on products of iron.310 mogoče nabirati na rečnem nabrežju.312 V Padski nižini Amber was also not a local commodity. At Most na so jantar obdelovali in oblikovali v končne izdelke, iz Soči, amber goods were found in less than one percent tamkajšnjih delavnic so verjetno izšle fibule z jantarjevo of all unearthed graves, which may be attributable to the oblogo, najdene na Mostu na Soči v grobovih s konca 7. practice of cremation. Amber trade between the Baltic 304 The finds from the settlement are comprehensively published in Svoljšak, Dular 2016, those from Szombathy’s 305 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 83 s, 138, sl. 128. excavations of the cemetery in Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž- 306 Glej tu Horvat, 354. Orel 1984–1985, while Marchesetti published his excavation 307 Bianchin Citton, Bietti Sestieri 2013, 36. results together with descriptions of graves and drawings of 308 Balista, Ruta Serafini 1998, 18 ss, sl. 1–3; Panozzo select grave goods in several articles (Marchesetti 1885; 1893; 1998, 378 ss; Crivel ari 1998, 387 ss, sl. 225–227; Ruta Serafini 1899). 305 2002, 216, 214 s, sl. 94; Zanco 2004, 64, sl. 1; Gamba et al. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 83 f, 138, Fig. 128. 306 2013, 213 s, 231, kat. št. 2.2.12, 2.2.13, 3.1.2. See Horvat in this publication, 354. 309 307 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 73 (hiša 6/faza 2), t. 27: 1-10; Bianchin Citton, Bietti Sestieri 2013, 36. 308 glej še tu Laharnar, 224. Balista, Ruta Serafini, 18 ff, Figs. 1–3; Panozzo 1998, 310 Cherici 1999, 170 s, 181 ss; De Marinis 1997, 153 ss. 378 ff; Crivel ari 1998, 387 ff, Figs. 225–227; Ruta Serafini 311 Glej npr. Nava 2011, 162 ss, sl. 1; za pojavljanje 2002, 216, 214 f, Fig. 94; Zanco 2004, 64, Fig. 1; Gamba et al. jantarja v širšem zaledju vzhodnega Jadrana in na Balkanu 2013, 213 f, 231, Cat. Nos. 2.2.12, 2.2.13, 3.1.2. 309 glej Teržan 1984; Palavestra 1993; Križ, Turk 2003. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 73 (House 6/Phase 2), Pl. 27: 312 Glej npr. Grilli 1991, 17 ss; Malnati 2003, 13; Braccesi 1–10; also see Laharnar in this publication, 224. 310 2013, 51 ss. Cherici 1999, 170 f, 181 ff; De Marinis 1997, 153 ff. 110 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE in 6. st. (stopnji Sv. Lucija Ic2 in IIa),313 ki imajo najboljše and the Mediterranean was a widespread activity dating analogije v estenskem prostoru.314 back to the Bronze Age, with amber products indicating V hiši 7 na Mostu na Soči, datirani v stopnjo Sv. the different routes that included those that led across Lucija IIc, so bili med drugim najdeni ostanki fige in the Alps towards the Adriatic.311 Amber also appears in oreha; gre za gojena plodova, ki sta najbrž prišla iz ancient legends; a particularly vivid one tel s of Phaeton, severnojadranskega zaledja.315 the son of the Sun god Helios, who insisted on driving the sun chariot but was unable to control the horses on the journey across the sky. Zeus eventual y struck him Bronasti ingoti with a lightning bolt and caused him to plunge into the River Eridanos (= Po). Grief-stricken, Phaeton’s sisters Neposreden dokaz za trgovanje je mogoče videti Heliades shed tears in the shape amber that could be v bronastih ingotih, ki so se domnevno uporabljali kot collected on the riverbank.312 Finds from the Po Plain predmonetarno menjalno sredstvo. V obliki uhatih show that amber was worked and shaped here into fin- sekir se pojavljajo na Apeninskem polotoku od 10. st. ished products. It is presumably these workshops that najprej, v starejši železni dobi so se uporabljali tudi na designed the fibulae with an amber overlay, such as were območju zahodne Slovenije vse do zgornjega toka Sa- also found at Most na Soči, in graves from the late 7th and ve.316 Na Mostu na Soči je bil najden kos uhate sekire v the 6th century BC (the Sv. Lucija Ic2 and IIa phases),313 hiši 15A/1,317 medtem ko je bilo v hišah 3/2 in 13 ter na with closest parallels in the Este cultural area.314 grobišču Repelc odkritih nekaj fragmentov ingotov tipa Last but not least, the remains of a fig and a walnut ramo secco,318 ti so bili v obtoku v 6. in 5 st. predvsem have been unearthed at Most na Soči, in House 7 dated to na etruščanskem teritoriju. Oba tipa sta kot depojski Sv. Lucija IIc. These are both cultivated fruits and probably najdbi znana z bližjega najdišča Šempeter pri Gorici.319 came here from the hinterland of the northern Adriatic.315 Uvožena keramika Bronze ingots Med keramičnimi najdbami izstopajo posode gr- These items are direct evidence of trading and ških oblik. V naselbini je bil v hiši 5 najden skyphos ( sl. were probably used as pre-monetary currency. Ingots in 74: a)320 z značilnim okrasom za keramiko tipa Saint the shape of shaft-holes axes occured on the Apennine Valentin atiške proizvodnje iz druge polovice 5. st.321 Peninsula from the 10th century BC onwards; in the Early Iron Age they were also in use in western Slovenia 313 Gr. M 1377, Sz 29, 249, 1002, 365, 2414: Marchesetti all to the upper reaches of the River Sava.316 At Most 1893, 63, t. 15: 24; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984– na Soči, one such ingot was found in House 15A/1,317 1985, 48, 78, 187, 372, 378, t. 5D: 1, 24A: 1, 102A: 1, 251A: 311 3, 257: 4. Za kronološko opredelitev uporabljamo delitev na See e.g. Nava 2011, 162 ff, Fig. 1; for the amber finds stopnje po Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 416 ss, in Gabrovec 1987, in the wider hinterland of the eastern Adriatic and in the 120 ss. Balkans see Teržan 1984; Palavestra 1993; Križ, Turk 2003. 314 312 prim. von Eles Masi 1986, 144 ss, t. 111–114. See e.g. Grilli 1991, 17 ff; Malnati 2003, 13; Braccesi 315 Za datacijo hiš na Mostu na Soči glej tu Dular, 147 2013, 51 ff. 313 ss; za makrobotanične ostanke pa Sila Motel a, 379 ss, sl. 22, Grs. M 1377, Sz 29, 249, 1002, 365, 2414: Marchesetti 24, 25. Gre za prva znana primerka iz predrimskega časa na 1893, 63, Pl. 15: 24; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984– območju jugovzhodnih Alp. V severnojadranskem zaledju 1985, 48, 78, 187, 372, 378, Pls. 5D: 1, 24A: 1, 102A: 1, 251A: je najdba fige dokumentirana npr. v Montereale Valcellina v 3, 257: 4. The chronological division is taken from Teržan, naselbinski strukturi, datirani v 5. st. (Castiglioni, Motel a, Trampuž 1973, 416 ff, and Gabrovec 1987, 120 ff. 314 Rottoli 1996, 462, 465 s, tab. 2), najdba oreha pa je npr. znana Cf. von Eles Masi 1986, 144 ff, Pls. 111–114. 315 z začetka železne dobe v Trevisu (Bianchin Citton 2004, 55, For the dating of the houses at Most na Soči see here sl. 7). Dular, 147 ff; for the macrobotanical remains see Sila Motel a 316 Glej npr. Trampuž Orel, Heath 1998, 237 ss, sl. 2, 3; 380 ff, Figs. 22, 24, 25. Until now, no other fig or walnut Teržan 2008, 299, sl. 48; Pavlin, Turk 2014, 44 ss, sl. 10. remains from the pre-Roman period have been documented 317 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, t. 40: 9. in the south-eastern Alpine area. In the hinterland of the 318 Ib., t. 23: 7, 33: 20. Glej tu Laharnar, 221 s in Šmit, northern Adriatic, fig remains are known e.g. at Montereale Laharnar, 328 ss in tudi Mlinar 2014, 611 ss, Fig. 41.4. Valcellina, from a settlement structure dated to the 5th 319 Panvini Rosati 1988, 20 ss, t. 1; Pellegrini, Macel ari century BC (Castiglioni, Motel a, Rottoli 1996, 462, 465 f, 2002; Teržan 2008, 296 ss, sl. 48; Sassatelli 2013, 126; Pavlin, Tab. 2), while a walnut was found e.g. at Treviso in a context Turk 2014, 48 s, 53. dating to the beginning of the Iron Age (Bianchin Citton 320 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 67 ss, sl. 50B, 56, t. 25: 1. 2004, 55, Fig. 7). 321 316 prim. Baldelli, Landolfi, Lollini 1982, 91; De Marinis See e. g. Trampuž Orel, Heath 1998, 237 ff, Figs. 2, 3; 1988, 158, sl. 75; Govi 1999, 46, op. 59; Maccel ari 2002, vol. I, Teržan 2008, 299, Fig. 48; Pavlin, Turk 2014, 64 ff, Fig. 10. 317 129 s, 180, 247, vol. II, t. 80, 109, 237. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, Pl. 40: 9. 111 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 74: Skyphos tipa Saint Valentin iz hiše 5 ( a) in sovji skyphos oz. Glaux iz grobišča Most na Soči – Pucarjev rob, grob 3 ( b); (po Svoljšak, Dular 2016, t. 25: 1; Mlinar 2002, sl. 25). M. = 1:2. Fig. 74: Skyphos of the Saint Valentin class from House 5 ( a) and owl skyphos or glaux from the cemetery Most na Soči – Pucarjev rob, Grave 3 ( b); (from Svoljšak, Dular 2016, Pl. 25: 1; Mlinar 2002, Fig. 25). Scale = 1:2. K atiški keramiki iz tega časa sodi še sovji skyphos, ime- while Houses 3/2 and 13, as well as the Repelc cemetery, novan tudi Glaux ( sl. 74: b),322 ki je pripadal inventarju yielded several fragments of ramo secco ingots,318 such as žarnega groba 3 z območja Pucarjevega roba blizu soto- were in circulation in the 6th and 5th centuries BC mainly čja Idrijce in Soče323 skupaj z najmlajšima različicama on Etruscan territory. The two ingot types were found kačastih in certoških fibul (stopnja Sv. Lucija IIb/c).324 together in a hoard at nearby Šempeter pri Gorici.319 Iz jonskega delavniškega kroga domnevno izhajata kylikes iz žarnih grobov M 2850 ( sl. 75: a)325 in Sz 1008 ( sl. 75: b).326 Podobna posodica v grobu M 2151 z bro- Imported pottery nastim pitosom je opredeljena kot posnetek jonskega The pottery assemblage from Most na Soči includes several Greek forms. House 5 yielded a skyphos ( Fig. 322 De Marinis 1988, 158 s, sl. 76; Govi 1999, 72. 74: a)320 with the decoration characteristic of the Saint 323 Mlinar 2002, 28 ss, sl. 22–25. 324 318 Certoška fibula pripada različici VIIa: Teržan 1976, Ib., Pls. 23: 7, 33: 20. Also see Laharnar, 221 f, and 326, 357 s, sl. 3a, 26; kačasta pa tipu Fraore oz. različici VIIe: Šmit, Laharnar 328 ff, in this publication, as well as Mlinar Tecco Hvala 2014, 136 s, 157 s, sl. 7: 12, karta 12, t. 13. 2014, 611 ff, Fig. 41.4. 325 319 Marchesetti 1893, 127 s, t. 6: 9; Gabrovec 1992, 215 Panvini Rosati 1988, 20 ff, Pl. 1; Pellegrini, Macel ari s, sl. 13: 3. 2002; Teržan 2008, 296 ff, Fig. 48; Sassatelli 2013, 126; Pavlin, 326 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, 188, Turk 2014, 65, 70. 320 t. 104: 13. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 67 ff, Figs. 50B, 56, Pl. 25: 1. 112 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 75: Kylikes iz grobov M 2850 in Sz 1008 ( a, b), nagubana skodela iz groba M 2711 ( c) in pitos iz groba Sz 325 ( d); (po Gabrovec 1992, 50, sl. 13: 3,6; Dular 1982, sl. 24: 9; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž 1984–1985, t. 29 F: 2). Vse keramika. M. = 1:4. Fig. 75: Kylikes from Graves M 2850 and Sz 1008 ( a, b); embossed bowl from Grave M 2711 ( c); pithos from Grave Sz 325 ( d); (from Gabrovec 1992, 50, Fig. 13: 3,6; Dular 1982, Fig. 24: 9; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž 1984–1985, Pl. 29 F: 2). All ceramic. Scale = 1:4. kylixa,327 k tovrstni obliki pripada verjetno še fragment Valentin class of the Attic pottery production in the iz prav tako žarnega groba Sz 1002,328 najden skupaj s second half of the 5th century BC.321 Another product paroma trakastih ter kačastih fibul z jantarnimi okraski. of Attic workshops came to light in the cemetery; it is Kylix iz groba M 2850 naj bi sodil k tipu A2 po Vallet- an owl skyphos or glaux ( Fig. 74: b),322 found in crema- Vil ard, datiranem v čas 620–600, tisti iz groba Sz 1008 tion Grave 3 at Pucarjev rob, near the confluence of the pa k tipu B2, take naj bi izdelovali v času med 580–540.329 Rivers Idrijca and Soča,323 together with the last variants Spremljajoči grobni pridatki tem datacijam (v stopnje of serpentine and Certosa fibulae (Sv. Lucija IIb/c).324 Sv. Lucija Ic2 do IIb) ne nasprotujejo. Ionian workshops are presumably to be credited Med Marchesettijevimi izkopavanji grobišča sta with the production of the two kylikes recovered from bili odkriti še oinochoai, ki sta danes izgubljeni – ena je pripadala grobu 1026 skupaj s kačastimi fibulami, druga grobu 3227 z narebrenim pitosom,330 ki je vseboval še 321 Cf. Baldelli, Landolfi, Lollini 1982, 91; De Marinis dve svetolucijski ločni fibuli s trikotnimi in košarastimi 1988, 158, Fig. 75; Govi 1999, 46, Fn. 59; Maccel ari 2002, obeski ter po eno očalasto, trortasto in pijavkasto fibulo, Vol. I, 129 f, 180, 247, Vol. II, Pls. 80, 109, 237. 322 De Marinis 1988, 158 f, Fig. 76; Govi 1999, 72. 327 323 Vitri 2004, sl. 1; Crismani 2004, 647 s. Mlinar 2002, 28 ff, Figs. 22–25. 328 324 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, 187, The Certosa fibula is of Variant VIIa: Teržan 1976, t. 102A: 9. 326, 357 f, Figs. 3a, 26; the serpentine fibula is of the Fraore 329 Gabrovec 1992, 215; Cassola Guida, Vitri 2002, 184. type or Variant VIIe: Tecco Hvala 2014, 171 f, Fig. 7: 12, Map 330 Marchesetti 1893, 47, t. 6: 10; Boiardi 1983, 184, sl. 49. 12, Pl. 13. 113 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE delce kačastih fibul s krilci in obročast nakit. Glede na urn Graves M 2850 ( Fig. 75: a)325 and Sz 1008 ( Fig. 75: spremljajoče pridatke ju lahko datiramo v 6. st. (stopnja b), respectively.326 A similar vessel from Grave M 2151, Sv. Lucija IIa), izdelani sta bili verjetno v kaki jonski found together with a bronze pithos, is interpreted as an delavnici.331 imitation of an Ionian kylix;327 while a fragment from Kylikes, skyphoi in oinochoai so najbolj razširjene Grave Sz 1002,328 also containing a cremation burial in vrste grškega posodja, glavna distributerja za severno- urn, probably belongs to such a vessel as well and was un- italski in osrednji alpski prostor pa sta bila emporija v earthed together with two pairs of band bow and dragon delti reke Pad, to sta Adria in Spina.332 fibulae with amber decorations. The kylix from Grave M Importa z območja dolenjske halštatske skupnosti 2850 is ascribed to Type A2 after Vallet-Vil ard, dated bi lahko videli v nagubanih skodelah z apliciranima to 620–600 BC, while the kylix from Sz 1008 belongs to živalskima glavicama na ročaju ( sl. 75: c), ki ju omenja Type B2 presumably produced in 580–540 BC.329 The Marchesetti med pridatki groba 2711.333 Šlo naj bi za goods associated with the kylikes do not oppose such povsem običajen pokop s sežganimi ostanki na dnu jame dating (Sv. Lucija Ic2–IIb). in s pridanimi tremi kačastimi fibulami ter še eno majh- Marchesetti’s excavations also unearthed two oino- no lončeno skodelico, okrašeno z bronastimi žebljički. choai, which are now lost. One was found in Grave 1026 Zoomorfni protomi so značilne okrasne prvine na lon- together with serpentine fibulae, the other in Grave 3227 čenini z obrobja vzhodnih Alp in zahodne Panonije, od with a cordoned pithos330 that held two Sveta Lucija arch Donavskega kolena do območja Dolenjske, na slednjem fibulae with triangular and basket-shaped pendants, je bilo od konca 6. in zlasti v 5. st. priljubljeno tudi one spectacle fibula, one fibula with three knobs on posodje z nagubanim ostenjem.334 Ob tem bi si drznili the bow ( Dreiknopffibel) and one leech fibula, pieces of pomisliti, da je primerka takih skodel na Most na Soči serpentine fibulae with wings and ring jewellery. Given morda prinesla nevesta iz Dolenjske za doto, tako kot the associated goods, the oinochoai can be dated to the bi recipročno lahko domnevali za najdbe svetolucijske 6th century BC (Sv. Lucija IIa) and attributed to an Ion- provenience in žgane pokope v narebrene pitose v do- ian workshop.331 lenjskih gomilah, kjer so običajnejši skeletni grobovi.335 Kylikes, skyphoi and oinochoai rank among the most widely spread forms of Greek pottery, with the emporia in the Po delta, namely Adria and Spina, serving Bronasta oinochoe as the main centres of distribution to the north Italian and central Alpine areas.332 Import predstavlja tudi bronasta oinochoe ( sl. 76: The embossed bowls with animal heads applied a)336 iz žarnega groba M 3145, ki jo je že podrobneje to the handle ( Fig. 75: c), which Marchesetti mentions obravnavala Serena Vitri, zato na tem mestu na kratko among the goods of Grave 2711,333 are believed to be povzemamo njene ugotovitve.337 Grobni pridatki pri- imports from the Dolenjska Hal statt community. The čajo, da je bila v njem pokopana ženska nekje v sredini grave revealed a burial common for Most na Soči, with 6. st. (stopnja Sv. Lucija IIa). Bronast vrč je bil položen cremated remains strewn across the bottom of the pit, v lončen pitos (žaro) skupaj z uhanom in fibulami, med and grave goods comprising three serpentine fibulae katerimi se omenjajo svetolucijska z obeski, čolničasta, and a small ceramic cup decorated with bronze studs. kačasta in tri pijavkaste, okrašene s snopi vrezov in The zoomorphic protomes on the bowls are decorative luknjicami na loku.338 elements characteristic of the pottery produced at the fringes of the eastern Alps and western Pannonia, from 331 Gabrovec 1992, 215 s; Cassola Guida, Vitri 2002, 184. the Danube knee to Dolenjska; also popular in the latter 332 Govi 1999, 157 ss, sl. 79, 81–84; Sassatelli 2013, 127 s; region towards the end of the 6th and even more so in Braccesi, Veronese 2013, 140 s, sl. 1. 333 Marchesetti 1893, 120, t. 6: 16. 334 325 Dular A. 1978, 85 ss; Dular 1982, 135, sl. 24: 9; Tankó Marchesetti 1893, 127 f, Pl. 6: 9; Gabrovec 1992, 215 2005, 153 ss, sl. 1 (tip Be), 2, 5 (tip Be). f, Fig. 13: 3. 335 326 Dular, Tecco Hvala 2007, 235 s; Tecco Hvala 2012, Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, 188, 62 ss, 383. Pl. 104: 13. 336 327 Marchesetti 1903, t. 17: 7; Vitri 1980, 267 ss, sl. 1: 3, 2; Vitri 2004, Fig. 1; Crismani 2004, 647 f. 328 Boiardi 1983, 182 s, t. 44; Boiardi 1984, 112, sl. 1; Jereb 2016, Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, 187, 121, t. 145: 338. Pl. 102A: 9. 337 329 Frey 1969, 84, sl. 49; Vitri 1980, sl. 2, 273 ss. Gabrovec 1992, 215; Cassola Guida, Vitri 2002, 184. 338 330 Pijavkaste fibule te vrste so najpogostejše na območju Marchesetti 1893, 47, Pl. 6: 10; Boiardi 1983, 184, kulture Golasecca in v dolini reke Piave ter južno od reke Pad Fig. 49. 331 v širši okolici etruščanske Felsine (Bologna), več primerkov Gabrovec 1992, 215 f; Cassola Guida, Vitri 2002, 184. 332 je znanih tudi z Mosta na Soči; datirane so v drugo polovico Govi 1999, 157 ff, Figs. 79, 81–84; Sassatelli 2013, 127 6. in na začetek 5. st. (Nascimbene 2009, 130 ss, sl. 31, 32, f; Braccesi, Veronese 2013, 140 f, Fig. 1. 333 tab. 13). Marchesetti 1893, 120, Pl. 6: 16. 114 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 76: Oinochoe iz groba M 3145 ( a) in pitos iz groba M 2038 ( b); (po Jereb 2016, t. 19, 145). Vse bron. M. = 1:4 ( a) in 1:8 ( b). Fig. 76: Oinochoe from Grave M 3145 ( a) and pithos from Grave M 2038 ( b); (from Jereb 2016, Pls. 19, 145). All bronze. Scale = 1:4 ( a) and 1:8 ( b). Bronasta oinochoe se uvršča med maloštevilne the 5th century BC was embossed ware.334 It is possible primerke t. i. plumpe Kannen etruščanske proizvod- to imagine that the two bowls came to Most na Soči nje, ki naj bi predstavljale vmesni člen med starejšimi together with a bride from Dolenjska, as dowry. We can rodoškimi oinochoai in mlajšimi t. i. Schnabelkannen. imagine a similar scenario in the opposite direction, Prve se pojavijo na območju srednje in južne Italije v for the goods of a Sveta Lucija origin, as well as burials grobovih proti koncu 8. st.,339 druge spadajo med najbolj in cordoned pithoi under tumuli in Dolenjska, where razširjene etruščanske izdelke, ki so bili priljubljeni pri inhumation burial was the usual practice.335 eliti severnoitalskega in srednjeevropskega prostora v 334 Dular A. 1978, 89 ff; Dular 1982, 218 f, Fig. 24: 9; zgodnjem latenskem obdobju. Mostarski najdbi je obli- Tankó 2005, 153 ff, Figs. 1 (Type Be), 2, 5 (Type Be). kovno najbližji primerek z južnoetruščanskega najdišča 335 Dular, Tecco Hvala 2007, 235 f; Tecco Hvala 2012, 62 339 Pare 1989, 445 ss, sl. 16; Frey 1998, 307 s, sl. 12. ff, 383. 115 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Trevignano Romano ob jezeru Bolsena, datiran v prvo Bronze oinochoe polovico 6. st.; lahko bi celo izhajala iz iste delavnice, ki je bila morebiti v kraju Vulci.340 Podoben vrč je bil odkrit The bronze oinochoe ( Fig. 76: a)336 found in Grave v Dürrnbergu na Solnograškem v nekoliko mlajšem M 3145 was also an import and has been presented in skeletnem grobu 59 in je domnevno lokalna imitacija.341 detail by Serena Vitri, whose conclusions are summarised Vrči so spadali k pivskemu servisu in se povezujejo below.337 The associated goods reveal the burial of woman z banketom, ki ima vzhodnosredozemske korenine in who died roughly in the mid-6th century BC (Sv. Lucija pri katerem so sodelovale ženske;342 primerek z Mosta IIa). The jug was laid in a ceramic pithos (urn) together na Soči bi tako kazal na prodor grško-etruščanske ide- with an earring and fibulae that included a Sveta Lucija ologije v jugovzhodnoalpski svet. arch fibula with pendants, a boat, a serpentine and three leech fibulae decorated with stripes of incisions and holes on the bow.338 Bronasta situla s figuralno okrašenim pokrovom The bronze oinochoe is among the few examples of plumpe Kannen of Etruscan production that are believed Tujo provenienco med bronastimi izdelki smemo to have represented an intermediary form between the pripisati figuralno okrašenemu pokrovu ( sl. 77) iz groba earlier Rhodian oinochoai and the later Schnabelkannen. M 3580.343 Po eni strani je izdelek izjemen zato, ker The former occur in central and southern Italy, in the sta bila na Mostu na Soči odkrita samo dva bronasta graves from the late 8th century BC,339 while the latter rank pokrova,344 a tudi lončenih ni prav dosti.345 Po drugi among the most widespread Etruscan products popular strani je to eden od dveh do zdaj objavljenih primerov among the Early La Tène elites in northern Italy and situlske umetnosti v Zgornjem Posočju, druga najdba je central Europe. The object formal y closest to the example fragmentirana bronasta situla iz Kobarida z upodoblje- from Most na Soči has been found at Trevignano Romano, nimi živalskimi in človeškimi figurami v klasičnem sti- a southern Etruscan site at Lake Bolsena, and dates to the lu.346 Videti je, da se je posoška skupnost v ornamentiki first half of the 6th century BC; the two objects may even strogo držala tradicionalnega ikonografskega programa have been the products of the same workshop active at žarnogrobiščne kulture in je nemara imela ideološki Vulci.340 Another similar jug has been unearthed at Dür- zadržek do upodabljanja človeka. Z živalsko motiviko rnberg, in the Salzburg area, in a slightly later inhumation okrašen bronast pokrov z Mosta na Soči se uvršča med Grave 59 and presumably represents a local imitation.341 podobne najdbe iz Este in picenske Numane na jugu, Jugs formed part of drinking sets and are connected Hal statta na severu, Stične na vzhodu in Grandate pri with banquets that have roots in the eastern Mediter- Como na zahodu.347 ranean and with female participants;342 the example K inventarju groba M 3580 je poleg pokrova spada- from Most na Soči may therefore reflect the introduc- la bronasta situla, v njej so bile skupaj z žganino najdene tion of Graeco-Etruscan ideology in the south-eastern tri fibule (velika očalasta in par dvozankastih vozlastih) Alpine area. 340 Vitri 1980, 274 s; Pare 1989, 460 s, sl. 25. 341 Moosleitner, Pauli, Penninger 1974, 21 s, t. 123: 14; Pauli 1978, 348. 342 Vitri 1980, 275 s; prim. še Frey 1969, t. 28: 15; Metzger 2002, 113 ss, sl. 11. 343 Marchesetti 1900, 26; Marchesetti 1903, 164; Frey 1969, 53, 103, sl. 29, t. 60–61; Boiardi 1983, 179, sl. XVII; 336 Boiardi 1984, 113; Turk 2005, 70, sl. 104; Gambacurta Marchesetti 1903, Pl. 17: 7; Vitri 1980, 267 ff, Figs. 1: 2011, 317, kat. št. 4.65; Jereb 2016, 93, t. 112: 231. Grob je v 3, 2; Boiardi 1983, 182 f, Pl. 44; Boiardi 1984, 112, Fig. 1; Jereb nekaterih objavah označen s številko 3767. 2016, 121, Pl. 145: 338. 344 337 Podoben bronast pokrov, vendar neornamentiran, Frey 1969, 84, Fig. 49; Vitri 1980, Fig. 2, 273 ff. 338 je bil najden še v moškem grobu M 2820 skupaj s situlo This type of leech fibulae is most common in the area drugačnega tipa (Marchesetti 1893, 125, t. 2: 6; Jereb 2016, of the Golasecca culture, the valley of the River Piave and 35, t. 20: 36). south of the Po in the wider surroundings of Etruscan Felsina 345 V grobovih M 907, 2151, 2672, 2694, 2785, 2837, Sz (Bologna), several examples are also known from Most na 1670 se pojavljajo pokrovi iz protja: Marchesetti 1893, 41, 95, Soči; this fibula type was worn in the second half of the 6th 118, 119, 123, 127, t. 27: 13; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž- and the early 5th century BC (Nascimbene 2009, 130 ff, Figs. Orel 1984–1985, 274; včasih so bile kot pokrov uporabljene 31, 32, Tab. 13). 339 tudi lončene latvice. Za naselbinske keramične najdbe glej tu Pare 1989, 445 ff, Fig. 16; Frey 1998, 307 f, Fig. 12. 340 Grahek, 274, sl. 13: Po. Vitri 1980, 274 f; Pare 1989, 460 f, Fig. 25. 346 341 Gabrovec 1976–1977, 48, t. 11; Ruaro Loseri 1983, sl. Moosleitner, Pauli, Penninger 1974, 21 f, Pl. 123: 14; 64; Turk 2005, 70, sl. 105; Jereb 2016, 69, t. 90: 157. Pauli 1978, 348. 347 342 Frey 1969, t. 11: 11, 14: 7, 40–43: 146, 54–57, 59–61; Vitri 1980, 275 f; also cf. Frey 1969, Pl. 28: 15; Metzger Turk 2005, 18, sl. 14. 2002, 113 ff, Fig. 11. 116 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Bronze situla with figural decoration on the lid The lid with figural decoration ( Fig. 77), found in Grave M 3580,343 is another bronze product of foreign provenance. The item is exceptional firstly because only two bronze lids have been unearthed at Most na Soči,344 where even ceramic lids were uncommon.345 Secondly, it is one of only two examples of situla art from the upper Posočje region published thus far, the other one being a fragmented bronze situla from Kobarid, which is decorated with animal and human figures in the classic style.346 It seems that the Posočje community retained its traditional iconographic programme rooted in the Urnfield culture and may even had ideological scruples about depicting the human figure. The animal proces- sion ranks the bronze lid from Most na Soči among similar items known from Este and Picene Numana in the south, Hal statt in the north, Stična in the east and Grandate near Como in the west.347 Apart from the lid, Grave M 3580 also contained a bronze situla, which held the cremated remains, as well as three fibulae (one large spectacle fibula and a pair of two-looped knobbed fibulae) and a fineware bowl with a high handle, while another ceramic bowl was found next to the situla. The grave goods reveal the burial of a woman from the late 7th century BC. The fibulae form part of the local costume characteristic of the Sv. Lucija Ic phase, while the bronze lid and the situla of the Prà d’Este type probably represent imports from an Este workshop ( Fig. 77).348 The cemetery at Most na Soči yielded over a hundred bronze situlae, but no other (with a possible exception of the situla from Grave M 2806349) had the pedestal shaped and attached in the way seen on the situla from Grave M 3580;350 such situlae are known Sl. 77: Bronasta situla in figuralno okrašen pokrov iz groba M 343 Marchesetti 1900, 26; Marchesetti 1903, 164; Frey 3580 (po Gambacurta 2011, 317, sl. 4.65). M. = 1:4. 1969, 53, 103, Fig. 29, Pls. 60–61; Boiardi 1983, 179, Fig. Fig. 77: Bronze situla and figural y decorated lid from Grave XVII; Boiardi 1984, 113; Turk 2005, 70, Fig. 104; Gambacurta M 3580 (from Gambacurta 2011, 317, Fig. 4.65). Scale = 1:4. 2011, 317, Cat. No. 4.65; Jereb 2016, 93, Pl. 112: 231. The grave was marked as No. 3767 in some publications. 344 A similar lid, but undecorated, was found alongside a situla of a different type in the male Grave M 2820 (Marchesetti 1893, 125, Pl. 2: 6; Jereb 2016, 35, Pl. 20: 36). ter skodela iz fine gline s presegajočim ročajem, druga 345 Grs. M 907, 2151, 2672, 2694, 2785, 2837, Sz 1670 lončena skodela je ležala ob situli. Po pridatkih sodeč revealed wicker lids: Marchesetti 1893, 41, 95, 118, 119, 123, gre za ženski pokop s konca 7. st. Fibule predstavljajo 127, Pl. 27: 13; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, značilno lokalno nošo v stopnji Sv. Lucija Ic, medtem 274; ceramic dishes with an inturned rim were also used as ko sta bronast pokrov in situla, imenovana tudi tip Prà lids in some cases. For the ceramic finds in the settlement see d'Este, verjetno importa iz estenske delavnice ( sl. 77).348 Grahek in this publication, 273, Fig. 13: Po. 346 Med več kot sto primerki bronastih situl z grobišča na Gabrovec 1976–1977, 48, Pl. 11; Ruaro Loseri 1983, Mostu na Soči ni nobene (morda z izjemo situle v grobu Fig. 64; Turk 2005, 70, Fig. 105; Jereb 2016, 69, Pl. 90: 157. 347 M 2806349), ki bi imela na enak način pritrjeno in obli- Frey 1969, Pls. 11: 11, 14: 7, 40–43: 146, 54–57, 59–61; Turk 2005, 18, Fig. 14. 348 Frey 1969, 53, Fig. 29; Gabrovec 1992, 215; Jereb 2016, 348 Frey 1969, 53, sl. 29; Gabrovec 1992, 215; Jereb 2016, 122, Pl. 147: 341. 349 122, t. 147: 341. Marchesetti 1893, 124 f, Pl. 2: 4. 349 350 Marchesetti 1893, 124 s, t. 2: 4. Cf. Jereb 2016, Pls. 20–22, 30–39, 66–80, 82, 86, 87. 117 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE kovano nogo,350 so pa znane v venetskem prostoru od across the Venetic area and date from the late 7th to the konca 7. do začetka 5. st.351 early 5th centuries BC.351 Bronasta pitosa Bronze pithoi Brez primere sta dva ogromna bronasta pitosa The cemetery also yielded two large bronze pithoi ( sl. 76: b), ki ju je podrobneje že opisala Grazia Bravar.352 without known parallels ( Fig. 76: b); they have been Služila sta kot žari v grobovih M 2038 in M 2151.353 Pitos described in more detail by Grazia Bravar.352 They were iz groba M 2038 je visok kar 93 cm, vseboval je v tkanino used as urns in Graves M 2038 and M 2151.353 The pithos zavito bronasto situlo, stekleno skodelico ( sl. 78: c), dva from Grave M 2038 measures as much as 93 cm in height prstana in štirinajst kačastih fibul, med njimi več primer- and contained a bronze situla wrapped in fabric, a glass kov s krilci ter dve z rozeto in pestiči iz jantarja, slednji cup ( Fig. 78: c), two finger rings and fourteen serpentine imata najboljše primerjave v etruščanskem Verucchiu fibulae, among them several examples with wings and ob zahodnojadranski obali.354 Izven pitosa je ležala še two dragon fibulae with an amber overlay, the latter with pasna spona, kar bi kazalo na dvojni pokop v sredini formal y closest parallels in Etruscan Verucchio on the 6. st. (stopnja Sv. Lucija IIa). west Adriatic coast.354 A belt plate was found outside Podobne pridatke je vseboval grob M 2151, enak je the pithos, which suggests a double burial dating to the bil tudi način pokopa. V pitos je bil poleg bronaste situle mid-6th century BC (Sv. Lucija IIa). in steklene skodelice ( sl. 78: a) pridan nakit, ki je bil v Grave M 2151 contained similar goods and showed modi v poznem 6. in na začetku 5. st. (svetolucijska ločna the same burial rite. The pithos held a bronze situla, a fibula z obeski in certoška fibula domnevno različice Ia). glass cup ( Fig. 78: a) and jewellery fashionable in the Na dnu pitosa je bila smola, izven njega so ležali še ena late 6th and early 5th centuries BC (Sveta Lucija arch steklena skodela ( sl. 78: b) in druga iz fine prečiščene fibula with pendants and a Certosa fibula presumably of gline, ki posnema jonski kylix, ter majhna pravokotna Variant Ia). Resin was found at the bottom of the pithos. pasna spona, dva prstana, uhan in trakasta fibula,355 iz Another glass cup ( Fig. 78: b) was laid outside the pithos česar je mogoče sklepati na malce mlajši dvojni pokop next to a cup of refined clay imitating an Ionian kylix and (stopnja Sv. Lucija IIb). a small rectangular belt plate, two finger rings, an earring Bravarjeva ugotavlja, da sta bronasta pitosa po and a band bow fibula,355 which suggests a slightly later obliki, dimenzijah in proporcih podobna kakovostnim double burial (Sv. Lucija IIb). in povečini reliefno okrašenim keramičnim etruščan- Bravar notes that the two bronze pithoi resemble skim izdelkom iz 7. in 6. st.356 V tem času se bolj grobo the high-quality and mostly relief decorated Etruscan izdelani lončeni pitosi pojavijo tudi v grobovih na Mostu pottery of the 7th and 6th centuries BC in form, size and na Soči,357 ti so bolj kot z etruščanskimi primerljivi z proportions.356 At this time, coarser ceramic pithoi izdelki na območju estenske kulture.358 Očitne povezave also appear in the graves at Most na Soči,357 which are z vzhodnim delom Padske nižine nakazujejo zlasti pri- closer to the products of the Este culture than to those merki z ročaji, ki imajo votel čašast zaključek na vrhu in of the Etruscans.358 Particularly clear parallels with the 350 351 prim. Jereb 2016, t. 20–22, 30–39, 66–80, 82, 86, 87. Frey 1969, Pls. 21: 5,6, 25: 13, 51, 72: 28,29; Gambacurta, 351 Frey 1969, t. 21: 5,6, 25: 13, 51, 72: 28,29; Gambacurta, Ruta Serafini 1998, 142, Fig. 71; Nascimbene 1999, 135, Pl. 2: Ruta Serafini 1998, 142, sl. 71; Nascimbene 1999, 135, t. 2: 323; Chieco Bianchi, Calzavara Capuis 1985, Pls. 179: 70, 184: 323; Chieco Bianchi, Calzavara Capuis 1985, t. 179: 70, 184: 14, 185: 18, 212 B: 1, 264: 9, 265: 25; Manessi, Nascimbene 14, 185: 18, 212 B: 1, 264: 9, 265: 25; Manessi, Nascimbene 2003, 185 ff, Fig. 56, Pl. 52: 1; Capuis, Chieco Bianchi 2006, 2003, 185 ss, sl. 56, t. 52: 1; Capuis, Chieco Bianchi 2006, t. Pls. 43: 1, 162: 9,10; Gamba et al. 2013, 402 ff, Cat. No. 11.3.3; 43: 1, 162: 9,10; Gamba et al. 2013, 402 ss, kat. št. 11.3.3; Egg, Egg, Kramer 2013, 241 ff, Fig. 100. 352 Kramer 2013, 241 ss, sl. 100. Bravar 1984, 136 ff, Fig. 1: 1,2; Jereb 2016, 32 f, Pls. 352 Bravar 1984, 136 ss, sl. 1: 1,2; Jereb 2016, 32 s, t. 18, 19. 18, 19. 353 353 Marchesetti 1893, 90 s, 95 s, t. 1: 1,2, 2, 6: 11, 8: 2, 9: Marchesetti 1893, 90 f, 95 f, Pls. 1: 1,2, 2, 6: 11, 8: 2, 9: 1,2, 17: 13, 26: 12, 27: 1,13, 29: 11; Boiardi 1983, 173 ss, sl. 39, 1,2, 17: 13, 26: 12, 27: 1,13, 29: 11; Boiardi 1983, 173 ff, Figs. 40; Boiardi 1984, 112, sl. 4A, 4B; Crismani 2004, 284: sl. 1; 39, 40; Boiardi 1984, 112, Figs. 4A, 4B; Crismani 2004, 284: 647 s, kat. št. 6.9. Fig. 1; 647 f, Cat. No. 6.9. 354 354 von Eles Masi 1995, 46, sl. 27; Bermond Montanari von Eles Masi 1995, 46, Fig. 27; Bermond Montanari 2004, 605 s, kat. št. 5.6. 2004, 605 f, Cat. No. 5.6. 355 355 Vitri 2004, sl. 1; Crismani 2004, 647 s. Vitri 2004, Fig. 1; Crismani 2004, 647 f. 356 356 Bravar 1984, 137, sl. 2a; prim. še Torelli 2000, 83, 119, Bravar 1984, 137, Fig. 2a; also cf. Torelli 2000, 83, 119, 545: kat. št. 20, 569: kat. št. 81.33; 570: kat. št. 81.35. 545: Cat. No. 20, 569: Cat. No. 81.33; 570: Cat. No. 81.35. 357 357 Dular 1982, 93 (tip 1), 101 ss, sl. 6: 1, 10. Dular 1982, 200 ff (Type 1), Figs. 6: 1, 10. 358 358 Glej npr. Gamba et al. 2013, 373 ss, 399, kat. št. 10.3.2, See e.g. Gamba et al. 2013, 373 ff, 399, Cat. Nos. 10.3.3, 10.3.6, 10.3.7, 11.2.8.1. 10.3.2, 10.3.3, 10.3.6, 10.3.7, 11.2.8.1. 118 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE razcepljeno bazo v dva kraka ( sl. 75: d);359 take zasledimo eastern Po Plain can be seen in the examples that bear na najdiščih, kot so Este, Padova, Oderzo, Concordia grips with a hollow cup-like top and a forked base ( Fig. Sagittaria, Posmon pri Montebel uni, Montebello, Mo- 75: d);359 such vessels are known from sites such as Este, nrupino, Elleri.360 Dlje proti vzhodu pa nenarebreni Padua, Oderzo, Concordia Sagittaria, Posmon near lončeni pitosi niso prodrli; uporabljali so jih le še na Montebel una, Montebello, Monrupino and Elleri.360 Notranjskem,361 od koder za zdaj ni znan noben ročaj Ceramic pithoi without cordons are not known east of s čašastim zaključkom in razcepljeno bazo. Iz Posočja there with the exception of Notranjska,361 where none in estenskega prostora so se na vzhod – na Gorenjsko of the pithoi have grips with a hollow cup-like top and in Dolenjsko – razširili le narebreni pitosi z rdeče-črno a forked base. Only the cordoned pithoi with black-on- barvanimi pasovi.362 red painted bands spread east of Posočje and the Este Po načinu izdelave sta bronasta pitosa sorodna cultural area – to Gorenjska and Dolenjska.362 vedrom brez držajev ali z njimi (t. i. tip Kurd), ki odse- In production technique, the two bronze pithoi vajo staro podonavsko tradicijo izdelovanja bronastih are similar to buckets with or without grips (the Kurd posod iz časov kulture žarnih grobišč. V železni dobi type) that mirror the old Danubian tradition of bronze so se razširila na zahod, njihova široka razprostranje- vessels dating back to the Urnfield culture period. In the nost od srednje Italije do severnega morja pa kaže na Iron Age, such vessels spread westwards and their broad več delavniških krogov.363 Kar nekaj takih veder je bilo distribution stretching from central Italy to the North odkritih v grobovih na Mostu na Soči; datirana so v Sea suggests several production circles.363 A number of čas od druge polovice 7. do začetka 5. st. (od stopnje such buckets has been unearthed in the graves at Most Sv. Lucija Ib do IIb),364 nekatera med njimi so tudi po na Soči; they date from the second half of the 7th to the prostornini primerljiva z bronastima pitosoma.365 Za- early 5th century BC (Sv. Lucija Ib–IIb).364 Some of these nje bi lahko domnevali, da so lokalni izdelki, tako kot buckets are comparable in volume to the two bronze glavnina bronastih situl. pithoi.365 They may be seen as local products. Steklene skodelice Glass cups Nekateri premožni pripadniki skupnosti na Mo- Some of the more affluent members of the commu- stu na Soči so imeli v lasti steklene skodelice ( sl. 78), nity at Most na Soči were buried with glass cups ( Fig. 78), ki so pravcata rariteta. Enobarvni stekleni skodelici which are quite rare finds. The two monochrome ribbed medeno-rjavega ali zelenkastega odtenka z narebrenim cups of honey-brown or greenish glass ( Fig. 78: d,f)366 ostenjem ( sl. 78: d,f)366 sta bili pridani v žarna grobova were placed into the urn Graves Sz 2439 and Sz 2446, Sz 2439 in Sz 2446, ki ju lahko časovno opredelimo na respectively, and are attributable to the transition from prehod iz 7. v 6. st. (stopnja Sv. Lucija Ic2/IIa).367 Oba the 7th to the 6th century BC (Sv. Lucija Ic2/IIa).367 Both sta vsebovala bronaste situle in kačaste fibule z rozetami graves contained bronze situlae and dragon fibulae, Grave in pestiči, grob 2439 pa še različice s sedlastim lokom 2439 also serpentine fibulae with a saddle-shaped bow or a ali z zanko ter večglavi igli, železen okov in kos okre, 359 Marchesetti 1893, 21, Pl. 2: 1; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, Pls. 29 F: 2, 229 D, 265 A: 2. 359 Marchesetti 1893, 21, t. 2: 1; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, 360 Cardarelli 1983, 88, 100, Pl. 16: 114 (penultimate Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, t. 29 F: 2, 229 D, 265 A: 2. column), 21: 114; Lora, Ruta Serafini 1992, 259, Fig. 8: 1; 360 Cardarelli 1983, 88, 100, t. 16: 114 (predzadnji Albertini et al. 1996, Cat. Nos. 12, 139, 225, Figs. 7: 12, 20: stolpec), 21: 114; Lora, Ruta Serafini 1992, 259, sl. 8: 1; 139, 61: 252; Manessi, Nascimbene 2003, 123 f, Pl. 26: 1; Albertini et al. 1996, kat. št. 12, 139, 225, sl. 7: 12, 20: 139, Capuis, Chieco Bianchi 2006, Pls. 2: 1, 3: 1. 61: 252; Manessi, Nascimbene 2003, 123 s, t. 26: 1; Capuis, 361 Urleb 1974, Pl. 1: 2; Guštin 1979, Pls. 37: 1, 39: 1, 40: Chieco Bianchi 2006, t. 2: 1, 3: 1. 11 etc. 361 Urleb 1974, t. 1: 2; Guštin 1979, t. 37: 1, 39: 1, 40: 11 itd. 362 Dular 1982, 200 ff (Sveta Lucija Type 2), Figs. 6: 2, 10; 362 Dular 1982, 93 (svetolucijski tip 2), 101 ss, 135 s, sl. 6: cf. ib., 21 f (Dolenjska Type 4), Pl. 3: 10,11. 2, 10; prim. ib., 21 s (dolenjski tip 4), t. 3: 10,11. 363 Egg 1985, 368 ff, Fig. 37; Egg, Kramer 2013, 178 ff, 363 Egg 1985, 368 ss, sl. 37; Egg, Kramer 2013, 178 ss, 192 192 ff, Figs. 69, 75. ss, sl. 69, 75. 364 Marchesetti 1893, 79, 122, 124, 139, Pl. 1: 3; Bravar 364 Marchesetti 1893, 79, 122, 124, 139, t. 1: 3; Bravar 1984, 136 ff, Fig. 1: 4–6; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, 136 ss, sl. 1: 4–6; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, Pls. 115E: 5, 138C: 8, 215: 10, 260: 5; Jereb 2016, 1984–1985, t. 115E: 5, 138C: 8, 215: 10, 260: 5; Jereb 2016, 32. 32. 365 Jereb 2016, 21 ss, t. 3, 4, 7–10, 13–15. 365 Jereb 2016, 21 ff, Pls. 3, 4, 7–10, 13–15. 366 Haevernick 1981, 43, t. 1: 4; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, 366 Haevernick 1981, 43, Pl. 1: 4; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, 42. Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, 42. 367 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, 382 s, 367 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, 382 f, t. 260–262, 264, 265A. Pls. 260–262, 264, 265A. 119 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 78: Steklene skodelice iz grobov M 2151 ( a, b) in M 2038 ( c) (po Boiardi 1983, sl. XIII; Crismani 2004, 647, kat. št. 6.9) ter grobov Sz 2439, Sz 1008, Sz 2446 ( d–f) (Foto: A. Schumacher, Naturhistorisches Museum Wien). M. = 1:2. Fig. 78: Glass bowls from Graves M 2151 ( a, b) and M 2038 ( c) (from Boiardi 1983, Fig. XIII; Crismani 2004, 647, Cat. No. 6.9), and from Graves Sz 2439, Sz 1008, Sz 2446 ( d–f) (Photo: A. Schumacher, Naturhistorisches Museum Wien). Scale = 1:2. medtem ko sta k pridatkom groba 2446 sodila očalasta loop, two multi-knobbed pins, an iron mount and a piece fibula in kamnit kalup. Primerljive steklene skodelice so of ochre, while Grave 2446 included a spectacle fibula znane iz Hal statta ter njemu bližnjih najdišč Uttendorf and a stone mould. Similar glass cups have been found at in Hel brunner Berg na severnoalpskem obrobju, a ni Hal statt and nearby sites at Uttendorf and Hel brunner dokazov, da bi jih tam tudi izdelovali. Narejene so bile Berg along the northern fringes of the Alps, but there is no v kalupu, na način, ki je po izvoru vzhodnosredozem- evidence to suggest they were produced in this area. They ski.368 Na etruščanskem teritoriju zasledimo narebreno were made in a mould using a technique that originates skodelico brez ročaja iz modrega prosojnega stekla v in the eastern Mediterranean.368 On Etruscan territory, a Artimino-Comeana med pridatki groba A v kupolasti handleless ribbed cup of blue translucent glass was found grobnici Montefortini, ki je datiran v sredino 7. st., tj. v at Artimino-Comeana, among the goods of Grave A in the orientalizirajoče obdobje.369 Ali bi potemtakem v njih domed Montefortini Tomb dated to the mid-7th century lahko videli odsev orientalskega vpliva in po kateri BC, i.e. the Orientalising period.369 Should we therefore poti naj bi ta dosegel alpski prostor? Po obliki nekoliko see the cups as a reflection of Orientalising influences spominjajo na bronaste narebrene skodelice (phialae), and which was the route the influences took to reach the ki imajo prav tako korenine v vzhodnem Sredozemlju in Alpine areas? In form, they are reminiscent of ribbed se v srednji Italiji pojavljajo v bogatih grobovih iz druge bronze cups or phialae, which is also an essential y eastern polovice 8. in v 7. st.; posamični primerki so znani tudi form and appears in rich graves in central Italy from the na območju Padske nižine (Bologna, Padova, Como) second half of the 8th and throughout the 7th century BC; in v Porenju.370 individual examples have also been found in the Po Plain (Bologna, Padua, Como) and the Rhineland.370 368 Haevernick 1981, 47; Egg 1985, 342 ff, Figs. 11: 2, 368 Haevernick 1981, 47; Egg 1985, 342 ss, sl. 11: 2, 15, 16. 15, 16. 369 369 Nicosia 1992, 58. Nicosia 1992, 58. 370 370 von Hase 1992, 73, sl. 18, 20; von Hase 1995, 273 s, von Hase 1992, 73, Figs. 18, 20; von Hase 1995, 273 sl. 29, 30. f, Figs. 29, 30. 120 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 79: Steklen amulet iz groba M 2942 ( a) in zlata ogrlica iz groba M 3383 ( b) (po Vitri 1997, kat. št. 4-144, 193, sl. 5, 7). M. = 1:1. Fig. 79: Glass amulet from Grave M 2942 ( a) and gold necklace from Grave M 3383 ( b) (from Vitri 1997, Cat. No. 4-144, 193, Figs. 5, 7). Scale = 1:1. Enako vprašanje izvora se postavlja v zvezi s poli- The same question pertains to the polychrome glass hromnimi steklenimi skodelicami ( sl. 78: a–c,e)371 iz cups ( Fig. 78: a–c,e)371 from rich urn Graves M 1765, 2038, bogatih žarnih grobov M 1765, 2038, 2151, 2607, 3383 2151, 2607, 3383 and Sz 1008,372 dated to the 6th and the in Sz 1008,372 datiranih v 6. in na začetek 5. st. (stopnji early 5th centuries BC (Sv. Lucija IIa and IIb). The goods Sv. Lucija IIa in IIb). Med grobnimi pridatki je zastopa- associated with them include prestige vessels of bronze no prestižno bronasto in keramično posodje; veliko je and clay, numerous pieces of jewellery, particularly fibu- bilo v njih tudi nakita, zlasti fibul, med njimi zasledimo lae and among them rare forms of dragon fibulae that redke oblike kačastih fibul z rozetami in pestiči, ki so differ from those of local variants (M 2038, M 2607).373 drugačne od lokalnih izvedb (M 2038, M 2607).373 Po- Particularly precious were the adornments of the woman sebno dragoceno okrasje je imela pokojnica v grobu M in Grave M 3383 that consisted of a multitude of annular 3383, sestavljeno iz množice obročastih steklenih jagod, glass beads, perforated bone (possibly coral?374) discs, koščenih (morda koralnih?374) diskov z luknjicami, several bronze saltaleoni and pendants (basket-shaped, več bronastih spiralnih členov (saltaleone) in obeskov stylised anthropomorphic and two-piece spherical pen- (košarastih, stiliziranih antropomorfnih in dvodelnih 371 Haevernick 1981, 43 ff, Pls. 1: 5, 2: 1-2,3-4,5-6, 3: 371 Haevernick 1981, 43 ss, t. 1: 5, 2: 1-2,3-4,5-6, 3: 1-2,4-5. 1-2,4-5. 372 Marchesetti 1893, 79, 304, t. 1: 3, 2: 5, 8: 1, 24: 8, 35 372 Marchesetti 1893, 79, 304, Pls. 1: 3, 2: 5, 8: 1, 24: 8, 35 (gr. 1765); ib. 90 s, t. 1: 1, 8: 2, 17: 13, 26: 12 (gr. 2038); ib., 95 (Gr. 1765); ib. 90 f, Pls. 1: 1, 8: 2, 17: 13, 26: 12 (Gr. 2038); ib., s, t. 1: 2, 6: 11, 9: 1,2, 27: 1,13, 29: 11 (gr. 2151); ib., 114 s, t. 1: 95 f, Pls. 1: 2, 6: 11, 9: 1,2, 27: 1,13, 29: 11 (Gr. 2151); ib., 114 f, 4, 6: 7, 17: 8,10 (gr. 2607); Marchesetti 1899, 155, 157; Boiardi Pls. 1: 4, 6: 7, 17: 8,10 (Gr. 2607); Marchesetti 1899, 155, 157; 1983, 173 ss, sl. 39, 40, t. XI (gr. 3383); Boiardi 1984, 112 s, sl. Boiardi 1983, 173 ff, Figs. 39, 40, Pl. XI (Gr. 3383); Boiardi 4A, 4B; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, 188, t. 1984, 112 f, Figs. 4A, 4B; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 104, 105A (gr. 1008). 1984–1985, 188, Pls. 104, 105A (Gr. 1008). 373 Marchesetti 1893, t. 17: 8,10,13; Boiardi 1984, sl. 4A, 373 Marchesetti 1893, Pl. 17: 8,10,13; Boiardi 1984, Figs. 4B; prim. Tecco Hvala 2014, 126 ss, sl. 3a: 7,12. 4A, 4B; cf. Tecco Hvala 2014, 166 ff, Fig. 3a: 7,12. 374 Starodobne korale je s prostim očesom včasih težko 374 Ancient corals can be indistinguishable from bones ločiti od kosti, glej Cherici 1999, 170, op. 9. with the naked eye, see Cherici 1999, 170, Fn. 9. 121 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE kroglastih) ter edinstveno ogrlico iz sodčastih jagod, dants), as well as a unique necklace of beads covered in prevlečenih z zlato folijo ( sl. 79: b).375 Zlata pena se gold foil ( Fig. 79: b).375 There is also a mention of gold omenja tudi v grobu Sz 1008.376 foam in Grave Sz 1008.376 Skodelice iz polihromnega neprosojnega stekla z In colour, manner of decoration and production Mosta na Soči spominjajo po barvi, načinu okrasa in using a friable core, the cups of opaque polychrome glass izdelavi s peščenim jedrom na majhne posodice grških from Most na Soči are reminiscent of the small Greek oblik (aryballoi, alabastra, amphoriskoi, oinochoai, vessels (aryballoi, alabastra, amphoriskoi, oinochoai, hydriai); zanje se domneva, da izhajajo iz delavnic v hydriai); these are believed to have been produced by vzhodnem Sredozemlju, morda na Rodosu.377 V se- workshops in the eastern Mediterranean, possibly on vernem Jadranu in Padski nižini jim lahko sledimo po Rhodes.377 In the northern Adriatic and the Po Plain, they poteh etruščanske trgovske mreže od emporijev Adria can be traced along the routes of the Etruscan trading net- in Spina do Coma in zgornjega Poadižja (Mechel) ter na work from the emporia of Adria and Spina to Como, Alto avstrijsko Koroško (Führholz),378 pojavljajo se tudi na Adige (Mechel) and Kärnten in Austria (Führholz),378 but Dolenjskem, denimo na Velikem Vinjem vrhu (Šmarjeti) they have also been found in Dolenjska (for example at in v Stični.379 Vendar so po obliki in velikosti drugačne Veliki Vinji vrh (Šmarjeta) and Stična).379 However, these od skodelic z Mosta na Soči. Glede na to, da so izdelki differ in form and in size from the cups found at Most na iz stekla v Posočju precej redki v primerjavi denimo s Soči. Considering the paucity of glass items in Posočje as steklenim okrasjem bogato dolenjsko nošo,380 je malo opposed to the Dolenjska costume that was rich in glass verjetno, da bi steklene skodelice nastale v lokalni de- adornments,380 it is not very likely that the said glass cups lavnici. Tu so pogoste lončene skodelice s presegajočim were made in local Posočje workshops, which commonly ročajem, zlasti v starejših fazah,381 v mlajših tudi lesene. produced ceramic cups in the earlier phases,381 later even Ali bi to pomenilo, da je steklene primerke izdelal po versions in wood. Does this signify that they were made naročilu in željah lokalne elite potujoči rokodelec ali pa by a travelling master on the order and wish of the local so bile narejene v kaki severnoitalski delavnici? Prepri- elite, or were they made in a northern Italian workshop? čljiv dokaz, da so v Padski nižini to steklarsko tehniko The artisans of the Po Plain certainly knew the technology poznali že v pozni bronasti dobi, so najdbe iz Frattesine already in the Late Bronze Age, as shown by glass finds in še nekaterih drugih najdišč.382 from Frattesina and several other sites.382 Steklen amulet Glass amulet Prav tako nenavadna najdba je fragmentiran ste- Another unusual find is a fragmented glass bead klen obesek v obliki bradate moške glave ( sl. 79: a) iz in the shape of a bearded male head ( Fig. 79: a) from menda poškodovanega groba M 2942.383 Sodil naj bi k the presumably damaged Grave M 2942.383 It reportedly ogrlici skupaj s 33 steklenimi polihromnimi jagodami, formed a necklace together with 33 polychrome glass med njimi so ene precej velike z očesci v sredini ter bun- beads that include examples with rather large eyes in the čicami ob robovih. Drugi spremljajoči pridatki, kot so centre and dots along the edges. Other associated goods, prstan, zapestnica, kačasta fibula in fibula z nogo v obliki such as a finger ring, a serpentine fibula and a fibula with nazaj gledajoče konjske glavice ter enojno peresovino, na the foot in the shape of a rear-facing horse head and a katero je pripet stiliziran antropomorfni obesek, kažejo single-coil spring hung with a stylised anthropomorphic na pokop ženske nekje v 5. st. (stopnja Sv. Lucija IIb). 375 Boiardi 1983, 106, Pl. XI, 179, 186; Vitri 1997, 312, 375 Boiardi 1983, 106, t. XI, 179, 186; Vitri 1997, 312, 568, 568, Cat. No. 4-144, Fig. 5. kat. št. 4-144, sl. 5. 376 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, 188. 376 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, 188. 377 Cf. Haevernick 1981, 150 ff; see Frontini 1988, 236 f. 377 Prim. Haevernick 1981, 150 ss; glej Frontini 1988, 378 Endrizzi 1999, 198 ff, Fig. 3; Wedenig 2005, 28, Fig. 19. 236 s. 379 Dular A. 1991, Pl. 29: 26–28; Gabrovec et al. 2006, Pl. 378 Endrizzi 1999, 198 ss, sl. 3; Wedenig 2005, 28, sl. 19. 153: 1; Laharnar, Turk 2017, 127, Fig. 144. 379 Dular A. 1991, t. 29: 26-28; Gabrovec et al. 2006, t. 380 Križ, Turk 2003. 153: 1; Laharnar, Turk 2017, 127, sl. 144. 381 Marchesetti 1885, Pl. 3: 5–12,15–18; Marchesetti 380 Križ, Turk 2003. 1893, Pl. 7; Dular 1982, 201, 204, Figs. 8: 21–23, 9: 21–23, 381 Marchesetti 1885, t. 3: 5-12,15-18; Marchesetti 1893, 10: 21–23. t. 7; Dular 1982, 99 ss, sl. 8: 21-23, 9: 21-23, 10: 21-23. 382 Bianchin Citton 1988, 48; Bellintani 1997, 121 ff, Fig. 382 Bianchin Citton 1988, 48; Bellintani 1997, 121 ss, sl. 5; 5; Zanini 1999, 327 ff; Bianchin Citton, Bietti Sestieri 2013, 41. Zanini 1999, 327 ss; Bianchin Citton, Bietti Sestieri 2013, 41. 383 Marchesetti 1893, 132, 304, Pl. 29: 4,8,9; Vitri 1997, 383 Marchesetti 1893, 132, 304, t. 29: 4,8,9; Vitri 1997, 314, Cat. No. 193, Fig. 7, 568; Simeoni, Corazza 2011, 109, 314, kat. št. 193, sl. 7, 568; Simeoni, Corazza 2011, 109, sl. 13. Fig. 13. 122 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Steklene obeske oz. amulete z upodobljenimi pendant, indicate the burial of a woman sometime in človeš kimi obrazi je obravnavala Thea Elisabeth Hae- the 5th century BC (Sv. Lucija IIb). vernick; predvidevala je, da izvirajo iz feničansko-pun- Thea Elisabeth Haevernick studied glass beads or sko-kartažanskega kroga, primerek z Mosta na Soči amulets with human faces and sought their origin in the je opredelila v skupino 8.384 Največ obeskov v obliki Phoenician-Punic-Carthaginian circle. She classified the bradatih moških glav iz časa 5. in 4. st. je znanih s črno- example from Most na Soči into her Group 8.384 Most morskih in vzhodnosredozemskih najdišč ter Sicilije in pendants in the shape of bearded male heads from the Sardinije. Od Mosta na Soči manj oddaljeno je najdišče 5th and 4th centuries BC have come to light at the Black St. Sulpice v švicarskih Alpah, tam sta bila podobna pri- Sea and eastern Mediterranean sites, as well as in Sicily merka odkrita v zgodnjelatenskem grobu.385 A najboljše and Sardinia. Two similar examples have also been found analogije bi lahko videli v najdbah iz Picena, kjer so taki at a site close to Most na Soči, St. Sulpice in the Swiss amuleti spadali k ogrlicam iz steklenih jagod z očesci ali Alps, as goods in an Early La Tène grave.385 The paral- iz jantarja in koral, ki so jih nosile izključno deklice.386 lels closest in form, however, are those from Picenum, Te amulete z ozirom na domnevno izvorno območje where such amulets formed parts of necklaces made up interpretirajo kot upodobitve feničansko-kartažanskega of glass beads with eyes, of amber and coral beads, and moškega božanstva rodovitnosti Baal Hammon ali bo- only worn by girls.386 Considering the suggested place ginje Astarte-Tanit, ki je ženski pendant, kajti znani so of origin, the amulets have been interpreted as images of tudi stekleni obeski z upodobljenim ženskim obrazom. Baal Hammon, the Phoenician-Carthaginian male god Tak primerek omenja Haevernickova z Magdalenske of fertility, and as his female counterpart Astarte-Tanit gore na Dolenjskem, ki je danes izgubljen,387 tudi ta for the pendants depicting a female face. Haevernick je spadal k dekliškemu nakitu in bi lahko bil po opisu mentions a female face pendant among the finds from sodeč primerljiv z najdbo iz picenskega Campovalana.388 Magdalenska gora in Dolenjska, which is now lost,387 but Omenili smo že, da je bilo upodabljanje človeka formed part of the jewellery adorning a girl and may be posoški skupnosti tuje. Podoba s človeškim obrazom comparable, judging from the description, to a pendant se pojavlja še na predrtem bronastem obesku iz groba from Campovalano in Picenum.388 M 3383 z ogrlico iz zlatih jagod. Obesek je trikotne Other rare human depictions from Most na Soči sheme, spodnji del ima obliko polmesečaste sončeve include a bronze openwork pendant with a human face ladje s ptičjima protomoma na zaključkih, enaki so from Grave M 3383 that formed a necklace together with izpričani na najdiščih Misincinis di Paularo, Padova ter gold beads. The pendant is triangular with the lower part na Vačah in v Stični na Dolenjskem.389 Od fibul kaže shaped as a sun ship with bird protomes at both ends. omeniti primerek z orientalskim motivom sfinge, ki Such pendants are known from Misincinis di Paularo, izvira iz žarnega groba M 590,390 pokritega z apnenčasto Padua, as well as Vače and Stična in Dolenjska.389 There ploščo in obdanega s kopico kamenja; v žari je bilo poleg is also a fibula bearing an oriental motif of a sphinx, bronaste situle veliko bogatega okrasja, od svetolucijske unearthed in urn Grave M 590.390 Its pit was lined with ločne, trortaste, certoške in samostrelne fibule v obliki stones and covered with a limestone slab. The urn held konjička do uhana ter na desetine bronastih gumbkov a bronze situla and rich adornments comprising a Sveta in tisočero steklenih jagodic. Lucija arch fibula, a Certosa fibula and a horse-shaped Dve fibuli prikazujeta moško figurico na vozu s fibula with a crossbow spring, an earring, tens of bronze konjsko trovprego (t. i. Kriegerwagenfibel),391 ki mo- buttons and thousands of small glass beads. rebiti ponazarja Faetonta.392 Marchesetti poroča še o Two fibulae show a male figure on a chariot drawn by three horses ( Kriegerwagenfibel),391 possibly repre- 384 Haevernick 1981, 310 (skupina 8), sl. 5: 468. 385 Ib. 315 ss, St. Sulpice, Švica (kat. št. 52, 53, barvna 384 Haevernick 1981, 310 (Group 8), Fig. 5: 468. tabla 3); glej še ib. 399 ss, sl. 4. 385 Ib. 315 ff, St. Sulpice, Switzerland (Cat. Nos. 52, 53, 386 Martellone 2011, 531, Kat. št. 4.97. colour Pl. 3); also see ib. 399 ff, Fig. 4. 387 Haevernick 1981, 306, 351, kat. št. 663; Tecco Hvala 386 Martellone 2011, 531, Cat. No. 4.97. 2012, 289. 387 Haevernick 1981, 306, 351, Cat. No. 663; Tecco Hvala 388 Martellone 2011, 530, kat. št. 4.96. 2012, 289. 389 Marchesetti 1900, 27; Wel s 1981, 73, sl. 137a; Teržan 388 Martellone 2011, 530, Cat. No. 4.96. 2003, t. 6: 1; Nascimbene 2009, 187 ss, sl. 54, 56, tab. 25. 389 Marchesetti 1900, 27; Wel s 1981, 73, Fig. 137a; Teržan 390 Marchesetti 1893, 26, t. 9: 3,6, 20: 11; Nascimbene 2003, Pl. 6: 1; Nascimbene 2009, 187 ff, Figs. 54, 56, Tab. 25. 2009, 166 s; Teržan 2012, 187 s, sl. 15: 2. 390 Marchesetti 1893, 26, Pls. 9: 3,6, 20: 11; Nascimbene 391 Ena je naključna najdba, ki jo je pridobil Rutar, druga 2009, 166 f; Teržan 2012, 187 f, Fig. 15: 2. izvira iz žarnega groba 2999: Marchesetti 1885, 124, t. 7: 5; 391 One is a stray find acquired by Rutar, the other was Marchesetti 1903, t. 17: 20; Nascimbene 2009, 168 ss (tip I.20, found in urn Grave 2999: Marchesetti 1885, 124, Pl. 7: 5; varianta B); Vitri 1997, 314, kat. št. 196, sl. 8. Marchesetti 1903, Pl. 17: 20; Nascimbene 2009, 168 ff (Type 392 Tecco Hvala 2012, 262, op. 1084; Bilić 2016. I.20, Variant B); Vitri 1997, 314, Cat. No. 196, Fig. 8. 123 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 80: Železen ključ z bronastimi obeski iz groba Sz 1229 (po Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel, t. 118: 19,20,10,14). M. = 1:4. Fig. 80: Iron key with bronze pendants from Grave Sz 1229 (from Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel, Pl. 118: 19,20,10,14). Scale = 1:4. svinčeni figurici konjenika,393 ta bi lahko prišla z obmo- senting Phaeton.392 Marchesetti also reports of a lead čja Fröga/Brega na avstrijskem Koroškem, od koder so figurine of a horseman,393 possibly imported from the znane številne figurice iz svinca.394 Na Mostu na Soči je v Frög area in Kärnten that has yielded numerous lead geometrijskem slogu upodobljen konjenik še na glinasti figurines.394 At Most na Soči, a geometric-style depiction plošči iz hiše 22A,395 ki bi ga lahko primerjali s stilno of a horseman appears on a ceramic plaque from House podobnimi figurami na fragmentu pitosa iz Frattesine.396 22A,395 which is stylistical y similar to the figures on a S tem je mostarski repertoar človeške figuralike bolj ali pithos fragment from Frattesina.396 This exhausts the manj izčrpan. list of human depictions at Most na Soči. Železen ključ Iron key Zanimiva najdba je tudi železen ključ ( sl. 80), ki je The vast cemetery at Most na Soči yielded another unikat v tem nadvse velikem grobišču. Pridan je bil v unique find: an iron key ( Fig. 80). It is a single find of ženski grob Sz 1229397 iz sredine 7. st. (stopnja Sv. Lucija its kind here and was recovered from Grave Sz 1229397 Ib/Ic), ki je vseboval dele lokalne noše (bronaste oča- of a woman buried in the mid-7th century BC (Sv. laste fibule tipa Sv. Lucija, polmesečasto tipa Tolmin in Lucija Ib/Ic). Other grave goods are pieces of the local čolničasto fibulo ter vozlasto ovratnico, prstana, železen costume: bronze spectacle fibulae of the Sv. Lucija type, obročast nakit in lončen vrč).398 Tudi sam način pokopa a semi-lunate fibula of the Tolmin type, a boat fibula, a je povsem običajen za to skupnost, ki je svoje pokojne knobbed torque, two finger rings, iron ring jewellery and sežigala, kosti in pepel z ostanki grmade pa polagala v a ceramic jar.398 The burial rite is also characteristic of grobno jamo ter prekrila s kamnom.399 Edino ključ je the local community that cremated their dead and placed nekaj posebnega. the bones and ash directly into the grave pit covered with stone slabs.399 Only the key stands apart. 392 Tecco Hvala 2012, 262, Fn. 1084; Bilić 2016. 393 Marchesetti 1900, 27. 393 Marchesetti 1900, 27. 394 Tomedi 2002, 246 ss, t. 1D: 1, 2: 8-11, 4B: 4, 7B: 3, 9B: 394 Tomedi 2002, 246 ff, Pls. 1D: 1, 2: 8–11, 4B: 4, 7B: 3, 4, 10B: 1-4 itd.; Gleirscher 2004, 637 s, kat. št. 5.51. 9B: 4, 10B: 1–4 etc.; Gleirscher 2004, 637 f, Cat. No. 5.51. 395 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 165 s (faza 2), t. 65: 4. 395 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 165 f (Phase 2), Pl. 65: 4. 396 Malnati 2001, 159 s, sl. 1a, 2: 1. 396 Malnati 2001, 159 f, Figs. 1a, 2: 1. 397 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel, 215 s, t. 118: 397 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel, 215 f, Pl. 118: 19,20,10,14; Teržan 2004, 223 ff, sl. 3. 19,20,10,14; Teržan 2004, 223 ff, Fig. 3. 398 Prim. Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 422 ss; Teržan 1990a, 59, 398 Cf. Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 437 ff; Teržan 1990a, 59, 77, sl. 6: 2, seznam 12; Teržan 2002, 90 s, 95 ss; za keramiko 77, Fig. 6: 2, List 12; Teržan 2002, 90 f, 95 ff; for the pottery glej Dular 1982, 98 ss, sl. 7: 19. see Dular 1982, 201 ff, Fig. 7: 19. 399 Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 418 s; Gabrovec 1987, 138 ss; 399 Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 437 ff; Gabrovec 1987, 138 ff; Gabrovec 1999, 179 s. Gabrovec 1999, 154 f. 124 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Z uporabnega vidika je ta predmet del mehanizma The key is part of a mechanism for opening and za zapiranje in odpiranje vrat.400 Najbližji prototipi tega closing a door.400 The closest prototypes are the bronze posebnega mehanizma so bronasti ključi iz švicarskih keys from Swiss pile-dwellings and hoards from the kolišč in iz depojev na severnem in vzhodnem delu northern and eastern parts of the Alpine arch, dated to alpskega loka, datirani so v čas pozne bronaste dobe.401 the Late Bronze Age.401 Similar examples appeared at Podobne primerke srečamo na začetku železne dobe na the beginning of the Iron Age in graves on the southern južnem obrobju Alp v grobovih, mednje se uvrščata tudi fringes of the Alps, including the keys from Tolmin najdbi ključev iz Tolmina (gr. 346)402 in z Mosta na Soči. (Grave 346)402 and Most na Soči. The grave from Tolmin Tolminski grob je datiran v drugo polovico 8. st. (stopnja dates to the second half of the 8th century BC (Sv. Lucija Sv. Lucija Ib),403 tako kot grob Este-Benvenuti 277,404 Ib),403 same as Grave Este-Benvenuti 277,404 both of oba sta vsebovala bronast ključ. Nekoliko mlajši je grob which contained a bronze key. Grave Sz 1229 from Most Sz 1229 z Mosta na Soči, v njem najden ključ pa je žele- na Soči is slightly later and revealed the iron key presum- zen, verjetno so mu pripadali še bronasti dvokraki obeski ably together bronze pendants on a chain and two rings na verižici in obročka, ti so nemara viseli na obročastem that may have been hanging from the ring terminal of the zaključku ročaja, kot bi lahko sklepali po analogijah z key as suggested by comparable bronze examples from bronastima primerkoma iz Este in Trichiane pri Bel unu Este and Trichiana near Bel uno (stray find from Monte (naključna najdba z Monte Nenz).405 Podoben železen Nenz).405 A similar iron key was found in inhumation ključ je bil pridan v skeletni grob 68/2 z Dürrnberga pri Grave 68/2 from Dürrnberg near Hallein, in the Salzburg Halleinu na Solnograškem,406 ki je sicer mlajši od groba area,406 which is later than the grave from Most na Soči. z Mosta na Soči. V osrčju alpskega sveta se taki ključi In the Alpine heartland, such keys continue to occur in pojavljajo v naseljih še v latenski dobi.407 settlements into the La Tène period.407 V grobovih je imel ta predmet zagotovo simbolno As a grave good, this object certainly played a vlogo in kaže na neki skupen imaginarij in magično-ri- symbolic role and indicates a magical-ritual significance tualen pomen. Ker so v vseh teh grobovih s ključi pri- common to the areas mentioned above. All the graves sotni povečini elementi ženske noše, je dobil simbolno with keys also contained parts of the female costume, oznako Penelopin ključ z aluzijo na homersko epiko. which led scholars to mark them as Penelope’s keys in Na semantični ravni označuje ločevanje med zasebno al usion to Homer’s epic. Semantical y, keys mark the in javno sfero, med profanim in sakralnim, povezuje se boundary between the private and the public sphere, ga z nadzorovanjem in varovanjem prehodov, dostopov, between the profane and the sacred, and are linked to zakladov in z atributom svečenic ter hišnih gospodaric the control and protection of passages, gates and treas- oz. dominae.408 ures, but are also seen as attributes of priestesses and mistresses of the household or dominae.408 Železno bodalo Iron dagger V arheološki zapuščini z Mosta na Soči izstopa tudi železno bodalo ( sl. 81: a) iz žganega groba Sz 593,409 v The archaeological heritage of Most na Soči in- njem sta bili še nogi certoških fibul, ki najverjetneje cludes another special object – an iron dagger ( Fig. pripadata različici Ia. Pojav tovrstnih fibul je časovno 81: a). It was unearthed in cremation Grave Sz 593,409 400 400 Jacobi 1974, 153 ss, sl. 37; Speck 1981, 237, sl. 10. Jacobi 1974, 153 ff, Fig. 37; Speck 1981, 237, Fig. 10. 401 401 Müller-Karpe 1959, t. 142B: 7, 175C: 7; Jacobi 1974, Müller-Karpe 1959, Pls. 142B: 7, 175C: 7; Jacobi 1974, 171; Speck 1981; Teržan 2002, 87 s, karta 3 (na karti je 171; Speck 1981; Teržan 2002, 87 f, Map 3 (the Mušja jama hoard označen tudi depo Mušja jama pri Škocjanu, vendar je ključ near Škocjan is also marked on the map, but the key from this vprašljiv, morda gre za fragment žval, prim. Teržan, Borgna, hoard is questionable as it may represent a bridle bit fragment, Turk 2016, 671, t. 67: 14, 85: 18). cf. Teržan, Borgna, Turk 2016, 671, Pls. 67: 14, 85: 18). 402 402 Svoljšak, Pogačnik 2001, 140 s, t. 67: 11,15. Svoljšak, Pogačnik 2001, 140 f, Pl. 67: 11,15. 403 403 Teržan 2002, 97 s. Teržan 2002, 97 f. 404 404 Müller-Karpe 1959, t. 100: 2; Ruta Serafini 1996, sl. 2. Müller-Karpe 1959, Pl. 100: 2; Ruta Serafini 1996, Fig. 2. 405 405 Bonomi, Ruta Serafini 1994, sl. 1; Ruta Serafini 1996, Bonomi, Ruta Serafini 1994, Fig. 1; Ruta Serafini 37 s, sl. 1; Capuis, Chieco Bianchi 2013, 61 ss, sl. 5. 1996, 37 f, Fig. 1; Capuis, Chieco Bianchi 2013, 61 ff, Fig. 5. 406 406 Moosleitner, Pauli, Penninger 1974, t. 133: 11. Moosleitner, Pauli, Penninger 1974, Pl. 133: 11. 407 407 Jacobi 1974, 172, t. 43–45; Nothdurfter 2002; Jacobi 1974, 172, Pls. 43–45; Nothdurfter 2002; Marzatico 2013, 151. Marzatico 2013, 151. 408 408 Guaitoli 1996, 19 ss; Teržan 2004, 223 ss; Capuis, Guaitoli 1996, 19 ff; Teržan 2004, 223 ff; Capuis, Chieco Bianchi 2013, 61 ss. Chieco Bianchi 2013, 61 ff. 409 409 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, 120, Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, 120, t. 52B: 3. Pl. 52B: 3. 125 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 81: Železno bodalo iz groba Sz 593 ( a) (po Teržan, Lo Schi- avo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, t. 52 B: 3) in nož z železnim rezilom in bronastima ročajem in nožnico iz groba M 3299 ( b) (po Sievers 1982, t. 39: 1). M. = 1:4. Fig. 81: Iron dagger from Grave Sz 593 ( a) (from Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, Pl. 52 B: 3) and knife with an iron blade and a bronze grip and sheath from Grave M 3299 ( b) (from Sievers 1982, Pl. 39: 1). Scale = 1:4. which also yielded two feet of Certosa fibulae, most probably of Variant Ia, the occurrence of which is limited chronological y to the second half of the 6th century BC (Sv. Lucija IIb1) and geographical y to the Po Plain and the southern fringes of the Alps with Most na Soči as the easternmost site.410 Only two rather small frag- ments survive of the dagger, one is the tip of the iron double-edged blade and the other a piece of the iron sheath in the shape of a double disc terminal. The closest typological and chronological parallels are the sheaths from Caverzano-Limada near Bel uno, further south from Trevigiano, Montebel una-Posmon and Padua- Vicolo Ognissanti,411 in the north from Hal statt.412 omejen na drugo polovico 6. st. (stopnja Sv. Lucija IIb1), Similar versions of large knives in an iron sheath were geografsko pa na Padsko nižino in južne obronke Alp used either in combat or in hunting in the area of the z Mostom na Soči kot najvzhodnejšim najdiščem.410 Rhaetian culture even into the Early la Tène period.413 Od bodala sta ohranjena konica železnega dvorezne- ga rezila in del železne nožnice z zaključkom v obliki dveh okroglih simetričnih izrastkov oz. očes. Najboljše Bimetal knife tipološko-kronološke primerjave ima v nožnicah iz Caverzana-Limade pri Bel unu ter južneje iz Trevigiana, A similar sheath terminal as the above-discussed Montebel une-Posmon in Padove-Vicolo Ognissanti,411 dagger can be seen on the bimetal knife ( Fig. 81: b) from na severu pa v Hal stattu.412 Različne izpeljanke velikih urn Grave M 3299 dating to the late 6th or early 5th cen- nožev z železno nožnico so bile na območju retijske turies BC (Sv. Lucija IIb).414 A cordoned ceramic pithos kulture v uporabi kot bojno ali lovsko orožje še v zgod- was used as the urn in this grave and also contained njelatenskem obdobju.413 a bronze situla with cordons and concentric circles, a band handle of sheet bronze that was probably attached to a wooden bowl, as well as three fibulae (Sveta Lucija Bimetalen nož arch fibula with ring pendants, two leech fibulae with incisions and holes on the bow hung with a triangular Podobno oblikovan zaključek nožnice kot bodalo pendant415). The cremated and burnt remains outside ima bimetalen nož ( sl. 81: b), najden v žarnem grobu 410 Teržan 1976, 319, 427 f, Map 13. M 3299 s konca 6. ali začetka 5. st. (stopnja Sv. Lucija 411 Frey 1969, 55, Fig. 32, Pl. 35 (bottom); Bianco Peroni IIb).414 V narebren lončen pitos, uporabljen za žaro, so 1976, 42, Pl. 20: 158; Nascimbene 1999, 155 ff, Fig. 32: 384; 410 Teržan 1976, 319, 348, karta 13. Manessi, Nascimbene 2003, 225 ff, Pl. 73: 33; Gamba et al. 411 Frey 1969, 55, sl. 32, t. 35 (spodaj); Bianco Peroni 2013, 404, 407, Figs. 11.3.5, 11.3.9. 412 1976, 42, t. 20: 158; Nascimbene 1999, 155 ss, sl. 32: 384; Kromer 1959, Pl. 133: 1; Sievers 1982, Pl. 23: 125; also Manessi, Nascimbene 2003, 225 ss, t. 73: 33; Gamba et al. see Frey 1969, 15, Fig. 27. 413 2013, 404, 407, sl. 11.3.5, 11.3.9. Nothdurfter 1979, 17 ff, Fig. 7: 4; Egg 1992, 146 ff, 412 Kromer 1959, t. 133: 1; Sievers 1982, t. 23: 125; glej še Figs. 7–10; Marzatico 2013, 148 f. 414 Frey 1969, 15, sl. 27. Marchesetti 1903, Pl. 17: 23; Sievers 1982, Pl. 39: 1; 413 Nothdurfter 1979, 17 ss, sl. 7: 4; Egg 1992, 146 ss, sl. Boiardi 1983, 104: IX, 185, Fig. 52; Boiardi 1984, 99: Figs. 7–10; Marzatico 2013, 148 s. 2, 113. 415 414 Marchesetti 1903, t. 17: 23; Sievers 1982, t. 39: 1; Fibulae of this type frequently occur in combination Boiardi 1983, 104: IX, 185, sl. 52; Boiardi 1984, 99: sl. 2, 113. with a triangular pendant with a loop (Nascimbene 2009, 192 ff, Fig. 58, 249 f, Fig. 82). 126 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE bili pridani z rebri in koncentričnimi krožci okrašena the pithos included an iron bil hook,416 two Certosa bronasta situla, trakast ročaj iz bronaste pločevine, ta fibulae of Type II and parts of a serpentine fibula with je bil verjetno pritrjen na leseno skodelo, in tri fibule wings. Also laid next to the pithos was a winged axe on (svetolucijska ločna z obročastimi obeski ter pijavkasti z one side417 and a large knife with a bronze handle and vrezi in luknjicami na loku in trikotnim obeskom415). V an iron blade inside a bronze sheath on the other side. žganini izven pitosa so ležali železen vejnik,416 certoški The handle with an antennae terminal on the fibuli II. vrste ter deli kačaste fibule s krilci. Ob pitos example from Most na Soči is similar to those on the sta bila položena na eni strani plavutasta sekira417 in na iron knives and daggers widespread in the central Alps, drugi velik nož z bronastim ročajem in železnim rezilom from the upper reaches of the Rhine and Danube to the v bronasti nožnici. Po Plain, with their eastern edge of distribution marked Železni noži in tudi bodala, ki imajo bronast ročaj by finds from Hal statt, Most na Soči and the vicinity of s podobno oblikovanim antenskim zaključkom kot Udine.418 One of the earliest such items is the bimetal primerek z Mosta na Soči, so razširjeni v osrednjem dagger from Sesto Calende, from Warrior Grave B dated delu Alp, od zgornjega toka Rena in Donave do Padske to Ha C2, while the knife from the inhumation Grave nižine, njihovo vzhodno mejo zarisujejo najdišča Hal - 33 of a Ha D2/3 date from Hal statt ranks among the statt, Most na Soči in najdba iz okolice Vidma/Udine.418 last ones.419 Med starejše primerke spada bimetalno bodalo iz Sesto The closest parallels for the knife from Most na Soči Calende, iz bojevniškega groba B, datiranega v Ha C2, come from the graves at Este, which are comparable in med mlajše pa nož iz skeletnega groba 33 v Hal stattu the form of both the handle and the sheath, and even in iz časa Ha D2/3.419 its position in the grave.420 The Italian sheaths identical A najboljše analogije za nož z Mosta na Soči so to the example from Most na Soči are made of sheet grobne najdbe iz Este, ki so mu podobne tako po obliki bronze and have a terminal split into two symmetrical ročaja kot tudi nožnice in celo po legi v grobu;420 te prongs. They have a broad loop riveted to the upper so izdelane iz bronaste pločevine in imajo razcepljeno part of the sheath. Such sheaths are usual y decorated konico v dva simetrična izrastka. Na zgornjem delu by embossing and incising to form different designs nožnice je z zakovicami pritrjena zanka v obliki ploščice, or motifs. The examples from Este often bear figural ki je v sredinskem delu izbočena. Te nožnice so običajno decoration executed in the situla art style,421 while the okrašene v tehniki tolčenja in vrezov, vendar z različnimi Most na Soči sheath bears embossed dots and concentric motivi. Estenske imajo pogosto figuralen okras v maniri circles ( Fig. 81: b). situlske umetnosti,421 medtem ko je nožnica z Mosta na Grave M 3299 from Most na Soči is also of interest Soči okrašena z iztolčenimi bunčicami in koncentrični- in terms of the burial rite, as it held an inurned burial mi krožci ( sl. 81: b). with a weapon. Such burials are rare in the cemeteries Žarni grob M 3299 spada med redkejše primere of the Posočje community; roughly 8% of all burials pokopov z orožjem na Mostu na Soči, kjer je bilo žarnih at Most na Soči were inurned and only roughly 2% okoli 8 odstotkov, z orožjem pa le dobra 2 odstotka. had weapons. 415 Fibule te vrste večkrat nastopajo v kombinaciji s trikotnim obeskom z ušescem (Nascimbene 2009, 192 ss, sl. 58, 249 s, sl. 82). 416 416 Prim. Nothdurfter 1979, 40 ss, sl. 11: 9, t. 19: 303-305. Cf. Nothdurfter 1979, 40 ff, Fig. 11: 9, Pl. 19: 303–305. V Posočju je več železnih vejnikov znanih iz latenske dobe, A greater number of bil hooks in Posočje is known from the prim. Guštin 1991, t. 2: 1, 10: 14, 11: 8 itd. La Tène period, cf. Guštin 1991, Pls. 2: 1, 10: 14, 11: 8 etc. 417 417 Teržan 1990b, 227, karta 24 (t. i. tip Most na Soči); Teržan 1990b, 227, Map 24 (the Most na Soči type); prim. še Neubauer, Stöllner 1996, 108 ss, sl. 9. also cf. Neubauer, Stöllner 1996, 108 ff, Fig. 9. 418 418 Sievers 1982, 33 ss, t. 22: 117-119, 23: 121-123,126,127, Sievers 1982, 33 ff, Pls. 22: 117-119, 23: 121−123,126,127, 24: 128,129, 42: B (varianti Neuenegg in Hoffenheim). 24: 128,129, 42: B (Variants Neuenegg and Hoffenheim). 419 419 Ib., 35 s, t. 24: 128; Egg 2004, 48 ss, sl. 13: 3. Ib., 35 f, Pl. 24: 128; Egg 2004, 48 ff, Fig. 13: 3. 420 420 Drexler-Woldirch 1980,12 s, t. 1, 2; Gambacurta, Ruta Drexler-Woldirch 1980, 12 f, Pls. 1, 2; Gambacurta, Serafini 1998, 71 ss, 140 ss, sl. 27, 35b, 36, 74: 33, 84: 30. Ruta Serafini 1998, 71 ff, 140 ff, Figs. 27, 35b, 36, 74: 33, 84: 30. 421 421 Frey 1969, t. 27: 11, 67: 15, 81: 42; Bianco Peroni 1976, Frey 1969, Pls. 27: 11, 67: 15, 81: 42; Bianco Peroni 42–44, t. 20: 159, 21: 165, 22: 167, 63 D; Nascimbene 1999: 1976, 42–44, Pls. 20: 159, 21: 165, 22: 167, 63 D; Nascimbene 148 s, sl. 29, 35; Chieco Bianchi, Calzavara Capuis 1985, t. 1999: 148 f, Figs. 29, 35; Chieco Bianchi, Calzavara Capuis 175: 20. 1985, Pl. 175: 20. 127 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 82A: Most na Soči, konjska oprema iz groba M 2141 (po Marchesettiju 1893, t. 30). Vse železo. M. = 1:2. Fig. 82A: Most na Soči, horse gear from Grave M 2141 (from Marchesetti 1893, Pl. 30). All iron. Scale = 1:2. Skeleten pokop Inhumation burial Od posoškega običaja sežiganja umrlih odstopa Standing apart from the usual practice of cremat- skeletni pokop moškega v grobu M 2184.422 Po naved- ing the dead at Most na Soči is the inhumation burial of bah Marchesettija so ostanki človeškega skeleta ležali a man in Grave M 2184.422 According to Marchesetti’s v kamniti skrinji, prekriti s kamnito grobljo. Pokojnik report, the human skeleton were found inside a stone je bil pokopan v severozahodni smeri in je imel med chest covered with stones. The deceased was buried with nogama bronasto situlo, zraven pa železno sulično ost. the head towards the northwest, and with a bronze situla Opravljen je bil s paroma certoških in kačastih fibul z placed between the legs and an iron spearhead beside zanko, pasno spono in ovratnico. Zraven so bile menda it. He wore a pair of Certosa and a pair of serpentine še kosti jagnjeta. Iz tega opisa je mogoče sklepati, da je fibulae ( biserpeggiante), a belt plate and a torque. Lamb 422 422 Marchesetti 1893, 97. Marchesetti 1893, 97. 128 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 82B: Helpfau-Uttendorf, konjska oprema iz gomile 5 (po Egg 1985, sl. 23, 24, 35). Vse železo. M. = 1:2. Fig. 82B: Helpfau-Uttendorf, horse gear from Tumulus 5 (from Egg 1985, Figs. 23, 24, 35). All iron. Scale = 1:2. bil pokopan nekje proti koncu 5. st. (stopnja Sv. Lucija bones were reportedly also found in the grave. This IIb/c), o njegovem poreklu pa bi kaj več lahko povedale description suggests that he was buried towards the end podrobnejše analize pridatkov, če bi bili ti objavljeni. of the 5th century BC (Sv. Lucija IIb/c), while his origin Lahko bi bil prišlek iz Dolenjske, kjer je bil tak način remains unclear pending more detailed analyses of the pokopa običajen. grave goods; he may have come from Dolenjska, where inhumation was the usual practice. Konjski pokopi in njihova oprema Horse burials and horse gear Na grobišču na Mostu na Soči so zabeleženi tudi Three inhumation burials of horses were recorded trije skeletni grobovi konjev. Po navedbah Marchesettija at the Most na Soči cemetery. Marchesetti reported that je v grobu M 2141, obdanem s skrilastimi ploščami in Grave M 2141, lined with slate slabs and covered with 129 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE z velikim apnenčastim kamnom na vrhu, ležal konjski a large limestone block, held the skeleton of a horse skelet s pokrčenimi nogami in ob njem železna brzda with bent legs and an iron bridle bit and rein adorn- ter jermensko okrasje ( sl. 82A). Drugi konjski grob ments beside it ( Fig. 82A). The second burial (M 2788) (M 2788) je prekrivala kamnita groblja v obliki nekak- was covered by a dome-like heap of stones with bits šnega oboka, v njej je bilo raztreseno oglje in koščki of charcoal and pieces of iron among them, under it železa, pod njo pa v celoti ohranjen skelet žrebca, oprem- a completely surviving skeleton of a stallion equipped ljen z železnimi žvalami.423 Tretji konjski skelet (gr. Sz with an iron bridle bit.423 The third burial (Sz 592) was 592) je prekrivalo sedem skrilastih plošč, zloženih druga covered by seven slate slabs stacked one on top of the vrh druge, med pridatki je bilo več bronastih okroglih other, while the grave goods comprised several round faler in fragmentov tulcev ter pravokotnih okovov z bronze phalerae and fragments of tubes and rectangular obročki, poleg tega še bronasta vozlasta ovratnica in mounts with rings, as well as a bronze knobbed torque danes izgubljen kos železnih brzd.424 and a (now missing) piece of an iron bridle bit.424 Konji so bili verjetno žrtvovani in zatem pokopani These horses were probably sacrificed and buried in v samostojne grobove. Tak ritual je bil v navadi pri Ve- separate graves. The Veneti practised such a ritual, and netih, o žrtvovanju belih konjev v znak čaščenja grškega the sacrifice of white horses in the worship of the Greek heroja Diomeda na tem območju govorijo tudi antični hero Diomedes in this area is even reported in ancient pisni viri.425 Drugačen ritual je značilen za dolenjsko texts.425 Quite a different ritual was common in the Do- halštatsko skupnost, kjer so konje pokopavali navadno lenjska Hal statt community, where horses were usual y skupaj s konjeniki; pri njih so pomenili osebni prestiž buried together with wariors.426 Having said that, paral- in statusni simbol.426 Toda ne na enem ne na drugem lels for the horse gear from Most na Soči can be found območju ni najti analogij za konjsko opremo. Opremo neither in the Venetic area nor in Dolenjska. Judging konjev z Mosta na Soči bi po risbi sodeč, ki jo je objavil from the drawing that Marchesetti published ( Fig. 82A), Marchesetti ( sl. 82A), lahko primerjali z najdbami iz the horse equipment from Most na Soči is comparable mladohalštatskih grobov z vozovi na območju zgornje- with the finds from the Late Hal statt graves with wagons ga Podonavja in Porenja (Helpfau-Uttendorf – sl. 82B; in the Upper Danube Basin and Rhineland (Helpfau- Haslach; Bergheim; Kicklingen; Hohmichele; Ludwigs- Uttendorf – Fig. 82B; Haslach; Bergheim; Kicklingen; burg; Asperg), kjer so zastopani podobni železni tuli s Hohmichele; Ludwigsburg; Asperg) that include similar kroglasto glavico na zaključku in ob straneh pritrjenimi iron tubes with a spherical terminal and rings attached obročki ter železni okrogli gumbi.427 Kako so prebivalci at the other end, as well as similar iron round buttons.427 Mosta na Soči prišli v stik z onimi onkraj Alp, ostaja It remains unclear how the people of Most na Soči came odprto vprašanje. Na drugi strani je iz Marchessetijevega into contact with populations living on the other side of opisa in skice konjske opreme iz groba M 2141 razvi- the Alps. Marchesetti’s description and sketch of the horse dno, da je imel na vratu še okrogel ploščičast obesek gear from Grave M 2141 reveals that the horse also had a ( sl. 82A: 8), podobno kot eden od konjskih skeletov disc-shaped pendant on the neck ( Fig. 82A: 8), similarly iz Altina.428 Ta konjska oprema bi tako bila evidenten as one of the horse skeletons at Altino.428 This horse gear dokaz o povezavah Mosta na Soči v stopnji Sv. Lucija may be compelling evidence of the role of Most na Soči IIb s solnograškim in severnojadranskim prostorom. in the links between the Salzburg and Caput Adriae areas in the Sv. Lucija IIb phase. Most na Soči v mreži povezav The place of Most na Soči in wider networks Iz te skice tujih elementov v železnodobni naselbini in pripadajočem grobišču je mogoče razbrati, da je bil The above-presented outline of the foreign ele- Most na Soči vključen v razvejeno mrežo povezav med ments in the Iron Age settlement and associated cem- vzhodnim Sredozemljem, Apeninskim polotokom in etery shows that Most na Soči formed part of a wide kontinentalno Evropo. Prve znake stikov z egejskim network of connections between the eastern Mediter- 423 423 Ib., 95, t. 30 (gr. M 2141), 123 s (gr. M 2788). Ib., 95, Pl. 30 (Gr. M 2141), 123 f (Gr. M 2788). 424 424 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, 120 s, Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, 120 f, t. 51–52A. Pls. 51–52A. 425 425 Glej npr. Grilli 1991, 37 ss; Malnati 2003, 16; Braccesi See e.g. Grilli 1991, 37 ff; Malnati 2003, 16; Braccesi 2013, 56; Millo 2013, 364 ss. 2013, 56; Millo 2013, 364 ff. 426 426 Dular 2007, 737 ss: Teržan 2008, 266 ss; Teržan 2011, Dular 2007, 737 ff: Teržan 2008, 266 ff; Teržan 2011, 310 ss; Teržan 2014, 257. 310 ff; Teržan 2014, 257. 427 427 Egg 1985, 361 ss, sl. 23, 24, 35. Egg 1985, 361 ff, Figs. 23, 24, 35. 428 428 Marchesetti 1893, t. 30: 8; prim. Gambacurta, Tirelli Marchesetti 1893, Pl. 30: 8; cf. Gambacurta, Tirelli 1996, 71 ss, sl. 27. 1996, 71 ff, Fig. 27. 130 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Sl. 83: Tovorne poti v Zgornjem Posočju. Frög/Breg Fig. 83: Transport routes in the upper Posočje region. (Kartografska podlaga / Cartographic basis: © ZRC SAZU, Inštitut za geografijo Antona Melika) Kobarid Bohinj ranean, the Apennine Peninsula and continental Europe. Most na Soči The first traces of contacts with the Aegean are indicated Ljubljana by objects such as semi-lunate single-looped fibulae and the first iron artefacts found in graves.429 Its participa- tion in the exchange of goods intensified in the 6th and 5th centuries BC (Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb), when imports have also been documented in the investigated part of the settlement. This is the time of burgeoning trading in 0 20 km the Po Plain that took place via Bologna with Tyrrhe- nian Etruria and via the emporia on the north-western Adriatic coast with Greece on the one hand and with communities living in the Alps on the other.430 Within this network, Most na Soči belonged to the sphere of prostorom kažejo med drugim polmesečaste enozankaste interest of the centres in northern Italy. fibule in pojav železa, o čemer pričajo grobne najdbe.429 The flourishing exchange of goods probably also Intenzivnejše se je v blagovno menjavo vključil zlasti v 6. gave rise to local elites that distinguished themselves in 5. st. (v stopnjah Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb), ko zasledimo im- from the rest of the population in prestige possessions, porte tudi v raziskanem delu naselbine. To je čas, ko se je v the place and the rite of burial, while they are less read- Padski nižini razmahnila trgovina prek Bologne s tirensko ily detectable in the living standard. Affluent members Etrurijo in prek jadranskih emporijev z Grčijo ter na drugi practised inurned burial in graves frequently lined with strani z alpskimi skupnostmi.430 V tej konstelaciji je Most stones and covered with a heap of stones, but also located na Soči pripadal interesni sferi severnoitalskih centrov. at some distance from other burials.431 Z razcvetom blagovne menjave je bil verjetno What created the elite in Posočje, which goods povezan tudi vznik lokalne elite, ki se razločuje od pre- did they trade in or what was it that they could offer in ostalega življa po prestižnih predmetih v njihovi lasti return for luxury goods? The main raw material in high ter po načinu in mestu pokopa, manj je to zaznavno v demand in the Iron Age was iron. Posočje was not rich bivalni kulturi. Pripadniki vrhnjega sloja so se dali po- in iron in comparison with Dolenjska and the Alpine kopati v žarne grobove, njihovi grobovi so bili pogosto regions that included the Bohinj area in Gorenjska, obkroženi s kamni in prekriti s kamnito grobljo ter malce which the Posočje community presumably colonised distancirani od drugih.431 in the early 6th century BC precisely for its deposits of Toda kaj je omogočilo nastanek elite oziroma s čim iron ore.432 We can infer from the historic circumstances so trgovali in kaj so lahko ponudili v zameno za luksuzno and geographic position that Most na Soči played the blago? Primarna surovina, za katero je bilo v tistem času role of an intermediary in the metal trading conducted veliko povpraševanja, je bilo železo. Tega v Posočju ni between the Alps and Caput Adriae, that they practised bilo v takem izobilju kot denimo na Dolenjskem ali v freight transport and possibly served as guides across the rudonosnem alpskem svetu, vključno z Bohinjskim ko- alpine passes towards the north ( Fig. 83).433 tom na Gorenjskem, ki ga je posoška skupnost v začetku Another possible source is animal husbandry.434 6. st. verjetno prav zaradi železa kolonizirala.432 Sklepati They may have supplied cattle and products of animal je mogoče, da je imel Most na Soči v trgovanju s kovina- 429 mi med Alpami in Caput Adriae posredniško vlogo, da Teržan 1990a; Teržan 1995, 360 f; Teržan 2002, 96, 100 f; Teržan 2007, 157 ff; Trampuž Orel 2012, 32. 429 430 Teržan 1990a; Teržan 1995, 360 s; Teržan 2002, 96, See e.g. Capuis 1999, 294 ff; Sassatelli 2013, 119 ff; 100 s; Teržan 2007, 157 ss; Trampuž Orel 2012, 32. Bracessi, Veronese 2013, 139 ff; Marzatico 2013, 145 ff. 430 431 Glej npr. Capuis 1999, 294 ss; Sassatelli 2013, 119 ss; Boiardi 1983; Boiardi 1984, 99 ff, Figs. 3, 5. 432 Bracessi, Veronese 2013, 139 ss; Marzatico 2013, 145 ss. Trampuž Orel 2012, 30 ff. 431 433 Boiardi 1983; Boiardi 1984, 99 ss, sl. 3, 5. Trampuž Orel, Heath 2001, 161 f, Fig. 18. 432 434 Trampuž Orel 2012, 30 ss. See the chapter on Economic base and the contribution 131 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE so se ukvarjali s tovorništvom in morebiti kot vodniki origin (hides, wool, cheese), possibly also wood, to the po gorskih poteh čez alpske prelaze na sever ( sl. 83).433 nearby centres in the Po Plain. The forested hil s, the Drugi vir bi lahko bila živinoreja.434 Z govedom in lush pastures in the valleys around Most na Soči and the s produkti živalskega izvora (kože, volna, sir) so nemara alpine pastures in its hinterland offer excellent natural oskrbovali bližnje centre v Padski nižini, morda tudi z conditions for animal husbandry that had the potential lesom. Gozdnata pokrajina s sočnimi travniki v dolini, to generate agricultural surplus. ki se širijo okoli Mosta na Soči, in visokogorski pašniki The third factor may have been the growing needs v njegovem zaledju ponujajo ugodno naravno okolje za of the Venetic and Etruscan towns in the Po Plain for hu- to dejavnost ter omogočajo ekonomske presežke. man resources or workforce that they may have sought Tretji dejavnik bi lahko bile potrebe rastočih venet- in the wider hinterland either peaceful y or by force. skih in etruščanskih mest v Padski nižini po človeških vi- We have no direct evidence of slaves at Most na Soči, rih oz. delovni sili, ki so jo morebiti iskali v širšem zaledju such as the slightly later finds of slave-chains with rings na miren način ali s silo. O zasužnjevanju na Mostu na known from Alto Adige or Manching.435 References to Soči nimamo neposrednih dokazov, kot so denimo najdbe slaves can be found in the writings of Strabo436 and in suženjskih verig z obroči, znane sicer iz mlajšega časa v the depiction of the famous Benvenuti Situla. However, zgornjem Poadižju ali v Manchingu.435 Pričevanja, da se je the few finds of weapons in Posočje and the character of to dogajalo, bi lahko našli pri Strabonu436 ali v upodobitvi artefacts of foreign provenance rather suggest that the na slavni situli Benvenuti. A maloštevilne najdbe orožja relationships with other communities were amicable and v Posočju in značaj predmetov tuje provenience govorijo economical y motivated, strengthened with marriage v prid domnevi, da so bili odnosi z drugimi skupnostmi diplomacy and gifts, and included visits of travelling bolj kot ne miroljubni in ekonomsko motivirani, da so artisans and merchants. jih utrjevali s porokami in darili ter da so semkaj zahajali While the local elite followed some of the Mediter- tudi potujoči rokodelci in trgovci. ranean cultural norms and ideas, the community as a Čeprav je videti, da se je lokalna elita zgledovala po whole remained rooted in its own traditions expressed nekaterih sredozemskih kulturnih normah in idejah, je in particular through the specific funerary cult and ta skupnost vendarle ostala vseskozi zvesta svoji tradiciji, geometric decoration that also found its way into the kar izkazujeta zlasti svojski grobni kult in geometrijska ceramic elements of architecture (see here Fig. 51). ornamentika. ZA KONEC FINAL NOTE Tolminska kotlina in Soška dolina severno od nje The Tolmin basin, which includes the site of Most sta v komunikacijskem smislu dobro povezani geo- na Soči, and the upper reaches of the Soča valley to the grafski enoti, saj med Mostom na Soči in Kobaridom north of it are well-connected geographic units, with no ni naravnih preprek. Pravzaprav ju lahko razumemo natural obstacles to divide Most na Soči in the south and kot enovito poselitveno nišo, kjer so naravne danosti Kobarid in the north. In fact, we may even consider them bistveno vplivale na umestitev železnodobnih naselij. as a common settlement unit in the Iron Age where the Zdi se, da so bile poleg obrambnih zahtev odločujoče natural environment decisively influenced the location prometne povezave. Pri Mostu na Soči so se cepile poti of settlements. Apart from defensive considerations, po dolini Bače proti Bohinju, čez Šentviško planoto, communications appeared to have played an important Cerkno in Škofjo Loko do Ljubljanske kotline ter na role. Most na Soči stood at the crossroads of communica- jug v Vipavsko dolino. Drugo naravno vozlišče je pri tions, with one route leading along the valley of the River Kobaridu. Tu doseže Soško dolino pot iz Furlanije, kjer Bača towards Bohinj, another one across the plateau of se združi s komunikacijo, ki teče ob reki: na jug proti Šentviška planota, Cerkno and Škofja Loka eastwards to Tolminu in Mostu na Soči ter na sever čez prelaz Predel Ljubljana and the third one southwards to the Vipava proti Koroški. Medsebojna oddaljenost obeh vozlišč je valley. The second crossroads is at Kobarid, where the idealna, saj znaša v zračni liniji okoli 16 km, kar je dovolj, route from Friuli enters the Soča valley and joins with da se naselji, ki sta v železni dobi zrasli na obeh križiščih, the route along the river to lead downstream to Tolmin and Most na Soči to the south, and upstream across the 433 Trampuž Orel, Heath 2001, 161 s, sl. 18. Predel Pass to Kärnten in the north. The two crossroads 434 Glej tu poglavje o gospodarstvu in razpravo Toškana v tej publikaciji. by Toškan in this publication. 435 435 Nothdurfter 1979, 90 ss; t. 77; Maier et al. 1992, t. 116: Nothdurfter 1979, 90 ff; Pl. 77; Maier et al. 1992, Pl. 3; Höck 2004, 703, kat. št. 9.23; Endrizzi 2004, 703 ss, kat. št. 116: 3; Höck 2004, 703, Cat. No. 9.23; Endrizzi 2004, 703 ff, 9.24; Gebhard 2011, 446, 2.78. Cat. No. 9.24; Gebhard 2011, 446, 2.78. 436 436 Strabon, Geographica, 5.1.8. Strabon, Geographica, 5.1.8. 132 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE s svojima teritorijema nista ovirali. Oddaljenost je celo are at a sufficient distance from one another, roughly 16 večja od razdalj, izmerjenih med halštatskimi središči km as the crow flies, to allow for the settlements estab- jugovzhodne Slovenije.437 Vse kaže, da so bile naravne lished there in the Iron Age to possess a large enough danosti ob reki odlične, zato ne čudi, da sta se tako Most territory to ensure their subsistence. The distance is na Soči kot Kobarid razvila v najpomembnejši središči even greater than the one measured among the Hal statt posoške skupnosti. centres in south-eastern Slovenia.437 It would appear that Pregled struktur in poselitvene dinamike moramo the natural conditions along the waterway were very začeti na prehodu iz 2. v 1. tisočletje pr. Kr., ko je bil pose- advantageous and it is not surprising that both Most na ljen Tolmin, prva večja aglomeracija v tem delu Posočja. Soči and Kobarid developed into the most prominent Naselje, ki se je najverjetneje širilo nedaleč od sotočja centres of the Posočje community. Soče in Tolminke, sicer ni pobližje znano,438 zato pa je The overview of the settlement structures and dy- toliko bolje raziskana nekropola, ki jo je v šestdesetih namics in the region should commence at the transition letih izkopal Goriški muzej. Natančna analiza grobnih from the 2nd to the 1st millennium BC, when Tolmin pridatkov je pokazala, da so se v prvi, formativni fazi zlile was first inhabited and represented the first agglomera- prvine iz različnih kulturnih in geografskih okolij.439 tion in this part of Posočje. The settlement itself has not V moških in ženskih nošah je namreč opaziti nakit, ki yet been excavated, but it was most probably located in ima dobre primerjave tako v panonskem prostoru kot proximity to the confluence of the Soča and Tolminka.438 severni Italiji. V ženskem nakitu se zrcali še egejska Human occupation is rather evidenced by the associated komponenta in po morski poti je v Tolmin najverjetneje cemetery, which is well-known and was excavated by the prišlo tudi prvo železo. Goriški muzej in the 1960. A detailed analysis of the grave Kje so vzroki, da je začela moč Tolmina v času goods has shown that elements of different cultural and stopnje Sv. Lucija Ib slabeti, ni povsem jasno, vsekakor geographic backgrounds coalesced in the first, formative pa se proces časovno ujema z vzponom Mosta na Soči. phase.439 The male and female costumes comprise items Po 7. stoletju pr. Kr. življenje v Tolminu skoraj zamre. of jewel ery with close paral els in both Pannonia and Verjetno imamo opraviti s sinoikizmom oziroma in- northern Italy. Female jewellery even mirrors an Aegean tegracijo poselitve. Na Mostu na Soči se je populacija component, while other goods suggest that the first arte- povečala − to dokazujejo številni grobovi iz tistega dela facts of iron also came to Tolmin via the sea route. grobišča, ki ga je izkopal Marchesetti − in za naselje Tolmin’s strength began to wane during the Sv. je bil izbran naravno utrjen prostor nad sotočjem rek. Lucija Ib phase and declined towards the end of the Če k temu dodamo še pomen prometnega vozlišča in 7th century BC; the reasons for this are as yet unclear, ugodno agrarno zaledje, ne čudi, da se je Most na Soči though it does coincide with the rise of Most na Soči. naglo razvil v najpomembnejše središče celotne regije. We are probably dealing with synoecism or integration Nekaj podobnega se je v tem času dogajalo v Ko- of settlement. The increase of the population at Most baridu, ki ga veliko slabše poznamo. Utrjeno naselje na na Soči is suggested by the higher number of graves Gradiču še ni bilo raziskano, več kot 1400 izkopanih in the part of the cemetery excavated by Marchesetti grobov pa še vedno čaka na objavo. Stane Gabrovec, and a natural y well-defended location just above the ki je iz skopih Marchesettijevih objav skušal izluščiti river confluence chosen for the settlement. Adding the glavne značilnosti nekropole, ugotavlja, da je Kobarid z importance of its location at the crossroads of commu- najstarejšimi najdbami vzporeden s Tolminom, vendar nications, it is only natural that Most na Soči rapidly sodi glavnina najdb v mlajši čas.440 Začetki Kobarida bi developed into the most prominent centre of the region. bili potemtakem celo starejši od Mosta na Soči, razen A similar development was taking place at Kob- če se med tamkajšnjim neobjavljenim gradivom, ki ga arid, though the site is less well-known. The fortified je izkopal Marchesetti, ne skrivajo najdbe, starejše od settlement on the hill of Gradič has not yet been inves- stopnje Sv. Lucija Ib. tigated, while the associated cemetery yielded 1400 as Nadaljnji razvoj je bil v obeh središčih približno yet unpublished graves. Stane Gabrovec attempted to enak. Močan horizont železnega nakita − Marchesetti outline the main characteristics of the cemetery from omenja čez sto dvozankastih fibul − kaže na nagel vzpon Marchesetti’s brief reports and observed that the earli- Kobarida v svetolucijski stopnji Ib.441 Ali lahko tudi te est goods chronological y correlated with those from spremembe povežemo z integracijskimi procesi oziroma Tolmin, while the majority of the graves dated to later povečanjem populacije? Vprašanje je na mestu, vendar bi periods.440 The beginnings of Kobarid thus predate those morali za verodostojen odgovor poznati celotno gradivo. of Most na Soči, providing that the unpublished goods 437 Dular, Tecco Hvala 2007, 198 ss. 438 437 Svoljšak 2002, 7; Mlinar 2018, 55. Dular, Tecco Hvala 2007, 198 ff. 439 438 Teržan 2002, 99 ss. Svoljšak 2002, 7; Mlinar 2018, 55. 440 439 Gabrovec 1976, 50 ss. Teržan 2002, 99 ff. 441 440 Marchesetti 1893, 228. Gabrovec 1976, 50 ff. 133 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE Nujen je tudi sistematičen terenski pregled Tolminske from Marchesetti’s excavations at Most na Soči do not kotline, ki še ni narejen, zato je območje bela lisa na include those earlier than the Sv. Lucija Ib phase. karti arheoloških najdišč. Skoraj nič ne vemo o Gradiču Subsequent development of Most na Soči and Kob- v Kobaridu. Kot je razvidno iz lidarskih posnetkov, je arid was comparable. A prominent horizon of iron jewel- bilo naselje utrjeno, vprašanje je le, kdaj so ga opasali z lery − Marchesetti mentions over a hundred two-looped obzidjem.442 Zanimivo bi bilo izvedeti tudi to, kakšen fibulae – suggests a rapid rise of Kobarid in the Sv. Lucija je bil hierarhičen odnos med obema središčema. Sodeč Ib phase.441 It is conceivable that these changes are also re- po velikosti nekropol, v katerih odseva številčnost pre- lated to the integration processes or increased population, bivalstva, ima nesporno prednost Most na Soči. Vendar but an answer to this question requires an insight into the pa zgolj z velikostjo grobišč težko rangiramo poselitvene complete set of material evidence, as well as a systematic strukture, razvoj teh ni bil premočrten, ampak se je skozi field survey of the Tolmin basin that today represents a čas njihova pomembnost spreminjala. Dokaz so izkopa- white spot on the map of Slovenian archaeological sites. vanja na eni od teras na severozahodni strani Gradiča We know next to nothing of Gradič at Kobarid. Lidar in pri Bizjakovi hiši v Kobaridu, ki so pokazala, da se je images show that the settlement was fortified, but not v zadnjih stoletjih pr. Kr. okrepila njegova veljava. Ob the period in which the rampart was constructed.442 It koncu starejše in zlasti v mlajši železni dobi je tu nasta- would be also interesting to have evidence pertaining lo važno kultno središče.443 Precej drugačen proces je to the hierarchical relationship between the two centres. doživel Most na Soči. Po opustelosti v srednjelatenskem Judging from the size of the associated necropoleis that obdobju, ko se je v stranske doline odselila večina nje- reflect population size, Most na Soči clearly takes pride of govega prebivalstva, je na koncu mlajše železne dobe le place. However, cemetery size cannot be seen as a direct še životaril ob spominih na nekdanjo slavo. translation of the associated habitation structures as their development was not linear but rather subject to changes in prominence. Proof of this has been unearthed during the excavations on one of the terraces on the north- western slope of Gradič and at the Bizjakova hiša site in Kobarid, which revealed an increased importance of the site in the last centuries BC. An important cult centres developed here towards the end of the Early and even more so in the Late Iron Age.443 Evidence shows quite a different process taking place at Most na Soči. 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Tecco Hvala (ur. / ed.), prispevek k poznavanju gospodinjstev v starejši železni Studia Praehistorica in Honorem Janez Dular, Opera Insti- dobi na Krasu / Silos – special ceramic forms: contribu- tuti Archaeologici Sloveniae 30, 251–270. tion to the knowledge of the Early Iron households in the TERŽAN, B., M. ČREŠNAR (ur. / eds.) 2014, Absolutno dat- Karst region. – Arheo 33, 7–23. iranje bronaste in železne dobe na Slovenskem / Absolute VITALI, D., A. M. BRIZZOLARA, E. LIPPOLIS 2001, dating of the Bronze and Iron Ages in Slovenia. – Katalogi L'Acropoli del a città etrusca di Marzabotto. – Studi e Scavi in monografije 40. 18, Bologna. TERŽAN, B., N. TRAMPUŽ 1973, Prispevek h kronologiji VITRI, S. 1980, Un'oinochoe etrusca da S. Lucia di Tolmino svetolucijske skupine / Contributto al a cronologia dei – Most na Soči. – Zbornik posvečen Stanetu Gabrovcu ob gruppo preistorico di Santa Lucia . – Arheološki vestnik 24, šestdesetletnici, Situla 20–21, 267–277. 416–460. VITRI, S. 1996, Montereale Valcellina, L'abitato e luoghi di TERŽAN, B., E. BORGNA, P. TURK 2016, Depo iz Mušje culto. – V / In: La protostoria tra le Sile e Tagliamento. An- jame pri Škocjanu na Krasu / Il ripostiglio del a Grotta tiche genti tra Veneto e Friuli, Padova 399 − 408. del e Mosche presso San Canziano del Carso. – Katalogi in VITRI, S. 1997, Gli oggeti d'ornamento tra i I. sec. a.C. e la monografije 42. prima età imperiale: influssi culturali e romanizzazione. – TERŽAN, B., F. LO SCHIAVO, N. TRAMPUŽ-OREL 1984– V / In: L. Endrizzi, F. Marzatico (ur. / eds.), Ori del e Alpi, 1985, Most na Soči (S. Lucia) II. Szombathyjeva izkopa- Trento, Quaderni del a Sezione Archeologica, Monumen- vanja / Die Ausgrabungen von J. Szombathy. – Katalogi in ti e collezioni provinciali 6, 565–569. monografije 23. VITRI, S. 2004, Testimonianze dell' età del ferro nel Caput TOMEDI, G. 2002, Das hal stattzeitliche Gräberfeld von Frög. Adriae. – V / In: F. Marzatico, P. Gleirscher (ur. / eds.), Die Altgrabungen von 1883 bis 1892. – Archaeolingua 14. Guerrieri, principi ed eroi fra il Danubio e il Po dal a preis- TORELLI, M. (ur. / ed.) 2000, The Etruscans. – Milano. toria al 'Alto Medioevo, Trento, 285–291. TOŠKAN, B. 2011, Analiza živalskih kostnih ostankov / VITRI, S. 2013, L'incerto confine: le propaggini orientali del Analysis of animal bone remains. – V / In: M. Mlinar, T. Venetorum angulus. – V / In: M. Gamba et al. (ur. / eds.), Gerbec, Keltskih konj topòt; najdišče Bizjakova hiša v Ko- Venetkens. Viaggio nel a terra dei Veneti antichi, Padova, baridu / Hear the horses of Celts; the Bizjakova hiša site in 112–117. Kobarid, Tolmin, 43−50. WEDENIG, R. 2005, Zehn Jahre Gräberarchäologie in Füh- TRAMPUŽ OREL, N. 2012, The beginnings of iron in Slo- rholz – eine kurze Übersicht. – V / In: Hal stattkultur im venia / Začetki železa na Slovenskem. – Arheološki vestnik Trixnertal. Begleitheft zur Ausstel ung in Völkermarkt und 63, 17–36. Klagenfurt, Völkermarkt, 19–32. TRAMPUŽ OREL, N., D. J. HEATH 1998, Analysis of heav- WEINER, J. 1991, Archäologische Experimente in Deutsch- ily leaded shaft-hole axes. – V / In: B. Hänsel (ur. / ed.), land. Von den Anfängen bis zum Jahre 1989 – Ein Be- Mensch und Umwelt in der Bronzezeit Europas / Man and itrag zur Geschichte der Experimentellen Archäologie in environment in European Bronze Age, Kiel, 237–248. Deutschland. – V / In: Experimentel e Archäologie, Bilanz TRAMPUŽ OREL, N., D. J. HEATH 2001, Depo Kanal- 1991. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Nordwestdeutsch- ski Vrh – študija o metalurškem znanju in kovinah na land, Beiheft 6, Staatliches Museum Oldenburg, 50–68. začetku 1. tisočletja pr. n. št. / The Kanalski Vrh hoard – WEISS, R.-M. 1997, Prähistorische Brandopferplätze in Bay- a case study of the metal urgical knowledge and metals ern. – Internationale Archäologie 35. at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. – Arheološki WELLS, S. P. 1981, The Emergence of an Iron Age Economy. vestnik 52, 143–171. The Mecklenburg Grave Groups from Hal statt and Stična. TURK, P. 2005, Podobe mita in življenja. – Ljubljana. – American School of Prehistoric Research, Bulletin 33. TURK, P., D. BOŽIČ, J. ISTENIČ, N. OSMUK, Ž. ŠMIT ZANCO, A. 2004, Quali materiali furono utilizzati per le ma- 2009, New Pre-Roman Inscriptions from Western Slove- cine di Treviso? – V / In: E. Bianchin Citton (ur. / ed.), nia: The Archaeological Evidence. – V / In: G. Tiefengra- Al e origini di Treviso. Dal vil aggio all'abitato dei Veneti ber, B. Kavur, A. Gaspari (eds.), Keltske študije II. Studies antichi, Treviso, 64. in Celtic Archaeology. Papers in honour of Mitja Guštin, ZANINI, A. 1999, Rapporti fra Veneto ed area medio-Tirren- Protohistoire Européenne 11, 47−64. ica nel Bronzo finale. Nuovi contributi per la definizione URLEB, M. 1974, Križna gora pri Ložu. Halštatska nekropola del problema. – V / In: Protostoria e storia del »Venetorum / Hal stattzeitliches Gräberfeld Križna gora. – Katalogi in Angulus«. Atti del XX Convegno di Studi Etruschi ed Italici, monografije 11. Portogruaro, Quarto d'Altino, Este, Adria, 16–19 ottobre 1996, Pisa, 308–343. 144 MOST NA SOČI V ŽELEZNI DOBI MOST NA SOČI IN THE IRON AGE ZIMMERMANN, W. H. 1992, Die Siedlungen des 1. bis 6. cher Holzbauten von den Nord- und Ostseeländern bis zu Jahrhunderts nach Christus von Flögeln-Eekhöltjen, Nie- den Alpen. – Probleme der Küstenforschung im südlichen dersachsen: Die Bauformen und ihre Funktionen. – Prob- Nordseegebiet 25, 9−241. leme der Küstenforschung im südlichen Nordseegebiet 19, ZIPPELIUS, A. 1954, Das vormittelalteriche Ziemer- 7–360. ungstechnik in Mitteleuropa. – Rheinisches Jahrbuch für ZIMMERMANN, W. H. 1998, Pfosten Ständer und Schwelle Volkskunde 5, 7–52. und der Übergang vom Pfosten- zum Ständerbau – Eine ZUPANČIČ, D., VINAZZA, M. 2015, Suhozidna gradnja v Studie zu Inovation und Beharrung im Hausbau. Zu Kon- prazgodovini na Krasu / Prehistoric dry wall construction struktion und Haltbarkeit prähistorischer bis neuzeitli- in the Karst. – Kronika, časopis za slovensko krajevno zgo- dovino 63/3, 691−702. 145 Železnodobno naselje Most na Soči. Razprave / The Iron Age settlement at Most na Soči. Treatises. OIAS 34, 2018, 147−166 KRONOLOŠKA SLIKA ŽELEZNODOBNEGA NASELJA MOST NA SOČI CHRONOLOGY OF THE IRON AGE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Janez DULAR Najstarejši sledovi poselitve dobro zavarovanega The earliest traces of habitation on the natural y pomola, ki ga oblivata Idrijca in Soča, segajo v mlajšo well protected promontory overlooking the Rivers Id- bronasto dobo. V ta čas sodijo skromne ostaline stavbe, rijca and Soča date back to the Late Bronze Age. These ki so jih odkrili ob gradnji Filijeve hiše v zahodnem delu traces consist of scarce building remains discovered dur- vasi.1 Gre za tri s kamni obložene luknje za stojke in ing the construction of Fili's house in the western part obilico keramičnih fragmentov, ki imajo dobre paralele of the vil age of Most na Soči.1 More precisely, the traces v lončenini kraških kaštelirjev, nekaj značilnih oblik pa are three post holes lined with stones and numerous kaže tudi na povezave z zahodnim Balkanom.2 ceramic sherds closely comparable to the pottery from Zanimiva je ugotovitev, da za zdaj z Mosta na the hillforts in the Kras region, while some diagnostic Soči ni znanih naselbinskih najdb iz začetka železne vessels also show connections with the western Balkans.2 dobe. Razmeroma obsežna izkopavanja Goriškega As for the Iron Age, Most na Soči has thus far failed muzeja med letoma 1971 in 1984 na območju Meri- to reveal any habitation traces from the beginning of the šča so namreč spravila na dan zgolj mladohalštatsko period. The fairly large-scale excavations the Goriški gradivo, mlade pa so tudi najdbe z območij, ki jih je muzej conducted between 1971 and 1984 at Merišče kasneje na Mostu na Soči raziskal Tolminski muzej.3 only unearthed Late Hal statt remains, as did the later Odkrivanje starejšega dela naselja ostaja zato naloga investigations by the Tolminski muzej.3 Considering prihodnjih raziskav. Malo je namreč verjetno, – sodeč the broader time span of the burials in the associated po časovnem razponu nekropole – da bi bil že po naravi cemetery, however, it is unlikely that the promontory odlično zavarovan pomol poseljen zgolj v mladohal- would only be settled in the Late Hal statt period. Dis- štatskem obdobju. covering the earlier settlement thus remains a challenge for future research. DATACIJE HIŠ CHRONOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTION Hiše oziroma njihove gradbene faze, ki jih je na OF INDIVIDUAL HOUSES območju Merišča izkopal Goriški muzej, smo kronolo- ško opredelili s pomočjo hišnih inventarjev.4 Ker je bila The small finds that came to light during the večina tipov lončenine in kovinskega gradiva v uporabi 1971–1984 excavations at Merišče represent the basis dalj časa, precizne datacije večinoma niso bile mogoče. for our chronological assessment of individual houses Ohlapne časovne razpone smo sicer skušali izostriti z and their construction phases.4 These are associated metodo prekrivanja oziroma izključevanja tipov, re- with various artefacts, with most of the pottery and zultat pa kljub temu ni bil bistveno boljši. Zgolj v eno metal goods in use over a longer period of time, which kronološko stopnjo smo uspeli datirati komaj polovico hinders precise dating. We did attempt to narrow the gradbenih faz. Nekateri objekti so ostali nedatirani, saj broad time spans by examining the overlap or exclusion 1 1 Za pozicijo najdišča glej Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 19, sl. 5. For the location see Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 19, Fig. 5. 2 2 Svoljšak 1988–1989, 371 ss, t. 4–8. Glej tudi Teržan Svoljšak 1988–1989, 371 ff, Pls. 4–8. Also see Teržan 1995, 330. 1995, 330. 3 3 Mlinar, Klasinc, Knavs 2008. Mlinar, Klasinc, Knavs 2008. 4 4 Svoljšak, Dular 2016. Svoljšak, Dular 2016. 147 KRONOLOŠKA SLIKA ŽELEZNODOBNEGA NASELJA ... CHRONOLOGY OF THE IRON AGE SETTLEMENT ... Sl. 1: Kronološka tabela. Fig. 1: Chronological table. of types, though the results hardly improved our initial dating. We were able to date no more than half of the construction phases into a single chronological phase, while some houses could not be dated at al because they yielded no diagnostic finds. In attributing the houses and their construction phases, we used the chronology that Stane Gabrovec, Biba Teržan, Neva Trampuž and Mitja Guštin established for the Iron Age in the Posočje region ( Fig. 1).5 HOUSE 1 Phase 1: ? Diagnostic finds and commentary: Small finds do not enable precise dating, though the piece of a deco- rated terracotta plaque ( Pl. 1: 7)6 comparable with those associated with Construction Phase 2 ( Pl. 5: 1, 2) suggests that not much time elapsed between the two phases. Phase 2: Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb. Diagnostic finds: Rim of a Type 2 pithos ( Pl. 2: 4), such as were in use from Sv. Lucija Ic to IIc (most numer- ously in IIa and IIb);7 foot of a goblet, Type 1 or 3 niso vsebovali oprijemljivega gradiva. Pri razvrščanju ( Pl. 2: 13), which were in use from Sv. Lucija Ic to smo se držali uveljavljene kronološke sheme, kot so jo IIb (most numerously in IIa).8 pred leti za železno dobo v Posočju izdelali S. Gabrovec, Commentary: Small finds span from Sv. Lucija Ic to B. Teržan, N. Trampuž in M. Guštin ( sl. 1).5 IIb, but the time of the greatest use of particular types allows us to fairly reliably narrow the date to IIa–IIb. HIŠA 1 Faza 1: ? HOUSE 2 Opredeljive najdbe in komentar: Gradbena faza 1 ni vsebovala najdb, ki bi omogočale natančno dati- Phase 1: Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb. ranje, vendar pa glede na kos okrašene plošče ( t. Diagnostic finds: Base of a Type 2 pithos ( Pl. 8: 12), 1: 7),6 kakršnega imamo tudi v fazi 2 ( t. 5: 1, 2), such as were in use from Sv. Lucija Ic to IIc (most med obema gradbenima posegoma ni bilo velike numerously in IIa and IIb);9 rim of a Type 2 goblet časovne razlike. ( Pl. 8: 6), which were in use from Sv. Lucija Ic to IIb (most numerously in IIa).10 Faza 2: Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb. Opredeljive najdbe: Ustje pitosa, tip 2 ( t. 2: 4), ki se pojavlja v stopnjah Sv. Lucija Ic do IIc (najštevilčnejši v IIa 5 Frey and Gabrovec 1971, 197 ff; Teržan, Trampuž 1973; in IIb);7 noga keliha, tip 1 ali 3 ( t. 2: 13), ki je bil v Gabrovec 1987, 123 ff; Guštin 1991, 29 ff. 6 The plates with the drawings of the small finds are to be found in the first volume of the publication presenting the 5 Frey in Gabrovec 1971, 197 ss; Teržan, Trampuž 1973; settlement at Most na Soči (see Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 265 ff). 7 Gabrovec 1987, 123 ss; Guštin 1991, 29 ss. Dular 1982, 94, Fig. 6: 2; 104, Fig. 10. 6 8 Pri navajanju predmetov se sklicujemo na table v prvem Ib., 96, Fig. 7: 15,17; 104, Fig. 10. 9 zvezku Mosta na Soči (glej Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 265 ss). Ib., 94, Fig. 6: 2; 104, Fig. 10. 7 10 Dular 1982, 94, sl. 6: 2; 104, sl. 10. Ib., 96, Fig. 7: 16; 104, Fig. 10. 148 KRONOLOŠKA SLIKA ŽELEZNODOBNEGA NASELJA ... CHRONOLOGY OF THE IRON AGE SETTLEMENT ... uporabi v stopnjah Sv. Lucija Ic do IIb (najštevilč- Commentary: Small finds span from Sv. Lucija Ic to IIb, nejši v IIa).8 but the time of the greatest use of particular types Komentar: Razpon najdb seže od stopnje Sv. Lucija Ic allows us to fairly reliably narrow the date to IIa–IIb do IIb, vendar pa lahko z ozirom na pogostost (possibly only IIa). njihovega pojavljanja datacijo z veliko verjetnostjo zožimo na stopnji IIa–IIb. Phase 2: Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb. Diagnostic finds: Rim and pedestal fragments of Type 3 situlae ( Pl. 9: 5, 9), such as were in use in Sv. Lucija HIŠA 2 Ic to IIb (most numerously in IIa).11 Commentary: Small finds span from Sv. Lucija Ic to IIb, Faza 1: Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb. but the time of the greatest use of particular types Opredeljive najdbe: Dno pitosa, tip 2 ( t. 8: 12), ki se po- allows us to fairly reliably narrow the date to IIa–IIb javlja v stopnjah Ic do IIc (najštevilčnejši v IIa in (possibly only IIa). IIb);9 ustje keliha, tip 2 ( t. 8: 6), ki je bil v uporabi v stopnjah Ic do IIb (najštevilčnejši v IIa).10 Komentar: Razpon najdb seže od stopnje Ic do IIb, HOUSE 3 vendar pa lahko z ozirom na pogostost njihovega pojavljanja datacijo z veliko verjetnostjo zožimo Phase 1: Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb. na stopnji Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb (morda celo zgolj na Diagnostic finds: Fragments of Type 2 pithoi ( Pls. 11: 11, stopnjo IIa). 14: 2), such as were in use from Sv. Lucija Ic to IIc (most numerously in IIa and IIb);12 rim of a Type 2 Faza 2: Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb. goblet ( Pl. 14: 3), which were in use from Sv. Lucija Opredeljive najdbe: Fragmenta ustja in noge situl, tip 3 Ic to IIb (most numerously in IIa).13 ( t. 9: 5, 9), ki je bil v uporabi v stopnjah Sv. Lucija Commentary: Small finds span from Sv. Lucija Ic to Ic do IIb (najštevilčnejši v IIa).11 IIb, but the time of the greatest use of particular Komentar: Razpon najdb seže od stopnje Sv. Lucija Ic types allows us to fairly reliably narrow the date do IIb, vendar pa lahko z ozirom na pogostost to IIa–IIb. njihovega pojavljanja datacijo z veliko verjetnostjo zožimo na stopnji Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb (morda celo Phase 2: Sv. Lucija IIc. zgolj na stopnjo IIa). Diagnostic finds: Certosa fibula of Variant VIIe ( Pl. 23: 1), which is a piece characteristical y worn towards the end of the Early Iron Age;14 bead of yellow glass HIŠA 3 with four layered white-blue eyes ( Pl. 23: 8), such as were common in Sv. Lucija IIb and IIc.15 Faza 1: Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb. Commentary: Overlap in the dates of the glass bead and Opredeljive najdbe: Fragmenta ostenij pitosov, tip 2 ( t. the Certosa fibula shows that Construction Phase 2 11: 11, 14: 2), ki je bil v uporabi v stopnjah Ic do of House 3 dates to the final part of the Early Iron IIc (najštevilčnejši v IIa in IIb);12 ustje keliha, tip Age (Sv. Lucija IIc). 2 ( t. 14: 3), ki se pojavlja v stopnjah Ic do IIb (naj- številčnejši v IIa).13 Komentar: Razpon najdb seže od stopnje Sv. Lucija Ic HOUSE 4 do IIb, vendar pa lahko z ozirom na pogostost njihovega pojavljanja datacijo z veliko verjetnostjo Phase: Sv. Lucija IIb. zožimo na stopnji IIa–IIb. Diagnostic finds and commentary: Relatively small foot of an undeterminable Certosa fibula ( Pl. 24: 1) Faza 2: Sv. Lucija IIc. suggests that House 4 should be attributed to Sv. Opredeljive najdbe: Certoška fibula, tip VIIe ( t. 23: 1), Lucija IIb, a phase when such items were most ki je značilen za konec starejše železne dobe;14 ja- commonly in use.16 goda iz rumenega stekla s četvernimi plastovitimi 8 Ib., 96, sl. 7: 15,17; 104, sl. 10. 9 11 Ib., 94, sl. 6: 2; 104, sl. 10. Ib., 96, Fig. 7: 14; 104, Fig. 10. 10 12 Ib., 96, sl. 7: 16; 104, sl. 10. Ib., 94, Fig. 6: 2; 104, Fig. 10. 11 13 Ib., 96, sl. 7: 14; 104, sl. 10. Ib., 96, Fig. 7: 18; 104, Fig. 10. 12 14 Ib., 94, sl. 6: 2; 104, sl. 10. Teržan 1976, 328 and 432 f. 13 15 Ib., 96, sl. 7: 18; 104, sl. 10. Kunter 1995, 38; Božič 2011, 248. 14 16 Teržan 1976, 328 in 371 s. Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 430 ff; Gabrovec 1987, 130 ff. 149 KRONOLOŠKA SLIKA ŽELEZNODOBNEGA NASELJA ... CHRONOLOGY OF THE IRON AGE SETTLEMENT ... modro-belimi očesci ( t. 23: 8), ki je običajna v HOUSE 5 stopnjah IIb in IIc.15 Komentar: Prekrivanje datacij steklene jagode in certo- Phase: Sv. Lucija IIc. ške fibule kaže, da sodi 2. gradbena faza hiše 3 na Diagnostic finds and commentary: Attic skyphos of the konec starejše železne dobe (stopnja IIc). Saint Valentin type ( Pl. 25: 1) indicates that House 5 should be dated to the last quarter of the 5th century BC (Sv. Lucija IIc).17 HIŠA 4 Faza: Sv. Lucija IIb. HOUSE 6 Opredeljive najdbe in komentar: Glede na razmeroma majhno nogo certoške fibule nedoločljivega tipa Phase 1: Sv. Lucija IIa. ( t. 24: 1) opredeljujemo hišo 4 v stopnjo Sv. Lucija Diagnostic finds: Vessels with combed or brushed IIb, ko je bil takšen nakit najpogosteje v uporabi.16 decoration ( Pl. 25: 12– 14) are rare in the cemetery at Most na Soči, but all date to the Late Hal statt period (Sv. Lucija II);18 fragment of a goblet ( Pl. 25: HIŠA 5 8) has a comparable find in a similarly decorated goblet from Grave Benvenuti 101 attributed to Faza: Sv. Lucija IIc. Este II/III or III Früh, which corresponds with Sv. Opredeljive najdbe in komentar: Z atiškim skifosom, tip Lucija Ic2 and IIa.19 Saint Valentin ( t. 25: 1) je hiša 5 datirana v zadnje Commentary: Overlap of the relatively broad date of četrtletje 5. st. (stopnja Sv. Lucija IIc).17 the combed pottery, which does not predate the Late Hal statt period, and of the date of the goblet indicates that Construction Phase 1 of House 6 HIŠA 6 should be attributed to Sv. Lucija IIa. Faza 1: Sv. Lucija IIa. Phase 2: Sv. Lucija IIa–IIc; Sv. Lucija IV. Opredeljive najdbe: Z metličenjem oziroma glavničenjem Diagnostic finds: Triangular pendants ( Pl. 26: 11–14) okrašena ostenja posod ( t. 25: 12– 14) so v grobovih occur in graves from Sv. Lucija Ic to IIa;20 foot of na Mostu na Soči sicer redka, vendar datirana v an iron fibula, most probably serpentine of Vari- mladohalštatski čas (stopnja II);18 ostenje keliha ( t. ant VIIa ( Pl. 26: 2), dates to IIa;21 half of a hollow 25: 8) ima paralelo v podobno okrašenem kelihu spherical pendant ( Pl. 26: 18) dates to Sv. Lucija iz groba Benvenuti 101, ki sodi v stopnjo Este II/ IIa or IIb;22 foot of a Certosa fibula ( Pl. 26: 1) most III oz. III zgodnje, kar odgovarja stopnjama Sv. likely dates to IIb; glass bead with a wavy line ( Pl. Lucija Ic2 in IIa.19 26: 22) has parallels from graves of a Sv. Lucija IIb Komentar: Prekrivanje razmeroma ohlapne datacije date;23 moulded basket-shaped pendant of Type 22 lončenine z metličenim ornamentom, ki pa ven- after Warneke ( Pl. 26: 16) has parallels at Este in darle ni starejša od mladohalštatskega obdobja, in Este III Spät, which corresponds with the late Sv. datacije keliha kaže, da sodi 1. gradbena faza hiše Lucija IIb and IIc;24 spring fragment of a Certosa 6 v stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIa. fibula, probably Type XIII ( Pl. 26: 3) dates towards Faza 2: Sv. Lucija IIa–IIc; Sv. Lucija IV. 17 Baldelli, Landolfi, Lollini 1982, 91; Maccel ari 2002, Opredeljive najdbe: Trikotni obeski ( t. 26: 11–14) se po- Vol. I, 129 f, 180, 247, Vol. II, Pls. 80, 109, 237. javljajo v grobovih stopenj Ic do IIa;20 noga železne 18 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, 288, fibule, najverjetneje kačasta, tip VIIa ( t. 26: 2) sodi v Pl. 169: A1-6; 362, Pl. 240: E. It is hard fired pottery of predominantly brown shades that differs in fabric from the 15 Kunter 1995, 38; Božič 2011, 248. porous La Tène pottery with combed decoration fired in a 16 Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 430 ss; Gabrovec 1987, 130 ss. reducing atmosphere. 17 Baldelli, Landolfi, Lollini 1982, 91; Maccel ari 2002, 19 Capuis, Chiecho Bianchi 2006, Pl. 98: 13. vol. I, 129 s, 180, 247, vol. II, t. 80, 109, 237. 20 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, Pls. 14: 18 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, 288, t. 169: J2; 31: B7; 76: A2; 79: A5; 116: D2; 130: A12; 142: F6; 145: A1-6; 362, t. 240: E. Gre za čvrsto žgano lončenino, pretežno B12; 324: A2; 253: A5; 263: D4; also see Warneke 1999, 49 f. rjavih tonov, ki se po fakturi razlikuje od redukcijsko žgane 21 Tecco Hvala 2014, 136 f and 170; Teržan, Trampuž porozne keramike z metličenim okrasom latenskega obdobja. 1973, 428; Parzinger 1988, 11. 19 Capuis, Chiecho Bianchi 2006, t. 98: 13. 22 Warneke 1999, 33, Fn. 145; also see Božič 2011, 244. 20 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, t. 14: 23 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, Pls. 13: J2; 31: B7; 76: A2; 79: A5; 116: D2; 130: A12; 142: F6; 145: F4; 145: A20; 216: A5. B12; 324: A2; 253: A5; 263: D4; glej tudi Warneke 1999, 49 s. 24 Frey 1969, Fig. 10: 4; Pl. 33: 23,24; Warneke 1999, 128. 150 KRONOLOŠKA SLIKA ŽELEZNODOBNEGA NASELJA ... CHRONOLOGY OF THE IRON AGE SETTLEMENT ... stopnjo IIa;21 polovica votlega kroglastega obeska ( t. the end of the Hal statt period (Sv. Lucija IIb or 26: 18) je iz stopenj IIa ali IIb;22 noga certoške fibule IIc);25 earring with a hook ( Pl. 26: 8) has a single ( t. 26: 1) sodi najverjetneje v stopnjo IIb; steklena close parallel from the cluster of finds No. 1816 at jagoda z valovnico ( t. 26: 22) je znana iz grobov Most na Soči attributed to Sv. Lucija IIc;26 flat foot stopnje IIb;23 profiliran košarast obesek, tip 22 po of a bronze vessel ( Pl. 27: 19) most likely dates Warnekeju ( t. 26: 16) se pojavlja v Este v stopnji to the Late La Tène period;27 three Late La Tène III pozno, kar odgovarja koncu stopnje Sv. Lucija Norican silver coins of the Kugelreitertyp type ( Pl. IIb in stopnji IIc;24 frag. peresovine certoške fibule, 27: 25–27).28 verjetno tip XIII ( t. 26: 3) sodi na konec halštatskega Commentary: Little survived of the building (see obdobja (stopnja IIb ali IIc);25 uhan s kavljem ( t. 26: Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 73 f) that has all the charac- 8) ima edino dobro paralelo v mostarskem skupku teristics of a burning-offering place. Such function 1816, ki sodi v stopnjo IIc;26 ploščata nožica bronaste is corroborated by the burn marks on the smal posode ( t. 27: 19) sodi najverjetneje v pozni laten;27 finds that mainly comprise metal items impor- trije poznolatenski noriški srebrniki, tip jezdec s tant for its chronological attribution. Analysis trirogeljno čelado – Kugelreitertyp ( t. 27: 25-27).28 has shown that the place was in continuous use Komentar: Objekt, od katerega so se ohranili zgolj borni throughout the Late Hal statt period, but also in ostanki (glej Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 73 s), kaže vse the Late La Tène period. With this, Most na Soči karakteristike žgalno-daritvenega mesta. Temu enters the groups of contemporary sanctuaries or v prid govore tudi ožgane najdbe, med katerimi cult places known in the regions of Posočje, Carnia, je več kovinskih predmetov, ki so pomembni za Friuli and Notranjska.29 kronološko opredelitev. Analiza je pokazala, da je bil prostor v uporabi skozi celo mladohalštatsko obdobje, očitno pa tudi v poznem latenu. S tem HOUSE 7 se Most na Soči dobro vključuje v krog sočasnih svetišč oziroma kultnih mest, ki so bila odkrita v Phase: Sv. Lucija IIc. Posočju, Karniji, Furlaniji in Notranjski.29 Diagnostic finds and commentary: House is reliably dated with a Type XII Certosa fibula ( Pl. 28: 1), which is an item characteristic of Sv. Lucija IIc.30 HIŠA 7 Faza: Sv. Lucija IIc. HOUSE 8 Opredeljive najdbe in komentar: Hiša je dobro datirana s certoško fibulo, tip XII ( t. 28: 1), ki je značilen Phase 1: ? nakit stopnje Sv. Lucija IIc.30 Diagnostic finds and commentary: Small finds do not enable precise dating. HIŠA 8 Phase 2: Sv. Lucija IIb. Diagnostic finds: Rim of a Type 2 pithos ( Pl. 29: 13), Faza 1: ? such as were in use from Sv. Lucija Ic to IIc (most Opredeljive najdbe in komentar: Ni elementov, ki bi numerously in IIa and IIb);31 serpentine fibula omogočili natančno datiranje. with a saddle-shaped bow of Variant IVb ( Pl. 29: 8), such as are known in graves from Sv. Lucija Ic2 to IIb;32 foot of a Certosa fibula of undeterminable 21 Tecco Hvala 2014, 136 s in 153; Teržan, Trampuž 1973, type, possibly Type V ( Pl. 29: 9), points to Sv. Lucija 428; Parzinger 1988, 11. 22 Warneke 1999, 33, op. 145; glej tudi Božič 2011, 244. 23 25 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, t. 13: Teržan 1976, 339 and 431; also see Marchesetti 1893, F4; 145: A20; 216: A5. Pl. 20: 2,3. 24 26 Frey 1969, Abb. 10: 4; t. 33: 23,24; Warneke 1999, 128. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, Pl. 172: 25 Teržan 1976, 339 in 361 s; glej tudi Marchesetti 1893, H2. Found together with a Certosa fibula of Variant VIId; for t. 20: 2,3. the date of the fibulae see Marić 2016. 26 27 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, t. 172: Božič 2003, 260, Fig. 5: 2. 28 H2. Najden skupaj s certoško fibulo, tip VIId; za datacijo fibul Kos 1978. 29 glej Marić 2016. Božič 2011, 260 ff. 27 30 Božič 2003, 260, sl. 5: 2. Teržan 1976, 337 f and 432 f. 28 31 Kos 1978. Dular 1982, 94, Fig. 6: 2; 104, Fig. 10. 29 32 Božič 2011, 260 ss. Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 424, 428; Tecco Hvala 2014, 30 Teržan 1976, 337 s in 371 s. 131 f and 168 f. 151 KRONOLOŠKA SLIKA ŽELEZNODOBNEGA NASELJA ... CHRONOLOGY OF THE IRON AGE SETTLEMENT ... Faza 2: Sv. Lucija IIb. IIb;33 ribbed ring ( Pl. 29: 12) is a piece of jewellery Opredeljive najdbe: Ustje pitosa, tip 2 ( t. 29: 13), ki je bil common in Sv. Lucija IIa and IIb.34 v uporabi v stopnjah Sv. Lucija Ic do IIc (najšte- Commentary: Small finds span from Sv. Lucija Ic2 to IIc, vilčnejši v IIa in IIb);31 kačasta fibula s sedlastim but the foot fragment of a Certosa fibula allows us lokom, tip IVb ( t. 29: 8), ki se pojavlja v grobovih to reliably narrow the dating to IIb. stopenj Ic2 do IIb;32 noga certoške fibule, nedo- ločljivega tipa (morda tip V) – ( t. 29: 9) kaže na stopnjo IIb;33 narebren prstan ( t. 29: 12) sodi med HOUSE 9 nakit, ki je pogost v stopnjah IIa in IIb.34 Komentar: Razpon najdb seže od stopnje Sv. Lucija Ic2 Phase: Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb. do IIc, vendar pa lahko z ozirom na fragment noge Diagnostic finds: Fragment of the foot and bow of a certoške fibule datacijo z veliko verjetnostjo zožimo serpentine fibula of undeterminable type ( Pl. 31: na stopnjo IIb. 8) indicates broad dating to Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb;35 ceramic sherd with combed decoration ( Pl. 31: 10) belongs to the type of pottery occurring in the HIŠA 9 graves at Most na Soči in the Late Hal statt period (Sv. Lucija II).36 Faza: Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb. Commentary: House 9 can be dated to Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb. Opredeljive najdbe: Fragment noge in loka kačaste fibule nedoločljivega tipa ( t. 31: 8) nudi zgolj okvirno datacijo v stopnji Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb;35 z metličenjem HOUSE 10 okrašen fragment ostenja ( t. 31: 10) sodi med zvrst posodja, ki se v grobovih na Mostu na Soči pojavlja Phase 1: ? v mladohalštatskem času (stopnja II).36 Diagnostic finds: Small finds do not enable precise dat- Komentar: Hišo 9 lahko postavimo v stopnji Sv. Lucija ing. IIa–IIb. Phase 2: Sv. Lucija IIb. Diagnostic finds: Kettledrum fibula ( Pl. 31: 11) dates to HIŠA 10 Sv. Lucija IIb1;37 foot fragment of a Certosa fibula of undeterminable type ( Pl. 31: 12) roughly dates Faza 1: ? to Sv. Lucija IIb. Opredeljive najdbe: Ni gradiva, ki bi omogočilo datiranje. Commentary: It is not possible to date the first construc- tion phase, while the second one is attributable to Faza 2: Sv. Lucija IIb. Sv. Lucija IIb. Opredeljive najdbe: Pavkasta fibula ( t. 31: 11), ki sodi v stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIb1;37 fragment noge certoške fibule nedoločljivega tipa ( t. 31: 12), ki ga lahko HOUSE 11 okvirno postavimo v stopnjo IIb. Komentar: Starejše faze hiše ni bilo moč datirati, mlajša Phase 1: ? pa je jasno postavljena v stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIb. Diagnostic finds: Small finds do not enable precise dat- ing. Phase 2: Sv. Lucija IIb–IIc. Diagnostic finds: Fragment of a yellow glass bead with blue-white layered eyes ( Pl. 32: 5), such as occur in Sv. Lucija IIb and IIc.38 31 Dular 1982, 94, sl. 6: 2; 104, sl. 10. 32 Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 424, 428; Tecco Hvala 2014, 33 131 s in 148 ss. Teržan 1976, 428 f. 33 34 Teržan 1976, 352 s. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, Pls. 54: 34 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, t. 54: E1; 57: A1; 63: A1; 65: D5; 104: A1 etc. 35 E1; 57: A1; 63: A1; 65: D5; 104: A1 itd. Tecco Hvala 2014, 172. 35 36 Tecco Hvala 2014, 159. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, 288, Pl. 36 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, 288, t. 169: A1-6; 362, Pl. 240: E. 37 169: A1-6; 362, t. 240: E. Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 432. 37 38 Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 432. Kunter 1995, 38; Božič 2011, 248. 152 KRONOLOŠKA SLIKA ŽELEZNODOBNEGA NASELJA ... CHRONOLOGY OF THE IRON AGE SETTLEMENT ... HIŠA 11 HOUSE 12 Faza 1: ? Phase 1: Sv. Lucija IIb–IIc. Opredeljive najdbe: Ni elementov, ki bi omogočili na- Diagnostic finds: Spiral terminal ( Pl. 33: 1) of the side tančno datiranje. plate from a multi-part crossbow spring of a Cer- tosa fibula (Type XIII) or a fibula with a disc on the Faza 2: Sv. Lucija IIb–IIc. bow, such as date to Sv. Lucija IIb or IIc.39 Opredeljive najdbe: Fragment jagode iz rumenega stekla z modro-belimi plastovitimi očesci ( t. 32: 5), ki se pojavljajo v stopnjah Sv. Lucija IIb in IIc.38 Phase 2: Sv. Lucija IIb–IIc. Diagnostic finds and commentary: Small finds from the layers of Construction Phase 2 do not enable pre- HIŠA 12 cise dating ( Pl. 33: 4–17) and the phase is broadly attributed to Sv. Lucija IIb–IIc. Faza 1: Sv. Lucija IIb–IIc. Opredeljive najdbe: Spiralni zaključek ( t. 33: 1) stranske ploščice večdelne samostrelne peresovine certoške HOUSE 13 fibule (tip XIII) oziroma fibule z okroglo pločevi- nasto ploščo. Takšne zaponke sodijo v stopnjo Sv. Phase: ? Lucija IIb ali IIc.39 Diagnostic finds and commentary: Small finds from the area of House 13 do not enable precise dating ( Pl. Faza 2: Sv. Lucija IIb–IIc. 33: 18–23), but the house undoubtedly dates to the Opredeljive najdbe in komentar: Glede na dejstvo, da Late Hal statt period. v plasteh faze 2 ni bilo gradiva, ki bi omogočalo njeno natančno datiranje ( t. 33: 4–17), jo okvirno postavljamo v čas stopenj Sv. Lucija IIb–IIc. HOUSE 14 Phase 1: Sv. Lucija IIa. HIŠA 13 Diagnostic finds and commentary: Small finds predomi- nantly comprise household pottery, but they are not Faza: ? chronological y diagnostic with the exception of a Opredeljive najdbe in komentar: V območju hiše 13 vessel decorated with stamped encircled crosses ni bilo najdb, s katerimi bi lahko ugotovili njeno ( Pl. 34: 19), with comparable finds suggesting a natančno starost ( t. 33: 18–23). Vsekakor pa sodi date to the end of the Early or the beginning of objekt v mladohalštatsko obdobje. the Late Hal statt period.40 However, the ceramic assemblage associated with Construction Phase 1 also includes pottery with combed decoration ( Pl. HIŠA 14 35: 4,7,8), such as is rare in the cemetery at Most na Soči but clearly attributable to the Late Hal statt Faza 1: Sv. Lucija IIa. period.41 This shows that Construction Phase 1 Opredeljive najdbe in komentar: Med najdbami pre- most probably dates to Sv. Lucija IIa. vladujejo fragmenti naselbinske lončenine, ki pa za kronološko opredeljevanje niso kdove kako Phase 2: Sv. Lucija IIa. izpovedni. Izjema je žigosan okras krožcev s križi Diagnostic finds: Serpentine fibula with a saddle-shaped ( t. 34: 19), ki bi po doslej znanih paralelah sodil v bow, Variant IVa ( Pl. 36: 1), such as were worn from konec staro- oziroma na začetek mladohalštatske- Sv. Lucija Ic2 and IIb.42 ga obdobja.40 Vendar pa je v keramičnem zbiru Commentary: Despite the time span suggested by the 1. gradbene faze tudi lončenina, ki je okrašena serpentine fibula of Variant IVa, we attribute z glavničenjem ( t. 35: 4,7,8). Takšno posodje je Construction Phase 2 of House 14 more precisely v grobišču na Mostu na Soči sicer redko, vendar 39 jasno datirano v mladohalštatski čas.41 Uvrstitev Mlinar, Žbona Trkman 2010; Teržan 1976, 431 f; Mlinar 2001. 38 40 Kunter 1995, 38; Božič 2011, 248. Teržan 1990, 34, Fig. 3: 16; Grahek 2016, 213. 39 41 Mlinar, Žbona Trkman 2010; Teržan 1976, 361 s; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, 288, Pl. Mlinar 2001. 169: A1-6; 362, Pl. 240: E. 40 42 Teržan 1990, 32 ss, sl. 3: 16; Grahek 2016, 213. Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 424, 428; Tecco Hvala 2014, 41 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, 288, t. 131, 168 f. 153 KRONOLOŠKA SLIKA ŽELEZNODOBNEGA NASELJA ... CHRONOLOGY OF THE IRON AGE SETTLEMENT ... 1. gradbene faze v stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIa se zdi zato to Sv. Lucija IIa, when such items were most com- še najbolj verjetna. monly in use. Phase 3: Sv. Lucija IIb. Faza 2: Sv. Lucija IIa. Diagnostic finds: Conical basket-shaped pendant of Type Opredeljive najdbe: Kačasta fibula s sedlastim lokom, 21 after Warneke ( Pl. 36: 18), such as occur in Sv. tip IVa ( t. 36: 1), se pojavlja v stopnjah Sv. Lucija Lucija IIa and IIb;43 finger ring decorated with Ic2 in IIb.42 stripes of incisions separated by ring-and-dots ( Pl. Komentar: Ne glede na časovni razpon, ki ga izkazujejo 36: 22), such as occur in the graves from Sv. Lucija kačaste fibule tipa IVa, uvrščamo 2. gradbeno fazo IIb and IIc.44 hiše 14 v stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIa, ko je bil takšen nakit Commentary: Both artefacts were found outside the največ v uporabi. house, but within the debris positively associated with Construction Phase 3 of the house. The over- Faza 3: Sv. Lucija IIb. lap of the time spans indicates that the house was Opredeljive najdbe: Koničast košarast obesek, tip 21 po most probably in use in Sv. Lucija IIb. Warnekeju ( t. 36: 18), ki se pojavlja v stopnjah Sv. Lucija IIa in IIb;43 prstan, okrašen s snopi vrezov, med katerimi je krožec ( t. 36: 22), ki se pojavlja v HOUSE 15 grobovih stopenj IIb in IIc.44 Komentar: Oba predmeta sta bila sicer najdena zunaj Phase 1: ? tlorisa hiše, vendar v ruševinah, ki jih lahko z Diagnostic finds and commentary: Small finds do not gotovostjo pripišemo 3. gradbeni fazi. Prekrivanje enable precise dating. njunih časovnih razponov kaže, da je bil objekt najverjetneje v uporabi v stopnji Sv. Lucija IIb. Phase 2: Sv. Lucija IIb. Diagnostic finds: Foot of a fibula with the terminal consisting of a knob and a protuberance ( Pl. 37: HIŠA 15 1), most probably part of a serpentine fibula of Variants IIIa5, Va or VIIc that span from Sv. Lucija Faza 1: ? Ic2 to IIb1;45 finger ring decorated with stripes of Opredeljive najdbe in komentar: Gradbeno fazo 1 ne mo- incisions separated by pairs of ring-and-dots ( Pl. remo natančno opredeliti, saj na območju stavbišča 37: 3) is formal y similar to the finger ring with ni bilo omembe vrednih najdb. single ring-and-dots that occur in the graves from Sv. Lucija IIb and IIc.46 Faza 2: Sv. Lucija IIb. Commentary: Overlap of the time spans indicates that we Opredeljive najdbe: Noga fibule z gumbom in profilira- may fairly reliably attribute the second construction nim zaključkom ( t. 37: 1), najverjetneje del kača- phase of House 15 to Sv. Lucija IIb. ste fibule tipov IIIa5, Va ali VIIc, ki se pojavljajo v razponu stopenj Sv. Lucija Ic2–IIb1;45 prstan, Phase 3: Sv. Lucija IIc? okrašen z vrezi in pari krožcev ( t. 37: 3) – po obliki Diagnostic finds and commentary: The base fragment soroden prstanom z enim krožcem, ki se pojavljajo with combed decoration ( Pl. 39: 8) can only v grobovih stopenj IIb in IIc.46 broadly be dated to the Late Hal statt period,47 Komentar: Prekrivanje časovnih razponov obeh pred- but considering the previous phase, the date of metov kaže, da lahko drugo gradbeno fazo hiše Construction Phase 3 may presumably be narrowed 15 z veliko verjetnostjo postavimo v stopnjo Sv. to Sv. Lucija IIc. Lucija IIb. 169: A1-6; 362, t. 240: E. 42 43 Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 424, 428; Tecco Hvala 2014, Warneke 1999, 128. 44 131, 148 ss. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, Pls. 35: 43 Warneke 1999, 128. A8; 42: B4; 149: E3; 263: G2. 44 45 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, t. 35: Tecco Hvala 2014, 128, Fig. 3a: 6-10; 134, Fig. 5: 3; A8; 42: B4; 149: E3; 263: G2. 137, Fig. 7: 6-8. The fragment may also be the foot terminal 45 Tecco Hvala 2014, 128, sl. 3a: 6-10; 134, sl. 5: 3; 137, of a leech fibula that are characteristic of Sv. Lucija IIa (e.g. sl. 7: 6-8. Fragment bi lahko pripisali tudi zaključku noge Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, Pls. 120: D1; fibule sangvisuge, ki so značilne za stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIa (npr. 194: E2; 231: F2. 46 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, t. 120: D1; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, Pls. 35: 194: E2; 231: F2. A8; 42: B4; 149: E3; 263: G2. 46 47 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, t. 35: Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, 288, Pl. A8; 42: B4; 149: E3; 263: G2. 169: A1-6; 362, Pl. 240: E. 154 KRONOLOŠKA SLIKA ŽELEZNODOBNEGA NASELJA ... CHRONOLOGY OF THE IRON AGE SETTLEMENT ... Faza 3: Sv. Lucija IIc? HOUSE 15A Opredeljive najdbe in komentar: Gradbene faze 3 ni mogoče natančno opredeliti, saj lahko za fragment Phase 1: Sv. Lucija IIa. dna, ki je okrašen z glavničenjem ( t. 39: 8), rečemo Diagnostic finds: Parts of Type 2 pithoi ( Pls. 40: 10, 41: le to, da je značilen za mladohalštatski čas.47 Z 1,2), such as occur from Sv. Lucija Ic to IIc (most ozirom na datacijo predhodne gradbene faze se numerously in IIa and IIb);48 foot of a fibula with zdi opredelitev v stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIc še najbolj a small knob terminal ( Pl. 40: 1) that most likely verjetna. belongs to a serpentine fibula of Type IV or VIIb, both occurring from Sv. Lucija Ic2 to IIb1;49 tri- angular pendant ( Pl. 40: 5), such as are known HIŠA 15A from the graves of Sv. Lucija Ic–IIa;50 fragment of a shaft-hole axe ( Pl. 40: 9) that is difficult to date Faza 1: Sv. Lucija IIa. with any precision, but would not be an unusual Opredeljive najdbe: Deli pitosov, tip 2 ( t. 40: 10, 41: 1,2), find in Sv. Lucija Ic or IIa.51 ki se pojavlja v stopnjah Ic do IIc (najštevilčnejši Commentary: Time spans of the finds, their overlap and v IIa in IIb);48 noga fibule z drobnim gumbastim the times of greatest use suggest that Construction zaključkom ( t. 40: 1), najverjetneje del kačaste Phase 1 of House 15A should be attributed to the fibule tipov IV ali VIIb, ki se pojavljata v razponu transition from the Early to the Late Hal statt pe- stopenj Sv. Lucija Ic2–IIb1;49 trikoten obesek ( t. riod, i.e. to the beginning of Sv. Lucija IIa. 40: 5), kakršni so znani iz grobov stopenj Sv. Lucija Ic–IIa;50 fragment uhate sekire ( t. 40: 9), ki ga je Phase 2: Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb. časovno sicer težko natančno opredeliti, vendar Diagnostic finds and commentary: Band bow fibula ( Pl. pa v stopnji Sv. Lucija Ic oziroma IIa ne bi bil nič 53: 1), such as occur in Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb;52 ceramic nenavadnega.51 fragment with combed decoration ( Pl. 54: 1,2) of Komentar: Upoštevajoč časovne razpone predmetov, a vessel characteristic of the Late Hal statt period njihovo prekrivanje in pogostost pojavljanja, sodi (Sv. Lucija II).53 1. gradbena faza hiše 15A na prehod iz starohal- štatskega v mladohalštatsko obdobje, oziroma na Phase 3: Sv. Lucija IIc? začetek stopnje Sv. Lucija IIa. Diagnostic finds and commentary: Small finds do not en- able precise dating, though the Hal statt character Faza 2: Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb. of the finds and the chronological attribution of the Opredeljive najdbe in komentar: Trakasta fibula ( t. 53: previous phase indicate a Sv. Lucija IIc date as the 1), ki se pojavlja v stopnjah Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb;52 most likely. fragment ostenja okrašen z metličastim okrasom ( t. 54: 1,2), ki je značilen za mladohalštatski čas (stopnja II).53 HOUSE 16 Faza 3: Sv. Lucija IIc? Phase 1: ? Opredeljive najdbe in komentar: Ni gradiva, ki bi omo- Diagnostic finds: Small finds do not enable precise dat- gočilo natančno datiranje. Glede na halštatski ing. značaj najdb in datacijo predhodne gradbene faze se zdi opredelitev v stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIc še najbolj Phase 2: Sv. Lucija IIc. verjetna. Diagnostic finds and commentary: Certosa fibula of Variant Xe ( Pl. 57: 1), such as are characteristic of Sv. Lucija IIc.54 47 48 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, 288, t. Dular 1982, 94, Fig. 6: 2; 104, Fig. 10. 49 169: A1-6; 362, t. 240: E. Tecco Hvala 2014, 131, Fig. 4; 137, Fig. 7: 4,5. 48 50 Dular 1982, 94, sl. 6: 2; 104, sl. 10. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, Pls. 49 Tecco Hvala 2014, 131, sl. 4; 137, sl. 7: 4,5. 212: A7; 266: A5,6. From the same period, such pendants are 50 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, t. 212: also known from the cemeteries at Este; see Frey 1969, t. 13: A7; 266: A5,6. V istem času so znani tudi v grobiščih v Este; 1−5, 15: 10−12. 51 glej Frey 1969, t. 13: 1−5, 15: 10−12. Pavlin, Turk 2014, 67. 51 52 Pavlin, Turk 2014, 49. Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 430. 52 53 Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 430. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, 288, Pl. 53 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, 288, t. 169: A1-6; 362, Pl. 240: E. 54 169: A1-6; 362, t. 240: E. Teržan 1976, 332 and 431 f. 155 KRONOLOŠKA SLIKA ŽELEZNODOBNEGA NASELJA ... CHRONOLOGY OF THE IRON AGE SETTLEMENT ... HIŠA 16 Phase 3: Sv. Lucija IIc. Diagnostic finds and commentary: Certosa fibula of Faza 1: ? Variant Xn ( Pl. 57: 16), such as are characteristic Opredeljive najdbe: Ni elementov, ki bi omogočili na- of Sv. Lucija IIc.55 tančno datiranje. Faza 2: Sv. Lucija IIc. HOUSE 17 Opredeljive najdbe in komentar: Certoška fibula, tip Xe ( t. 57: 1), ki je značilna za stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIc.54 Phase 1: ? Diagnostic finds: Small finds do not enable precise dat- Faza 3: Sv. Lucija IIc. ing. Opredeljive najdbe in komentar: Certoška fibula, tip Xn ( t. 57: 16), ki je značilna za stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIc.55 Phase 2: ? Diagnostic finds: Small finds do not enable precise dating and the bowl with flaring wal s and an outwardly HIŠA 17 pronounced rim ( Pl. 58: 1) is clearly a later (LT D) intrusive element.56 Faza 1: ? Opredeljive najdbe: Ni najdb, ki bi omogočile datiranje. HOUSE 18 Faza 2: ? Opredeljive najdbe: Ni najdb, ki bi omogočile datiranje. Phase: Sv. Lucija IIa. Skodela s poševno steno in poudarjenim robom Diagnostic finds: Rim of a pedestal situla, most likely ustja ( t. 58: 1), je očitno mlajši (LT D) infiltrat.56 Type 3 ( Pl. 58: 5), such as occur from Sv. Lucija Ic to IIb (most numerously in IIa).57 Commentary: Frequency of use of the Type 3 situlae in- HIŠA 18 dicates that the house may be dated to Sv. Lucija IIa. Faza: Sv. Lucija IIa. Opredeljive najdbe: Ustje situle z nogo, najverjetneje HOUSE 19 tip 3 ( t. 58: 5), ki se pojavlja v stopnjah Ic do IIb (najštevilčnejši v IIa).57 Phase: Sv. Lucija II. Komentar: Z ozirom na pogostost pojavljanja situl tipa Diagnostic finds and commentary: Small finds do not 3 lahko datacijo z veliko verjetnostjo zožimo na enable precise dating, though we should note that stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIa. the comparable pottery with brushed and combed decoration from the cemetery ( Pl. 59: 6,12) is attrib- utable to the Late Hal statt period (Sv. Lucija II).58 HIŠA 19 Faza: Sv. Lucija II. HOUSE 20 Opredeljive najdbe in komentar: Najdbe ne omogoča- jo natančnejše datacije. Z metličenjem oziroma Phase: ? glavničenjem okrašena keramika ( t. 59: 6,12) je v Diagnostic finds and commentary: Small finds do not grobišču opredeljena v mladohalštatski čas (stopnja enable precise dating. Sv. Lucija II).58 HOUSE 21 Phase: ? Diagnostic finds: Small finds do not enable precise dating. 54 Teržan 1976, 332 in 364 ss. 55 55 Ib. 335 s in 364 ss. Ib. 335 f and 431 f. 56 56 Za datacijo glej Horvat, Bavdek 2009, 63, t. 2: 1-3. For the dating see Horvat, Bavdek 2009, 62, Pl. 2: 1-3. 57 57 Dular 1982, 96 sl. 7: 14; 104, sl. 10. Dular 1982, 96 Fig. 7: 14; 104, Fig. 10. 58 58 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, 288, t. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, 288, Pl. 169: A1-6; 362, t. 240: E. 169: A1-6; 362, Pl. 240: E. 156 KRONOLOŠKA SLIKA ŽELEZNODOBNEGA NASELJA ... CHRONOLOGY OF THE IRON AGE SETTLEMENT ... HIŠA 20 HOUSE 22 Faza: ? Phase 1: Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb. Opredeljive najdbe in komentar: Hiša ni vsebovala najdb, Diagnostic finds: Fragments of an undeterminable fibula ki bi omogočale njeno datiranje. ( Pl. 60: 1), the rectangular-sectioned bow of which suggests a serpentine, band bow or even a Type II Certosa fibula that occur in the span of Sv. Lucija HIŠA 21 IIa–IIb;59 tweezers ( Pl. 60: 5), such as usual y occur in the graves of Sv. Lucija IIa and IIb;60 finger ring Faza: ? decorated with four incised ring-and-dots ( Pl. 60: Opredeljive najdbe: Hiša ni vsebovala najdb, ki bi omo- 2), such as are mainly known from the graves of gočale njeno natančno datiranje. Sv. Lucija IIb.61 Commentary: Time spans of the finds indicate that Construction Phase 1 of House 22 should be dated HIŠA 22 to Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb. Faza 1: Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb. Phase 2: ? Opredeljive najdbe: Fragmenta fibule ( t. 60: 1) neznanega Diagnostic finds and commentary: Small finds do not tipa (glede na pravokoten presek loka lahko kača- enable precise dating. sta, trakasta ali celo certoška, tip II), ki se pojavljajo v razponu stopenj Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb;59 pinceta ( t. 60: 5), ki je običajno v grobovih stopenj IIa in IIb;60 pr- HOUSE 22A stan, okrašen s štirimi vrezanimi krožci ( t. 60: 2), ki je znan predvsem iz grobov stopnje Sv. Lucija IIb.61 Phase 1: Sv. Lucija II. Komentar: Časovni razponi najdb kažejo, da sodi 1. grad- Diagnostic finds and commentary: Ceramic finds do not bena faza hiše 22 v razpon stopenj Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb. enable precise dating, though we should note that the sherds with combed decoration ( Pl. 61: 6,19,21) Faza 2: ? belong to vessels such as occur in the graves at Most Opredeljive najdbe in komentar: Gradbena faza 2 ni na Soči in the Late Hal statt period (Sv. Lucija II).62 vsebovala najdb, ki bi omogočale njeno datiranje. Phase 2: Sv. Lucija IIc. Diagnostic finds: Moulded basket-shaped pendant of HIŠA 22A Type 22 after Warneke ( Pl. 62: 3), such as occur at Este in Este III Spät, which corresponds with the Faza 1: Sv. Lucija II. late Sv. Lucija IIb and IIc;63 bead of black glass with Opredeljive najdbe in komentar: Gradbene faze 1 ni white-blue layered eyes ( Pl. 62: 1) dates to Sv. Lucija moč natančneje datirati, saj imamo na razpolago IIb to IIc;64 disc of a Type X Certosa fibula ( Pl. 62: le keramično gradivo. Z metličenjem okrašeni 4), such as are characteristic of Sv. Lucija IIc.65 fragmenti ostenj ( t. 61: 6,19,21) sodijo med dele Commentary: Disc of the Certosa fibula narrows the posodja, ki se v grobovih na Mostu na Soči pojavlja dating to Sv. Lucija IIc. v mladohalštatskem času (stopnja Sv. Lucija II).62 Faza 2: Sv. Lucija IIc. Opredeljive najdbe: Profiliran košarast obesek, tip 22 po Warnekeju ( t. 62: 3) se pojavlja v Este v stopnji III 59 Ib., Pls. 216: F2-4; 237: D1,2; 247: B1 (serpentine); Pls. pozno, kar odgovarja koncu stopnje Sv. Lucija IIb 56: D; 58: B1; 151: B1,2; 155: E1,2 (band bow); Pls. 40: C3,4; in stopnji IIc;63 jagoda iz črnega stekla z belo-mo- 54: E3; 67: B2; 71: D1,2 etc. (Certosa). 60 Ib., Pls. 26: E1; 54: E1; 55: C9; 57: A1; 63: E8; 68: C2; 59 Ib., t. 216: F2-4; 237: D1,2; 247: B1 (kačaste); t. 56: D; 69: A1 etc. 61 58: B1; 151: B1,2; 155: E1,2 (trakaste); t. 40: C3,4; 54: E3; 67: Ib., Pls. 57: A6; 86: A1; 137: A20,21; 177: A6. 62 B2; 71: D1,2 itd. (certoške). Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, 288, Pl. 60 Ib., t. 26: E1; 54: E1; 55: C9; 57: A1; 63: E8; 68: C2; 69: 169: A1-6; 362, Pl. 240: E. 63 A1 itd. Frey 1969, Fig. 10: 4; Pl. 33: 23,24; Warneke 1999, 128. 61 64 Ib., t. 57: A6; 86: A1; 137: A20,21; 177: A6. Kunter 1995, 38; Božič 2011, 248; the geographical y 62 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, 288, t. closest parallel is known from Most na Soči, the cemetery at 169: A1-6; 362, t. 240: E. Repelc, Gr. 10 (Mlinar 2001, Pl. 1: 7,8). 63 65 Frey 1969, Abb. 10: 4; t. 33: 23,24; Warneke 1999, 128. Teržan 1976, 431 f. 157 KRONOLOŠKA SLIKA ŽELEZNODOBNEGA NASELJA ... CHRONOLOGY OF THE IRON AGE SETTLEMENT ... drimi plastovitimi očesci ( t. 62: 1) sodi v čas stopenj HOUSE 23 Sv. Lucija IIb do IIc;64 gumb certoške fibule, tip X ( t. 62: 4), ki je značilen za stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIc.65 Phase 1: Sv. Lucija IIa. Komentar: Gumb certoške fibule zožuje datacijo grad- Diagnostic finds and commentary: Leech fibulae ( Pl. bene faze 2 v stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIc. 66: 1–3) date the first construction phase to Sv. Lucija IIa.66 HIŠA 23 Phase 2: Sv. Lucija IIb. Diagnostic finds: Ceramic sherd with painted reticular Faza 1: Sv. Lucija IIa. decoration ( Pl. 80: 14), such as is known on vessels Opredeljive najdbe in komentar: Pijavkaste fibule ( t. 66: from the graves of a Sv. Lucija IIa and IIb date.67 1–3) opredeljujejo prvo gradbeno fazo v stopnjo Commentary: Attribution of the previous phase indicates Sv. Lucija IIa.66 that Construction Phase 2 could most likely be dated to the early Sv. Lucija IIb. Faza 2: Sv. Lucija IIb. Opredeljive najdbe: Fragment ostenja, okrašen z mreža- stim slikanim okrasom ( t. 80: 14), ki se pojavlja na HOUSE 24 posodju iz grobov stopenj IIa in IIb.67 Komentar: Z ozirom na datacijo predhodne gradbene Phase 1: ? faze se zdi opredelitev na začetek stopnje Sv. Lucija Diagnostic finds and commentary: Small finds do not IIb še najbolj verjetna. enable precise dating. Phase 2: Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb. HIŠA 24 Diagnostic finds and commentary: Base of a Type 2 pithos ( Pl. 88: 7), such as occur from Sv. Lucija Ic to IIc. Faza 1: ? This wide span may be narrowed to IIa–IIb, when Opredeljive najdbe in komentar: Gradbena faza 1 ni such vessels were most common.68 vsebovala najdb, ki bi omogočale njeno datiranje. Faza 2: Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb. HOUSE 25 Opredeljive najdbe in komentar: Dno pitosa, tip 2 ( t. 88: 7), sodi med oblike posodja, ki se pojavlja v Phase 1: Sv. Lucija IIc. stopnjah Sv. Lucija Ic do IIc. Širok razpon lahko z Diagnostic finds and commentary: Foot of a Certosa veliko verjetnostjo zožimo na stopnji IIa–IIb, ko fibula of Variant VIIe or VIIf ( Pl. 89: 1), such as je bilo takšno posodje najpogosteje v uporabi.68 date to the Early Iron Age (Sv. Lucija IIc).69 Phase 2: ? HIŠA 25 Diagnostic finds: Small finds do not enable precise dat- ing. Faza 1: Sv. Lucija IIc. Opredeljive najdbe in komentar: Noga certoške fibule, tip VIIe ali VIIf ( t. 89: 1), ki sodi na konec starejše HOUSE 26 železne dobe (stopnja Sv. Lucija IIc).69 Phase 1: Sv. Lucija IIb–IIc. Faza 2: ? Diagnostic finds and commentary: Certosa fibula of Opredeljive najdbe: Gradbena faza 2 ni vsebovala najdb, Variant VIa ( Pl. 89: 16), such as occur in the span ki bi omogočale njeno natančno datiranje. of Sv. Lucija IIb2–IIc;70 this dating is corroborated by a bead of yellow glass with blue-white layered 64 Kunter 1995, 38; Božič 2011, 248; najbližja paralela je znana z Mosta na Soči, grobišče Repelc, gr. 10 (Mlinar 2001, t. 1: 7,8). 65 66 Teržan 1976, 364 ss. Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 428 f. 66 67 Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 428 s. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, Pls. 59: 67 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984–1985, t. 59: C4; 162: D7; 219: F3; 229: E2; 230: A5. 68 C4; 162: D7; 219: F3; 229: E2; 230: A5. Dular 1982, 94, Fig. 6: 2; 104, Fig. 10. 68 69 Dular 1982, 94, sl. 6: 2; 104, sl. 10. Teržan 1976, 328 and 432. 69 70 Teržan 1976, 328 in 371. Ib., 325 and 430. 158 KRONOLOŠKA SLIKA ŽELEZNODOBNEGA NASELJA ... CHRONOLOGY OF THE IRON AGE SETTLEMENT ... HIŠA 26 eyes ( Pl. 89: 19), items in use in the same time span (Sv. Lucija IIb–IIc).71 Faza 1: Sv. Lucija IIb–IIc. Opredeljive najdbe in komentar: Certoška fibula, tip VIa Phase 2: ? ( t. 89: 16), ki se pojavlja v razponu stopenj Sv. Lucija Diagnostic finds: Small finds do not enable precise IIb2–IIc;70 datacijo potrjuje jagoda iz rumenega dating. stekla z modro-belimi plastovitimi očesci ( t. 89: 19), ki se pojavlja v istem časovnem razponu (Sv. Lucija IIb–IIc).71 HOUSE 27 Faza 2: ? Opredeljive najdbe: Gradbena faza 2 ni vsebovala najdb, Phase 1: ? ki bi omogočale njeno datiranje. Diagnostic finds: Small finds do not enable precise dating. HIŠA 27 Phase 2: ? Diagnostic finds: Small finds do not enable precise Faza 1: ? dating. Opredeljive najdbe: Gradbena faza 1 ni vsebovala najdb, ki bi omogočale njeno natančno datiranje. HOUSE 28 Faza 2: ? Opredeljive najdbe: Gradbena faza 2 ni vsebovala najdb, Phase: ? ki bi omogočale njeno datiranje. Diagnostic finds: Small finds do not enable precise dating. HIŠA 28 HOUSE 29 Faza: ? Opredeljive najdbe: Hiša ni vsebovala najdb, ki bi omo- Phase 1: Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb. gočale njeno datiranje. Diagnostic finds: Pedestal of a Type 3 situla or a goblet of Type 1, 2 or 3 ( Pl. 91: 6), such as were in use from Sv. Lucija Ic to IIb (most numerously in IIa);72 HIŠA 29 fragment of a Type 2 pithos ( Pl. 91: 15), such as occur from Sv. Lucija Ic to IIc (most numerously Faza 1: Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb. in IIa and IIb).73 Opredeljive najdbe: Noga situle tip 3 ali keliha, tip 1, 2 Commentary: Small finds span from Sv. Lucija Ic to ali 3 ( t. 91: 6), takšno posodje je bilo v uporabi v IIc, but the time of their greatest use allows us to stopnjah Sv. Lucija Ic do IIb (najštevilčnejše v IIa);72 fairly reliably narrow the span to Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb fragment ostenja pitosa, tip 2 ( t. 91: 15), ki se poja- (possibly only IIa). vlja v stopnjah Sv. Lucija Ic do IIc (najštevilčnejši v IIa in IIb).73 Phase 2: Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb. Komentar: Razpon najdb seže od stopnje Sv. Lucija Ic do Diagnostic finds and commentary: Sherd of a Type 2 IIc, vendar pa lahko z ozirom na pogostost njihovega pithos ( Pl. 92: 13, 14), such as occur from Sv. Lucija pojavljanja datacijo z veliko verjetnostjo zožimo Ic to IIc (most numerously in IIa and IIb).74 na stopnji Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb (morda celo zgolj na stopnjo IIa). Faza 2: Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb. Opredeljive najdbe in komentar: Fragmenta ostenja pitosa, tip 2 ( t. 92: 13, 14), ki se pojavlja v stopnjah Sv. Lucija Ic do IIc (najštevilčnejši v IIa in IIb).74 70 Ib., 325 in 355 s. 71 71 Kunter 1995, 38; Božič 2011, 248. Kunter 1995, 38; Božič 2011, 248. 72 72 Dular 1982, 96, sl. 7: 14-17; 104, sl. 10. Dular 1982, 96, Fig. 7: 14-17; 104, Fig. 10. 73 73 Ib., 94, sl. 6: 2; 104, sl. 10. Ib., 94, Fig. 6: 2; 104, Fig. 10. 74 74 Ib., 94, sl. 6: 2; 104, sl. 10. Ib., 94, Fig. 6: 2; 104, Fig. 10. 159 KRONOLOŠKA SLIKA ŽELEZNODOBNEGA NASELJA ... CHRONOLOGY OF THE IRON AGE SETTLEMENT ... HIŠA 30 HOUSE 30 Faza 1: Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb. Phase 1: Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb. Opredeljive najdbe: Kačasta fibula, tip VIIb ( t. 94: 1), Diagnostic finds: Serpentine fibula of Variant VIIb ( Pl. ki je bila v uporabi v stopnjah Sv. Lucija Ic2 do 94: 1), such as were in use from Sv. Lucija Ic2 to IIa;75 kačasta fibula, tip Va ( t. 94: 2), ki se pojavlja IIa;75 serpentine fibula of Variant Va ( Pl. 94: 2), v stopnjah Sv. Lucija Ic2 do IIb.76 which occur from Sv. Lucija Ic2 to IIb.76 Komentar: Razmeroma ohlapen časovni lok uporabe obeh Commentary: Span of the two fibula variants is relatively fibul ne dovoljuje preciznejše opredelitve, vendar pa broad, but the time of their greatest use allows us to lahko z ozirom na pogostost njihovega pojavljanja fairly reliably narrow the span to Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb. datacijo z veliko verjetnostjo zožimo na stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb. Phase 2: Sv. Lucija IIb–IIc? Diagnostic finds and commentary: Small finds do not en- Faza 2: Sv. Lucija IIb–IIc? able precise dating, but the attribution of the previ- Opredeljive najdbe in komentar: Gradbena faza 2 ni ous phase and the Hal statt character of the finds vsebovala najdb, ki bi omogočale njeno datiranje. most likely indicates either a Sv. Lucija IIb or IIc date. Z ozirom na datacijo predhodne faze in halštatski značaj najdb sodi najverjetneje v stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIb ali IIc. HOUSE 31 Phase 1: Sv. Lucija IV (LT D). HIŠA 31 Diagnostic finds: Lid of a Type PA 8 amphora ( Pl. 97: 7), which were in use from the mid-2nd to the first half Faza 1: Sv. Lucija IV (LT D). of the 1st century BC;77 amphora on Pl. 97: 6 spans Opredeljive najdbe: Pokrovček amfore, tip PA 8 ( t. 97: from the last quarter of the 1st century BC to the 7), ki se pojavlja od sredine 2. do prve polovice 1. first half of the 1st century AD.78 st. pr. Kr.;77 amfora ( t. 97: 6) sodi v čas od zadnje četrtine 1. st. pr. Kr. do prve polovice 1. st. po Kr.78 Phase 2: ? Diagnostic finds: Small finds do not enable precise dat- Faza 2: ? ing. Opredeljive najdbe: Gradbena faza 2 ni vsebovala najdb, ki bi omogočale njeno natančno datiranje. HOUSE 32 HIŠA 32 Phase: ? Diagnostic finds and commentary: Small finds do not Faza: ? enable precise dating, though the piece of decorated Opredeljive najdbe in komentar: Hiša ni vsebovala najdb, daub ( Pl. 98: 2) found among the debris indicates ki bi omogočale njeno natančno datiranje. Glede an Early Iron Age building. na kos okrašenega ometa ( t. 98: 2), ki je bil najden v ruševinah, je objekt iz starejše železne dobe. HOUSE 33 HIŠA 33 Phase: Sv. Lucija IV (LT D). Diagnostic finds: Fragment of a glass bead with layered Faza: Sv. Lucija IV (LT D). eyes and knobs or Noppenperle ( Pl. 97: 17), such as Opredeljive najdbe: Fragment steklene jagode s plasto- occur in Sv. Lucija IIb and IIc;79 amphora-shaped vitimi očesci in bradavicami – Noppenperle ( t. bead ( Pl. 97: 14), such as are known from contexts 97: 17), ki sodi v čas stopenj Sv. Lucija IIb in IIc;79 contemporary with Sv. Lucija IIc;80 fibula of the amforičasta jagoda ( t. 97: 14) je znana iz kontekstov 75 Tecco Hvala 2014, 138 and 170 f. 75 76 Tecco Hvala 2014, 136 ss in 154. Ib., 133 f and 169. Also see the opinion by Boštjan 76 Ib., 133 s in 150 s. Glej tudi mnenje Laharnarja v Laharnar in this book (p. 200), who argues that such fibulae tej publikaciji (str. 200), ki zagovarja uporabo takih fibul were mainly worn in Sv. Lucija IIa. 77 predvsem v stopnji Sv. Lucija IIa. Horvat 1997, 78 ff; Horvat, Bavdek 2009, 90 ff. 77 78 Horvat 1997, 78 ss; Horvat, Bavdek 2009, 90 ss. Dugulin, 113, Fig. 43; Horvat 2012, 277, Fig. 8: 5–7. 78 79 Dugulin, 113, fig. 43; Horvat 2012, 277, sl. 8: 5-7. Kunter 1995, 177, 208 ff. 79 80 Kunter 1995, 177, 208 ss. Meduna 1970, 231 f; Božič 1981, 326 and 330. 160 KRONOLOŠKA SLIKA ŽELEZNODOBNEGA NASELJA ... CHRONOLOGY OF THE IRON AGE SETTLEMENT ... sočasnih s stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIc;80 fibula srednjela- Middle La Tène construction ( Pl. 97: 9) that is close tenske sheme ( t. 97: 9), po konstrukciji blizu tipu to the Podzemelj type in construction and indicates Podzemelj, kaže na čas LT D;81 obročasta fibula, tip a LT D date;81 penannular Posočje type fibula ( Pl. Posočje ( t. 97: 13), sodi v LT D.82 97: 13) that dates to LT D.82 Komentar: Čeprav so bili na območju stavbišča najdeni Commentary: Area of the house did yield Late Hal statt tudi poznohalštatki kosi (stekleni jagodi), pa so za items (glass beads), but the finds relevant for the datacijo odločujoče mlajše najdbe, ki postavljajo attribution of the house are later and suggest a Sv. objekt v stopnjo Sv. Lucija IV (LT D). Lucija IV date (LT D). HIŠA 34 HOUSE 34 Faza: ? Phase: ? Opredeljive najdbe: Hiša ni vsebovala najdb, ki bi omo- Diagnostic finds: Small finds do not enable precise dating. gočale njeno natančno datiranje. HOUSE 35 HIŠA 35 Phase 1: ? Faza 1: ? Diagnostic finds and commentary: Handle fragment ( Pl. Opredeljive najdbe in komentar: Fragment ročaja ( t. 98: 98: 5) is attributable to the Early Iron Age because 5) sodi po obliki in fakturi v starejšo železno dobo, of its fabric and form, but a more precise dating natančnejša opredelitev pa ni mogoča. cannot be ventured. Faza 2: Sv. Lucija IV (augustejsko obdobje). Phase 2: Sv. Lucija IV (Augustan period). Opredeljive najdbe: Ustje amfore, tip Lamboglia 2 ( t. 98: Diagnostic finds: Rim of a Lamboglia 2 amphora ( Pl. 98: 9), ki je v uporabi od zadnje četrtine 2. do zadnje 9), such as were in use from the last quarter of the tretjine 1. st. pr. Kr.;83 pekač ( t. 98: 14), ki se poja- 2nd century to the last third of the 1st century BC;83 vlja od sredine 2. st. do avgustejskega obdobja;84 baking dish ( Pl. 98: 14), such as occur from the konična skleda z uvihanim ustjem – terra sigilata mid-2nd century to the Augustan period;84 conical ( t. 98: 7), ki sodi v srednjeavgustejsko obdobje;85 terra sigil ata dish with an inturned rim ( Pl. 98: 7) rimski denarij, kovan leta 96 pr. Kr.86 that dates to the Middle Augustan period;85 Roman denarius minted in 96 BC.86 HIŠA 36 HOUSE 36 Faza: Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb. Opredeljive najdbe in komentar: Ker izvira gradivo iz Phase: Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb. ruševin, je možna zgolj okvirna datacija. Fragment Diagnostic finds and commentary: Small finds originate ustja pripada situli, tip 3 ( t. 99: 1), ki je bil v upo- from the debris and can only be dated broadly. The rabi v stopnjah Sv. Lucija Ic do IIb (najštevilčnejši rim fragment belongs to a Type 3 situla ( Pl. 99: 1), v IIa);87 ustje pitosa, tip 2 ( t. 99: 4, 5) se pojavlja v such as were in use from Sv. Lucija Ic to IIb (most stopnjah Sv. Lucija Ic do IIc (najštevilčnejši v IIa numerously in IIa);87 rim sherd belongs to a Type in IIb).88 2 pithos ( Pl. 99: 4, 5), which occur from Sv. Lucija Ic to IIc (most numerously in IIa and IIb).88 80 81 Meduna 1970, 231 s; Božič 1981, 315 in 324. Božič 2001, 197; Božič 2008, 116; a similar example is 81 Božič 2001, 188 ss; Božič 2008, 116; podoben primerek known from Gurina, Jablonka 2001, Pl. 81: 16. 82 je znan iz Gurine, Jablonka 2001, t. 81: 16. Guštin 1991, 40. Also cf. the contribution by Laharnar 82 Guštin 1991, 40. Prim. tudi Laharnarjev prispevek v in this book (p. 212), who sees the fibula as Roman in date; tem zvezku razprav (str. 212), ki meni, da je fibula rimska. it is apparently an intrusive finds irrelevant for the dating of Očitno gre torej za datacijo irelevanten infiltrat. the house. 83 83 Horvat, Bavdek 2009, 83 ss. Horvat, Bavdek 2009, 83 ff. 84 84 Ib., 76 s. Ib., 76 f. 85 85 Ettlinger et al. 2002, 94 s, oblika 24.3.1. Ettlinger et al. 2002, 94 f, Form 24.3.1. 86 86 Kos 1988, 23 ( FMRSl I 9/1-3). Kos 1988, 23 ( FMRSl I 9/1-3). 87 87 Dular 1982, 96, sl. 7: 14; 104, sl. 10. Dular 1982, 96, Fig. 7: 14; 104, Fig. 10. 88 88 Ib., 1982, 94, sl. 6: 2; 104, sl. 10. Ib., 1982, 94, Fig. 6: 2; 104, Fig. 10. 161 KRONOLOŠKA SLIKA ŽELEZNODOBNEGA NASELJA ... CHRONOLOGY OF THE IRON AGE SETTLEMENT ... POVZETEK UGOTOVITEV SUMMARY Analiza gradiva je pokazala, da je bilo raziskano The analysis of the small finds has shown the inves- območje poseljeno v mladohalštatskem in manjšem tigated part of the settlement to be inhabited in the Late obsegu tudi v poznolatenskem obdobju. Kot smo že Hal statt and to a smaller extent also in the Late La Tène uvodoma omenili, je bilo moč datirati komaj polovico period. As already mentioned in the introduction, we gradbenih faz, kar močno otežuje študij poselitvene di- have been able to chronological y attribute barely half of namike. Natančne slike o tem, kako je naselje nastajalo, the construction phases, which hinders the study of the raslo in usihalo, si je skoraj nemogoče ustvariti. Datacije settlement dynamics. From the available data, it is impos- so preohlapne, časovno neopredeljeni so ostali tudi šte- sible to accurately reconstruct how the settlement began, vilni gradbeni detajli. Vendar pa lahko na koncu vseeno how it grew and final y declined. The dates are too broad ugotovimo, da nekatere podobnosti med objekti vendarle and numerous construction details remain chronologi- obstajajo, zato smo jih glede na čas, ko so bili v uporabi, cal y undetermined. We have, however, observed certain razvrstili v tri skupine. similarities between the houses that lead us to distinguish Prva je najštevilnejša, v njej pa so združene stavbe, between three groups based on the time of their use. katerih časovni razponi se gibljejo znotraj stopenj Sv. Lu- The first group is the largest and comprises houses cija IIa–IIb ( sl. 2 zgoraj).89 Morda je bila kakšna obljudena with time spans within the Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb phases ( Fig. tudi izven tega časovnega okvirja (npr. 2. faza hiše 22), 2 top).89 It is possible that some of the houses were also kar pa z najdbami ni bilo mogoče zanesljivo dokazati. occupied outside this time frame (for example House Za naslednjo skupino hiš je značilno, da segajo z 22 in its second phase), but the associated small finds drugo gradbeno fazo do stopnje Sv. Lucija IIc ( sl. 2 sredi- do not offer sufficient evidence of this. na). Njihov začetek ni tako jasen. Pri nekaterih objektih The houses of the second group reach to Sv. Lucija ga moramo iskati znotraj stopenj Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb, nekaj IIc with their second phase ( Fig. 2 centre), but the begin- hiš je bilo postavljenih v razponu stopenj Sv. Lucija IIb– nings are less clear and should be sought in some cases IIc, obstajali pa so tudi objekti, ki so bili obljudeni zgolj in Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb, some houses were built within the v stopnji Sv. Lucija IIc. span of Sv. Lucija IIb–IIc, while some houses only seems V tretjo skupino smo uvrstili hiše, ki so bile poseljene to have been inhabited in Sv. Lucija IIc. v poznolatenskem in avgustejskem obdobju ( sl. 2 spodaj). The third group consists of a small number of hous- Ni jih veliko, med njimi zavzema posebno mesto objekt 6, es inhabited in the Late La Tène and Augustan periods ki je bil zaradi svoje funkcije (gre namreč za žgano-darilno ( Fig. 2 bottom). They include Building 6 that is set apart mesto) obljuden že v mladohalštatskem obdobju. from the others in its function as a burning-offering Poselitvena dinamika raziskanega območja je bila place and was already in use in the Late Hal statt period. torej pestra. Pravzaprav lahko rečemo, da naselje ni imelo The above-shown dynamics of habitation lead us enotnega začetka in konca. Časovni razponi hiš se med suggests that the settlement does not appear to have a seboj razlikujejo, v različnih obdobjih pa je prišlo tudi do uniform beginning and end. The time spans of individual njihovih obnov. Vse te ugotovitve so seveda pomembne za houses differ and their renovations also occurred at differ- pravilno razumevanje rasti in usihanja naselja. Žal zaradi ent times. These observations are important in attempting razpršene lege objektov njihove kronološke razpone ne to correctly asses the growth and decline of the settlement. moremo preverjati s stratigrafskimi podatki. Izjema je niz Unfortunately, the rather scattered spatial disposition of stavb na skrajnem zahodnem delu izkopnega polja, ki so the houses hinders us from using stratigraphic data to bile postavljene v ravni vrsti, zato dajejo že na prvi pogled verify their time spans. The exception to this is the neat vtis vnaprej načrtovane naselbinske enote.90 Soočenje da- row of houses at the westernmost part of the excavation tacij posameznih gradbenih faz z redkimi stratigrafskimi area that has the appearance of a planned housing unit.90 sekvencami je dalo zanimiv rezultat. For this row, the comparison of the dates for individual Začetek pozidave lahko datiramo zgolj okvirno. construction phases with the rare stratigraphic sequences Pričela se je najverjetneje v stopnji Sv. Lucija IIa, ko so has produced a more insightful result. zgradili celoten niz vključno z odvodnim jarkom, v kate- The beginning of construction for the row of houses rega sta se stekala kanala hiše 23 ( sl. 3A).91 Takšno stanje can only be dated in broad terms. It most probably began pa ni trajalo dolgo. Ne da bi mogli natančno določiti čas, in Sv. Lucija IIa, when the entire row was built simulta- vsekakor pa v razponu stopenj Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb, je hiša neously with the drainage ditch into which ran the two canals from House 23 ( Fig. 3A).91 Not long afterwards, 89 Tretji fazi hiš 15 in 15A sta uvrščeni na tabelo zgolj 89 hipotetično,saj gre za skromne nedatirane ostanke zidov. The third phases of Houses 15 and 15A are included 90 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, pril. 1, kv. B–C/2–4. into the table hypothetical y as they only consist of undated 91 Še nekoliko starejše je moralo biti stavbišče hiše 36, saj remains of wal s. 90 ga je na vzhodni strani odsekal odvodni jarek. Glej Svoljšak, Svoljšak, Dular 2016, App. 1, Grid Square. B–C/2–4. 91 Dular 2016, 220. The construction site for House 36 must have been 162 KRONOLOŠKA SLIKA ŽELEZNODOBNEGA NASELJA ... CHRONOLOGY OF THE IRON AGE SETTLEMENT ... Sl. 2: Časovni razponi hiš. Fig. 2: Time spans of individual houses. 15A pogorela. Na njenih ostankih so zgradili pregradni sometime in the span of Sv. Lucija IIa–IIb, House 15A zid, ki je imel dvojno funkcijo: na eni strani je preprečeval burnt down. On top of its debris, a dividing wall was posipanje ruševin, hkrati pa je bil tudi drenaža novi stavbi, constructed with a double function: it prevented the ki so jo v dveh zamahih zgradili vzhodno od pogorišča. debris from col apsing and functioned as a drainage To je bila hiša 15, ki je imela prav tako tridelni tloris, le wall for the new house built in two phases east of the da je bila večja in še bolj imenitna. Stratigrafski odnos burn-down location. This new addition was House 15, med obema gradnjama je jasen in dobro dokumentiran,92 which also had a tripartite layout, but was larger and finer. The stratigraphic relationship between the two even earlier, as it was cut off by the drainage ditch in the east. 92 Ib., 113 ss. See Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 220. 163 KRONOLOŠKA SLIKA ŽELEZNODOBNEGA NASELJA ... CHRONOLOGY OF THE IRON AGE SETTLEMENT ... Sl. 3: Poselitvena dinamika v zahodnem delu naselja. Fig. 3: Construction dynamics in the western part of the settlement. zato vemo, da je stavbišče starejše stavbe (15A) po požaru houses is clear and well documented,92 revealing that ostalo prazno ( sl. 3B). the construction site of the earlier house (15A) remained Do ponovnih sprememb je prišlo v razponu sto- empty after the fire ( Fig. 3B). penj Sv. Lucija IIb–IIc, ko je pogorel celotni niz stavb. Changes next occurred in Sv. Lucija IIb–IIc, when Tudi tokrat natančnejša datacija ni možna. Na ruševinah the entire row of houses burnt down. New houses were starejših objektov so postavili nove hiše, ki pa so bile ve- constructed on top of the debris of the earlier buildings, činoma površno grajene, zato so se od tlorisov ohranili but these were for the most part of a shoddier construc- le posamezni zidovi ( sl. 3C). Izjema je hiša 26, ki je bila tion and only some of their wal s survive in outlines locirana severneje od prvotnega niza. Imela je odvodne ( Fig. 3C). The exception is House 26, which lay north kanale, usmerjene proti opuščenim stavbiščem hiš 27 in of the original row. This house had drainage canals that 29. Solidno zgrajena je bila tudi hiša 25. Postavili so jo led towards the abandoned Houses 27 and 29. House južno od prvotnega niza stavb, najdbe pa jo jasno datirajo 25 also shows a solid construction, put up south of the v stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIc. 92 Ib., 113 ff. 164 KRONOLOŠKA SLIKA ŽELEZNODOBNEGA NASELJA ... CHRONOLOGY OF THE IRON AGE SETTLEMENT ... Kasneje sta bili na območju hiš 15 in 15A postavlje- original row and positively attributed to Sv. 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Gradbeni izvidi in najdbe / The Iron Age settlement grafije 23. at Most na Soči. Settlement structures and small finds. – WARNEKE, T. F. 1999, Hal statt- und frühlatènezeilicher Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 33. Anhängerschmuck. Studien zu Metal anhängern des 8. – 5. Jahr hunderts v. Chr. zwischen Main und Po. – Internatio- nale Archäologie 50. 166 Železnodobno naselje Most na Soči. Razprave / The Iron Age settlement at Most na Soči. Treatises. OIAS 34, 2018, 167−194 POSOŠKO ŽELEZNODOBNO STAVBARSTVO IRON AGE ARCHITECTURE IN POSOČJE Drago SVOLJŠAK UVOD INTRODUCTION Najpomembnejši dosežek zavarovalnih arheoloških The most outstanding result of the rescue archaeo- izkopavanj obsežnega dela železnodobne naselbine na logical excavations at Merišče in Most na Soči, where a območju ledine Merišče na Mostu na Soči je širok spek- large part of the Iron Age settlement was investigated, is ter stavbarskih sestavin, ki omogočajo dokaj zanesljivo certainly a variety of constructional features that allow us rekonstrukcijo načina gradnje posoških železnodobnih to fairly reliably reconstruct the construction techniques stavb. To velja za (domnevno) stanovanjske stavbe ter employed by the Iron Age builders in Posočje to make tudi za (domnevno) delavnice. houses and workshops. Prvi poskusi rekonstrukcij stavb (hiš) so bili na- The first reconstructions of these buildings were rejeni že med izkopavanji. Z njimi so etnolog in dva already attempted during excavations. Two architects arhitekta skušali najti ali se čim bolj približati podobi and an ethnologist examined the documented con- in načinu posoške železnodobne gradnje in hkrati structional features and proposed reconstructions of pokazati, kakšne bi lahko bile stavbe glede na kakovost the excavated buildings. arheoloških podatkov. The first Iron Age building (House 1) was un- Tako si je že leta 1973, ko je bila na Mostu na Soči earthed in 1973. In the same year, architect Anton Bitenc odkrita prva železnodobna stavba (hiša 1), njen tloris (1920–1977) examined its remains and used its plan and in njene imenitne stavbne sestavine podrobneje ogledal fairly well-preserved constructional features to propose arhitekt Anton Bitenc (1920–1977) in pripravil dvoje two possible reconstructions. Both were houses made možnih rekonstrukcij. V obeh primerih se je odločil of horizontal logs with cross-lapped joints, such as the za gradnjo z vodoravnimi bruni v obliki kladne stene typical Alpine log houses, with a thatched hip roof and a na brade in tako postavil značilno alpsko brunarico. plume-like ridge finial, as well as a single storey, though Predvidel je štirikapno streho in jo prekril s slamo. the solid foundations presumably allowed for an upper Na vrh je umestil perjanici podoben zaključek ( sl. 1).1 storey ( Fig. 1).1 Ob najverjetnejši pritlični stavbi pa je predvidel tudi The Iron Age houses lost none of their appeal after možnost, da bi glede na kakovost temeljev ta lahko bila the end of the excavations. Architect Peter Fister deemed tudi enonadstropna. House 1 as a particularly revealing piece of evidence of Zanimanje za železnodobne stavbe z Mosta na the Iron Age architecture.2 Probably basing his observa- Soči in njihov videz ni usahnilo niti kasneje. Tako je tions on Bitenc’s sketches and possibly also later publica- arhitekt Peter Fister, opirajoč se verjetno na Bitenčeve tions (though he does not state any), his reconstruction skice, morda pa tudi na kasnejše objave (vira sicer ne presents a house with stone foundations and a skeleton navaja), hišo 1 uvrstil med posebno vredna pričevanja or timber-framed construction with horizontal beams o stavbarstvu železne dobe.2 Postavil jo je na njene ka- attached to vertical supports in the corners. His sketch mnite temelje, konstrukcijo skeletnih sten pa je povzel also shows intermediary posts and horizontal beams that po hiši 11. Sestavil jih je “iz vodoravnih brun, vpetih na appear to be built into the posts. Similarly as Bitenc’s, vogalih v pokončne nosilce.” Na skici so prikazane tudi the house has a hip roof covered with straw that is vmesne sohe in bruna, ta so videti vgrajena vanje. Po- weighed down with planks crossed at the ridge ( Fig. 2). dobno kot Bitenc je tudi Fister hišo pokril s štirikapno It has clay daub both on the exterior and the interior, streho in jo prekril s slamo. To je obtežil še z lesenimi, as well as a projecting roof above the entrance. In con- 1 Svoljšak 1974, 18, t. 7. 1 Svoljšak 1974, 18, Pl. 7. 2 Fister 1986, sl. 13, 14. 2 Fister 1986, Figs. 13, 14. 167 POSOŠKO ŽELEZNODOBNO STAVBARSTVO IRON AGE ARCHITECTURE IN POSOČJE Sl. 3: Rekonstrukcija stene (avtor: T. Cevc). Fig. 3: Reconstruction of a wall (author: T. Cevc). Sl. 4: Rekonstrukcija hiše 1 (risba: I. Rehar). Fig. 4: Reconstruction of House 1 (drawing: I. Rehar). Sl. 1: Rekonstrukcija hiše 1 (avtor: T. Bitenc). Fig. 1: Reconstruction of House 1 (author: T. Bitenc). nection with the latter, Fister stated that a porch open in the south with presumably wooden posts standing on stone footings was a feature either adopted or newly developed here, but certainly known to the peoples of the Mediterranean long before, in Greece even devel- oped into one of the basic elements (he was presumably referring to the pronaos) of temple architecture. He also specifical y mentioned the drainage system and marked it as a particularly ingenious constructional invention. The Iron Age houses at Most na Soči also caught the interest of ethnologist Tone Cevc, who specialised in researching the architecture associated with shep- herds, charcoal burners and woodworkers in Slovenia, particularly in the Julian and Kamnik Alps, as well as Sl. 2: Rekonstrukcija hiše 1 (avtor: P. Fister). the Karavanke Mountains. He examined the Iron Age Fig. 2: Reconstruction of House 1 (author: P. Fister). houses to find models for the modern wooden houses. 168 POSOŠKO ŽELEZNODOBNO STAVBARSTVO IRON AGE ARCHITECTURE IN POSOČJE Sl. 6: Model hiše 11 v Tolminskem muzeju (izdelava: M. Vuk). Fig. 6: Model of House 11 on show in the Tolminski muzej (elaborated by: M. Vuk). Sl. 5: Rekonstrukcije hiš 15A, 23 in 16 (risba: I. Rehar). Sl. 7: Rekonstrukcija hiše 15 v Osnovni šoli na Mostu na Soči Fig. 5: Reconstruction of Houses 15A, 23 and 16 (drawing: (načrt: D. Svoljšak, M. Erič; izvedba: SVEA Zagorje, 2002). I. Rehar). Fig. 7: Reconstruction of House 15 on show in the Elementary school at Most na Soči (plan: D. Svoljšak, M. Erič; elaborated by: SVEA Zagorje, 2002). nad slemenom prekrižanimi tramiči ( sl. 2). Hišo je Based on the documented remains of House 11, he znotraj in zunaj ometal z glinastim premazom. Posebej proposed a timber-framed construction on a stone base. je poudaril vhod z nadstreškom, ki mu je vzore poiskal The wal s presumably had wooden planking both on the kar v antični Grčiji: “Posebnost stavb je bilo tudi odprto exterior and the interior, which was daubed with clay preddverje na južni strani, kjer je bil vhod: na kamnitih in the interior ( Fig. 3).3 He agreed with Tone Bitenc on podstavkih so najbrž leseni stebri nosili odprto ostrešje the possibility of the Iron Age houses at Most na Soči in so tako povzemali ali na novo razvili idejo, ki so jo having an upper storey.4 že dolgo pred njimi poznali sredozemski narodi ter jo v The reconstruction efforts also include the drawn Grčiji celo razvili v osnovni izraz za najpomembnejšo reconstructions of Houses 1, 8, 15A, 16 and 23 ( Figs. 4, arhitekturo.” S tem je mislil najbrž na pronaos. Prav 5, 8),5 as well as a scale model of House 11 prepared for tako je posebej poudaril odvodnjavanje meteornih 3 vodá in tukajšnjo drenažo označil kot posebno vreden Cevc 1984, 55, Fig. 49. 4 Ib., 195. stavbarski izum. 5 Svoljšak 1998 (1999); id. 2005; id. 2014, Fig. 4 and Fig. 6. 169 POSOŠKO ŽELEZNODOBNO STAVBARSTVO IRON AGE ARCHITECTURE IN POSOČJE Mostarske železnodobne hiše so močno privlačile the archaeological exhibition at the Tolmin Museum in zanimale tudi etnologa Toneta Cevca, raziskovalca ( Fig. 6). The remains of House 15 were preserved in situ stavbne dediščine pastirjev, oglarjev in drvarjev na (drainage wal s, foundations of the exterior and partition Slovenskem, posebno v Julijskih in Kamniških Alpah wal s, loamy floor) in the primary school at Most na ter Karavankah. V železnodobnih hišah z Mosta na Soči and were added a reconstructed superstructure of Soči je iskal vzore za novodobne lesene stavbe. Oprt na timber-framed and planked wal s of oak wood ( Fig. 7). odkritja v hiši 11 je rekonstruiral način gradnje, in sicer stavbo s skeletno steno, postavljeno na kamnit podzidek. Stena naj bi bila opažena na zunanji in notranji strani z URBANISM deskami in znotraj tudi ometana ( sl. 3).3 Posebej pa ga je pritegnila ideja Toneta Bitenca, da so bile železnodobne The Iron Age settlement at Most na Soči was located hiše na Mostu na Soči bržkone nadstropne.4 on a promontory surrounded on three sides by rivers: V sklop rekonstrukcijskih poskusov kaže prišteti the Soča, Idrijca and Bača. Together with the hil s along še risarske rekonstrukcije hiš 1, 8, 15A, 16 in 23 ( sl. 4, the fourth side, the location was natural y protected and 5, 8),5 model hiše 11, narejen za arheološko razstavo v allowed for a growth unimpeded by the constraints of a Tolminskem muzeju ( sl. 6) in rekonstrukcijo ogrodja massive rampart. Buildings were erected on the sunny in stene iz hrastovega lesa v muzejski zbirki v osnovni terraces of the right bank of the Idrijca, delimited in šoli na Mostu na Soči, narejeno na ostalinah hiše 15, the north by the line of three peaks (the highest of ohranjenih in situ (drenaža, temelj obodne in predelne them, Teza, serving as a strategic and vantage point), stene, zemljeni pod – sl. 7). in the south by the River Idrijca and in the west by the confluence of the Idrijca and the Soča, flowing in their respective deep and narrow gorges. The settlement did URBANIZEM not grow in a haphazard manner, but rather according to a pre-planned layout with elements of urbanism.6 Železnodobno naselje na Mostu na Soči je bilo These are discernible in the orientation of the buildings umeščeno v obroč treh rek, Soče, Idrijce in Bače – te so adapted to the climatic and geologic conditions, in a mu skupaj s hribovitim obrobjem zagotavljale varnost ter uniform building practice, protection of the construc- dokaj svobodno rast –, zato ga ni obremenjevala potreba tion site, in the concentration of buildings according to po posebej grajenih obrambnih obzidjih. Zasnovano je function (workshop zone), in the internal communica- bilo na osončenih terasah nad desnim robom kanjona tions, the drainage system and the separation of the Idrijce; na severni strani jih je omejeval niz treh vzpe- residential area from the burial grounds. tin (kukov) – najvišji med njimi (Teza) je bil imenitna The buildings in the settlement can be divided into strateško-razgledna točka –, na jugu rob reke Idrijce, na three groups: residential units (Houses 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 10, zahodu pa sotočje Idrijce in Soče, kjer sta se izvili iz glo- 11, 13, 16, 20, 26, 29?), workshops (4, 12, 15?, 15A, 22, bokih in ozkih sotesk. Rast naselja ni zapadla v anarhični 22A, 23, 29, 30) and cult buildings (3?, 6/27); the func- nered, temveč se je razvijalo z urejeno in načrtovano tion of some of the buildings (7, 9, 14, 17, 19, 24, 25, notranjo ureditvijo s pravimi urbanističnimi nastavki.6 27, 28) could not be ascertained because of the poor Ti so izraženi v orientaciji stavb, prilagojeni klimatskim preservation or inconclusive evidence. The buildings in geološkim razmeram, v ustaljeni stavbarski doktrini, with appropriate interior features (floor, hearth, storage zaščiti stavbnega prostora (stavbne parcele), združevanju pits) that yielded characteristic household items (pottery, po namembnosti sorodnih stavb (delavniška soseska), ceramic rings, weights, querns, tools) have been identi- urejanju notranjih komunikacij, odvodnjavanju mete- fied as residential units. The buildings with features and ornih voda in ločenosti pokopališča od naselja. items of different crafts and production activities have V naselju se po namenu da stavbe (hiše) razloče- been identified as workshops. Of these, Houses 4 and 12 vati na stanovanjske (1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 16, 20, 26, were detached, while all others stood in a row along the 29?), obrtnodelavniške (4, 12, 15?, 15A, 22, 22A, 23, path and were also oriented (E–W) differently from the 29, 30) in kultne (3?, 6/27). Nekaterim odkritim stav- other buildings (NW–SE) as a consequence of the dif- bam se namembnosti zaradi prepičle ohranjenosti ali ferent underlying natural deposit (hard conglomerate). premajhne povednosti ni dalo določiti (7, 9, 14, 17, 19, The houses at Most na Soči were constructed so as 24, 25, 27, 28). Za stanovanjske hiše so bile opredeljene to be partly sunken into the slope, with only the south wall free; this wall held the entrance. Three of the houses 3 Cevc 1984, 55, sl. 49. (1, 11, 29) were sunken on all four sides, they had specifi- 4 Ib., 195. cal y designed entrances (1, 11); after fires, these houses 5 Svoljšak 1998 (1999); id. 2005; id. 2014, sl. 4 in sl. 6. 6 6 Svoljšak 2001. Svoljšak 2001. 7 7 Številka pred poševnico označuje hišo, številka za The number in front of the slash marks the house, the poševnico pomeni njeno gradbeno fazo. number after it its construction phase. 170 POSOŠKO ŽELEZNODOBNO STAVBARSTVO IRON AGE ARCHITECTURE IN POSOČJE samostojno stoječe stavbe s primerno opremljenimi were renovated with respect to the original plan. The prostori (pod, ognjišče, shrambne jame), vsebovale so houses in the row of workshops along the path through tudi značilen premični inventar (lončenino, svitke, uteži, the settlement (15, 15A, 22, 22A, 23) had one side free, žrmlje, orodja). V delavniških stavbah so bili ugotovljeni as did some of the detached houses with completely objekti in izdelki gospodarsko-obrtne dejavnosti. Med surviving ground plans (8, 10, 16). njimi sta hiši 4 in 12 stali samostojno, vse druge so bile The houses shared a common fate – they were all razvrščene v nizu ob poti, kjer so bile zaradi spremembe destroyed in fires. These were localised and also the cause geoloških slojev (trd konglomerat) tudi drugače orienti- for renovations, i.e. the different phases of the houses. rane (vzhod–zahod). Samostojno stoječe stavbe so bile namreč postavljene v smeri SZ–JV. Po načinu umestitve v prostor so to bile v breg IDEAL IRON AGE HOUSE IN POSOČJE prislonjene hiše, ki so imele prosto le južno steno, v tej je bil tudi vhod. Tri med njimi (1, 11, 29) pa so bile The buildings (all were named houses during vkopane ali obsute na vseh štirih stranicah. Zanje je excavations and this name was retained in later publica- značilno, da so bile po požarih prenavljane izključno tions) of the Iron Age settlement at Most na Soči were znotraj prvotnega stavbnega tlorisa in da so imele na constructed according to a uniform building practice, poseben način izveden vhod za povezavo z okoljem (1, with only slight variations in constructional features 11). Zanesljivo pa so imele eno steno prosto stavbe v tako that were adapted to the terrain and the function of imenovanem delavniškem nizu ob vaški poti (15, 15A, the building. This uniform character and its particular 22, 22A, 23) ter nekatere posamič stoječe hiše, katerih features reveal the architecture of the settlement at tloris je bil ohranjen v celoti (8, 10, 16). Most na Soči as specific within the eastern Alpine Iron Skupno vsem hišam je, da so propadle v požarih. Age building practice, and its product as the Posočje Ti so bili lokalni in so z njimi povezane tudi stavbne type house. The basic elements of the Posočje building faze posameznih hiš. practice are the following: 1. choice of location (regular spatial pattern, urbanism); 2. construction pit dug into the slope and the bottom IDEALNA levelled; POSOŠKA ŽELEZNODOBNA HIŠA 3. drainage wal s or other drainage features; 4. stone foundations for wooden sleeper beams support- Stavbe (med izkopavanji so bili vsi odkriti objekti ing the exterior and partition wal s; poimenovani kot “hiše”) v železnodobnem naselju na 5. timber-framed wal s with exterior planking; Mostu na Soči so bile grajene po ustaljenih stavbar- 6. wooden roof truss; skih pravilih. Te so med gradnjo po potrebi zaradi 7. interior division and furnishings (hearths, floors). zahtevnosti terena ali zaradi namembnosti stavb tudi According to these guidelines, the ideal building or prilagajali. Prav zaradi enovitosti gradbenega sistema house in the Iron Age settlement at Most na Soči would in v njem uveljavljenih sestavin smemo gradnjo stavb be constructed as il ustrated in Fig. 8. The construction v železnodobni naselbini na Mostu na Soči opredeliti pit was dug into the slope and its bottom levelled. It znotraj vzhodnoalpske stavbarske doktrine kot posoško could be dug on three sides or on all four (Houses 1, 11, železnodobno stavbarstvo, njegov izdelek pa kot poso- 29). The slanted wal s of the construction pit were lined ško železnodobno hišo. Temeljne sestavine posoškega with solid drainage drywal s or (rarely) with marl slabs, stavbarstva so bile: in some cases in combination of the two. 1. izbira lokacije (prostorski red, urbanizem); Stone foundations were laid onto the levelled bot- 2. umestitev stavbe z vkopom gradbene jame v pobočje tom of the construction pit. The most common material in izravnava stavbne terase; for the foundations was Volče limestone obtained from 3. postavitev drenaž; the nearby layered deposits (Modrej, Senica). Marl was 4. namestitev kamnitega temelja in lesenega temeljnega less common, deposits of which are present along the riv- praga za nosilne in predelne stene; erbed of the Soča. Stones were not additional y worked, 5. vgradnja lesene skeletne stene z zunanjim opažem; only careful y selected and laid on the ground in a single 6. lesena konstrukcija hiše (skeletna stena, stenski opaž, course to form levelled bedding for the sleeper beams. streha); In rare cases, the foundations were constructed as a low 7. ureditev notranjosti (prostorska delitev, ognjišča, podi). drywall for construction purposes or as an adaptation to Idealno zgrajena stavba ali hiša v železnodobnem uneven terrain. For ensuring sufficiently load-bearing naselju na Mostu na Soči bi po teh pravilih bila zgrajena foundations, larger slabs were built into the corners and takole ( sl. 8): stavbišče zanjo je bilo pripravljeno z grad- the junctions of exterior and partition wal s. beno jamo, vkopano v pobočje, in s poravnavo stavbne The foundations held timber-framed wal s com- terase. Hiša je tako na treh, lahko pa tudi na vseh štirih posed of the following elements: sleeper beams, posts, 171 POSOŠKO ŽELEZNODOBNO STAVBARSTVO IRON AGE ARCHITECTURE IN POSOČJE Sl. 8: Rekonstrukcija gradnje hiše 8 (risba: I. Rehar). Fig. 8: Reconstruction of House 8 construction (drawing: I. Rehar). 172 POSOŠKO ŽELEZNODOBNO STAVBARSTVO IRON AGE ARCHITECTURE IN POSOČJE straneh do določene višine stala v vkopu (hiše 1, 11, 29), braces, tie beams and planking. The sleeper beams were gre torej za tako imenovano v breg prislonjeno hišo. fastened together in the corners with cross-lapped joints. Poševne stene vkopa gradbene jame so bile obložene s They held wooden posts at the corners and two or more kakovostno grajenimi suho zidanimi drenažnimi zidovi in between, fastened to the sleeper beams with mortise- ali (redkeje) s ploščami laporja namesto zidov, včasih pa and-tenon joints. Where deemed necessary, the corner v kombinaciji obeh. posts were additional y protected with slabs set upright Na poravnano površino stavbne terase so bili along the drainage wal s. položeni temelji. Zanje so uporabili lokalni volčanski Placed over the posts were tie beams, which apnenec, ki so ga pridobivali iz ploščato lomljivih slojev v presumably corresponded with the sleeper beams in bližnjih kamnolomih (Modrej, Senica), redkeje pa lapor, shape, but also the mortise-and-tenon joints to fasten ki ga najdemo ob soški strugi. Kamnov niso posebej ob- them to the posts. The tie beams ensured the stability of delovali (klesali), temveč le namenu primerno odbirali the wooden frame, but also held the roof and possibly in prilagajali ter jih urejeno in uravnano položili na pod- a wooden ceiling.8 The timber frame was additional y lago v eni sami legi. Le izjemoma so bili temelji zaradi stabilised with the use of braces tying the sleeper beams gradbeniških potreb ali prilagajanja terenu narejeni kot and the posts (probably also the posts and the tie beams). nizek suho grajeni zidec. Zaradi zagotovljanja nosilno- With these elements in place, the builders could proceed sti so bile v vogalih in na spojih nosilnih s predelnimi with the instal ation of wooden planks and the roof truss. stenami v temelj vgrajene večje plošče. The wal s were covered with sawn planks attached Na kamnitih temeljih so stale lesene skeletne stene, to the exterior. Lengthwise, they reached from post to katerih členi so bili temeljni prag, sohe, ročice, poveznik post, while their width (height) depended on the di- ali oklep in opaž. Temeljni pragovi so bili v vogalih ameter of the tree trunks used. We have no conclusive prekrižani ter povezani s križnim spahom. Vanje so bile evidence as to the appearance of the interior faces of vstavljene sohe – vogalne in po dve ali tudi več stenskih the wal s, but they were certainly not daubed with clay. ali vmesnih soh v vsaki steni med vogaloma. S temeljnim The houses were covered with single-pitch (work- pragom so bile sohe povezane s čepom. Po potrebi so bile shops) or gabled roofs (residential units). The latter vogalne sohe dodatno zaščitene s pokonci ob drenažo directed precipitations to the sides of the houses beyond prislonjenimi ploščami. the drainage wall and onto the slope. The back wal , V sohe je bil vgrajen tudi poveznik, zgornji po- which reached deepest into the slope, was protected vezovalni okvir, podoben temeljnemu pragu. Vanj against precipitation by the drainage wal , but also by so bile sohe najverjetneje vpete enako kot v temeljni the stone rubble filling the space between the drainage prag, torej s čepom. Poveznik je zagotavljal stabilnost wall and the wall of the construction pit. The roofs were lesenega ogrodja zgradbe hiše, hkrati je bil nanj lahko covered either by thatch or wood.9 položen lesen strop, predvsem pa je bil opora ostrešju in The wood used in construction belonged to a strehi.8 Stabilnost skeletnih sten so zagotavljale še med number of locally available tree species: fir, spruce, temeljnim pragom (najbrž tudi poveznikom) in sohami larch, pine, beach, oak, elm, maple and ash. The wood vgrajene vezi – ročice. S temeljnim pragom, sohami, of alder, hazel, rose family wood, golden rain, dogwood, ročicami in poveznikom je bilo postavljeno ogrodje za ash, hawthorn or thornbush and rowan was most prob- namestitev stenskega opaža in ostrešja. ably used either for interior furnishings or tools. The Stene so na zunanji strani zaprli (opažili) z žagani- load-bearing pieces of structural wood, i.e. the sleeper mi plohi. Po dolžini so segali od sohe do sohe, po širini beams and posts, were mainly made of oak and fir wood so bili odvisni od debeline debel, iz katerih so bili pri- (rarely of Scots pine and elm), while floor boards could dobljeni. O tem, kako so bile stene urejene v notranjosti, also be made of larch. ni otipljivih dokazil, zato v opis gradnje niso vključene. 8 All the construction elements are archaeological y Zagotovo pa niso bile ometane z glinastim ometom. attested with the exception of the tie beams. Given the other Hiše so bile pokrite z eno- (delavnice) ali dvokapni- elements of the wooden frame, however, their existence is mi strehami (bivanjske). Slednje so odvajale meteorno unquestionable. As for the roof, the shape, the truss and the vodo ob stranskih stenah v pobočje za drenažo. Zadnjo roofing material are all proposed in the reconstruction on steno, ki je bila najgloblje v pobočju, je pred vplivom the basis of the modern environment and the ethnological meteornih voda varovalo poleg drenaže še kamnito examples (cf. Dular 2008, 340, Fig. 5C). 9 Both possibilities are based on reliable evidence from the settlement: the grains of different cereals indicate arable 8 Vsi opisani stavbni elementi razen poveznika so bili farming and growing of cereals, i.e. the presence of straw, tudi arheološko dokazani. Vrhnji povezovalni okvir je bil za while the use of wood in construction, the woodworking trdnost stavb nepogrešljiva sestavina, zato o njegovem obstoju skil s and the forested surroundings suggest the possibility of ne gre dvomiti. Ko gre za obliko strehe, ostrešje in kritino, wood also being used as roof covering. Given the fire hazard pa je idealna konstrukcija hiše oprta le na umeščenost hiš v clearly present in the vil age, I personal y favour wooden prostor ter na etnološke vzore (prim. Dular 2008, 340, sl. 5C). roofing. 173 POSOŠKO ŽELEZNODOBNO STAVBARSTVO IRON AGE ARCHITECTURE IN POSOČJE polnilo med njo in steno gradbene jame. Kritina je bila Structural wood was worked by hewing (sleeper lahko slamnata ali lesena.9 beams, posts, tie beams) or sawing (planks, floor Za gradnjo so uporabljali različne vrste lesa, ki boards). The surviving (albeit charred) wooden elements jim je bil pri roki v okoliških gozdovih: jelov, smrekov, of the houses at Most na Soči reveal the carpentry and macesnov, borov, bukov, hrastov, brestov, javorov in construction skil s of the local (or travelling) masters. jesenov, medtem ko je les jelše, leske, rožnic, nagnoja, The houses and the settlement in general did not reveal drena, jesena, gloga ali trna in jerebike najverjetneje any of the tools involved in the woodworking and con- služil za notranjo opremo ali orodja. Nosilni stavbni struction processes. Neither were such tools recovered deli, kakršni so bili temeljni pragovi in sohe, so bili in the numerous graves of the nearby necropolis, if dis- predvsem iz hrastovega in jelovega lesa (redkeje tudi iz regarding the possibility of iron axes serving a carpentry rdečega bora ali bresta), za lesene pode so poleg naštetih purpose in addition to them being used in battle.10 The uporabili še macesen. cemetery only yielded a small draw knife that may have Les za gradnjo so obdelali s tesanjem (temeljni been used in woodworking.11 pragovi, sohe, poveznik) ali z žaganjem (opaž, podi). The tools that do tell of carpentry and sawing skil s, Ohranjene (pa čeprav zoglenele) lesene sestavine mo- or woodworking in short (possibly also cooperage – cf. starskih hiš izpričujejo rokodelsko mojstrstvo in gradi- the bucket of wooden staves from House 16) have been teljsko veščino tukajšnjih (ali potujočih) železnodobnih found in the contemporary, geographical y and cultur- stavbarjev. Orodij, ki bi potrjevala prej omenjeni tehniki al y comparable settlements in Venetic (e.g. Este)12 and obdelave lesa na Mostu na Soči, med ohranjenim hišnim Raetian areas (e.g. Sanzeno).13 inventarjem ni bilo. Našli ga niso niti v številnih grobo- The use of long squared logs for the sleeper beams, vih bližnje nekropole, razen če ne pripišemo železnim posts and tie beams produced angular structures or sekiram poleg bojevniške še obrtniško rabo.10 Med houses of a quadrangular plan, with deviations only orodja za obdelavo lesa kaže prišteti še manjše strgalo occurring as a consequence of imprecise construction. (rezilnik, šepsar, štrajhar).11 However, the ground plans are not uniform either in Za potrditev domneve o tesarsko-žagarskem zna- shape or size. Our understanding of the house plans nju ali kar lesarski obrti (morda tudi sodarstvu – prim. at Most na Soči is based on the completely surviving vedro iz dog v hiši 16) se torej lahko zatečemo predvsem examples, which show either a square (1/1,14 10, 11/2, k tovrstnim odkritjem na sočasnih in geografsko ter 16/2, 30/2), rectangular (1/2, 8/1,2, 15/1,2, 16/1, 22, 22A, kulturno primerljivih naseljih v venetskem (npr. Este)12 23, 26) or L-shaped plan (3/1). The detached buildings ali retijskem okolju (npr. Sanzeno).13 of a roughly square plan were presumably residential Uporaba dolgih tesanih tramov za temeljne pra- units, while the buildings of a markedly rectangular plan gove, sohe in poveznike je narekovala oglato vezavo v were workshops. Their interior division and furnishings vogalih in s tem tudi pravokotno obliko hiš. Odmiki od (floors, hearths, pits, canals) depended on the function pravokotnosti in s tem nastali raznoliki tlorisi so bili le and the needs of the inhabitants or craftsmen. naključni oziroma so bili posledica premalo natančne The thickness of the elements that make up the gradnje. Vendar pa tlorisi po obliki in velikosti niso bili timber-framed wal s in House 11, as well as the fact that poenoteni. Za umevanje tlorisnih zasnov mostarskih it was sunken into the slope, suggests that the house had stavb pridejo v poštev le tiste hiše, katerih tlorisi so bili v an upper storey or was raised to a sufficient height to celoti ohranjeni. Tako so se izluščile tri osnovne tlorisne make space for a habitable attic (e.g. roof truss raised with additional beams above the tie beam frame). Access to the upper storey could have been from the ground 9 Za oboje je bilo v naselju dovolj zanesljivih dokazov: floor or from the slope at the back of the house. semena različnih žit pomenijo poljedelstvo in gojenje žit, torej v prid slami, uporaba lesa pri gradnji hiš in znanje 10 obdelovanja lesa ter pogozdenost okolja pa v prid leseni Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1985, Pls. 7: B2, 28: kritini. Glede na požarno ogroženost stavb dajem prednost A4, 47: D4, 135: A16, 156: A11, 169: A3, 263: A1. Also see drugi. Marchesetti 1993, 24 and 235, who states 7 socketed ( celt), 10 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1985, t. 7: B2, 28: 2 shaft-hole ( palstab) and one winged axe (Pl. 28: 4); he also A4, 47: D4, 135: A16, 156: A11, 169: A3, 263: A1. Glej tudi mentions a mannaia, which is a large shaft-hole axe with a Marchesetti 1993, 24 in 235, ki navaja 7 tulastih ( celt), 2 uhati wide blade that has to be held with both hands and is suited ( palstab) in eno plavutasto sekiro (t. 28: 4); posebej omenja še for felling trees and woodworking. 11 sekiro – mannaia, to je velika uhata sekira s širokim rezilom, Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1985, Pl. 224: E2. 12 ki jo mora sekač držati z obema rokama in je bila primerna E.g. a file, two rasps and a saw in the grave of Casa di za podiranje dreves in obdelavo lesa. Ricovero 236 (Chieco Bianchi 1984, 698). 11 13 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1985, t. 224: E2. Marzatico 2016, 42. 12 14 Npr. pila, dve rašpi in žaga v grobu Casa di Ricovero The number in front of the slash mark the houses, 236 (Chieco Bianchi 1984, 698). the number after the slash their construction phases (first, 13 Marzatico 2016, 42. second). 174 POSOŠKO ŽELEZNODOBNO STAVBARSTVO IRON AGE ARCHITECTURE IN POSOČJE oblike: kvadratne (1/1,14 10, 11/2, 16/2, 30/2), pravoko- SELECT EXAMPLES tne (1/2, 8/1,2, 15/1,2, 16/1, 22, 22A, 23, 26) in tloris v OF RECONSTRUCTED HOUSES obliki črke L (3/1). Približno kvadratnega tlorisa so bile samostojno stoječe hiše, namenjene bivanju, pravoko- Although all houses and their structural elements tnega pa stavbe za rokodelsko dejavnost (delavnice). add to our knowledge of the Iron Age building prac- Njihova notranja delitev in opremljenost (podi, ognjišča, tice in Posočje (e.g. House 5), only the houses with jame, kanali) je bila odvisna od namena in potreb v njih completely surviving ground plans are suitable for at- živečih ali delujočih prebivalcev. tempting a reconstruction (the ones in bold are actual y Glede na masivnost v skeletno steno vgrajenih reconstructed): 1 (Phase 1), 3 (Phase 1), 8 (Phase 1), delov, ugotovljenih v hiši 11, in na vkopanost stavbe v 10, 11 (Phase 2), 15 (Phases 1 and 2), 15A (Phase 1), 16 pobočje je vsekakor možno, da so bile hiše tudi nadstro- (Phases 1 and 2), 22, 22A, 23, 30 (Phase 2). pne oziroma toliko dvignjene, da so pridobili za bivanje še primerno urejeno podstrešje (npr. dvig ostrešja z do- datnimi tramovi nad povezovalnim okvirjem). Dostop v HOUSE 11 zgornje prostore bi lahko bil urejen iz pritličja ali v zadnji čelni strani s pobočja (na nivoju vkopa gradbene jame). The one that comes closest to the ideal Posočje type building is House 11 in its second construction phase ( Fig. 9). It was destroyed in a fire on two separate IZBRANI PRIMERI occasions, as was its predecessor of Phase 1. Surviving REKONSTRUIRANIH HIŠ under a thick layer of earth were its stone (foundations, drainage walls), wooden (walls, boarded floor) and Za rekonstrukcijo so bile primerne samo tiste hiše, earthen elements (loamy floor) and its construction katerih tlorisi so bili v celoti ohranjeni (poudarjene so pit is clearly delimited. Later, Roman-period builders tudi rekonstruirane): 1 (faza 1), 3 (faza 1), 8 (faza 1), 10, avoided the mass of its remains altogether. 11 (faza 2), 15 (fazi 1 in 2), 15A (faza 1), 16 (fazi 1 in 2), House 11 was located in a natural depression (also 22, 22A, 23, 30 (faza 2). Vse ostale hiše s posamičnimi cf. Houses 3 and 30) and, in consequence, its construc- stavbnimi elementi celostno podobo posoške železno- tion pit was sunken into the compacted moraine till on dobne gradnje dopolnjujejo (npr. hiša 5). all four sides.15 The ground plan of the second-phase house remained the same as that of the first phase, as was common in the settlement.16 Its wal s were not protected HIŠA 11 with drainage wal s that are characteristic of most other buildings at Most na Soči and built most solidly in the Najboljši približek popolni posoški železnodobni parts sunken into the slope (e.g. in Houses 1 and 29).17 hiši, zgrajeni po omenjenih stavbeniških pravilih, je hiša It is possible that this function in House 11 was at least 11, in sicer njena obnova v drugi gradbeni fazi ( sl. 9). Tudi partially performed by the stone foundations, wide ta hiša je zgorela, tako kot njena predhodnica. V ruševinah eaves, lightly packed stone fill of the construction pit pod debelim zemljenim plaščem so se dobro ohranile and the permeable natural deposit. njene kamnite (temelji, drenaža), lesene (stene, pod) in zemljene (pod) gradbene sestavine, prepoznavna je bila tudi njena umestitev v prostor. Kasnejši, rimskodobni, 15 Its floor was 1.60 m lower than the floor in House 8 and graditelji so se njenim obilnim ruševinam raje kar ognili. 2.35 m lower than the Iron Age building remains unearthed Stala je v plitvi naravni kotanji, v kateri je bilo s in Trench A8/Trench 3, 1973, which also belonged to an Iron širokim posegom v njena pobočja urejeno stavbišče.15 Age house. 16 The reconstruction of the house is based on the Tu so izpeljali gradnjo prve in tudi druge stavbne faze s remains of the second construction phase that almost prenovo vred v tlorisno nespremenjenem obsegu, kar je completely destroyed the first house. bila v urbanistični ureditvi naselja in gradbeniški tradi- 17 House 29 (not investigated in its entirety and therefore ciji ustaljena lokacijska prvina.16 Videti je, da hiša ni bila not reconstructed) is comparable with House 11 in the umaknjena v pobočje, ampak je bila prosto stoječa, ker preservation of its construction pit. The ground surface of House 29 is 0.70 m deeper than that of House 27 and as much 14 Številke pred poševnico označujejo hiše, številke za as 1.60 m deeper in comparison with House 26. Leading poševnico pomenijo njihove gradbene faze (prvo, drugo). from the latter and into House 29 were drainage canals. Its 15 Njen pod je bil za 1,60 m nižje kot pod v hiši 8 in za single-line foundations were laid along the drainage wall that okoli 2,35 m nižje od železnodobnih stavbnih ostalin v sondi was very precisely constructed (and excellently preserved) in A8/sonda 3, 1973, ki so prav tako bile (sicer borne) ostaline the part deepest in the slope; the construction pit was sunken železnodobne hiše. on all four sides as evidenced by the fill of the construction 16 Za rekonstrukcijo je bila uporabljena mlajša izvedba pit found on all four sides and corroborated by a low drywall njene druge faze, ki je prvo skoraj povsem izničila. along the south wal . 175 POSOŠKO ŽELEZNODOBNO STAVBARSTVO IRON AGE ARCHITECTURE IN POSOČJE Sl. 9: Rekonstrukcija druge gradbene faze hiše 11 (risba: T. Korošec). Fig. 9: Reconstruction of the second construction phase of House 11 (drawing: T. Korošec). je tako postavitev omogočalo okolje (prim. še hiši 3 in Of Construction Phase 1, excavations only docu- 30). Njene stene namreč niso bile varovane z drenažnimi mented modest remains of the foundations and the zidovi, ki so tako značilni za večino tukajšnjih stavb in construction pit, because most of its construction and delavnic. Ti so bili izrazito kakovostno grajeni prav na habitation remains were removed during the renovation najbolj v pobočja umaknjenih predelih stavb (na primer that followed a fire. In Construction Phase 2, the con- pri hišah 1 in 29).17 Lahko, da so tovrstno drenažo pri struction pit was deepened. The new house was a single- hiši 11 vsaj deloma nadomeščali kar kamnit temelj, širok room building of a square plan and a roughly 28.50 m² nadstrešek in rahlo naloženo kamnito polnilo gradbene habitable space (5.25 x 5.50 m), it also had a separately jame ter vodo dobro prepustna peščena geološka osnova. constructed anteroom. The latter was enclosed within Prva gradbena faza je bila izkazana le z bornim a drywal , resembling a drainage wall in construction ostankom temelja ter z vkopom gradbene jame. S pre- and supported on the exterior by a deposit of earth. novo so bile vse njene gradbene in bivanjske ostaline The house had three rooms: a large habitable room of temeljito odstranjene. V primerjavi s prvo gradbeno fazo a wooden construction (21.60 m²) and an anteroom hiše so za obnovo v požaru uničene hiše vkop gradbene consisting of an entrance area (4.70 m²) and a smal jame poglobili. V drugi fazi je bila hiša v tlorisu kvadra- storage room of a wooden construction (2.25 m²) to the tna in enoprostorna z okoli 28,50 m² bivanjske površine left of it. The entrance to the house was via a porch with (5,25 x 5,50 m), ki so ji dodali novost – posebej zgrajen a projecting roof flanked by low wal s. vhodni del. Tega so navzven ogradili s suhim zidom, The house of the second phase was only slightly podobno grajenim, kot so bili grajeni drenažni zidovi, smaller in plan than that of the first phase. The new foun- in ga obsuli z zemljo. Tako so dosegli načrt, to je do dations were constructed as a low drywall with a fairly primerne višine v celoti v zemljo poglobljeno oziroma levelled bedding surface. This ensured the stability of the obsuto stavbo, v njej pa tri prostore – večjega lesenega superstructure. The foundations of the right wall were (21,60 m²), primernega za bivanje, in predprostor. Ta constructed according to the manner most common for je bil razdeljen na dva dela: vhodno vežo (4,70 m²) in foundations: with stones laid in a single line and mostly a single course (at places in two courses to compensate 17 Hiša 29 (ni rekonstruirana, ker ni bila v celoti for the varying ground level). Both side foundations raziskana) je po ohranjenosti umestitve v prostor najbližje were adapted to the height of the back foundations so hiši 11. Njena hodna površina je bila za 0,70 m globlje od as to ensure a tight fit of the sleeper beams. hodne površine v hiši 27 in kar 1,60 m v primerjavi s hišo The front wall of the large room had inconsist- 26. Iz slednje so se v njene ruševine iztekali odvodni kanali. ently executed foundations. The sleeper beam was only Njen temelj je bil enovrsten, zložen ob drenaži, ta je bila v supported by stones in the entrance section, where the najglobljem, pobočnem delu vkopa zelo kakovostno zgrajena sleeper beam supported the posts flanking the doorway, (in odlično ohranjena); vkopanost – zasutje na vseh štirih and at both corners, where the sleeper beam joined straneh je izpričeval še suho grajeni zidec ob južni steni. 176 POSOŠKO ŽELEZNODOBNO STAVBARSTVO IRON AGE ARCHITECTURE IN POSOČJE majhno leseno shrambo (2,25 m²) levo od vhoda. Vanj with those of the side walls and also supported the so vstopali skozi pokrit obzidan nastrešek. corner posts. This wall separated the main room from V primerjavi s starejšo stavbo je imela mlajša the anteroom. nekoliko manjši tloris. Novi temelji so bili narejeni kot The wooden elements used in House 11 (timber nizek na suho zložen kamnit podzidek s solidno urav- frame of sleeper beams, posts, braces and wall planking, nano nosilno ploskvijo. To je pripomoglo k stabilnosti but probably also tie beams) were all made of oak wood. lesene nadgradnje. Desni temelj pa je bil narejen v The surviving structural wood is charred and therefore najbolj razširjeni tehniki tukajšnje gradnje hiš, in sicer deformed, but nevertheless reveals a high quality of kot enovrstni in enoslojni niz kamnov, ki so jih zaradi workmanship and massive structural elements. uravnave na nekaterih delih položili tudi v dveh legah. The roughly 5 m long sleeper beams (in a charred Oba bočna temelja so višinsko prilagodili temelju po- state, the one of the northeast wal was 5.40 m long, 0.26 bočne stene tako, da je bil vogalni spoj temeljnih pragov m thick and 0.10 m high) were presumably hewn out do popolnosti izvedljiv. of a single tree trunk; only a single-piece sleeper beam Vhodna stena večjega prostora ni bila posebej could ensure the appropriate stability of the wall resting temeljena. Njen temeljni prag je bil s kamni podložen on stone foundations. The stones of the foundations did le tam, kjer je bil urejen prehod iz veže v bivalni pro- not form a completely even bedding surface and were stor – tu sta namreč temeljni prag obremenjevali vanj levelled with a layer of loam. The sleeper beams were fas- vgrajeni sohi podboja vrat –, in še v obeh vogalih, kjer tened together in the corners with a cross-lapped joint. se je križal s temeljnima pragoma stranskih sten. Tam Resting on the sleeper beams was a wooden post sta bili vanju vgrajeni vogalni sohi. S steno je bil bivalni in each of the corners, as well as two posts between prostor ločen od preddverja. each pair of corner posts (possibly even more than two Za gradnjo lesenih delov so v hiši 11 uporabili samo given the lack of evidence in the side wal s). The posts hrastov les. Z njim so postavili skelet obodnih sten, ki so were either rectangular or square sectioned (measuring ga sestavljali temeljni pragovi, sohe in diagonalne vezi around 20 x 20 cm) and fastened to the sleeper beams by oz. ročice ter stenski opaž, najbrž pa tudi nedokazani way of tenons inserted into corresponding mortises in poveznik (oklep), ki je za trdnost stavbe nepogrešljiv. the sleeper beams, which were made with a sharp blade Vsi ohranjeni leseni deli stavbe, čeprav zogleneli in zato (chisel) to the depth of around 15 cm. One such tenon deformirani, kažejo na izredno kakovost in še bolj na survived in the east corner post of the house.18 Two izredno masivnost gradnje. stubs of tenons were also visible in the sleeper beam of Predvideti smemo, da so bili okoli 5 m dolgi tramo- the northwest wal . Horizontal stability was improved by vi za temeljni prag (v severovzhodni steni je bil dolg 5,40 installing diagonal braces to connect the posts and the m, njegova debelina je v zoglenelem stanju znašala 26 x sleeper beams. A similar solution may be expected for 10 cm) stesani v enem kosu iz enega hloda. Le temeljni connecting posts and tie beams. The considerable size of prag v enem kosu je namreč zagotavljal stabilnost stene the wooden elements reveals that the timber frame of the na kamnitem temelju. Kjer temeljni prag nanj ni dobro wal s must have been very sturdy, sufficiently solid and nalegal, so praznine zapolnili oziroma površino izravnali load-bearing, while the solid joints and braces provided z ilovico. V vogalih so temeljne pragove prekrižali in jih additional stability. povezali s križnim spahom. The frame then received wide and thick planks Osnovno ogrodje sten so poleg trdno v vogalih fastened to the exterior (their charred remains measured povezanih temeljnih pragov sestavljale štiri vogalne sohe up to 6 cm in thickness). Their length depended on in še po dve v vsaki steni med vogali (morda tudi kakšna the distance between individual posts, while the width več z ozirom na raziskane razmere v stranskih stenah). V (varying between 15 and 33 cm) depended on the thick- preseku pravokotno ali kvadratno tesane sohe (debeline ness of the tree trunks used in their production. They okoli 20 x 20 cm) so bile s temeljnim pragom povezane were presumably fastened to the posts with wooden s čepom, za katerega je bilo v temeljnem pragu z ostrim tenons or pegs; these either did not survive or were no rezilom (dletom) izsekano primerno globoko stojišče (gl. longer identifiable among the charred remains. okoli 15 cm). Čep je bil še dobro prepoznaven pri sohi v The floor was made of loam applied onto the vzhodnem vogalu hiše.18 Dvakrat, vendar odlomljen, je natural deposit and beaten. It was extended over the bil viden tudi v temeljnem pragu severozahodne stene. foundations, providing additional insulation of the living Horizontalno premikanje sten so onemogočale med sohe space. Another ground surface or floor was unearthed diagonalno umeščene ročice (ali panti). Podobno vpetost under the upper floor, the two separated by a thin layer soh smemo predvideti tudi za zgornji oklep. Skelet sten je of ash, which suggests that the house suffered two fires bil glede na dimenzije vanjo vgrajenih delov zelo masiven during its second construction phase. in je zagotavljal njihovo nosilnost in trdnost, zelo solidne The anteroom formed part of the house, but was vezi in opore pa tudi njihovo stabilnost. constructed separately from the main room. The wal s 18 18 Glej Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 96, sl. 84. See Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 96, Fig. 84. 177 POSOŠKO ŽELEZNODOBNO STAVBARSTVO IRON AGE ARCHITECTURE IN POSOČJE Ogrodje sten so na zunanji strani opažili s širokimi that delimited it on three sides were constructed simi- in debelimi plohi (zogleneli ostanki so bili debeli še do 6 larly as the drainage wal s of Houses 1 and 29, and prob- cm). Njihova dolžina je bila prilagojena razdaljam med ably not only delimited the space, but also functioned as sohami, širina (med 15 in 33 cm) pa je bila odvisna od drainage. On one side, the drywall of the anteroom was debeline hlodov, iz katerih so bili izžagani. Na sohe so bili constructed some 20 cm from the wooden wall of the plohi opaža najverjetneje pritrjeni z lesenimi mozniki main room and leaned onto the wall of the construction ali cveki. Ti se v zoglenelih ostalinah sten niso ohranili pit, on the other side the drywall was constructed in line oziroma niso bili več prepoznavni. with the wall of the main room and immediately next Pod so napravili iz ilovice, ki so jo trdo sphali in jo to the wall of the construction pit. The space between na debelo nanesli še na temelje, s tem so dodatno izolirali its back side and the wall of the construction pit was bivalni prostor. Pod vrhnjim podom je bila odkrita še ena filled with earth. In the southwest, the drywall included hodna površina, ločila pa ju je le tanka prevleka pepela a short entranceway that led into the anteroom with an po spodnjem podu, kar kaže na to, da je stavba v drugi earthen floor and further on, across the sleeper beam, gradbeni fazi doživela dva požara. into the main room. Preddverje je bilo sestavni del hiše, vendar je bilo The left side of the anteroom was occupied by a zgrajeno ločeno od njenega lesenega dela. Njegove small wooden structure, accessed from the anteroom. obodne suhozidne stene so bile narejene podobno kot It was constructed in much same manner as the main drenaže v hišah 1 in 29 in so najbrž poleg omejevanja room: foundation slabs in the corners, sleeper beams, prostora imele tudi drenažno funkcijo. Na eni strani corner posts, wooden planking. It had floor boards of je bil suhi zid predprostora umaknjen od lesene stene oak wood resting on subfloor joists, also of oak wood. osrednjega prostora ter oprt na steno vkopa gradbene It was completely separate from the other rooms of jame, na drugi pa je bil zgrajen kot podaljšek lesene stene the house (from the main room by the latter’s wooden osrednjega prostora, tesno ob vkopu gradbene jame. wall) and also from the drywall of the anteroom. It was Z zunanje strani je bil obsut z zemljo. V jugozahodno sufficiently raised above ground so as to be protected kamnito steno in obsutje je bil kot kratek hodnik ume- from the exterior weather conditions. This made it a ščen vhod v hišo. Skozenj se je najprej vstopalo v vežo z dry room, presumably most suitable for storage, pos- zemljenim podom, od tod naprej pa čez temeljni prag sibly as a granary. obodne lesene stene v bivalni prostor. The construction of the house in its upper part is Levo stran s suhim zidom ograjenega predprostora hypothetical. The element that must have been included je zasedel majhen lesen objekt. Vhod vanj je bil iz veže. into the timber-framed construction as ascertained dur- Zgrajen je bil enako kot bivalni prostor: temeljni prag, ing excavations is the tie beams securely fastened to the vogalne sohe na kamnitih podložnih ploščah in lesen posts. The tie beams presumably held the roof truss of a opaž. Iz hrastovih desk je bil tudi njegov pod, podložen gabled roof above the main room, possibly also ceiling s hrastovimi legami. Od ostalih prostorov je bil povsem joists. The tie beam on the front side and the anteroom ločen. Od bivalnega dela ga je ločila njegova vhodna drywall must also have held a single-pitch roof that lesena stena, zadosten odmik lesenih sten od kamnitih protected the anteroom and the entranceway. We have obodnih in poda od geoloških tal pa ga je varoval pred no evidence as to the roofing material; it could have zunanjimi klimatskimi vplivi. Tako so si v hiši priskrbeli been made of wood (cleft or sawn shingles) or thatch suh prostor, še najbolj primeren za shrambo, morda kaščo. (given the evidence we have on cereal growing at the Zgornja konstrukcija hiše je povsem hipotetična. Z settlement). Found on top of the anteroom drywal was a gotovostjo smemo spodnjemu lesenemu skeletu stavbe, charred worked piece of maple wood that may represent ki je bil dognan z izkopavanji, dodati poveznik, trdno the remains of wooden gutters. umeščen na sohe. Na ta povezovalni okvir je bilo oprto The quality of construction, the three-room divi- ostrešje dvokapne strehe nad osrednjim bivalnim pro- sion and the carefully executed interior furnishings storom hiše, pa tudi stropniki morebitnega stropa. Na suggest that House 11 was a residential unit. For this povezniku in suhozidnem obodu preddverja je morala identification, the most important feature is the earthen sloneti tudi enokapna streha, s katero sta bila zaščitena floor extended over the stone foundations, which in- predprostor s shrambo in vežo ter ograjen vhod. Tako creased the insulation of the habitable space, but also the kot konstrukcija ostrešja ostaja v domeni domnev tudi otherwise scarce small finds (jewellery, needle, pottery, strešna kritina. V poštev pride les (klane ali žagane ceramic rings, ceramic wall decorations).19 The large, deske), glede na dokazano pridelovanje žit tudi slama. main room was certainly the habitable area, while the Na vrhu drenažnega suho grajenega zidu preddverja je separate anteroom only increased the living standard of bil zoglenel kos obdelanega javorjevega lesa, morebitna the house that had no hearth. Does the paucity of finds priča lesenih žlebov. suggest that the inhabitants managed to leave the house Hišo 11 uvrščamo med stanovanjske. Za takšno before it caught fire? opredelitev govorijo predvsem kakovost gradnje, trice- 19 Ib., 296, Pl. 32. 178 POSOŠKO ŽELEZNODOBNO STAVBARSTVO IRON AGE ARCHITECTURE IN POSOČJE Sl. 10: Rekonstrukcija prve gradbene faze hiše 1 (risba: T. Korošec). Fig. 10: Reconstruction of the first construction phase of House 1 (drawing: T. Korošec). ličnost in zelo skrbna notranja ureditev. To velja v prvi HOUSE 1 vrsti za zemljeni pod, ki je bil potegnjen na kamniti temelj – to je povečevalo zatesnjenost bivalnega pro- The earthen deposits above the debris of House 11 stora –, pa tudi sicer dokaj skromno ohranjen premični ensured a good preservation of its wooden elements, hišni inventar (nakit, šivanka, lončeno posodje, glinasti while House 1 is a classic example of the construction svitki, glinast stenski okras).19 Večji prostor je bil bivalni, of the stone elements ( Fig. 10).20 ločeno dvoprostorno preddverje je bivalno ugodje v The house is one of those where also the entrance njem le še dopolnjevalo. V hiši ni bilo ognjišča. Je bila side was sunken and protected by a drainage wal . This skoraj popolna izpraznjenost posledica pravočasnega observation is mainly supported by the fact that the umika pred požarom? second-phase renovation did not extend beyond the boundaries set in the first phase (the renovation actual y reduced the size of the house) and by the entrance that HIŠA 1 had a porch with a projecting roof. Additional evidence is the well-preserved drainage wall along the northeast Če so posebno ugodne okoliščine nasipanja ze- wall of the house and the bottom course of the drainage mljine nad ruševinami hiše 11 ohranile njeno leseno wal s in the northwest. konstrukcijo, pa je bila hiša 1 vzorčen primer gradnje The house was a two-room building of a NW–SE kamnitih stavbnih delov ( sl. 10).20 orientation that was almost perfectly square in the first Hiša sodi v skupino v breg prislonjenih stavb, ki phase (ground plan: 36.50 m², habitable surface: 21 m²). so imele najverjetneje z drenažo zavarovano in obsuto The larger of the two rooms, located in front, was habit- tudi vhodno steno. Takšno umestitev v prostor in način able and the smaller room at the back was intended for gradnje nakazujeta predvsem dve njeni sestavini: obnova storage. They were separated by a partition wall with v drugi fazi hiše strogo znotraj obstoječega tlorisa, ven- a passage. While digging the construction pit into the dar s prepoznavno zmanjšano bivalno površino, in pa z layers of moraine til , they hit on an almost flat and hard nadstreškom pokrit vhod. Dodaten dokaz so tudi dobro crust of sand, which they used as the floor in the smaller room and accordingly adapted the earthen floor in the larger room. Drainage drywal s were then erected that 19 Ib., 296, t. 32. 20 20 Rekonstrukcija hiše je izpeljana na osnovi stavbnih The reconstruction of the house is based on the ostalin prve gradbene faze. remains of the first construction phase. 179 POSOŠKO ŽELEZNODOBNO STAVBARSTVO IRON AGE ARCHITECTURE IN POSOČJE ohranjeni drenažni zid ob severovzhodni steni ter bazi either leaned against the inclined wal s of the construc- drenažnih zidov v severozahodni steni. tion pit or were separated from them by the backfil . Hišo so zasnovali kot dvocelično stavbo skoraj pra- The drainage wal s were constructed of blocks or slabs vilno kvadratnega tlorisa (tlorisna površina: 36,50 m², of Volče limestone that were not further worked, and bivalna površina: 21 m²) in jo orientirali v smeri SZ–JV. assembled to form a flat front face. The construction Večji prostor v njej je bil bivalni, manjši pa shramba. of inclined drainage wal s created more room for air Delila ju je predelna stena, v kateri je bil prehod. Med to circulate around the foundations and ensure longer izkopom gradbene jame so v slojih ledeniške morene durability of the wooden parts. Along the drainage wal s, naleteli na skoraj vodoravno trdo peščeno skorjo, ki so the water from the slope and the roof drained into the jo vešče uporabili za pod v manjšem prostoru in ji prila- permeable sandy layers of the moraine til . godili tudi hodno površino – zemljeni pod v preostalem The foundations characteristic of the Posočje type delu hiše. Ob stene vkopa gradbene jame so postavili houses – with stones laid in a single course and a single, suho grajene drenažne zidove, oprte na poševni vkop at places double line – were composed of thinner slabs gradbene jame ali na njeno zasutje. Zanje so uporabili of limestone in comparison with the pieces used in the kvadrasto lomljen volčanski apnenec, ki ga niso doda- drainage wal s and formed an even bedding surface and tno obdelovali. Poskrbeli so le, da so bila notranja lica a tight fit with the sleeper beams. In the places where drenaž skrbno in natančno zložena. Z nagibom drena- loads were highest, i.e. at the corners and junctions of žnih zidov so dosegli prezračenost in večjo obstojnost exterior and partition wal s, larger and thicker slabs lesenih stavbnih delov. Ob drenažah so meteorne vode s were built into the foundations. The wal s were probably površja in strehe ponikovale v prepustne peščene plasti timber-framed, composed of sleeper beams, corner and ledeniške morene. intermediary posts, as well as exterior planking, with V temelje značilne posoške izvedbe − to je bil braces providing additional stability between the posts enoslojni in enovrstni kamniti niz, v tej hiši pa zraven and the sleeper or tie beams.21 še dvovrstni − so vgradili v primerjavi z drenažnim The entrance to the house was in the southwest zidom tanjše ploščate lomljence apnenca, tako da so wal . It had a small porch with a projecting single-pitch njihovo nosilno ploskev čim boljše uravnali ter s tem roof of wood supported on one side by a pair of columns dosegli dobro naleganje temeljnega praga. Na najbolj that stood each on its stone footing, and on the other obremenjenih mestih, to so bili vogali stavbe in stičišči by the tie beam. obodnih sten s predelno, so v temelje vstavili večje in The location of the house, the drainage features tudi debelejše plošče, ki so na teh mestih zmogle večje and the location of its entrance suggest that it would pritiske v temeljni prag vgrajenih soh. Stene so bile naj- have been covered by a gabled roof (the absence of the verjetneje grajene kot skeletne, v kombinaciji temeljnega footing for a central post preclude the possibility of a hip praga, vogalnih in vmesnih soh ter opaža na zunanji roof). The roof was most likely covered by cleft boards of strani soh, narejenega iz masivnih plohov. Opora med spruce and (or) fir wood; half of the 42 analysed samples sohami in temeljnim pragom ter tudi med sohami in of wood charcoal22 belong to these tree species (26% poveznikom, ki je bil nepogrešljiva sestavina skeletne of spruce, 24% of fir), which are suitable for making stene, so bile ročice.21 wooden roof covering. Vhod v hišo je bil urejen v jugozahodni steni. The house had two rooms. The larger one in front Zavarovan je bil z enokapnim lesenim nadstreškom, ki had a square hearth built in the line of the entrance along je slonel na dveh stebrih, postavljenih na večji plošči, the northwest wall; it was slightly raised above the level pripet pa naj bi bil na poveznik ogrodja hiše. of the surrounding floor and had a top surface that rested Za hišo je bila glede na njeno umeščenost v prostor, on a bedding of small cobbles. The living conditions were drenažno zaščito in umestitev vhoda najprimernejša improved by extending the floor of beaten loam onto dvokapna streha (za domnevno možnost štirikapne the stones of the foundations. The natural sandy crust of strehe manjka v hiši bistvena sestavina za tako obliko the moraine till formed the floor in the smaller room at strehe – stojišče za centralno nosilno soho). Kritina je the back. This room also had a pair of round pits dug in bila najverjetneje iz klanih desk iz smrekovega in (ali) both corners of the northeast wal , which probably held jelovega lesa. Med 42 analiziranimi vzorci lesnega oglja22 je namreč polovica pripadala prav tema vrstama lesa 21 The wooden parts of House 1 survived in the debris 21 V hiši 1 leseni stavbni deli niso bili ohranjeni in situ, of the house and not in situ. The presence of a timber frame, ampak le v ruševinah. Da je v tej hiši kljub temu zanesljivo however, is clear from the wooden elements resting on računati na skeletno gradnjo, potrjujejo v drugih hišah na similarly constructed foundations from other houses, e.g. in podobno grajenih temeljih ohranjeni deli lesenih konstrukcij, Houses 2, 5, 8, 13, 15, 15A, 16, 23, 29 and 30. 22 npr. v hiši 2, 5, 8, 13, 15, 15A, 16, 23, 29 in 30. Cf. the results of the analysis performed by Alojz 22 Prim. rezultate analize A. Šerclja, ki jih povzema S. Šercelj, which Sila Mottela De Carlo summarises in this Mottela De Carlo v tej knjigi. publication. 180 POSOŠKO ŽELEZNODOBNO STAVBARSTVO IRON AGE ARCHITECTURE IN POSOČJE (26 % smrekovega, 24 % jelovega), najprimernejšega za ceramic containers (pithoi) for storing foodstuffs.23 The izdelavo takšne kritine. two pits are also the only pieces of evidence to suggest Hiša je imela dva prostora. V večjem je bilo ob that the room was intended for storage. severozahodni steni v osi vhoda rahlo nad zemljeni The small room may have had a ceiling; this would pod vgrajeno kvadratno ognjišče, podloženo s slojem separate it both from the habitable larger room and the drobnih oblic. Boljše razmere za bivanje so v večjem environment outside. A ceiling in this room is also tech- prostoru dosegli tudi s tem, da so zemljeni pod iz sphane nical y feasible: ceiling boards resting on the exterior tie ilovice potegnili še na kamne temelja. V manjšem pro- beams and the lintel of the partition wall would easily storu je bila za pod uporabljena kar naravna peščena span the width of the room. Because of the hearth, the skorja ledeniške morene. V njem sta bili v obeh kotih larger room required an open ceiling as a feature that ob severovzhodni steni vkopani okrogli jami, v katerih would help clear the smoke in addition to the entrance. sta najbrž stali lončeni posodi (pitosa) za shranjevanje The house was certainly a residential unit, which živil.23 Prav jami sta edini upoštevanja vreden dokaz, da is revealed by the high quality of construction, a care- gre za shranjevanju namenjen prostor. ful y laid earthen floor, a storage room, a hearth and the Končno bi kazalo razmisliti še o možnosti stropa, special y made entrance that offered additional protec- tega bi vsekakor lahko pričakovali nad shrambo. Z njim tion. The house burnt down in a fire. In its place, a new bi bil prostor zares ločen od bivanjskega dela in tudi od house was constructed in a considerably smaller extent zunanjih vplivov. Nad shrambo bi bil strop tudi tehnično (14.50 m²) that reused the still useful foundations and izvedljiv: položen na obodni poveznik ter na preklado drainage wal s of the first-phase house; only the founda- na predelni steni bi premostil popolnoma obvladljiv tions of the northwest wall and the drainage along the razpon. V bivalnem prostoru pa je zaradi ognjišča southeast wall were built anew. The new house retained ostrešje moralo ostati odprto. Skupaj z vhodom v hišo a two-room division: a large room in front with a hearth je omogočalo odvajanje dima. built into the earthen floor and a small room at the back Hiša je bila stanovanjska. Taki opredelitvi v prid (storage room) with the hard sandy crust remaining as govori poleg zelo kakovostne gradnje tudi notranja the floor, as well as a single pit. The entrance was also oprema: skrbno narejen zemljeni pod, shramba in moved, possibly toward the south corner of the house, ognjišče. Tem sestavinam je treba dodati še pred vre- which is the part destroyed in World War I.24 The interior menskimi vplivi zavarovan vhod. Hiša je pogorela. Na in select parts embellished terracotta plaques decorated njenem mestu so znotraj prvotnega tlorisa postavili with various motifs. Also telling are the items found in občutno zoženo (14,50 m²) novo stavbo, pri čemer so the interior, such as numerous ceramic rings, weights uporabili vse njene ohranjene in še uporabne dele, nanjo or whetstones that indicate certain household activities, so postavili le temelj severozahodne stene in drenažo as well as a wide array of pottery. ob jugovzhodni. Tako sta nastala dva prostora, večji z In its plan and interior division, House 1 most novim ognjiščem, vdelanim v zemljeni pod, in manjši closely resembles House 16 (Phase 2) that was sub- (shramba), v tej sta ostala v rabi geološka skorja za pod square in plan (9 m² of habitable surface) and had two in ena jama. Nov je bil tudi vhod. Prav ta del hiše je bil rooms (cf. Fig. 5: bel ow): a larger one in front intended uničen v prvi svetovni vojni.24 Na izbranih delih hišne for habitation and a smaller one at the back for storage. notranjosti so zaljšale bivalno okolje še iz gline narejene The small room also had a pit suitable for storing a in z različnimi motivi okrašene plošče. Povedna je tudi ceramic container.25 premična oprema v hiši, npr. številni svitki, uteži ali brusi, ki kažejo na rokodelska hišna opravila ter vsekakor prav pisan izbor lončenega posodja. HOUSE 5 Hiši 1 je bila po tlorisu in notranji delitvi najbližje hiša 16 (faza 2). Imela je skoraj kvadraten tloris (9 m² In its location, constructional elements and quality bivalne površine) in prav tako dva prostora (prim. sl. 5: of construction, House 5 ( Fig. 11) is closely comparable spodaj). Večjega bivalnega in manjšega, namenjenega with other residential units (such as Houses 1, 2, 8, 13, shrambi. V manjšem prostoru je bila na sredini vko- 15, 16): sunken into the slope, square plan, drainage pana jama, primerna za umestitev shrambne lončene drywal , one-line and one-course stone foundations of posode.25 the exterior and partition wal s with large slabs at the junctions. A special feature (but not an exception, as it was also documented in Houses 20, 22, 23 and 24) is a careful y constructed lining around the corner slabs of 23 23 Jama v vzhodnem kotu prostora je bila prilagojena The pit in the east corner of the room was adapted to prav trebušasti posodi z ozkim dnom. the form of the ellipsoid vessel with a narrow base. 24 24 Glej Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 46, sl. 22. See Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 46, Fig. 22. 25 25 Ib., 135, sl. 123B. Ib., 135, Fig. 123B. 181 POSOŠKO ŽELEZNODOBNO STAVBARSTVO IRON AGE ARCHITECTURE IN POSOČJE Sl. 11: Rekonstrukcija hiše 5 (risba: T. Korošec). Fig. 11: Reconstruction of House 5 (drawing: T. Korošec). HIŠA 5 the foundations, particularly of the slab in the east cor- ner, where two large slabs were set upright along the fill Hiša 5 ( sl. 11) je po umestitvi v prostor, stavbnih se- or the wal of the construction pit to replace the drainage. stavinah in tudi po kakovosti gradnje povsem primerlji- This feature is a demonstration of the ingenuity of va z drugimi za prebivanje opredeljenimi stavbami (npr. the builders in Posočje aiming to improve the durability 1, 2, 8, 13, 15, 16): prislonjena v breg, kvadraten tloris, of the wooden elements of the house. These were made suho grajen drenažni zid, enovrstni in enoslojni temelj za of different types of wood: golden rain for the sleeper obodne in predelno steno, v katerega so bile v vogalih in beams, oak for wall planking. na spoju predelne stene z obodno severovzhodno steno The house had two rooms. The west room had an vgrajene večje plošče. Kot konstrukcijsko posebnost (ne earthen floor and two pits, of which only the larger one pa tudi izjemo, saj se je ponovila še pri hišah 20, 22, 23 was probably intended for storing a ceramic container. in 24) kaže omeniti skrbno narejeno oblogo vogalnih The east room was the only one in the settlement with temeljnih plošč, zlasti tiste v vzhodnem vogalu. Tu sta the floor of large slabs of Volče limestone. bili namreč ob polnilo gradbene jame ali kar ob steno The house yielded very few small finds (a whetstone njenega vkopa prislonjeni dve večji lomljeni plošči, ki and a skyphos of Greek origin), but they do confirm a sta v tem predelu nadomestili drenažni zid. residential character of the building as suggested by the Prav primer posebne obravnave vogalov kaže, da solid construction and stone floor. so mostarski stavbeniki v posebnih okoliščinah znali najti prave rešitve, ki so pripomogle k večji obstojnosti nosilnih lesenih delov hiš. Zanje so uporabili različne ROW OF WORKSHOPS vrste lesa: za temeljni prag nagnoj ter hrast za opaž sten. Hiša je imela dva prostora. V zahodnem, ki je imel The second group of buildings in the Iron Age zemljeni pod, sta bili dve jami, vendar bi bila le večja settlement at Soči are those where certain crafts are primerna za umestitev lončene shranjevalne posode. believed to have been practised. These could stand sepa- Vzhodni prostor je bil med vsemi raziskanimi edini, ki rately (e.g. Houses 4, 12 and 30) or grouped along the je imel pod narejen iz velikih lomljenih plošč volčan- path under which a large drainage ditch was made that skega apnenca. ran east of House 23. It has to be said that the natural Po številu sicer skromen premični inventar (ob deposits in this part differ considerably from the rest of brusu le še skifos grškega izvora) iz hiše 5 kaže, poleg the investigated settlement and consist of hard impervi- solidne gradnje in še posebno kamnitega poda, na sta- ous conglomerate that necessitated the construction of novanjsko hišo. drainage ditches and canals. Found next to the drain- age ditch were several smaller canals that ran between or even under the houses (15A, 22, 22A, 23 and 29/1). DELAVNIŠKI NIZ These buildings were all dug into the slope on three sides, while the fourth side was level with the slope and held Drugi sklop hiš v železnodobni naselbini na Mostu the entrance and access to the path. na Soči so stavbe, ki smo jim pripisali obrtno dejavnost. Te so lahko stale posamič (npr. hiše 4, 12 in 30) ali pa bile razvrščene ob poti, pod katero je bil ob hiši 23 spe- 182 POSOŠKO ŽELEZNODOBNO STAVBARSTVO IRON AGE ARCHITECTURE IN POSOČJE Sl. 12: Rekonstrukcija prve gradbene faze hiše 15A (risba: T. Korošec). Fig. 12: Reconstruction of the first construction phase of House 15A (drawing: T. Korošec). ljan velik odvodni kanal. Prav v tem delu naselja se je HOUSE 15A namreč bistveno spremenila geološka podlaga. Pojavil se je blok trdega neprepustnega konglomerata, kjer so bili v It was a workshop26 ( Fig. 12) constructed in accord- infrastrukturi naselja nujni odvodni kanali. Ob velikem ance with the principles governing the construction of še manjši, speljani med hišami ali pa kar znotraj stavb- a Posočje type house: construction pit sunken into the nih tlorisov. Sem sodijo hiše 15A, 22, 22A, 23 in 29/1. slope, drainage drywal , single-line single-course stone Njihova skupna značilnost je vkopanost treh stranic v foundations and timber-framed wal s.27 The drainage was breg in prosta četrta, ki je bila vhodna in vezana na pot. composed of upright unworked slabs of marl (a similar feature was observed in House 2) and upright pieces of limestone leaning onto the fill of stones and earth between HIŠA 15A the slabs and the wal s of the construction pit. Slabs were particularly careful y laid in the north and east corners of Hiša 15A je bila delavnica26 ( sl. 12). Prislonjena v the house. Marl slabs were also used, to line the founda- breg je bila zgrajena po vseh posoških stavbnih pravilih, tions of the entrance wall in the southwest. torej z drenažo, enovrstnim enoslojnim kamnitim teme- The foundations of the exterior and partition wal s ljem in skeletno steno.27 Drenaža je bila narejena iz po- included large unworked limestone slabs at the junctions konci postavljenih lomljenih in neobdelanih plošč laporja of wal s. They held the sleeper beams fastened together (podobno drenažo je imela le še hiša 2) in tudi pokonci with cross-lapped joints. The wood used for these beams založenih lomljencev apnenca, ki so bili prislonjeni na was of fir and Scots pine, which predominated in the kamnito-zemljeno polnilo. S polnilom so zasuli prostor building; it also revealed the use of beech, oak and elm med ploščami in stenami gradbene jame. Zelo skrbno wood.28 The sleeper beams supported corner posts, one so s ploščami ogradili vogala v pobočnem delu hiše. S ploščami laporja je bil obložen tudi temelj vhodne stene. 26 See also a different interpretation in this publication Na kamnitem temelju, v katerega so v vogalih in (p. 76), where Dular and Tecco Hvala define the building as na spojih s predelnima stenama namestili večje plošče a residential house. 27 The reconstruction of the house is based on the 26 Glej tudi drugačno interpretacijo v tej publikaciji (str. remains of the first construction phase, the function of which 76), kjer Dular in Tecco Hvala stavbo opredeljujeta kot bi- remained unchanged in the second phase. 28 valni objekt. There were 27 charcoal samples taken in the house (of 27 Za rekonstrukcijo je bila uporabljena ostalina prve which two could not be determined as to the tree species): faze hiše, katere funkcija je bila enaka tudi v drugi fazi. 52% of the samples belonged to fir, 30% to pine. 183 POSOŠKO ŽELEZNODOBNO STAVBARSTVO IRON AGE ARCHITECTURE IN POSOČJE lomljenega apnenca, so bili položeni temeljni pragovi, po- in each of the corners, but also intermediate posts along vezani s križnimi spahi. Enako so povezali tudi temeljna each of the longer sides at the ends of the two partition praga obeh predelnih sten. Za temeljni prag so uporabili wal s. The shorter sides also held intermediary posts. The jelov in borov les, ki sta v stavbi prevladovala, sicer pa so exterior wal s were covered with small planks fastened bili v njej še les bukve, hrasta in bresta.28 V temeljni prag so to the frame. vgradili vogalne sohe, v podolžnih stenah pa še vmesne na Two partition wal s divided the interior into three mestih, kjer sta se na obodni temelj vezali predelni steni. rooms (6.30 m², 5.60 m² and 5.00 m²). The floor in Vmesne sohe so bile tudi na krajših stranicah. Obodne all was of beaten loam extended at the edges onto the stene so opažili s plohi ali deskami manjših dimenzij. stones of the foundations. The work process involved S predelnima stenama so 17 m² veliko uporabno the use of two round ground-level hearths, one in the površino delavnice predelili v tri niše (6,30 m², 5,60 m² west room and the other in the central room. Their top in 5,00 m²). Pod v njih je bil narejen iz sphane ilovice, surface was made of beaten loam laid onto a bedding razpotegnjene ob obodnih stenah tudi na temeljne ka- of river and glacial pebbles (from the moraine till). mne. V delovni proces v delavnici delujočega rokodelca Next to the pit in the central room was a shallow oval sta bili vključeni dve okrogli pritlehni ognjišči, po eno v work pit, while the east room held a fairly large round zahodnem in srednjem prostoru. Imeli sta kurilno ploskev ceramic container. iz nabite ilovice, ki je bila podložena z manjšimi rečnimi The building may have been a workshop of one ali morenskimi oblicami. V srednjem prostoru je bila ob artisan with a set of several different skil s, but it may ognjišču plitva ovalna delovna jama, v vzhodni prostor je also have housed several specialised artisans. The piece bil nameščen kar prostoren okrogel glinen silos. of antler with the ends sawn off indicates an artisan To je bila delavnica mojstra, ki je obvladal več roko- working horn. Several items indicate the activity of a delskih veščin, morda pa je v njej delovalo več mojstrov potter who produced pottery, ceramic rings and plaques posebnih znanj. Obžagan jelenov rog kaže na obdelovalca with various ornaments – incised or plastic. These ter- roževine. Največ pričevanj izkazuje lončarja, ki je izdelo- racotta plaques decorated the interior wal s of houses val lončeno posodje, glinene svitke ter glinaste plošče z and reveal a highly developed living culture of the Iron raznolikim vrezanim ali apliciranim okrasom. Z njimi so Age population of Posočje. The tools recovered from the v hišah lahko okrasili stene. Okrašene plošče izkazujejo central room include a whetstone and a quern, the latter visoko razvito, kultivirano bivanjsko raven železnodob- possibly serving to finely grind the sand that came to be nih Posočanov. Od orodij so bili v srednjem prostoru še added to the clay fabric. brusni kamen ter žrmlje, slednje je morda služilo za fino The house was renovated. The second house was drobljenje peska, ki so ga uporabljali kot primes glini. constructed within the contours of its predecessor and V drugi fazi hiše – to so postavili v tlorisnih mejah onto its debris, and also respected the above-mentioned predhodnice kar na njene ruševine in je bila prav tako principles of construction. It revealed remains that as- zgrajena v posoški stavbni maniri – je svoje delo nada- sume the activity of a potter. Iron awls, a spearhead, iron ljeval lončar. Železna šila, sulična ost, železova žlindra slag and whetstones suggest that smithing also took place in brusni kamni razširjajo rokodelsko dejavnost v hiši here, while the casting mould found in the debris of the še na kovaštvo in v tretji fazi z livnim kalupom med third phase indicates a foundry. ruševinami tudi na livarstvo. The first two workshops were destroyed in a fire. Prvi dve delavnici je uničil požar. V nasprotju s Contrary to the residential houses that were evacuated stanovanjskimi hišami, ki so jih med evakuacijo iz- and emptied, most of the tools and several unfinished praznili, so tu ostali razen večine orodij tudi nekateri products remained in the workshops, which were nedokončani izdelki, ki jih je prežgal in dovolj utrdil charred in the fire and thereby preserved. ogenj in so se zaradi tega sploh ohranili. HIŠA 22A HOUSE 22A Najbolj preprosta stavba v rokodelskem nizu ob The simplest building in the row of workshops and poti, pa tudi sicer v raziskani stavbni dediščini naselja, je the investigated part of the settlement was House 22A. It bila hiša 22A. To je bila očitno le preprosta lopa, večji del was actual y only a shed, largely open and covered with odprta in pokrita z enokapno z deskami prekrito streho a single-pitch roof with wooden shingles ( Fig. 13). Its ( sl. 13). Njeno tlorisno zasnovo nepravilne pravokotne sub-rectangular plan was determined by the shape of oblike je zarisal že vkop gradbene jame, ki pa ga niso the construction pit, the wal s of which were not lined with drainage wal s; the water coming down the slope 28 Vzorčenih je bilo 27 primerkov oglja, dvema vzorcema was drained by way of a shallow canal that ran along the vrsta lesa ni bila določena; jelovega je bilo 52 %, borovega north and west wal s onto the path in front of the shed, 30 %. 184 POSOŠKO ŽELEZNODOBNO STAVBARSTVO IRON AGE ARCHITECTURE IN POSOČJE Sl. 13: Rekonstrukcija prve gradbene faze hiše 22A (risba: T. Korošec). Fig. 13: Reconstruction of the first construction phase of House 22A (drawing: T. Korošec). ločili od notranjosti z drenažnimi zidovi, ampak so me- while the canal lined with stone slabs that led between teorno vodo s pobočja in strehe ujeli v plitvem jarku, ki the shed and the adjacent workshop (House 22) also so ga speljali ob severni in zahodni steni hiše na pot pred served as drainage. lopo. Nekaj vode je odteklo tudi po s ploščami oblože- Only a small section of the south (entrance) wall nem kanalu med lopo in sosednjo delavnico (hiša 22). had stone foundations. They held a sleeper beam with Kamnit temelj je imel le manjši del južne (vhodne) posts, two of which was positioned on the spot where stene. Na njem je ležal temeljni prag, v katerega so bile a large unworked slab of limestone was situated in the vgrajene sohe. Na obeh koncih sta bili v temelj vgrajeni foundations. This part of the wall may have had horizon- večji plošči lomljenega apnenca. Tu je bila stena lope tal wooden planking. Foundations were also found in the lahko tudi opažena z vodoravno nameščenimi deskami east quarter of the northeast wal , between Postholes 1 ali plohi. Temeljena je bila tudi vzhodna četrtina v pobo- and 2, that was sunk deepest into the slope. Elsewhere, čje umaknjene stene (med stojkama v jamah št. 1 in 2). the shed had a frame of earthfast posts, the holes for Sicer pa je bilo ogrodje lope iz stojk, ki so bile pokonci which were dug vertical y into the natural deposit. The postavljene v jame, vkopane v geološko osnovo. Jame posts were lined with stone slabs or secured with stone so bile obložene s ploščami ali pa so stojke trdno učvr- packing. Stone slabs were also placed on the bottom of stili s kamnitimi zagozdami. Kamnite plošče so položili the postholes so as to prevent sinking. This construction tudi na dno jam, da so preprečevale posedanje stavbne technique of a classic timber frame in combination with konstrukcije. Tako je bilo urejeno leseno ogrodje lope earthfast posts was only rarely used in the Iron Age set- v pobočni steni in do polovice v obeh krajših, bočnih tlement at Most na Soči. stenah. Tak način gradnje – to je kombinacija skeletne The single-pitch roof of the house was slanted from stene v klasični posoški izvedbi ter uporaba stojk, trdno the front down towards the slope. The roofing was sup- umeščenih v jame – je bil v mostarskem železnodobnem ported by purlins resting on tie beams that connected naselju le izjemoma uporabljena graditeljska metoda. the posts. Lopa je bila pokrita z enokapno streho, nagnjeno The shed had roughly 12 m² of usable space. Apart od vhodne strani proti pobočju, v katero je bila vkopana. from the drainage canal, the shed also had two large Kritino iz desk so nosile grede, oprte na vzdolžne lege oval pits dug into the natural deposit. The successive ter povezane s stojkami in sohami. layers (charcoal and variously fine sand) of its fill show Pod streho je bila okoli 12 m² velika uporabna po- intensive use. The cuts made into the original fill also vršina. Poleg jarka, ki je zagotavljal odvodnjavanje, sta suggest reuse. The remains of charcoal and the burn bili v lopi še dve večji, v geološko osnovo vkopani ovalni marks on the sandy layers of the fill show that the activ- jami. Na njihovo intenzivno uporabo kažejo zaporedni ity taking place in the pits involved fire. Such activities sloji polnila (oglje in pesek ali mivka). Obe jami sta bili are corroborated by the two whetstones, several pieces tudi prenavljani, kar je mogoče sklepati iz naknadnih vkopov v prvotna polnila. Ostanki oglja in ožganost 185 POSOŠKO ŽELEZNODOBNO STAVBARSTVO IRON AGE ARCHITECTURE IN POSOČJE Sl. 14: Rekonstrukcija prve gradbene faze hiše 23 (risba: T. Korošec). Fig. 14: Reconstruction of the first construction phase of House 23 (drawing: T. Korošec). peščenih in mivkastih plasti v polnilih kažejo, da se je of slag and a piece of bronze (possibly a semi-finished v jamah odvijala dejavnost, ki je vključevala ogenj. V product) recovered in the building.29 tako opredelitev jam se povsem vklapljata tudi v lopi najdena brusa, nekaj žlindre in kos brona, ki bi lahko bil polizdelek.29 HOUSE 23 The building at the west end of the row of work- HIŠA 23 shops also housed a potter (House 23), the activity of whom is indicated by the abundance of pottery products Na zahodnem koncu delavniškega niza ob vaški and the building itself with an infrastructure adapted to poti je stala stavba, v kateri je prav tako deloval lončar this activity ( Fig. 14).30 (hiša 23). Na njegovo dejavnost kažeta jama z obiljem The building was sunken into the slope, rhomboid lončenih izdelkov in sama stavba z infrastrukturo, pri- in plan (adaptation to the geology in the construction pit lagojeno njegovi dejavnosti ( sl. 14).30 and to the adjacent drainage ditch) and constructed in V breg prislonjena stavba romboidnega tlorisa accordance with the standard principles of a Posočje type (obliko so narekovale geološke danosti v gradbeni jami house. The drainage was a drywal lined along the interior in jarek) je bila grajena po ustaljenih posoških gradbenih with marl slabs. The single-line and single-course founda- pravilih. Drenaža je bila narejena v kombinaciji suhega tions were constructed of unworked pieces of limestone zidu, znotraj obloženega s ploščami laporja. Enovrstni with large slabs placed in the corners to increase the load- in enoslojni temelj je bil iz neobdelanih lomljencev bearing capacity. The spots where the posts stood were apnenca, vanj so bile na vogalih vgrajene večje plošče, lined with drainage slabs. The timber-framed wal s were kar je povečalo nosilnost konstrukcije. Stojišča za sohe composed of sleeper beams of fir wood, as well as posts so bila obložena z drenažnimi ploščami. Skeletno steno and planking of spruce, fir and pine wood. The building so sestavljali temeljni prag iz jelovine, sohe in stenski was closed off on three sides and open to the west where opaž iz smrekovega, jelovega in borovega lesa. Hiša je it extended into a partial y enclosed and roofed anteroom bila zaprta na treh straneh, proti zahodu pa se je izte- (covering roughly 3 m²). The anteroom was also the place kla v delno ograjeno in morebiti tudi z nadstreškom where items were deposited or discarded that were either pokrito preddverje (velikost okoli 3 m²). Tu so odlagali no longer usable or were a surplus, but possibly also the re- odsluženo, neuporabno in odvečno gradivo, morda tudi mains of the daily meals as the mixture of earth, hardened ostanke svojega dnevnega obroka, saj je bilo v mešanici clay, charcoal and ash included numerous animal bones. zemljin, otrdele gline, oglja in pepela precej živalskih The roof rested on earthfast posts, securely anchored in kosti. Nadstrešek preddverja je počival na stojkah. postholes dug into the natural deposits and supporting Čvrsto zagozdene so stale v jamah, ki so bile vkopane v a tie beam. It was single-pitch and (most likely) covered geološko osnovo. Nanje je bil položen poveznik. Streha with wooden roofing. Running along the south side of the building was the gravel path. 29 29 Glej Svoljšak, Dular, 2016, t. 60: 4. See Svoljšak, Dular, 2016, Pl. 60: 4. 30 30 Rekonstrukcija stavbe je bila narejena po zapuščini The reconstruction of the house is based on the njene prve gradbene faze. remains of the first construction phase. 186 POSOŠKO ŽELEZNODOBNO STAVBARSTVO IRON AGE ARCHITECTURE IN POSOČJE je bila enokapna, pokrita (najverjetneje) z leseno kritino. The building with a usable space of 5.80 m² was a Ob južni steni delavnice je tekla s peskom nasuta pot. workshop of a potter that may at least occasional y have V stavbi s 5,80 m² uporabne površine je bila delav- conducted metalworking activities as wel , judging from nica lončarja, ki pa je bil vsaj občasno najbrž tudi kovinar, the iron slag and the bronze ingot among the refuse. The sodeč po železovi žlindri in bronasti pogači v zavrženem main part of the workshop was a 0.35 m deep rounded- odpadu. Osnovni objekt delavnice je bila dobra 2 m² sectioned pit measuring over 2 m² across and located velika in 0,35 m globoka jama s kotanjastim dnom tik next to the foundations of the east wal . The potter placed ob temelju vzhodne stene. Čeznjo si je lončar z lesenimi wooden boards of Scots pine, in two layers of perpendicu- deskami iz rdečega bora, položenimi čez dve legi, pripravil larly placed boards, to make a work surface probably used delovni podij, kamor je odlagal svoje izdelke: raznoliko for setting down the products: different vessels, rings and posodje, glinaste svitke in motke, živalsko figuro in or- bobbins, an animal figurine and decorated plaques. The namentirane glinaste plošče. V uničujočem požaru so boards were charred in a fire and col apsed to the bottom deske zoglenele in padle na dno jame, na njih pa je ležala of the pit, on top of which archaeologists found the fire- tudi od požarnega ognja otrdela in opečena lončenina.31 hardened and burnt ceramic products.31 Vse to je izdeloval na prostoru pred podijem, kjer The area where the actual pottery making took je požar, ki je objekt upepelil, zapekel za predelavo pri- places was located in front of the work surface, where the pravljeno glino v brezoblično gmoto. Jama pod podijem fire turned the prepared clay into an amorphous mass. je bila namenjena zbiranju zalednih padavinskih voda, The function of the pit under the wooden boards was to ki so se vanjo stekale po površju konglomeratne skale. collect the water coming down the conglomerate rock. Iz jame je lončar pod hišnim temeljem in potjo napeljal The water was then drained away via two canals, lined s ploščatimi kamni obložena in s ploščami pokrita od- and covered with flat stones, that ran under the founda- točna kanala in ju povezal z velikim, ob hiši speljanim tions and into the drainage ditch to the east. The pit and jarkom. Z jamo in kanaloma je ustvaril suho okolje in the canals created a dry and suitable work environment. dobre razmere za delo. This part of the settlement was constructed on an Globok jarek ob vzhodni strani hiše je odvajal impervious conglomerate layer of moraine til , which vodo tudi z višje ležeče terase, na kateri je stala hiša 16. required certain measures to be taken. The drainage Ta del naselja je bil namreč zgrajen na neprepustnem ditch east of House 23 was draining water from the konglomeratnem sloju ledeniške morene, zato je bilo terrace above (that held House 16), but there were also z manjšimi kanali urejeno odvodnjavanje zalednih in smaller canals dug to drain the water from the slope and strešnih meteornih voda tudi v hišah 22, 22A in 26. the roofs of Houses 22, 22A and 26. HIŠA 15 HOUSE 15 V delavniškem nizu je bila tudi hiša 15, s 24,50 m² This was the largest of all the workshops in the row uporabnega prostora med vsemi največja ( sl. 15). Bila and measured 24.50 m² in usable space ( Fig. 15). It was je dvakrat obnovljena. Ko so jo obnavljali prvič (faza renovated twice; the first renovation (Phase 2)32 retained 2),32 so ohranili izvirno bivanjsko širino (okoli 2,30 m), the original width (around 2.30 m), but was lengthened so pa objekt dodobra raztegnili (s prvotnih 6 na 14 m) (from the original 6 to 14 m) and divided into three ter notranjost razdelili v tri prostore (v prvi fazi je bila rooms (the first-phase building had two rooms). dvocelična). The second renovation (Phase 3) abandoned the Pri drugi obnovi (faza 3) se prvotne talne zasnove second-phase layout. The new building of a rectangular niso več držali, so pa ohranili pravokotni tloris. Hišo so plan was constructed on top of a fairly thick layer of the postavili na kar debel sloj požarnih ruševin predhodnice, fire debris of the predecessor, with the northeast and severo- in jugovzhodno steno so deloma odmaknili v ne- southeast wal s moved onto the previously undisturbed, 31 In the initial reconstruction of the pottery workshop, 31 V prvem poskusu rekonstrukcije te lončarske I erroneously supposed a pottery kiln in the building on the delavnice sem v jami predvidel lončarsko peč, napačno assumption that there was a preparatory workshop in the izhajajoč iz domneve, da je bila v hiši 15A sočasno lončarjeva contemporary House 15A and a pottery kiln in House 23. It pripravljalnica, v hiši 23 pa lončarska peč. Dejansko sta turned out that the buildings functioned separately and each delovali vsaka zase in vsaka v svojem času. Ob ponovnem in its own time. The re-evaluation of the possible activities in preverjanju možnih dejavnosti v hiši 23 se je izkazalo, da v njej House 23 revealed that it could not have contained a kiln from iz povsem logističnih razlogov (varnost v zaprtem prostoru, purely logistic concerns (safety in an enclosed space, amount vodnatost terena) ni bilo peči. Tlorisno in gradbeniško pa of water in the area). However, the initial reconstruction is prva rekonstrukcija ustreza. Prim. Svoljšak 2014, 290–292. correct in plan and construction. Cf. Svoljšak 2014, 290–292. 32 32 Za rekonstrukcijo je bila uporabljena druga faza hiše, The reconstruction of the house is based on the ki je bila najboljše ohranjena. remains of the best preserved, second construction phase. 187 POSOŠKO ŽELEZNODOBNO STAVBARSTVO IRON AGE ARCHITECTURE IN POSOČJE Sl. 15: Rekonstrukcija druge gradbene faze hiše 15 (risba: T. Korošec). Fig. 15: Reconstruction of the second construction phase of House 15 (drawing: T. Korošec). dotaknjen nosilno zanesljiv geološki svet ter jo postavili but solid ground of natural deposits and constructed še vedno v klasični posoški gradnji.33 according to the Posočje standards.33 V drugi gradbeni fazi so najprej odstranili vse sta- In the second construction phase, all previous de- rejše ruševine, razen na zahodni strani, kjer so z njimi bris was removed with the exception of that in the west poravnali višinsko razliko med starim in novim podom. where it was used to level the old floor with the new; the Odstranili so tudi vso hišno opremo ter novogradnjo interior furnishings were also removed. The new build- umestili na še vedno trdne dele predhodnice. Pri tem so ing did reuse some of the load-bearing (foundations) and uporabili nekatere njene nosilne in zaščitne elemente, tako protective elements (drainage) of the previous building, temelj, del zemljenega poda in drenažo. Manjkajoče so as well as a part of its earthen floor. The missing parts dogradili ali popravili po ustaljenih stavbarskih normah. were either built anew or repaired, again according to Hiša je bila v prvi ter tudi v drugi fazi namenjena the Posočje standards. prebivanju, za kar vsekakor govori njena zelo kako- The building was a residential unit in the first and vostna gradnja. Bila je izvrstno zgrajena, upoštevaje second phases, which is suggested by the high quality vsa posoška stavbna pravila. Gre za v breg postavljeno of construction. It was sunken into the slope with the hišo z izhodom (enim ali več) v jugozahodni steni na entrance (entrances) in the southwest wall that opened neposredno ob njej potekajočo, s peskom nasuto pot. to the gravel path in front. The building yielded few Za tako opredelitev sicer v njej ni bilo kaj prida dokazil. small finds, which consist of everyday items such as Ohranilo se je le nekaj predmetov vsakdanje rabe, na ceramic rings, a ceramic bobbin, pottery, jewellery and primer svitki, glinast motek, lončeno posodje, nakit in a quernstone, while the iron slag, a casting pot and two žrmlje. Železova žlindra, livarska posodica in dva ingota ingots may represent the belongings of a caster that lived so lahko oprema v hiši stanujočega in delujočega livarja. and worked in the house. Že v prvi gradbeni fazi izvrstno grajen severni The north drainage wal , which was already con- drenažni zid, naslonjen na steno vkopa gradbene jame, structed in the first phase and leaned against the wall of so v podaljšanem delu stavbe dogradili. Na mestih, kjer the construction pit, was careful y repaired where damaged je bil poškodovan, so ga kakovostno popravili in hkrati and extended eastwards in the second phase. Drainage was podaljšali proti vzhodu. Novozgrajeni drenažni zid so še improved by lining with upright marl slabs (combined dopolnili s prislonjenimi ploščami laporja (kombinirana drainage). The drainage in the west differed already in the drenaža). Drenaža na zahodni strani je bila že v prvi first phase; the construction pit here was prepared into gradbeni stopnji drugače narejena. Bila je vkopana v the unstable debris of the adjacent House 15A and the nestabilne ruševine porušene sosednje hiše 15A, zato je drainage drywall constructed, 0.55 m wide, with only the bil tu zgrajen 0,55 m širok suhi zid, ki je imel urejeno le front face careful y made. Similar as in the east, it was lined čelno lice. Obenj so bile podobno kot na vzhodni strani with marl slabs.34 prislonjene še plošče laporja.34 33 33 Glej Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 114, sl. 102. See Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 114, Fig. 102. 34 34 Ib., 116, sl. 106. Ib., 116, Fig. 106. 188 POSOŠKO ŽELEZNODOBNO STAVBARSTVO IRON AGE ARCHITECTURE IN POSOČJE Na kamnit enovrstni in enoslojni temelj so bile v The single-line and single-course foundations vogalih in na spojih predelnih sten z nosilnimi obodnimi had larger slabs built into the junctions of wal s that stenami, torej na mestih, kjer so stale sohe, vstavljene supported the posts, and reached beyond the junctions večje plošče. Segale so čez robove temeljev, kar pomeni, so as to suggest that the sleeper beams above them also da so z njimi naredili podlage za temeljne pragove, ki projected from the line of the wal . This was necessary so segali čez linije sten. To je bilo nujno za solidno iz- for the cross-lapped joint to be solidly made. The corner vedbo križnega spaha. Skupaj s še ohranjenimi (čeprav slabs and the surviving (charred) remains of sleeper zoglenelimi) deli temeljnega praga (hrastov les) so plošče beams of oak wood reveal a timber-framed construc- dokaz o skeletni steni, postavljeni na kamnite temelje. tion, an element of which is also a brace, joined with the Njej v prid govori tudi na zemljenem podu v vzhodnem post at a 70° angle, that was found on the earthen floor prostoru ležeča ročica, vpeta v soho pod kotom 70°. in the east room. V dveh prostorih hiše so namestili zemljeni pod, The two east rooms had an earthen floor raised odebeljeno dvignjen kot tesnilo še ob temelje. V za- onto the foundations, while the west room had a floor hodnem prostoru so na tanek poravnani sloj ruševin of fir boards laid onto a thin levelled layer of Phase 1 starejše hiše položili pod iz jelovih desk. debris. Tudi za hišo 15 velja, da bi zavoljo zelo kakovostne The careful y constructed and solid House 15 pre- in trdne gradnje lahko imela pod dvokapno streho za sumably had a gabled roof with a habitable attic and a bivanje urejeno podstrešje, kritino pa bolj verjetno wooden rather than thatch roofing. leseno kot slamnato. EXCEPTIONS IZJEMI Two buildings stand apart from the others in con- Za večino stavb železnodobnega naselja je možno struction manner: House 3 in ground plan and House najti skupni imenovalec, le hiši 3 in 30 od ustaljenega 30 in its specifical y constructed west wal . načina gradnje odstopata. Prva se razlikuje po tlorisni zasnovi, hiša 30 pa ima na povsem enkraten način na- rejeno zahodno steno. HOUSE 3 HIŠA 3 The house had an L-shaped plan and two rooms: a larger one measuring around 10 m² and a smaller one Hiša je bila zgrajena v obliki črke L. Imela je dva of around 6.50 m². It was constructed on relatively flat prostora: večjega (okoli 10 m²) in manjšega (okoli ground present in this part of the settlement (similarly 6,50 m²). Postavljena je bila na obsežnejšo ravnico as House 30) and its construction pit was dug to a (podobno kot hiša 30) v plitvo vkopano gradbeno jamo. shallow depth. The foundations were a combination of Temelj je bil kombinacija suho zidanega kamnitega a drywall construction for the northwest wal , where podzidka za severozahodno steno v najgloblje vkopa- the construction pit was dug deepest into the ground, nem predelu gradbene jame in enega sloja kamnov ob and a single course of stones elsewhere. There were vseh preostalih stenah. Ob temelju ni bilo drenaže. Ta no drainage walls along the foundations; they were v geološko ugodni podlagi niti ni bila potrebna, očitno presumably not necessary as the natural deposits in je zadoščalo kar kamnito polnilo plitve gradbene jame. this area did not retain water and the stone fill of the Le ob temelju jugozahodne, to je vhodne stene, so bile shallow construction pit drained excess water to a pokonci založene lomljene plošče apnenca. sufficient degree. There were, however, upright slabs Na vseh nosilno občutljivih mestih, to so vogali hiše of limestone lining the foundations of the southwest in spoji večjega in manjšega prostora, so bile v temelj wall that also held the entrance. vgrajene večje plošče. Na teh mestih so v ogrodju skele- The foundations had larger slabs placed at wal tne stene stale sohe – v daljših stenah poleg vogalnih še junctions, where posts of the timber frame stood. Apart po dve vmesni, v krajših stenah le po ena vmesna. Večji from these, there were also intermediary posts: two in kamniti blok v večjem prostoru bi lahko služil za bazo the longer wal s and one in the shorter ones. The large slemenski sohi. Za gradnjo so uporabili izključno jelov stone block just off the centre in the large room may les, in sicer tako za temeljne pragove kot za sohe. Tudi have supported a ridge post. Only fir wood was used in v ruševinah razsuto oglje je pripadalo jelki. construction, both for the sleeper beams and posts. The O načinu gradnje ostrešja in kritini ni bilo v ostali- charcoal strewn across the debris was also fir. nah hiše nikakršnih pričevanj, zato ostaja rekonstrukcija The house yielded no evidence of the roof con- strehe popolna domneva. Na risbi ( sl. 16) je ostrešje struction and covering. The drawn reconstruction ( Fig. 189 POSOŠKO ŽELEZNODOBNO STAVBARSTVO IRON AGE ARCHITECTURE IN POSOČJE Sl. 16: Rekonstrukcija prve gradbene faze hiše 3 (risba: T. Korošec). Fig. 16: Reconstruction of the first construction phase of House 3 (drawing: T. Korošec). prikazano v dvokapni zasnovi, za kritino je uporabljena 16) proposes a gabled roof covered with thatch, though slama, ob lesu vsekakor možen material. wood cannot be excluded as roofing material. Od notranje opreme hiše so se in situ ohranili v Of the interior furnishing surviving in situ, excava- zahodnem kotu večjega prostora v geološko osnovo tions documented a jar in the west corner of the large vstavljen lonec, obložen proti stenama s kamnitima room, placed into a pit dug into the natural deposit and ploščama. Na nivoju hodne površine je bil obdan s lined with a pair of stone slabs at the corner. At ground “tlakom” iz oblic. V manjšem prostoru je na zemljenem level, the jar was surrounded by a cobbled ‘paving’. Ly- podu ali ognjišču ležala poleg skupine glinastih svitkov ing either on the floor or on a hearth, the small room večja amorfna gmota glinastega ometa, v kateri so se revealed a group of ceramic rings, as well as a large ohranili manjši otrdeli kosi ornamentiranih glinastih amorphous mass of clay daub that included smaller plošč. Prav številčnost in raznolikost motivike na okra- hardened pieces of decorated ceramic plaques. The šenih ploščah napeljuje na pomisel o posebni vlogi hiše number of plaques and the diversity of their decorative 3 v železnodobnem naselju, najsi je bila ta posebnost designs suggests a special role of House 3 within the Iron povezana s posebnim statusom njenih prebivalcev ali Age settlement, related possibly to the special status of pa z njihovo dejavnostjo. its inhabitants or to their activities. HIŠA 30 HOUSE 30 Hiša je stala na skrajnem vzhodnem robu naselja, It stood at the eastern edge of the settlement, next tik ob suho zidani ogradi, onkraj katere se je razprosti- to a drywall enclosure beyond which extends a Late La ralo poznolatensko in zgodnjerimsko grobišče. Glede Tène and Early Roman cemetery. Its interior furnish- na notranjo opremo je bila opredeljena kot pekarski ings suggest that it functioned as a bakery. With 25.50 obrat. Bila je eden večjih objektov s 25,50 m² uporabne m² of usable space, it was one of the largest buildings površine. unearthed in the settlement. Hiša je stala na ravnici oziroma v zelo blagem The house was located on fairly gentle slope and is nagibu terena, tako da ne sodi med tipične v breg pri- therefore not among those sunken deep into the slope slonjene hiše, ki so v naselju prevladovale ( sl. 17). Na ( Fig. 17). In the north, east and south, the construc- severni, vzhodni in južni strani je bilo njeno stavbišče tion pit of Phase 2 was dug to a shallow depth through urejeno s plitvim vkopom skozi tanek sloj ruševin the thin layer of debris of the Phase 1 house and into starejše stavbe, ki je stala na tem mestu, deloma pa the natural deposits. The single-line and single-course tudi v geološko podlago. Temelj iz ene lege in ene vrste foundations held oak sleeper beams and were protected kamnov ter nanj položen hrastov prag so varovale ob by drainage slabs of marl and limestone lining the wal s vkop gradbene jame založene drenažne plošče laporja of the construction pit. This was fairly common type of 190 POSOŠKO ŽELEZNODOBNO STAVBARSTVO IRON AGE ARCHITECTURE IN POSOČJE Sl. 17: Rekonstrukcija druge gradbene faze hiše 30 (risba: T. Korošec). Fig. 17: Reconstruction of the second construction phase of House 30 (drawing: T. Korošec). ali ploščato lomljenega apnenca. To je bila na Mostu na drainage at Most na Soči. In the west, the bottom of the Soči kar pogosto uporabljena tehnika gradnje drenaž. Na construction pit was level with the existing ground; this zahodni strani, kjer je bil vhod v hišo, je bilo stavbišče was also the side with the entrance. poravnano z nivojem okolja. The form of the foundations and drainage, as wel Po obliki temelja in drenaže ter tudi iz ostankov as the charred remains of sleeper beams suggest that zoglenelih temeljnih pragov je mogoče sklepati, da je the house was timber-framed on three sides (north, imela stavba na vseh treh plitko vkopanih stranicah east, south), while the west side showed a different skeletne stene, medtem ko je bila zahodna stran na- construction. The roof here was supported by a pair rejena povsem drugače. Za vmesna nosilca strehe sta of posts anchored in postholes (2 and 3) lined with namreč služili stojki, postavljeni v jami, ki so ju obložili flat stones. The lining projected several centimetres s ploščatimi kamni. Obloga je segala nekaj centimetrov above the ground level. The posts were hewn to a nad hodno površino hiše. V preseku pravokotno stesani rectangular cross section (22 x 18 cm and 25 x 22 cm) stojki (22 x 18 cm in 25 x 22 cm) z ravno odžaganima and their ends cut flat, placed into the lined postholes koncema so trdno umestili v kamniti okvir in ju še and packed with stones. Each was removed some 2 m zagozdili. Od južne oziroma severne stene hiše sta bili from the south and the north wal , respectively, but odmaknjeni za okoli 2 m, podobna je bila tudi razdalja also from each other. There was a third post (1), which med njima. Tretja, v preseku kvadratna stojka (24 x was square in cross section (24 x 24 cm) and anchored 24 cm), je stala v podobno urejeni jami, vendar pa z in a similarly lined hole, but was not aligned with the drugima dvema ni bila poravnana. Šteti jo je zato za other two posts; it should therefore be seen as a later kasneje dodano oporo. Neporavnanost jam za stojke addition. This misalignment also hinders a reliable zelo otežuje rekonstrukcijo zahodne stene hiše, poseb- reconstruction of the west wal . no njeno tlorisno podobo. The construction using posts anchored in stone- Gradnja s stojkami, trdno postavljenimi v oblože- lined holes did not require foundations and sleeper ne jame, je dopuščala opustitev temelja in temeljnega beams, but did allow unobstructed access to the house. praga, s tem pa sta bila omogočena neovirano gibanje If the entrance were located between the central posts, in vstop v prostor. Če je bil vhod med središčnima its width would measure around 2 m. The different sohama, je bila njegova širina okoli 2 m. Tako grajena construction of this wall was presumably an adapta- stranica hiše, drugačna od drugih treh sten, je bila tion to the function of the building. Another feature očitno prilagojena funkciji stavbe. To pa je iskati še v that is particular to this house is a built-in oven (the drugi posebnosti te hiše, in sicer peči, edinim primer- investigated houses at Most na Soči general y yielded kom med dokaj skromnim nepremičnim inventarjem few similar furnishings, such as hearths and pits). The mostarskih železnodobnih hiš (ognjišča, jame). Po- oven was located next to a ground-level hearth, combin- stavili so jo ob pritlehnem ognjišču in tako na enem ing both features in the same place of the house (easier mestu (vzdrževanje, varnost) združili v hiši obe kuri- maintenance, greater safety). The oven had 0.25 m² of 191 POSOŠKO ŽELEZNODOBNO STAVBARSTVO IRON AGE ARCHITECTURE IN POSOČJE šči. Kurilna površina v njej je merila 0,25 m², obdajal interior surface and an exterior frame composed of marl jo je iz lapornatih plošč sestavljen okvir, prevlečen z slabs covered with a thick layer of clay for insulation. The debelo glinasto izolacijsko oblogo. Kaj so pekli v njej? oven was used for baking food, presumably unleavened Domnevati smemo, da je služila peki nekvašenega bread or cake as suggested by the documented crops of kruha ali pogače, sodeč po izpričanem pridelovanju cereals (several types of wheat, rye, millet).35 The sickle žit (več tipov pšenice, rž, proso).35 Srp, ki je ležal na found on the earthen floor of the house also indicates zemljenem hišnem podu, pa je tudi znanilec z žitom, activities connected with cereals, flour and bread. moko in kruhom povezljive dejavnosti. The house had two pits that also tell of the activities Z dejavnostjo v hiši sta bili povezani še dve jami, taking place here, particularly the pit located at the south posebno jama ob njeni južni steni, ki je tlorisno po- wall that is similar in plan to the pits in other workshops. dobna jamam v drugih delavnicah. Okoli nje je bilo There were a number of broken ceramic rings strewn razpršenih precej polomljenih glinastih svitkov, ki so around the pit, which may also have been used as loom med drugim lahko služili za obtežilo niti na statvah. V weights. The other, smaller and round pit was located near manjši okrogli jami blizu peči je morda stala lončena the oven and may have held a ceramic water container. posoda za vodo. The timber-framed walls of the building were Skeletne stene hiše so bile znotraj ometane z daubed with loam in the interior. The impressions left on ilovnatim ometom. Sodeč po odtisih, so na deskah the pieces of daub show that the wall planks were either stenskega opaža zanj z vejnatim prepletom pripravili combined with wattle to improve adhesion or were left dober oprijem ali pa je zadostovala že groba, hrapava raw, with the rough surface of cleft planks sufficing.36 površina klanih desk.36 With the house having a hearth and an oven, both Ostrešje je pri dveh v hiši delujočih kuriščih in temu emitting smoke, the roof truss must have been open. primerni zadimljenosti moralo biti odprto in glede na The roof must also have been additional y supported; razsežnost tudi podprto. S kamni tlakovana površina the stone-paved surface near the hearth was very likely ob ognjišču je zelo verjetna baza takšne strešne opore. the footing for such a support. ZAKLJUČEK CONCLUSION Šestintrideset na Mostu na Soči odkritih in raz- The thirty-six investigated houses at Most na Soči, iskanih hiš, od katerih so bile nekatere vsaj na nivoju those that had well-preserved foundations and floors temeljev in hišnega poda zelo dobro ohranjene (1, 2, (1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 11, 15, 15A, 16, 20, 22, 22A, 26, 29, 30) 3, 5, 8, 10, 11, 15, 15A, 16, 20, 22, 22A, 26, 29, 30), and others that survived in more limited extents, have druge pa le v manjših preostankih, je prineslo obilico provided an abundance of evidence on the construction gradbenih sestavin. Od hiše do hiše so se ponavljale in practices in the region. The constructional details re- dopolnjevale, tako da je bilo v njih preprosto prepoznati vealed a high quality and a specific style of construction kakovostno gradnjo in poseben gradbeni slog. Poime- named the Posočje type house, which continued to be novali smo ga kot posoško železnodobno stavbarstvo, built in the Late Iron Age (e.g. in Houses 31, 33, 35). ki se je ohranilo tudi v mlajši železni dobi (npr. hiše 31, It was the product of the knowledge and experience of 33, 35). Temeljilo je na znanju in izkušnjah ter rokodel- the craftsmen of Posočje who used the basic principles skih veščinah posoških stavbenikov, ki so se pri gradnji 35 povečini togo držali temeljnih gradbenih sestavin, saj so See here Motel a De Carlo. 36 The recovered daub pieces in the area of House 30 35 Glej tu Motel a De Carlo. are of two types: one are pieces with the impressions of 36 Omet v območju hiše 30 ima dve obliki. Na enem so round pieces of wood – branches, the other are triangular- ohranjeni odtisi okroglega lesa – vej, drugi so trikotnega sectioned pieces that may represent caulking. The latter were preseka in so lahko bili mašila. Ta so bila vezana na jame found in pits outside the house, which are stratigraphical y zunaj tlorisa hiše 30, ki so stratigrafsko gledano starejše earlier (first construction phase). Both are important for the (prva faza hiše). Oboje je zelo pomembno za razumevanje understanding of the construction technique: caulking was načina gradnje: mašila so prišla v poštev pri gradnji z bruni, used with logs or planks, branches in wattlework wal s or veje pa pri gradnji z vejnatim prepletom ali iz vej narejene daub supports. No other house yielded so much daub with opore za ilovnat stenski omet. Toliko ometa z odtisi vej ni branch impressions. The foundations and the sleeper beam bilo v nobeni drugi hiši. Temelji in temeljni prag, ohranjen surviving on them suggest a standard construction technique na temelju, kažejo na običajen način gradnje, dokazan in used in most houses. The daub was thickest along and above preverjen v večini hiš. Plast ometa je bila najbolj debela ob the foundations, with drainage slabs leaning over them. temeljih in nad njimi, čezenj so nalegale še drenažne plošče. Daub was also found on the earthen floor in the interior, up Ležal je tudi v notranjosti prostora na zemljenem podu, to 1.85 m from the foundations; this may suggest a col apsed največ do 1,85 m od temelja. To bi kazalo na padlo steno in s wall and consequently the (approximate) height of the living tem na (približno) višino bivalnega prostora. quarters. 192 POSOŠKO ŽELEZNODOBNO STAVBARSTVO IRON AGE ARCHITECTURE IN POSOČJE zagotavljale trdnost stavb in bivanjsko ugodje, velikost of construction to ensure the stability of construc- stavb in njihovo izvedbo pa so prilagajali naročnikovim tion and the comfort of the living standards, with the potrebam. Od tod opazna raznolikost stavb v sicer size and shape of the houses adapted to the needs of urejenem naselju. Povrhu so stavbe glede na njihovo the inhabitants. The latter considerations produced a namembnost primerno razvrščali v prostoru – stano- variety of buildings sited within the settlement accord- vanjske hiše v ugodnejše geološke predele ledeniške ing to their function – the residential buildings in the morene na pobočjih pod tremi kuki, delavniške pa na geological y better suited parts of the moraine til , on slabša območja, kjer je bilo treba poskrbeti za primerno the slopes below the three peaks, and the workshops on infrastrukturo. Razen nekaj izjem (hiše 3, 11, 30) so bile poorer ground that required additional infrastructure. vse druge stavbe postavljene v breg, zato so lahko imele With rare exceptions (Houses 3, 11, 30), buildings nekatere v bivalni prostor urejena podstrešja. Za tri je were sunken into the slope, which suggests that some značilno, da so imele na vseh štirih straneh vkopane may have had a habitable attic. Three houses (1/1, oziroma obsute stene (1/1, 11/2, 29). Te so imele skozi 11/2, 29) were sunken into the ground or slope on al obsutje narejen nadkrit vhod. four sides, and were furnished with an entrance with Razen po velikosti so se hiše razlikovale tudi po a projecting roof. funkcionalnosti. Ločimo lahko stanovanjske (1, 5, The buildings differed in size and function, as 6/1, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 20, 26, 29/2) in delavniške mentioned above; we can distinguish between residen- (4, 12, 15A, 22A, 22, 23, 29/1, 30/2), stanovanjske pa tial units (1, 5, 6/1, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 20, 26, 29/2) razdelimo še na enoprostorne (6/1, 10, 16/1, 20, 24, and workshops (4, 12, 15A, 22A, 22, 23, 29/1, 30/2). The 26), dvoprostorne (1, 5, 16) in najbolj razkošne s tremi residential units or houses can be further divided into prostori (8, 11/2, 15). Dve dvoprostorni hiši (1, 16) in še single-room (6/1, 10, 16/1, 20, 24, 26), two-room (1, 5, nekatere, ki so jima po nekaterih sestavinah (jame) zelo 16) and three-room buildings (8, 11/2, 15). Two of the blizu (5, 13, 17), imajo podoben kvadraten tloris, eden two-room houses (1, 16) and several others with similar od prostorov je bil urejen za shrambo. Nad shrambami features, i.e. pits (5, 13, 17), have a comparable, square je bil nujen strop. plan, with one of the rooms used for storage. Storage Hiši 8 in 15 sta bili v tlorisu ozki in dolgi. V neka- rooms certainly required a ceiling. terih primerih, ko so bili ohranjeni le stavbni fragmenti Houses 8 and 15 were narrow and long in plan. (hiše 2, 9, 18, 19, 21, 25, 27, 28), njihova oblika sicer ni Some houses could not be determined as to their plan bila določljiva, vendar z detajli dobro dopolnjujejo sliko (Houses 2, 9, 18, 19, 21, 25, 27, 28), but they nevertheless posoškega železnodobnega stavbarstva. revealed details that importantly add to our understand- Stanovanjske hiše so stale posamič, imele so tudi ing of the construction techniques practised in Posočje očitno večjo okolico, medtem ko so bile delavniške in the Iron Age. stavbe razmeščene bodisi posamič (4, 12, 30) ali pa v Residential buildings stood separate from one an- urejenem nizu ob vaški poti (15A, 22A, 22, 23). other, i.e. were detached and apparently provided with Kronološko sodijo vse odkrite hiše v drugo sto- a certain free space around them, while the workshops pnjo svetolucijske halštatske kulture (Sv. Lucija II). were either detached (4, 12, 30) or huddled together in Večina jih je bila zaradi uničujočih požarov enkrat a row along the path (15A, 22A, 22, 23). ali dvakrat obnovljena. Pri tem so v glavnem uničili All the investigated houses date to the second sestavine in tudi inventar starejših stavb, če pa so phase of the Sveta Lucija group of the Hal statt culture bili posamični deli dobro ohranjeni, so jih vključili (Sv. Lucija II). Most were renovated once or twice fol- v prenovo. Presenetljivo je, da se je v stanovanjskih lowing destructive fires. Renovation involved removing hišah ohranil le neuporaben ali manj cenjen premični the damaged remains of the previous houses, their con- inventar (izjema je prva faza hiše 16), medtem ko so structional elements, interior furnishings and movable porušene delavnice ponudile dosti bolj pisano arheo- items, while the parts that survived to a sufficient degree loško tvarino. Izpraznjenost stanovanjskih hiš nakazuje were incorporated into the new building. Surprisingly, na pravočasen umik iz gorečih stavb. the residential buildings only revealed items that were Še posebno preseneča skromen bivalni nepremič- no longer usable (with the exception of the first phase of ni hišni inventar, ki ga predstavljajo redka znotraj hiš House 16), while the workshops yielded a much richer nameščena ognjišča, shrambne jame, peč. Prav zato array of archaeological finds. The paucity of finds sug- je verjetno, da so pri hišah stala pomožna poslopja gests that the burning houses were emptied of portable (shrambe, hlevi, kuhinje), v nekaterih primerih so ta items and people in time. tudi ugotovljena (npr. v sondi 1). Nesorazmerna s ka- Even more surprising is the paucity of immov- kovostjo gradnje hiš je skromna ohranjenost notranje able furnishings of houses, with rare hearths, storage opreme (izjema so delavnice in prva faza hiše 16), h pits and a single oven. This opens the possibility of kateri so sodile tudi premične glinaste plošče, okrašene outbuildings (pantries, stables, kitchens), some of z raznoliko geometrijsko motiviko (edini figuralni which have been documented (e.g. in Trench 1). Dis- 193 POSOŠKO ŽELEZNODOBNO STAVBARSTVO IRON AGE ARCHITECTURE IN POSOČJE motiv na njih je konj z jezdecem).37 Nameščene so bile proportionate with the high quality of construction na izbrana mesta in so svojevrsten izraz umetniškega is the poor preservation of the interior furnishings ustvarjanja v železnodobni vasi. Plemenitile so bivalno (with the exception of the workshops and the first ugodje in pričajo ne nazadnje o udobju, za katerega ni phase of House 16) that included the terracotta plaques bila merilo velikost bivalne površine. decorated with different geometric motifs (the only figural motif is that of a mounted horseman).37 These plaques were fitted in select areas of the houses and Mogočna nisi, ne prostorna are a testimony to the artistic expression in the Iron in stavil te umetnik ni, Age vil age; they enhanced a living environment not bolj kot bogata si uborna measured according to the size of the house. preprosta selska hiša ti. Simon Gregorčič, Kmetski hiši 37 37 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, t. 65: 4. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, Pl. 65: 4. CEVC, T. 1984, Arhitekturno izročilo pastirjev, drvarjev in SVOLJŠAK, D. 2001, Zametki urbanizma v železnodobni oglarjev na Slovenskem. Kulturnozgodovinski in etnološki naselbini na Mostu na Soči (Zur Entstehung der Urban- oris. – Ljubljana. isation in der eisezeitlichen Siedlung von Most na Soči). – CHIECO BIANCHI, A. M. 1984, Este. – V / In: A. Aspes Arheološki vestnik 52, 131−138. (ur. / ed.), Il Veneto nel antichità. Preistoria e protostoria, SVOLJŠAK, D. 2005, Most na Soči. Un insediamento dell'età Verona, 693–724. del ferro di tipo venetico. – V / In: G. Bandelli, E. Mon- DULAR, J. 2008, Prazgodovinske lesne gradbene tehnike in tagnari Kokelj (ur. / eds.), Carlo Marchesetti e i castel ieri, njihova terminologija / Prehistoric building techniques 1903−2003. Atti del Convegno internazionale di studi, and their terminology. – Annales 18, 337−348. Castel o di Duino (Trieste), 14−15 novembre 2003, Trieste, FISTER, P. 1986, Umetnost stavbarstva na Slovenskem. – Lju- 651−655. bljana. SVOLJŠAK, D. 2014, Lončarjeva delavnica ob “obrtni poti” v MARCHESETTI, C. 1993 (reprint), Scritti sul a necropoli di železnodobni naselbini na Mostu na Soči (Pottery work- S. Lucia di Tolmino (scavi 1884–1902). – Trieste. shop on the “artisans' street” in the Iron Age settlement at MARZATICO, F. 2016, Prima del a Roma: modelli d'abitato Most na Soči). – V / In: S. Tecco Hvala (ur. / ed.), Studia ed edilizia nel mondo retico. – V / In: V. Mariotti (ur. / Preahistorica in Honorem Janez Dular, Opera Instituti Ar- ed.), Dinamiche insediative nel e Alpi centrali tra antichità chaeologici Sloveniae 30, 287–295. e medioevo. Atti del convegno, Sondrio, 29. novembre 2014, SVOLJŠAK, D., J. DULAR 2016, Železnodobno naselje Most Studi e ricerche di archeologia 2, 27–48. na Soči. Gradbeni izvidi in najdbe / The Iron Age settlement SVOLJŠAK, D. 1974, Raziskovanje prazgodovinske naselbine at Most na Soči. Settlement structures and small finds. – na Mostu na Soči. – Goriški letnik 1, 5−31. Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloviniae 33. SVOLJŠAK, D. 1998, Casa di tipo “isontino” a Most na Soči TERŽAN, B., F. LO SCHIAVO, N. TRAMPUŽ-OREL (Slovenia). – V / In: G. Ciurletti, F. Marzatico (ur. / eds.), I 1984−1985, Most na Soči (S. Lucia) 2. Szombathyjeva iz- Reti / Die Räter. Atti del Simposio, 23.−25. settembre 1993, kopavanja / Die Ausgrabungen von J. Szombathy. – Kata- Castelo di Stenico, Trento, Archeologia delle Alpi 5 (1999), logi in monografije 23. 269−294. 194 Železnodobno naselje Most na Soči. Razprave / The Iron Age settlement at Most na Soči. Treatises. OIAS 34, 2018, 195−247 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI IZ ŽELEZNODOBNE NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS FROM THE IRON AGE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Boštjan LAHARNAR UVOD INTRODUCTION Arheološko tipokronološko analizo drobnih The contribution below discusses the metal and kovinskih in steklenih najdb ter kamnitih kalupov iz glass finds, as well as the stone moulds recovered from železnodobne naselbine na Mostu na Soči predsta- the Iron Age settlement at Most na Soči. The results of vljamo v treh sklopih. Najprej obravnavamo gradivo their typo-chronological analysis are presented in three iz raziskanih hiš, nato iz ruševine druge gradbene sections. The first one examines the finds from the in- faze hiše 6 oz. kultnega mesta in nazadnje najdbe z vestigated houses, the second one those from the debris območij z razpršenimi sledmi poselitve. Gradivo pri of the second phase of House 6 interpreted as a cult posameznih podpoglavjih obravnavamo po zvrsteh, place and the third section the finds from the locations najprej nakit, nato orožje, orodje, razne pripomočke in of dispersed habitation traces. Within each section, the nazadnje kamnite livarske kalupe. V prvi vrsti želimo, finds are presented according to function: first pieces of kadar je to mogoče, ugotoviti funkcijo ter predlagati jewellery, followed by weapons, tools and implements, časovni okvir uporabe obravnavanih predmetov, kar and final y stone moulds. The aim of the analysis is to bo v pomoč pri končnem kronološkem ovrednotenju establish, inasmuch as possible, the function of the finds raziskanega dela naselbine. and the span of their use as a step towards a comprehen- sive chronological assessment of the settlement. NAJDBE IZ HIŠ FINDS FROM HOUSES NAKIT JEWELLERY Fibule Fibulae V plasti ruševin ob južnem temeljnem zidu pr- The debris layer unearthed along the south founda- ve gradbene faze hiše 23 je bila odkrita skupina treh tions of the first construction phase of House 23 revealed bronastih dolgonožnih ločnih fibul ( t. 66: 1–3)1. Tej ali a group of three bronze long-footed bow fibulae ( Pl. 66: sorodni obliki fibule je verjetno pripadal tudi odlomek 1–3)1. A foot fragment of another fibula ( Pl. 66: 4) from noge fibule iz istega skupka najdb ( t. 66: 4). Dolgonožne the same assemblage belongs either to this or to a similar ločne ali pijavkaste fibule označuje značilna polkrožna form. Long-footed bow or leech fibulae are character- oblika votlega ali polnega loka,2 ki je pogosto okrašen z ised by a semi-circular outline of the bow that is either vrezi, ter največkrat dolga noga s kroglasto odebeljenim hollow or solid,2 and often decorated with incisions, a zaključkom. Peresovina je izdelana iz dvakrat navite žice. predominantly long foot with a spherical terminal and a Naštete oblikovne značilnosti so lastne tudi primerkom two-coil spring. The enumerated formal characteristics z votlim lokom iz hiše 23. also apply to the leech fibulae from House 23 that have a hollow bow. 1 Pri navajanju gradiva se sklicujemo na table v prvi 1 The references to the drawings of small finds are on the knjigi o železnodobni naselbini na Mostu na Soči (Svoljšak, plates in the first volume on the Iron Age settlement at Most Dular 2016). na Soči (Svoljšak, Dular 2016). 2 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1985, 22–23: št. 5–7. 2 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1985, 22–23: Nos. 5–7. 195 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... Biba Teržan in Neva Trampuž-Orel sta pijavkaste Biba Teržan and Neva Trampuž attribute leech fibule opredelili kot obliko stopenj Sv. Lucija Ic2 in IIa.3 fibulae to the Sv. Lucija Ic2 and IIa phases.3 They also Avtorici ugotavljata, da je prehod med stopnjama Ic2 observe that the transition between these two phases was in IIa nepretrgan.4 Horizont Sv. Lucija Ic2 sta umestili smooth.4 In absolute terms, they date Sv. Lucija Ic2 to na prelom iz 7. v 6. st. pr. n. št. oz. v čas prehoda med the transition from the 7th to the 6th century BC, i.e. to staro- in mladohalštatskim obdobjem. V tem obdobju so the transition from the Early to the Late Hal statt period. pijavkaste fibule in fibule z nizkim lokom in dolgo nogo In this phase, leech and long-footed fibulae with a low izražale jasne zveze z italskim prostorom.5 bow indicate clear connections with Italy.5 Na mostarskem grobišču bi njihov pojav že v sto- At the Most na Soči cemetery, their appearance pnji Ic2 nakazovale kombinacije s čolničastimi,6 dvozan- already in the Ic2 phase is indicated by the association kastimi vozlastimi7 in dolgonožnimi ločnimi fibulami z with boat,6 two-looped knobbed7 and long-footed bow nizkim lokom,8 v stopnji Sv. Lucija IIa pa kombinacije s fibulae with a low bow.8 Their continuous use in the svetolucijskimi,9 kačastimi,10 trakastimi,11 masivnejšimi IIa phase is suggested by the association with the Sveta oblikami rtastih12 in drugimi različicami dolgonožnih Lucija,9 serpentine,10 band,11 larger variants of two- or ločnih fibul.13 Med slednjimi je večkrat različica z lu- three-knobbed fibulae ( Zwei-, Dreiknopffibeln)12 and knjicami za okras na loku,14 ki velja za mlajšo različico other variants of long-footed bow fibulae.13 The last of v evoluciji dolgonožnih ločnih fibul in je kasnejša od the enumerated fibula forms includes several examples stopnje Sv. Lucija Ic2.15 To nazadnje potrjuje najdba dveh of the variant with holes for inlaid decoration on the tovrstnih fibul, okrašenih s številnimi obeski (npr. s tri- bow,14 which is deemed a later variant in the develop- kotnim obeskom, na katerem so nameščeni trije obeski ment of long-footed bow fibulae and postdates the Sv. v obliki rokice) in obročki, v grobu 10 grobišča “Pian de Lucija Ic2 phase.15 This is corroborated by the find of la Gnela” pri Pieve d'Alpago. Po Diegu Voltoliniju grob two such fibulae with numerous pendants (e.g. with a ni starejši od sredine 6. st. pr. n. št.16 triangular pendant hung with three hand-shaped pen- Opozarjamo na previdnost pri sklicevanju na dants) and rings hanging from them, found in Grave 10 grobne celote z Mosta na Soči pri tipokronološkem of the Pian de la Gnela cemetery near Pieve d’Alpago; opredeljevanju gradiva. Svetolucijski grobovi z veliko according to Diego Voltolini, the grave does not predate pridatki večkrat vsebujejo predmete, ki so po uvelja- the mid-6th century BC.16 vljenih tipokronologijah različno stari. Med njimi je We should note that caution is required when using npr. grob Sz 2229 ( sl. 1), ki vsebuje pijavkasto fibulo ( sl. the grave groups from Most na Soči for a typo-chrono- 1: 3), dolgonožni ločni fibuli z luknjicami na loku ( sl. logical attribution of comparable finds, as these graves 1: 1–2), odlomek kačaste fibule s ploščicama ( sl. 1: 5), were often found to contain items of differing phases, samostrelno fibulo z dvignjeno pečatno nogo ( sl. 1: 6), if judging from the established typo-chronologies. For lok certoške fibule vrste IIa po Teržanovi ( sl. 1: 4) in pr- example, Grave Sz 2229 ( Fig. 1) revealed a leech fibula stan ( sl. 1: 7).17 Pijavkasta fibula sodi v stopnji Ic2 in IIa, ( Fig. 1: 3), two long-footed bow fibulae with holes on the dolgonožni ločni fibuli z luknjicami v stopnjo IIa, kamor bow ( Fig. 1: 1–2), a fragment of a serpentine fibula with se večinoma datira tudi kačasta fibula s ploščicama.18 two discs on the bow ( Fig. 1: 5), a fibula with a crossbow Kasnejši sta certoška fibula vrste IIa in samostrelna fibula spring ( Armbrustfibel) and a raised stamp-shaped foot s pečatno nogo, ki sta značilni najdbi horizonta Sv. Lucija ( Fig. 1: 6), the bow of a Certosa fibula of Variant IIa after Teržan ( Fig. 1: 4) and a finger ring ( Fig. 1: 7).17 The leech 3 Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 424, 428; tako tudi Gabrovec 3 1987, 128–129. Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 424, 428; the same dating in 4 Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 428. Gabrovec 1987, 128–129. 5 4 Ibid., 427. Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 428. 6 5 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, t. 55C, 230D. Ibid., 427. 7 6 Ibid. 138B, 175E, 200C, 248D. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, Pls. 55C, 230D. 8 7 Ibid., t. 99D, 200C, 230D. Ibid., 138B, 175E, 200C, 248D. 9 8 Ibid., t. 55C, 83B, 159C, 214A, 227A, 231F. Ibid., Pls. 99D, 200C, 230D. 10 9 Ibid., t. 157C, 227A, 231F, 232A. Ibid., Pls. 55C, 83B, 159C, 214A, 227A, 231F. 11 10 Ibid., t. 210A, 231F. Ibid., Pls. 157C, 227A, 231F, 232A. 12 11 Ibid., t. 159C. Ibid., Pls. 210A, 231F. 13 12 Ibid., t. 83B. Ibid. , Pl. 159C. 14 13 Ibid., t. 55C: 4, 210A: 2, 214A: 2, 230D: 2, 232A: 1–2. Ibid., Pl. 83B. 15 14 Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 429; Gabrovec 1987, 129; Ibid., Pls. 55C: 4, 210A: 2, 214A: 2, 230D: 2, 232A: 1-2. 15 Nascimbene 2009, 133, op. 321. Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 429; Gabrovec 1987, 129; 16 Voltolini 2015, 49. Nascimbene 2009, 133, Fn. 321. 17 16 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž - Orel 1984, t. 232A; Voltolini 2015, 49. 17 Ibid., 1985, 353. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, Pls. 232A; 18 Tecco Hvala 2014, 152. Ibid., 1985, 353. 196 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... Sl. 1: Most na Soči. Grob Sz 2229 (po Teržan, Trampuž-Orel, Lo Schiavo 1984, t. 232A). Fig. 1: Most na Soči. Grave Sz 2229 (from Teržan, Trampuž-Orel, Lo Schiavo 1984, Pl. 232A). 197 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... IIb1.19 Iz Szombathyjevih dnevniških zapisov izvemo, fibula is attributable to Ic2 and IIa, the two long-footed da je grob 2229 ležal 45 cm globoko in ga je prekrivala bow fibulae to IIa, for the most part similarly as the ser- kamnita plošča s premerom 80/100 cm. Najdbe izvirajo pentine fibula with two discs on the bow.18 The Variant iz keramične žare, ki je bila skoraj do vrha zapolnjena z IIa Certosa fibula and the fibula with a crossbow spring, žganino, vrh nje je ležala slabo ohranjena bronasta situla to the contrary, are later and typical of the Sv. Lucija IIb1 ( sl. 1: 8).20 Za žaro so uporabili značilni svetolucijski phase.19 Szombathy’s diaries show that Grave 2229 lay 45 narebreni pitos ( sl. 1: 9). Tovrstne keramične pitose so cm deep and was covered with a stone slab measuring na svetolucijski nekropoli uporabljali od stopnje Ic do 80/100 cm across. The artefacts were found in a ceramic konca starejše železne dobe.21 Bronasta situla ima kratek urn, which was filled almost to the rim with cremated vrat in navzven zavihano ustje, kar je značilnost situl and burnt remains and was covered by a poorly preserved stopnje Sv. Lucija IIa.22 Pomenljivo je opažanje avtoric, bronze situla ( Fig. 1: 8).20 The urn is a cordoned pithos ki so se pri opredeljevanju grobne celote oprle tudi na characteristic of the Sveta Lucija group ( Fig. 1: 9). Such patino predmetov in pri tem ugotovile, da glede na po- ceramic pithoi were in use in the Most na Soči cemetery dobnost patine eno skupino sestavljajo dolgonožne ločne from the Ic phase to the end of the Early Iron Age.21 The fibule, drugo certoška in samostrelna fibula s pečatno bronze situla has a short neck and an everted rim, which nogo.23 Ali smemo to razumeti kot nesočasen pokop is characteristic of the situlae dated to the Sv. Lucija IIa vsaj dveh oseb na istem mestu? Na fenomen takšnih phase.22 We should also note that the authors of the pokopov je bilo že večkrat opozorjeno in verjetno ni bil publications use the differing patina on the objects to zgolj pojav venetskih središč,24 ampak v določeni meri distinguish between two groups: one that comprises the tudi podalpskih najdišč s periferije estenske kulture25 in long-footed bow fibulae and the other the Certosa fibula morda tudi Mosta na Soči. and the fibula with a crossbow spring with a stamp-shaped Specifičnost mostarskih grobnih celot ter odso- foot.23 Is it possible to see this as the remains of at least tnost in problematičnost radiokarbonskih26 datumov two different individuals from different phases buried on za najdišča svetolucijske skupine nakazujejo podobne the same spot? Such a possibility has already been raised ugotovitve kot v dolenjski halštatski skupini. Teržanova for several graves and was probably not a phenomenon v analizi kronoloških vprašanj dolenjske skupine namreč limited to Venetic centres,24 but to a certain degree also ugotavlja, da absolutne datacije nekoliko “plavajo”, pri present in the sub-Alpine sites on the periphery of the čemer edina opora za datiranje ostaja “klasična” primer- Este culture25 and possibly also at Most na Soči. jalna arheološka analiza kronološko relevantnih celot in The specific features of the grave groups from Most značilnih zvrsti predmetov.27 na Soči, as well as the absence of and the problems as- Datacija pijavkastih fibul v stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIa, ki sociated with the results of the radiocarbon analyses26 je sočasna horizontu kačastih fibul na Dolenjskem,28 je pertaining to the sites of the Sveta Lucija group lead to tako dobro podprta z najdbo tovrstne fibule v ženskem conclusions similar to those for the Dolenjska Hal statt grobu 136 gomile 48 v Stični.29 Ni pa na Dolenjskem group. In her analysis of certain chronological issues pertaining to the Dolenjska group, Teržan observes that the absolute dates are too broad and unreliable, with 19 Teržan 1976, 349–351. 20 the ‘classic’ comparative analysis of the chronological y Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1985, 353, sl. 141. 21 Dular 1982, 103; glej Grahek v tej knjigi. 22 18 Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 429. Tecco Hvala 2014, 152. 23 19 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1985, 353, op. 27. Teržan 1976, 349–351. 24 20 Passucci 1981, 133–134; Gambacurta 2005, 335–338; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1985, 353, Fig. 141. 21 Gamba, Gambacurta 2010; Ruta Serafini 2013, 94–95. Dular 1982, 103; see Grahek in this book. 25 22 Gangemi, Bassetti, Voltolini 2015, 33–34; Voltolini Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 429. 23 2015, 145. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1985, 353, Fn. 27. 26 24 Z območja svetolucijske skupine razpolagamo s Passucci 1981, 133–134; Gambacurta 2005, 335–338; petimi radiokarbonskimi datacijami grobov iz Kobarida. Gamba, Gambacurta 2010; Ruta Serafini 2013, 94–95. 25 Med njimi so štirje s čolničastimi fibulami (Kruh 2014, 615– Gangemi, Bassetti, Voltolini 2015, 33–34; Voltolini 627). Teržanova in Črešnar jih označujeta kot predstavnike 2015, 145. 26 horizonta čolničastih fibul (stopnja Sv. Lucija Ic) in jih From the area of the Sveta Lucija group, we have at datirata v prvo polovico in sredino 7. st. pr. n. št. (2014, our disposal five radiocarbon dated graves from Kobarid. 716–717, 719). Poleg tega smo soočeni še s problemom t. i. Four of them contained boat fibulae (Kruh 2014, 615–627). halštatskega platoja na kalibracijski krivulji, ki onemogoča Teržan and Črešnar see them as the representatives of the preciznejše datiranje posameznih horizontov (Teržan, Boat Fibula horizon (the Sv. Lucija Ic phase) and date them Črešnar 2014, 703). to the first half and mid-7th century BC (2014, 716–717, 719). 27 Teržan 2008, 276. In connection with radiocarbon dating the period, there is 28 Ibid., 287. the problem of the Hal statt plateau to contend with, which 29 Gabrovec 1987, 58, sl. 4: 9; Gabrovec et al. 2006, 98, hinders a more precise dating of individual horizons (Teržan, t. 78: 7. Črešnar 2014, 703). 198 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... nobene v zanesljivem kontekstu iz predhodne stopnje diagnostic grave groups and the characteristic artefact Stična 2, ki je sočasna stopnji Sv. Lucija Ic2. forms remaining the only sound basis for chronological Stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIa, ki predstavlja prvi horizont attributions.27 mladohalštatskega obdobja v Posočju, med drugim With this in mind, leech fibulae are attributed to označujejo kačaste fibule raznih različic.30 Po novejših the Sv. Lucija IIa phase, which is contemporaneous with tipoloških študijah opredeljujemo klasični obliki kačaste the Serpentine Fibula phase in Dolenjska,28 where this fibule s krilci ( t. 94: 2)31 kot tip V po Tecco Hvalovi32 ali attribution is supported by the find of such a fibula in kot varianto B tipa I.2 po razdelitvi Nascimbenejeve,33 Grave 136 of a woman buried in Tumulus 48 at Stična.29 obliko s ploščicami ( t. 57: 17) pa kot tip VI po Tecco The region of Dolenjska revealed no leech fibulae in reli- Hvalovi.34 Obe obliki se v grobovih Mosta na Soči po- able contexts from the previous, Stična 2 phase, which gosto pojavljata skupaj.35 is contemporary with Sv. Lucija Ic2. Fibula iz nasute zemljine ob ogradi poleg hiše 30 The Sv. Lucija IIa phase, the first horizon of the Late ( t. 94: 2) spada med manjše in neokrašene primerke Hal statt period in the Posočje area, is also marked by tipa V, ki jih je Tecco Hvalova opredelila kot različico serpentine fibulae in several variants.30 Recent typo- Va.36 Iz karte razprostranjenosti kačastih fibul s krilci je logical studies determine the classic forms of serpentine razvidno, da gre za izdelke jugovzhodnoalpskega delav- fibulae with wings ( Pl. 94: 2)31 as Type V after Tecco niškega kroga. Odkrili so jih tudi na najdiščih v delti reke Hvala32 or as Variant B of Type I.2 after Nascimbene,33 Pad, osrednjih Alpah in Donji Dolini. Največ jih izvira and the form with discs on the bow ( Pl. 57: 17) as Type prav z grobišča na Mostu na Soči, kjer so kar v tretjini VI after Tecco Hvala.34 At Most na Soči, the two forms grobov s takimi fibulami, odkritih pri Szombathyjevih often occur together in graves.35 izkopavanjih, predstavljale edino vrsto zaponk. Tecco The fibula found in the earthen deposit along the Hvalova je zaključila, da njihov pojav v kombinaciji s enclosure at House 30 ( Pl. 94: 2) ranks among the smal er kačastimi fibulami drugih različic, fibulami očalarkami and undecorated examples of Type V, which Tecco Hvala ter dvozankastimi, čolničastimi, rtastimi, svetolucijskimi determines as Variant Va.36 The distribution map of in trakastimi fibulami, nakazuje njihovo dolgotrajno the serpentine fibulae with wings show that these are uporabo. V modi naj bi bile vse od stopnje Sv. Lucija the products of workshops active in the south-eastern Ic2 do stopnje IIb.37 Alpine area. Examples have also been unearthed at sites Tudi na Dolenjskem obstajajo pokazatelji dolgotraj- in the delta of the River Po, in the central Alps and at ne noše kačastih fibul s krilci. Njihov pojav v stopnji Stič- Donja Dolina in Bosnia. The greatest number of them, na 2 dolenjskega halštatskega obdobja naj bi dokazovali however, is known from the cemetery at Most na Soči, grobovi, v katerih so bile odkrite skupaj s čolničastimi where a third of the graves with such fibulae excavated fibulami in fibulo ježevko. Nošnjo še vse do certoškega by Szombathy revealed no other forms of fibulae. Tecco obdobja pa nakazuje odkritje grobov, v katerih nastopa Hvala conclude that their association with the serpentine s certoškimi fibulami V. vrste in samostrelno figuralno fibulae of other forms, with spectacle fibulae and with fibulo.38 Vendar pri tem velja previdnost. Obe skrajni two-looped, boat, two- or three-knobbed, Sveta Lucija meji časovnega razpona njihove mode na Dolenjskem and band bow fibulae indicates their prolonged use; they večinoma nakazujejo grobne celote iz Brezij, ki so v veliki are believed to have stayed in vogue from the Sv. Lucija meri nezanesljive, saj gre za stara izkopavanja, iz časa Ic2 to the IIb phase.37 pred 1. sv. vojno. Naj na tem mestu navedemo le grob Finds from Dolenjska include examples that seem Brezje 7/33,39 ki naj bi nakazoval pojav kačastih fibul s to corroborate a prolonged use of the serpentine fibulae krilci že v času mode fibule ježevke.40 Grobno celoto with wings. They presumably appeared in the Stična 2 moramo postaviti pod vprašaj, saj vsebuje predmete, phase of the Dolenjska Hal statt period, as suggested by značilne za kar tri relativno kronološke stopnje dolenjske the graves in which such fibulae were found together halštatske kulture. Fibula s stekleno oblogo oz. ježevka with boat fibulae and in one case a fibula with a spiky glass overlay. The continuous use into the Certosa Fibula 27 Teržan 2008, 276. 30 28 Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 428. Ibid., 287. 31 29 Cunja, Mlinar 2010, 100, kat. št. 47. Gabrovec 1987, 58, Fig. 4: 9; Gabrovec et al. 2006, 98, 32 Tecco Hvala 2012, 233, sl. 88: 11; ista 2014, 133–134. Pl. 78: 7. 33 30 Nascimbene 2009, 75– 76. Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 428. 34 31 Tecco Hvala 2014, 135–136. Cunja, Mlinar 2010, 100, Cat. No. 47. 35 32 Ibid., 152. Tecco Hvala 2012, 233, Fig. 88: 11; ead. 2014, 133–134. 36 33 Ibid., 133–134. Nascimbene 2009, 75–76. 37 34 Ibid., 150–152. Tecco Hvala 2014, 135–136. 38 35 Ibid., 151–152. Ibid., 152. 39 36 Kromer 1959, 27, 65, t. 31: 1–8. Ibid., 133–134. 40 37 Tecco Hvala 2014, 152, op. 200. Ibid., 150–152. 199 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... je element stopnje Stična 241 ali certoškega horizonta,42 phase is indicated by the graves in which they were asso- narebrena zapestnica s presegajočima koncema in ka- ciated with the Type V Certosa fibulae and with a figural časta fibula sodita v kačasto stopnjo,43 velike kroglaste fibula with a crossbow spring.38 Both the beginning and jantarne jagode ter narebrene zapestnice s stikajočima the end of use in Dolenjska, however, should be treated se koncema pa v certoški horizont.44 Tiste kačaste fibu- with some caution, because the evidence mainly comes le s krilci, ki izvirajo iz zanesljivih in dobro datiranih from the grave groups from Brezje excavated before grobnih celot,45 so iz kačaste stopnje. Primerek iz groba World War I and hence largely unreliable. One example 4 gomile v Volčjih njivah46 lahko zaradi narebrene za- is Grave Brezje 7/33,39 which supposedly proves the ap- pestnice s stikajočimi se konci47 datiramo na sam konec pearance of the serpentine fibulae with wings already kačaste oz. na prehod v certoško stopnjo. in the time when the fibulae with a spiky glass overlay Argumenti za zgodnjo datacijo pojava kačastih fi- were in use.40 This grave group is questionable because it bul s krilci na Dolenjskem so torej neprepričljivi. Kačaste includes items characteristic of as many as three relative fibule s krilci so se morda pojavile celo nekoliko kasneje chronological phases of the Dolenjska Hal statt culture. kot različice s pestiči in sedlastim lokom48 in vsekakor The fibula with a spiky glass overlay is a characteristic predstavljajo eno od značilnih oblik kačaste stopnje na element of the Stična 241 and Certosa Fibula phases,42 the Dolenjskem oziroma horizonta Sv. Lucija IIa v Posočju,49 ribbed bracelet with overlapping ends and the serpentine medtem ko moramo njihovo dolgotrajno uporabo oz. fibula are attributable to the Serpentine Fibula phase,43 širok časovni razpon njihove nošnje (od stopnje Sv. while the large spherical amber beads and the ribbed Lucija Ic2 do stopnje IIb) postaviti pod vprašaj. bracelets with touching ends date to the Certosa Fibula Med drobnimi najdbami druge faze hiše 8 je kača- phase.44 The serpentine fibulae with wings from reliable sta fibula s sedlastim lokom in diskom na prehodu loka v and narrowly-dated grave groups,45 however, date to iglo ( t. 29: 8), kar jo opredeljuje kot tip IVb po tipologiji the Serpentine Fibula phase and only the example from Tecco Hvalove.50 Tipu IV pripada tudi fragmentirana Grave 4 of the tumulus at Volčje njive46 may be attributed fibula iz druge gradbene faze hiše 14 ( t. 36: 1). Tovrstne to the end of the Serpentine Fibula or the transition to zaponke so bile najpogostejša oblika kačastih fibul na the Certosa Fibula phase on the basis of the associated območju Slovenije, sploh največ jih je bilo odkritih ribbed bracelet with touching ends.47 na grobišču na Mostu na Soči. Zato jih je Hermann The evidence for an earlier appearance of the Parzinger označil kot vodilni jugovzhodnoalpski tip 6. serpentine fibulae with wings in Dolenjska is not horizonta, ki ga datira v prvo polovico 6. st. pr. n. št.51 persuasive. Such fibulae may even have appeared V naših krajih je bilo bržkone njihovo izvorno območje slightly later than the variants with antennae and with a in zdi se, da so se v svetolucijski skupnosti pojavile prej saddle-shaped bow48 and certainly represent one of the kot na Dolenjskem.52 Podobno kot pri različici s krilci 38 Ibid., 151–152. 41 39 Gabrovec 1987, 49, sl. 5: 11; Dular 2003, 130, sl. 73: 1. Kromer 1959, 27, 65, Pl. 31: 1-8. 42 40 Na podlagi pregleda zanesljivih grobnih celot Tecco Hvala 2014, 152, Fn. 200. 41 dolenjske halštatske skupine se zdi, da so fibule ježevke nosili Gabrovec 1987, 49, Fig. 5: 11; Dular 2003, 130, Fig. 73: 1. 42 v stopnji Stična 2 (npr. grob 5 iz Špilerjeve gomile na Libni: A review of reliable grave groups of the Dolenjska Guštin 1976, 38, t. 6: 7, in glej prejšnjo opombo, tako tudi Hal statt group revealed that the fibulae with a spiky glass Kruh 2008, 112–113), vendar tipološke značilnosti nekaterih overlay were worn in the Stična 2 phase (e.g. Grave 5 from primerkov (npr. ježevka s spodvito samostrelno peresovino the Špiler tumulus at Libna: Guštin 1976, 38, Pl. 6: 7, also see z Magdalenske gore, ki je bila odkrita skupaj s samostrelno previous footnote, the same dating in Kruh 2008, 112–113), fibulo v obliki konjenika na vozu s trovprego: Stare 1978, though the typological characteristics of some examples 75, t. 2: 8; Tecco Hvala, Dular, Kocuvan 2004, 125–126, t. (e.g. the fibula with a spiky glass overlay and a crossbow 10: 3) nakazujejo njihovo nošnjo še v certoški stopnji (Tecco spring with an internal chord from Magdalenska gora that Hvala 2012, 228–229). Za vmesno (kačasto) stopnjo nimamo was presumably found together with a crossbow fibula in prepričljivega dokaza za njihovo uporabo. the shape of a male figure riding a chariot pulled by three 43 Gabrovec 1987, 50, sl. 4: 10, 13. horses: Stare 1978, 75, Pl. 2: 8; Tecco Hvala, Dular, Kocuvan 44 Ibid., 68, sl. 5: 29; Božič 2016, 162, t. 3: 20a-b, 26. 2004, 125–126, Pl. 10: 3) seem to indicate their use in the 45 Tecco Hvala 2014, 133–134, seznam 5: grobovi 136, Certosa Fibula phase (Tecco Hvala 2012, 228–229); we have 163, 179 gomile 48 in grobova 21-22, 25 gomile 5 v Stični no conclusive evidence of their use in the phase in between, ter grob 9 iz gomile na najdišču Mačkovec pri Novem mestu. i.e. the Serpentine Fibula phase. 46 43 Gabrovec 1956, t. 5–6; Teržan 1976, sl. 54: 10–16. Gabrovec 1987, 50, Fig. 4: 10,13. 47 44 Božič 2016, 162, t. 3: 20a-b. Ibid., 68, Fig. 5: 29; Božič 2016, 162, Pl. 3: 20a-b,26. 48 45 Tecco Hvala 2014, 152. Tecco Hvala 2014, 133–134, List 5: Graves 136, 163, 49 Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 428; Tecco Hvala 2014, 159, op. 179 of Tumulus 48, Graves 21–22, 25 of Tumulus 5 in Stična 268. and Grave 9 from a tumulus at Mačkovec near Novo mesto. 50 46 Tecco Hvala 2014, 131. Gabrovec 1956, Pls. 5–6; Teržan 1976, Fig. 54: 10-16. 51 47 Parzinger 1988, 153–154, 125, t. 143.1: 2. Božič 2016, 162, Pl. 3: 20a-b. 52 48 Tecco Hvala 2014, 131–133, 148–150. Tecco Hvala 2014, 152. 200 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... se poraja vprašanje, ali lahko njihovo nošnjo na podlagi characteristic forms of the Serpentine Fibula phase in grobnih celot z Mosta na Soči prepričljivo pokažemo že Dolenjska or the Sv. Lucija IIa phase in Posočje,49 while za stopnjo Sv. Lucija Ic2 ter njihovo uporabo še v stopnji their prolonged use (from the Sv. Lucija Ic2 to the IIb IIb.53 Vsekakor so bile značilna oblika stopnje Sv. Lucija phase) is questionable. IIa oz. stopnje kačastih fibul po kronološki shemi za The small finds associated with the second con- halštatsko obdobje na Dolenjskem.54 struction phase of House 8 include a serpentine fibula Med kamni zidu ograde, ki je vodila poleg hiše 30, with a saddle-shaped bow and a disc guard ( Pl. 29: 8), je bila odkrita kačasta fibula z lokom, zvitim v zanko which belongs to Variant IVb after Tecco Hvala.50 Of in koleno ( t. 94: 1). Natančneje jo lahko označimo kot Type IV is also a fragmented fibula from the second različico VIIb po Tecco Hvalovi, za katero je značilen construction phase of House 14 ( Pl. 36: 1). This is the žičnat lok okroglega preseka, ki tekoče prehaja v iglo commonest form of serpentine fibulae in Slovenia, most oz. ima na prehodu majhen disk.55 Tovrstne fibule so numerously unearthed in the cemetery at Most na Soči. bile široko razprostranjene. Pogoste so bile na prostoru This led Hermann Parzinger to mark them as the lead- zahodnohalštatskega kroga, med skupnostmi kulture ing south-eastern Alpine type of his Horizon 6 that he Golasecca in Este. Odkrili so jih tudi v Populoniji, Istri, dated to the first half of the 6th century BC.51 Slovenia Osorju, Spodnji Šleziji in na Slovaškem.56 V Sloveniji does seem to be the area of origin for these fibulae that jih je največ z grobišča na Mostu na Soči, kjer jih Tecco presumably appeared within the Sveta Lucija community Hvalova na podlagi kombinacij z drugimi pridatki iz earlier than in Dolenjska.52 Similarly as with the variant grobov datira v stopnji Sv. Lucija Ic2 in IIa. Teržanova with wings, it is not completely clear whether we have in Trampuževa sta grobove, v katerih prevladujejo enough reliable evidence to place the beginning of use, tovrstne fibule, opredelili na začetek stopnje Sv. Lucija based on the grave groups from Most na Soči, in the IIa 2.57 Med halštatskimi skupnostmi Dolenjske se ta Sv. Lucija Ic2 phase and their continuation in the IIb oblika fibule ni uveljavila. Med dobro datiranimi je le phase.53 What is certain is that they are characteristic primerek iz groba bogato opravljene stiške dame (grob of the Sv. Lucija IIa phase in Posočje and the Serpentine 27/48) iz stopnje Stična 2.58 Fibula phase in Dolenjska.54 Čeprav dobršen del loka fibule iz hiše 22 ( t. 60: 1) Found among the stones of the enclosure at House ni ohranjen, smemo na podlagi sploščenega zadnjega 30 was a serpentine fibula with the bow twisted into a dela loka fibulo opredeliti kot kačasto fibulo tipa VIIc loop and a knee ( Pl. 94: 1). It is of Variant VIIb after po Tecco Hvalovi59 ali kot trakasto fibulo. Matično Tecco Hvala, which is characterised by a round-sec- območje kačastih fibul tipa VIIc je bil najverjetneje tioned wire bow that either has a smooth junction with prostor kulture Golasecca, od koder so se prek Padske the pin or has a small disc guard at the junction.55 Such nižine razširile do jugovzhodnih Alp, kjer pa se niso fibulae have a wide distribution: they are known in the množično uveljavile.60 Veljajo za pozno obliko kača- area of the West Hal statt circle and among the com- stih fibul, a se v grobovih na Mostu na Soči pojavljajo munities of the Golasecca and Este cultures. They have skupaj z drugimi oblikami kačastih fibul, čolničasto, been unearthed at Populonia, Istria, Osor, Lower Silesia svetolucijsko in trakasto fibulo. Na Dolenjskem so bile and Slovakia.56 In Slovenia, the greatest number came to odkrite skupaj z majhnimi trortastimi fibulami, certoško light in the cemetery at Most na Soči and Tecco Hvala fibulo II. vrste, valjastimi uhani in votlimi zapestnicami attributes them to the Sv. Lucija Ic2 and IIa phases on the ter nanožnicami.61 Njihovo nošnjo v certoški stopnji basis of the associated grave goods. Teržan and Trampuž Dolenjske dobro kažejo moderno raziskani grobovi. V attribute the graves where such fibulae predominate to veliki stiški gomili 48 nastopajo v dveh grobnih celotah the beginning of the IIa phase.57 This form was not in iz certoške stopnje, in sicer v grobu 34 in 54.62 Prav tako common use among the Hal statt communities of Do- sodi v certoško stopnjo primerek iz groba 10 grobišča lenjska. We have a single reliably dated example, found Mačkovec pri Novem mestu.63 in the grave of a richly accoutred woman buried in Grave 27/48 attributed to the Stična 2 phase.58 53 Ibid., 149. 54 49 Ibid., 159. Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 428; Tecco Hvala 2014, 159, 55 Ibid., 136, sl. 7: 4-5. Fn. 268. 56 50 Ibid., 154. Tecco Hvala 2014, 131. 57 51 Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 428. Parzinger 1988, 153–154, 125, Pl. 143.1: 2. 58 52 Tecco Hvala 2014, 154. Tecco Hvala 2014, 131–133, 148–150. 59 53 Ibid., 136–138. Ibid., 149. 60 54 Ibid., 154–156, karta 11. Ibid., 159. 61 55 Ibid., 156. Ibid., 136, Fig. 7: 4-5. 62 56 Gabrovec et al. 2006, t. 27: 1; 54: 1-2; Božič 2016, 162, Ibid., 154. 57 t. 1: 8. Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 428. 63 58 Udovč, Leben Seljak 2009, 72–73, kat. št. 67. Tecco Hvala 2014, 154. 201 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... Med najdbami druge faze hiše 15A je bronasta The fibula from House 22 ( Pl. 60: 1) is missing a trakasta fibula z diskasto ploščico na prehodu loka v large part of its bow, but the flattened rear part of the bow iglo ( t. 53: 1). Teržanova in Trampuževa sta tovrstne does suggest that the object is either a serpentine fibula fibule razvrstili med mlajše oblike stopnje Sv. Lucija IIa of Variant VIIc after Tecco Hvala59 or a band bow fibula. oz. kot značilnost horizonta IIa2.64 Podobno jih je za The serpentine fibulae of Variant VIIc most probably Dolenjsko opredelil Stane Gabrovec. Trakasto fibulo je originate in the area of the Golasecca culture, whence navedel kot značilen element s konca kačaste stopnje, they spread across the Po Plain to the south-eastern ki so jo nosili še v certoški stopnji.65 Alpine area, where they are not very numerous.60 They Med drobnimi najdbami iz mostarskih halštatskih are believed to be a late form of serpentine fibulae and hiš je 9 certoških fibul ali njihovih odlomkov ( t. 23: 1, 9; occur in the graves at Most na Soči together with other 24: 1; 28: 1; 31: 12; 57: 1, 16; 62: 4; 89: 1, 16). forms of serpentine fibulae, as well as boat, Sveta Lucija Fibula iz druge gradbene faze hiše 16 ( t. 57: 1) and band bow fibulae. In Dolenjska, they are associated pripada klasični, veliki certoški fibuli X. vrste, različice with small three-knobbed fibulae, a Type II Certosa e po Teržanovi.66 Na lok tovrstne fibule je bil nameščen fibula, cylindrical earrings, as well as hollow bracelets tudi narezljan gumb, odkrit v drugi gradbeni fazi hiše and anklets.61 Their use in the Certosa Fibula phase of 22A ( t. 62: 4). Dolenjska is clearly indicated by the graves excavated V naših krajih redka različica certoške fibule Xn using modern methods. They have been found in Graves je bila odkrita v okviru tretje gradbene faze hiše 16 ( t. 34 and 54 of the large Tumulus 48 at Stična, which are 57: 16). Zanjo je značilen tekoč prehod noge v lok, ki je attributable to the Certosa Fibula phase.62 The example označen z V-motivom.67 To je bila tessinska oblika fibule, from Grave 10 of the cemetery at Mačkovec near Novo razširjena na območju Alp, zlasti zahodno od rek Adiža mesto dates to the same phase.63 in Inn. Izvira iz izrazitih mladohalštatskih horizontov.68 The small finds associated with the second con- Certoške fibule X. vrste so bile na Dolenjskem vo- struction phase of House 15A include a bronze band dilna oblika negovskega horizonta, prav tako so značilne bow fibula ( Band Bogenfibel) with a disc guard ( Pl. za najmlajši starejšeželeznodobni horizont v svetolucij- 53: 1). Teržan and Trampuž rank such fibulae among ski skupini in Estah.69 Teržanova je na podlagi grobov the characteristic forms of the Sv. Lucija IIa2 phase.64 z Goleka pri Vinici in iz Est (Vil a Benvenuti 123, Casa Stane Gabrovec proposed a similar attribution for the di Ricovero 231), kjer se take fibule pojavljajo skupaj z examples from Dolenjska, deemed characteristic of the latenskimi fibulami, utemeljevala njihovo nošnjo še v late Serpentine Fibulae phase and continued to be worn latenski dobi.70 Vendar našteti argumenti ne vzdržijo in the Certosa Fibula phase.65 več. Grobne celote z Goleka pri Vinici so nezanesljive,71 The Hal statt houses at Most na Soči yielded nine v obeh omenjenih grobnicah v Estah pa so pokopavali Certosa fibulae or their fragments ( Pls. 23: 1, 9; 24: 1; v dolgem obdobju. Grobnici vsebujeta več žar in veliko 28: 1; 31: 12; 57: 1, 16; 62: 4; 89: 1, 16). pridatkov. Tako v primeru grobnice Vil a Benvenuti The fibula from the second construction phase of 123 kot Casa di Ricovero 231 ni bilo mogoče ugotoviti, House 16 ( Pl. 57: 1) is a classic, large Certosa fibula of kateri pridatki izvirajo iz posamezne žare.72 Pojav raz- Type X, Variant e after Teržan.66 The ribbed disc associ- ličnih tipokronoloških predmetov v grobnicah, ki so jih ated with the second construction phase of House 22A uporabljali več generacij, zato ne more biti argument za ( Pl. 62: 4) was also attached to the bow of such a fibula. njihovo sočasno uporabo. A Variant Xn Certosa fibula, a rare find in Slovenia, Vendar so se v desetletjih po študiji Teržanove was unearthed in association with the third construc- pojavili novi dokazi, ki potrjujejo njeno tezo o uporabi tion phase of House 16 ( Pl. 57: 16). It is characterised nekaterih različic certoških fibul X. vrste na začetku by a smooth foot-bow junction accentuated with a latenske in celo še v srednji latenski dobi.73 Temu v prid chevron-shaped thickening.67 This is a Tessino fibula form widespread in Alpine areas, particularly west of 64 Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 429. the Rivers Adige and Inn, and is reliably attributed to 65 Gabrovec 1987, 58, sl. 4: 13, t. 8: 12. 66 the Late Hal statt period.68 Teržan 1976, 331, 333, sl. 4: e. 67 59 Ibid., 331, 333, sl. 4: n. Ibid., 136–138. 68 60 Teržan 1976, 373, sl. 31. Ibid., 154–156, Map 11. 69 61 Ibid., 364–368. Ibid., 156. 70 62 Ibid., 368, op. 109. Gabrovec et al. 2006, Pls. 27: 1; 54: 1-2; Božič 2016, 71 Božič 2009, 81–82, 94; Božič 2010, 167–170. 162, Pl. 1: 8. 72 63 Chieco Bianchi, Calzavara Capuis 1985, 258–264; Udovč, Leben Seljak 2009, 72–73, Cat. No. 67. 64 Capuis, Chieco Bianchi 2006, 276–294. Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 429. 73 65 Zdi se, da to velja v prvi vrsti za različici g in h certoških Gabrovec 1987, 58, Fig. 4: 13, Pl. 8: 12. 66 fibul X. vrste po Teržanovi (Teržan 1976, 368). Zanje je Teržan 1976, 331, 333, Fig. 4: e. 67 značilno, da imajo najvišji del loka izrazito pomaknjen proti Ibid., 331, 333, Fig. 4: n. 68 nogi (Teržan 1976, 331). Teržan 1976, 373, Fig. 31. 202 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... govori grob 458 z latenskega dela grobišča na Kapiteljski Type X Certosa fibulae represent the leading fibula njivi v Novem mestu. Žgani grob je vseboval certoško form of the Negova phase in Dolenjska and are also com- fibulo X. vrste različice h, železno uhato sekiro, železen mon in the last of the Early Iron Age phases in the Sveta nož, keramično vretence, keramični posodi in železne Lucija and Este groups.69 Based on graves from Golek ostanke ščita (umbo, ročaj, robni okov),74 značilnega za near Vinica and from Este (Vil a Benvenuti 123, Casa di stopnjo LT B2.75 Radiokarbonska datacija vzorca sežgane Ricovero 231), where such fibulae also occur alongside človeške kosti datira pokop v drugo polovico 4. st. pr. La Tène fibulae, Teržan postulates that they continued to n. št. oz. 325 ± 27 cal BC.76 Ta grob nakazuje sobivanje be worn into the La Tène period.70 However, her reason- mladohalštatskih tradicij, uveljavljanje latenske materi- ing is flawed because the grave groups from Golek are alne kulture in uveljavitev novega načina pokopavanja unreliable71 and the two tombs at Este received burials na novomeški nekropoli. over a longer period. The tombs contained several urns Pomenljivo je tudi odkritje z ledine Laze pri vasi and a large number of goods, and it is not possible to Čadrg na Tolminskem. V manjši jami (55 x 55 x 50 be certain which goods were held in which urn;72 the cm) so bili skupaj zakopani rahlo zvita železna sulična appearance of typo-chronological y different items in ost, prepognjen in zlomljen železen meč, večkrat zvita tombs used for several generations is not evidence of železna nožnica meča, železna vojaška pasna veriga in contemporaneity. železna trakasta ščitna grba. Na robu jame pa je bila Having said that, new evidence came to light several tik ob nožnici položena velika bronasta certoška fibula decades after the study published by Teržan that, in fact, različice Xg po Teržanovi.77 Latenska vojaška oprema supports her hypothesis on the use of certain variants of iz jame je značilna za srednjelatensko stopnjo LT C1, Type X Certosa fibulae in the beginning of the La Tène ki zajema glavnino 3. st. pr. n. št. Očitno je bila tedaj and even in the Middle La Tène period.73 One such tradicionalna, mladohalštatska oblika certoške fibule piece of evidence comes from Grave 458 from the La med posoškimi skupnostmi še vedno v uporabi. Tène part of the cemetery at Kapiteljska njiva in Novo Certoška fibula s štirimi na iglo nanizanimi obročki mesto. This cremation contained a Type X Certosa fibula iz hiše 7 ( t. 28: 1) je po obliki najbližja XII. vrsti po Ter- of Variant h, as well as an iron shaft-hole axe, an iron žanovi.78 Za to obliko zaponk je značilen lok trikotastega knife, a ceramic spindle whorl, two ceramic vessels and preseka, ki je na najvišjem delu okrašen z bradavičastima iron remains of a shield (boss, handgrip, edge binding)74 izrastkoma ter s kroglastim gumbom nad peresovino. such as are characteristic of LT B2.75 The result of the Gumb noge je lahko okrašen s koncentričnimi krožnimi radiocarbon analysis of a human bone sample dates the vrezi, jamico ali čepkom. Obravnavani primerek nima burial to the second half of the 4th century BC or 325 običajne rebraste odebelitve med bradavičastima izrast- ± 27 cal BC.76 This grave reveals a cohabitation of the koma in lokom niti razkošnega okrasa kratkih prečnih Late Hal statt traditions, the introduction of the La Tène vrezov na loku ter v kombinaciji z V-vrezi na nogi. material culture and the predominance of the new burial Teržanova je manjše in manj bogato okrašene primerke manner in the cemetery in Novo mesto. opredelila kot različico b, vendar fibula iz hiše 7, čeprav Also of significance is a discovery at Laze near the na prvi pogled skromneje okrašena, sodi med večje vil age of Čadrg in the Tolmin area. At this site, a slightly izvedbe. Mostarska fibula ima na obeh bradavičastih bent iron spearhead, a bent and broken iron sword, izrastkih in na gumbu noge ovalno poglobitev, v tem an iron sword scabbard bent in several places, an iron je zelo podobna fibuli iz groba 10 na Jelenšku pri Go- military belt chain and an iron rectangular shield boss doviču ( sl. 2: 2). Poglobitve so morda služile namestitvi were found buried together in a small pit (55 x 55 x 50 okrasnih elementov iz drugih materialov,79 ki se niso cm). At the edge of the pit and next to the scabbard, a ohranili. Če je naša domneva o okrasnih luknjicah točna, large bronze Certosa fibula of Variant Xg after Teržan 74 69 Križ 2005, 93–94, t. 77. Ibid., 364–368. 75 70 Za tipokronološko opredelitev ščitne grbe, kot je bila Ibid., 368, Fn. 109. 71 odkrita v grobu 458: Božič 1981, 317, 324: pl. 2; Brunaux, Božič 2009, 81–82, 94; Božič 2010, 167–170. 72 Rapin 1988, fig. 39. Chieco Bianchi, Calzavara Capuis 1985, 258–264; 76 Križ, Jereb, Teržan 2014, 482–484; Teržan, Črešnar Capuis, Chieco Bianchi 2006, 276–294. 73 2014, 721–722. It seems that this is primarily characteristic of Variants 77 Mlinar, Turk 2016, 21, 40–44, kat. št. 39–45. g and h of the Type X Certosa fibulae after Teržan (Teržan 78 Teržan 1976, 337–338. 1976, 368). They characteristical y have the uppermost part 79 Naj kot primer navedemo certoški fibuli XIIa, ki so of the bow heavily tilted towards the foot (Teržan 1976, 331). 74 ju odkrili v enem od halštatskih grobov v Zagorju. Fibuli Križ 2005, 93–94, Pl. 77. 75 imata gumb noge okrašen s koncentričnimi krožnimi vrezi, For a typo-chronological determination of the shield namesto čepka pa luknjico z vstavljeno koralo (Murko, boss such as was found in Grave 458 see: Božič 1981, 317, Draksler 2012, 8–9). Košček korale v luknjici na sredi gumba 324: Pl. 2; Brunaux, Rapin 1988, Fig. 39. 76 noge ima tudi certoška fibula vrste VIId iz groba 77 grobišča Križ, Jereb, Teržan 2014, 482–484; Teržan, Črešnar Misincinis v Paularu (Vitri 1997b, 430, sl. 6). 2014, 721–722. 203 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... was placed.77 The La Tène military gear from the pit is typical of the Middle La Tène phase of LT C1, which spans most of the 3rd century BC. The find shows that at that time, the traditional y Late Hal statt form of Certosa fibulae was still in use among the Posočje communities. The Certosa fibula with four rings hanging from the pin that was recovered from House 7 ( Pl. 28: 1) is formal y closest to Type XII after Teržan.78 This form typical y has a bow of a triangular-shaped cross section that bears two knobs at the highest point of the bow and a spherical knob above the spring. The conical foot terminal is decorated either with concentric incisions (and a small protrusion) or with a small hole. The fibula from Most na Soči lacks the usual ribbing between the two knobs on the bow, neither does it bear the rich decoration of short trans- verse incisions on the bow in combination with incised chevrons on the foot. Teržan determines the smaller and less ornately decorated examples as Variant b, while the fibula from House 7, although not ornately decorated, is large. The fibula has an oval depression on both knobs and on the knob of the foot, in which it is similar to the fibula from Grave 10 at Jelenšek near Godovič ( Fig. 2: 2). The de- pressions may have been the spot where the unpreserved decorative elements of other materials were attached.79 If the supposition of decorative elements is correct, the two fibulae from Most na Soči and Godovič are both Variant Sl. 2: Certoški fibuli. 1 Most na Soči – naselbina (po Svoljšak, XIIa Certosa fibulae with unique decoration. Teržan sees Dular 2016, t. 28: 1); 2 Godovič, grobna najdba (Narodni muzej Type XII Certosa fibulae as characteristic elements of the Slovenije). M = 1:2. Fig. 2: Certosa fibulae. 1 Most na Soči – settlement (from Svolj- fashions in the final phase of the Negova phase within the šak, Dular 2016, Pl. 28: 1); 2 Godovič, grave good (Narodni chronology of the Dolenjska group.80 The proposed date muzej Slovenije). Scale = 1:2. for Grave 10 from Jelenšek, which further contained frag- ments of iron chisels or awls, an iron spearhead, an iron spear butt, fragments of two iron knives, an iron machaira sword and an iron shaft-hole axe, does not oppose such smemo tako mostarsko kot godoviško fibulo uvrstiti v an attribution.81 okvir certoških fibul XIIa, le da ju odlikuje svojstveno The small finds from House 26 include a Type VI okraševanje. Že Teržanova je certoške fibule XII. vrste Certosa fibula ( Pl. 89: 16). It is most probably of Variant opredelila kot značilen element mode zaključne faze ne- a, in which Teržan combined examples with a two-coil govskega horizonta po kronologiji dolenjske skupine.80 spring. This variant characteristical y has an elongated Tej dataciji ne nasprotuje grob 10 z Jelenška, ki je vse- bow of a rounded lozenge-shaped cross section with a boval odlomke železnih dlet ali šil, železno sulično ost, pair of pronounced ribs above the spring.82 The foot železno sulično kopito, odlomke dveh železnih nožev, is usual y decorated with ring-and-dots and incised železno mahairo in železno uhato sekiro.81 chevrons, though this is not the case for the fibula Med drobnimi najdbami iz hiše 26 je bila certoška from House 26, which bears chevron and zigzag inci- fibula VI. vrste ( t. 89: 16). Najverjetneje je sodila v raz- 77 Mlinar, Turk 2016, 21, 40–44, Cat. Nos. 39–45. ličico a, v kateri je Teržanova združile oblike z navadno 78 Teržan 1976, 337–338. peresovino in dvema navojema. Sicer je za to obliko 79 Two Type XIIa fibulae found in one of the Hal statt značilen iztegnjen lok zaobljeno rombičnega preseka, s graves at Zagorje have the foot knob decorated with parom izrazitih prečnih reber nad peresovino.82 Nogo concentric incisions and a hole with a choral set into it imajo večkrat okrašeno s krožci s piko in vrezi v obliki instead of the common protrusion (Murko, Draksler 2012, črke V, kar pa ne velja za obravnavano fibulo, saj ji hrbet 8–9). The foot knob with a choral set into the hole has also noge poleg V-vrezov krasi tremolirni okras. Teržanova je a Certosa fibula of Type VIId from Grave 77 at the Paularo- Misincinis cemetery (Vitri 1997b, 430, Fig. 6). začetek razvoja te vrste fibul, ki so iznajdba svetolucijske 80 Teržan 1976, 371; Dular 2003, 144. 80 81 Teržan 1976, 371; Dular 2003, 144. Kept in the Narodni muzej Slovenije, publication in 81 Hrani Narodni muzej Slovenije, objava je v pripravi. preparation. 82 82 Teržan 1976, 324–325. Teržan 1976, 324–325. 204 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... skupine, datirala v stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIb2. V uporabi so sions executed in the tremolo technique. Teržan set the bile tudi v stopnji IIc, zadnjem obdobju starejše železne beginning of the development of these fibulae, which dobe v Posočju.83 Iz tega časa je najverjetneje fibula originate in the Sveta Lucija group, to Sv. Lucija IIb2. iz hiše 26. Tako datacijo podpira vrezan tremoliran They remained in use in IIc, which is the last phase of okras, značilen za certoške fibule VII. vrste različice the Early Iron Age in Posočje.83 This is the presumed e,84 ki sodijo med najmlajše različice certoških fibul date for the fibula from House 26. Such a date is sup- in ne morejo biti zgodnejše od stopnje Sv. Lucija IIc; ported by the tremolo decoration that is characteristic na Dolenjskem so bile sočasne s certoškimi fibulami of the Type VII Certosa fibulae of Variant e,84 which XII. vrste iz zaključne faze negovskega horizonta. 85 rank among the last variants of the Certosa fibulae and Certoška fibula VIIe je bila odkrita med raziskovanjem cannot predate Sv. Lucija IIc; in Dolenjska it was con- druge gradbene faze hiše 3 ( t. 23: 1), isti ali pa različici temporary with the Certosa fibulae of Type XII dated to VIIf pripada tudi noga fibule iz hiše 25 (t. 89: 1). Fibula the end of the Negova phase.85 A Variant VIIe Certosa iz hiše 3 ima najvišji del loka pomaknjen proti nogi, to fibula was also unearthed during the investigation of the jo povezuje s sočasnimi fibulami vrst VIId, VIIf, Xg in second construction phase of House 3 ( Pl. 23: 1). This XII86, ki je rombično razširjen in okrašen s polkrožnimi fibula bears semicircular incisions on the highest part vrezi ter ima tročleno odebelitev z okrašenima stran- of the bow widened to form a lozenge that is located skima rebroma. Greben loka je okrašen s punciranimi closer to the foot, which is common characteristic of pikicami. Hrbet noge, pri tej različici navadno okrašen the contemporary Types VIId, VIIIf, Xg and XII86, while z V-vrezi in tremolirnim okrasom,87 pri obravnavanem the bow bears a decorated triple moulding just above the mostarskem primerku ni okrašen. spring. The longitudinal ridge of the bow is decorated V drugi gradbeni fazi hiše 10 je bila poleg odlom- with incised dots. The back of the foot, which usual y kov bronaste certoške fibule, prstana, kalotastega gumba bears incised chevrons and tremolo decoration in this in drugih odlomkov bronastih predmetov odkrita bro- variant,87 is undecorated on the example from House 3. nasta pavkasta fibula ( sl. 3: 1). Fibula ima lok v obliki The finds associated with the second construc- polkrogle ali pavke,88 okrašene s koncentričnimi krožni- tion phase of House 10 include fragments of a bronze mi rebri oziroma žlebiči, in križno oblikovan zaključek Certosa fibula, a finger ring, a domed button and other noge. Ta je na obeh koncih odlomljen, polkrožni zarezi fragments of bronze objects, among them a kettledrum pa sta ostanka luknjic, skozi kateri sta bili prvotno nata- fibula ( Paukenfibel; Fig. 3: 1). Its bow is hemispherical knjeni dve manjši pavki, ki se nista ohranili. Na sredini or shaped like a kettledrum,88 and decorated with con- pavke je jamica, ki je služila namestitvi okrasnega vložka centric moulding. The fibula also has a cross-shaped foot iz drugega materiala.89 terminal, which is broken off on both sides, while the Severno od Alp so bile razširjene pavkaste in dvo- semicircular notches are the remains of the holes that pavkaste fibule,90 južno in vzhodno od Alp pa izvedbe original y held two additional kettledrum elements. In s tremi in petimi pavkami. Anne Marie Adam jih je the centre of the kettledrum element is a depression that razvrstila med fibule II. vrste vzhodnohalštatskih fibul original y held a decorative inlay of a different material.89 z večdelno nogo. Primerke iz grobov na Mostu na Soči Kettledrum and double-kettledrum fibulae were je dalje umestila v južnoalpsko izvedbo tovrstnih fibul. widespread north of the Alps,90 while the sites south Njihovo izdelavo je predvidevala na Kranjskem ali na and east of the Alps yielded fibulae with three or five Tridentinskem z Zgornjim Poadižjem.91 kettledrum elements. Anne Marie Adam classifies the Alexia Nascimbene jih je poimenovala fibule vrste latter as Type II of the Eastern Hal statt fibulae with a I.16. Izvedbo z daljšo nogo in paroma pavk je označila kot multipart foot ( fibule di tipo hal stattiano occidentale a piede multiplo). Moreover, she determines the examples 83 Ibid., 355–357. from the graves at Most na Soči as a south Alpine vari- 84 Marić 2016, 107–108. 85 Teržan 1976, 371–372. 86 Ibid., 325, 331. 87 83 Marić 2016, 107–108. Ibid., 355–357. 88 84 Poimenovanje sledi prevodu iz nemščine (Paukenfibel). Marić 2016, 107–108. 85 Pavka je posebna oblika bobna polkroglaste oblike. Teržan 1976, 371–372. 89 86 Pavkaste fibule iz grobnice prve gomile pri Weisenbergu Ibid., 325, 331. 87 so imele v jamicah vložke iz korale (Nascimbene 2009, 147– Marić 2016, 107–108. 88 148. op. 329). The term is a translation of the German name for such 90 Frey 1971; Heimann 2007. fibulae ( Paukenfibel) used because of a formal resemblance 91 Adam 1996, 60–64. Ker je Adamova ponesrečeno to kettledrums. 89 uporabila zastarel izraz Kranjska (Carniola), ni najbolj jasno, The kettledrum fibulae from the burial chamber of ali domneva njihovo izdelavo na Mostu na Soči (kjer je takih the first tumulus at Weisenberg had corals set into the holes fibul v Sloveniji največ) ali morda na Dolenjskem (Kranjska v (Nascimbene 2009, 147–148. Fn. 329). 90 času Avstrijske monarhije). Frey 1971; Heimann 2007. 205 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... ant of such fibulae and presumes their production in Carniola or Trentino/Alto Adige.91 Alexia Nascimbene determines them as Type I.16 fibulae; the examples with a long foot and a pair of ket- tledrum elements as Variant B, those with a shorter foot and a pair of kettledrum elements, such as the one from House 10, as Variant A.92 The south Alpine fibulae with a multipart foot of Type I.16 after Nascimbene have come to light at sites from Alto Adige and Carinthia to Posočje and Dolenjska.93 Outside this area, they have been found Sl. 3: Pavkasti fibuli. 1 Most na Soči – naselbina (po Svoljšak, southwards as far as Nesactium, Spina and Adria, and Dular 2016, t. 31: 11); 2 Most na Soči, grob Sz 2393 (po Teržan, Trampuž-Orel, Lo Schiavo 1984, t. 255D: 4). M. = 1:2. eastwards as far as Ptuj94 and Ikervár.95 Fig. 3: Kettledrum fibulae. 1 Most na Soči – settlement (from Anne Marie Adam dates them to the second half of Svoljšak, Dular 2016, t. 31: 11); 2 Most na Soči, Grave Sz 2393 the 5th century BC on the basis of Grave Sz 1484 from (from Teržan, Trampuž-Orel, Lo Schiavo 1984, Pl. 255D: 4). Most na Soči ( Fig. 4) and Grave 5 from the Valle Trebba Scale = 1:2. cemetery at Spina.96 The dating of the latter grave is based on the rhyton ascribed to the Painter of Eretria and dated around 425 BC.97 She attributes Grave Sz 1484 from Most na Soči to the late phase of Sv. Lucija IIb,98 različico B, tiste s krajšo nogo in dvema pavkama, ki mu because she only takes into consideration the combina- pripada tudi fibula iz hiše 10, pa kot različico A.92 Južno- tion table published by Teržan and Trampuž that does alpske fibule z večdelno nogo vrste I.16 po Nascimbenovi not include the division of the IIb phase.99 In the discus- so bile odkrite na najdiščih od Zgornjega Poadižja prek sion on the chronology of the Sveta Lucija group, the Koroške do Posočja in Dolenjske.93 Izven tega pasu so two authors indicate the possibility of a division into two dokumentirane južno, v Nezakciju, mestih Spina in Adrija subphases – earlier (IIb1) and later (IIb2) – and ascribe ter proti vzhodu na Ptuju94 in Ikerváru na Madžarskem.95 Grave Sz 1484 to the earlier group of graves of the Sv. Anne Marie Adam jih je datirala v drugo polovico Lucija IIb phase.100 5. st. pr. n. št., pri čemer se je oprla na grob Sz 1484 z Four kettledrum fibulae of Type II after Adam Mosta na Soči ( sl. 4) in na grob 5 z grobišča Valle Tre- have been found in the central grave of the first princely bba v Spini.96 Slednjega časovno umešča riton Slikarja tumulus at Weisenberg near Völkermarkt/Velikovec, iz Eretrije, ki je datiran okrog leta 425 pr. n. št.97 Grob which held the cremated remains of a man and a Sz 1484 z Mosta na Soči je zmotno umestila v mlajšo woman. The burial chamber had been robbed in the fazo stopnje Sv. Lucija IIb,98 ker se je oprla zgolj na past, but nevertheless yielded numerous goods that kombinacijsko tabelo članka Teržanove in Trampuževe, included twenty fibulae (serpentine fibula, animal- na kateri delitev stopnje IIb ni prikazana.99 V prispevku headed fibulae, proto-Certosa and Certosa fibulae of h kronologiji svetolucijske skupine sta namreč avtorici Types Ia, IV and V after Teržan, variants of kettledrum grob Sz 1484 umestili v starejšo skupino grobov stopnje 91 Adam 1996, 60–64. Adam uses the term Carniola Sv. Lucija IIb in nakazali možnost delitve stopnje IIb na (Kranjska in Slovene language), which is a historical region starejši (IIb1) in mlajši (IIb2) horizont.100 covering a considerable part of present-day Slovenia in the Med najdbami centralnega groba s sežganimi time of the Habsburg Monarchy, hence it is not quite clear ostanki moškega in ženske v prvi knežji gomili pri Wei- whether she presumes their production at Most na Soči senbergu blizu Velikovca so bile tudi štiri pavkaste fibule (a site that yielded the greatest number of such fibulae in Slovenia) or in Dolenjska. 92 92 Nascimbene 2009, 147–151. Nascimbene 2009, 147–151. 93 93 Ibid., 150–151, sl. 42. Ibid., 150–151, Fig. 42. 94 94 Kavur, Lubšina Tušek 2016, 32–42. Kavur, Lubšina Tušek 2016, 32–42. 95 95 Nagy 2011, 166–167, sl. 104. Nagy 2011, 166–167, Fig. 104. 96 96 Adam 1996, 62. Adam 1996, 62. 97 97 Tako datacijo ritona navaja Adamova (1996, 62). This is a dating that Adam states (1996, 62). In the V objavi groba 5 iz Spine/Valle Trebba je riton datiran v publication of Grave 5 from Spina/Valle Trebba, the rhyton čas 450–420 pr. n. št. (Aurigemma 1960, 192). Datacije is dated to 450–420 BC (Aurigemma 1960, 192). The dating opusa okrog 150 rdeče figuralno poslikanih posod Slikarja of the opus of roughly 150 red figural vases attributed to the iz Eretrije v novejši literaturi niso bistveno popravljene, Painter of Eretria has not been significantly altered in recent navajajo se npr. letnice 440–410 in 450–425 pr. n. št. (Enrico literature and ranges between 440–410 and 450–425 BC Arias 1994; Giudice 2007, 313–314, op. 19). (Enrico Arias 1994; Giudice 2007, 313–314, Fn. 19). 98 98 Adam 1996, 62. Adam 1996, 62. 99 99 Teržan, Trampuž 1973, Priloga 1. Teržan, Trampuž 1973, App. 1. 100 100 Ibid., 432. Ibid., 432. 206 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... Sl. 4: Most na Soči. Grob Sz 1484 (po Teržan, Trampuž-Orel, Lo Schiavo 1984, t. 137A). Fig. 4: Most na Soči. Grave Sz 1484 (from Teržan, Trampuž-Orel, Lo Schiavo 1984, Pl. 137A). 207 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... II. vrste po Adamovi. Kljub temu, da je bila grobnica iz- fibulae, two Velem type fibulae), glass and amber beads, ropana, se je ohranilo precej najdb, med drugim 20 fibul a gold clasp, presumed remains of a four-wheeled (kačasta fibula, fibule z živalsko glavo, protocertoške in cart, fragments of weapons, pottery and sheet metal certoške fibule Ia, IV. in V. vrste po Teržanovi, različice decorated in the classic situla art style and others. pavkastih fibul, fibuli vrste Velem), steklene in jantarne Paul Gleirscher, who led the excavations between 1993 jagode, zlata zaponka, domnevni ostanki štirikolesnega and 1995, sees the burial of the couple in the central voza, odlomki orožja, keramike in pločevine, okrašene v chamber as a single act101 from the time around the klasičnem situlskem stilu, itd. Paul Gleirscher, ki je med mid-5th century BC.102 letoma 1993 in 1995 vodil izkopavanja, vidi pokop para Nascimbene attributes Grave Sz 1484 from Most na v centralni grobnici kot enkratno dejanje101 iz časa proti Soči to Sv. Lucija IIb, which she absolutely dates between sredini 5. st. pr. n. št.102 525 and 450 BC. In her discussion, she also notes Grave Nascimbenejeva je grob Sz 1484 z Mosta na Soči Sz 2393 from Most na Soči that yielded the kettledrum datirala v stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIb, ki jo absolutno datira v fibula on Fig. 3: 2, which is a good indicator of the early obdobje med 525 in 450 pr. n. št. V razpravi je opozorila appearance of kettledrum fibulae within the Sv. Lucija tudi na grob Sz 2393 z Mosta na Soči (iz tega groba pav- IIb phase, because the associated goods in this grave kasta fibula na sl. 3: 2), ki je dober pokazatelj zgodnjega include forms characteristic of the previous IIa phase: pojava pavkastih fibul v okviru stopnje Sv. Lucija IIb, three serpentine fibulae with wings, two fragments of saj so bile v grobu tudi oblike, značilne za predhodno serpentine (probably Variant VIIb) and band bow fibu- stopnjo IIa: tri kačaste fibule s krilci, fragmenta kačastih lae. In this connection, Nascimbene adds the absolute (verjetno različice VIIb) in trakaste fibule. Nascimbene- dates for Grave 4 of the Cà Cima cemetery and Grave jeva dodaja še absolutni dataciji groba 4 z grobišča Cà 349 at Valle Trebba, both of which predate 450 BC as Cima in groba 349 v Valle Trebba, ki sta na podlagi atiške suggested by the Attic pottery (Painter of Megara) from keramike (Slikar iz Megare) datirana pred 450 pr. n. št.103 the graves.103 Glavnina predmetov iz groba 1484 je torej značilnih The bulk of the goods from Grave Sz 1484 is thus za stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIb1, ki je sočasna starejši fazi cer- characteristic of the Sv. Lucija IIb1 phase, which is toške stopnje na Dolenjskem. Poleg pavkaste fibule so to contemporary with the early part of the Certosa Fibula drobne trortaste fibule z mrežastim okrasom na zgornji phase in Dolenjska. Apart from the kettledrum fibula, ploskvi noge oz. VII. vrste po Ogrinovi ( sl. 4: 2–8),104 these objects are the small three-knobbed fibulae with trakaste fibule z mrežastim okrasom ( sl. 4: 11–17)105 in reticular decoration on the upper surface of the foot of certoški fibuli V. vrste ( sl. 4: 18–19). 106 Bronasta situla z Type VII after Ogrin ( Fig. 4: 2–8),104 band bow fibulae navznoter zavihanim robom ustja, rebrasto razčlenjenim with reticular decoration ( Fig. 4: 11–17)105 and Type ramenom in t. i. estensko nogo ( sl. 4: 27) se prav tako V Certosa fibulae ( Fig. 4: 18–19). 106 The bronze situla pojavi v stopnji Sv. Lucija IIb.107 Dve najdbi sta morda with an internal y rolled rim, a cordoned shoulder and nekoliko starejši od glavnine. V prvi vrsti je to svetolu- an Este type ring foot ( Fig. 4: 27) also appears in the Sv. cijska fibula ( sl. 4: 1),108 značilna za stopnjo Sv. Lucija Lucija IIb phase.107 Two items may be slightly earlier. IIa,109 ki pripada zgodnejši obliki po Parzingerju.110 V One is a Sveta Lucija fibula ( Fig. 4: 1),108 characteristic 101 of the Sv. Lucija IIa phase,109 which ranks among the K centralni grobnici pod mogočno gomilo (premera 101 40 m in predvidene originalne višine 8-10 m) ni vodil The central tomb of the mighty tumulus (measuring nikakršen dostop (dromus). 40 m across and 8–10 m in estimated height) had no access 102 Gleirscher 2005, 59–76; id. 2006, 35–42. (dromus/dromos) leading to it. 103 102 Nascimbene 2009, 148–149. Gleirscher 2005, 59–76; id. 2006, 35–42. 104 103 Prim. Guštin 1974, 90, Pl. 13: 3; Gabrovec 2006, 89, Nascimbene 2009, 148–149. 104 Grave 121, Pl. 71: 4; Udovč, Leben Seljak 2009, 60–61, No. 48. Cf. Guštin 1974, 90, Pl. 13: 3; Gabrovec 2006, 89, 105 Dular 2003, t. 67: 5; Pavlovič 2014, 496, sl. 26.7: 22. Grave 121, Pl. 71: 4; Udovč, Leben Seljak 2009, 60–61, No. 48. 106 105 Dular 2003, 136. Dular, tako kot Gabrovec (1987, Dular 2003, Pl. 67: 5; Pavlovič 2014, 496, Fig. 26.7: 22. 106 67), predpostavlja njihovo uporabo še v mlajšem certoškem Dular 2003, 136. Dular, similarly as Gabrovec (1987, horizontu. Pri tem navaja grob 2/11 z Voselce pri Hrastju 67), presumes their use into the Late Certosa Fibula phase, (Magdalenska gora), ki je vseboval poleg certoške fibule V. basing his assumption on Grave 2/11 from Voselca near vrste in trakaste fibule z mrežastim okrasom še samostrelno Hrastje (Magdalenska gora) that contained a Type V Certosa fibulo z nogo v obliki konjske glavice in ozko, pravokotno fibula and a band bow fibula with reticular decoration, but pasno spono z dolgim kavljem, ki sta mlajši najdbi. also a crossbow fibula with the foot in the shape of a horse’s 107 Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 429–430. head and a narrow rectangular belt plate with a long hook, 108 Teržanova in Trampuževa sicer navajata fibulo iz the last two of the goods being later in date. 107 groba 1484 kot nadaljevaje koncepta noše iz stopnje IIa v IIb Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 429–430. 108 (1973, 432). Teržan and Trampuž see the fibula from Grave 1484 109 Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 428–429. as a continuation of the fashion from phases IIa to IIb (1973, 110 Parzinger 1988, 14, Sv. Lucija-III2a, t. 10: 124; o mlajši 432). 109 obliki s skupinami reber na loku glej o. c. 14, Sv. Lucija-III3, Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 428–429. 208 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... Sl. 5: Odlomki fibul. 1 Most na Soči – naselbina (po Svoljšak, Dular 2016, t. 33: 1); 2 Idrija pri Bači, Ledince, najverjetneje grobna najdba (po Mlinar, Žbona Trkman 2010, 94); 3 Most na Soči, Repelc (po Mlinar 2001, t. 1: 1). M = 1:2. Fig. 5: Fibula fragments. 1 Most na Soči – settlement (from Svoljšak, Dular 2016, Pl. 33: 1); 2 Idrija pri Bači, Ledince, most probably grave good (from Mlinar, Žbona Trkman 2010, 94); 3 Most na Soči, Repelc (from Mlinar 2001, Pl. 1: 1). Scale = 1:2. stopnji IIa se je že uveljavil horizontalno nažlebljen uhan early forms according to Parzinger.110 The other item ( sl. 4: 24),111 ki je sicer lahko tudi iz stopnje IIb.112 Iz is a horizontal y grooved earring ( Fig. 4: 24),111 such as terenskega opisa izvemo, da so bili v grobni jami ostanki already appeared in IIa, but are also known in the IIb rdeče narebrene žare (niso ohranjeni), v kateri je bila phase.112 The field records reveal that the remains of a situla, okrog nje pa ovita jantarna ogrlica ( sl. 4: 26). Pet red cordoned urn (not surviving) were also found in jantarnih jagod je bilo v situli, ostali pridatki so bili zbra- the grave that contained a situla with an amber necklace ni ob situli na severni strani.113 Opis je važen indic, ki wrapped around it ( Fig. 4: 26). Five amber beads were nakazuje svojstveno pogrebno obredje. Ali gre pri grobu found in the situla, while other goods were collected 1484 morda za pokop več oseb, za nesočasen pokop več north of the situla.113 This description reveals a specific oseb ali za obeleževanje pokojnika s svetolucijsko fibulo burial ritual. It remains unclear, however, whether Grave kot arhaičnim elementom lokalne noše, ostaja odprto. Sz 1484 represents the burial of more individuals, the Spiralno zavita bronasta žica pravokotnega preseka burial of several individuals not interred at the same z odebeljenim koncem iz hiše 12 ( sl. 5: 1) ima dobro pri- time or possibly the Sveta Lucija fibula being offered to merjavo v dveh podobno oblikovanih spiralah bronaste the deceased as an archaic element of the local costume. fibule s tridelno peresovino z Idrije pri Bači ( sl. 5: 2) 114 The coil of bronze rectangular-sectioned wire with in na bronasti fibuli z okroglo pločevinasto ploščo iz a thickened end from House 12 ( Fig. 5: 1) has a close groba 10, ki je bil raziskan na ledini Repelc na Mostu na parallel in two similarly shaped spirals of a bronze fibula Soči ( sl. 5: 3).115 with a three-piece spring from Idrija pri Bači ( Fig. 5: 2) 114 Večdelne peresovine so bile značilne za nekatere and a bronze fibula with a sheet metal disc on the izvedbe živalskih fibul in različice certoških fibul XIIIh bow from Grave 10 investigated at Repelc in Most na po Teržanovi, ki imajo tako kot fibula z Idrije pri Bači Soči ( Fig. 5: 3).115 pogosto dodatno okrasno peresovino z zankami. Cunja, Multipart springs are characteristic of some vari- Mlinar in Mlinar, Žbona Trkman povzemajo, da je iz- ants of animal fibulae and of the Certosa fibulae of Vari- delava večdelnih peresovin značilnost fibul iz obdobja 110 Parzinger 1988, 14, Sv. Lucija-III2a, Pl. 10: 124; on the later form with groups of ribs on the bow see o. c. 14, Sv. t. 12: 174. Lucija-III3, Pl. 12: 174. 111 111 Kos 1973, 860. Kos 1973, 860. 112 112 Laharnar, Mlinar 2013, 13–14. Laharnar, Mlinar 2013, 13–14. 113 113 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1985, 245. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1985, 245. 114 114 Mlinar, Žbona Trkman 2010, 94; Cunja, Mlinar 2010, Mlinar, Žbona Trkman 2010, 94; Cunja, Mlinar 2010, 104, kat. št. 67. Glede na pravokotni presek žice odlomka iz 104, Cat. No. 67. Given the rectangular section of the wire hiše 12 je morda verjetneje, da gre za del fibule s tridelno fragment from House 12, it may be more likely that this is a peresovino. part of a fibula with a three-part spring. 115 115 Mlinar 2001, 23–30; 2002, 23, sl. 15, 46, kat. št. 21; Mlinar 2001, 23–30; 2002, 23, Figs. 15, 46, Cat. No. 21; Cunja, Mlinar 2010, 104, kat. št. 65. Cunja, Mlinar 2010, 104, Cat. No. 65. 209 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... od konca 5. do konca 4. st. pr. n. št.116 S tem se okvirno ant XIIIh after Teržan, which often have an additional ujemajo referenčni predlogi datacij certoških fibul vrste decorative spring with loops similarly as the fibula from XIIIh, ki sicer veljajo za izdelke panonskih in severnobo- Idrija pri Bači mentioned above. In Cunja, Mlinar and sanskih delavnic.117 Teržanova jih je datirala v sredino in Mlinar, Žbona Trkman, it has been established that in drugo polovico 4. st. pr. n. št.,118 Božič jih je prištel k multipart springs characterise fibulae produced from the vodilnim oblikam končne stopnje starejše železne dobe late 5th to the end of the 4th century BC.116 This roughly hrvaško-srbskega Podonavja oz. LT B1 po srednjeevrop- corresponds with the proposed dates for the Variant ski kronologiji.119 Nazadnje jih je obravnaval Marko XIIIh Certosa fibulae, which are believed to be the Dizdar v objavi mladohalštatskega ženskega groba iz products of Pannonian and north Bosnian workshops.117 podravskega Belišća, kjer jih datira v zadnjo tretjino 5. Teržan dates them to the middle and the second half of in prvo četrtino 4. st. pr. n. št.120 the 4th century BC,118 while Božič sees them as one of Grob 10 z Repelca je po trakasti fibuli z mrežastim the leading forms of the final phase of the Early Iron Age okrasom in certoški fibuli IIIa po Teržanovi datiran v in the Croatian and Serbian parts of the Danube Basin stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIb oz. okrog leta 500 ali v prvo polo- or LT B1 of the central European chronology.119 The last vico 5. st. pr. n. št.121 Ob upoštevanju razdelitve stopnje to discuss them is Marko Dizdar, in his publication of a IIb gre torej za njen starejši horizont IIb1. Late Hal statt grave of a woman from the site of Belišće Spirali na zaponki z okroglo pločevinasto ploščo z in the Croatian region of Podravina, where he dates Repelca oblikujeta zaključek noge fibule zgodnjelatenske them to the last third of the 5th and the first quarter of sheme in ji dajeta vtis ovnove glavice. Miha Mlinar je v the 4th century BC.120 tej edinstveni zaponki videl spoj halštatske oblikovalske The above-cited Grave 10 from Repelc has been at- tradicije in uveljavljanje latenskega stila, pri čemer je tributed to the Sv. Lucija IIb phase, i.e. around 500 or the prvo prepoznati v izvedbi iztolčenega okrasja na okrogli first half of the 5th century BC on the basis of the associ- pločevinasti ploščici in samostrelne peresovine, drugega ated band bow fibula with reticular decoration and the v pravokotni obliki trakastega loka ter podaljšanem za- Certosa fibula of Variant IIIa after Teržan.121 Considering ključku noge z živalsko glavico, ki z rogovi molí nazaj k the division of the IIb phase, this is its early IIb1 subphase. loku.122 Podobno Adamova razume razkošni ploščičasti The spirals on the fibula with a sheet metal disc fibuli iz Trenta,123 ki sta srednjelatenske sheme, vendar from Repelc resemble a ram’s head and form the foot po obliki loka in načinu pritrditve okrasne plošče nanj terminal typical of the fibulae of the Early La Tène con- primerku z Repelca zelo podobna.124 Mostarski fibuli je struction. In this item, Miha Mlinar sees a fusion of the blizu fibula iz Valične vasi,125 ki ima podobno izvedeno Hal statt formal tradition and the new La Tène style, with namestitev okrogle okrasne plošče na trakast lok in the former visible in the embossed decoration on the samostrelno peresovino z visoko ležečo notranjo tetivo. sheet metal disc and the crossbow spring, and the latter Najdbe iz Valične vasi izvirajo z območja mladohalštat- in the rectangular form of the bow and the elongated skega in latensko-rimskega grobišča.126 Soroden okras foot terminal with an animal head the horns of which iztolčenih in krožno razporejenih, proti sredini obrnje- point back to the foot.122 Adam similarly interprets the nih reber imajo fibula iz Poljan pri Žužemberku127 ter ornate fibulae with a disc on the bow ( fibule laminari con zlate prevleke železnih ali bronasto-železnih ploščičastih dischi ribaditi) from Trento,123 which are of the Middle fibul, aplik in faler z mladohalštatskih ter zgodnjelaten- La Tène construction, but very similar to the example skih najdišč severno od Alp.128 V slednjih je primerjave from Repelc in the shape of the bow and the manner of za tridentinski fibuli iskala tudi Adamova in opozorila attaching the decorative disc onto the bow.124 A fibula na sorodnosti s ploščičastimi fibulami s švicarskih naj- resembling that from Most na Soči has been found at dišč Saint-Sulpice, Murzelen, Ütliberg (knežja gomila) Valična vas,125 with the decorative disc attached to the band bow in a similar manner and with a crossbow 116 Mlinar, Žbona Trkman 2010, 94; Cunja, Mlinar 2010, spring with a high internal chord. The finds from Valična 104. vas originate from the area of the Late Hal statt and La 117 Dizdar 2015, 47, karta. 118 116 Teržan 1976, 380. Mlinar, Žbona Trkman 2010, 94; Cunja, Mlinar 2010, 119 Božič 1981, 316 (o razmerju t. i. stopnje Čurug do 104.117 srednjeevropske kronologije na str. 324). Dizdar 2015, 47, Map. 120 118 Dizdar 2015, 49. Teržan 1976, 380. 121 119 Mlinar 2001, 32; id. 2002, 46. Božič 1981, 316 (on the relationship between the 122 Mlinar 2002, 24. Čurug phase and the central European chronology see p. 324). 123 120 Adam 1996, 174, 176–177, t. 12: 273-274. Dizdar 2015, 49. 124 121 Mlinar 2001, 28. Mlinar 2001, 32; id. 2002, 46. 125 122 Teržan 1973, t. 4: 4; Mlinar 2002, 26, t. 2: 2. Mlinar 2002, 24. 126 123 Teržan 1973, 660–665. Adam 1996, 174, 176–177, Pl. 12: 273-274. 127 124 Knez 1968−1969, 185; Mlinar 2001, 28, t. 2: 1. Mlinar 2001, 28. 128 125 Npr. Megaw 2015, 423–431. Teržan 1973, Pl. 4: 4; Mlinar 2002, 26, Pl. 2: 2. 210 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... ter nemškega Reinheima. V ta okvir umešča še fibulo Tène-Roman cemetery.126 Comparable decoration of iz kraja Želenice,129 hranjeno v Narodnem muzeju v embossed and circularly arranged ribs pointing towards Pragi,130 katere ploščica je ponovno podobno okrašena the centre can also be found on a fibula from Poljane kot pri fibuli z Repelca.131 Naštete primerjave z obmo- pri Žužemberku127 and on the gold foils on the iron or čja vznika in začetnega širjenja latenske kulture niso bronze-iron fibulae with a disc on the bow, appliques and mlajše od začetka horizonta LT B po srednjeevropski phalerae from the Late Hal statt and Early La Tène sites kronologiji.132 north of the Alps.128 In the last of the objects mentioned, Že Mlinar je opozoril na dobro primerjavo mo- Adam also sees a parallel for the fibulae from Trento and starskega primerka z bronasto ploščičasto fibulo z notes the similarities with the fibulae with a disc on the najdišča Hochbühel pri Meranu,133 ki ju povezujejo bow from Saint-Sulpice, Murzelen, Ütliberg (princely kvadratno oblikovan trakast lok, dolga samostrelna tumulus) in Switzerland and Reinheim in Germany. peresovina z visoko ležečo notranjo tetivo, podobno In this connection, she also mentions a fibula from okrašena in pritrjena ploščica ter trikotni obeski kot Želenice,129 kept in the Národní Muzeum in Prague,130 dodaten okrasni element.134 Vendar z razliko od fibule the disc on which bears a decoration similar to that on z Repelca (dolžina 7,8 cm), ki je bila del bogate dekliške the fibula from Repelc.131 These parallels from the area oprave,135 meranske fibule najverjetneje nikoli niso of the origin and initial spread of the La Tène culture nosili. Komaj 2,5 cm dolga zaponka je bila izdelana do not postdate the beginning of LT B of the central za daritev in skupaj z zbirko miniaturnih votivnih European chronology.132 predmetov izvira z žgalnodaritvenega kultnega mesta Mlinar observes that the fibula from Most na na najdišču Hochbühel.136 Soči has a close parallel in the bronze fibula with a disc Skupina podobnih fibul z okroglo pločevinasto on the bow from Hochbühel near Merano/Meran in ploščo se torej pojavlja od Južne Tirolske prek Posočja South Tyrol,133 which share a square band bow, a long do Dolenjske. Namestitev okrogle plošče na lok fibule, crossbow spring with a high internal chord, a similarly lok zgodnjelatenske sheme in morda ikonografija okrasa decorated and attached disc and triangular pendants as jih povezujejo z izdelki zgodnjelatenskega stila severno an additional decorative element.134 As opposed to the od Alp. Vendar z razliko od švicarskih, nemških in fibula from Repelc (length 7.8 cm), which was part of a čeških primerjav okrogla okrašena bronasta pločevina rich attire of a girl,135 however, the fibula from Merano tukajšnjih fibul ni iz zlata in ne služi kot prevleka žele- was probably never worn. The no more than 2.5 cm long znih plošč. fibula was made as an offering and formed part of the Med drobnimi najdbami hiše 33 sta bili dve fibuli. assemblage of miniature votive objects recovered from Bronasta fibula srednjelatenske sheme ( t. 97: 9) s pra- a cult place for burnt offerings at Hochbühel.136 vokotnim presekom loka in dolgo peresovino z zunanjo The above shows that similar fibulae with a sheet tetivo ima ohranjen zadnji del nazaj zapognjene noge, metal disc on the bow are known from South Tyrol to z enim večjim in tremi manjšimi polkrožnimi rebri, Posočje and Dolenjska. The manner of attaching the ki se z objemko pripenja na lok. V soseščini najdemo round disc to the bow, the bow of the Early La Tène con- sorodno oblikovan zaključek noge na odlomku fibule z struction and possibly the decorative iconography ties lokom pravokotnega preseka iz Dernazzacca, ki pa ne these fibulae to the products of the Early La Tène style omogoča natančnejše časovne umestitve.137 Zaključek north of the Alps. Contrary to the examples from Swit- noge s polkrožnimi rebri nekoliko spominja na fibulo zerland, Germany and the Czech Republic, the round vrste Idrija pri Bači iz groba 5 na Idriji pri Bači, ki sodi decorated sheet bronze of the fibulae here is not made v stopnjo LT D1,138 a se od nje loči v obliki objemke – ta of gold and does not serve as the coating of iron discs. je brez izrazitih prečnih reber na robovih – in izvedbi The small finds from House 33 include two fibulae. peresovine. Dolga peresovina z zunanjo tetivo ima pri- The bronze fibula of the Middle La Tène construction merjave v bronastih in železnih fibulah stopnje LT C2 z ( Pl. 97: 9) has a rectangular-sectioned bow, a wide spring območja mokronoške skupine.139 with an external chord and a reverted foot that survives 129 in part, bears one large and three smaller semicircular Adam 1996, 174. 130 126 Valentová et al. 2012, 139, kat. št. 91. Teržan 1973, 660–665. 131 127 Mlinar 2001, 26, t. 2: 3. Knez 1968−1969, 185; Mlinar 2001, 28, Pl. 2: 1. 132 128 Adam 1996, 174; Megaw 2015, 429. E.g. Megaw 2015, 423–431. 133 129 Mlinar 2001, 26. Adam 1996, 174. 134 130 Lunz 1976, 47, sl. 38 Valentová et al. 2012, 139, Cat. No. 91. 135 131 Mlinar 2001, 32. Mlinar 2001, 26, Pl. 2: 3. 136 132 Sölder 2002, 51–52, sl. 35, 198, kat. št. 198. Adam 1996, 174; Megaw 2015, 429. 137 133 Pettarin 2006, 119, t. 15: 212. Mlinar 2001, 26. 138 134 Guštin 1991, t. 6: 10; Božič 2011, 254–255, sl. 6.14: 3. Lunz 1976, 47, Fig. 38. 139 135 Božič 1999a, 198–199, 210; Pirkmajer 1991, t. 9: 55- Mlinar 2001, 32. 136 57, 13: 84-85. Sölder 2002, 51–52, Figs. 35, 198, Cat. No. 198. 211 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... Obročasto fibulo, okrašeno s tangencialno po- ribs and is attached to the bow with a clamp. In the vicin- vezanimi krožci s piko, iz hiše 33 ( t. 97: 13) je objavil ity of Most na Soči, a similarly shaped foot terminal can Mitja Guštin v knjigi o mlajši železni dobi Posočja in jo be seen on the fragment of a fibula with a rectangular- opredelil kot obročasto fibulo vrste Posočje.140 Menimo, sectioned bow from Dernazzacco, but this fragment da gre za mlajšo, rimsko fibulo. V primerjavi z ostalimi cannot be dated more precisely.137 The foot terminal with fibulami vrste Posočje, mednje sodi tudi tukaj predsta- semicircular ribs is similar to that on an Idrija pri Bači vljena fibula iz sonde 17 ( sl. 12: 13 in glej spodaj) , je za- fibula from Grave 5 at Idrija pri Bači, which is attributed ponka iz hiše 33 manjša. Njen premer je 3 cm.141 Čeprav to LT D1,138 but differs in the shape of the clamp that is je zlomljena, bi luknjica za namestitev igle, ki je značilna devoid of the pronounced ribs at the edges and in the za vse ostale primerke fibul vrste Posočje, morala biti shape of the spring. The wide spring with an external vidna. To dejstvo napeljuje k domnevi, da je bila igla, ki chord has parallels in the bronze and iron fibulae of LT ni ohranjena, pri bazi najverjetneje oblikovana v zanko C2 from the area of the Mokronog group.139 tako, da se je krožno premikala po obroču fibule. Takšna The second fibula from House 33 is a penannular konstrukcija je značilna za različico rimskih obročastih fibula, decorated with tangential y connected ring-and- fibul, izdelanih iz pločevinastega traku s preprosto zapo- dots ( Pl. 97: 13). It has been published by Mitja Guštin gnjenima ali cevasto oz. spiralno zavitima koncema.142 in his book on the Late Iron Age in Posočje who deter- Po Feugèrju je prva izvedba (tip 30g1) značilna za 1. st., mined it as a Posočje type penannular fibula.140 We are druga (tip 30g2) je pogosta v kontekstih 4. stoletja.143 of the opinion that the fibula is actual y Roman in date. Odlomek loka in noge bronaste fibule ( t. 31: 8) iz Compared with other fibulae of the Posočje type, which hiše 9 morda pripada kateri od klasičnih izvedb kačastih include one from Trench 17 at Most na Soči ( Fig. 12: fibul ali eni od oblik, ki sodijo v veliko skupino usločenih 13 and see below) , the fibula from House 33 is smaller fibul, značilnih za t. i. horizont usločenih fibul, to je and only measures 3 cm in diameter.141 Although it is stopnjo LT D2 po srednjeevropski kronologiji.144 broken, the hole for attaching the pin, which is charac- teristic of all other fibulae of the type, should be clearly visible, suggesting that the unpreserved pin must have Prstani, obeski, gumbi in steklene jagode been attached to the frame by way of a loop and thus movable along the frame. Such a construction is typical Med hišnimi najdbami so bronasti prstani dobro of the Roman penannular fibulae made of a sheet metal zastopani. Med njimi je pet preprostih primerkov s frame with bent or rolled ends.142 According to Feugère, polkrožnim presekom ( t. 9: 4; 28: 4; 31: 13; 61: 1; 98: 1) its Type 30g1 is characteristic of the 1st century AD, while ter različne okrašene izvedbe, med njimi narebren ( t. 29: Type 30g2 is common in contexts from the 4th century.143 12), z vrezanimi skupinami črtic in krožci s piko med The bow and foot fragment of a bronze fibula ( Pl. njimi ( t. 36: 22; 37: 3), s skupinami vrezanih krožcev s 31: 8) from House 9 may belong to one of the classic piko ( t. 60: 2) in vrezanimi črticami ( t. 89: 17). Vsem forms of serpentine fibulae or to one of the forms of najdemo primerjave med grobnim gradivom najdišč the large group of arched fibulae (geschweifte Fibeln), svetolucijske skupine. characteristic of the Arched Fibula phase, i.e. LT D2 of Morda je najmlajši prstan odlomek neokrašenega the central European chronology.144 trakastega obročka iz druge gradbene faze hiše 11 ( t. 32: 6), ki ima primerjavo v grobu 31 na Koritnici ob Bači, kjer je bil v grobu skupaj z odlomki keramike, Finger rings, pendants, buttons and glass beads brusnima kamnoma in fibulo zgodnjelatenske sheme. S prstanom s Koritnice so se ohranili tudi ostanki prstne The Iron Age houses at Most na Soči revealed kosti,145 kar govori v prid opredelitve obročka za prstan. numerous bronze finger rings. They include five plain V ostalih primerih je bila gotovo mogoča tudi drugačna examples with a semicircular cross section ( Pls. 9: 4; 28: raba prstanov oz. obročkov. Zelo pogosto so nanizani 4; 31: 13; 61: 1; 98: 1) and different decorated examples. na svetolucijskih in drugih fibulah.146 137 Pettarin 2006, 119, Pl. 15: 212. 140 138 Guštin 1991, 25, t. 44: 4. Guštin 1991, Pl. 6: 10; Božič 2011, 254–255, Fig. 6.14: 3. 141 139 Premeri fibul vrste Posočje iz grobov na Idriji pri Bači Božič 1999a, 198–199, 210; Pirkmajer 1991, Pls. 9: 55- znašajo 5, 5,4 in 5,8 cm (po Guštin 1991, t. 6: 9; 10: 10; 20: 4), 57, 13: 84-85. 140 premer fibule z najdišča Vrh gradu pri Pečinah znaša 4,8 cm Guštin 1991, 25, Pl. 44: 4. 141 (Mlinar, Cunja 2010, 112, št. 115). The diameters of the Posočje fibulae from the graves at 142 Jobst 1975, 125: varianta A: kat. št. 358–367. Idrija pri Bači are 5, 5.4 and 5.8 cm (from Guštin 1991, Pls. 6: 143 Feugère 1985, 185, 417, 421. 9; 10: 10; 20: 4), while the fibula from Vrh gradu near Pečine 144 Völling 1994, 234, op. 398; Božič 2008, 95. measures 4.8 cm across (Mlinar, Cunja 2010, 112, No. 115). 145 142 Kos 1973, 856, t. 8: 2. Jobst 1975, 125: Variant A: Cat. Nos. 358–367. 146 143 Prim. na iglo certoške fibule iz hiše 7 so nanizani Feugère 1985, 185, 417, 421. 144 bronasti obročki ali prstani v treh izvedbah ( t. 28: 1). Völling 1994, 234, Fn. 398; Božič 2008, 95. 212 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... Medtem ko so različne izvedbe košarastih obeskov The latter include a ring with ribbing ( Pl. 29: 12), one z zaobljenim dnom v svetolucijski skupini pogosta with groups of incised lines separated by ring-and-dots oblika,147 se košarasti obesek s koničnim dnom 148 ( Pls. 36: 22; 37: 3), one with groups of incised ring- pojavlja redkeje.149 Obesek iz hiše 22A ( t. 62: 3) je and-dots ( Pl. 60: 2) and one with incised lines ( Pl. 89: zaradi kroglaste odebelitve na dnu podoben polnemu 17). All have parallels among the grave goods from the primerku iz groba Sz 520 na Mostu na Soči,150 ki ga je cemeteries of the Sveta Lucija group. Thilo F. Warneke uvrstil v svojo, sicer precej raznoliko The last in date may be the fragment of a plain band obliko 21.151 Tej obliki pripadajo tudi košarasti obesek s finger ring from the second construction phase of House kultnega mesta ( sl. 7: 20) in vsaj dva z Marchesettijevih 11 ( Pl. 32: 6), which has a parallel in a ring from Grave 31 izkopavanj.152 Warnekejeva karta razprostranjenosti se at Koritnica, found together with pottery fragments, two deloma ujema z ugotovitvami italijanskih arheologov, whetstones and a fibula of the Early La Tène construc- da se košarasti obeski s koničastim dnom pojavljajo na tion. Surviving together with this ring from Koritnica is najdiščih od Lombardije, Tridentinskega do Benečije. the remains of finger bones,145 which speaks in favour of Nastopajo predvsem v horizontu certoških fibul153 in v the item being used as a finger ring. Other examples may kontekstih 5. st. pr. n. št.154 Podobno povzema Teržano- have served a different purpose; they are commonly found va, ki je prva zbrala primerke s slovenskih in hrvaških hanging from Sveta Lucija and other fibulae.146 najdišč, da gre za značilno mladohalštatsko obliko.155 Basket-shaped pendants with a rounded bottom in Temu ne nasprotuje odkritje iz druge gradbene faze different variants are common finds in the Sveta Lucija hiše 22A, kjer je bil poleg obeska tudi gumb certoške group,147 while the basket-shaped pendants with a fibule X. vrste ( t. 62: 4) in odlomek steklene jagode ( t. conical bottom 148 are much rarer.149 One such pendant, 62: 1, glej spodaj). from House 22A ( Pl. 62: 3), has a spherical knob at the V skupino košaričastih obeskov s koničnim dnom bottom, in which it is comparable with a solid pendant uvrščamo tudi različico z mrežastim okrasom ( t. 36: from Grave Sz 520 at Most na Soči,150 which Thilo F. 18), ki se pojavlja na najdiščih svetolucijske skupine Warneke classified into his rather varied Form 21.151 ter s posameznimi primerki še na Dolenjskem in v Beli This form also includes a basket-shaped pendant from krajini.156 the cult place ( Fig. 7: 20) and at least two such items from Bronasti kalotasti gumbi, ki so jih našli v hišah 1, 7 Marchesetti’s excavations.152 Warneke’s distribution map in 10 ( t. 2: 3; 28: 6; 31: 20), imajo primerjave na kultnem partly corresponds with the findings of Italian archaeolo- mestu (glej spodaj). gists that basket-shaped pendants with a conical bottom Predmeti iz stekla, ki so jih našli na območju razi- occur at sites from Lombardy to Trentino and Veneto. skanih hiš, so kroglaste in sploščeno kroglaste jagode iz They are mainly known from contexts of the Certosa raznobarvnega stekla z raznobarvnimi očesci, odlomek Fibula phase,153 i.e. the 5th century BC.154 Teržan draws steklenega obročka ( t. 40: 4) in obesek amforičaste obli- a similar conclusion, gathering the known examples ke ( t. 97: 14). Med steklenimi jagodami in njihovimi from sites in Slovenia and Croatia, and sees them as a odlomki so primerki iz rumenega stekla in plastovitimi typical Late Hal statt form.155 The find from the second belo-modrimi očesci ( t. 23: 8, 32: 5, 57: 24, 89: 19) ter iz construction phase of House 22A does not contradict modrozelenega stekla s plastovitimi rumeno-belo-mo- this conclusion, as it was found together with the ribbed drimi očesci ( t. 57: 25, 97: 17). Manjše kroglaste jagode disc of a Type X Certosa fibula ( Pl. 62: 4) and a fragment so izdelane iz zelenega ali temnozelenega ( t. 23: 10–11) of a glass bead ( Pl. 62: 1, see below). in modrega ( t. 55: 2) stekla. Rumene in modrozelene The group of basket-shaped pendants with a conical steklene jagode s plastovitimi očesci so bile v 5. in 4. st. bottom includes the variant with reticular decoration ( Pl. 36: 18), examples of which are known from the sites 147 Gabrovec 1974, 303–304; Teßsmann 2007; Pavlin 2014. 148 145 Prim. De Marinis 1981, 229–323, sl. 5; Carancini Kos 1973, 856, Pl. 8: 2. 146 1975, 58–59, sl. 10: 13-14. Cf. that bronze rings or finger rings in three variants 149 Svetličič 1997, 35. are hanging from the Certosa fibula from House 7 ( Pl. 28: 1). 150 147 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, t. 42C: 2. Gabrovec 1974, 303–304; Teßmann 2007; Pavlin 2014. 151 148 Warneke 1999, 129, sl. 62. Cf. De Marinis 1981, 229–323, Fig. 5; Carancini 1975, 152 Marchesetti 1893, 173, t. 24: 32,34 (= Montagnari 58–59, Fig. 10: 13-14. 149 Kokelj 1993, 267, t. 24: 32,34). Svetličič 1997, 35. 153 150 Peroni et al. 1975, 59, 63, 219, 229–230, sl. 10: 14, 60: 7. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, Pl. 42C: 2. 154 151 Nascimbene 2004, 661–662. Warneke 1999, 129, Fig. 62. 155 152 Teržan 1973, 684, op. 62; Svetličič 1997, 35–36. Marchesetti 1893, 173, Pl. 24: 32,34 (= Montagnari 156 Za Posočje seznam najdišč Barbare Teßmann lahko Kokelj 1993, 267, Pl. 24: 32,34). 153 dopolnimo še z najdbami iz Dernazzacca (Pettarin 2006, t. 26: Peroni et al. 1975, 59, 63, 219, 229–230, Figs. 10: 14, 60: 7. 154 438-441), 13 primerki z najdišča Grad pri Krnu (neobjavljeno, Nascimbene 2004, 661–662. 155 hrani Tolminski muzej) in Kobarida (v zasebni hrambi). Teržan 1973, 684, Fn. 62; Svetličič 1997, 35–36. 213 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... pr. n. št. široko razprostranjene.157 Na Dolenjskem so of the Sveta Lucija group and with individual examples med najdbami iz grobov certoške in negovske stopnje.158 from Dolenjska and Bela krajina.156 Kot je opozorila Kari Kunter, so v svetolucijski skupini The bronze domed buttons from Houses 1, 7 and značilne za stopnji Sv. Lucija IIb in IIc,159 nekateri pri- 10 ( Pls. 2: 3; 28: 6; 31: 20) are comparable with the finds merki, ki naj bi bili iz starejših grobov, pa so posamezne from the cult place (see below). najdbe in ne izvirajo iz zaključenih grobnih celot.160 The items of glass from the houses of the settle- Odlomek velike sploščene kroglaste jagode iz čr- ment comprise spherical and flattened spherical beads nega stekla in številnimi modro-belimi očesci iz druge of multi-coloured glass and multi-coloured eyes, a frag- gradbene faze hiše 22A ( t. 62: 1) ima odlično primerjavo ment of a glass ring ( Pl. 40: 4) and an amphora-shaped v odlomkih steklenih jagod iz groba 10 na Repelcu. Kot pendant ( Pl. 97: 14). The glass beads and their fragments smo že napisali, je grob z Repelca na podlagi trakaste include examples of yellow glass and layered white-blue fibule z mrežastim okrasom in certoške fibule IIIa po eyes ( Pls. 23: 8, 32: 5, 57: 24, 89: 19), and examples of Teržanovi datiran v stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIb1 oz. okrog blue-green glass with layered yellow-white-blue eyes leta 500 ali v prvo polovico 5. st. pr. n. št.161 V Sloveniji ( Pls. 57: 25, 97: 17). Smaller beads are made of green poznamo tako jagodo zgolj med gradivom z grobišča or dark green ( Pl. 23: 10–11) and blue ( Pl. 55: 2) glass. blizu Goleka pri Vinici,162 širše pa predvsem v Italiji, kjer The yel ow and blue-green glass beads with layered eyes veljajo za izdelke, povezane z mojstrstvom feničanskih were widespread in the 5th and 4th centuries BC.157 In steklarskih delavnic.163 Pri tem spomnimo, da enako Dolenjska, they occur in the graves of the Certosa Fibula velja tudi za stekleni obesek v podobi bradatega moškega and Negova phases.158 Within the Sveta Lucija group, obraza iz groba 2942 na mostarskem grobišču, ki ga je Kari Kunter observes that they were characteristic of the odkril Marchesetti.164 Sv. Lucija IIb and IIc phases,159 while the examples pre- Med gradivom hiše 33 so najdbe iz več obdobij. sumed to be from earlier graves actual y represent stray V starejšo železno dobo sodita bronasti lasni spiralni finds and do not originate from reliable grave groups.160 obroček ( t. 97: 10)165 in odlomek steklene jagode t. 97:17. The fragment of a large flattened spherical bead Poznolatenska sta fibula srednjelatenske sheme ( t. 97: 9) of black glass with numerous blue-white eyes, associ- in odlomek vretenastega kozarca Marabini 3 oziroma ated with the second construction phase of House 22A Ricci 1/7 ( t. 97: 18),166 medtem ko je fibula t. 97: 13 iz ( Pl. 62: 1), has close parallels in the fragments of glass rimske dobe. Iz konca starejše železne dobe je jagoda beads from Grave 10 at Repelc. As already noted above, amforičaste oblike iz temnorjavega stekla ( t. 97: 14).167 the band bow fibula with reticular decoration and the Dragan Božič jih našteva med oblikami stopnje Čurug Variant IIIa Certosa fibula after Teržan from this grave (LT B1) relativne kronologije hrvaško-srbskega Podo- date it to the Sv. Lucija IIb1, i.e. around 500 or the first navja.168 Petar Popović je pokazal, da neredko nastopajo half of the 5th century BC.161 In Slovenia, a single other kot grobne najdbe skupaj s fibulami zgodnjelatenske such fibula is known from the cemetery in the vicinity sheme, in domneva njihovo širjenje od Makedonije, ob of Golek near Vinica,162 while abroad they are mainly vzhodni jadranski obali in prek osrednjega Balkana do known in Italy where they are believed to be products Moravske.169 connected with Phoenician workshops.163 The same is true of the glass pendant in the shape of a bearded 157 male face from Grave 2942 at Most na Soči excavated Kunter 1995, 161. 158 by Marchesetti.164 Ibid. 37; Božič 2011, 248. 159 Kunter 1995, 38, op. 112. 160 Ibid., 226–227; Božič 2011, 248. 161 156 Mlinar 2001, 32; 2002, 46. We can add further finds to the list published by 162 Hrani Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Barbara Teßmann for Posočje Region: those from Dernazzacco pri Harvardski univerzi, inv. št. 40-77-40/12213, (https://www. (Pettarin 2006, Pl. 26: 438-441), 13 examples from Grad near peabody.harvard.edu/collections, zadnji dostop 9. 5. 2017). Krn (unpublished, kept in the Tolminski muzej) and Kobarid 163 Prim. Moscati 1988, 745, kat. št. 946. (private collection). 164 157 Marchesetti 1893, 132, 171, t. 29: 9 (= Montagnari Kunter 1995, 161. 158 Kokelj 1993, 226, 267, t. 29: 9); Vitri 1997, 314, kat. št. 193. Ibid. 37; Božič 2011, 248. 165 159 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1985, 30–31, št. 4. Kunter 1995, 38, Fn. 112. 166 160 Grahek v tej knjigi. O dataciji kozarcev Marabini 3 Ibid., 226–227; Božič 2011, 248. 161 oziroma Ricci 1/7 glej npr. Fasano 1994, 165–172; Horvat, Mlinar 2001, 32; 2002, 46. 162 Bavdek 2009, 70–72. Kept in the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and 167 Datacija v pozno latensko dobo ni povsem izključena. Ethnology at Harvard University, Inv. No. 40-77-40/12213. Vendar jo nakazuje zgolj primerjava v najdbi podobne jagode (https://www.peabody.harvard.edu/collections, last accessed na poznolatenskem grobišču Strmec nad Belo Cerkvijo 9. 5. 2017). 163 (Dular 1991, t. 51: 9; Božič 1992, 39). Cf. Moscati 1988, 745, Cat. No. 946. 168 164 Božič 1981, 315, op. 12. Marchesetti 1893, 132, 171, Pl. 29: 9 (= Montagnari 169 Popović 1997; id. 2000. Kokelj 1993, 226, 267, Pl. 29: 9); Vitri 1997, 314, Cat. No. 193. 214 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... The small finds from House 33 are attributable to different periods. The bronze spiral hair ring ( Pl. 97: 10)165 and the fragment of a glass bead on Pl. 97:17 date to the Early Iron Age. The fibula of the Middle La Tène construction ( Pl. 97: 9) and the fragment of a spindle- shaped Marabini 3 or Ricci 1/7 beaker ( Pl. 97: 18)166 are from the Late La Tène period, while the fibula on Pl. 97: 13 dates to the Roman period. The amphora-shaped bead of dark brown glass ( Pl. 97: 14) dates to the final part of the Early Iron Age.167 Dragan Božič lists such beads among the forms of the Čurug phase (LT B1) of the relative chronology for the Croatian and Serbian part of the Danube Basin.168 Petar Popović has shown that they Sl. 6: Obeski. 1 Most na Soči – naselbina (po Svoljšak, Dular sometimes occur as grave goods in association with the 2016, t. 97: 15); 2 Berlotov rob (Narodni muzej Slovenije); 3 fibulae of the Early La Tène construction and suggested Loga pri Bodrežu (po Guštin 1991, t. 40: 22). M = 1:2. their spread from Macedonia along the eastern Adriatic Fig. 6: Pendants. 1 Most na Soči – settlement (from Svoljšak, coast, across the central Balkans to Moravia.169 Dular 2016, Pl. 97: 15); 2 Berlotov rob (Narodni muzej Slo- The predominantly Late Hal statt and Late La Tène venije); 3 Loga near Bodrež (from Guštin 1991, Pl. 40: 22). finds from House 33 indicate the date of the bronze flat- Scale = 1:2. tened pendant from this house ( Fig. 6: 1). The pendant is comparable with two finds from Posočje, both recovered from cult places, that cannot be dated more precisely. Prevladujoče mladohalštatske in poznolatenske One was found with a metal detector at Berlotov rob najdbe iz hiše 33 nakazujejo tudi datacijo bronastega ( Fig. 6: 2), while the other is part of an unusual set of sploščenega obeska iz hiše 33 v ta časovni okvir ( sl. 6: bronze pendants strung on a spiral wire that was found 1). Obesek ima v Posočju dve primerjavi, obe izvirata s at Loge near Bodrež ( Fig. 6: 3).170 The two items only kultnih mest in ju tudi ne moremo ožje datirati. Prvega differ from the example from Most na Soči in that they so našli z detektorjem kovin na Berlotovem robu ( sl. bear ring-and-dot decoration in the centre. The assem- 6: 2), drugi dopolnjuje nenavadno bronasto garnituro blages of finds from Bodrež and Berlotov rob span the obeskov na spiralno zaviti žici z Loge pri Bodrežu ( sl. 6: Late Hal statt and Late La Tène periods.171 3).170 Navedena predmeta se od mostarskega razlikujeta le v tem, da sta na sredini okrašena s krožcem in piko. Sicer zbirki najdb iz Bodreža in z Berlotovega roba zajemata čas mladohalštatske in poznolatenske dobe.171 165 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1985, 30–31, No. 4. 166 Grahek in this book. On the date of the Marabini 3 or Ricci 1/7 beakers see e.g. Fasano 1994, 165–172; Horvat, Orožje, orodje in razni pripomočki Bavdek 2009, 70–72. 167 It is not possible to exclude the possibility of a Late La Edine najdbe orožja iz hiš so tri železne sulične osti Tène date, though it is only indicated by a similar bead being in sulično kopito (t. 94: 6). Odlomek sulične osti iz hiše 1 found on the Late La Tène cemetery at Strmec above Bela je zelo korodiran ( t. 2: 6), od tiste iz hiše 14A se je ohranil Cerkev (Dular 1991, Pl. 51: 9; Božič 1992, 39). 168 zgolj tul ( t. 36: 4). Bolje je ohranjena sulična ost iz hiše Božič 1981, 315, Fn. 12. 169 Popović 1997; id. 2000. 170 170 Guštin 1991, 12, t. 40: 22. Guštin 1991, 12, Pl. 40: 22. 171 171 V gradivu obeh najdišč prepoznavamo mladohalštatsko The two sites revealed Late Hal statt and Late La Tène in poznolatensko drobno materialno kulturo, medtem ko small finds, and no artefacts characteristic of the Middle La značilnih najdb iz srednjega latena ni oz. nimamo prepričljivih Tène period, offering us no convincing evidence of such a argumentov za tako datacijo. Najmlajše najdbe z Berlotovega date. The latest finds from Berlotov rob date to the closing roba sodijo v zadnja desetletja pr. n. št. in morda še v decades BC and possibly the Augustan period; only one of avgustejsko dobo. Zgolj eden od rimskih prstanov je mlajši, the Roman finger rings is later, from the 3rd century (Narodni iz 3. stoletja (Narodni muzej Slovenije in Tolminski muzej, muzej Slovenije and Tolminski muzej, unpublished). This neobjavljeno). Tovrsten fenomen “odsotnosti srednjega latena” phenomenon of ‘an absence of Middle La Tène finds’ has been je značilen za celotno Posočje. Iz tega časa ne poznamo nobene observed across the Posočje region; we have no documented grobne celote niti drugih prepričljivih kontekstov, temveč grave groups or other reliable contexts from this period, only le redke posamezne najdbe. V tem trenutku je edina izjema stray finds, with the exception of a cave at Laze near Čadrg (see jama z ledine Laze pri Čadrgu (glej zgoraj) z najdbo certoške above) with the find of a Type Xg Certosa fibula and military fibule vrste Xg in vojaško opremo, značilno za srednjelatensko equipment characteristic of the Middle La Tène phase of LT C1 stopnjo LT C1 (Mlinar, Turk 2016, 21, 40–44, kat. št. 39–45). (Mlinar, Turk 2016, 21, 40–44, Cat. Nos. 39–45). 215 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... 15A, z listom vrbolistne oblike in izrazitim sredinskim Weapons, tools and other implements rebrom polkrožnega preseka ( t. 53: 6). Obliko je samo po sebi težko datirati, a ji najdemo primerjave tudi med The only finds of weapons from the houses at Most halštatsko dediščino Posočja.172 na Soči are three iron spearheads and a spear butt (Pl. Blizu večjega kamna, ki je bil del ognjišča v drugi 94: 6). The spearhead fragment from House 1 is heavily gradbeni fazi hiše 30,173 je bil odkrit železen srp ( t. 95: corroded ( Pl. 2: 6), of the spearhead from House 14A 3). Gre za najdbo, ki pomembno dopolnjuje naše vede- only the socket survives ( Pl. 36: 4), while the spearhead nje o poljedelskem delu v starejši železni dobi Posočja. from House 15A is better preserved and has a willow- Arheobotanične najdbe različnih žit, ostankov rastlinske leaf blade and a pronounced semicircular-sectioned hrane174 in žrmlje175 so zgovoren dokaz, da so obdelovali midrib ( Pl. 53: 6). The form in itself is difficult to date, njive in vrtove ter gojili poljščine, medtem ko najdb but does have parallels among Hal statt-period objects poljedelskega orodja doslej nismo poznali. Drugače from Posočje.172 je z dediščino poznega latena, ko je v Posočju izpričan An iron sickle ( Pl. 95: 3) was unearthed close to a običaj pridajanja poljedelskega orodja v grobove176 in large rock that was part of the hearth associated with the pojav orodnih depojev.177 second construction phase of House 30.173 This find cer- Medtem ko poznamo v obdobju kulture žarnih tainly advances our knowledge of the farming activities grobišč bronaste srpe kot eno od najštevilčnejših oblik in the Early Iron Age Posočje as no farming implements drobne materialne kulture z mnogoznačnim pomenom have been known here previously. The archaeobotanical (poljedelsko orodje, predmonetarno sredstvo, simbol ro- finds from Most na Soči of different cereals, the remains dovitnosti ali lunarni simbol v semantičnem smislu),178 of plant foodstuffs174 and quern stones175 provide clear so v starejši železni dobi precej redkejši. Hans Not- evidence of the inhabitants of the settlement working hdurfter ugotavlja, da so v srednji Evropi začeli upora- their land and growing crops. In the Late La Tène pe- bljati železne srpe v stopnji Ha C,179 kar povzemajo tudi riod, there was a custom of offering farming tools into novejša referenčna dela.180 Natančneje je problematiko graves,176 and we also have hoard finds of tools.177 železnih srpov skozi prizmo slovaških najdb obravnavala In the Urnfield culture period, sickles are one of Etela Studeníková, ki izpostavlja posamezne najdbe iz hiš the most numerously represented forms of small finds in dveh depojev utrjene naselbine Molpír pri Smolenicah with multiple meanings (farming tools, pre-monetary kot dober orientir za tipokronološko opredelitev drugih currency, symbol of fertility, lunar symbol).178 They srednjeevropskih železnodobnih srpov.181 Znano je, da become much rarer in the Early Iron Age. Hans Noth- si Molpír po uničenju obzidja v poznem 7. ali zgodnjem durfter observes that people in central Europe began 6. st. pr. n. št. ni več opomogel.182 Na Molpírju so našli using iron sickles in Ha C;179 his observation has been železne srpe v štirih hišah, depo šestih železnih srpov cited in recent important publications.180 Etela Stu- ter še dva železna srpa v zbiru oz. domnevnem depoju deníková has studied the iron sickles in greater detail železnih orodij. Večina srpov ima značilno polkrožno with an emphasis on the examples from Slovakia, in obliko rezila, z največjo širino do 6 cm in jasno ločenim particular the individual finds from the houses and ročajem. Glede na njegovo obliko Studeníková loči two hoards from the fortified settlement at Molpír near srpe s trnastim ročajem in srpe z zapognjenim koncem Smolenice that serve as a reliable point of reference for ročajnega trna.183 Po teh kriterijih je srp iz hiše 30 blizu the typo-chronological attribution of other Iron Age prvi obliki srpov iz Molpírja. Kljub podobnosti s srpi iz sickles from central Europe.181 It has been clearly es- Malih Karpatov moramo mostarski primerek vendarle tablished that the settlement at Molpír did not recover prej videti v povezavi z razvojem alpskih oblik. Pri tem after the destruction of its fortification wal s in the late je morda pomenljiv kolenčast prehod med ročajem in 7th or early 6th century BC.182 The site has yielded iron rezilom, ki spominja na trne med ročajem in rezilom sickles in four houses, a hoard consisting of six iron južnotirolskih starejšeželeznodobnih srpov v depoju sickles and two more sickles in another assemblage or 172 172 Npr. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, t. 266A: E.g. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, Pl. 3; Kos 1973, t. 5: 3. 266A: 3; Kos 1973, Pl. 5: 3. 173 173 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 210–211. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 210–211. 174 174 Glej razpravi S. Motel a De Carlo in T. Tolar v tej knjigi. See the discussions by Sila Motel a De Carlo and Tjaša 175 A. Horvat v tej knjigi. Tolar in this book. 176 175 Guštin 1991, 60–63, 76. A. Horvat in this book. 177 176 Ibid., 23–24, t. 45; Božič 2007a, 225–235. Guštin 1991, 60–63, 76. 178 177 Teržan 2016, 385–386. Ibid., 23–24, Pl. 45; Božič 2007a, 225–235. 179 178 Nothdurfter 1979, 46. Teržan 2016, 385–386. 180 179 Npr. Hanemann 2014, 197. Nothdurfter 1979, 46. 181 180 Studeníková 2007, 48. E.g. Hanemann 2014, 197. 182 181 Parzinger, Stegmann-Rajtár 1988. Studeníková 2007, 48. 183 182 Studeníková 2007, 48–50. Parzinger, Stegmann-Rajtár 1988. 216 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... Greinwelden pri Brünecku in med najdbami iz hiše presumed ironwork hoard find. Most of the sickles have z najdišča Putzer Gschleier.184 Hans Nothdurfter je a characteristic semicircular shape of the blade with a trn med ročajem in rezilom videl kot konstrukcijsko maximum width of 6 cm and a clearly separate handle. značilnost (običajna že pri srpih iz časa kulture žarnih On the basis of their shape, Studeníková distinguishes grobišč185), ki je imela vlogo v namestitvi organskega between sickles with a tanged handle and those with a elementa ročaja, ter jo je opazoval v razvoju južnoti- bent terminal of the tang.183 The sickle from House 30 rolskih in tridentinskih železnodobnih srpov, vejnikov at Most na Soči is close to the first formal group from in kos.186 Povezava srpov s pojavom kratkih in dolgih Molpír. In spite of the similarities with the sickles from kos187 ni povsem jasna, mestoma je ločevanje med tipi the Lesser Carpathians, however, the sickle from Most težavno, prav tako datacija. na Soči should rather be interpreted with regards to the Uvedba kose je bila v srednjeevropskem keltskem development of the Alpine forms. A significant feature svetu revolucionarna novost, verjetno povezana z medi- in this respect may be the knee-shaped junction of the teranskimi vplivi v izteku srednjelatenskega obdobja.188 handle and the blade, which is similar to the guards Uvedba kratke kose se je bržkone zgodila že v mlado- that separated handle and grip on the Early Iron Age halštatskem obdobju.189 Kratka, 24,5 cm dolga kosa sickles in the hoard from Greinwelden near Brüneck je bila najdena tudi na dnu zakopa konjskih skeletov and those found in a house at Putzer Gschleier, both in in številnih predmetov pri Bizjakovi hiši v Kobaridu, South Tyrol.184 Hans Nothdurfter sees these guards as ki je datiran v konec 4. in začetek 3. st. pr. n. št.190 Ta a constructional feature (already common on the sick- najdba torej nakazuje pojav košnje v Posočju, vendar les from the Urnfield culture period185), which served pa se je, kot dokazujejo etnološke in geografske študije, to fasten the organic grip of the handle, and which he za košnjo na slabših, kamna neočiščenih površinah observes in the development of iron sickles, bil hooks uporabljal predvsem srp.191 To pomeni, da železen srp and scythes from South Tyrol and Trentino.186 The con- iz mladohalštatske hiše 30 oz. “pekarne”, kot jo imenuje nection between the sickles and the appearance of the Svoljšak,192 razumemo kot poljedelsko orodje, ki so ga short and long scythes187 is not altogether clear and it uporabljali za žetev ali košnjo. is sometimes difficult to distinguish between types and Druga gradbena faza hiše 35 že kaže močne vplive also to determine their date. romanizacije ozemelj severno in vzhodno od Akvileje. The introduction of the scythe in Celtic central Pri njenem zidanju so uporabljali malto,193 zbir keramič- Europe was a revolutionary novelty, probably connected nih najdb pa je izrazito italski. Sestavljajo ga odlomka with Mediterranean influences arriving here towards srednjeavgustejske tere sigilate ( t. 98: 7–8) ter odlomki, the end of the Middle La Tène period.188 The use of the značilni predvsem za 1. st. pr. n. št.: ustje pozne amfore short scythe probably already began in the Late Hal statt za vino Lamboglia 2 oz. prehoda k obliki Dressel 6A ( t. period.189 A short, 24.5 cm long scythe also came to light 98: 9), verjetno ročaj amfore Lamboglia 2 ( t. 98: 10), at the bottom of the pit where four horse skeletons and morda odlomek amfore za olje Dressel 6B in značilni numerous objects were buried at the site of Bizjakova italski pekač ( t. 98: 14).194 Tako datiramo tudi železen hiša in Kobarid, dating to the late 4th and the early 3rd srp na t. 98: 15 (list z rezilom ni v celoti ohranjen) in del century BC.190 This artefact suggests the introduction of železne verige ( t. 98: 12), ki sta bila odkrita v ruševinah grass cutting in Posočje, though grass on poorer-quality hiše. Iz teh izvira tudi denarij, skovan v letu 96 pr. n. št.195 terrain not cleared of stones would mainly be cut using a sickle, as indicated by ethnological and geographical 184 Nothdurfter 1979, 45–46, op. 256 (Putzer Gschleier), studies.191 This signifies that the iron sickle from the op. 264 (Greinwelden). Late Hal statt House 30, which Svoljšak termed ‘the 185 Npr. Šinkovec 1995, 27. 186 Nothdurfter 1979, 41, 46. 187 183 Arheološke študije poljedelskega orodja črpajo tudi iz Studeníková 2007, 48–50. 184 etnoloških primerjav. Tako npr. Břicháček in Beranová ločita Nothdurfter 1979, 45–46, Fn. 256 (Putzer Gschleier), med kratkimi in dolgimi kosami ter ugotavljata, da so listi pri Fn. 264 (Greinwelden). 185 dolgih kosah dolgi več kot 90 cm (1993, 254). E.g. Šinkovec 1995, 27. 188 186 Gleirscher 1987, 255. Nothdurfter 1979, 41, 46. 189 187 Břicháček, Beranová 1993. The archaeological studies of farming tools also draw 190 Mlinar, Gerbec 2011, 76, kat. št. 49; Mlinar, Gerbec on the comparisons with ethnological finds. Břicháček and 2015, 94–95. Beranová, for example, distinguish between short and long 191 Prim. za Kras: Gams 1991, 20. scythes and note that the blades of the long scythes measure 192 Svoljšak 2014, 288. over 90 cm in length (1993, 254). 193 188 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 219. Gleirscher 1987, 255. 194 189 Keramiko si je ogledala in okvirno datirala Jana Horvat Břicháček, Beranová 1993. 190 (Inštitut za arheologijo, ZRC SAZU). Mlinar, Gerbec 2011, 76, Cat. No. 49; Mlinar, Gerbec 195 Datacija novca: Kos 1988, 23. Denarij v tem 2015, 94–95. 191 primeru ni uporaben za ožjo datacijo hiše, saj so bili rimski Cf. for the Kras: Gams 1991, 20. 217 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... Srp je tipološko blizu ločnim srpom z ozkim listom in bakery’,192 may be seen as a farming tool used either for trnastim ročajnim nasadiščem pravokotnega preseka,196 reaping crops or for cutting grass. ki je skovan navpično na list. Bärbel Hanemann je take The second construction phase of House 35 shows srpe označila kot vrsto 2 in jih dalje ločila na različi- a strong influence of Romanisation of the regions north co A in B, pri čemer slednjo označuje tanjši, širši in and east of Aquileia. Mortar was used to construct this manj ukrivljen list.197 Na osnovi zbranih primerkov house,193 and the assemblage of ceramic finds shows a je Hanemannova zaključila, da so se ločni srpi druge distinctly Italic character. The recovered pottery includes vrste pojavili že v latenski dobi, uporabljali naj bi jih v two fragments of Middle Augustan terra sigil ata ware zgodnjerimskih vojaških taborih, v rimski cesarski dobi ( Pl. 98: 7–8) and sherds of vessels mainly characteristic of in kasneje.198 Vendar pri datiranju začetka izdelave in the 1st century BC: the rim of a late wine amphora of the uporabe tovrstnih srpov velja previdnost, saj med zbra- Lamboglia 2 or transition to the Dressel 6A type ( Pl. 98: nimi primerki,199 med njimi je npr. srp iz La Tèna,200 9), probably the handle of a Lamboglia 2 amphora ( Pl. 98: nobeden ne izvira iz zanesljivega latenskega konteksta. 10), possibly a fragment of a Dressel 6B oil amphora and Poleg tukaj obravnavanih primerkov so z Mosta a characteristic Italian baking dish ( Pl. 98: 14).194 This is na Soči znane še štiri arheološke najdbe srpov. Precej also the dating attributed to the iron sickle on Pl. 98: 15 poškodovan železen srp je bil z raznovrstnim nakitom, (blade incompletely preserved) and to a part of an iron fibulo, železnim vejnikom in ukrivljeno konično kopačo chain ( Pl. 98: 12), both of which were found in the debris pridan v grob 14 na najdišču Most na Soči – Repelc, ki je of the house. This debris further yielded a denarius minted iz poznega latena oz. 1. st. pr. n. št.201 Večji, a po obliki in 96 BC.195 The sickle is typological y close to the arched zelo podoben železen srp kot primerek iz hiše 35, je bil sickles with a narrow blade and a rectangular-sectioned najden v njeni neposredni bližini in prav tako izvira iz tang196 that is forged perpendicularly to the blade. Bärbel rimskodobnih gradbenih ostalin.202 Dva hranijo med Hanemann determines such sickles as Type 2 and dis- najdbami Szombathyjevih izkopavanj v Naravoslovnem tinguishes between Variants A and B, of which the latter muzeju na Dunaju in sta inventarizirana kot inventar have a thinner, wider and less curved blade.197 Based on groba Sz 1817.203 Tudi ta srpa pripadata obliki s širokim the gathered examples, Hanemann concludes that the ločnim listom in trnastim nasadiščem za ročaj.204 Če je arched sickles of Type 2 already appeared in the La Tène grobna celota Sz 1817 zanesljiva,205 njegovo datacijo v period, but were mainly used in the Early Roman army pozno latensko dobo nakazuje bronasta delfinska fibula. camps or fortresses, throughout the Imperial period and Ta je namreč po oblikovnih lastnostih podobna fibulam later.198 We should, however, be careful when dating the vrste Nova vas, ki so datirane v stopnjo LT D1.206 beginning of their production and use, because none of Več kovinskih predmetov smo prepoznali kot ro- the gathered examples,199 which include a sickle from kodelska orodja. Odlomek bronaste konice s sploščenim the site of La Tène,200 originates from a reliable La Tène zgornjim delom ( t. 92: 4) je morda služil kot šilo, bro- period context. nast predmet t. 31: 19 iz hiše 10 pa kot dleto. Zanimiv Apart from the sickles discussed above, Most na je zbir predmetov, ki so bili najdeni skupaj z dletom v Soči yielded four other archaeological finds of sickles. A fairly damaged iron sickle was found together with poznorepublikanski srebrniki lahko v uporabi še dolgo v varied pieces of jewel ery, a fibula, an iron bil hook imperialno obdobje. 196 and a curved conical hoe in Grave 14 at Repelc, which Kot kaže prva objava predmeta, je bil ob odkritju is dated to the Late La Tène period or the 1st century ohranjen večji del trna (Svoljšak 1974, 25, t. 14: 6). 197 Hanemann 2014, 198. BC.201 A larger sickle that is formal y similar to the one 198 Ibid., 200, op. 543. 199 192 Ibid., 200: Fundparallelen. Svoljšak 2014, 288. 200 193 Vogua 1923, 75, t. 24: 4. Med gradivom z območja Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 219. 194 jezerskega mostovža v La Tènu niso zgolj najdbe iz mlajše Jana Horvat (Inštitut za arheologijo, ZRC SAZU) železne dobe, ampak se pojavljajo tudi mlajši predmeti. examined and roughly dated the ceramic finds. 201 195 Mlinar 2002, 27, sl. 19. Coin date: Kos 1988, 23. The denarius in this case 202 Svoljšak 1974, 25, t. 14: 7; Guštin 1991, 25, t. 44: 2. cannot be used for a precise dating of the house, because 203 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, t. 173B: Roman Late Republican silver coins may have remained in 17-18; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1985, 293; Guštin use long into the Imperial period. 196 1991, 24, t. 43: 8-9. The first publication reveals that a large part of the 204 Guštin 1991, 62. tang survived upon discovery (Svoljšak 1974, 25, Pl. 14: 6). 205 197 Pod številko 1817 sta v NHMW inventarizirana grob Hanemann 2014, 198. 198 iz starejše železne dobe in poznolatenski grob s srpoma, Ibid., 200, Fn. 543. 199 ki pa ga Szombathyjev dnevnik ne omenja. Prav tako grob Ibid., 200: Fundparallelen. 200 sodi med tiste, pri katerih so se pri preinventarizaciji in Vogua 1923, 75, Pl. 24: 4. The small finds from the posojanju gradiva med ustanovami pojavile napake (Teržan, area of the bridge on the lake at La Tène comprise not only Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1985, 293 in op. 17 na str. 403). Late Iron Age artefacts, but also later ones. 206 201 Božič 2008, 82–84. Mlinar 2002, 27, Fig. 19. 218 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... drugi gradbeni fazi hiše 10. Večinoma so ležali v močno from House 35 was found in its immediate vicinity and prežgani ruševini nad podom hiše. Gre za poškodova- also originates from Roman-period building debris.202 no bronasto pavkasto fibulo, bronast odlomek fibule, Two sickles are kept in the Naturhistorishes Museum prstana, obročkov, žičke, zakovic in kalotastega gumba in Vienna among the finds that Szombathy excavated ( t. 31: 11–21). Med najdbami se omenjajo tudi drobci at Most na Soči, inventoried as the goods of Grave stopljenega brona.207 Tako dleto kot vrsta bronastih od- Sz 1817.203 These also belong to the form with a wide lomkov morda nakazujejo, da je bila v tej hiši delavnica blade and a tang.204 If we accept the group of finds from oz. popravljalnica bronastih predmetov. Pomenljivo je, this grave as reliable,205 its date to the Late La Tène pe- da je med najdbami tudi južnoalpska različica pavkaste riod is indicated by the bronze dolphin-shaped fibula; fibule. Glede na njihovo siceršnjo številčno zastopanost in its formal characteristics, this fibula is similar to the na grobišču je bil namreč eden od centrov njihove proi- Nova vas fibulae that date to LT D1.206 zvodnje morda prav na Mostu na Soči.208 Several metal objects have been identified as Med najdbami iz hiš ugotavljamo vsaj dva kom- artisan’s tools. The fragment of a bronze point with a pleta železnih orodij. Prvi je iz druge gradbene faze flattened upper end ( Pl. 92: 4) may have been used as hiše 15A oz. kupa oglja in njegove bližine, ki je ležal an awl, the bronze item on Pl. 31: 19 from House 10 v domnevnem kotu hiše. Komplet koničastega orodja as a chisel. Of interest is the assemblage of artefacts sestavljajo dleto ( t. 53: 2) in tri šila ali puncirna orodja found together with this chisel in association with the ( t. 53: 3–5), kar ga približuje drugi skupini orodij, kot jo second construction phase of House 10. Most of them prepoznava Teržanova na podlagi starejšeželeznodobnih was found in a heavily burnt debris layer above the grobnih najdb.209 Teržanova ugotavlja, da se tovrstni floor of the house. The artefacts comprise a damaged sklopi orodij pojavljajo v bogatih moških, največkrat kettledrum fibula and bronze fragments of a fibula, a bojevniških grobovih.210 V tem oziru je zanimivo, da finger ring, rings, wire, rivets and of a domed button sklop najdb iz domnevnega kota hiše 15A dopolnjujejo ( Pl. 31: 11–21). Mentioned among these finds are bits najbolje ohranjena železna sulična ost iz naselbine ter of melted bronze.207 The chisel and the array of bronze trije brusni kamni ( t. 53: 6, 10–12). fragments may indicate a workshop or repair shop for Drugi sklop železnega orodja vidimo v predmetu bronze items. We should especial y mention the kettle- z dvema ročajema in ukrivljenim rezilom, žličastem drum fibula of the south Alpine variant, because the high svedru ter podolgovatem orodju (verjetno dleto), ki so number of these fibulae recovered from the Most and bili odkriti na dnu jame s prežgano plastjo pepela in Soči cemetery suggest the site to be one of the centres oglja v prvi gradbeni fazi hiše 29 ( t. 90: 5, 7–8). Polkro- of their production.208 žen rezilnik je najverjetneje služil kot lupilec lubja ali The finds from the houses of the settlement include za obdelavo podolgovatih kosov lesa. Za delo z lesom at least two sets of iron tools. The first one is associated so uporabljali tudi žličasti sveder. Glede na arhitekturo with the second construction phase of House 15A, more svetolucijskih hiš,211 pri kateri je bil ključen gradbeni precisely the heap of charcoal and its vicinity that was material les, najdbe tovrstnega orodja ne presenečajo. found in the presumed corner of the house. It is a set of Podobno kot kompleti značilnih orodij v žele- pointed tools consisting of a chisel ( Pl. 53: 2) and three znodobnih grobovih nakazujejo določene rokodelske awls or punching tools ( Pl. 53: 3–5), in which it is attrib-dejavnosti, od kovaških, torevtskih, rezbarskih, tesarskih uted to the second group of tools as determined by Teržan ali mizarskih do livarskih,212 domnevamo v kompletu on the basis of the Early Iron Age grave goods.209 Teržan iz hiše 15A orodje torevta ali kovača, v tistem iz hiše 29 observes that such sets occur in the rich graves of men, pa tesarja ali mizarja. Dejavnosti so se prepletale, saj iz jame z mizarskim orodjem v hiši 29 izvirajo tudi odlo- 202 mek bronastega ploščičastega ingota ( t. 90: 6) in koščki Svoljšak 1974, 25, Pl. 14: 7; Guštin 1991, 25, Pl. 44: 2. 203 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, Pl. 173B: strjene bronaste taline.213 Po drugi strani Svoljšak prvo 17-18; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1985, 293; Guštin fazo hiše 15A interpretira kot pripravljalno delavnico 1991, 24, Pl. 43: 8-9. lončarjevega obrata.214 204 Guštin 1991, 62. Železna koničasta orodja, šila ali puncirna orodja 205 Inventoried under No. 1817 at the NHMW are a grave so morda predmeti t. 32: 11–13; 57: 23 in t. 97: 8, pri from the Early Iron Age and a Late La Tène grave with two sickles, the latter not mentioned in Szombathy’s diary. The 207 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 90. grave is among those that became unreliable as a consequence 208 Kavur, Lubšina Tušek 2016, 38–39. of the errors that occurred during reinventarisation and 209 Teržan 1994, 659. loaning items to other institutions (Teržan, Lo Schiavo, 210 Ibid., 664. Trampuž-Orel 1985, 293 and Fn. 17 on p. 403). 211 206 Dular, Tecco Hvala in Svoljšak v tej knjigi. Božič 2008, 82–84. 212 207 Teržan 1994, 664. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 90. 213 208 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 197. Kavur, Lubšina Tušek 2016, 38–39. 214 209 Svoljšak 2014. Teržan 1994, 659. 219 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... čemer je slednje, iz hiše 31, verjetno že latensko- ali rim- most often warriors.210 In this regard it is worth mention- skodobno. Masivnejše od naštetih je koničasto orodje z ing that the assemblage of finds from the presumed corner od udarcev razkovanim zgornjim delom ( t. 94: 5), ki je of House 15A includes the best preserved iron spearhead morda služilo kot prebijač. of the settlement and three whetstones ( Pl. 53: 6, 10–12). Med orodja oz. pripomočke štejemo tudi železne An object with a curved blade and a handle at each nože, ki so bili odkriti v šestih hišah ( t. 2: 2; 11: 1–2; 32: of the ends, a spoon-shaped auger and an elongated tool 10; 34: 1–2; 40: 7; 59: 13 215). (probably chisel) presumably constitute the second set of Med najdbami iz stavbnih ruševin druge faze hiše tools, found at the bottom of a pit with a fill of ash and 11 je bila bronasta šivanka ( t. 32: 7). Bronaste šivanke associated with the first construction phase of House 29 se redko pojavljajo že v grobovih in depojih pozne bro- ( Pl. 90: 5, 7–8). The tool with a curved blade is a draw- naste dobe.216 Z mostarskega železnodobnega grobišča knife that was most probably used to peel bark or to work so znane tri bronaste šivanke.217 Ena od njih je bila v long pieces of wood. The spoon-shaped auger was also ženskem grobu iz časa stopnje Sv. Lucija Ic, druga v še used in woodworking. Given that wood represented the starejšem, moškem grobu iz stopnje Ia.218 Pridajanje main material in the construction of the houses at Most šivank v grobove je bila arhaična navada, ki je dobro na Soči,211 such finds are hardly surprising. izpričana na tolminskem grobišču.219 Similarly as the sets of typical tools in the Iron Age Najdba bronastega trnka ( t. 100: 1) v odvodnem graves indicate certain crafts, from smithing, toreutics, jarku halštatske naselbine ponovno odpira vprašanje engraving, carpentry to casting,212 we suppose that the uživanja rib med železnodobnimi prebivalci Mosta na set of tools from House 15A belonged to an individual Soči. László Bartosiewicz je bil presenečen nad dejstvom, who practised toreutics or smithing, while the set from da med tisoči primerki zbranega kostnega gradiva (med House 29 points to a carpenter. The pit with carpentry njimi tudi zelo majhni primerki, primerljivi z velikostjo tools in House 29 also yielded a fragment of a bronze večji ribjih kosti) ni bilo nobene ribje kosti ali školjčne flate ingot ( Pl. 90: 6) and bits of hardened bronze melt,213 lupine. Ker mu ni bil znan podatek o najdbi trnka, je which show that these crafts were not practiced indepen- opozoril, da med odkritji ni predmetov, potrebnih za dently from one another. As for the first phase of House ribolov.220 Opozarjamo, da je trnek lahko infiltrat iz 15A, Svoljšak interprets it as a preparatory work area of kasnejših obdobij, saj se tovrstne oblike trnkov pojavljajo a potter’s workshop.214 tako v rimskem času kot kasneje.221 The items on Pls. 32: 11–13; 57: 23 and Pl. 97: 8 may Da vsaj v začetku železne dobe Posočja ribolov have been used as pointed iron tools, awls or punch- vendarle ni bil tabu, nakazuje trnek iz groba 155 v ing tools, with the last one, from House 31, probably Tolminu,222 ki ga odlomek večglave igle III. vrste po dating to the La Tène or even the Roman period. The Pogačnikovi datira v stopnjo Sv. Lucija Ib, tj. okvirno largest of them is a pointed tool with the head reshaped v 8. st. pr. n. št.223 Gotovo pa so bile ribe na jedilniku through repeated blows ( Pl. 94: 5) that may have served železnodobnih Dolenjcev, kot nam zgovorno prikazuje as a punch. motiv ribolova na bronastem pasu iz mladohalštatskega Iron knives, unearthed in six houses ( Pls. 2: 2; 11: groba III/12 na Kapiteljski njivi v Novem mestu.224 1–2; 32: 10; 34: 1–2; 40: 7; 59: 13 215) are also considered as tools. The small finds from the debris associated with sec- ond phase of House 11 include a bronze needle ( Pl. 32: 7). Bronze needles already appear, albeit rarely, in the graves 215 Masiven nož s plavutastim nasadiščem t. 59: 13 je bil and hoards from the Late Bronze Age.216 Three have been najden v ruševinah, 10 cm nad temeljem severnega vogala found at the Iron Age cemetery at Most na Soči.217 One hiše 20 (Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 153). Objavil ga je že Guštin was found in a grave of a woman dating to the Sv. Lucija (1991, 25, t. 44: 1). Ic phase and one in an earlier grave of a man from the Ia 216 Turk 2016, 210. 217 Ibid., op. 16. 218 210 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, t. 44F: 10; Ibid., 664. 211 102E: 2. Dular, Tecco Hvala and Svoljšak in this book. 219 212 V Tolminu so bile bronaste šivanke pridane v šestih Teržan 1994, 664. 213 grobovih (Svoljšak, Pogačnik 2001, t. 15: 3; 31: 3; 41: 5; 79: 8; Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 197. 214 83: 14, 18; Pogačnik 2002, 73–74, sl. 11, 19, 50, 68–69). Svoljšak 2014. 220 215 Bartosiewicz 1985, 124–125. The large knife with the handle end widened to form 221 Glej različni prispevki v Bekker-Nielsen, Casasola a socket on Pl. 59: 13 was found in a debris layer, 10 cm above 2010. the foundations of the north corner of House 20 (Svoljšak, 222 Svoljšak 1976, sl. 1: 3; Bartosiewicz 1985, 124, op. 2; Dular 2016, 153). It has already been published by Guštin Svoljšak, Pogačnik 2001, t. 27: 5. (1991, 25, Pl. 44: 1). 223 216 Teržan 2002, 89. Turk 2016, 210. 224 217 Dular, Tecco Hvala 2007, 211–212; Stipančič 2016, 50. Ibid., Fn. 16. 220 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... Ingoti phase.218 Offering needles in graves is an archaic custom that was common in the cemetery at Tolmin.219 V več hišah so bili odkriti razlomljeni bronasti The bronze fishhook ( Pl. 100: 1) that was found in predmeti z obrabljenimi prelomi in jasno določljivimi the drainage ditch of the Hal statt settlement reopens the robnimi površinami. Odlomek t. 40: 9 iz hiše 15A je question of the consumption of fish among the inhabit- del uhate bronaste sekire. Deli uhatih sekir so morda ants at Most na Soči. László Bartosiewicz was surprised tudi odlomki t. 8: 1; 33: 18–19; 37: 5–6 in 97:1–2, ni pa to find that the thousands of pieces of collected bone izključeno, da gre v teh primerih za odlomke drugih vrst remains from the settlement (that also consisted of very ingotov sploščenih oblik. Jasno sta določljiva odlomka t. small pieces comparable with fish bones in size) included 29: 2 in t. 60: 4, ki pripadata paličasti obliki bronastih no fish bones or shel s. Not being aware of this fishhook, ingotov. Našteti predmeti, zlasti uhate sekire, so glede he concluded that the settlement provided no evidence na specifično bronasto leguro z veliko količino svinca225 of fishing.220 We should note that the fishhook may be in glede na italske primerjave razumljeni kot posebna an infiltrated find from later periods, as these forms of oblika kovinskega ingota, najverjetneje v vlogi pred- hooks were used both in the Roman period and later.221 monetarnega plačilnega sredstva.226 Tovrstne najdbe The find of a fishhook from Grave 155 at Tolmin,222 so pogoste na najdiščih (večinoma utrjenih naselbinah) which was associated with a multi-knobbed pin of Type v zahodni in osrednji Sloveniji.227 Nastopajo v depojih III after Pogačnik that suggests a date into the Sv. Lucija mešane sestave ali kot posamezne najdbe. Zaradi izredne Ib phase, i.e. roughly the 8th century BC,223 shows that razlomljenosti najdb ter dolgega časovnega razpona at least in the initial part of the Iron Age fishing was not primerjav iz kontekstov je njihova natančna tipološka unknown in Posočje. We know that fish were certainly določitev težavna, prav tako je predmet diskusij njihova on the menu of the Iron Age inhabitants of Dolenjska, datacija.228 Primož Pavlin in Peter Turk v izčrpni objavi as revealed by a fishing scene depicted on a bronze belt depojev z Gobavice nad Mengšem povzameta, da se plate from the Late Hal statt Grave III/12 at Kapiteljska uhate sekire s slovenskih najdišč umeščajo okvirno med njiva in Novo mesto.224 10. in 8., vendar se pojavljajo tudi še v 7., 6. in morda celo v 5. st. pr. n. št.229 Pozno datacijo uporabe odlomkov bronastih uhatih sekir in / ali bronastih ingotov splo- Ingots ščenih oblik nakazujejo tudi najdbe ingotov iz vkopa v t. i. stavbi 1a na Maregovi guni na Mostu na Soči.230 Several houses revealed broken bronze objects with Ruševine stavbe so datirane v 6. st. pr. n. št., oz. glede worn fractures and clearly defined edges. The fragment na najdbo odlomkov bronaste trakaste fibule, v konec on Pl. 40: 9 from House 15A was part of a bronze shaft- 6. in začetek 5. st. pr. n. št.231 hole axe. The fragments on Pls. 8: 1; 33: 18–19; 37: 5–6 Glede na izrabljenost predmetov in podane datacije and 97:1–2 may also have been parts of shaft-hole axes Pavlin in Turk ugotavljata, da so bile na koščke razsekane though we should not exclude the possibility of them uhate sekire v uporabi oz. v obtoku več stoletij. Imele forming part of other types of flat ingots. The fragments so golo utežno vrednost kovine, in kot kažejo kemične on Pl. 29: 2 and Pl. 60: 4 belong to bar-shaped bronze analize, z visokimi deležem svinca niso bile uporabne ingots. The above-mentioned items, the shaft-hole axes kot orodje. Zdi se, da so imele univerzalno izmenjalno, in particular, are of a specific bronze alloy with a high predmonetarno vrednost.232 Pri tem je Biba Teržan lead content225 and have parallels in Italy, which allows opozorila na jasne povezave z italskim prostorom, ki us to see them as a special form of metal ingots most nakazujejo uveljavljanje italskih (etruščanskih) gospo- probably serving as pre-monetary currency.226 Such darskih interesov v zahodno- in osrednjeslovenskem items are common finds at sites (predominantly fortified prostoru.233 V ta okvir lahko še bolj prepričljivo umestimo 218 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, Pls. 44F: 10; ploščata bronasta odlomka t. 23: 7 in t. 33: 20 z izra- 102E: 2. zitim livnim šivom, ki pričata, da sta bila prvotno del 219 At the Tolmin cemetery, bronze needles were found in six of the graves (Svoljšak, Pogačnik 2001, Pls. 15: 3; 31: 225 Glej tu Šmit in Laharnar. 3; 41: 5; 79: 8; 83: 14, 18; Pogačnik 2002, 73–74, Figs. 11, 19, 226 Teržan 2008, 296–300, sl. 47, 48. 50, 68–69). 227 220 Pavlin, Turk 2014, 44: sl. 10. Bartosiewicz 1985, 124–125. 228 221 Ibid., 48. See the contributions in Bekker-Nielsen, Casasola 2010. 229 222 Ibid., 48–49, 52–54. Svoljšak 1976, Fig. 1: 3; Bartosiewicz 1985, 124, Fn. 2; 230 Mlinar, Klasinc, Knavs 2008, 197–198, 199, sl. 5 (SE Svoljšak, Pogačnik 2001, Pl. 27: 5. 223 10), t. 1: 12–14. Teržan 2002, 89. 231 224 Ibid. 197. Dular, Tecco Hvala 2007, 211–212; Stipančič 2016, 50. 232 225 Pavlin, Turk 2014, 48–49, 52–54. See here Šmit and Laharnar. 233 226 Teržan 2008, 296–300, sl. 47. Teržan 2008, 296–300, Figs. 47, 48. 221 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... večjega pravokotnega predmeta, ulitega v dvodelni settlements) in western and central Slovenia.227 They kalup. Njuna oblika kot elementa sestava odlomka ( t. also occur in hoards of a mixed composition and as stray 23: 7) se približuje ingotom vrste ramo secco, ki jih finds. Their high fragmentation and a long time span of navadno označuje preprosta upodobitev suhe vejice. parallels from datable contexts makes it very difficult Ingoti ramo secco so se v severni Italiji uporabljali v 6. to offer a precise typological and chronological attri- in zlasti 5. st. pr. n. št.234 Najdbi z Mosta na Soči nista bution.228 In their comprehensive study of the hoards presenečenje, saj redki ingoti te vrste zunaj italskega from Gobavica above Mengeš, Primož Pavlin and Peter prostora izvirajo ravno iz Slovenije, tudi z najdišča Turk conclude that the shaft-holes axes from Slovenian Repelc na Mostu na Soči.235 sites mainly date between the 10th and 8th centuries BC, Predmeti t. 28: 14 in morda tudi t. 32: 1236; 62: 6; but continue to be used in the 7th, 6th and possibly even 94: 7 so železarski polizdelki oz. železni kvadri.237 Neva the 5th century BC.229 A late dating of the fragments of Trampuž-Orel našteva z območja Slovenije in kot ver- bronze shaft-hole axes and/or the bronze flat ingots is jetno železnodobna kvader s Kučarja nad Podzemljem supported by the finds of ingots in the cut of Building ter en nepravilne oblike iz naselbine na Špičastem hribu 1a at Maregova guna in Most na Soči.230 The debris of nad Dolami pri Litiji.238 Oblika iz hiše 7 (t. 28: 14) je the building has been dated to the 6th century BC, or to blizu kvadru s Kučarja, ki ima dobre primerjave v Man- the late 6th and early 5th century BC on the basis of the chingu.239 Sicer so v ruševini hiše 7 našli predmete, ki fragments of a bronze band bow fibula.231 morda nakazujejo kovaško dejavnost: koščke železove Considering the wear of the objects and the pro- žlindre, oglje, prežgano ilovico in masivno železno dleto posed dates, Pavlin and Turk postulate that the shaft- ( t. 28: 11).240 hole axes cut into pieces were in use or circulation for several centuries. They possessed the weight value of the metal and could not, as revealed by the chemical analy- Kamniti kalupi ses, be used as tools because of the high lead content. It seems that they possessed a universal trade or pre- Dokaz livarske dejavnosti v naselbini so najdbe monetary value.232 In connection with this, Biba Teržan kamnitih kalupov ( t. 54: 9; 92: 6). Zelo izpoveden je points out clear connections with Italy that indicate a zbir najdb iz dveh jam in ruševine, sicer skromno promotion of Italic (Etruscan) economic interests in the ohranjene hiše 4.241 V njih so našli livarsko-kovinarske areas of western and central Slovenia.233 pripomočke, ki jih poleg štirih odlomkov dvodelnih Even more compelling evidence to this effect is the kamnitih kalupov za ulivanje obročastih ( t. 24: 6–8) two bronze fragments on Pl. 23: 7 and Pl. 33: 20 with in podolgovatega predmeta ( t. 24: 9)242 dopolnjujejo a pronounced parting line flash that reveals them as keramična livarska zajemalka ( t. 24: 5), kamnita brusna original y forming part of a larger rectangular object cast koluta ( t. 24: 12–13) in brusna kamna ( t. 24: 10–11). Kot in a two-piece mould. Both the form and the chemical kovinarski pripomočki za poliranje so morda služili tudi composition of the fragment ( Pl. 23: 7) is close to those obdelani odlomki rogovine ( t. 24: 16–19).243 of the ramo secco ingots, usual y bearing the motif of Kamnite kalupe za ulivanje predmetov iz bakrovih a dry branch. In northern Italy, ramo secco ingots were zlitin najdemo v prazgodovinskih naseljih in tudi v in use in the 6th and even more so in 5th century BC.234 grobovih. Iz Slovenije naj omenimo zgolj serminska The two fragments from Most na Soči are not surprising poznobronastodobna kalupa (11.–10 st. pr. n. št.) iz finds, because the rare ingots of this type outside Italy peščenjaka za ulivanje plavutastih sekir s trnasto pou- only come from Slovenia, including the site at Repelc darjenim prehodom iz telesa v rezilni del in za ulivanje in Most na Soči.235 The objects on Pl. 28: 14 and possibly also Pls. 32: 1236; 62: 6; 94: 7 are semi-finished ironworking products 234 Pellegrini, Macel ari 2002; Pavlin, Turk 2014, 53. or iron block.237 From Slovenia and probably from the 235 Mlinar 2014, 611–614. 236 227 V Svoljšak, Dular 2016 je predmet opredeljen kot Pavlin, Turk 2014, 44: Fig. 10. 228 dleto (str. 91) oz. fragment železne palice (str. 237). Ibid., 48. 237 229 Lamut v tej knjigi. Ibid., 48–49, 52–54. 238 230 Trampuž-Orel 2012, 33. Mlinar, Klasinc, Knavs 2008, 197–198, 199, Fig. 5 (SE 239 Dular 1995, 69–70. 10), Pl. 1: 12-14. 240 231 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 77. Ibid. 197. 241 232 Ibid., 65–67. Pavlin, Turk 2014, 48–49, 52–54. 242 233 Svoljšak in Dular domnevata, da je kalup prvotno Teržan 2008, 296–300, Fig. 47. 234 služil za ulivanje suličnih osti in je bil predelan v drug namen Pellegrini, Macel ari 2002; Pavlin, Turk 2014, 53. 235 (2016, 67). Mlinar 2014, 611–614. 243 236 Prim. Grobovi z rokodelskim orodjem v Estah In Svoljšak, Dular 2016, the items is interpreted as a (Chieco Bianchi, Calzavara Capuis 1985, t. 200: 51–52, 210: chisel (p. 91) or a fragment of an iron rod (p. 237). 237 75–76; Teržan 1994, 659, op. 5.). Lamut in this book. 222 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... obročev244 ter odlomke različnih kamnitih kalupov iz Iron Age, Neva Trampuž-Orel cites a block from Kučar poznobronasto- in starejšeželeznodobnega Ormoža.245 above Podzemelj and an irregularly shaped example Iz pozne bronaste ali starejše železne dobe sta kalupa from the settlement on the hill of Špičasti hrib above z Rifnika.246 Rifniški kalup s “cvetličnim motivom”247 Dole pri Litiji.238 The form of the block from House 7 je bil namenjen za ulivanje vsaj osmih obročkov ali ( Pl. 28: 14) is close to that from Kučar, which in turn is morda dveh deteljastih obeskov,248 medtem ko so v formal y close to finds from Manching.239 Other objects kalup iz mostarske hiše 4 lahko naenkrat ulili dva indicating smithery at Most na Soči have been found in obročka ( t. 24: 6). the debris of House 7: pieces of iron slag, charcoal, burnt Dalje poznamo kalup iz rdečega peščenca za uli- loam and a massive iron chisel ( Pl. 28: 11).240 vanje obročkov med najdbami s Cvingerja nad Virom pri Stični.249 Najdbi kalupov nakazujeta predelavo kovine na Kučarju nad Podzemljem v mlajši, verjetno Stone moulds pa že v starejši železni dobi.250 Med inventarjem iz hiše 4 na Gradišču nad Vintarjevcem pri Litiji, ki je bila The finds of stone moulds ( Pls. 54: 9; 92: 6) pro- najverjetneje opuščena v mladohalštatskem obdobju, vide evidence of metal casting being practised at the je bil tudi glinen kalup za ulivanje križnih razdelilnih settlement. A very revealing assemblage in this respect gumbov.251 came to light in two pits and the debris of the otherwise Dokaj redko se v starejši železni dobi pojavljajo poorly preserved House 4.241 These include casting and kalupi kot grobni pridatek. Kot je nakazala Teržanova, smithing tools that comprise four fragments of two-piece gre v teh primerih verjetno za grobove livarjev in meta- stone moulds for casting ring objects ( Pl. 24: 6–8) and lurgov.252 Med njimi je grob Sz 2446 z Mosta na Soči, ki elongated objects ( Pl. 24: 9),242 a ceramic casting ladle je vseboval keramično žaro, ob katero je bila naslonjena ( Pl. 24: 5), two stone grinding wheels ( Pl. 24: 12–13) bronasta situla, v tej je bila skodelica iz rumenega ste- and two whetstones ( Pl. 24: 10–11). The worked pieces kla. Od noše sta ohranjeni kačasti fibuli, svitek očalaste of horn may also have been used as metalwork polishing fibule, odlomek bronastega obročka in odlomek tor- tools ( Pl. 24: 16–19).243 diranega bronastega ročaja.253 Gre torej za bogat grob Prehistoric stone moulds for casting objects of iz časa okrog leta 600 pr. n. št.254 Dejstvo, da pridatki copper alloys have come to light in both cemeteries and kalupov in rokodelskega orodja običajno označujejo settlements. From Slovenia, we should mention two bogate in večinoma bojevniške grobove, potrjuje tudi sandstone moulds from the Late Bronze Age (11th–10th grob livarja z Jelenška nad Godovičem. V grobu je bilo century BC) for casting winged axes with a protruding kar osem delov dvodelnih kalupov, ki pripadajo šestim stop ridge and for casting ring objects from Sermin,244 različnim kalupom. Bojevniški element prepoznamo v as wel as fragments of different stone moulds among the sulični osti, suličnem kopitu in bojni sekiri, njegov čas Late Bronze – Early Iron Age remains at Ormož.245 Two pa v odlomku certoške fibule.255 moulds from Rifnik also date to the Late Bronze or the Early Iron Age.246 One of these bears a ‘floral motif’247 and was used for casting at least eight rings or possibly two clover-shaped pendants.248 The mould from House 4 at Most na Soči could be used to cast two rings at a time ( Pl. 24: 6). 238 Trampuž-Orel 2012, 33. 244 239 Snoj 1992, t. 6, 7; Svetličič 1997, 114–115, Trampuž- Dular 1995, 69–70. 240 Orel, Heath 2001, 157. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 77. 245 241 Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, 77–78, sl. 92. Ibid., 65–67. 246 242 Tecco Hvala 1987, 33–34; Pirkmajer 1994, 21. Svoljšak and Dular suggest that the mould original y 247 Pirkmajer 1994, 21. served to cast spearheads and was subsequently reused for a 248 Prim. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1985, 34–35, different purpose (2016, 67). 243 št. 4. Cf. the graves with artisans’ tools at Este (Chieco 249 Gabrovec 1994, 168, t. 13: 3. Odkrit je bil v sondi 8, ki Bianchi, Calzavara Capuis 1985, Pls. 200: 51-52, 210: 75-76; je razkrila starejše- in mlajšeželeznodobno plast. Teržan 1994, 659, Fn. 5.). 250 244 Dular et al. 1995, 69, t. 65: 1; 69: 16. Snoj 1992, Pls. 6, 7; Svetličič 1997, 114–115, Trampuž- 251 Stare 1999, 23–26, 29, sl. 9: 1. Orel, Heath 2001, 157. 252 245 Teržan 1994, 664. Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2010, 77–78, Fig. 92. 253 246 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, t. 264A, Tecco Hvala 1987, 33–34; Pirkmajer 1994, 21. 247 265A; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1985, 383. Pirkmajer 1994, 21. 254 248 Teržan 1994, 664. Cf. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1985, 34–35, 255 Hrani Narodni muzej Slovenije. Objava je v pripravi. No. 4. 223 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... NAJDBE S KULTNEGA MESTA Another mould for casting ring objects, of red (HIŠA 6, GRADBENA FAZA 2) sandstone, was found at Cvinger above Vir pri Stični.249 Finds of moulds indicate metal processing taking place Pri izkopavanju hiše 6 je bilo ugotovljeno, da so at Kučar above Podzemelj in the Late, but probably al- gradbeno jamo njene druge gradbene faze zapolnjevale ready in the Early Iron Age.250 The contents of House 4 at do 0,75 m debele ruševine iz prežgane zemlje, kamnitega Gradišče above Vintarjevec near Litija, which was prob- drobirja s sledovi ognja in številnimi ostanki zoglenelega ably abandoned in the Late Hal statt period, include a lesa. Analize so pokazale, da je les pripadal kar osmim clay mould for casting cross-shaped strap distributors.251 drevesnim vrstam. Iz severnega kota, sporadično pa tudi In the Early Iron Age, moulds fairly rarely appear iz drugih delov gradbene jame, izvirajo številni ožgani, as grave goods. Teržan suggests that such graves should večinoma zelo razlomljeni bronasti, železni in stekleni probably be ascribed to founders or metal urgists.252 predmeti. Med pripravo monografske objave gradbenih These include Grave Sz 2446 from Most na Soči, which izvidov in izbora najdb sta Drago Svoljšak in Janez Dular held a ceramic urn and a bronze situla leaning onto it, povsem upravičeno zaključila, da je bilo na tem mestu the situla containing a cup of yellow glass. Also found in sežigališče oz. najverjetneje kultno mesto.256 Kljub temu, the grave were two serpentine fibulae, a coil of a spectacle da so kasnejši rimski gradbeni posegi glavnino kultnega fibula, a fragment of a bronze ring and a fragment of a mesta uničili, ohranjeni del predstavlja pomenljiv kon- twisted bronze handle;253 it is a rich grave dating to around tekst, zato tudi tukajšnje najdbe obravnavamo v ločenem 600 BC.254 The observation that moulds and artisans’ podpoglavju. V prvi knjigi so bile najdbe s kultnega tools are usual y found in rich and predominantly war- mesta predstavljene z izborom značilnega gradiva.257 rior graves is corroborated by the grave of a founder from Pri pripravi druge knjige smo vključili še predmete, ki Jelenšek above Godovič. This grave contained as many as so takrat izostali, in objavljamo gradivo v celoti ( sl. 7–9). eight pieces belonging to six different two-pieces moulds, Med najdbami so štiri ploščice iz rdeče korale ( sl. while the warrior element is represented by a spearhead, 7: 41) in deset obeskov iz neobdelanih rdečih koral ( sl. a spear butt and a battle axe, and the dating is suggested 7: 42–43), med katerimi je eden popravljen z bronasto by the fragment of a Certosa fibula.255 žičko. Prežgana zemlja je vsebovala tudi živalske kosti, zrna žit ter dele zoglenele tkanine.258 Trije veliki noriški srebrniki vrste jezdec s trirogelj- FINDS FROM THE CULT PLACE no čelado ( Kugelreiter) so verjetno preostanek večjega (HOUSE 6, CONSTRUCTION PHASE 2) depoja novcev ( sl. 7: 38–40).259 Peter Kos je v študiji o keltskih tetradrahmah vrste jezdec s trirogeljno čelado The excavation of House 6 revealed that the con- uvrstil mostarske primerke v skupino C2a, ki je zasto- struction pit of the second construction phase was filled pana na petih najdiščih Karnije, Furlanije in zahodne with up to 0.75 m thick debris composed of burnt earth, Slovenije. Najvzhodnejša sta novca iz novčnega depoja small-sized rubble with traces of fire and fairly numerous Višnja Gora. Novci z vseh najdišč so med seboj pečatno pieces of charred wood. Analysis revealed that the wood povezani. Kovali so jih nekje na območju njihove raz- belonged to as many as eight tree species. The north cor- prostranjenosti, in glede na to, da so malo obrabljeni, ner and sporadical y also other parts of the construction niso bili dolgo v obtoku. Kos je predstavil prepričljive pit yielded numerous burnt and for the most part heav- argumente za njihovo datacijo v prva desetletja druge ily fragmented objects of bronze, iron and glass. Upon polovice 2. st. pr. n. št.260 examining the architectural remains and the small finds in preparation for this publication, Drago Svoljšak and Janez Dular concluded that burning took place here and Nakit that the spot was probably used as a cult place.256 Later Roman construction works destroyed most of the original Odlomek bronaste certoške fibule sl. 7: 1 ima plo- remains, but the surviving part nevertheless represents an ščat in asimetrično postavljen gumb na nogi, kar je naj- important context that lead us to treat it separately from bolj običajno za certoške fibule V. vrste po Teržanovi.261 249 Gabrovec 1994, 168, Pl. 13: 3. It was found in Trench 8 Teržanova ugotavlja, da so bile fibule te vrste značilnejše that investigated an Early and a Late Iron Age layer. 250 Dular et al. 1995, 69, Pls. 65: 1; 69: 16. 251 Stare 1999, 23–26, 29, Fig. 9: 1. 256 252 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 73. Teržan 1994, 664. 257 253 Ibid., 235–236, t. 26–27. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, Pls. 264A, 258 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 73, in posamezni prispevki v tej 265A; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1985, 383. 254 knjigi. Teržan 1994, 664. 259 255 Kos 1978, 122–125. Kept in the Narodni muzej Slovenije. Publication in 260 Kos 2010, 73–102. preparation. 261 256 Teržan 1976, 323–324, 353. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 73. 224 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... za žensko nošo,262 podatki z grobišč na Magdalenski other remains. In the first volume, only a selection of the gori pa morda nakazujejo uravnoteženo uporabo pri small finds from the cult place has been presented;257 here, obeh spolih.263 Težko bi jih povezovali z ustvarjalno the small finds are presented in their entirety ( Figs. 7–9). posebnostjo določenega območja,264 saj se pojavljajo na The recovered objects include four perforated discs širšem območju med Padom in Donavo.265 of red corals ( Fig. 7: 41) and ten pendants of unworked Po Gabrovcu so bile certoške fibule V. vrste značilne red corals ( Fig. 7: 42–43), one of which is repaired using za obe stopnji certoškega horizonta na Dolenjskem.266 bronze wire. We should mention that the burnt earth of Teržanova je v študiji o certoških fibulah opozorila, the cult place also revealed animal bones, cereal grains da vrsta V ni mlajša od groba 104 z negovsko čelado and pieces of charred textile.258 vrste Vetulonia v Stični, ki leži blizu groba 99 s takima The three large Norican silver coins of the Kugel- fibulama, in s katerim sta oba umeščena v certoški ho- reiter type probably represent the remains of a large rizont pokopov velike stiške gomile 48. Dalje ugotavlja, coin hoard ( Fig. 7: 38–40).259 In his study of the Celtic da študije balkanskih najdb in primerjava “grškega tetradrachms of the Kugelreiter type, Peter Kos classifies in italskega” kronološkega koncepta potrjujejo pojav the coins from Most na Soči into Group C2a that con- njihove mode na samem začetku 5. st. pr. n. št.,267 ter sists of coins from five sites in Carnia, Friuli and western sklene, da so ravno tovrstne fibule značilnost začetka Slovenia. The easternmost are two coins from the Višnja certoškega horizonta na Dolenjskem.268 Te ugotovitve gora coin hoard. The die-links connect the coins from al povzema Dular, ki certoške fibule V. vrste našteva med the sites and indicate that they were minted somewhere in značilnimi oblikami starejše faze certoške stopnje.269 Iz their distribution area and, given their low degree of wear, mlajše certoške270 ali verjetneje prehoda med starejšo in could not have been in circulation over a long period. Kos mlajšo certoško fazo je primerek iz groba 2/11 z Voselce convincingly argues that they should be dated to the open- pri Hrastju (Magdalenska gora).271 Da so tovrstne fibule ing decades of the second half of the 2nd century BC.260 predvsem iz časa starejše certoške stopnje, nakazuje tudi poskus opredelitve sočasnega horizonta Sv. Lucija IIb1 na podlagi skupine grobov z Mosta na Soči, ki sta ga Jewellery nakazali Teržanova in Trampuževa, saj je bila certoška fibula V. vrste pridana v dveh značilnih grobovih te The fragment of a bronze Certosa fibula on Fig. 7: skupine.272 1 has a flat and asymmetrical y positioned knob on the Veliki bronasti fibuli, najverjetneje eni od večjih foot, which is most common for Type V after Teržan.261 različic X. vrste po Teržanovi, pripada odlomek pereso- She argues that these fibulae were usually worn by vine z iglo ( sl. 7: 12), fibulam oz. njihovim peresovinam women,262 though evidence from the cemeteries at Mag- pripadajo odlomki sl. 7: 4–6. dalenska gora may suggest they were worn by men and Odlomek bronaste žice, navite v zanke ( sl. 7: 3) , women in a roughly equal proportion.263 They cannot je bil morda sestavni del certoške fibule s samostrelno be connected with the creativity of any particular area264 enojno ali dvojno peresovino, ki ji najdemo primer- as they are known across wide areas between the Rivers jave med Marchesettijevim gradivom iz mostarskih Po and Danube.265 grobov273 in jih je Teržanova opredelila kot različici b Gabrovec believed that Type V Certosa fibulae were vrste VI274 in XIII.275 Pojav fibul z dvema ali celo tremi characteristic of both subphases of the Certosa Fibula dodatnimi okrasnimi peresovinami, ki imajo vedno phase in Dolenjska.266 In her study on the Certosa fibulae, več kot štiri navoje na vsaki strani, je na jugovzhodno- Teržan notes that the type was not later than Grave 104 with a Negova helmet of the Vetulonia type at Stična, 262 Ibid., 353; tako tudi Gabrovec 1987, 67. which was located close to Grave 99 with two such fibu- 263 Tecco Hvala 2012, 249–251. lae, both of which are attributed to the Certosa Fibula 264 Gabrovec meni, da kažejo na vpliv Dolenjske izven phase of the large Tumulus 48 at Stična. She also observes svojih meja (Gabrovec 1987, 67). 265 257 Teržan 1976, 352–353. Ibid., 235–236, Pls. 26–27. 266 258 Gabrovec 1987, 67. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 73, and contributions in this 267 Teržan 1976, 353. book. 268 259 Ibid., 391. Kos 1978, 122–125. 269 260 Dular 2003, 136. Kos 2010, 73–102. 270 261 Ibid. 136, sl. 85. Teržan 1976, 323–324, 353. 271 262 Glej op. 104. Ibid., 353; the same opinion in Gabrovec 1987, 67. 272 263 Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 432, Priloga 1: grobova Sz Tecco Hvala 2012, 249–251. 264 1561 in Sz 1484 (s pavkasto fibulo, glej zgoraj). Gabrovec believed that they indicated the influence 273 Marchesetti 1893, t. 19: 10, 20: 1-3 (= Montagnari of the Dolenjska group outside their boundaries (Gabrovec Kokelj 1993, t. 19: 10, 20: 1-3). 1987, 67). 274 265 Teržan 1976, 325. Teržan 1976, 352–353. 275 266 Ibid., 339. Gabrovec 1987, 67. 225 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... Sl. 7: Most na Soči – naselbina, kultno mesto (dopolnjeno po Svoljšak, Dular 2016, t. 26–27). M = 1:2. Fig. 7: Most na Soči – settlement, cult place (in part from Svoljšak, Dular 2016, Pls. 26–27). Scale = 1:2. 226 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... Sl. 8: Most na Soči – naselbina, kultno mesto (dopolnjeno po Svoljšak, Dular 2016, t. 26–27). M = 1:2. Fig. 8: Most na Soči – settlement, cult place (in part from Svoljšak, Dular 2016, Pls. 26–27). Scale = 1:2. 227 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... Sl. 9: Most na Soči – naselbina, kultno mesto (dopolnjeno po Svoljšak, Dular 2016, t. 26–27). M = 1:2. Fig. 9: Most na Soči – settlement, cult place (in part from Svoljšak, Dular 2016, Pls. 26–27). Scale = 1:2. 228 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... alpskem območju mlajši od prvega pojava samostrelne that the studies of the small finds from the Balkans and peresovine, ki velja za konstrukcijsko novost zgodnjega the comparison with ‘Greek and Italic’ chronological certoškega horizonta.276 Morda pa gre pri obravnavanem concepts confirm the appearance of these fibulae in the odlomku za okrasno žico kakšne druge oblike fibule beginning of the 5th century BC,267 and concludes that z večdelno peresovino. Razen na certoških fibulah se it is these fibulae that characterise the beginning of the namreč dodatne peresovine pojavljajo tudi na fibulah z Certosa Fibula phase in Dolenjska.268 Her observations lokom, oblikovanim v obliki živali, in drugih fibulah, ki are also cited by Dular, who lists Type V Certosa fibulae jih najdemo tudi med mladohalštatsko dediščino Mosta among the characteristic forms of the early part of the na Soči in Idrije pri Bači (prim. sl. 5: 2).277 Certosa Fibula phase.269 The example from Grave 2/11 at Mlajši fibuli morda pripada odlomek noge in dela Voselca near Hrastje (Magdalenska gora) dates to the late loka sl. 7: 2, ki bi bil lahko del katere od poznolatenskih Certosa270 or more probably the transition between the ali zgodnjerimskih oblik železnih fibul z žičnatim lokom early and the late Certosa Fibula phase.271 The attribution okroglega ali pravokotnega preseka in polno nogo.278 of such fibulae mainly to the early Certosa Fibula phase is Tako nogo je imela verjetno železna fibula poznolatenske supported by proposed dating by Teržan and Trampuž of sheme z bližnjega Vrha gradu pri Pečinah, ki je po obliki the contemporary Sv. Lucija IIb1 phase on the basis of a podobna fibulam vrste Gorica.279 Te so praviloma izde- group of graves from Most na Soči, of which at least two lane iz bakrove zlitine in so značilne za stopnjo LT D2 po typical graves held a Type V Certosa fibula.272 srednjeevropski kronologiji,280 medtem ko je primerek The pin and spring fragment on Fig. 7: 12 belongs s Pečin verjetno njihova imitacija. Polne noge najdemo to a large bronze fibula, probably one of the variants of tudi med železnimi fibulami oblik Kostrzewski M-a1 in Type X Certosa fibulae after Teržan. The fragments on N-a, ki sodijo v družino usločenih fibul in so razširjene Fig. 7: 4–6 also formed parts of fibulae . od območij ob Labi, Visli ter Porenja do jugovzhodnih The fragment of bronze wire twisted into loops Alp (Štalenska gora, Verdun pri Stopičah, grob 37). ( Fig. 7: 3) may have been part of a Certosa fibula with Izdelovali in uporabljali so jih ob koncu poznolatenske either a one-piece or two-piece crossbow spring. Com- stopnje LT D2, v avgustejski dobi in do sredine 1. st.281 parable fibulae are known among the finds from Mar- Poleg majhnih bronastih obročkov ali njihovih chesetti’s excavations of the Most na Soči cemetery273 delov ( sl. 7: 7–8, 10–11), bronastega obročka s presega- that Teržan determines as Variants b of Types VI274 and jočima koncema ( sl. 7: 9) in bronastega nesklenjenega XIII.275 The appearance of fibulae with two or even three prstana polkrožnega preseka ( sl. 7: 14) je med najdbami additional and decorative springs, regularly with more neokrašen bronast trakast uhan ( sl. 7: 13) , ki se po than four coils on each side, postdates the appearance načinu zapenjanja s kvačico ujema z značilnimi hal- of the crossbow spring in the south-eastern Alpine štatskimi svetolucijskimi nažlebljenimi uhani,282 a tudi area, which is deemed a constructional novelty of the z razkošno okrašenimi poznolatenskimi uhani idrijske early Certosa Fibula phase.276 It is also possible that this skupine.283 Neokrašeni uhani so redkost. Med najdbami fragment belongs to some other type of fibulae with a z mostarskega grobišča je znan le primerek iz kupčka multipart spring; apart from Certosa fibulae, additional najdb med grobovoma Sz 1812 in Sz 1813, ki je vseboval springs are also known on the fibulae with an animal- še dva uhana in certoško fibulo.284 shaped bow and other fibulae of the Late Hal statt herit- Med bolje ohranjenimi najdbami s kultnega mesta age at Most na Soči and Idrija pri Bači (cf. Fig. 5: 2).277 so bronasti trikotni obeski, ki so ena značilnih oblik The foot and bow fragment on Fig. 7: 2 may belong halštatske drobne materialne kulture Mosta na Soči in to a later fibula, possibly one of the Late La Tène or Early Roman forms of iron fibulae with a wire bow of a round or rectangular cross section and a solid foot.278 267 Teržan 1976, 353. 276 268 Guštin, Teržan 1975, 189–190; Gabrovec 1987, 68. Ibid., 391. 277 269 Mlinar, Cunja 2010, 40: kat. št. 62; Mlinar 2010, 94; Dular 2003, 136. 270 Cunja, Mlinar 2010, 104, kat. št. 67. Ibid. 136, Fig. 85. 278 271 Predmet je zelo slabo ohranjen, zato ne moremo See Fn. 104. 272 povsem izključiti možnosti, da gre za odlomek železne Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 432, App. 1: Graves Sz 1561 kačaste fibule. and Sz 1484 (with a kettledrum fibula, see above). 279 273 Istenič 2015, 50, t. 5: 7. Marchesetti 1893, Pls. 19: 10, 20: 1-3 (= Montagnari 280 Božič 2008, 144–148. Kokelj 1993, Pls. 19: 10, 20: 1-3). 281 274 Horvat 2015, 176–177. Teržan 1976, 325. 282 275 Kos 1973, 860–861; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž- Ibid., 339. 276 Orel 1985, 30–31, št. 1. Guštin, Teržan 1975, 189–190; Gabrovec 1987, 68. 283 277 Božič 2007b, 839. Mlinar, Cunja 2010, 40: Cat. No. 62; Mlinar 2010, 94; 284 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, t. 172H; Cunja, Mlinar 2010, 104, Cat. No. 67. 278 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1985, 293. The item is poorly preserved and it is not possibly to 229 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... Such a foot can probably also be seen on the iron fibula of the Late La Tène construction from the nearby site at Vrh gradu near Pečine, which is formal y similar to the Gorica type fibulae.279 These fibulae are usual y made of copper alloy and are characteristic of LT D2 of the central European chronology,280 while the example from Pečine is probably their imitation. A solid foot can also be found on the iron Kostrzewski M-a1 and N-a fibulae that belong to the group of arched fibulae and have a documented distribution area spanning from the Riv- ers Laba, Visla, the Rhineland to the south-eastern Alps (Magdalensberg/Štalenska gora, Verdun near Stopiče, Grave 37). They were produced and used towards the end of the Late La Tène phase of LT D2, in the Augustan period and to the mid-1st century AD.281 Sl. 10: Most na Soči – naselbina, kultno mesto. Rentgenski The small finds from the cult place also include posnetek trikotnih obeskov. small bronze rings or their parts ( Fig. 7: 7–8, 10–11), a Fig. 10: Most na Soči – settlement, cult place. X-ray images of bronze ring with overlapping ends ( Fig. 7: 9), a bronze the triangular pendants. penannular finger ring of a semicircular cross section ( Fig. 7: 14) and a plain bronze band earring ( Fig. 7: 13). In the fastening manner, with a hook and a hole, the lat- ter is comparable with the typical grooved earrings of the Posočja285 ter, kot ugotavlja Miha Mlinar, v prvi vrsti Hal statt Sveta Lucija group,282 but also with the ornate izvirajo z grobišč in kultnih mest.286 Late La Tène earrings of the Idrija group.283 Undecorated Pri večjih primerkih sta robova zgornje ploskve earrings are rare, with a single such items known from praviloma okrašena z nizom iztolčenih pik ( sl. 7: 15–17), the cemetery at Most na Soči, found in a heap of finds manjši obesek pa z iztolčenimi pikami v obliki narobe between Graves Sz 1812 and Sz 1813 that also contained obrnjene črke T ( sl. 7: 19). Pri poškodovanem primerku two other earrings and a Certosa fibula.284 ( sl. 7: 18) smo opazili, da pločevina obdaja kamenček. The better preserved finds from the cult place Rokodelec je torej najprej obdelal kamenček v trikotno include bronze triangular pendants, which represent obliko287 ter ga z obeh strani okoval z bronasto pločevi- one of the characteristic forms of the Hal statt material no. Rentgenski posnetki celih obeskov so pokazali, da sta culture at Most na Soči and in Posočje in general,285 and tako narejena še dva primerka, eden pa je votel ( sl. 10). also, as Miha Mlinar has shown, mainly originate from Bronastim trikotnim obeskom s kamenčkom nismo cemeteries and cult places.286 našli primerjav,288 opozarjamo pa na najdbo obdelanega The large examples have the side edges of the upper kamenčka iz groba Sz 648 na Mostu na Soči, ki po obliki plate decorated with embossed dots ( Fig. 7: 15–17), while spominja na diskaste obeske.289 the smaller example bears embossed dots shaped into Košarasti obesek s koničastim dnom ( sl. 5: 20) ima an inverted T ( Fig. 7: 19). The damaged example ( Fig. dobro primerjavo v obesku iz druge gradbene faze hiše 7: 18) shows that the sheet metal envelops a pebble; the 22A ( t. 62: 3 in glej zgoraj), kjer je bila najdena tudi ste- craftsman thus first worked the pebble into a triangular klena jagoda iz stopnje Sv. Lucija IIb1 ( t. 62: 1) in gumb form287 and proceeded to wrap it in sheet bronze. X-ray certoške fibule X. vrste, značilne za stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIc images of the complete pendants have shown that two ( t. 62: 4). Opozarjamo na grob, ki ga je leta 1913 izkopal other pendants were made in the same manner, while Raffaelle Battaglia na Socerbu. Med skromnimi pridatki exclude the possibility of it representing a fragment of an iron je bil košarasti obesek s profiliranim koničastim dnom in serpentine fibula. 279 Istenič 2015, 50, Pl. 5: 7. 280 Božič 2008, 144–148. 281 Horvat 2015, 176–177. 285 282 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1985, 34–35, št. 14. Kos 1973, 860–861; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž- 286 Mlinar 2016, 100. Orel 1985, 30–31, No. 1. 287 283 Uporabili so skrilavec, ki je zelo krušljiv in “mehek” Božič 2007b, 839. 284 kamen ter se ga zlahka obdeluje. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, Pl. 172H; 288 Vsi trikotni obeski te vrste, ki jih hranimo v Narodnem Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1985, 293. 285 muzeju Slovenije, se zdijo votli. To velja tudi za obeske, ki jih Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1985, 34–35, No. 14. 286 najdemo v literaturi. Mlinar 2016, 100. 289 287 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, t. 59A: 9; Slate was used for this purpose, which is a crumbly Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1985, 128. and soft rock that can easily be worked. 230 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... odlomka certoške fibule V. vrste, kar nakazuje datacijo one was hollow ( Fig. 10). We could find no comparable pokopa v stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIb1.290 objects to the bronze triangular pendants with a pebble Bronast diskast obesek 291 ( sl. 7: 23) je podoben in the interior,288 though we should note that a worked okrašenim izvedbam z grobišča.292 Dobro primerjavo pebble was found in Grave Sz 648 at Most na Soči that ima v nizu devetnajstih obeskov iz ženskega groba is formal y reminiscent of the disc-shaped pendants Preloge 13/97 na Magdalenski gori,293 ki ga na podlagi discussed below.289 značilnih pridatkov (votle zapestnice različice V5 po The basket-shaped pendant with a conical bottom Tecco Hvalovi, steklene jagode v obliki ovnovih glavic ( Fig. 5: 20) is closely comparable with the pendant as- itd.) datiramo v certoški horizont.294 Zanimivo je, da so sociated with the second construction phase of House bile v omenjenem magdalenskogorskem grobu, podob- 22A ( Pl. 62: 3 and see above), which also yielded a glass no kot na obravnavanem kultnem mestu (glej spodaj), bead attributed to the Sv. Lucija IIb1 phase ( Pl. 62: 1) and odkrite številne drobne obročaste jagode iz rumenega a knob of a Type X Certosa fibula characteristic of the in modrega stekla.295 Sv. Lucija IIc phase ( Pl. 62: 4). We should also mention a Bronast odlomek ( sl. 7: 22) je polovica z delom grave that Raffaelle Battaglia excavated in 1913 at Socerb; zanke neokrašenega votlega kroglastega obeska, zna- the grave did not yield many goods, but these included a čilnih za Posočje v času uporabe svetolucijskih fibul, tj. basket-shaped pendant with a moulded conical bottom v stopnjah Sv. Lucija IIa in IIb.296 and two fragments of a Type V Certosa fibula that indicate Bronast gumb s široko zanko ( sl. 7: 24) ima najbliž- the dating of the grave to the Sv. Lucija IIb1 phase.290 jo tipološko in geografsko primerjavo na najdišču Robič The bronze disc-shaped pendant 291 on Fig. 7: 23 is – Sv. Volar.297 Za gumb s Sv. Volarja smo skušali nakazati similar to the decorated examples from the cemetery.292 železnodobno starost, čeprav sodi v sklop nestrokovno It is also closely comparable with the pendant in the set of izkopanih detektorskih najdb, ki na tem najdišču dati- nineteen pendants found in the female Grave Preloge 13/97 rajo od bronaste dobe do zgodnjega srednjega veka.298 at Magdalenska gora,293 which is at ributable to the Certosa Na sežigališču so našli 89 preprostih bronastih Fibula phase on the basis of the associated goods (hollow kalotastih gumbov z ovalno ali oglato zanko na spodnji bracelets of Variant V5 after Tecco Hvala, glass beads in strani kapic ( sl. 8: 1), več celih ali poškodovanih obro- the shape of ram’s heads and others).294 It is noteworthy častih jagod iz rumenega, belega in modrega stekla ( sl. that the grave from Magdalenska gora, similarly as the cult 8: 3–5) in majhne bronaste obročke ( sl. 8: 6). place at Most na Soči (see below), revealed numerous smal Večkrat je bilo pokazano, da preprosti kalotasti annular beads of yellow and blue glass.295 gumbi kronološko niso občutljivi, saj izvirajo iz različ- The bronze fragment on Fig. 7: 22 represents half of nih kulturnih okolij žarnogrobiščne, starejše in mlajše the loop of a plain and hollow spherical pendant, such as železne dobe.299 Pogosta najdba so tudi v svetolucijskih are typical of Posočje in the time when the Sveta Lucija grobovih.300 V obravnavanem sklopu sta zastopani dve fibulae were in use, i.e. the Sv. Lucija IIa and IIb phases.296 velikosti: večji premera okoli 1,5 cm in manjši z okoli 0,8 The bronze button with a wide loop ( Fig. 7: 24) is cm premera. Pomenljivo je, da so gumbi obeh velikosti typological y and geographical y most closely comparable večkrat sprijeti med sabo, z drobnimi obročastimi ste- with the example from Robič – Sv. Volar.297 This button klenimi jagodami ter majhnimi bronastimi obročki ( sl. is among the objects unprofessional y excavated with the 8: 1, 6). To nakazuje, da ti skupki predstavljajo ostanke help of a metal detector and spanning from the Bronze oprav, morda pasov301 ali oblek. Age to the Early Middle Ages, but there is evidence to suggest that the button actual y dates to the Iron Age.298 290 Crismani 2002, 62, sl. 43. 291 288 Narisan je kot poln predmet (t. 26: 19 in sl. 5: 23). All the triangular pendants of this form kept in the Dejansko je iz dveh polovic, zelo poškodovan od ognja in v Narodni muzej Slovenije appear to be hollow; this is also true notranjosti zapolnjen s kompaktno žganino. of such pendants known in literature. 292 289 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, t. 200B: 3, Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, Pl. 59A: 9; 231E. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1985, 128. 293 290 Tecco Hvala, Dular, Kocuvan 2004, t. 100: 13. Crismani 2002, 62, Fig. 43. 294 291 Tecco Hvala 2012, 320. It is drawn as a solid object (Pl. 26: 19 and Fig. 5: 23); it 295 Tecco Hvala, Dular, Kocuvan 2004, t. 100: 3-4,6. actual y consists of two halves, it is heavily fire-damaged and 296 Božič 2011, 242–244. the interior is filled with compact burnt remains. 297 292 Bratina 1997, 196, sl. 2. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, Pls. 200B: 3, 298 Mlinar, Gerbec, Laharnar 2014, 13, 30: kat. št. 10. 231E. 299 293 Božič 2009, 71; Sakara Sučević 2004, 34, bronasti Tecco Hvala, Dular, Kocuvan 2004, Pl. 100: 13. 294 kalotasti gumbi vrste 1; Blečić 2005, 75–77. Tecco Hvala 2012, 320. 300 295 Npr. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, t. 11F: Tecco Hvala, Dular, Kocuvan 2004, Pl. 100: 3-4,6. 296 1, 26D: 2, 26F: 5 itd. Božič 2011, 242–244. 301 297 Spomnimo na pas iz ženskega poznolatenskega Bratina 1997, 196, Fig. 2. 298 groba 52 v Prozoru, ki je bil okovan s 114 bronastimi gumbi Mlinar, Gerbec, Laharnar 2014, 13, 30: Cat. No. 10. 231 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... The burning site yielded 89 simple bronze domed buttons with an oval or angular loop on the underside ( Fig. 8: 1), several complete or damaged annular beads of yellow, white and blue glass ( Fig. 8: 3–5) and small bronze rings ( Fig. 8: 6). It has been shown that simple domed buttons are chronological y undiagnostic, unearthed in different contexts dating to the Urnfield culture period and the Early and Late Iron Ages.299 They have also been found in the graves of the Sveta Lucija group.300 The buttons from the cult place come in two sizes: large ones measur- ing around 1.5 in diameter and small ones measuring around 0.8 cm across. An important observation is that the buttons of both sizes were sometimes found clumped together and with small annular glass beads and small bronze rings ( Fig. 8: 1, 6). This indicates that the clusters represent costume remains, possibly belts301 or garments. Anja Hellmuth proposed a reconstruction of the female attire found in Grave 27 of Tumulus 48 at Stična and supposes that the hundreds of recovered bronze but- tons were sewn onto textile in combination with amber beads.302 We believe that this can be extended to many of the numerous glass beads from the same grave. This Sl. 11: Skupki steklenih jagod, bronastih kalotastih gumbov in is what has been established in the case of Grave 121 of bronastih obročkov. 1 Stična, grob 48/121; 2 Most na Soči, grob the same tumulus at Stična, which revealed fibulae and Sz 648; 3 Most na Soči, grob 590 (po Marchesetti 1893, t. 9: 6). Fig. 11: Clusters of glass beads, bronze domed buttons and a large set of beads found on the bottom of the grave pit bronze rings. 1 Stična, Grave 48/121; 2 Most na Soči, Grave Sz and presumably sewn onto the dress ( Fig. 11: 1).303 Also 648; 3 Most na Soči, Grave 590 (from Marchesetti 1893, Pl. 9: 6). interesting is the find of blue, yellow and white annular glass beads from Grave 43, also in Tumulus 48 at Stična, which were fastened to a band of organic material to form a string of colourful triangles . 304 Anja Hellmuth je predlagala rekonstrukcijo ženske Clumps of bronze domed buttons, glass beads and oprave iz groba 27 stiške gomile 48, kjer domneva, da je small bronze rings have also been found in the graves bilo na stotine bronastih gumbov našitih na tekstil tudi at Most na Soči.305 The find presented here is a clump v kombinaciji z jantarjevimi jagodami.302 Menimo, da of bronze domed buttons and blue annular glass beads to zelo verjetno velja tudi za prenekatero od številnih from Grave Sz 648 ( Fig. 11: 2). Carlo Marchesetti pre- steklenih jagod iz tega groba. Tako je bilo ugotovljeno sumed that beads were sewn onto garments and gives v grobu 121 iste stiške gomile, kjer so bile na dnu groba as evidence a grave with over 1500 glass beads and fibule in večji nizi jagod, ki so bili očitno našiti na obleko bronze rings, of which oxidised examples survived in ( sl. 11: 1).303 Zanimiv je tudi primer modrih, rumenih in the original pattern ( Fig. 11: 3).306 A rich set of 508 light belih obročastih steklenih jagod iz groba 43, prav tako 299 gomile 48 v Stični, ki so bile pritrjene na trak iz organske Božič 2009, 71; Sakara Sučević 2004, 34, bronze domed buttons of Type 1; Blečić 2005, 75–77. snovi in so sestavljale niz barvnih trikotnikov . 304 300 E.g. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, Pls. 11F: Skupki sprijetih bronastih kalotastih gumbov, 1, 26D: 2, 26F: 5 etc. steklenih jagod in majhnih bronastih obročkov so bili 301 The Late La Tène Grave 52 of a woman from Prozor odkriti tudi v grobovih Mosta na Soči.305 Tukaj prika- yielded a belt fitted with 114 bronze buttons of different zujemo primer skupka bronastih kalotastih gumbkov in sizes (Drechsler-Bižić 1972−j1973, 37, Pls. 27–28), a similar costume has also been recorded in the Kvarner area (Blečić različnih velikosti (Drechsler-Bižić 1972−1973, 37, t. 27–28), 2002, Pls. 10–11; ead. 2004, Pls. 7–8, Fig. 6: 11-20). 302 in na podobno nošo v Kvarnerju (Blečić 2002, t. 10–11; ead. Hellmuth 2008, 65. 303 2004, t. 7–8, sl. 6: 11-20). Gabrovec et al. 2006, 89. 302 304 Hellmuth 2008, 65. Ibid., 45, Pl. 29: 11. 303 305 Gabrovec et al. 2006, 89. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, Pls. 59: 304 Ibid., 45, t. 29: 11. 648A: 6-7, 98A: 9-10; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 305 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, t. 59: 648A: 6-7, 1985, 128, 180. 306 98A: 9-10; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1985, 128, 180. Marchesetti 1893, 26, 171, Pl. 9: 6 (= Montagnari 232 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... modrih obročastih steklenih jagod iz groba Sz 648 ( sl. 11: and dark blue annular glass beads, 25 bronze annular 2). Carlo Marchesetti domneva primere šivanja jagod na beads and 29 bronze domed buttons was excavated in obleke. Kot dokaz omenja grob z več kot 1500 steklenimi 2001 at Pucarjev rob in Most na Soči.307 Having said jagodami in bronastimi obročki, med slednjimi so se that, it is not clear whether the examples from Most ohranili oksidirani primerki v prvotnem vzorcu ( sl. 11: na Soči are the remains of the burial costume of the 3).306 Razkošen sklop 508 svetlo- in temnomodrih obro- deceased or of the fine textile used to wrap the grave častih steklenih jagod, 25 bronastih obročastih jagod in goods or urns.308 29 bronastih kalotastih gumbov je bil leta 2001 odkrit Our interpretation of the simple bronze domed tudi na Pucarjevem robu na Mostu na Soči.307 Ali gre v buttons, small glass beads and small bronze rings from mostarskih primerih za ostanke pogrebih oblačil umrlih the cult place is similar to the one that Felix Müller gave ali morda za ostanke umetelno tkanih tkanin, v katere on the garments that were, considering the amount of so bili zaviti grobni pridatki ali žare,308 ostaja odprto. time and effort that went into their production, doubt- V povezavi s preprostimi bronastimi kalotastimi lessly precious offerings.309 Such an interpretation is gumbi, drobnimi steklenimi jagodami in majhnimi supported by the fact that charred textile remains were bronastimi obročki z obravnavanega kultnega mesta so found alongside buttons, beads and rings at the cult naša razmišljanja blizu tezi Felixa Müllerja o darovanju place at Most na Soči.310 oblek, ki so bile, glede na količino vloženega dela pri Of the large glass beads, we have a flattened spheri- izdelavi, nedvomno dragocen dar.309 Vsekakor je zgo- cal bead of blue glass with a wavy line of yellowish glass vorno dejstvo, da so bili prav tukaj odkriti tudi fragmenti ( Fig. 8: 2). The cemetery at Most na Soči revealed few zoglenele tkanine.310 comparable finds311 which usual y have a white wavy Od večjih steklenih jagod se je ohranila jagoda line on the otherwise blue glass bead.312 They occur sploščeno kroglaste oblike iz modrega in valovnico iz together with the early variant of the Sveta Lucija bow rumenkastega stekla ( sl. 8: 2). Na mostarskem grobišču fibula313 and with a kettledrum fibula,314 which chrono- ni veliko primerljivih jagod311 in običajno imajo belo logical y corresponds with the occurrence of such beads valovnico na modri podlagi.312 Njihov pojav s starejšo in Dolenjska where they are known from the graves of izvedbo svetolucijske ločne fibule313 in pavkasto fibulo314 the Serpentine and Certosa Fibula phases.315 Hanging se ujema s pojavom takih jagod na Dolenjskem. Tam jih together with other items from a late variant Sveta Lucija najdemo v grobovih kačaste in certoške stopnje.315 V fibula316 was a blue glass bead with a white wavy line stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIb datiramo grob 11 z Bitenj v Bohi- found in Grave 11 at Bitnje in the Bohinj area,317 which nju, ki je vseboval svetolucijsko fibulo mlajše različice,316 has been attributed to the Sv. Lucija IIb phase. na katero je bila med drugim obešena modra steklena Several bronze pieces are parts of broken and fire- jagoda z belo valovnico.317 damaged ring jewellery (Fig. 7: 25–31, 33–36). In form Več bronastih predmetov so deli razlomljenega in v and ritual, they are very similar to the collection of ognju uničenega obročastega nakita (sl. 7: 25–31, 33–36). fragments of bronze bracelets and wires recovered from Običaj in predmeti zelo spominjajo na zbirko odlomkov Grave 3 at Bitnje in Bohinj, which Gabrovec dated to Sv. bronastih zapestnic in žic iz groba 3 na Bitnjah v Bohinju, Lucija IIa.318 The fragments on Fig. 7: 35–36 probably ki ga je Gabrovec datiral v stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIa.318 Od- Kokelj 1993, 120, 267, Pl. 9: 6). 306 307 Marchesetti 1893, 26, 171, t. 9: 6 (= Montagnari Mlinar 2002, 45, Cat. No. 20, Fig. 27. 308 Kokelj 1993, 120, 267, t. 9: 6). Cf. Gambacurta, Ruta Serafini 1998; Škvor Jernejčič, 307 Mlinar 2002, 45, kat. št. 20, sl. 27. Vinazza 2015. 308 309 Prim. Gambacurta, Ruta Serafini 1998; Škvor Müller 2002, 1098–1100. 310 Jernejčič, Vinazza 2015. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 73; Grömer et al. in this book. 309 311 Müller 2002, 1098–1100. Marchesetti 1893, 327, Pl. 9: 4 (= Montagnari Kokelj 310 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 73; Grömer et al. v tej knjigi. 1993, 421, Pl. 9: 4). 311 312 Marchesetti 1893, 327, t. 9: 4 (= Montagnari Kokelj Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, Pls. 13F: 4; 1993, 421, t. 9: 4). 216A: 5; 280: 24, 31; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1985, 312 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, t. 13F: 4; 85, 335, 392. 313 216A: 5; 280: 24, 31; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1985, These typical y bear ribs across the whole bow: 85, 335, 392. Parzinger 1988, 12, Sv. Lucija-III1, Sv Lucija-III2a, Pls. 9: 313 Zanjo je značilen v celoti narebren lok: Parzinger 115, 10: 124. 314 1988, 12, Sv. Lucija-III1, Sv Lucija-III2a, t. 9: 115, 10: 124. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, Pl. 13F. 314 315 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, t. 13F. Cf. Gabrovec et al. 2006, Pls. 3, 15, 24, 47; Udovč, 315 Prim. Gabrovec et al. 2006, t. 3, 15, 24, 47; Udovč, Leben Seljak 2016, 52–53: No. 34; 80–81: No. 81. 316 Leben Seljak 2016, 52–53: št. 34; 80–81: št. 81. It typical y has a bow decorated with stripes of 316 Zanjo je značilen lok, okrašen z nizi prečnih vrezov transverse incisions or ribs: Parzinger 1988, 14, Sveta Lucija- ali reber: Parzinger 1988, 14, Sveta Lucija-III3, t. 12: 174. III3, Pl. 12: 174. 317 317 Gabrovec 1974, t. 4: 18; Božič 2011, 244. Gabrovec 1974, Pl. 4: 18; Božič 2011, 244. 318 318 Ibid., 290, 301, t. 3: 7-12. Ibid., 290, 301, Pl. 3: 7-12. 233 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... lomka sl. 7: 35–36 sta verjetno odlomka bronastih ovra- belonged to bronze torques. In comparison with other tnic. Tordiran predmet ( sl. 7: 35) je v primerjavi z ostalimi finds from the cult place, the twisted fragment ( Fig. 7: najdbami s kultnega mesta morda arhaičen element iz 35) may be an archaic element from the Sv. Lucija Ic stopnje Sv. Lucija Ic. To velja bodisi v primeru, da gre phase regardless of whether it is a fragment of a twisted za odlomek tordirane ovratnice,319 bodisi loka fibule.320 torque319 or possibly the bow of a fibula.320 If it is the Slednjemu primerjavo ponovno najdemo v Bohinju.321 latter, it again has parallels in Bohinj.321 Kovinske posode Metal vessels Najdbe kultnega mesta dopolnjujejo odlomki The finds from the cult place further comprise keramičnega posodja in svitka ( sl. 9: 13–15) ter serija fragments of ceramic vessels and a spindle whorl ( Fig. odlomkov iz bronaste pločevine, med katerimi prepo- 9: 13–15), as well as a series of sheet bronze fragments znamo odlomke bronastih posod ( sl. 9: 1, 3, 4–6, 8–9, that include those identified as belonging to vessels ( Fig. 12; morda sl. 7: 35). Predmeti so izjemno fragmentarni, 9: 1, 3, 4–6, 8–9, 12; possibly Fig. 7: 35). These items are razlomljeni in ožgani, zato jih je večinoma nemogoče highly fragmented and fire-damaged, hence for the most ožje tipološko opredeliti. Predmet sl. 9: 3 ima med part not al owing precise typological determination. The gradivom Szombathyjevih izkopavanj v obliki in okra- piece on Fig. 9: 3 is comparable in form and decoration su primerjavo v obročastem okovu posode z dvema with an attachment with two loops of a metal vessel ušesoma.322 found during Szombathy’s excavations.322 Nogica bronaste posode je najverjetneje pripadala The foot of a bronze vessel on Fig. 9: 1 most kateri od predavgustejskih oblik italskih bronastih po- likely belonged to one of the pre-Augustan forms of sod, najverjetneje vrču ( sl. 9: 1). Skoraj povsem enaka Italic bronze vessels, probably a jug. An almost identical bronasta nogica je bila v grobu 46 na Idriji pri Bači,323 bronze foot was found in Grave 46 at Idrija pri Bači,323 za katero Guštin predvideva pripadnost vrču, a zanjo which Guštin presumes to have belonged to a jug, but ne najde primerjav.324 does not know of any parallels.324 NAJDBE Z OBMOČIJ Z RAZPRŠENIMI SMALL FINDS FROM THE LOCATIONS SLEDMI POSELITVE OF DISPERSED HABITATION TRACES V prvi monografiji o železnodobni naselbini na The first volume of the monograph on the Iron Age Mostu na Soči sta avtorja opredelila 32 območij z razpr- settlement at Most na Soči presented the 32 identified šenimi sledmi poselitve. Gre za ostanke različnih struk- locations of dispersed habitation traces. The traces con- tur, od krajših odsekov suhih zidov brez jasnega poteka sist of various structures, ranging from short sections of do neizrazitih hodnih površin, ki jih ni bilo mogoče po- drywal s without a clear course to indistinct patches of vezati v zanesljive objekte. V glavnem so bile tod odkrite ground surface that could not positively be tied to form ruševine, v katerih so se pojavljale posamezne najdbe.325 the remains of individual houses. For the most part, these V nadaljevanju obravnavamo posamezne kovinske in steklene najdbe, če ni navedeno drugače, po številkah 319 Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 426. 320 We can also not exclude the possibility of the item 319 Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 426. being a fragment of a twisted handle of a situla or some other 320 Ni izključeno, da je predmet odlomek tordiranega vessel (cf. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1985, 36–37, ročaja situle ali kakšne druge posode (prim. Teržan, Lo No. 3). 321 Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1985, 36–37, št. 3). It is a two-looped fibula from Grave 2 at Jereka that 321 Gre za dvozankasto fibulo iz groba 2 v Jereki, ki jo je Gabrovec termed two-looped bow fibula with a pseudo- Gabrovec imenoval dvozankasta ločna fibula s psevdotordiranim twisted bow (Gabrovec 1974, 298, Pl. 11: 3). He presumed lokom (Gabrovec 1974, 298, t. 11: 3). Gabrovec je domneval that the grave dated to the beginning of the Hal statt-period datacijo groba iz Jereke v začetek halštatske kolonizacije Bohinja, colonisation of the Bohinj area, i.e. possibly to the Sv. Lucija torej morda že v stopnjo Sv. Lucija Ic (Ibid., 300). Ic phase (Ibid., 300). 322 322 Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, t. 278: 2; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, Pl. 278: 2; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1985, 392. Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1985, 392. 323 323 Guštin 1991, 20, t. 27: 18. V grobu je bilo še nekaj Guštin 1991, 20, Pl. 27: 18. The grave contained few skromnih najdb (bronasti odlomki fibul in prstana, kalotasta other items (bronze fragments of fibulae and of a finger ring, bronasta gumba), ki ne omogočajo ožje datacije. two domed bronze buttons) that do not allow for a more 324 Ibid., 70. precise dating. 325 324 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 222–227. Ibid., 70. 234 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... sond, ki so ta območja razkrila.326 Nekatere fibule iz locations only yielded debris with scarce small finds.325 naselbine, ki jih razumemo v okviru poznolatenske oz. The text below presents several metal and glass finds ac- prve rimske poselitve, so že bile predstavljene v literaturi cording to the trenches that investigated these traces, if in jih v našo obravnavo nismo zajeli. To so italske fibule not otherwise specified.326 Some of the fibulae from the iz bakrovih zlitin vrste Nauheim II, Almgren 65, Nova settlement that are traces of the Late La Tène or the first vas, Posočje (Isontino) 2 in Jezerine,327 med njimi prve Roman settlement have already been published elsewhere štiri vrste datiramo v stopnjo LT D1b oz. v prvo četrtino and are not discussed here; these consist of Italic fibulae 1. st. pr. n. št., fibulo vrste Jezerine pa v stopnjo LT D2 from copper alloys of Nauheim II, Almgren 65, Nova vas, po srednjeevropski kronologiji.328 Posočje (Isontino) 2 and Jezerine types,327 of which the first four types date to LT D1b, i.e. the first quarter of the 1st century BC, while the Jezerine type fibula is attributed SONDA 17 to LT D2 of the central European chronology.328 Iz stavbnih ruševin v sondi 17 izvira bronasta obročasta fibula vrste Posočje ( sl. 12: 13). 329 Tovrstne TRENCH 17 fibule so najverjetneje izdelovali na prostoru latenske idrijske skupine, kjer so jih odkrili največ. Posamič The house debris in Trench 17 revealed a bronze se pojavljajo še na Notranjskem, Koroškem in celo na penannular Posočje type fibula ( Fig. 12: 13). 329 Such Bavarskem.330 Na podlagi grobov z Idrije pri Bači jih fibulae were most probably produced in the area of the datiramo v poznolatensko stopnjo LT D1, vendar se na La Tène period Idrija group, where the greatest number tamkajšnjem grobišču pojavljajo kot starejši pridatek of them has been found. Individual examples are also tudi v mlajših grobovih.331 known from the regions of Notranjska, Kärnten and V sondi 17 so našli bronast obesek v obliki glave even Bavaria.330 The examples from the graves at Idrija goveda z značilno podolgovato glavo in dolgimi, navzdol pri Bači suggest their date to the Late La Tène phase obrnjenimi in navzven ukrivljenimi rogovi ( sl. 12: 14). of LT D1, but the cemetery in question also revealed Alexia Nascimbene ugotavlja, da se pojavljajo na pro- examples of such fibulae as early goods in later graves.331 storu med reko Piavo z zgornjo Furlanijo, Posočjem in Trench 17 yielded a bronze pendant in the shape Dolenjsko. Možno je ločiti več različic glede na okras.332 of a bovine head with a characteristic elongated head Obesek iz sonde 17 ima okras petih krožcev s piko, and long downturned horns that curve outwards at the medtem ko ima njegova primerjava iz Marchesettijeve- tip ( Fig. 12: 14). Alexia Nascimbene observes that such ga groba 2370 okras dveh krožcev s piko (ponazoritev pendants are known in the area between the River Piave oči) in črtastih vrezov.333 Če so najdeni med grobnimi with the upper Friuli, Posočje and Dolenjska. The deco- pridatki, nastopajo kot element ženske noše, navadno ration allows us to distinguish between several types.332 v bogatih pokopih ali v grobnicah z več pokopi mlado- The pendant from Trench 17 bears five ring-and-dots, halštatskega časa.334 while a comparable pendant from Marchesetti’s Grave 2370 bears two ring-and-dots (representing eyes) and linear incisions.333 In graves, such items are parts of the female costume, usual y appearing in rich graves or in tombs with several Late Hal statt burials.334 326 325 Za lego sond in označene sledi razpršene poselitve glej Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 222–227. 326 generalni načrt najdišča (Svoljšak, Dular 2016, priloga 1). For the position of the trenches and the locations of 327 Cunja, Mlinar 2010, kat. št. 117, 119, 125–128 (z dispersed habitation traces see the site plan (Svoljšak, Dular navedbo predhodnih objav). Za poskus interpretacije teh 2016, App. 1). 327 fibul glej Mlinar et al. 2012, 265–266. Cunja, Mlinar 2010, Cat. Nos. 117, 119, 125–128 (with 328 Božič 2008, 144–148, Tab. 5. a list of previous publications). For an attempt at interpreting 329 Guštin 1991, 24, t. 44: 5 (v objavi križec na enem od these fibulae see Mlinar et al. 2012, 265–266. 328 zapognjenih koncev ni narisan, saj ga je razkrila šele kasnejša Božič 2008, 144–148, Tab. 5. 329 konservacija predmeta). Guštin 1991, 24, Pl. 44: 5 (the drawing in this 330 Cunja, Mlinar 2010, 48, kat. št. 115. publication is missing a cross on one of the bent ends because 331 Guštin 1991, 40, sl. 22, t. 6: 9, 10: 10, 20: 4; Božič it has only been revealed during later conservation work). 330 1999b, 75, sl. 5: 3. Cunja, Mlinar 2010, 48, Cat. No. 115. 332 331 Nascimbene 2009, 202–203. Guštin 1991, 40, Fig. 22, Pls. 6: 9, 10: 10, 20: 4; Božič 333 Marchesetti 1893, 105, t. 24: 36 (= Montagnari Kokelj 1999b, 75, Fig. 5: 3. 332 1993, 199, t. 24: 36). Nascimbene 2009, 202–203. 334 333 Npr. grobnica 13 grobišča Posmon pri Montebel uni Marchesetti 1893, 105, Pl. 24: 36 (= Montagnari in grob iz Safforze pri Bel unu (Gamba et al. 2013, 404–407, Kokelj 1993, 199, Pl. 24: 36). 334 kat. št. 11.3.5, 11.3.8.). E.g. Tomb 13 from the cemetery at Posmon near 235 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... Sl. 12: Most na Soči – naselbina, najdbe z območij z razpršenimi sledmi poselitve. 1–8, 11–22 bron; 9 železo; 10 steklo. M = 1:2. Fig. 12: Most na Soči – settlement, finds from the locations of dispersed habitation traces. 1–8, 11–22 bronze; 9 iron; 10 glass. Scale = 1:2. 236 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... SONDA 21–22 TRENCHES 21–22 Med najdbami poleg bronaste poznolatenske These trenches yielded a bronze Late La Tène Italic italske fibule in rimskega srebrnega prstana ( sl. 12: 11) fibula and a Roman silver finger ring ( Fig. 12: 11), but izstopa odlomek latenske obročaste steklene jagode ( sl. also a fragment of a La Tène annular glass bead ( Fig. 12: 12: 10). Jagoda pripada zelo številčni skupini 23 po Ha- 10). The bead belongs to the very numerous Group 23 evernickovi, in sicer izvedbi iz modrega stekla z belim after Haevernick, more precisely to the variant of blue vrtinčastim okrasom. Težišče keltske srednjeevropske glass with whirling white decoration. The main period proizvodnje tovrstnih jagod je bilo v poznolatenski of central European Celtic production of such beads was stopnji LT D1,335 njihov prvi pojav pa je nakazan že v in the Late La Tène phase of LT D1,335 though they first stopnji LT C2.336 appeared already in LT C2.336 SONDA 29 TRENCH 29 Z razširitvijo sonde 29, ki je razkrila hišo 30 in This trench investigated House 30 and the adja- ob njej potekajočo kamnito ogrado,337 je bila v smeri cent stone enclosure,337 while its extension revealed a latensko-rimskega grobišča odkrita kamnita groblja. stone heap in the direction towards the La Tène-Roman Drago Svoljšak ugotavlja, da je groblja morda rezultat cemetery. Drago Svoljšak suggests that this heap may be rimskega planiranja pri urejanju njihovega grobišča the result of Roman-period levelling associated with the oz. da gre, kot sta zapisala z Beatriče Žbono Trkman, cemetery or, as he wrote together with Beatriče Žbona za časovno nedoločljiv poseg, povezan s preureditvami Trkman, that it is the consequence of a chronological y zemljišča v poljedelske namene.338 Rimsko urejanje je undeterminable intervention connected with agricul- gotovo poseglo tudi v železnodobne plasti, pri čemer tural activities.338 The Roman-period interventions so se v groblji znašli odlomka bronastega prstana s certainly disturbed the Iron Age layers, which resulted in polkrožnim presekom in bronastega nažlebljenega the fragments of a bronze semicircular-sectioned finger uhana s kvačico ter v celoti ohranjena certoška fibula ring and a bronze grooved earring with a hook, as well s samostrelno peresovino vrste XIIIa po Teržanovi ( sl. as a completely preserved Certosa fibula with a crossbow 12: 16–18). spring of Variant XIIIa after Teržan ( Fig. 12: 16–18) to have found their way into the stone heap. SONDA 36 TRENCH 36 V tej sondi so se pojavljale stavbne ruševine in The trench revealed house debris and habitation sledi poselitve s keramiko, koščki prežgane ilovice ter traces that comprise ceramic sherds, pieces of burnt drobci oglja. Med kovinskimi najdbami so bili bronasta loam daub and bits of charcoal, while the metal finds pinceta, igla, noga certoške fibule, odlomka obročkov, include bronze tweezers, a pin, the foot of a Certosa okrašene zapognjene pločevine, ingot in železen nož z fibula, two ring fragments, bent and decorated sheet ukrivljenim rezilom in plavutastim nasadiščem ( sl. 12: metal, an ingot and an iron knife with a curved blade 1–3, 5–6, 7–9). Bronast obroček polkrožnega preseka tip and the other end widened to form a socket ( Fig. 12: ( sl. 12: 4) je del antropo-ornitomorfnega obeska vrste 2 1–3, 5–6, 7–9). There was also a bronze semicircular- po Geigerju.339 Tovrstne obeske je preučevala Martina sectioned ring ( Fig. 12: 4), which formed part of an Blečić Kavur, ki ugotavlja, da se obeski različice 2b, ka- anthropo-ornitomorphic pendant of Type 2 after Gei- mor uvrščamo tudi odlomek iz sonde 36, pojavljajo v 5. ger.339 Martina Blečić Kavur studied such pendants and in 4. st. pr. n. št. v severni Italiji (največ v Benečiji in na Montebel una and a grave from Safforza near Bel uno (Gamba et al. 2013, 404–407, Cat. Nos. 11.3.5, 11.3.8.). 335 335 Karwowski 2004, 42–43, 79, sl. 25. Karwowski 2004, 42–43, 79, Fig. 25. 336 336 Zepezauer 1993, 95–97, sl. 8; Venclová 2016, 86–87, Zepezauer 1993, 95–97, Fig. 8; Venclová 2016, 86–87, sl. 69: 1909. Fig. 69: 1909. 337 337 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 202–211, pril. 4–5. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 202–211, Apps. 4–5. 338 338 Svoljšak, Žbona Trkman 1985, 87–88. Med kamni Svoljšak, Žbona Trkman 1985, 87–88. Sinter began groblje so bili prazni prostori in po njeni odložitvi se je forming in the empty spaces between the stones of the heap začela izločati siga. Značilna je bila siga v obliki majhnih after its deposition, typical y in the form of small ‘stalactites’ “kapničkov” (Drago Svoljšak ustno in dnevnik izkopavanj, (Drago Svoljšak, pers. comm. and excavation diary, archives Arhiv Goriškega muzeja). of the Goriški muzej). 339 339 Geiger 1994, 13–15, sl. 2. Geiger 1994, 13–15, Fig. 2. 237 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... observed that the pendants of Variant 2b, to which we ascribe the example from Trench 36, occur in the 5th and 4th centuries BC in northern Italy (most numer- ously in Veneto and Trentino), Posočje, Notranjska, Dolenjska and the Kvarner Bay with its hinterland.340 Interestingly, the two completely preserved examples from Posočje are the most lavishly decorated of all ( Fig. 13: 2).341 The pendants of Type 2 have a characteristic anthropo-ornitomorphic iconography that is frequently connected with the representations of the Mistress of the Animals ( Potnia theron), a figure with raised arms flanked by wild animals.342 THE BABIĆ LOCATION The bronze finds discussed here have been col ected by the owner (Babić) of the plot of land at the address Most na Soči 104 after the excavation of the construc- Sl. 13: Antropo-ornitomorfna obeska: 1 Most na Soči – na- tion pit for his house.343 The finds include a ring, the selbina, sonda 36; 2 Berlotov rob (Narodni muzej Slovenije). pin of a fibula ( Fig. 12: 20–21), two undeterminable M = 1:2. objects and an Emona type Roman fibula (with a stylised Fig. 13: Anthropo-ornitomorphic pendants: 1 Most na So- duck, an anthropomorphic mask and a solid foot).344 či – settlement, Trench 36; 2 Berlotov rob (Narodni muzej A prehistoric find is an Idrija pri Bači type fibula of the Slovenije). Scale = 1:2. Middle La Tène construction ( Fig. 12: 19). These fibulae were worn in the La Tène Idrija group in LT D1 and, as suggested by the examples from the latest graves at the Tridentinskem), Posočju, na Notranjskem, Dolenjskem eponymous site of Idrija pri Bači, also in LT D2 and the in v Kvarnerju z zaledjem.340 Zanimivo je, da sta v celoti Augustan period.345 ohranjena primerka iz Posočja med vsemi najrazko- šneje okrašena ( sl. 13: 2).341 Obeske 2. vrste opredeljuje značilna antropo-ornitomorfna ikonografija, pri čemer CONCLUSION zadnjo večkrat povezujejo z upodabljanjem gospodarice živali ( Potnia theron), izpostavljene figure z dvignjenimi The metal and glass finds from the investigated rokami, obdane z divjimi živalmi.342 part of the Iron Age settlement at Most na Soči reveal that the period of its greatest prosperity should be sought in the Late Hal statt period. The houses and PARCELA BABIĆ the locations of dispersed habitation traces yielded objects from all three Late Hal statt phases of the Sveta Pod tem imenom dokumentiramo sklop bronastih Lucija group. The leech fibulae ( Pl. 66: 1–3) represent najdb, ki jih je lastnik pobral po izkopu ob začetku the tie with the closing Early Hal statt period (the Sv. gradnje stanovanjske hiše Most na Soči 104.343 Med Lucija Ic2 phase), but were also worn in Sv. Lucija IIa, najdbami so bili obroček, igla fibule ( sl. 12: 20–21), dva i.e. the first Late Hal statt phase, when serpentine and nedoločljiva predmeta in rimska fibula t. i. emonskega 340 Blečić Kavur 2017, Fig. 4 for the distribution map of tipa (oblika s stilizirano račko, antropomorfno masko the Variant 2b anthropo-ornitomorphic pendants and the list in polno nogo).344 Prazgodovinski predmet je fibula of sites. 340 341 Blečić Kavur 2017, sl. 4. karta razprostranjenosti različice The pendants were found at Berlotov rob (kept in the 2b antropo-ornitomorfnih obeskov in seznam najdišč. Narodni muzej Slovenije; Laharnar 2017) and Gradič above 341 Obeska sta z najdišč Berlotov rob (hrani Narodni Kobarid (kept in the Tolminski muzej). 342 muzej Slovenije; Laharnar 2017) in Gradič nad Kobaridom Teržan 2003, 70–72; Marzatico 2011, 330–331. 343 (hrani Tolminski muzej). Information from Drago Svoljšak’s excavation diary. 342 Teržan 2003, 70–72; Marzatico 2011, 330–331. The location is in the immediate vicinity of the Roman ‘house 343 Informacija Drago Svoljšak, dnevnik izkopavanj. with a bathroom’ that has been presented in an archaeological Parcela leži v neposredni bližini rimske “hiše s kopalnico”, ki park. 344 je urejena kot arheološki park. Cunja, Mlinar 2010, 121, Cat. No. 166; for an 344 Cunja, Mlinar 2010, 121, kat. št. 166; za opredelitev interpretation of such fibulae see Pavlin 2007, 71–73. 345 tovrstnih fibul glej Pavlin 2007, 71–73. Božič 2011, 253–255. 238 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... srednjelatenske sheme vrste Idrija pri Bači ( sl. 12: 19). band bow fibulae were the fashion ( Pls. 29: 8; 36: 1; Fibula je bila lastna idrijski latenski skupini v stopnji LT 53: 1; 57: 17; 94: 1–2). The serpentine fibula of Variant D1 in, kot nakazujejo primerki iz najmlajših grobov na VIIc (possibly Pl. 60: 1), the kettledrum fibula ( Pl. 31: eponimnem najdišču Idrija pri Bači, tudi še v stopnji LT 11), the Type XIII Certosa fibula ( Fig. 12: 18) and the D2 ter avgustejskem obdobju.345 presumed fragment of a fibula with a disc on the bow or with a multi-part crossbow spring ( Fig. 5: 1) are al attributable to the Sv. Lucija IIb phase i.e. in its early SKLEP part respectively. The last Hal statt phase of Sv. Lucija IIc is primarily marked by Type X Certosa fibulae ( Pls. Če presojamo trajanje poselitve raziskanega dela 57: 1, 16; 62: 4). The examples of Certosa fibulae Vari- mostarske železnodobne naselbine na podlagi kovinskih ant VIIe ( Pl. 23: 1) and VIIe or f ( Pl. 89: 1), and also in steklenih najdb, je njeno težišče v mladohalštatskem similar forms of the Certosa fibulae of Variants VIa obdobju. Tako v hišah kot na območjih z razpršenimi and XIIa ( Pls. 28: 1; 89: 16) are dated in the very final sledmi poselitve so bili odkriti predmeti iz vseh treh Sv. Lucija IIc2 phase. The fibula represented on Pl. 28: mladohalštatskih stopenj svetolucijske skupine. Pijav- 1 was heavily burnt and is considered as evidence of kaste fibule ( t. 66: 1–3) so še predstavljale vez z iztekom a fire that may have been connected with the decline starohalštatske dobe (stopnja Sv. Lucija Ic2), vendar so of the settlement at the end of the Early Iron Age.346 bile tudi značilnost prve mladohalštatske stopnje Sv. The characteristic Late Hal statt material culture Lucija IIa, ko so bile v modi kačaste in trakasta fibula ( t. also includes finger rings ( Fig. 12: 17; Pls. 9: 4; 29: 12; 29: 8; 36: 1; 53: 1; 57: 17; 94: 1–2). Kačasto fibulo različice 28: 4; 31: 13; 36: 22; 37: 3; 60: 2; 61: 1; 89: 17; 98: 1), VIIc (morda t. 60: 1), pavkasto fibulo ( t. 31: 11), certo- earrings ( Fig. 10: 17; 12: 16), basket-shaped pendants ško fibulo XIII. vrste ( sl. 12: 18) in domneven odlomek ( Pl. 62: 3), a fragment of an anthropo-ornitomorphic fibule z okroglo ploščo ali fibule z večdelno samostrelno pendant ( Fig. 12: 4), a pendant in the shape of a bovine peresovino ( sl. 5: 1) datiramo v stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIb oz. v head ( Fig. 12: 14), a spiral hair ring ( Pl. 97: 10) and glass njen starejši del. Zadnjo halštatsko stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIc beads with layered eyes ( Pls. 23: 8; 32: 5; 57: 24–25; 89: označujejo predvsem najdbe certoških fibul X. vrste ( t. 19; 97: 17). The glass amphora-shaped bead ( Pl. 97: 14) 57: 1, 16; 62: 4) . Primerki vrste VIIe ( t. 23: 1) oz. VIIe ali f dates to the end of the Early Iron Age. The fragments ( t. 89: 1) ter obliki, ki se približujeta certoškim fibulam of shaft-holes axes, flat and bar-shaped ingots of copper različic XIIa in VIa ( t. 28: 1; 89: 16), so iz faze Sv. Lucija alloys in habitation contexts ( Pls. 8: 1; 29: 2; 33: 18–19; IIc2. Fibula, prikazana na t. 28: 1, je bila izrazito ožgana 37: 5–6; 60: 4; 97: 1–2) are objects with a presumed pre- in sodi med dokaze za požar, ki je bil morda povezan z monetary function and speak of their use into the Late zatonom naselbine na koncu starejše železne dobe.346 Hal statt period. The two fragments of ingots possibly Značilno mladohalštatsko drobno materialno kul- belonging to the ramo secco or a similar type ( Pls. 23: 7; turo dopolnjujejo prstani ( sl. 12: 17; t. 9: 4; 29: 12; 28: 4; 33: 20) are believed to be of the same date and a similar 31: 13; 36: 22; 37: 3; 60: 2; 61: 1; 89: 17; 98: 1), uhani ( sl. function. The people who used copper alloy ingots were 10: 17; 12: 16), košarasti obeski ( t. 62: 3), odlomek an- founders and metalworkers, the presence of which at tropo-ornitomorfnega obeska ( sl. 12: 4), obesek v obliki the settlement is revealed by stone casting moulds ( Pls. goveje glave ( sl. 12: 14), lasni spiralni obroček ( t. 97: 10) 24: 6–9; 54: 9; 92: 6), a ceramic casting ladle ( Pl. 24: 5), in steklene jagode s plastovitimi očesci ( t. 23: 8; 32: 5; 57: stone grinding wheels ( Pl. 24: 12–13), possibly also the 24–25; 89: 19; 97: 17). Steklena jagoda amforičaste oblike worked pieces of horns ( Pl. 24: 16–19), pieces of slag and ( t. 97: 14) je iz konca starejše železne dobe. Naselbinske other casting refuse material. The tools and implements najdbe odlomkov uhatih sekir, ingotov sploščenih oblik recovered from the settlement include chisels ( Pls. 31: in paličastih ingotov iz bakrovih zlitin ( t. 8: 1; 29: 2; 33: 19; 53: 2), awls and punching tools ( Pls. 32: 11–13; 53: 18–19; 37: 5–6; 60: 4; 97: 1–2), tj. predmetov z dozdev- 3–5; 57: 23; 92: 4; 97: 8), an auger ( Pl. 90: 8), a drawknife no predmonetarno namembnostjo, podpirajo njihovo ( Pl. 90: 5), a punch ( Pl. 94: 5), a needle ( Pl. 32: 7) and a uporabo še v mladohalštatskem obdobju. V istem času fishhook ( Pl. 100: 1). The collection of tools from House in podobni funkciji razumemo odlomka ingotov, ki sta 29 that consisted of the drawknife, the chisel and the morda pripadala vrsti ramo secco ali sorodni obliki ( t. spoon-shaped auger may represent a carpeting tool kit 23: 7; 33: 20). Potrošniki ingotov iz bakrovih zlitin so bili ( Pl. 90: 5, 7, 8), while the collection from House 15A livarji in kovinarji, katerih dejavnost dokazujejo odkri- comprising the chisel and three awls may represent a tja kamnitih livarskih kalupov ( t. 24: 6–9; 54: 9; 92: 6), toreutic tool kit ( Pl. 53: 2–5). keramična livarska zajemalka ( t. 24: 5), kamniti brusni The last period of prehistoric habitation is il umi- koluti ( t. 24: 12–13), morda obdelani odlomki rogovi- nated by Late La Tène finds: a fibula of the Middle La ne ( t. 24: 16–19), najdbe žlindre in drugega livarskega Tène construction ( Pl. 97: 9), an Idrija pri Bači fibula 345 ( Fig. 12: 19), a penannular Posočje fibula ( Fig. 12: 13), Božič 2011, 253–255. 346 346 Žbona Trkman, Svoljšak 1981, kat. št. 22. Žbona Trkman, Svoljšak 1981, Cat. No. 22. 239 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... odpada. Med orodji in različnimi pripomočki so dleta possibly a fragment of an arched fibula ( Pl. 31: 8) and ( t. 31: 19; 53: 2), šila ter puncirna orodja ( t. 32: 11–13; an annular glass bead ( Fig. 12: 10). 53: 3–5; 57: 23; 92: 4; 97: 8), sveder ( t. 90: 8), polkrožen A time span similar to that of the small finds rezilnik ( t. 90: 5), prebijač ( t. 94: 5), šivanka ( t. 32: 7) in recovered from the settlement and the locations of trnek ( t. 100: 1). V sklopu orodij z rezilnikom, dletom in dispersed habitation traces is shown by the artefacts žličastim svedrom (hiša 29) slutimo tesarski oz. mizarski from the cult place. The fragments of Certosa fibulae ( t. 90: 5, 7, 8), v sklopu dleta in treh šil (hiša 15A) pa ( Fig. 7: 1, 12), possibly part of a fibula with a multi-part torevtski orodni komplet ( t. 53: 2–5). spring ( Fig. 7: 3), a band earring with a hook and a Zadnje obdobje prazgodovinske poselitve označu- hole ( Fig. 7: 13), triangular pendants ( Fig. 7: 15–19), a jejo poznolatenske najdbe. To so fibula srednjelatenske basket-shaped pendant ( Fig. 7: 20), a spherical pendant sheme ( t. 97: 9), fibula vrste Idrija pri Bači ( sl. 12: 19), ( Fig. 7: 22), a glass bead with a wavy line ( Fig. 8: 2) and obročasta fibula vrste Posočje ( sl. 12: 13), morda od- most of the ring jewellery fragments ( Fig. 7: 25–31, lomek usločene fibule ( t. 31: 8) in steklena obročasta 33–36) date to the Late Hal statt period. Most prob- jagoda ( sl. 12: 10). ably of the same date are the series of simple domed Podoben časovni razpon, kot ga označujejo najdbe bronze buttons, bronze rings and small annular glass iz hiš in območij z razpršeno poselitvijo, nakazujejo tudi beads ( Fig. 8: 1, 3–6). We presume that these objects predmeti na kultnem mestu. Mladohalštatski horizont were sewn onto some fabric, possibly a garment or a opredeljujejo odlomki certoških fibul ( sl. 7: 1, 12), morda shroud. The artefacts most recent in date indicate the del fibule z večdelno peresovino ( sl. 7: 3), trakast uhan s end of use of the cult place, which include the joint kvačico ( sl. 7: 13), trikotni obeski ( sl. 7: 15–19), košarast find of tetradrachms of the Kugelreiter type from the obesek ( sl. 7: 20), kroglast obesek ( sl. 7: 22), steklena initial decades of the second half of the 2nd century jagoda z valovnico ( sl. 8: 2) in glavnina odlomkov obro- BC ( Fig. 7: 38–40), the foot of a most probably Late častega nakita ( sl. 7: 25–31, 33–36). Mladohalštatski so Republican bronze vessel ( Fig. 9: 1) and a fragment of najverjetneje tudi vrsta bronastih preprostih kalotastih a fibula with a wire bow ( Fig. 7: 2), the last of the items gumbov, bronasti obročki in drobne steklene obročaste probably dating to LT D2. jagode ( sl. 8: 1, 3–6). Domnevamo, da so bili ti predmeti našiti na tkanino, morda obleko ali prt. Iztek uporabe *** kultnega mesta vidimo v najmlajših najdbah. Mednje so- di skupna najdba tetradrahem vrste jezdec s trirogeljno Acknowledgements čelado iz prvih desetletij druge polovice 2. st. pr. n. št. This contribution involved col aboration with a number ( sl. 7: 38–40), nogica najverjetneje poznorepublikanske of my colleagues whom I would like to thank. I should first bronaste posode ( sl. 9: 1) in odlomek železne žičnate mention the advice and suggestions that Janez Dular and fibule ( sl. 7: 2), ki je verjetno iz stopnje LT D2. Sneža Tecco Hvala kindly offered. Dragan Božič read parts of the contribution and proposed welcome improvements and, *** even more importantly, suggested relevant literature, helped me in the correct identification of individual artefacts and in Zahvale tackling chronological issues. Miha Mlinar from Tolminski muzej, with his intimate knowledge of the archaeological Pri nastajanju prispevka je pomagalo veliko kolegov. remains at Most na Soči and the Posočje region in general, Vsem gre iskrena zahvala. Posebej pa bi izpostavil trud Janeza offered useful information and also literature. Vesna Svetličič Dularja in Sneže Tecco Hvala, ki sta pomagala s številnimi patiently drew a number of small finds and prepared the nasveti in predlogi. Zelo sem hvaležen Draganu Božiču, ki je drawings for publication. Teja Gerbec hosted my visits to the prebral dele besedila in predlagal številne izboljšave, predvsem Goriški muzej, discussed the identification of small finds and pa pomagal z literaturo, opredelitvijo predmetov in razreše- also made useful suggestion as to the contribution. I would vanjem kronoloških vprašanj. Najlepša hvala Mihi Mlinarju also like to express my gratitude to Drago Svoljšak, a dedica- iz Tolminskega muzeja, odličnemu poznavalcu mostarske in ted archaeologist whose knowledge, excel ent memory and posoške arheologije, ki je pomagal s koristnimi podatki in lite- extensive field experience has been an inspiration from my raturo. Vesna Svetličič je potrpežljivo izrisala veliko predmetov first encounter with the archaeology of Most na Soči onwards, in pripravila slikovno gradivo. Hvala Teji Gerbec za prijazno when I joined the investigations at Repelc from my home in gostoljubje v Goriškem muzeju, številne pogovore pri opre- the hinterland of Most na Soči. deljevanju gradiva in koristne predloge k besedilu. Nazadnje gre moja zahvala Dragu Svoljšaku, predanemu arheologu, ki mi je s svojim znanjem, odličnim spominom in premnogimi terenskimi zgodbami v navdih, vse od mojega prvega srečanja z mostarsko arheologijo, ko sem se kot domačin iz zaledja Sv. Lucije pridružil raziskavam na Repelcu. 240 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... DODATEK Katalog najdb s kultnega mesta ( sl. 7–9) in z območij z razpršenimi sledmi poselitve ( sl. 12). Slika 7 Slika 8 1. Frag. noge bronaste certoške fibule V. vrste; inv. št.: br. št.; 1. 82 bronastih kalotastih gumbov; nekateri sprijeti med sabo hiša 6; faza: 2. ali s steklenimi ali bronastimi jagodami (glej zadnji dve 2. Frag. noge železne fibule; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. vrsti), inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 3. Frag. peresovine bronaste fibule; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 2. Jagoda iz modrega stekla z rumeno valovnico; inv. št.: br. št.; 4. Frag. peresovine bronaste fibule; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. hiša 6; faza: 2. 5. Frag. peresovine bronaste fibule; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 3. Jagode iz rumenega stekla; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 6. Frag. bronaste žice; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 4. Jagode iz belega stekla; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 7. Frag. votlega bronastega obročka in frag. bronaste jagode; 5. Jagodi iz modrega stekla; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 6. Bronaste jagode; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 8. Bronast obroček sprijet s kalotastim gumbom in jagodo; 7. Frag. bronaste pločevine; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 8. Frag. bronaste pločevine; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 9. Bronast obroček; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 10. Frag. bronastega obročka; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 11. Frag. bronastega obročka; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. Slika 9 12. Frag. igle in peresovine bronaste certoške fibule; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 1. Bronasta nožica bronaste posode, verjetno vrča; inv. št.: br. 13. Bronast trakast uhan; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 14. Bronast obroček (prstan); inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 2. Frag. bronaste pločevine; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 15. Bronast trikotni obesek s kamenčkom; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 3. Frag. dvojne bronaste pločevine z zakovicama; okras: po- 6; faza: 2. ševni vrezi; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 16. Bronast trikotni obesek; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 4. Frag. bronaste pločevine z zakovicama ; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 17. Bronast trikotni obesek s kamenčkom; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 6; faza: 2. 5. Frag. bronaste pločevine z zakovico; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; 18. Frag. bronast trikotni obesek s kamenčkom; inv. št.: br. faza: 2. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 6. Trak iz bronaste pločevine z zakovico; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 19. Bronast trikotni obesek; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 6; faza: 2. 20. Frag. bronast košarast obesek; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 7. Frag. bronaste pločevine z luknjico; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; 21. Frag. bronast predmet; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. faza: 2. 22. Frag. bronast kroglast obesek; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 8. Frag. bronaste pločevine z zavihanim robom; inv. št.: br. 23. Frag. bronast obesek; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 24. Frag. bronast gumb; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 9. Štirje frag. bronaste pločevine z zavihanim robom; inv. št.: 25. Frag. bronaste zapestnice; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 26. Frag. bronaste zapestnice; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 10. Dva frag. bronaste pločevine; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 27. Frag. bronaste zapestnice; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 11. Masiven frag. brona; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 28. Frag. bronaste zapestnice; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 12. Frag. ustja bronaste posode; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 29. Frag. bronaste zapestnice; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 13. Frag. ustja in ostenja posode; izdelava: prostoročna; barva: 30. Frag. bronaste zapestnice; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. rjava; površina: hrapava; sestava: drobnozrnata; inv. št.: br. 31. Frag. bronaste zapestnice; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 32. Frag. bronaste pločevine; okras: prečni vrezi; inv. št.: br. 14. Frag. ustja in ostenja posode; izdelava: prostoročna; barva: št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. rjava; površina: hrapava; sestava: drobnozrnata; inv. št.: br. 33. Frag. bronaste zapestnice; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 34. Frag. bronaste zapestnice; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 15. Frag. svitka; izdelava: prostoročna; barva: rumeno-rjava; 35. Frag. bronaste tordirane zapestnice ali ročaja situle; inv. površina: hrapava; sestava: grobozrnata; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 6; faza: 2. 36. Frag. bronaste ovratnice; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 37. Frag. bronaste pločevine; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 38. Veliki noriški srebrnik; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. Slika 12 39. Veliki noriški srebrnik; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 40. Veliki noriški srebrnik; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 1. Bronasta pinceta; inv. št.: P 4702; sonda 36. 41. Štiri ploščice iz rdeče korale; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 2. Frag. bronasta igla; inv. št.: P 4698 sonda 36. 42. Obesek iz rdeče korale, antično popravljen z bronasto 3. Noga bronaste certoške fibule; P 5700/1; sonda 36. zakovico; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. 4. Frag. bronastega antropo-ornitomorfnega obeska; P 4701; 43. Devet obeskov iz rdeče korale; inv. št.: br. št.; hiša 6; faza: 2. sonda 36. 5. Nesklenjen bronast prstan ali obroček; P 4699; sonda 36. 6. Frag. bronastega prstana ali obročka; P 4700/2; sonda 36. 241 KOVINSKE IN STEKLENE NAJDBE TER KAMNITI KALUPI ... METAL FINDS, GLASS FINDS AND STONE MOULDS ... 7. Frag. pločevine; okras: koncentrični krogi; inv. št.: br. št.; 14. Frag. bronast obesek v obliki goveje glave; okras: puncirani sonda 36. krogci; inv. št.: br. št.; sonda 17. 8. Frag. bronastega paličastega ingota, na površini so vidni 15. Noga bronaste dolgonožne fibule z gumbastim zaključkom; sledovi udarcev, stranski ploskvi sta močno obrabljeni; P okras: cik-cak vrez; P 5698; sonda 42. 4700/3; sonda 36. 16. Frag. bronastega nažlebljenega uhana; inv. št.: br. št.; 9. Železen nož s plavutastim nasadiščem; P 4703; sonda 36. sonda 29. 10. Odlomek obročaste jagode iz temno modrega stekla z 17. Frag. bronastega prstana; inv. št.: br. št.; sonda 29. belimi črtami; inv. št.: br. št.; sonda 21 – 22. 18. Bronasta certoška fibula XIIIa vrste; inv. št.: br. št.; sonda 29. 11. Poškodovan srebrn prstan; okras: na zunanji strani tre- 19. Bronasta fibula srednjelatenske sheme vrste Idrija pri Bači; molirni vrez, na notranji strani cik-cak vrez; inv. št.: br. inv. št.: br. št.; posamezna najdba, parcela Babič. št.; sonda 21 – 22. 20. Bronast obroček; inv. št.: br. št.; posamezna najdba, parcela 12. Frag. bronastega traku; inv. št.: br. št.; sonda 21 – 22. Babić. 13. Bronasta obročasta fibula vrste Posočje; inv. št.: br. št.; 21. 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OIAS 34, 2018, 249−306 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Lucija GRAHEK Analiza naselbinske keramike z Mosta na Soči The ceramic finds discussed below comprise pot- vključuje vse oblike keramičnega posodja in predmetov z tery, hearth utensils and several other kinds of ceramic izjemo velikih silosov, glinenih plošč in kosov stenskega artefacts with the exception of large containers, terra- ometa.1 Opravljena analiza tako temelji na pregledu cotta plaques and pieces of clay daub that are presented več kot 10.000 kosov keramike. Večinoma gre za zelo elsewhere.1 The analysis involved over 10,000 ceramic fragmentirane najdbe, ki v največji meri (82,73 % ali pieces. Most of them are highly fragmented (82.73% or 8.955 kosov) izvirajo iz raziskanih hiš. Poleg njih so bile 8,955 pieces) and originate from the excavated houses, v analizo vključene še najdbe z območij z razpršenimi while others originate from the locations of dispersed sledmi poselitve (8,92 % ali 965 kosov), obravnavane so habitation traces (8.92% or 965 pieces) presented accord- po posameznih sondah,2 in najdbe iz raziskanih ostalin ing to trenches,2 from the path through the settlement naselbinskih ulic ali poti (7 % ali 758 kosov). Najmanj (7% or 758 pieces) and from the drainage ditch mainly obravnavanih najdb izvira iz predvsem s hišo 23 pove- connected with House 23 (1.35% or 146 pieces). zanega jarka (1,35 % ali 146 kosov). The number of finds differs considerably from Količina najdb po posameznih hišah se po priča- house to house ( App. 1) in consequence of the differing kovanjih močno razlikuje ( sl. 1), saj vse hiše niso bile states of preservation and degrees of investigation. The ohranjene in raziskane v enakem obsegu. Enako velja same is true of the number of finds from different con- za količino najdb po posameznih gradbenih fazah hiš struction phases of a house ( Fig. 2), which also depends ( sl. 2), kjer je količina ohranjenih najdb odvisna tudi on the changes in function (e.g. House 6) and extent (e.g. od sprememb v namembnosti (npr. hiša 6) in obsegu Houses 14, 16, 22A, 30),3 while Phase 1 of Houses 10 and (npr. hiše 14, 16, 22A, 30);3 v primeru hiš 10 in 15 pa 15 could not even be excavated in their entirety.4 It is not najstarejša faza ni bila (v celoti) izkopana.4 Prav tako ne surprising that of the houses with several construction preseneča dejstvo, da je pri objektih z več gradbenimi phases the remains of the last phase were usual y least fazami običajno slabše ohranjena (naj)mlajša faza, saj gre preserved, as they were mainly highest in stratigraphy praviloma za višje ležeče ostaline, ki so bile z mlajšimi and more exposed to later interventions and activities. posegi in aktivnostmi bolj poškodovane. The analysis involved a systematic examination Osnova analize naselbinske keramike je sistema- of 2,037 pieces of typologically determinable and/ tičen pregled 2.037 kosov tipološko opredeljive in/ali or decorated ceramics ( Fig. 3) that represent 18.82% okrašene keramike ( sl. 3), ki predstavljajo 18,82 % vseh of all ceramic finds. This is also roughly the share of najdb. Približno tolikšen je v povprečju tudi delež opre- determinable finds according to individual houses. A deljivih najdb po posameznih hišah. Reprezentativen del representative portion of the drawn determinable ce- izrisane opredeljive keramike je kataloško predstavljen ramics is presented in the form of a catalogue in the first v objavi gradbenih izvidov naselja z Mosta na Soči volume of the publication on the settlement at Most na (Svoljšak, Dular 2016), tako se v nadaljevanju vsi citati Soči (Svoljšak, Dular 2016) and the plates cited below tabel nanašajo prav na to delo. are referenced to the plates in that volume. 1 Dular, Tecco Hvala hic. 1 Dular, Tecco Hvala hic. 2 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 222 ss. 2 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 222 ff. 3 Dular, Tecco Hvala hic. 3 Dular, Tecco Hvala hic. 4 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 87 in 113. 4 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 87 and 113. 249 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Sl. 1: Razprostranjenost keramičnih najdb. Fig. 1: Distribution of ceramic finds. NAČIN IZDELAVE IN TEHNOLOŠKE SHAPING TECHNIQUE AND TECHNO- ZNAČILNOSTI KERAMIKE LOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS Pri vseh opredeljivih fragmentih keramike sem po Using the criteria established by Milena Horvat,5 kriterijih Horvatove5 opazovala način izdelave, zrnavost the determinable ceramic fragments have been exam- in sestavo lončarske mase na makroskopskem nivoju, ined as to the shaping technique, grain size and fabric način žganja in trdoto ter obdelavo in barvo površine. composition on a macroscopic level, as well as the firing Večina analizirane keramike (96,07 % ali 1.957 technique, hardness, surface treatment and colour. kosov) je prostoročne izdelave ( sl. 4). Pri redkih kosih, Most of the analysed pottery (96.07% or 1,957 predvsem finega posodja, so bile opažene sledi oblikova- pieces) is hand-built ( Fig. 4) and only few pieces, mainly nja na ročnem ali počasnem lončarskem vretenu (2,85 % fineware, show traces of being thrown on a hand-pow- ali 58 kosov). Ker so v analizo vključene tudi najdbe iz hiš, ered or slow wheel (2.85% or 58 pieces). The examina- ki so bile poseljene v času mlajše železne dobe, ne pre- tion also revealed rare pieces of pottery thrown on the seneča dejstvo, da smo prepoznali sledi uporabe hitrega fast, foot-powered wheel (1.08% or 22pieces), which lončarskega vretena na nožni pogon (1,08 % ali 22 kosov). is understandable given that the analysis included the Makroskopsko opazovanje sestave lončarske mase finds from houses also inhabited in the Late Iron Age. je hitro pokazalo, da ta praviloma vsebuje razmeroma Macroscopic examination has shown that the veliko primesi kalcijevega karbonata6 (71,38 % ali 1.454 fabrics usual y include a relatively high amount of cal- 5 Horvat 1999. 6 Za kemijsko-geološko analizo značilne sestave lončarske 5 mase glej Grahek, Košir hic. Horvat 1999. 250 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Sl. 2: Delež analiziranih keramičnih najdb po gradbenih fazah posameznih hiš. Fig. 2: Shares of the analysed ceramic finds according to the individual house and the construction phases. 251 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI ium carbonate temper6 (71.38% or 1,454 pieces), which is true of both the coarse and finer wares. The great majority of the examined pottery ( Fig. 5) is medium- grained (86.89% or 1,770 pieces) and contains fine carbonate sand. This temper has also been observed in most pieces of fine-grained fabric (6.14% or 125 pieces), as well as most pieces of coarse-grained fab- ric (5.74% or 117 pieces), though in the latter case we should distinguish between ceramic rings and pottery. The rings include rare pieces of very coarse- Sl. 3: Delež osnovnih skupin tipološko analizirane keramike. grained sand that should be seen as impurities rather Fig. 3: Shares of the basic groups of the analysed ceramic finds. than intentional additives. No such inclusions have been identified in the rare pieces of very fine-grained fabric (0.93% or 19 pieces). These are mainly shards of imported, predominantly Roman pottery of a highly refined fabric. Comparably with the rare piece of graph- ite ware (0.30% or 6 pieces), these were mainly found in the Late Iron Age houses. The ceramic finds were predominantly fired in an oxidising atmosphere ( Fig. 6), of that either in a complete oxidising (43.40% or 884 pieces), an incomplete oxidis- ing (26.02% or 530 pieces) or an incomplete oxidising Sl. 4: Delež analiziranih najdb glede na način izdelave. atmosphere with smoking in the final phase (1.42% or Fig. 4: Shares of the analysed ceramics according to the shap- 29 pieces). A much lower share is that of pottery fired ing technique. in a reducing atmosphere, with a complete reducing atmosphere (17.77% or 362 pieces) slightly better rep- resented than a reducing atmosphere with oxidation in the final phase (11.39% or 232 pieces). The atmosphere and temperature of firing, as well as the fabric, also determine the hardness of the ceramic ( Fig. 7).7 The examined shards are mainly hard (85.47% or 1,741 pieces), to a smaller degree also very hard (5.84% or 119 pieces). As the very hard pieces do not differ from the rest in fabric composition, I presume that they were only better fired. Also connected with the fir- ing technique is the lower share of soft ceramics (8.69% or 177 pieces), most of which were pieces that suffered secondary burning or were burnt through. Sl. 5: Delež analizirane keramike glede na zrnavost. Exposure to secondary burning is visible as a rough Fig. 5: Shares of the analysed ceramics according to grain size. surface of the finds (5.25% or 107 pieces). Most of the ceramic finds have a wet-smoothed surface (92.19% or 1,878 pieces). On the very fine-grained pieces and the pieces that were burnt through, the smooth surface may kosov), kar velja tako za grobo kot tudi bolj fino kera- also be dusty (2.01% or 41 pieces). Some and mainly miko. Po zrnavosti ( sl. 5) namreč močno prevladujejo fineware pieces have a burnished surface (1.92% or kosi drobnozrnate sestave (86,89 % ali 1.770 kosov). 39 pieces), while the surface of the coarseware was in Vsebnost finega kalcitnega peska smo opazili tudi pri some cases smoothed without the use of water (0.64% večini keramike iz finozrnate mase (6,14 % ali 125 or 13 pieces). kosov). Podobno velja za najdbe grobozrnate sestave The surface colour mainly depends on the firing (5,74 % ali 117 kosov), vendar pa moramo tu razlikovati technique, but has not been examined in detail because it med svitki in posodjem iz grobozrnate mase. Pri svitkih is excessively susceptible to post-depositional changes.8 lahko namreč zasledimo predvsem bolj redke kose zelo The predominantly oxidation-fired ceramics are red to grobega peska, ki ga gre obravnavati kot nečistoče in 6 For the chemical and geologic analysis of the fabric see ne kot primes lončarski masi. Primesi kalcitnega peska Grahek, Košir hic. pa niso bile prepoznane pri redkih kosih keramike iz 7 Horvat 1999, 56. zelo finozrnate mase (0,93 % ali 19 kosov). Pri teh gre 8 Cf. Grahek 2016, 106. 252 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI praviloma za uvožene, večinoma že rimskodobne kose keramike iz zelo dobro prečiščene gline. Te kot redki kosi grafitne keramike (0,30 % ali 6 kosov) praviloma izvirajo iz mlajšeželeznodobnih hiš. Za obravnavano keramiko je značilno, da močno prevladuje oksidacijski način žganja ( sl. 6). In sicer je bila največkrat ugotovljena popolna oksidacija (43,40 % ali 884 kosov), sledita ji nepopolno oksidacijski način žganja (26,02 % ali 530 kosov) in nepopolna oksidacija s končnim dimljenjem (1,42 % ali 29 kosov). Mnogo manjši je delež redukcijsko žgane keramike, pri kateri je popolna redukcija (17,77 % ali 362 kosov) nekoliko bolj razširjena kot redukcijsko žganje s končno oksidacijo (11,39 % ali 232 kosov). Sl. 6: Delež analizirane keramike glede na način žganja. Od načina in temperature žganja ter seveda same Fig. 6: Shares of the analysed ceramics according to the firing sestave lončarske mase je odvisna tudi trdota keramike technique. ( sl. 7).7 Ta je povečini trda (85,47 % ali 1.741 kosov), ugo- tovljen pa je bil tudi manjši delež zelo trde keramike (5,84 % ali 119 kosov). Ker se ta po sestavi mase ne razlikuje od preostale, domnevamo, da je bila le bolj kvalitetno žgana. Z žganjem posredno povezujemo tudi manjši delež najdb iz mehke keramike (8,69 % ali 177 kosov). Večinoma gre namreč za sekundarno ožgane ali prežgane najdbe. Sekundarno (pre)žganje je opazno tudi na površini najdb. Tovrstne najdbe imajo običajno hrapavo površino (5,25 % ali 107 kosov). Velika večina obravnavane kerami- ke je bila sicer mokro brisana in ima zato gladko površino (92,19 % ali 1.878 kosov). Pri zelo finozrnati keramiki ali Sl. 7: Delež analizirane keramike glede na trdoto. kosih, ki so bili sekundarno prežgani, je gladka površina Fig. 7: Shares of the analysed ceramics according to hardness. lahko tudi prašnata (2,01 % ali 41 kosov). Predvsem fina keramika je imela dobro zglajeno površino (1,92 % ali 39 kosov), bolj groba keramika pa je bila lahko zgolj glajena ali na suho obrisana (0,64 % ali 13 kosov). brown in colour. The ceramics used on the hearth and Barva površine je v prvi vrsti odvisna od načina the ceramic rings are lighter red, red-yellow to pale žganja, vendar ni podrobneje analizirana, saj je preveč brown; they were presumably fired at lower temperatures dovzetna za kasnejše spremembe.8 Ker prevladuje oksi- and in some cases only dried. The ceramics fired in a dacijsko žgana keramika, je ta rdeče do rjavo obarvana. reducing atmosphere are mainly darker, predominantly Svetlejših odtenkov rdeče, rdeče-rumene do bledo rjave dark brown to black. barve so pogosteje ognjiščna keramika in svitki. Ti so bili domnevno žgani pri nižji temperaturi, v nekaj primerih najverjetneje zgolj sušeni. Redukcijsko žgana keramika TYPOLOGY je praviloma temnejše barve, tako pri njej prevladujejo temno rjavi do črni odtenki barve površine. The body of the ceramic finds from the Iron Age settlement at Most na Soči is substantial and allows us to perform formal, functional, technological and chrono- TIPOLOŠKA RAZVRSTITEV KERAMIKE logical analyses. Similarly as in analysing the pottery from the hillfort at Stična, in the Dolenjska Hal statt Velika zbirka keramičnih najdb iz raziskovanj group,9 however, I attempted to evaluate the ceramic železnodobnega naselja na Mostu na Soči je dobra finds not only as to their significance within the settle- osnova za oblikovno, funkcionalno, tehnološko in tudi ment, but also wider within the cultural group, making kronološko analizo svetolucijske naselbinske keramike. general inferences on the pottery used in the settlements S tipološko razvrstitvijo sem kot v primeru Stične in of the Sveta Lucija group. The typological classification dolenjske halštatske skupine9 skušala preseči okvirje involves all the 2.037 determinable pieces. With the exception of some decorated shards that cannot be typo- 7 Horvat 1999, 56. 8 Prim. Grahek 2016, 106. 9 9 Grahek 2016, 106 ss. Grahek 2016, 106 ff. 253 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI posodje / ognjiščni predmeti / (posebni) predmeti / okras / vessels hearth utensils (special) ceramic objects decoration (O) pitosi / pithoi (Pi) pekve / baking lids (Pe) motki / bobbins (M) plastični okras / plastic decoration lonci / jars (L) prenosne pečke / portable ovens (Pp) uteži / weights (U) vrezani in vtisnjeni okrasi / situle / situlae (Si) pladnji / platters (Pl) vretenca / spindle whorls (Vr) incised or impressed decoration lončki / beakers (Lo) ognjiščne koze / firedogs (Ok) drugi predmeti / other objects barvni okras / painted decoration kelihi / goblets (K) svitki / ceramic rings (S) uvožena keramika / imported ceramics sklede / dishes (Sk) Lt-rimska keramika / LT-roman ceramics ročaji / handles (Ro) pokrovi / lids (Po) dna / bases (D) noge / pedestals (N) Sl. 8: Preglednica tipološko analizirane keramike po osnovnih skupinah. Fig. 8: List of the typological y determinable and decorated ceramic finds according to basic groups. najdišča samega. Tipološko sem tako skušala razvrstiti logically determined and are discussed separately vse opredeljive kose keramike (2.037 kosov). Z izjemo (9.18% or 187 pieces), I divided the finds into three nekaj okrašenih fragmentov (9,18 % ali 187 kosov), ki main groups: pottery, hearth utensils and miscel aneous so vključeni zgolj v analizo okrasa, najdbe v prvi vrsti objects ( Figs. 3, 8). po namenu uvrščam v tri osnovne skupine keramike: The group of pottery is by far the best represented posodje, ognjiščne ter druge, posebne predmete ( sl. 3, 8). (57.83% or 1,178 pieces) and includes vessels proper, Daleč najštevilčnejša je skupina posodja (57,83 % lids, base and pedestal shards, as well as decorated shards ali 1.178 kosov), kamor so poleg različnih oblik večino- that can be positively determined with regard to their ma globokega posodja uvrščeni še pokrovi, fragmenti type. The second group, of hearth utensils (29.95% or dna in nog ter tisti okrašeni fragmenti ostenij, ki omo- 610 pieces), comprises ceramic rings and less numerous gočajo zanesljivo prepoznavo vrste (in tipa) posode. V portable ovens and firedogs, baking lids and platters skupino ognjiščnih predmetov (29,95 % ali 610 kosov) that may have served as baking pans. Miscel aneous poleg najštevilčnejših svitkov sodijo še prenosne pečke objects (2.99% or 61 pieces) are those connected with in ognjiščne koze, pekve ter pladnji, ki so lahko služili tu- textile production (bobbins, spindle whorls, pyramidal di kot pekači. Kot druge, posebne predmete obravnavam weights), metal urgy (casting pots, ladles) and presum- najdbe (3,04 % ali 62 kosov), ki jih lahko povezujemo s ably pottery making (ceramic bal s from House 23). tekstilno (motki, vretenca, piramidalne uteži) ali meta- Discussed under miscel anea are also pieces of imported lurško obrtjo (livarski lončki, zajemalki) ter domnevno pottery, both the Greek-Italic pottery and the La Tène- lončarstvom (keramične krogle iz hiše 23). Poleg njih Roman pottery from the houses inhabited in the Late so v to skupino uvrščeni še kosi uvožene keramike, in Iron Age. sicer tako grško-italske kot tudi kosi latensko-rimske Within these basic groups, the finds are classified keramike iz mlajšeželeznodobnih hiš. according to types, which have been determined as such V okviru osnovnih skupin keramike so posamezne if their form is specific and their number high enough. oblike posodja in vrste predmetov razvrščene v več tipov, Each type is first defined as to its form, followed by data le če so ti dovolj izraziti in številčno zastopani. Najprej je on manufacture. The heading of finds lists the drawn definirana oblika, sledijo ji podatki o izdelavi. V rubriki pieces presented in the catalogue (Svoljšak, Dular 2016), najdbe so predstavljeni izrisani in kataloško objavljeni while the chrono-stratigrap hic attribution lists the houses kosi (Svoljšak, Dular 2016), v stratigrafsko kronološkem and their phases (e.g. Phases 1 and 2 of House 14 = orisu pa so zbrani podatki, v katerih hišah in fazah (npr. 14(1,2)), or other structures, in which the finds were 1. in 2. gradbena faza hiše 14 = 14(1,2)) se pojavljajo vse unearthed. The description ends with notes that relate najdbe obravnavanega tipa. Na koncu so v opombah the comparable finds from cemeteries, but also possible navedene morebitne primerjave z grobno keramiko, exceptions within a type. izpostavljene so tudi vse izjeme. 254 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Sl. 9: Pitosi (Pi) in lončki tipa 1–4. Fig. 9: Pithoi (Pi) and beakers of Types 1–4. POSODJE POTTERY PITOSI (Pi) PITHOI (Pi) Pitosi ali velike shrambne posode so med najd- The finds from the Iron Age houses include rela- bami razmeroma maloštevilno zastopani (33 kosov). tively few pithoi or large storage vessels (33 pieces), all Prepoznali smo zgolj tip pitosov z okrasom vodoravnih of which bear cordons. plastičnih reber. Form: Large vessels with a short neck, high shoulder Oblika: Velike posode z navzgor pomaknjenimi rameni, and body that narrows towards the base, bearing proti dnu zožujočim se trupom in nizkim vratom, either applied or drawn out cordons. Several pieces okrašene z vodoravno nalepljenimi ali izvlečenimi show red painted exterior, but also alternating 255 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI rebri. V več primerih imajo zunanjo površino rdeče bands of black resinous paint between the cordons. obarvano, pasovi med rebri pa so izmenoma pre- The everted rim may have shallow grooves on the mazani še s črno smolnato barvo. Izvihano ustje je interior, rarely facets. The shape of the neck and na notranji strani lahko rahlo nažlebljeno, redkeje rim allows us to distinguish between four variants fasetirano. Po obliki vrata in ustja razlikujemo med ( Fig. 9: Pi): (a) pithoi with a short neck and usu- več inačicami ( sl. 9: Pi). Prvo (a) predstavljajo pitosi al y a roundly thickened everted rim; (b) pithoi z nizkim vratom in kratkim, masivnim izvihanim with a short conical neck and a strongly everted ustjem, ki je običajno kroglasto odebeljeno; drugo broad rim; (c) pithoi with a short neck and an only (b) pitosi s kratkim stožčastim vratom in močno slightly everted lip; (d) pithoi with a long neck and izvihanim dolgim ustjem; tretjo (c) pitosi s kratkim a short everted rim. vratom in rahlo navzven obrnjenim robom ustja; Manufacture: Hand-built, mainly of medium-grained četrto (d) pa pitosi z visokim vratom in kratkim fabric, usual y fired in an oxidising atmosphere, izvihanim ustjem. surface mostly smooth and hard. Izdelava: Prostoročno, praviloma iz drobnozrnate lon- Finds: Pls. 2: 4; 8: 12; 11: 11; 29: 13; 30: 9; 31: 22; 37: 16; čarske mase izdelani pitosi so bili običajno oksida- 40: 10; 41: 1,3; 54: 6; 88: 7; 89: 11; 92: 9; 99: 4,5. cijsko žgani. Površina je največkrat gladka in trda. Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Houses 1(2), 2(1), 3(1,2), Najdbe: t. 2: 4; 8: 12; 11: 11; 29: 13; 30: 9; 31: 22; 37: 16; 8(2), 10(2), 13, 15(2), 15A(1,2,3), 16(2), 24(2), 25(2), 40: 10; 41: 1,3; 54: 6; 88: 7; 89: 11; 92: 9; 99: 4,5. 29(2), 35(1) and the path at House 23, most numer- Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Deli pitosov so najdeni ously in Phase 1 of Houses 26, 36 and 15A. v hišah 1(2), 2(1), 3(1,2), 8(2), 10(2), 13, 15(2), Notes: They correspond with the pithoi of Type 2 after 15A(1,2,3), 16(2), 24(2), 25(2), 29(2) in 35(1) ter na Dular,10 which in funerary contexts already appear poti pri hiši 23. Največ najdb izvira iz hiš 26, 36 in in the Sv. Lucija Ic phase and are most common 15A, predvsem 1. faze. serving as urns in Sv. Lucija IIa. Opombe: Naselbinske najdbe pitosov ustrezajo pitosom tipa 2 po Dularju,10 ki se pojavijo že v grobovih sto- pnje Sv. Lucija Ic. V grobovih so najbolj razširjeni v JARS (L) času stopnje Sv. Lucija IIa, kjer so služile kot žara. Jars represent almost half (49.24% or 580 pieces) of all the recovered pottery and can be classified into LONCI (L) 21 types. Lonci predstavljajo skoraj polovico (49,24 % ali Type L 1 580 kosov) vsega posodja in jih razvrščamo v 21 tipov. Form: Cylindrical jars with a rounded or flat lip, a vertical or slightly inturned rim that it is rarely external y Tip L 1 thickened and a body that narrow slightly towards the base ( Fig. 10: L 1). Oblika: Lonci s trupom valjaste oblike, ki so proti dnu Manufacture: Hand-built, usual y of medium-grained lahko nekoliko zoženi. Zaobljeno ali ravno od- fabric with a high amount of sand temper, usu- rezano, redko rahlo navzven odebeljeno ustje je al y fired in an oxidising or incomplete oxidising pokončno ali rahlo nagnjeno navznoter ( sl. 10: L 1). atmosphere, surface mainly smooth. Izdelava: Prostoročno, navadno iz drobnozrnate lončar- Finds: Pls. 8: 3,4; 9: 11; 13: 1–5; 14: 10; 25: 5; 32: 15; 41: ske mase z veliko primešanega peska, so bili lonci 6,7,9; 58: 8; 59: 5,15; 58: 7; 60: 11; 66: 12,13; 70: 10; običajno oksidacijsko ali nepopolno oksidacijsko 71: 9; 72: 1,2,4,5,7–9; 79: 4–6; 80: 13; 88: 11; 89: žgani. Površina je praviloma gladka. 27; 96: 3; 100: 8. Najdbe: t. 8: 3,4; 9: 11; 13: 1–5; 14: 10; 25: 5; 32: 15; 41: Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Houses 1(1,2), 2(1,2), 6,7,9; 58: 8; 59: 5,15; 58: 7; 60: 11; 66: 12,13; 70: 10; 3(1,2), 6(1,2), 8(1,2), 11(2), 12(2), 14(2), 15(2), 71: 9; 72: 1,2,4,5,7–9; 79: 4–6; 80: 13; 88: 11; 89: 15A(1,3), 16(1), 18, 19, 21, 22(1), 22A(1,2), 23(1,2), 27; 96: 3; 100: 8. 24(2), 25(2), 26(1), 29(1,2), 30(1,2), 32, 35(1), 36, Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Lonce tipa 1 prepoznamo the drainage ditch and Trenches 1 and 1A, most med gradivom iz hiš 1(1,2), 2(1,2), 3(1,2), 6(1,2), numerously from Phase 1 of Houses 15A and 26. 8(1,2), 11(2), 12(2), 14(2), 15(2), 15A(1,3), 16(1), Notes: The rare decorated pieces bear horizontal U- 18, 19, 21, 22(1), 22A(1,2), 23(1,2), 24(2), 25(2), sectioned incisions or shallow grooves ( Pls. 60: 26(1), 29(1,2), 30(1,2), 32, 35(1) in 36, iz jarka ter 11; 71: 9), applied knobs ( Pls. 13: 1; 66: 12) or a 10 10 Dular 1982, 93 ss, sl. 6: 2,10. Dular 1982, 93 ff, Fig. 6: 2,10. 256 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Sl. 10: Lonci tipa 1–7. Fig. 10: Jars of Types 1–7. 257 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI sond 1 in 1A, pri čemer največ primerkov izvira iz cordon,11 finger impressions ( Pl. 32: 15) or brush- najstarejših faz hiš 15A in 26. ing.12 Resembling the undecorated jars of this type Opombe: Lonci tipa 1 so redko okrašeni z vodoravnimi is a well-preserved, but deformed and asymmetrical topimi vrezi ali plitkimi kanelurami ( t. 60: 11; 71: jar from the earliest phase of House 15A, which has 9), nalepljenimi bradavicami ( t. 13: 1; 66: 12) ali a short and slightly everted rim (Pl. 42: 5). The Type rebrom,11 odtisi prsta ( t. 32: 15) in metličenjem.12 1 jars are comparable with the jars of Type 3 after Neokrašenim loncem tega tipa je nekoliko podoben Dular,13 which are rare in the graves at Most na Soči tudi dobro ohranjen, a deformiran in nesimetričen and most often represent the only good in a grave.14 lonec iz najstarejše gradbene faze hiše 15A, ki pa ima kratko rahlo navzven zapognjeno ustje (t. 42: 5). Sicer lahko lonce tipa 1 v okviru grobne kerami- Type L 2 ke primerjamo z lonci tipa 3 po Dularju,13 vendar jih v grobovih z Mosta na Soči bolj redko zasledimo Form: Jars with a rounded or flat lip, usual y a strongly in so največkrat edini pridatek.14 inturned rim, a high shoulder and a body that nar- rows towards the base ( Fig. 10: L 2). Manufacture: Hand-built, of medium-grained fabric Tip L 2 usual y with a high amount of sand temper, mainly fired in an oxidising atmosphere, surface mainly Oblika: Lonci z navzgor pomaknjenimi zaobljenimi smooth. rameni, ki se proti dnu zožujejo. Zaobljen ali rav- Finds: Pls. 9: 2,8; 25: 4; 42: 1; 66: 6; 69: 14,15; 72: 6; 91: 9. no odrezan rob ustja je običajno močno nagnjen Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Houses 2(2), 3(1), 6(1), navznoter ( sl. 10: L 2). 15(3), 15(1), 26(1) and 29(1), most numerously Izdelava: Oblikovani so prostoročno iz drobnozrnate from House 23(1). mase, ta ima običajno primešanega veliko peska, Notes: These jars are usual y undecorated, incised deco- in so bili največkrat oksidacijsko žgani. Površina je ration is only present on a burnt and partial y de- praviloma gladka. formed jar from House 2 ( Pl. 9: 2) and most closely Najdbe: t. 9: 2,8; 25: 4; 42: 1; 66: 6; 69: 14,15; 72: 6; 91: 9. resembles the decoration on the unpreserved bowl Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Najdbe izvirajo iz hiš 2(2), from Grave S-369 at Most na Soči15 or that on a dish 3(1), 6(1), 15(3), 15A(1), 26(1) in 29(1), največ pa from Grave 366 at Tolmin.16 The jars are compa- iz hiše 23(1). rable with those of Type 3 after Dular,17 which are Opombe: Vrezan okras zasledimo le na ožganem in rare in the graves at Most na Soči.18 delno deformiranem loncu iz hiše 2 ( t. 9: 2), ki ga po okrasu morebiti lahko še najbolje primerjamo z neohranjeno skodelo iz groba S-369 z Mosta na Type L 3 Soči15 ali pa skledo iz groba 366 v Tolminu.16 Sicer lonce tipa 2, ki sodijo med lonce tipa 3 po Dularju,17 Form: Jars with a body that widens towards a rounded or v grobovih z Mosta na Soči redko zasledimo.18 flat lip and narrows significantly towards the base. They often bear cordons, knobs and other applied decoration, sometimes also horizontal incisions Tip L 3 ( Fig. 10: L 3). Manufacture: Same as for the jars of Type 2. Oblika: Lonci s koničnim ali valjastim trupom, ki se Finds: Pls. 8: 10; 23: 14; 41: 8; 42: 6,7; 55: 4; 71: 2,7; 72: proti zaobljenemu ali ravno odrezanemu robu 3; 80: 8–11; 88: 10; 91: 1. ustja lijakasto razširijo, proti dnu pa močno zožijo. Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Houses 1(2), 2(1), 3(2), Pogosto imajo plastičen okras v obliki vodoravnega 6(1), 15A(1), 16(1), 19, 23(1,2), 24(2), 26(1), 29(1) and Trench 21-22, most numerously from House 11 11 Inv. št. P 2409 iz 2. faze hiše 1. Inv. No. P 2409 from House 1, Construction phase 2. 12 12 Inv. št. P 5570, 5579 in P 2334 iz 2. faze hiše 22 in 2. Inv. Nos. P 5570, 5579 and P 2334 from House 22, faze hiše 1. Construction phase 2 and House 1, Construction phase 2. 13 13 Dular 1982, 95, sl. 6: 7. Dular 1982, 95, Fig. 6: 7. 14 14 Npr. Teržan et al. 1984–1985, 105, sl. 30; 112, sl. 32; E.g. Teržan et al. 1984–1985, 105, Fig. 30; 112, Fig. 32; 282, sl. 123; t. 108: F; 114: G, J; 158: F. 282, Fig. 123; Pls. 108: F; 114: G, J; 158: F. 15 15 Teržan et al. 1984–1985, 91, sl. 23. Teržan et al. 1984–1985, 91, Fig. 23. 16 16 Svoljšak, Pogačnik 2001, t. 70: 11. Svoljšak, Pogačnik 2001, Pl. 70: 11. 17 17 Dular 1982, 95, sl. 6: 7. Dular 1982, 95, Fig. 6: 7. 18 18 Teržan et al. 1984–1985, t. 170: C; 171: F/3. Teržan et al. 1984–1985, Pls. 170: C; 171: F/3. 258 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI rebra, bradavic in drugih nalepk ali pa so okrašeni 23 (equal y represented in both phases), and Phase z vodoravnimi vrezi ( sl. 10: L 3). 1 of House 15A. Izdelava: Kot lonci tipa 2. Notes: Such jars are rare in funerary contexts19 and are Najdbe: t. 8: 10; 23: 14; 41: 8; 42: 6,7; 55: 4; 71: 2,7; 72: 3; comparable with the jars of Type 3 after Dular.20 80: 8–11; 88: 10; 91: 1. Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Najdbe izvirajo iz hiš 1(2), 2(1), 3(2), 6(1), 15A(1), 16(1), 19, 23(1,2), 24(2), Type L 4 26(1) in 29(1) ter sonde 21-22. Pri tem je bilo največ primerkov najdeno v hiši 23, in sicer enako v obeh Form: Ellipsoid jars with a flat lip and a high conical fazah, ter najstarejši fazi hiše 15A. shoulder ( Fig. 10: L 4). Opombe: Tudi lonce tipa 3 redko zasledimo med grobno Manufacture: Hand-built, usual y of medium-grained keramiko19 in jih lahko primerjamo z lonci tipa 3 fabric with some sand temper, most frequently fired po Dularju.20 in either a oxidising or a reducing atmosphere with final oxidation, surface is mainly smooth. Finds: Pls. 3: 2; 8: 2; 11: 6; 70: 12; 71: 8. Tip L 4 Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Rare, from Houses 1(2), 2(1), 3(1), 19, 23(1) and 30(1). Oblika: Trebušasti lonci z visoko pomaknjenimi rameni, ki se proti ravno odrezanemu robu ustja stožčasto zožijo ( sl. 10: L 4). Type L 5 Izdelava: Prostoročno oblikovani lonci, običajno iz drobnozrnate lončarske mase z nekaj peska, so bili Form: Small globular or ellipsoid jars with a slightly najpogosteje oksidacijsko ali redukcijsko žgani s everted rim ( Fig. 10: L 5). končno oksidacijo. Površina je praviloma gladka. Manufacture: Hand-built, of medium-grained fabric Najdbe: t. 3: 2; 8: 2; 11: 6; 70: 12; 71: 8. with some sand temper, most frequently fired in Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Redki primerki loncev tipa an (incomplete) oxidising atmosphere, surface is 4 izvirajo iz hiš 1(2), 2(1), 3(1), 19, 23(1) in 30(1). smooth. Finds: Pls. 8: 5; 33: 7; 41: 5; 42: 4; 53: 7; 79: 12; 89: 12; 90: 13; 91: 2. Tip L 5 Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Houses 1(1), 2(1), 3(1), 8(2), 12(2), 23(2), 25(2) and 29(1); most numer- Oblika: Manjši, kroglasti ali trebušasti lonci z navzven ously from House 15A, particularly Phase 1. zapognjenim robom ustja ali kratkim izvihanim Notes: The jar from House 29 ( Pl. 91: 2) bears applied ustjem ( sl. 10: L 5). knobs and is comparable with the fragments of a Izdelava: Prostoročno oblikovani lonci iz drobnozrnate jar from Grave S-72 at Most na Soči.21 It should be lončarske mase z nekaj peska so bili najpogosteje noted that the rims ascribed to the jars of Type 5 (nepopolno) oksidacijsko žgani in imajo gladko may also have belonged to goblets, such as is the površino. case with the fragments from Grave S-1925.22 Najdbe: t. 8: 5; 33: 7; 41: 5; 42: 4; 53: 7; 79: 12; 89: 12; 90: 13; 91: 2. Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Najdbe izvirajo iz hiš 1(1), Type L 6 2(1), 3(1), 8(2), 12(2), 23(2), 25(2) in 29(1); največ primerkov izvira iz hiše 15A(1,2). Tu so bili številč- Form: Small and more or less cylindrical jars with an nejše zastopani med gradivom najstarejše faze hiše. unpronounced shoulder and a slightly everted rim Opombe: Z nalepljenimi bradavicami je okrašen lonec ( Fig. 10: L 6). iz hiše 29 ( t. 91: 2), ki ga lahko primerjamo s fra- Manufacture: Same as for the jars of Type 2. gmenti lonca iz groba S-72 z Mosta na Soči.21 Sicer Finds: Pls. 42: 3; 79: 1,3; 92: 12; 100: 5. lahko ustja, opredeljena kot lonci tipa 5, pripadajo Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Rare, from Houses tudi neokrašenim kelihom kot npr. fragmenti iz 14(2), 15A(1), 22(1), 23(2), 29(2), the drainage groba S-1925.22 ditch and Trench 2. 19 19 Npr. Teržan et al. 1984–1985, t. 11: E; Marchesetti E.g. Teržan et al. 1984–1985, Pl. 11: E; Marchesetti 1885, t. 2: 1. 1885, Pl. 2: 1. 20 20 Dular 1982, 95, sl. 6: 7. Dular 1982, 95, Fig. 6: 7. 21 21 Teržan et al. 1984–1985, t. 9: F/4. Teržan et al. 1984–1985, Pl. 9: F/4. 22 22 Teržan et al. 1984–1985, t. 187: A/3. Teržan et al. 1984–1985, Pl. 187: A/3. 259 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Tip L 6 Type L 7 Oblika: Manjši lonci z valjastim trupom, neizrazitimi Form: Small jars with an everted rim, a slight and some- rameni in rahlo izvihanim ustjem ( sl. 10: L 6). times carinated shoulder and a body that narrows Izdelava: Kot lonci tipa 2. towards the base ( Fig. 10: L 7). Najdbe: t. 42: 3; 79: 1,3; 92: 12; 100: 5. Manufacture: Hand-built, usual y of medium-grained Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Redki primerki loncev tipa fabric with some sand temper, most frequently 6 izvirajo iz hiš 14(2), 15A(1), 22(1), 23(2) in 29(2), fired in a reducing atmosphere, surface is smooth. ter jarka in sonde 2. Finds: Pls. 55: 7; 60: 10; 63: 3; 100: 7. Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Rare, from Houses 6(1), 8(2), 16(1,2), 21, 22A(2), 23(1), the drainage Tip L 7 ditch and Trench 1A. Oblika: Majhni lonci z rahlo napetimi, lahko s klekom poudarjenimi rameni, ki se proti dnu močno zo- Type L 8 žujejo in imajo izvihano ustje ( sl. 10: L 7). Izdelava: Prostoročno oblikovani lonci, običajno iz Form: Ellipsoid jars with a funnel-shaped rim and a high drobnozrnate lončarske mase z nekaj peska, so rounded shoulder ( Fig. 11: L 8). najpogosteje redukcijsko žgani in imajo gladko Manufacture: Hand-built, of medium-grained fabric površino. usual y with a high amount of sand temper, most Najdbe: t. 55: 7; 60: 10; 63: 3; 100: 7. frequently fired in an incomplete oxidising or a Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Redki primerki loncev reducing atmosphere, surface is smooth. tipa 7 izvirajo iz hiš 6(1), 8(2), 16(1,2), 21, 22(1) Finds: Pls. 1: 1; 2: 7,8,12; 23: 13,16; 25: 10; 27: 22,23; in 22A(2) ter jarka in sonde 1A. 28: 16,20; 29: 1,6,14; 30: 2,5,14; 33: 6; 34: 8,12; 37: 8,11,12,15; 53: 8; 54: 7; 55: 5,11; 57: 4,6,7; 58: 2; 61: 13; 62: 10,16; 63: 7; 88: 1; 90: 12,14; 91: 5; 94: 8; 95: Tip L 8 5–9; 96: 1. Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Houses 1(1,2), 3(1,2), Oblika: Trebušasti lonci z visoko pomaknjenimi zaob- 6(1,2), 7, 8(2), 11(2), 12(2), 14(1–3), 15(2), 15A ljenimi rameni in lijakasto izvihanim ustjem ( sl. (2,3), 16(1,2), 17(2), 19, 22A (1,2), 24(1), 29(1), 11: L 8). 30(1,2), 32, the path at House 23, as well as Trenches Izdelava: Prostoročno oblikovani lonci iz drobnozrnate 1, 21-22 and A8/3R, most numerously from Phase lončarske mase, ki praviloma vsebuje veliko peska, 2 of House 30, but also the jars from other houses so bili najpogosteje nepopolno oksidacijsko ali are better represented in later phases. redukcijsko žgani in imajo gladko površino. Notes: The jars of this type rarely bear decoration, which Najdbe: t. 1: 1; 2: 7,8,12; 23: 13,16; 25: 10; 27: 22,23; consists of impressions ( Pls. 1: 1; 29: 1; 33: 6; 34: 28: 16,20; 29: 1,6,14; 30: 2,5,14; 33: 6; 34: 8,12; 37: 12; 37: 12), incisions ( Pls. 23: 16; 29: 1) or plastic 8,11,12,15; 53: 8; 54: 7; 55: 5,11; 57: 4,6,7; 58: 2; 61: decoration ( Pls. 30: 14; 37: 8). They are comparable 13; 62: 10,16; 63: 7; 88: 1; 90: 12,14; 91: 5; 94: 8; 95: with the jars of Type 1 after Dular, which occur 5–9; 96: 1. fairly rarely in the graves of the Sveta Lucija group, Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Najdbe izvirajo iz hiš 1(1,2), mainly in those attributed to the Sv. Lucija Ic and 3(1,2), 6(1,2), 7, 8(2), 11(2), 12(2), 14(1–3), 15(2), IIa phases.23 15A (2,3), 16(1,2), 17(2), 19, 22A (1,2), 24(1), 29(1), 30(1,2) in 32, ter s poti pri hiši 23 in sond 1, 21-22 in A8/3R. Največ primerkov izvira iz 2. faze hiše 30, Type L 9 pri čemer so tudi drugod lonci tipa 8 številčnejše zastopani v mlajših fazah hiš. Form: Ellipsoid jars with a short everted rim, a high Opombe: Redko pri loncih tipa 8 zasledimo vtisnjen ( t. 1: shoulder and a body that narrows significantly 1; 29: 1; 33: 6; 34: 12; 37: 12), vrezan ( t. 23: 16; 29: 1) towards the base ( Fig. 11: L 9). ali plastičen okras ( t. 30: 14; 37: 8). Primerjamo jih Manufacture: Hand-built, of medium-grained fabric lahko z lonci tipa 1 po Dularju, pri čemer se tovrstni with some sand temper, most frequently fired in a lonci v grobovih svetolucijske skupine razmeroma reducing or an incomplete oxidising atmosphere, redko pojavljajo, in to predvsem v grobovih stopnje surface usual y smooth. Sv. Lucija Ic in IIa.23 Finds: Pls. 10: 5; 11: 4; 12: 1; 13: 9; 29: 15; 30: 1,3,6,7; 34: 3,10; 60: 12; 62: 14; 63: 4. 23 23 Dular 1982, 93 ss, sl. 6: 5, 9: 5; 10. Dular 1982, 93 ff, Figs. 6: 5; 9: 5; 10. 260 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Tip L 9 Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Houses 2(2), 3(1,2), 8(2), 13, 14(1–3), 15A(1), 16(1,2), 19, 20, 22(1), Oblika: Trebušasti lonci z visoko pomaknjenimi rameni, 22A(2), 30(1,2) and Trench 1, most numerously ki se proti dnu močno zožujejo in imajo kratko from Phase 2 of House 8 and Phase 1 of House 14. izvihano ustje ( sl. 11: L 9). Notes: They are comparable with the jars of Type 1 after Izdelava: Prostoročno oblikovani lonci iz drobnozrnate Dular (cf. Fn. 23). They also include an example lončarske mase z nekaj peska so bili najpogosteje with incised and brushed decoration from House redukcijsko ali nepopolno oksidacijsko žgani. Po- 14(2),24 which is comparable with some examples vršina je praviloma gladka. from the tombs at Este in the decoration of incised Najdbe: t. 10: 5; 11: 4; 12: 1; 13: 9; 29: 15; 30: 1,3,6,7; 34: wavy lines.25 3,10; 60: 12; 62: 14; 63: 4. Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Lonci tipa 9 so prepoznani med gradivom iz hiš 2(2), 3(1,2), 8(2), 13, 14(1–3), Type L 10 15A(1), 16(1,2), 19, 20, 22(1), 22A(2) in 30(1,2) ter sonde 1. Pri tem največ primerkov izvira iz mlajše Form: Ellipsoid jars with a flat lip, a short everted rim faze hiše 8 in pa najstarejše gradbene faze hiše 14. and a high rounded shoulder ( Fig. 11: L 10). Opombe: Lonci tipa 9 se v okviru grobne keramike Manufacture: Same as for the jars of Type 9. uvrščajo med lonce tipa 1 po Dularju (cf. op. 23). Finds: Pls. 1: 6; 25: 3; 30: 8; 34: 15; 37: 13; 61: 12; 63: 2; K loncem tipa 9 uvrščamo tudi primerek lonca z 90: 15. vrezanim in metličenim okrasom iz hiše 14(2),24 Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Fairly few, from Houses ki mu po okrasu vrezane valovnice najdemo pri- 1(1), 2(2), 3(1), 6(1), 8(2), 14(1,2), 15(2), 16(2), merjave v estenskih grobnicah.25 22A(1,2), 29(1) and Trench 1A. From the houses with more than one construction phase, these jars are more numerous in the early phases. Tip L 10 Notes: They are comparable with the jars of Type 1 after Dular (cf. Fn. 23). Oblika: Trebušasti lonci z zaobljenimi, visoko pomaknje- nimi rameni in kratkim izvihanim ustjem z ravno odrezanim robom ( sl. 11: L 10). Type L 11 Izdelava: Kot lonci tipa 9. Najdbe: t. 1: 6; 25: 3; 30: 8; 34: 15; 37: 13; 61: 12; 63: 2; Form: Globular jars with a round or flat lip and a short 90: 15. vertical or slightly everted rim ( Fig. 11: L 11). Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Razmeroma maloštevilni Manufacture: Same as for the jars of Type 8. primerki loncev tipa 10 izvirajo iz hiš 1(1), 2(2), Finds: Pls. 9: 7; 14: 1; 25: 9; 34: 7,9,19; 62: 15; 89: 22. 3(1), 6(1), 8(2), 14(1,2), 15(2), 16(2), 22A(1,2) in Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Rare, from Houses 29(1) ter sonde 1A. Pri hišah z več gradbenimi 2(2), 3(1), 6(1), 14(1,3), 22A(2), 26(1) and 30(2). fazami so običajno številčnejše zastopani med gradivom iz najstarejše faze. Opombe: Lonci tipa 10 se v okviru grobne keramike Type L 12 uvrščajo med lonce tipa 1 po Dularju (cf. op. 23). Form: Ellipsoid jars with a rounded lip, a strongly everted rim that is frequently roundly thickened, a narrow Tip L 11 neck and a high rounded shoulder ( Fig. 11: L 12). Manufacture: Same as for the jars of Type 8. Oblika: Kroglasti lonci s kratkim pokončnim ali rahlo Finds: Pls. 57: 5; 58: 4; 62: 12; 70: 5,9; 92: 8. navzven nagnjenim ustjem z zaobljenim ali ravno Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Houses 3(1), 13, 14(1), odrezanim robom ( sl. 11: L 11). 15(2), 16(2), 18, 22A(2), 23(1), 26(1), 29(2), 33, as Izdelava: Kot lonci tipa 8. well as Trenches 1A and 4, most numerously from Najdbe: t. 9: 7; 14: 1; 25: 9; 34: 7,9,19; 62: 15; 89: 22. Houses 15 and 16. Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Redke najdbe izvirajo iz Notes: Some examples of these jars are decorated with hiš 2(2), 3(1), 6(1), 14(1,3), 22A(2), 26(1) in 30(2). series of impressions ( Pls. 58: 4; 62: 12) or with a 24 24 Inv. št. P 4816. Inv. No. P 4816. 25 25 Capuis, Chieco Bianchi 2006, t. 1: B/1; 7: 18. Capuis, Chieco Bianchi 2006, Pls. 1: B/1; 7: 18. 261 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Tip L 12 cordon.26 In general, these jars are comparable with the rare jars of Type 2 after Dular.27 Oblika: Trebušasti lonci z visoko pomaknjenimi zaoblje- nimi rameni in kratkim, močno zoženim vratom. Izrazito navzven zapognjeno ustje ima zaobljen, Type L 13 nemalokrat kroglasto odebeljen rob ( sl. 11: L 12). Izdelava: Kot lonci tipa 8. Form: Ellipsoid or globular jars with an everted and Najdbe: t. 57: 5; 58: 4; 62: 12; 70: 5,9; 92: 8. frequently thickened rim, as well as a narrow and Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Najdbe izvirajo iz hiš 3(1), curved neck ( Fig. 11: L 13). 13, 14(1), 15(2), 16(2), 18, 22A(2), 23(1), 26(1), Manufacture: Hand-built, usual y of medium-grained 29(2) in 33 ter sond 1A in 4, pri čemer je bilo največ fabric with some sand temper, most frequently primerkov najdenih v hišah 15 in 16. fired in an (incomplete) oxidising or a reducing Opombe: Nekaj primerkov loncev tipa 12 je okrašeno z atmosphere with final oxidation, surface is mainly nizi vtisov ( t. 58: 4; 62: 12) ali plastičnim okrasom smooth. vodoravnega rebra.26 Lonce tipa 12 lahko v okviru Finds: Pls. 1: 2; 28: 19; 33: 4; 34: 5,6; 38: 2; 41: 4; 60: 18; grobne keramike primerjamo z bolj redko zastopa- 62: 11; 70: 8; 91: 4; 96: 4,5. nimi lonci tipa 2 po Dularju.27 Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Fairly frequent, from Houses 1(1,2), 3(1), 6(1), 7, 12(2), 13, 14(1–3), 15(2), 15A(1), 16(1,2), 22(1), 22A(2), 23(1,2), Tip L 13 24(2), 25(2), 26(1), 29(1), 30(1,2), 36 and Trench 21-22. Oblika: Trebušasti ali kroglasti lonci z zoženim, uslo- Notes: They are comparable with the jars of Type 4 after čenim vratom in izvihanim ustjem, z nemalokrat Dular, which are rare finds in the funerary contexts odebeljenim robom ( sl. 11: L 13). of the Sv. Lucija Ic and IIa phases.28 Izdelava: Prostoročno oblikovani lonci, običajno iz drob- nozrnate lončarske mase z nekaj peska, so najpogo- steje (nepopolno) oksidacijsko ali redukcijsko žgani Type L 14 s končno oksidacijo. Površina je praviloma gladka. Najdbe: t. 1: 2; 28: 19; 33: 4; 34: 5,6; 38: 2; 41: 4; 60: 18; Form: Ellipsoid jars with a short everted and usu- 62: 11; 70: 8; 91: 4; 96: 4,5. al y slightly thickened rim, a short neck, usual y a Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Razmeroma številne carinated neck-shoulder junction and a rounded najdbe izvirajo iz hiš 1(1,2), 3(1), 6(1), 7, 12(2), shoulder ( Fig. 12: L 14). 13, 14(1–3), 15(2), 15A(1), 16(1,2), 22(1), 22A(2), Manufacture: Hand-built and sometimes finished on 23(1,2), 24(2), 25(2), 26(1), 29(1), 30(1,2) in 36 ter a slow wheel, usual y of medium-grained fabric sonde 21-22. with some sand temper, most frequently fired in a Opombe: Lonce tipa 13 lahko primerjamo z lonci tipa reducing atmosphere with or without final oxida- 4 po Dularju, ki se redko pojavljajo v grobovih tion, surface is smooth. stopnje Sv. Lucija Ic in IIa.28 Finds: Pls. 2: 5, 59: 1; 79: 7,11; 92: 7. Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Houses 1(2), 3(2), 8(1), 12(2), 15(2), 15A(1,2), 16(2), 19, 21, 23(2), 25(2), Tip L 14 29(2), as well as Trenches 1 and 1A, most numer- ously from House 23, but also other houses yielded Oblika: Trebušasti lonci z zaobljenimi rameni in obi- such jars most commonly in later phases. čajno klekastim prehodom v kratek vrat. Kratko Notes: The jar from House 19 ( Pl. 59: 1) stands apart in ustje z običajno nekoliko odebeljenim robom je its technological characteristics, because it has a red zapognjeno navzven ( sl. 12: L 14). painted exterior and was probably not produced Izdelava: Prostoročno oblikovani, lahko tudi na poča- local y. In general, these jars are comparable with snem vretenu dodelani lonci iz običajno drobnozr- those of Type 6 after Dular, which occur in the nate lončarske mase z nekaj peska so najpogosteje graves of the Sv. Lucija Ib and Ic phases.29 redukcijsko žgani ali pa so žgani redukcijsko s končno oksidacijo. Površina je gladka. Najdbe: t. 2: 5, 59: 1; 79: 7,11; 92: 7. 26 Inv. No. P 4841 from House 14, Construction phase 1; P 5423 from House 16, Construction phase 2. 26 27 Inv. št. P 4841 iz 1. faze hiše 14; P 5423 iz 2. faze hiše 16. Dular 1982, 93 ff, Figs. 6: 6; 9: 6. 27 28 Dular 1982, 93 ss, sl. 6: 6; 9: 6. Dular 1982, 95 ff, Figs. 6: 8; 9: 8,10. 28 29 Dular 1982, 95 ss, sl. 6: 8; 9: 8,10. Dular 1982, 95 ff, Figs. 7: 10; 10. 262 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Sl. 11: Lonci tipa 8–13. Fig. 11: Jars of Types 8–13. 263 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Najdbe izvirajo iz hiš 1(2), Type L 15 3(2), 8(1), 12(2), 15(2), 15A(1,2), 16(2), 19, 21, 23(2), 25(2) in 29(2) ter sond 1 in 1A. Največ pri- Form: Ellipsoid jars with a short, everted and usual y merkov je bilo najdenih v hiši 23 in tudi pri drugih thickened rim, frequently with a lid seat, and a hišah so tovrstni lonci pogosteje zastopani med narrow neck ( Fig. 12: L 15). gradivom iz mlajših gradbenih faz. Manufacture: Same as for the jars of Type 14. Opombe: Med lonci tipa 14 po tehnoloških lastnostih Finds: Pls. 30: 4,10; 33: 2; 36: 10; 55: 12; 59: 3,4; 62: 8; izstopa primerek iz hiše 19 ( t. 59: 1), ki je bil zunaj 79: 8; 89: 20,21; 92: 5. rdeče premazan in verjetno ni lokalni izdelek. Sicer Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Houses 3(2), 8(2), lahko lonce tipa 14 primerjamo z lonci tipa 6 po 12(2), 14(1,2), 15A(1,2), 16(1,2), 19, 22A(2), 23(2), Dularju, ki so bili pridani v grobove stopnje Sv. 26(1), 29(2), 30(2) and Trench 1, most numerously Lucija Ib in Ic.29 from Phase 2 of House 14. Notes: A smal number of these jars bear impressions on the shoulder ( Pls. 59: 3; 89: 20).30 Tip L 15 Oblika: Trebušasti lonci, ki se proti ustju močno zožijo. Type L 16 Kratko, običajno odebeljeno ustje je zapognjeno navzven, na zgornjem robu ima pogosto utor za Form: Ellipsoid jars with an everted rim, a short curved pokrov ( sl. 12: L 15). neck, a carinated neck-shoulder junction and a Izdelava: Kot lonci tipa 14. high rounded shoulder ( Fig. 12: L 16). Najdbe: t. 30: 4,10; 33: 2; 36: 10; 55: 12; 59: 3,4; 62: 8; 79: Manufacture: Same as for the jars of Type 5. 8; 89: 20,21; 92: 5. Finds: Pls. 14: 6; 62: 13; 70: 4,7,11; 96: 2. Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Najdbe izvirajo iz hiš 3(2), Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Rare, from Houses 8(2), 12(2), 14(1,2), 15A(1,2), 16(1,2), 19, 22A(2), 3(1), 7, 12(2), 15(2), 15A(1), 22A(2), 26(1) and 23(2), 26(1), 29(2) in 30(2) ter sonde 1, pri čemer je 30(2), most numerously from Phase 1 of House 23. bilo še največ primerkov najdenih v 2. fazi hiše 14. Opombe: Lonci so na ramenih redko okrašeni z vtisi ( t. 59: 3; 89: 20).30 Type L 17 Form: Ellipsoid jars with an everted rim, a rounded Tip L 16 shoulder and brushed decoration ( Fig. 12: L 17). Manufacture: Same as for the jars of Type 9. Oblika: Trebušasti lonci z visoko postavljenimi zaoblje- Finds: Pls. 9: 6; 28: 15; 29: 3,7; 32: 16; 59: 12; 61: 14; 62: nimi rameni, ki so s klekom oddvojena od kratkega 7; 63: 6; 97: 16; 98: 4. usločenega vratu in izvihanega ali navzven nagnje- Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Houses 1(2), 2(2), 3(2), nega ustja ( sl. 12: L 16). 6(1), 7, 8(1), 11(2), 14(1,2), 16(1), 19, 22A(1,2), 33, Izdelava: Kot lonci tipa 5. 34, as wel as Trenches A8/3R and 36, most numer- Najdbe: t. 14: 6; 62: 13; 70: 4,7,11; 96: 2. ously from Phase 2 of House 14. Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Redke najdbe izvirajo iz hiš Notes: Jars with brushed decoration only rarely occur in 3(1), 7, 12(2), 15(2), 15A(1), 22A(2), 26(1) in 30(2) the graves at Most na Soči.31 The greatest number ter najštevilčnejše iz 1. faze hiše 23. of them is known from the Late Hal statt (R 42, 45) and La Tène (R 25) graves from Repelc,32 where pieces of such pottery have also been found at the Tip L 17 ustrinum.33 Oblika: Trebušasti lonci z zaobljenimi rameni in izviha- nim ustjem, okrašeni z metličenjem ( sl. 12: L 17). Type L 18 Izdelava: Kot lonci tipa 9. Najdbe: t. 9: 6; 28: 15; 29: 3,7; 32: 16; 59: 12; 61: 14; 62: Form: Ellipsoid jars with an everted rim and a slightly 7; 63: 6; 97: 16; 98: 4. raised or rounded shoulder, bearing brushed deco- Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Primerki loncev tipa 17 so najdeni v hišah 1(2), 2(2), 3(2), 6(1), 7, 8(1), 11(2), 30 Inv. No. P 4735 from House 14, Construction phase 2. 14(1,2), 16(1), 19, 22A(1,2), 33 in 34 ter sondah 31 Teržan et al. 1984–1985, Pls. 169: 6; 172: G/2; 240: E/5. 29 32 Dular 1982, 95 ss, sl. 7: 10; 10. Mlinar 2008, Pls. 17: 4; 21: 10,11,13; 22: 4–6. 30 33 Inv. št. P 4735 iz 2. faze hiše 14. Mlinar 2008, 23, Pls. 28: 13,15,16,18,22,25–27. 264 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Sl. 12: Lonci tipa 14–21 in situle (Si). Fig. 12: Jars of Types 14–21 and situlae (Si). 265 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI A8/3R in 36, pri čemer največ primerkov izvira iz ration on the body and shallow horizontal grooves 2. faze hiše 14. on the shoulder ( Fig. 12: L 18). Opombe: Lonci z metličenim okrasom se le redko poja- Manufacture: Same as for the jars of Type 7. vljajo v grobovih z Mosta.31 Še največ najdb pozna- Finds: Pls. 28: 21; 29: 16; 34: 14; 35: 1,2,4; 36: 3; 37: 9; mo iz mladohalštatskih (R 42, 45) ali že latenskih 55: 10; 63: 5; 98: 13. (R 25) grobov z Repelca,32 kjer so bili kosi tovrstne Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Houses 6(1), 7, 8(2), keramike najdeni tudi na ustrini.33 12(2), 14(1,2), 15(2), 16(1), 22A(2), 27(1) and 35(2), by far the most numerously from House 14, a higher share also from Phase 2 of House 15. Tip L 18 Notes: Jars of this type have also come to light in the remains of House 1a at Marengova guna in Most Oblika: Trebušasto oblikovani lonci z nekoliko nape- na Soči, dated to Sv. Lucija IIb on the basis of the timi ali zaobljenimi rameni in izvihanim ustjem, associated bronze finds.34 Similarly dated, to the okrašeni z metličenjem, pri čemer imajo ramena 6th or 5th centuries BC is the Casa dei doli from vodoravno nažlebljena ali okrašena s plitkimi, the settlement at Montereale Valcellina, where a vodoravnimi kanelurami ( sl. 12: L 18). comparable jar has been found.35 Izdelava: Kot lonci tipa 7. Najdbe: t. 28: 21; 29: 16; 34: 14; 35: 1,2,4; 36: 3; 37: 9; 55: 10; 63: 5; 98: 13. Type L 19 Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Najdbe izvirajo iz hiš 6(1), 7, 8(2), 12(2), 14(1,2), 15(2), 16(1), 22A(2), 27(1) Form: Ellipsoid jars with an everted rim and a slightly in 35(2), pri čemer je bilo daleč največ primerkov raised or rounded shoulder, the latter bearing shal- najdenih v hiši 14, številčno pa so zastopani tudi low horizontal grooves or U-sectioned incisions med gradivom 2. faze hiše 15. ( Fig. 12: L 19). Opombe: Lonci tipa 18 so najdeni v ostalinah hiše 1a z Manufacture: Same as for the jars of Type 7. Marengove gune na Mostu na Soči, ki je po bro- Finds: Pls. 2: 9,10,14; 11: 10; 14: 4; 29: 5; 33: 5,9,12; 34: nastih najdbah datirana v stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIb.34 4,11,13,16,17; 36: 2; 37: 7; 53: 9; 55: 9; 57: 3; 79: 9. Podobno je v 6. ali 5. stol. pr. Kr. datirana “hiša z Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Fairly frequent, from doliji”, iz naselja v Montereale Valcellina, kjer je bil Houses 1(2), 2(1), 3(1), 6(1,2), 7, 8(1,2), 12(2), prav tako najden podoben lonec.35 14(1,2), 15(2), 15A(2), 16(1,2), 22A(1), 23(2), as well as Trenches A8/3R and 36, most numerously from Phase 1 of House 14. Tip L 19 Notes: This type is similar to the jars with U-sectioned incisions from the (Late) Hal statt cemetery at San Oblika: Trebušasti lonci z nekoliko napetimi ali zaob- Pietro al Natisone.36 ljenimi rameni in izvihanim ustjem. Ramena so okrašena z vodoravnimi plitkimi kanelurami ali topimi vrezi ( sl. 12: L 19). Type L 20 Izdelava: Kot lonci tipa 7. Najdbe: t. 2: 9,10,14; 11: 10; 14: 4; 29: 5; 33: 5,9,12; 34: Form: Ellipsoid jars with a short and slightly everted 4,11,13,16,17; 36: 2; 37: 7; 53: 9; 55: 9; 57: 3; 79: 9. rim, as well as a high and slightly raised shoulder, Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Razmeroma številni lon- the latter bearing horizontal grooves ( Fig. 12: L 20). ci tipa 19 izvirajo iz hiš 1(2), 2(1), 3(1), 6(1,2), Manufacture: Hand-built, of fine- or medium-grained 7, 8(1,2), 12(2), 14(1,2), 15(2), 15A(2), 16(1,2), fabric, most frequently fired in a reducing atmos- 22A(1) in 23(2) ter sond A8/3R in 36, pri čemer phere, surface is smooth. največ primerkov izvira iz najstarejše faze hiše 14. Finds: Pls. 8: 6; 14: 3. Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Rare, from Houses 2(1), 3(1), 6(1) and 14(2). 31 Teržan et al. 1984–1985, t. 169: 6; 172: G/2; 240: E/5. 32 34 Mlinar 2008, t. 17: 4; 21: 10,11,13; 22: 4–6. Mlinar et al. 2008, 197 f, Pls. 1: 23; 2: 31. Fn.: The jars 33 Mlinar 2008, 23, t. 28: 13,15,16,18,22,25–27. of Type 18 from Marengova guna are published as wheel- 34 Mlinar et al. 2008, 197 s, t. 1: 23; 2: 31. Op.: Čeprav je thrown (ib. 199), but a closer examination has shown them za lonce tipa 18 z Marengove gune navedeno, da so izdelani na to be hand-built, but well smoothed and sometimes finished vretenu (ib. 199), so tudi ti primerki oblikovani prostoročno, on the (slow) wheel. 35 vendar dobro zglajeni ali dodelani na (počasnem) vretenu. Vitri 1996, 401 ff; Corazza 1996, 434, Fig. 17: 60. 35 36 Vitri 1996, 401 ss; Corazza 1996, 434, sl. 17: 60. Pettarin 2006, Pl. 38: 647,648. 266 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Opombe: Med lonce tipa 19 sodijo tudi s topimi vrezi Notes: This type may include shards that actual y belong okrašeni lonci iz (mlajše)halštatskega grobišča v to the goblets of Type 2 after Dular mainly to be Špetru (San Pietro al Natisone).36 found in the graves of the Sv. Lucija IIa phase.37 Tip L 20 Type L 21 Oblika: Trebušasti lonci z visoko postavljenimi, nekoliko Form: Ellipsoid or globular jars with an everted rim and napetimi in vodoravno nažlebljenimi rameni ter black-on-red painted decoration ( Fig. 12: L 21). kratkim navzven zapognjenim ustjem ( sl. 12: L 20). Manufacture: Hand-built, some finished on a slow wheel, Izdelava: Prostoročno oblikovani primerki iz fino- ali of fine- or medium-grained fabric with some sand drobnozrnate lončarske mase so najpogosteje re- temper, most frequently fired in an incomplete dukcijsko žgani in imajo gladko površino. oxidising atmosphere, surface is smooth. Najdbe: t. 8: 6; 14: 3. Finds: Pls. 2: 11; 36: 12; 70: 3; 79: 10; 90: 10. Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Redki primerki izvirajo iz Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Houses 1(2), 14(2), hiš 2(1), 3(1), 6(1) in 14(2). 15A(1), 16(2), 23(1,2), 29(1) and Trench 36. Opombe: Kot lonci tipa 20 so lahko opredeljeni tudi fra- gmenti kelihov tipa 2 po Dularju, ki jih zasledimo predvsem v grobovih stopnje Sv. Lucija IIa.37 SITULAE (Si) The shards of black-on-red painted fineware are Tip L 21 determined as situlae, which are rare finds at the settle- ment at Most na Soči (10 pieces). Oblika: Trebušasti ali kroglasti lonci z izvihanim ustjem, Form: Vessels with a short and some only slightly everted okrašeni z rdeče-črnimi premazi ( sl. 12: L 21). rim, sometimes with a thickened rim, a short cy- Izdelava: Prostoročno oblikovani, lahko tudi na poča- lindrical or slightly curved neck, with or without a snem vretenu dodelani lonci iz fino- ali drobnozr- pedestal and bearing black graphite and red painted nate lončarske mase z nekaj peska so najpogosteje decoration ( Fig. 12: Si). nepopolno oksidacijsko žgani in imajo gladko Manufacture: Usually made on a slow wheel, most površino. frequently of fine-grained fabric with some sand Najdbe: t. 2: 11; 36: 12; 70: 3; 79: 10; 90: 10. temper, most frequently fired in a reducing atmos- Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Najdbe izvirajo iz hiš 1(2), phere with final oxidation, surface is burnished or 14(2), 15A(1), 16(2), 23(1,2) in 29(1) ter sonde 36. at least smooth. Finds: Pls. 2: 13; 9: 5; 23: 20; 58: 5; 66: 7; 70: 6; 91: 6; 99: 1. Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Houses 1(2), 2(2), 3(2), SITULE (Si) 7, 14(1), 15A(2), 18, 23(1), 29(1) and 36. Notes: They are comparable with the pedestal situlae Redke fragmente finih posod z rdeče-črnimi of Types 2 and 3, but also goblets of Type 1 after premazi opredeljujemo kot situle, ki pa so med obrav- Dular. These vessels are more common than jars in navanim gradivom maloštevilno zastopane (10 kosov). the graves of the Sveta Lucija group and are most Oblika: Posode (na nogi) z nizkim pokončnim ali rahlo common in the Sv. Lucija IIa phase.38 usločenim vratom in kratkim izvihanim ustjem ali zgolj navzven nagnjenim, lahko odebeljenim robom ustja, okrašene z rdečim in črnim grafitnim BEAKERS (Lo) premazom ( sl. 12: Si). Izdelava: Običajno na počasnem vretenu oblikovane Beakers are deep vessels of a small volume that posode so najpogosteje izdelane iz finozrnate do not exceed 10 cm in height.39 They are not com- lončarske mase z nekaj peska in redukcijsko žgane mon finds (28 pieces), of which I distinguish between s končno oksidacijo. Površina je zglajena ali vsaj four types. gladka. Najdbe: t. 2: 13; 9: 5; 23: 20; 58: 5; 66: 7; 70: 6; 91: 6; 99: 1. Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Najdbe izvirajo iz hiš 1(2), 2(2), 3(2), 7, 14(1), 15A(2), 18, 23(1), 29(1) in 36. 37 Dular 1982, 97 ff, Figs. 7: 16; 10. 38 Dular 1982, 97 ff, Figs. 7: (13),14,15; 9; 10. 36 39 Pettarin 2006, t. 38: 647,648. The vessel from House 16 ( Pl. 55: 7) is formal y a bea- 37 Dular 1982, 97 ss, sl. 7: 16; 10. ker, but is treated together with the jars of Type 7. 267 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Opombe: Fragmentom, ki so opredeljeni kot situle, lahko Type Lo 1 najdemo primerjave med situlami z nogo tipa 2 in 3; lahko pa pripadajo tudi kelihom tipa 1 po Dularju. Form: Beakers with a rounded lip, an inturned rim, a Gre za obliki posodja, ki sta v grobovih svetolucijske high rounded or slightly raised shoulder and a bolj običajen pridatek kot lonci, pri čemer so najbolj body that narrows towards a flat base ( Fig. 9: Lo 1). razširjene v grobovih stopnje Sv. Lucija IIa.38 Manufacture: Hand-built, usual y of medium-grained fabric with some sand temper, most frequently fired in an oxidising or reducing atmosphere, surface is LONČKI (Lo) mainly smooth. Finds: Pls. 2: 16; 13: 6; 28: 17; 33: 8; 42: 2. Globoke posode manjšega volumna, ki v višino ne Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Houses 1(2), 3(1), 7, presegajo 10 cm in jih nismo razvrstili med tipe manjših 12(2), 14(3), 15A(1) and 16(1). loncev,39 obravnavamo kot lončke. Gre za maloštevilne Notes: Different forms of beakers are present in the najdbe (28 kosov), ki jih razvrščamo v štiri tipe. cemeteries of the Sveta Lucija group, but are more characteristic of the tombs at Este.40 Tip Lo 1 Type Lo 2 Oblika: Posode z visoko postavljenimi zaobljenimi ali le rahlo napetimi rameni, ki se močno zožijo proti Form: Small open and shoulderless beakers with a ravnemu dnu. Zaobljen rob ustja je usločen nav- rounded lip and a body that narrows towards the znoter ( sl. 9: Lo 1). base ( Fig. 9: Lo 2). Izdelava: Prostoročno oblikovani lončki iz običajno Manufacture: Hand-built, of medium-grained fabric drobnozrnate lončarske mase z nekaj peska so naj- with some sand temper, usual y fired in an (in- večkrat oksidacijsko ali redukcijsko žgani. Površina complete) oxidising atmosphere, surface is smooth. je praviloma gladka. Finds: Pls. 28: 13; 55: 3; 66: 5; 91: 3. Najdbe: t. 2: 16; 13: 6; 28: 17; 33: 8; 42: 2. Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Rare, from Houses 7, Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Najdbe izvirajo iz hiš 1(2), 14(1), 16(1), 23(1) and 29(1). 3(1), 7, 12(2), 14(3), 15A(1) in 16(1). Notes: These beakers have parallels from the graves of Opombe: Pridajanje različno oblikovanih lončkov je the Sveta Lucija group41 and the tombs at Este.42 sicer bolj kot za svetolucijske grobove značilno za estenske grobnice.40 Type Lo 3 Tip Lo 2 Form: Beakers with a rounded lip, a vertical rim that is rarely thickened, a high rounded or only slightly Oblika: Majhne odprte posode brez ramen z navzven raised shoulder, some with a short cylindrical usmerjenim zaokroženim robom ustja, ki se proti neck, and a body that narrows towards the base dnu zožijo ( sl. 9: Lo 2). ( Fig. 9: Lo 3). Izdelava: Prostoročno oblikovani lončki iz drobnozrnate Manufacture: Hand-built, of medium-grained fabric lončarske mase z nekaj peska so običajno (nepopol- with some sand temper, fired in a reducing atmos- no) oksidacijsko žgani in imajo gladko površino. phere, surface is smooth. Najdbe: t. 28: 13; 55: 3; 66: 5; 91: 3. Finds: Pls. 28: 18; 55: 8,14; 60: 9. Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Redke najdbe izvirajo iz hiš Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Rare, from Houses 7, 7, 14(1), 16(1), 23(1) in 29(1). 16(1), 22(1) and 26(1). Opombe: Lončkom tipa 2 najdemo primerjave v svetolu- cijskih grobovih41 in tudi v estenskih grobnicah.42 38 Dular 1982, 97 ss, sl. 7: (13),14,15; 9; 10. 39 Npr. lonček iz hiše 16 ( t. 55: 7) smo uvrstili med lonce tipa 7. 40 40 Prim. Capuis, Chieco Bianchi 2006, t. 124: 21–26; Cf. Capuis, Chieco Bianchi 2006, Pl. 124: 21–26; Chie- Chieco Bianchi, Calzavara Capuis 1985, t. 80: 10–12. co Bianchi, Calzavara Capuis 1985, Pl. 80: 10–12. 41 41 Teržan et al. 1984–1985, 112: sl. 33; 215: sl. 104; t. 100: Teržan et al. 1984–1985, 112: Fig. 33; 215: Fig. 104; Pls. E; 243: B/8. 100: E; 243: B/8. 42 42 Capuis, Chieco Bianchi 2006, t. 124: 26; Chieco Capuis, Chieco Bianchi 2006, Pl. 124: 26; Chieco Bian- Bianchi, Calzavara Capuis 1985, t. 80: 11; 130: 5. chi, Calzavara Capuis 1985, Pls. 80: 11; 130: 5. 268 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Tip Lo 3 Type Lo 4 Oblika: Lončki z visoko postavljenimi zaobljenimi ali le Form: Ellipsoid beakers with a short everted rim and a rahlo napetimi rameni, ki se proti dnu močno zo- curved neck ( Fig. 9: Lo 4). žijo. Lahko imajo kratek pokončen vrat. Zaobljen, Manufacture: Hand-built, usual y of medium-grained redkeje odebeljen rob ustja je pokončno usmerjen fabric with some sand temper, most frequently ( sl. 9: Lo 3). fired in a reducing atmosphere, surface is smooth. Izdelava: Lončki so prostoročno oblikovani iz drobno- Finds: Pls. 37: 14; 55: 6; 63: 1; 95: 4; 99: 3. zrnate lončarske mase z nekaj peska in redukcijsko Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Houses 13, 14(1,2), žgani. Površina je gladka. 15(2), 16(1), 22A(2), 30(2), 36 and Trench 1. Najdbe: t. 28: 18; 55: 8,14; 60: 9. Notes: They have parallels in the beakers from the graves Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Redki primerki izvirajo iz of the Sveta Lucija group43 and those at Este.44 They hiš 7, 16(1), 22(1) in 26(1). are also comparable with the cups of Type 3 after Dular, which occur in graves that mainly date to the Sv. Lucija IIa phase.45 Tip Lo 4 Oblika: Trebušasti lončki z usločenim vratom in kratkim GOBLETS (K) izvihanim ustjem ( sl. 9: Lo 4). Izdelava: Prostoročno oblikovani lončki, običajno iz Goblets are standard goods in the graves of the drobnozrnate lončarske mase z nekaj peska, so Sveta Lucija group and are most common in the Sv. najpogosteje redukcijsko žgani in imajo gladko Lucija IIa phase,46 while the high fragmentation of the površino. finds from settlements hinders their identification. The Najdbe: t. 37: 14; 55: 6; 63: 1; 95: 4; 99: 3. examined pottery from Most na Soči has thus only re- Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Lončki izvirajo iz hiš vealed three pieces that we could positively determine as 13, 14(1,2), 15(2), 16(1), 22A(2), 30(2) in 36 ter goblets. All are shards of small vessels that resemble the sonde 1. beakers of Type 2 and only differ in the narrow pedestal Opombe: Lončkom tipa 4 najdemo primerjave v sveto- applied to the flat base ( Fig. 13: K). lucijskih43 in tudi estenskih grobovih.44 Po obliki Manufacture: Hand-built, of medium-grained fabric so lončki tipa 4 primerljivi tudi s skodelicami tipa with some sand temper, fired in an (incomplete) 3 po Dularju, ki so zastopane predvsem v grobovih oxidising atmosphere, surface is smooth. stopnje Sv. Lucija IIa.45 Finds: Pls. 14: 5; 35: 19. Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Houses 3(1) and 14(1). KELIHI (K) DISHES (Sk) Kelihi v svetolucijski skupini veljajo za običajen inventar grobov, pri čemer so najbolj razširjeni v času The pottery from the settlement at Most na Soči stopnje Sv. Lucija IIa,46 med naselbinskimi najdbami includes relatively few pieces of low tableware such as pa jih zaradi fragmentiranosti težko prepoznamo. Med bowls and dishes (7.29% or 86 pieces). Because the low obravnavano keramiko smo tako prepoznali skupno tableware is only represented by rim shards, all pieces le 3 primerke. Gre za fragmente majhnih posod, ki so are treated here as dishes. po obliki podobne lončkom tipa 2, a imajo ravno dno pritrjeno na ozko izoblikovano nogo ( sl. 13: K). Izdelava: Primerki so prostoročno oblikovani iz drobno- Type Sk 1 zrnate lončarske mase z nekaj peska, (nepopolno) oksidacijsko žgani in imajo gladko površino. Form: Dishes with a short everted rim, a low curved Najdbe: t. 14: 5; 35: 19. neck, a carinated shoulder-neck junction and a Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Najdbe izvirajo iz hiš 3(1) broad shoulder ( Fig. 13: Sk 1). in 14(1). 43 43 Teržan et al. 1984–1985, t. 2: D; 18: H/2; prim. 56: A/7; Teržan et al. 1984–1985, Pls. 2: D; 18: H/2; Cf. 56: A/7; 192: A/6. 192: A/6. 44 44 Capuis, Chieco Bianchi 2006, t. 73: 8; Chieco Bianchi, Capuis, Chieco Bianchi 2006, Pl. 73: 8; Chieco Bianchi, Calzavara Capuis 1985, t. 62: 42; 141: 18. Calzavara Capuis 1985, Pls. 62: 42; 141: 18. 45 45 Dular 1982, 99 ss, sl. 8: 23; 10. Dular 1982, 99 ff, Figs. 8: 23; 10. 46 46 Dular 1982, 97 ss, sl. 7: 15–18; 10. Dular 1982, 97 ff, Figs. 7: 15–18; 10. 269 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI SKLEDE (Sk) Manufacture: Hand-built or thrown on a slow wheel, usual y of fine-grained fabric, fired in a reducing Med obravnavanim gradivom je razmeroma malo atmosphere with final oxidation or an incomplete nizkega servisnega posodja (7,29 % ali 86 kosov). To je oxidising atmosphere with final smoking, surface zastopano le s fragmenti ustij, ki jih vse obravnavamo is usual y burnished. kot sklede. Finds: Pls. 14: 11; 98: 5. Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Rare, from Houses 3(1), 16(2) and 35(2). Tip Sk 1 Notes: The rim fragment with a high strap handle from House 35 shows that Type 1 dishes may also be Oblika: Sklede s širokimi rameni, ki so s klekom od- bowls ( Pl. 98: 5). They are comparable with the dvojena od nizkega usločenega vratu, in kratkim bowls of Type 1 after Dular, which mainly occur izvihanim ali navzven zapognjenim ustjem ( sl. in the graves of the Sv. Lucija Ib phase.47 13: Sk 1). Izdelava: Prostoročno ali na počasnem vretenu običajno iz finozrnate lončarske mase oblikovane sklede so Type Sk 2 žgane redukcijsko s končno oksidacijo ali nepopol- no oksidacijsko s končnim dimljenjem. Površina je Form: Dishes with an inturned rim and a rounded praviloma zglajena. shoulder ( Fig. 13: Sk 2). Najdbe: t. 14: 11; 98: 5. Manufacture: Hand-built, usual y of medium-grained Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Redke najdbe izvirajo iz hiš fabric with some sand temper, most frequently fired 3(1), 16(2) in 35(2). in an oxidising or a reducing atmosphere with final Opombe: Fragment ustja s presegajočim trakastim roča- oxidation, surface is usual y smooth. jem iz hiše 35 kaže, da gre pri skledah tipa 1 lahko Finds: Pls. 3: 1,3,4,6; 23: 19; 36: 6; 71: 6; 92: 11; 94: 10. tudi za skodele ( t. 98: 5). Primerjave jim najdemo Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Houses 3(2), 14(2), med skodelami tipa 1 po Dularju, ki se pojavljajo 23(1), 29(2) and 30(1), most numerously from predvsem v grobovih stopnje Sv. Lucija Ib.47 Phase 2 of House 1. Notes: They are comparable with the dishes with an in- turned rim of Type 1 after Dular, which represent Tip Sk 2 one of the most widespread types of funerary pot- tery and are most characteristic of the graves from Oblika: Sklede ali globoke latvice z zaobljenimi rameni the Sv. Lucija Ib and Ic phases.48 in navznoter upognjenim ustjem ( sl. 13: Sk 2). Izdelava: Prostoročno oblikovane sklede ali latvice, običajno iz drobnozrnate lončarske mase z nekaj Type Sk 3 peska, so najpogosteje oksidacijsko ali redukcijsko žgane s končno oksidacijo. Površina je praviloma Form: Carinated dishes with a vertical or slightly in- gladka. turned rim ( Fig. 13: Sk 3). Najdbe: t. 3: 1,3,4,6; 23: 19; 36: 6; 71: 6; 92: 11; 94: 10. Manufacture: Same as for the dishes of Type 2. Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Najdbe izvirajo iz hiš 3(2), Finds: Pls. 59: 18; 89: 24. 14(2), 23(1), 29(2) in 30(1), še največ primerkov je Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Rare, from Houses 21 najdeno v 2. fazi hiše 1. and 26(1). Opombe: Sklede tipa 2 lahko primerjamo z latvicami tipa 1 po Dularju, ki veljajo za enega najbolj razširje- nih tipov grobne keramike, pri čemer so značilne Type Sk 4 predvsem za grobove stopnje Sv. Lucija Ib in Ic.48 Form: Low open dishes with usual y a roundly thickened rim, a rounded body that narrows towards the base Tip Sk 3 and a shallow groove below the rim ( Fig. 13: Sk 4). Manufacture: Hand-built, of fine- or medium-grained Oblika: Skledi tipa 3 imata pokončno ostenje, ki se v fabric with some sand temper, most frequently fired spodnjem delu zalomi proti močno zoženemu dnu. in a reducing or oxidising atmosphere, surface is Ustje je pokončno ali rahlo nagnjeno navznoter smooth. ( sl. 13: Sk 3). Finds: Pls. 28: 23; 33: 11; 37: 10; 54: 8; 88: 12; 89: 14; 91: 7. 47 47 Dular 1982, 99 ss, sl. 8: 21; 10. Dular 1982, 99 ff, Figs. 8: 21; 10. 48 48 Dular 1982, 101 ss, sl. 8: 27; 9: 27; 10. Dular 1982, 101 ff, Figs. 8: 27; 9: 27; 10. 270 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Sl. 13: Sklede tipa 1–7, kelihi (K), ročaji (Ro) in pokrovi tipa 1 in 2. Fig. 13: Dishes of Types 1–7, goblets (K), handles (Ro) and lids of Types 1 and 2. 271 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Izdelava: Kot sklede tipa 2. Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Houses 1(2), 3(1), Najdbi: t. 59: 18; 89: 24. 6(2), 7, 12(2), 14(1), 15(2), 15A(3), 24(2), 25(2) Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Posamična primerka izvi- and 29(1). rata iz hiš 21 in 26(1). Notes: They are usual y undecorated with the exception of the groove below the rim, but do include a shard with brushed decoration from House 7 ( Pl. 28: 23), Tip Sk 4 though it may also have belonged to a lid. Such dishes only rarely occur as grave goods.49 Oblika: Nizke odprte sklede z zaobljenim trupom, ki se proti dnu močno zoži. Rob ustja je pogosto poudarjen s plitko kaneluro in običajno kroglasto Type Sk 5 odebeljen ( sl. 13: Sk 4). Izdelava: Prostoročno oblikovane sklede iz drobno- ali Form: Small conical dishes with a rounded lip and a finozrnate lončarske mase z nekaj peska so največ- vertical or oblique rim ( Fig. 13: Sk 5). krat redukcijsko ali oksidacijsko žgane in imajo Manufacture: Hand-built, usual y of medium-grained gladko površino. fabric with some sand temper, most frequently Najdbe: t. 28: 23; 33: 11; 37: 10; 54: 8; 88: 12; 89: 14; 91: 7. fired in an oxidising atmosphere, surface is smooth. Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Najdbe izvirajo iz hiš 1(2), Finds: Pls. 2: 15; 59: 16; 64: 7; 71: 1; 92: 10. 3(1), 6(2), 7, 12(2), 14(1), 15(2), 15A(3), 24(2), Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Rare, from Houses 25(2) in 29(1). 1(2), 13, 14(1), 21, 22A(2), 23(1,2) and 29(2). Opombe: Sklede tipa 4 navadno niso okrašene, imajo Notes: Such vessels rarely occur as grave goods.50 zgolj poudarjen rob ustja. Izjema je z metličenjem okrašen fragment iz hiše 7 ( t. 28: 23), ki pa lahko pripada tudi pokrovu. V grobovih se podobne Type Sk 6 sklede le redko pojavljajo.49 Form: Deep hemispherical dishes with a vertical rim that often has a lid seat ( Fig. 13: Sk 6). Tip Sk 5 Manufacture: Same as for the dishes of Type 5. Finds: Pls. 8: 7; 9: 12; 10: 1; 35: 11; 36: 5; 58: 3; 66: 10; Oblika: Manjše globoke odprte sklede s stožčasto obli- 71: 3,5; 95: 11. kovanim trupom, ki se proti dnu močno zožujejo. Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Houses 2(1,2), 8(2), Običajno zaobljen rob ustja je usmerjen pokončno 10(2), 14(1–3), 16(1,2), 17(1), 23(1), 24(2), 26(1), ali navzven ( sl. 13: Sk 5). 30(1,2), the drainage ditch and Trenches 1, 21-22 Izdelava: Prostoročno oblikovane sklede iz običajno and 36. drobnozrnate lončarske mase z nekaj peska so Notes: They are predominantly undecorated with the najpogosteje oksidacijsko žgane in imajo gladko exception of a shard with brushed decoration from površino. Phase 2 of House 16 ( Pl. 36: 5). The rim fragments Najdbe: t. 2: 15; 59: 16; 64: 7; 71: 1; 92: 10. without the lid seat may also belong to baking lids. Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Redke najdbe izvirajo iz hiš Similar dishes only rarely occur as grave goods.51 1(2), 13, 14(1), 21, 22A(2), 23(1,2) in 29(2). Opombe: V grobovih zelo redko zasledimo podobne posode.50 Type Sk 7 Form: Deep conical dishes with a rounded or flat lip Tip Sk 6 and usual y an oblique rim, often decorated with applied cordons and knobs, some also with brushed Oblika: Globoke odprte sklede s polkrožno oblikovanim decoration ( Fig. 13: Sk 7). zaobljenim trupom, ki se proti dnu močno zožuje- Manufacture: Same as for the dishes of Type 5. jo. Rob ustja, na katerem je pogosto plitek žleb kot Finds: Pls. 35: 3; 63: 12,14; 71: 4; 91: 13; 95: 12. utor za pokrov, je pokončen ( sl. 13: Sk 6). Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Houses 6(1,2), 7, 14(1), Izdelava: Kot sklede tipa 5. 22A(2), 23(1), 25(2) and 29(1). Najdbe: t. 8: 7; 9: 12; 10: 1; 35: 11; 36: 5; 58: 3; 66: 10; Notes: These dishes include a fragment of a strongly 71: 3,5; 95: 11. everted rim with a lid seat associated with Phase 49 Cf. Teržan et al. 1984–1985, Pls. 18: I/4; 22: F/2. 49 50 Prim. Teržan et al. 1984–1985, t. 18: I/4; 22: F/2. Cf. Teržan et al. 1984–1985, Pls. 21: D/1; 33: B/4. 50 51 Prim. Teržan et al. 1984–1985, t. 21: D/1; 33: B/4. Cf. Teržan et al. 1984–1985, Pls. 34: G/2; 239: B/3. 272 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Najdbe izvirajo iz hiš 2(1,2), 2 of House 30 ( Pl. 95: 12). Some of the shards 8(2), 10(2), 14(1–3), 16(1,2), 17(1), 23(1), 24(2), determined as Type Sk 7 dishes may also belong 26(1), 30(1,2) in jarka ter sond 1, 21-22 in 36. to baking lids. Similar dishes are known from the Opombe: Razen z metličenjem okrašenega primerka tombs at Este.52 iz 2. faze hiše 16 ( t. 36: 5) sklede tipa 6 niso okra- šene. Fragmenti ustij brez utora za pokrov lahko pripadajo tudi pekvam. Podobne sklede v grobovih HANDLES (Ro) redko zasledimo.51 The pottery remains from the settlement at Most na Soči include several fragments of differently shaped Tip Sk 7 strap handles ( Fig. 13: Ro). These show that the pottery certainly included bowls and jugs, which represent the Oblika: Globoke odprte sklede s stožčasto oblikovanim most common forms of funerary pottery.53 trupom, ki se proti dnu močno zožuje. Zaobljen Manufacture: Hand-built, of fine- or medium-grained ali ravno odrezan rob ustja je običajno usmerjen fabric, usual y with some sand temper, most fre- navzven. Sklede so pogosto okrašene z nalepljenimi quently fired in an oxidising atmosphere, surface rebri ali bradavicami, lahko pa so okrašene tudi z is smooth. metličenjem ( sl. 13: Sk 7). Finds: Pls. 60: 17; 61: 3. Izdelava: Kot sklede tipa 5. Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Rare, from Houses 7, Najdbe: t. 35: 3; 63: 12,14; 71: 4; 91: 13; 95: 12. 11(2), 14(2), 15(2), 22(1) and 22A(2). Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Najdbe izvirajo iz hiš 6(1,2), Notes: A piece of a large strap handle with longitudinal 7, 14(1), 22A(2), 23(1), 25(2) in 29(1). shallow grooves and impressions along the edges Opombe: Med sklede tipa 6 uvrščamo tudi fragment has been found in the drainage ditch ( Pl. 100: 6). navzven podaljšanega ustja z utorom za pokrov Apart from its size and form, this piece also differs na zgornji strani iz 2. faze hiše 30 ( t. 95: 12). Sicer from the others in its fabric and should probably so kot sklede lahko opredeljeni tudi fragmenti, ki be connected with the Bronze Age occupation of pripadajo pekvam. Podobne sklede poznamo iz this area.54 estenskih grobnic.52 LIDS (Po) ROČAJI (Ro) Lids are not common at Most na Soči and are most Med obravnavano keramiko je tudi več fragmentov readily identifiable by their knobs ( Fig. 13: Po). I distin- različno oblikovanih trakastih ročajev ( sl. 13: Ro). Ti guish between two types: the commoner bel -shaped kažejo, da so med naselbinskimi najdbami zagotovo type that usual y has a rounded rim ( Fig. 13: Po 1) and zastopane tudi skodele in vrči, ki sodijo med najbolj the conical type with a flat and slightly out-turned rim razširjene oblike grobne keramike.53 ( Fig. 13: Po 2). Both types have more or less deeply in- Izdelava: Prostoročno oblikovani ročaji iz fino- ali dented knobs that are only rarely perforated ( Pl. 36: 7). drobnozrnate lončarske mase, običajno z nekaj Manufacture: Hand-built, of medium-grained peska, so najpogosteje oksidacijsko žgani in imajo fabric, usual y with some sand temper, most frequently gladko površino. fired in an (incomplete) oxidising atmosphere, surface Najdbe: t. 60: 17; 61: 3. is smooth. Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Redke najdbe izvirajo iz hiš Finds: Po: Pls. 30: 11; 95: 10; Po 1: Pls. 30: 12; 32: 7, 11(2), 14(2), 15(2), 22(1) in 22A(2). 14; 34: 18; 36: 7; 94: 13; Po 2: Pls. 11: 3; 30: 16. Opombe: Iz jarka izvira najdba masivnega trakastega Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Houses 3(1), ročaja, okrašenega z vzdolžnimi plitkimi kane- 6(1,2), 8(2), 11(2), 14(1,2), 23(1), 30(1,2), as well as lurami in na robovih z vtisi ( t. 100: 6). Primerek Trenches 1, 1A and 21-22. se od preostalih najdb nekoliko razlikuje tudi po Notes: Rare lids bear brushed decoration ( Pl. 30: 11). sestavi lončarske mase, saj ga moramo najverjetneje povezovati s poselitvijo Mosta na Soči v pozni bronasti dobi.54 51 Prim. Teržan et al. 1984–1985, t. 34: G/2; 239: B/3. 52 52 Chieco Bianchi, Calzavara Capuis 1985, t. 260: B/8; Chieco Bianchi, Calzavara Capuis 1985, Pls. 260: B/8; 270: 10; 275: B/2. 270: 10; 275: B/2. 53 53 Dular 1982, 98 ss, sl. 7: 19,20; 8: 21–23. Dular 1982, 98 ff, Figs. 7: 19,20; 8: 21–23. 54 54 Prim. Svoljšak 1988–1989, 371, t. 6. Cf. Svoljšak 1988–1989, 371, Pl. 6. 273 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI POKROVI (Po) BASE FRAGMENTS (D) S posodjem povezujemo pokrove, a so ti malo- Fragments of bases represent a high share (31.30% številni in najlažje prepoznani po čepih ( sl. 13: Po). or 369 pieces) of the pottery remains and are classified Razlikujemo med dvema tipoma pokrovov, pri čemer into seven types. so pogostejši kupolasto oblikovani pokrovi z običajno zaobljenim robom stojne površine ( sl. 13: Po 1). Poleg njih med obravnavanim gradivom prepoznamo še bolj Type D 1 konično oblikovane pokrove, ki imajo ravni rob stojne ploskve izvlečen navzven ( sl. 13: Po 2). Obe obliki po- Form: Flat base with a sharp or rounded base-body krovov se zaključujeta z lijakasto oblikovanimi ali z vrha junction ( Fig. 14: D 1). bolj ali manj globoko usločeni masivnimi čepi, ki so le Manufacture: Hand-built, usual y of medium-grained redko predrti ( t. 36: 7). fabric with sand temper, most frequently fired in Izdelava: Prostoročno oblikovani pokrovi iz drobno- an (incomplete) oxidising atmosphere, surface is zrnate lončarske mase, običajno z nekaj peska, so usual y smooth. največkrat (nepopolno) oksidacijsko žgani in imajo Finds: Pls. 3: 8; 9: 10; 10: 3; 11: 7,8; 14: 8,9,12; 25: 6; 30: gladko površino. 17,19; 33: 13,16; 35: 6,12,14,15; 36: 11; 38: 3,5; 42: Najdbe: Po: t. 30: 11; 95: 10; Po 1: t. 30: 12; 32: 14; 34: 8; 43: 1,3,4; 54: 4,5; 59: 8; 60: 19; 61: 20; 64: 4,6; 69: 18; 36: 7; 94: 13; Po 2: t. 11: 3; 30: 16. 17; 73: 1,2,7; 79: 2; 81: 2,16; 88: 4; 91: 11; 92: 15–18; Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Najdbe izvirajo iz hiš 3(1), 99: 6,10; 100: 10. 6(1,2), 8(2), 11(2), 14(1,2), 23(1) in 30(1,2) ter sond Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Found in almost al 1, 1A in 21-22. houses, the drainage ditch and Trenches 1, 1A, 2, Opombe: Pokrovi so redko okrašeni z metličenjem ( t. 36 and A8/3R. 30: 11). Notes: They mostly belong to jars or beakers (cf. Pl. 36: 11). The rare finer examples ( Pl. 30: 19) may also belong to dishes. DNA (D) Velik delež posodja (31,30 % ali 369 kosov) pred- Type D 2 stavljajo fragmenti dna, razvrščamo jih v 7 tipov. Form: Flat bases with a rounded or sharp saddle-like base-body junction ( Fig. 14: D 2). Tip D 1 Manufacture: Same as for the bases of Type 1. Finds: Pls. 8: 8; 10: 4; 11: 5,9,13; 13: 7,8,10; 25: 7; 32: Oblika: Ravno dno z ostrim ali zaobljenim prehodom v 17,19,21; 35: 10; 36: 14; 38: 4,9; 39: 9; 43: 5,6,9; 54: steno posode ( sl. 14: D 1). 3,11; 55: 15; 58: 9; 59: 17; 60: 20; 61: 4; 67: 4; 73: 3–5, Izdelava: Dna posod, ki so bile prostoročno oblikovane, 8–10; 81: 1,5,6,8–15, 17; 90: 4; 91: 10,12; 94: 3; 99: 7. običajno iz drobnozrnate lončarske mase s peskom, Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: From almost all in so bile največkrat (nepopolno) oksidacijsko houses, the drainage ditch and Trenches 1, 1A, 20 žgane, imajo običajno gladko površino. and A8/3R. Najdbe: t. 3: 8; 9: 10; 10: 3; 11: 7,8; 14: 8,9,12; 25: 6; 30: Notes: They mostly belong to jars. 17,19; 33: 13,16; 35: 6,12,14,15; 36: 11; 38: 3,5; 42: 8; 43: 1,3,4; 54: 4,5; 59: 8; 60: 19; 61: 20; 64: 4,6; 69: 17; 73: 1,2,7; 79: 2; 81: 2,16; 88: 4; 91: 11; 92: 15–18; Type D 3 99: 6,10; 100: 10. Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Fragmenti dna tipa 1 so bili Form: Flat bases of beakers with a rounded or sharp najdeni malodane v vseh hišah, jarku ter v sondah saddle-like base-body junction ( Fig. 14: D 3). 1, 1A, 2, 36 in A8/3R. Manufacture: Hand-built, usual y of medium-grained Opombe: Dna tipa 1 večinoma pripadajo loncem ali fabric with some sand temper, most frequently lončkom (prim. t. 36: 11). Redki bolj fini primerki fired in a reducing atmosphere with final oxidation ( t. 30: 19) lahko pripadajo tudi skledam. or in an oxidising atmosphere, surface is smooth. Finds: Pls. 10: 2; 28: 24; 35: 9; 36: 15; 64: 3; 81: 3,4,7. Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Houses 2(2), 7, 14(1,2), 15A(2), 16(1), 22(1), 22A(2) and 23(2). 274 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Sl. 14: Dna tipa 1–7 in noge tipa 1–3. Fig. 14: Bases of Types 1–7 and pedestals of Types 1–3. 275 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Tip D 2 Type D 4 Oblika: Ravno dno z zaobljenim ali ostrim sedlastim Form: Flat bases of jars with a sharp or rounded base- prehodom v steno posode ( sl. 14: D 2). body junction and brushed decoration ( Fig. 14: Izdelava: Kot dna tipa 1. D 4). Najdbe: t. 8: 8; 10: 4; 11: 5,9,13; 13: 7,8,10; 25: 7; 32: Manufacture: Hand-built, of medium-grained fabric 17,19,21; 35: 10; 36: 14; 38: 4,9; 39: 9; 43: 5,6,9; 54: with some sand temper, most frequently fired in a 3,11; 55: 15; 58: 9; 59: 17; 60: 20; 61: 4; 67: 4; 73: 3–5, reducing or an incomplete oxidising atmosphere, 8–10; 81: 1,5,6,8–15, 17; 90: 4; 91: 10,12; 94: 3; 99: 7. surface is smooth. Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Fragmenti dna tipa 2 so Finds: Pls. 1: 3; 33: 15; 35: 7,8; 35: 13; 16; 39: 8; 59: 7; 60: najdeni malodane v vseh hišah, jarku ter v sondah 16; 61: 19,21; 64: 2; 99: 9. 1, 1A, 20 in A8/3R. Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Houses 1(1,2), 6(2), 7, Opombe: Dna tipa 2 večinoma pripadajo loncem. 12(2), 14(1–3), 15 (3), 16(2), 19, 20, 22(1), 22A(1,2) and 36. Notes: They belong to the jars of Types 17 and 18. Tip D 3 Oblika: Ravna dna lončkov s ostrim ali zaobljenim Type D 5 sedlastim prehodom v steno posode ( sl. 14: D 3). Izdelava: Dna prostoročno oblikovanih lončkov, običaj- Form: Flat bases of jars with a rounded or sharp saddle- no iz drobnozrnate lončarske mase z nekaj peska; like base-body junction and brushed decoration lončki so največkrat redukcijsko žgani s končno ( Fig. 14: D 5). oksidacijo ali oksidacijsko žgani in imajo gladko Manufacture: Same as for the bases of Type 4. površino. Finds: Pls. 30: 18; 36: 13; 39: 7; 57: 8; 59: 6; 64: 5. Najdbe: t. 10: 2; 28: 24; 35: 9; 36: 15; 64: 3; 81: 3,4,7. Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Rare, from Houses Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Najdbe izvirajo iz hiš 2(2), 1(2), 8(2), 14(1,2), 15(3), 16(2), 19 and 22A(2). 7, 14(1,2), 15A(2), 16(1), 22(1), 22A(2) in 23(2). Notes: They belong to the jars of Types 17 and 18. Tip D 4 Type D 6 Oblika: Ravna dna loncev z okrasom metličenja, ki Form: Flat bases with a sharp or rounded and sometimes imajo oster ali zaobljen prehod v steno posode saddle-like base-body junction, decorated with ( sl. 14: D 4). finger or fingernail impressions ( Fig. 14: D 6). Izdelava: Dna prostoročno oblikovanih loncev iz drob- Manufacture: Same as for the bases of Type 1. nozrnate lončarske mase z nekaj peska, ki so bili Finds: Pls. 3: 7; 33: 10; 43: 2. najpogosteje redukcijsko ali nepopolno oksidacij- Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Rare, from Houses sko žgani, imajo gladko površino. 1(2), 12(2), 15A(1) and 30(2). Najdbe: t. 1: 3; 33: 15; 35: 7,8; 35: 13; 16; 39: 8; 59: 7; 60: 16; 61: 19,21; 64: 2; 99: 9. Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Najdbe izvirajo iz hiš 1(1,2), Type D 7 6(2), 7, 12(2), 14(1–3), 15 (3), 16(2), 19, 20, 22(1), 22A(1,2) in 36. Form: Ring or concave bases with a saddle-like base- Opombe: Dna pripadajo loncem tipa 17 in 18. body junction ( Fig. 14: D 7). Manufacture: Same as for the bases of Type 1. Finds: Pls. 28: 22; 61: 8; 91: 8. Tip D 5 Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Houses 3(1,2), 7, 12(2), 13, 22A(1), 23(1), 29(1) and Trench 1A. Oblika: Ravna dna loncev z okrasom metličenja, ki imajo oster ali zaobljen sedlast prehod v steno posode ( sl. 14: D 5). Izdelava: Kot dna tipa 4. Najdbe: t. 30: 18; 36: 13; 39: 7; 57: 8; 59: 6; 64: 5. Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Redke najdbe izvirajo iz hiš 1(2), 8(2), 14(1,2), 15(3), 16(2), 19 in 22A(2). Opombe: Dna pripadajo loncem tipa 17 in 18. 276 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Tip D 6 PEDESTALS (N) Oblika: Ravna dna z ostrim ali zaobljenim, lahko sedla- The pottery from Most na Soči includes several stim prehodom v steno posode, okrašena z vtisi shards of pedestals and pedestal bases that show situlae prsta ali nohta ( sl. 14: D 6). and goblets to be better represented than what can be Izdelava: Kot dna tipa 1. gleaned from the rim and body shards. I distinguish Najdbe: t. 3: 7; 33: 10; 43: 2. between relatively high conical pedestals ( Fig. 14: N 1), Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Redke najdbe izvirajo iz hiš which may belong to situlae, goblets or even pedestal 1(2), 12(2), 15A(1) in 30(2). jars, and low pedestals with an out-turned rim ( Fig. 14: N 2) that most likely belonged to goblets. The pottery remains also include several large legs ( Fig. 14: N 3), Tip D 7 which presumably belonged to vessels with three or four legs, such as are known from the tombs at Este.55 Oblika: Prstanasta in vbočena dna s sedlastim prehodom Manufacture: Hand-built, usual y of medium-grained v steno posode ( sl. 14: D 7). fabric with some sand temper, most frequently Izdelava: Lot dna tipa 1. fired in an (incomplete) oxidising atmosphere, Najdbe: t. 28: 22; 61: 8; 91: 8. surface is smooth. Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Najdbe izvirajo iz hiš 3(1,2), Finds: N 1: Pls. 35: 5; 36: 12; 55: 13; 64: 1; N 2: Pls. 9: 9; 7, 12(2), 13, 22A(1), 23(1) in 29(1) ter sonde 1A. 57: 14; 59: 10; 61: 15; 88: 2; 89: 15; 99: 2,8; N 3: 29: 4; 35: 20; 57: 12,13. Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Type 1 pedestals from NOGE (N) Houses 14(1,2), 16(1) and 22A(2); Type 2 from Houses 2(2), 14(1), 16(2), 19, 22A(1), 24(1), 25(2) Med obravnavanim gradivom je več primerkov nog and 36; Type 3 from Houses 8(1,2), 14(1) and 16(2). ali dna posod na nogi, ki kažejo, da so situle in kelihi bolj Notes: Some pedestals of Types 1 and 2 show traces of a številčno zastopani med naselbinsko keramiko, kot je to red paint ( Pls. 9: 9; 64: 1; 99: 2,8). razvidno iz fragmentov ustij in ostenij. Razlikujemo med razmeroma visokimi, stožčasto oblikovanimi nogami ( sl. 14: N 1), ki lahko pripadajo tudi loncem na nogi, ter HEARTH UTENSILS nizkimi nogami z navzven izvihano stojno ploskvijo ( sl. 14: N 2), ki pa najverjetneje pripadajo le kelihom. Poleg BAKING LIDS (Pe) teh je bilo najdeno tudi nekaj primerkov masivnih nog ( sl. 14: N 3), ki bržkone pripadajo tri- ali štirinožnikom, Baking lids are very rare finds in the settlement kot jih najdemo med gradivom iz estenskih grobnic.55 at Most na Soči (only 23 pieces). I distinguish between Izdelava: Prostoročno oblikovane noge iz običajno Type 1 with an undecorated body-apex junction, Type 2 drobnozrnate lončarske mase z nekaj peska so with this junction decorated with impressions and Type najpogosteje (nepopolno) oksidacijsko žgane in 3, which comprises completely undecorated examples, imajo gladko površino. while baking lid handles decorated with impressions Najdbe: N 1: t. 35: 5; 36: 12; 55: 13; 64: 1; N 2: t. 9: 9; 57: or incisions are treated as Type 4 ( Fig. 15: Pe 1–Pe 4). 14; 59: 10; 61: 15; 88: 2; 89: 15; 99: 2,8; N 3: 29: 4; Manufacture: Hand-built, usual y of medium-grained 35: 20; 57: 12,13. fabric with some (also coarse) sand temper, fired Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Najdbe nog tipa 1 izvirajo iz in an oxidising atmosphere, surface is most fre- hiš 14(1,2), 16(1) in 22A(2). Noge tipa 2 so najdene quently smooth. med gradivom iz hiš 2(2), 14(1), 16(2), 19, 22A(1), Finds: Pe 1: Pl. 3: 9; Pe 2: Pls. 94: 14; 96: 8–10; Pe 3: Pls. 24(1), 25(2) in 36; noge tipa 3 pa v hišah 8(1,2), 59: 2; 90: 9; Pe 4: 25: 11; 94: 12; 96: 6; 100: 12. 14(1) in 16(2). Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Houses 1(2), 6(1), 7, Opombe: Na nogah tipa 1 in 2 so lahko ohranjene sledi 10(2), 14/(1,2), 15(2), 19, 29(1), 30(1,2), the drain- rdečega premaza ( t. 9: 9; 64: 1; 99: 2,8). age ditch, as well as Trenches 2 and A8/3R. Notes: All three examples of Type 1 baking lids have a cordon on the body (cf. Pl. 3: 9). Some of the rims discussed under the dishes of Types 6 and 7 may also belong to baking lids. 55 55 Capuis, Chieco Bianchi 2006, t. 30: 11; Chieco Bianchi, Capuis, Chieco Bianchi 2006, Pl. 30: 11; Chieco Bian- Calzavara Capuis 1985, t. 192: 36,37. chi, Calzavara Capuis 1985, Pls. 192: 36,37. 277 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI OGNJIŠČNI PREDMETI PORTABLE OVENS (Pp) PEKVE (Pe) Portable ovens are much better represented (57 pieces) at Most na Soči than baking lids, but they are Pekve predstavljajo zelo majhen delež obravnava- heavily fragmented. They are classified according to the ne keramike (le 23 kosov). Po oblikovanosti prehoda shape of the pan rim. Type 1 has a smooth stand-pan56 ostenja v teme razlikujemo med pekvami tipa 1, ki junction and usual y a rounded pan rim ( Fig. 15: Pp 1). imajo neokrašen prehod, in pekvami tipa 2, za katere je Type 2 has a sharp stand-pan junction, while the rim is značilno, da imajo rob temena okrašen z vtisi. Kot pekve either rounded or flat ( Fig. 15: Pp 2). Type 3 has a slightly tipa 3 obravnavamo neokrašene, kot pekve tipa 4 pa z concave pan that does not exceed the stand by much ( Fig. vtisi ali vrezi okrašene ročaje pekev ( sl. 15: Pe 1–Pe 4). 15: Pp 3), Type 4 has a pan that does not exceed the stand Izdelava: Prostoročno oblikovane pekve, običajno iz at all ( Fig. 15: Pp 4), while all the fragments of openings drobnozrnate lončarske mase z nekaj (tudi grobe- and stands are jointly treated as Type 5 ( Fig. 15: Pp 5). ga) peska, so oksidacijsko žgane in imajo najpogo- Manufacture: Hand-built, usual y of medium-grained steje gladko površino. fabric with some sand temper, fired in an (in- Najdbe: Pe 1: t. 3: 9; Pe 2: t. 94: 14; 96: 8–10; Pe 3: t. 59: complete) oxidising atmosphere, surface is most 2; 90: 9; Pe 4: 25: 11; 94: 12; 96: 6; 100: 12. frequently smooth. Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Najdbe pekev izvirajo iz Finds: Pp 1: Pls. 33: 17; 38: 1; 67: 2; 80: 1–3,5; 99: 12; Pp hiš 1(2), 6(1), 7, 10(2), 14/(1,2), 15(2), 19, 29(1) in 2: Pls. 67: 1,3; 80: 4,6,7; Pp 3: Pls. 3: 5; 7: 2; 33: 14; 30(1,2), ter jarka in sond 2 in A8/3R. 57: 10; 58: 6; 88: 8; 89: 23; Pp 4: Pls. 65: 5; 88: 8; 89: Opombe: Vsi trije primerki pekev tipa 1 so okrašeni 25; Pp 5: Pls. 66: 8; 67: 5; 69: 13,18. z vodoravnim rebrom na ostenju (prim. t. 3: 9). Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Houses 1(1,2), 8(2), Pekvam lahko pripadajo tudi nekatera ustja, ki jih 12(2), 14(2), 15(2), 16(2), 18, 22A(2), 23(1,2), 24(2), obravnavamo kot sklede tipa 6 in 7. 26(1), 29(2), 30(1,2), 36 and Trench 1A, most nu- merously (27 pieces) from House 23, particularly its Phase 2. PRENOSNE PEČKE (Pp) Notes: Portable ovens can be decorated with U-sectioned incisions or shallow grooves ( Pls. 33: 14; 67: 2; 65: Prenosne pečke so v primerjavi s pekvami na Mo- 5; 89: 25), but can also bear brushed decoration stu na Soči bolj razširjene (57 kosov), vendar močno that in the interior may only be the consequence fragmentirane. Razvrščamo jih glede na oblikovanost of smoothing during the shaping process ( Pl. 33: roba pekača. Za pečke tipa 1 je tako značilno, da oste- 17). A wel preserved portable oven from Phase nje tekoče prehaja v izvlečeno ploščo (pekač),56 ki ima 2 of House 1 ( Pl. 7: 2) has perforations in its pan, običajno zaobljen rob ( sl. 15: Pp 1). Izvlečena plošča, ki possibly also the burnt and slightly deformed frag- ima ali zaobljen ali ravno odrezan rob, je značilna tudi ment from House 22A ( Pl. 65: 5). za pečke tipa 2, vendar je zanje značilen oster prehod v ostenje ( sl. 15: Pp 2). Pri pečkah tipa 3 plošča ni tako izrazito izvlečena iz ostenja, je pa vedno nekoliko uslo- PLATTERS (Pl) čena ( sl. 15: Pp 3), medtem ko je značilnost prenosnih pečk tipa 4, da plošča iz ostenja ni izvlečena ( sl. 15: Pp Platters are in principle a form of low tableware, but 4). Vse fragmente vrat in ostenja obravnavamo kot those from Most na Soči frequently show a burnt upper prenosne pečke tipa 5 ( sl. 15: Pp 5). surface suggesting they served as low baking pans, which Izdelava: Prenosne pečke so prostoročno oblikovane, led me to classify them under hearth utensils. They are običajno iz drobnozrnate lončarske mase z nekaj rare and varied finds, and all have a short everted rim peska, in so (nepopolno) oksidacijsko žgane. Po- ( Fig. 15: Pl). vršina je najpogosteje gladka. Manufacture: Hand-built, of medium-grained fabric, Najdbe: Pp 1: t. 33: 17; 38: 1; 67: 2; 80: 1–3,5; 99: 12; Pp usual y with some sand temper, fired in an (in- 2: t. 67: 1,3; 80: 4,6,7; Pp 3: t. 3: 5; 7: 2; 33: 14; 57: complete) oxidising atmosphere, surface is smooth. 10; 58: 6; 88: 8; 89: 23; Pp 4: t. 65: 5; 88: 8; 89: 25; Finds: Pls. 30: 15; 63: 13; 94: 15. Pp 5: t. 66: 8; 67: 5; 69: 13,18. Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Houses 8(2), 14(1), Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Najdbe izvirajo iz hiš 1(1,2), 16(2), 22A(2), 30(1) and Trench 21-22. 8(2), 12(2), 14(2), 15(2), 16(2), 18, 22A(2), 23(1,2), Notes: The platter from House 8 ( Pl. 30: 15) is compara- 24(2), 26(1), 29(2), 30(1,2) in 36 ter sonde 1A. Pri ble with a platter from a tomb in Vil a Benvenuti tem daleč največ primerkov (27 kosov) izvira iz hiše at Este.57 56 Cf. Grahek 2016, 182 ff, Fig. 50. 56 57 Prim. Grahek 2016, 182 ss, sl. 50. Capuis, Chieco Bianchi 2006, Pl. 118: 20. 278 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Sl. 15: Prenosne pečke tipa 1–5, pekve tipa 1–4, pladnji (Pl) in ognjiščne koze (Ok). Fig. 15: Portable ovens of Types 1–5, baking lids of Types 1–4, platters (Pl) and firedogs (Ok). 279 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI 23, kjer so bolj številčno zastopane med gradivom FIREDOGS (Ok) iz 2. gradbene faze. Opombe: Prenosne pečke so lahko okrašene s topimi The pottery from Most na Soči includes several vrezi ali plitkimi kanelurami ( t. 33: 14; 67: 2; 65: fragments of firedogs ( Fig. 15: Ok). 5; 89: 25), lahko tudi z metličenjem, pri čemer Manufacture: Hand-built, usual y of medium-grained predstavlja metličenje na notranji strani ostenja fabric with some (also coarse) sand temper, fired zgolj sledi brisanja ob izdelavi predmeta ( t. 33: 17). in an oxidising atmosphere, surface is smooth. Preluknjano ploščo ima bolje ohranjena prenosna Finds: Pl. 74: 1,2. pečka iz 2. faze hiše 1 ( t. 7: 2), morda pa tudi Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Houses 1(2), 6(1), prežgan in nekoliko deformiran fragment iz hiše 14(2) and 23(1). 22A ( t. 65: 5). Notes: All are undecorated with the exception of a frag- ment of a finial in the shape of a stylised animal (ram’s) head ( Pl. 74: 1). PLADNJI (Pl) Čeprav so pladnji oblika nizkega servisnega po- CERAMIC RINGS (S) sodja, jih obravnavamo med ognjiščnimi predmeti. Fra- gmenti pladnjev z Mosta na Soči imajo namreč pogosto Ceramic rings are by far the most numerously rep- ožgano zgornjo površino, kar nakazuje, da so služili kot resented (85.08% or 519 pieces) hearth utensils at Most nizki pekači. Gre za redke in raznolike najdbe, ki pa na Soči. They have been classified into thirteen types. imajo vse nizko in navzven usmerjeno ustje ( sl. 15: Pl). Manufacture: Hand-built, most frequently of medium- Izdelava: Pladnji so prostoročno oblikovani iz drobno- grained fabric with some sand temper (possibly zrnate lončarske mase, običajno z nekaj peska. So also made of a poorly kneaded clay with coarse (nepopolno) oksidacijsko žgani in imajo gladko sand temper), usually fired in an oxidising at- površino. mosphere and some only dried, surface is usual y Najdbe: t. 30: 15; 63: 13; 94: 15. smooth, on the burnt rings also dusty. Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Najdbe izvirajo iz hiš 8(2), 14(1), 16(2), 22A(2) in 30(1) ter sonde 21-22. Opombe: Pladenj iz hiše 8 ( t. 30: 15) lahko primerjamo Type S 1 z najdbo iz estenske grobnice Vil a Benvenuti.57 Form: Undecorated rings ( Fig. 16: S 1) Finds: Pls. 1: 5; 4: 1–6, 12–17; 10: 6,7,9,11; 12: 3,5– OGNJIŠČNE KOZE (Ok) 10,13–16; 15: 1,3,5,7–9,11–13; 23: (2258),23; 27: 24; 31: 4,24; 32: 25; 33: 22; 35: 16,18; 38: 8,10–15; 43: Med obravnavanim gradivom je nekaj fragmentov 13–18; 44: 1,3,5–9; 54: 12–14; 56: 1–7; 57: 15; 58: ognjiščnih koz ( sl. 15: Ok). 11–13,15–18,20–22; 59: 21; 60: 21; 64: 10,12–17; Izdelava: Koze so prostoročno izdelane, običajno iz 67: 7,10; 68: 2,8,11,14,15,18,19,21; 75: 16–18; 76: drobnozrnate lončarske mase z nekaj (tudi gro- 1–9,11–14,16,17,19–24; 82: 1–15,17,19–24; 83: bega) peska, in so oksidacijsko žgane. Površino 1–24; 85: 1–3; 88: 5; 89: 8; 91: 17–19; 94: 17,18; 96: imajo gladko. 11–19; 99: 14,16; 100: 14,15. Najdbe: t. 74: 1,2. Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Houses 1(1,2), 2(2), Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Najdbe izvirajo iz hiš 1(2), 3(1,2), 6(1,2), 8(2), 10(2), 11(2), 13, 14(1–3), 15(2), 6(1), 14(2) in 23(1). 15A(1,3), 16(1,2), 18, 21, 22(1), 22A(2), 23(1,2), Opombe: Razen fragmenta koze z zaključkom v obliki 24(1), 25(1), 26(1), 29(1,2), 30(1,2), 36, the drain- stilizirane živalske (ovnove?) glave ( t. 74: 1) so age ditch, the path at House 23, as well as Trenches neokrašene. 1, 1A, 2, 36 and A8/3R. Notes: The undecorated ceramic rings rarely occur as grave goods at Most na Soči.59 SVITKI (S) Daleč največji delež ognjiščne keramike predsta- vljajo fragmenti svitkov (85,08 % ali 519 kosov), ki jih 58 The ceramic ring of Inv. No. P 4261-4 is associated po obliki razvrščamo v 13 tipov. with Phase 1 of House 3 and is il ustrated on Pl. 15: 1 (cf. Izdelava: Svitki so oblikovani prostoročno, najpogosteje Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 233 and 235). iz drobnozrnate lončarske mase z nekaj peska. 59 Teržan et al. 1984–1985, Pls. 50: D/2; 235: B/2; 237: 57 Capuis, Chieco Bianchi 2006, t. 118: 20. C/4–5. 280 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Drobnozrnati svitki so lahko izdelani tudi iz slabo Type S 2 pregnetene mase s primesmi zelo grobega peska. Običajno so oksidacijsko žgani, nekateri primerki Form: Small undecorated rings ( Fig. 16: S 2) pa so bili le sušeni. Običajno imajo gladko površino, Finds: Pls. 12: 2,4; 38: 7; 58: 10; 67: 6,8,9,11,12,14; 68: prežgani svitki tudi prašnato. 1,3,4,6,7,9,10,12,13,16; 77: 1,3–7,10–12,14,15; 81: 18–25; 99: 13; 100: 13. Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Houses 1(2), 3(1), Tip S 1 15(2), 15A(1), 18, 21, 22, 23(1,2), 26(1), 36 and the drainage ditch, most numerously from House Oblika: Neokrašeni svitki ( sl. 16: S 1) 23 (47 of 58 pieces), particularly from its Phase 1. Najdbe: t. 1: 5; 4: 1–6, 12–17; 10: 6,7,9,11; 12: 3,5–10,13– Notes: These rings may have been used as loom weights.60 16; 15: 1,3,5,7–9,11–13; 23: (2258),23; 27: 24; 31: Such items have been found together with numer- 4,24; 32: 25; 33: 22; 35: 16,18; 38: 8,10–15; 43: ous bobbins in a tomb in Casa di Ricovero at Este.61 13–18; 44: 1,3,5–9; 54: 12–14; 56: 1–7; 57: 15; 58: 11–13,15–18,20–22; 59: 21; 60: 21; 64: 10,12–17; 67: 7,10; 68: 2,8,11,14,15,18,19,21; 75: 16–18; 76: Type S 3 1–9,11–14,16,17,19–24; 82: 1–15,17,19–24; 83: 1–24; 85: 1–3; 88: 5; 89: 8; 91: 17–19; 94: 17,18; 96: Form: Rings decorated with U-sectioned incisions in the 11–19; 99: 14,16; 100: 14,15. shape of a cross that come in two variants: 3a are Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Najdbe izvirajo iz hiš 1(1,2), smaller rings and 3b have the cross on the upper 2(2), 3(1,2), 6(1,2), 8(2), 10(2), 11(2), 13, 14(1–3), surface ( Fig. 16: S 3). 15(2), 15A(1,3), 16(1,2), 18, 21, 22(1), 22A(2), Finds: Pls. 67: 13; 68: 17,20; 69: 2,5,8,11; 74: 8–20,22; 84: 23(1,2), 24(1), 25(1), 26(1), 29(1,2), 30(1,2) in 36 ter 5,8,10,11,14–16,18–20,22–24; S 3a: 69: 6,12,16; 84: jarka, poti pri hiši 23 in sond 1, 1A, 2, 36 in A8/3R. 6,9; S 3b: 30: 21; 32: 20; 54: 10; 75: 1. Opombe: Neokrašeni svitki so na Mostu na Soči izjemno Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Types 3 and 3a only redko najdeni tudi kot grobni pridatek.59 from House 23 (1,2), Type 3b from Houses 1(2), 8(2), 11(2), 15A(3), 21, 23(1), as well as Trenches 1 and 36. Tip S 2 Notes: Standing apart from all other Type 3 examples is a ring with one horizontal and several vertical Oblika: Majhni neokrašeni svitki ( sl. 16: S 2) incisions along the side ( Pl. 84: 19). The rings of Najdbe: t. 12: 2,4; 38: 7; 58: 10; 67: 6,8,9,11,12,14; 68: Variant 3b include an example from House 18 with 1,3,4,6,7,9,10,12,13,16; 77: 1,3–7,10–12,14,15; 81: a single vertical incision at the side ( Pl. 58: 19). 18–25; 99: 13; 100: 13. Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Najdbe izvirajo iz hiš 1(2), 3(1), 15(2), 15A(1), 18, 21, 22, 23(1,2), 26(1) in 36 Type S 4 ter jarka. Daleč največ primerkov izvira iz hiše 23 (47 od 58 kosov), kjer so pogostejši med gradivom Form: Rings with a U-sectioned incision or a shallow 1. faze. groove on the upper surface ( Fig. 16: S 4). Opombe: Majhni svitki so lahko služili kot uteži za sta- Finds: Pls. 15: 2,6,10,16–18; 23: 24; 64: 11. tve.60 Takšni svitki so bili skupaj s številnimi motki Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Except an uncharacter- najdeni v estenski grobnici Casa di Ricovero.61 istic example from Phase 2 of House 22A ( Pl. 64: 11) all come from House 3, of which all but one are associated with its Phase 1. Tip S 3 Oblika: Svitki, ki so ob strani okrašeni s topima vrezoma Type S 5 v obliki križa. Kot inačico 3a obravnavamo majhne Form: Rings with oblique U-sectioned incisions on the 58 Svitek inv. št. P 4261-4 izvira iz 1. gradbene faze hiše upper side, usual y forming the letter V ( Fig. 16: S 5). 3 in je predstavljen že na t. 15: 1 (prim. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, Finds: Pls. 4: 8; 64: 9; 75: 2. 233 in 235). Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Rare, from Houses 59 Teržan et al. 1984–1985, t. 50: D/2; 235: B/2; 237: 1(2), 16(1), 22A(2) and 23(1). C/4–5. 60 60 Prim. Sainati, Salerno 1992, 92, sl. 8: (19,20,)21; Cf. Sainati, Salerno 1992, 92, Fig. 8: (19,20,)21; Bazza- Bazzanel a, Mayr 2009, 194 ss, t. 11–20. nel a, Mayr 2009, 194 ff, Pls. 11–20. 61 61 Chieco Bianchi, Calzavara Capuis 1985, t. 13: o–u. Chieco Bianchi, Calzavara Capuis 1985, Pl. 13: o–u. 281 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI svitke; za svitke tipa 3b je značilno, da imajo okras Type S 6 na zgornji strani ( sl. 16: S 3) Najdbe: t. 67: 13; 68: 17,20; 69: 2,5,8,11; 74: 8–20,22; 84: Form: Rings with horizontal U-sectioned incisions along 5,8,10,11,14–16,18–20,22–24; S 3a: 69: 6,12,16; 84: the side ( Fig. 16: S 6). 6,9; S 3b: 30: 21; 32: 20; 54: 10; 75: 1. Finds: Pls. 68: 5; 74: 21; 75: 15; 76: 10,15,18; 77: 2,13; 82: Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Svitki tipa 3 in 3a izvirajo 16; 84: 4,7,12,13,17,21. izključno iz hiše 23 (1,2), svitki tipa 3b pa iz hiš 1(2), Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Only from House 8(2), 11(2), 15A(3), 21 in 23(1) ter sond 1 in 36. 23(1,2). Opombe: Med svitki tipa 3 nekoliko odstopa prime- rek, ki je ob strani okrašen z vodoravnim in več navpičnimi vrezi ( t. 84: 19); k svitkom tipa 3b pa Type S 7 prištevamo posamični primerek svitka iz hiše 18, ki ima ob strani le navpičen topi vrez ( t. 58: 19). Form: Rings with an impressed circle at the side ( Fig. 16: S 7). Finds: Pls. 69: 4,7,10; 75: 7–9,13; 84: 2,3. Tip S 4 Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Only from House 23(1,2), mostly its Phase 1. Oblika: Svitki, ki so na zgornji strani okrašeni s krožnim topim vrezom ali plitko kaneluro ( sl. 16: S 4). Najdbe: t. 15: 2,6,10,16–18; 23: 24; 64: 11. Type S 8 Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Z izjemo neznačilnega primerka iz 2. gradbene faze hiše 22A ( t. 64: 11) Form: Rings with impressed circles on the upper surface izvirajo vsi svitki tipa 4 iz hiše 3. Tu so bili z izjemo ( Fig. 16: S 8). enega primerka vsi najdeni v starejši fazi. Finds: Pls. 4: 7,9–11; 12: 18; 32: 24; 56: 8–14; 75: 14; 100: 16. Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Mainly from House Tip S 5 16(1,2), all but one from its Phase 1, and from Phase 2 of House 1,62 individual examples also from Oblika: Svitki, ki so na zgornji strani okrašeni s prečnim Houses 3(1), 11(2), 23(1) and the drainage ditch. topim vrezom, največkrat v obliki črke V ( sl. 16: S 5). Najdbe: t. 4: 8; 64: 9; 75: 2. Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Redke najdbe izvirajo iz hiš Type S 9 1(2), 16(1), 22A(2) in 23(1). Form: Rings with a series of (finger) impressions on the upper surface ( Fig. 16: S 9). Tip S 6 Finds: Pls. 1: 8,10,12; 12: 17; 31: 23; 33: 21; 75: 4,5; 82: 18. Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Houses 1(1), 3(1), Oblika: Svitki z okrasom vodoravnega topega vreza ob 10(2), 11(2), 13, 14(2), 15A(1), 23(1,2) and the strani ( sl. 16: S 6). drainage ditch, with more than one example only Najdbe: t. 68: 5; 74: 21; 75: 15; 76: 10,15,18; 77: 2,13; 82: recovered from Houses 1 and 23. 16; 84: 4,7,12,13,17,21. Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Najdbe izvirajo izključno iz hiše 23(1,2). Type S 10 Form: Rings with impressions randomly positioned Tip S 7 along the upper surface ( Fig. 16: S 10). Finds: Pls. 12: 19,20; 15: 14; 33: 23; 69: 3. Oblika: Svitki, ki so ob stani okrašeni z vtisnjenim krož- Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: House 3(1), single cem ( sl. 16: S 7). examples also from Houses 13 and 23(1). Najdbe: t. 69: 4,7,10; 75: 7–9,13; 84: 2,3. Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Vse najdbe izvirajo iz hiše 23(1,2), in to predvsem starejše faze. 62 At the time of my analysis, the ceramic rings from House 1 have been misplaced and the analysis therefore uses the technological descriptions as published in Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 230. 282 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Sl. 16: Svitki tipa 1–13. Fig. 16: Ceramic rings of Types 1–13. 283 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Tip S 8 Type S 11 Oblika: Svitki z okrasom vtisnjenih krožcev na zgornji Form: Rings with a finger impression at the side ( Fig. površini ( sl. 16: S 8). 16: S 11). Najdbe: t. 4: 7,9–11; 12: 18; 32: 24; 56: 8–14; 75: 14; Finds: Pls. 10: 8; 12: 12; 15: 4,15; 44: 2,4; 58: 14; 75: 100: 16. 6,10–12. Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Svitki tipa 8 so značilni Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Houses 2(2), 3(1), predvsem za hišo 16(1,2), kjer so bili z izjemo enega 8(2), 15A(1), 18 and 23(1), most numerously from vsi najdeni med gradivom starejše gradbene faze, Houses 23 and 3. in pa 2. fazo hiše 1.62 Posamični primerki svitkov tipa 8 izvirajo še iz hiš 3(1), 11(2) in 23(1) ter jarka. Type S 12 Tip S 9 Form: Small rings with a finger impression at the side ( Fig. 16: S 12). Oblika: Svitki, ki so na zgornji površini okrašeni z nizom Finds: Pls. 1: 4; 69: 9; 77: 8,9; 84: 1. vtisov (prsta) ( sl. 16: S 9). Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: House 23(1,2) and a Najdbe: t. 1: 8,10,12; 12: 17; 31: 23; 33: 21; 75: 4,5; 82: 18. single example from House 1(1). Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Najdbe izvirajo iz hiš 1(1), 3(1), 10(2), 11(2), 13, 14(2), 15A(1) in 23(1,2) ter jarka, pri čemer je bilo po več primerkov najdenih Type S 13 le v hišah 1 in 23. Form: Rings with oblique U-sectioned incisions on the upper surface. Those with traces of the drying Tip S 10 process in the shape of a shal ow impressed groove or of wooden board impressions ( Fig. 16: S 13) are Oblika: Svitki z okrasom nerazvrščenih vtisov na zgornji marked as Variant 13a. površini ali ob strani ( sl. 16: S 10). Finds: S 13: Pls. 12: 11; 75: 3; 85: 4; S 13a: Pls. 59: 19; Najdbe: t. 12: 19,20; 15: 14; 33: 23; 69: 3. 94: 16. Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Svitki tipa 10 so značilni Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Rare, from Houses predvsem za hišo 3(1), saj sta bila v hiši 13 in 23(1) 3(1), 21, 23(1,2) and 30(1). najdena le posamična primerka. MISCELLANEOUS OBJECTS Tip S 11 BOBBINS (M) Oblika: Svitki, ki so ob strani okrašeni z vtisom prsta ( sl. 16: S 11). Bobbins are usual y associated with spinning and Najdbe: t. 10: 8; 12: 12; 15: 4,15; 44: 2,4; 58: 14; 75: the production of textile.63 At Most na Soči, I distinguish 6,10–12. between two variants: the M a bobbins have a roundly Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Najdbe izvirajo iz hiš 2(2), constricted central section with a smooth transition into 3(1), 8(2), 15A(1), 18 in 23(1), pri čemer so svitki the usual y spherical ends, while the M b bobbins have tipa 11 najbolj značilni za hiši 23 in 3. a cylindrical central section ( Fig. 17: M). Manufacture: Hand-built, most frequently of medium- grained fabric with some sand temper, usual y fired Tip S 12 in an (incomplete) oxidising atmosphere, surface is smooth. Oblika: Majhni svitki, ki so ob strani okrašeni z vtisom Finds: M a: Pls. 38: 16; 69: 1; 74: 3–7; 85: 5; 100: 18; M prsta ( sl. 16: S 12). b: Pls. 88: 6; 100: 17,19. Najdbe: t. 1: 4; 69: 9; 77: 8,9; 84: 1. Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Houses 15(2), 23(1,2), Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Z izjemo enega primerka 24(1) and the path at House 27, most numerously iz hiše 1(1) izvirajo svitki tipa 12 le iz hiše 23(1,2). from Phase 1 of House 23. Notes: A bobbin found on the path is decorated with a pair of U-sectioned incisions ( Pl. 100: 17) and 62 V času obravnave so bili svitki iz hiše 1 založeni, zato so bili pri analizi upoštevani opisi tehnoloških lastnosti po 63 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 230. Cf. Grahek 2016, 187. 284 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Tip S 13 has close parallels from the tombs at Este,64 where bobbins are even commoner that in the graves at Oblika: Svitki, ki so na zgornji površini okrašeni s po- Most na Soči.65 ševnimi topimi vrezi. Kot inačico 13a obravnavamo primerke svitkov s sledmi sušenja v obliki vtisnje- nega plitkega žleba ali odtisov deske ( sl. 16: S 13). WEIGHTS (U) AND SPINDLE WHORLS (Vr) Najdbe: S 13: t. 12: 11; 75: 3; 85: 4; S 13a: t. 59: 19; 94: 16. Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Redke najdbe izvirajo iz hiš Weights are rare at this Iron Age settlement. 3(1), 21, 23(1,2) in 30(1). Pyramidal weights are usual y associated with textile production, though the settlement mainly yielded large weights ( Fig. 17: U), which may have served as spit DRUGI KERAMIČNI PREDMETI stands and therefore represent hearth utensils.66 The only weight that may be interpreted as a typical loom MOTKI (M) weight is marked as Variant U a; it is made of a better- quality medium-grained fabric and bears impressed Motke običajno povezujemo s predilstvom in circles ( Pl. 65: 3). tekstilno obrtjo.63 Razlikujemo med dvema inačicama Manufacture: Large weights are hand-built, of coarse- motkov. Za prvo (M a) je značilno, da zožen sredinski del grained fabric with some sand temper, poorly fired tekoče prehaja v običajno kroglasto odebeljena konca; in an oxidising atmosphere, surface is rough. za drugo inačico (M b) pa, da je sredinski del valjasto Finds: Pls. 1: 9,11; 10: 10. oblikovan ( sl. 17: M). Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Large weights from Izdelava: Prostoročno oblikovani motki, najpogosteje Houses 1(1) and 2(2); the only example of a typical iz drobnozrnate lončarske mase z nekaj peska, so loom weight was found in House 22A(2). običajno (nepopolno) oksidacijsko žgani in imajo gladko površino. Spindle whorls are also rare at the settlement ( Fig. Najdbe: M a: t. 38: 16; 69: 1; 74: 3–7; 85: 5; 100: 18; M b: 17: Vr). The graves at Most na Soči did yield some spin- t. 88: 6; 100: 17,19. dle whorls,67 but they are more frequent in the graves Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Najdbe izvirajo iz hiš 15(2), at Tolmin68 that date to the earliest period of the Sveta 23(1,2) in 24(1) ter s poti ob hiši 27, pri čemer je Lucija group, i.e. the Sv. Lucija Ia phase.69 bilo največ motkov najdenih v 1. gradbeni fazi Manufacture: Hand-built, of fine- or medium-grained hiše 23. fabric usual y with some sand temper, most fre- Opombe: S topima vrezoma je okrašen primerek motka quently fired in an oxidising atmosphere, surface s poti ( t. 100: 17), ki mu lahko dobre primerjave is smooth. najdemo v estenskih grobnicah.64 Tu so motki še Finds: Pls. 23: 12; 59: 9; 97: 4. bolj razširjeni kot v grobovih iz Mosta na Soči.65 Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Individual and differ- ing examples from Houses 3(2), 12(2), 19 and 31(1). UTEŽI (U) IN VRETENCA (Vr) CERAMIC BALLS AND CASTING UTENSILS (Liv.) Uteži sodijo med izjemno redke najdbe iz obravna- vanega železnodobnega naselja. Običajno piramidalne The ceramic finds from the settlement include three uteži povezujemo s tekstilstvom, vendar so bile na Mostu bal s associated with Phase 2 of House 15A.70 All are na Soči najdene predvsem velike uteži ( sl. 17: U), ki so hand-built, made of sand-tempered medium-grained lahko služile tudi kot nosila za raženj in bi tako sodile fabric and fired in an incomplete oxidising atmosphere, med ognjiščne predmete.66 Kot inačica a (U a) je tako 64 Capuis, Chieco Bianchi 2006, Pl. 26: a2; Chieco Bian- označena bolj kvalitetno iz drobnozrnate lončarske mase chi, Calzavara Capuis 1985, Pls. 13: i–m; 31: 39; 71: r; 187: izdelana in z vtisnjenimi krožci okrašena utež ( t. 65: 3), n3,o; 228: 8. ki bržkone edina sodi med tipične uteži za statve. 65 Bobbins have been found in Graves 652, 937, 989, 1045, 1293, 1747, 1764, 2321 and 2671, as well as near Graves 63 Prim. Grahek 2016, 187. 1299 and 2654 excavated by Marchesetti (Marchesetti 1893, 64 Capuis, Chieco Bianchi 2006, t. 26: a2; Chieco Bianchi, 29 ff). 66 Calzavara Capuis 1985, t. 13: i–m; 31: 39; 71: r; 187: n3,o; Cf. Grahek 2016, 186, Pl. 64: 8. 67 228: 8. Teržan et al. 1984–1985, Pls. 32: H/6; 152: C/1; Mar- 65 Motki so bili najdeni v grobovih 652, 937, 989, 1045, chesetti 1885, 106: Gr. 139; id. 1893, 111: Gr. 2520, Pl. 25: 10. 68 1293, 1747, 1764, 2321 in 2671 ter v bližini grobov 1299 in Svoljšak, Pogačnik 2002, 70 ff, Fig. 65. 69 2654 iz Marchesettijevih izkopavanj (Marchesetti 1893, 29 ss). Teržan, Trampuž 1975, 419. 66 70 Prim. Grahek 2016, 186, t. 64: 8. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 132 f, Fig. 122. 285 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Izdelava: Velike uteži so prostoročno oblikovane iz gro- with finger impressions clearly visible on the smoothed bozrnate lončarske mase z nekaj peska. So slabše surface. Their function is unknown. oksidacijsko žgane in imajo hrapavo površino. Much clearer is the function of the different ladles Najdbe: t. 1: 9,11; 10: 10. and crucibles associated with the casting process ( Fig. Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Velike uteži izvirajo iz hiš 17: Liv.).71 1(1) in 2(2); edini primerek tipične uteži za statve Manufacture: Hand-built, of medium-grained fabric pa je bil najden v hiši 22A(2). with some (occasional y coarse) sand temper, fired in an oxidising atmosphere, surface is smooth Poleg uteži so tudi vretenca med obravnavanim except on the burnt-through crucible.72 gradivom zastopana le s posamičnimi primerki ( sl. 17: Finds: Pls. 24: 5; 38: 6; 64: 8; 96: 7. Vr). Nekaj vretenc najdemo tudi v grobovih iz Mosta Chrono-stratigrap hic attribution: Houses 4, 15(2), na Soči,67 vendar so ta še najbolj razširjena v grobovih 22A(2), 23(2) and 30(2). iz Tolmina,68 ki pa sodijo na sam začetek svetolucijske skupine ali čas stopnje Sv. Lucija Ia.69 Izdelava: Vretenca so prostoročno oblikovana iz fino- IMPORTED AND LA TÈNE POTTERY (Lt-rim.) ali drobnozrnate lončarske mase, običajno z nekaj peska. Najpogosteje so oksidacijsko žgana in imajo House 5 revealed a well-preserved Attic skyphos gladko površino. with black painted decoration ( Pl. 25: 1).73 It is a Saint Najdbe: t. 23: 12; 59: 9; 97: 4. Valentin skyphos74 that was thrown on the wheel, made Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Posamezni raznoliki pri- of a highly refined and very fine-grained fabric, and fired merki so bili najdeni v hišah 3(2), 12(2), 19 in 31(1). in an oxidising atmosphere. The adjacent cemetery yield- ed a bronze Etruscan oinochoe,75 but also several pieces of Greek pottery that comprise three Ionian kylikes,76 KERAMIČNE KROGLE IN LIVARSKI PREDMETI an owl skyphos 77 and a long-lost ceramic oinochoe.78 (Liv.) Together, these items point to close trade relations that the Hal statt-period inhabitants maintained with the Med drugimi, posebnimi keramičnimi predmeti highly developed cultures of the Mediterranean. izstopa najdba treh krogel iz 2. gradbene faze hiše 15A.70 The unique goblet with a horizontally grooved Vse so prostoročno oblikovane iz značilne drobnozrnate shoulder and a vertical rim from Phase 1 of House 6 ( Pl. lončarske mase s primešanim peskom in nepopolno 25: 8) is probably also an import. It is comparable with oksidacijsko žgane, na glajeni površini so dobro vidni the cordoned goblets from the tombs at Este, though odtisi prstov. Čemu so služile, ostaja nerazjasnjeno. these usual y have a short everted rim.79 The ceramic Bolj jasna je uporaba posamičnih najdb zajemalk in finds from the settlement include several other pieces talilnih lončkov, ki jih povezujemo z livarsko dejavnostjo of imported pottery, but these are associated with the ( sl. 17: Liv.).71 remains from the Late Iron Age. Izdelava: Prostoročno oblikovani predmeti iz drobno- zrnate lončarske mase z nekaj (lahko tudi grobega) The main characteristics of the La Tène period are peska so bili vsi oksidacijsko žgani. Razen prež- the appearance of graphite ware and the use of the fast ganega talilnega lončka72 imajo gladko površino. wheel. The small finds associated with the occupation Najdbe: t. 24: 5; 38: 6; 64: 8; 96: 7. at Most na Soči in the Late Iron Age ( Fig. 17: Lt-rim.) Stratigrafsko-kronološki oris: Predmeti, ki jih povezuje- mo z livarsko dejavnostjo, izvirajo iz hiš 4, 15(2), 71 See Šmit, Lahranar hic . 22A(2), 23(2) in 30(2). 72 Inv. No. P 5840 = burnt and partial y deformed frag- ment of a spouted beaker associated with Phase 2 of House 23. 73 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 70, Fig. 56. 74 UVOŽENA IN LATENSKA KERAMIKA (Lt-rim.) Baldelli, Landolfi, Lollini 1982, 91; Maccel ari 2002, vol. I, 129 f, 180, 247, vol. II, Pls. 80, 109, 237. 75 Grave M-3145 (Vitri 1980, Figs. 1: 3; 2). V hiši 5 je bil najden dobro ohranjen že na vretenu 76 Grave M-2850 (Marchesetti 1893, 127 f, Pl. 6: 9; cf. oblikovan atiški skifos iz dobro prečiščene, zelo finozr- Vitri 1980, 276), Grave S-1002 (Teržan et al. 1984–1985, 187, 67 Teržan et al. 1984–1985, t. 32: H/6; 152: C/1; Marchesetti Pl. 288: 2) and Grave S-1008 ( ibid., 188, Pl. 104: 13). 77 1885, 106: gr. 139; id. 1893, 111: gr. 2520, t. 25: 10. Grave 1 from Pucarjev rob (Mlinar 2002, 28 ff; id. 68 Svoljšak, Pogačnik 2002, 70 ss, sl. 65. 2008, Pl. 2: 1). 69 78 Teržan, Trampuž 1975, 419. Grave M-1026 (Marchesetti 1893, 47, Pl. 6: 10; cf. Vitri 70 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 132s, sl. 122. 1980, Fn. 32). 71 79 Šmit, Laharnar hic . Capuis, Chieco Bianchi 2006, Pl. 98: 13; Chieco Bian- 72 Inv. št. P 5840 = prežgan in delno deformiran fragment chi, Calzavara Capuis 1985, Pls. 135: 41,42; 231: 7,8; 248: 5; lončka z izlivom, ki izvira iz 2. gradbene faze hiše 23. 260: B/7; 284: 37. 286 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Sl. 17: Motki (M), vretenca (Vr), uteži (U), livarski predmeti (liv.) in latenska keramika (Lt-rim.) Fig. 17: Bobbins (M), spindle whorls (Vr), weights (U), casting utensils (liv.) and La Tène pottery (Lt-rim.) 287 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI nate lončarske mase ( t. 25: 1).73 Oksidacijsko žgan skifos represent a small share of the finds discussed here (1.52% je okrašen s črno poslikavo in sodi med skifose tipa Saint or 31 pieces). Valentin.74 Skupaj z najdbami grške keramike iz posa- The objects interpreted as the remains of the La mičnih grobov kaže vsaj na močne trgovske povezave Tène habitation are the jars that only differ from the halštatskih prebivalcev Mosta na Soči z drugimi visoko undecorated jars of Type 8 and the brushed jars of Type razvitimi mediteranskimi kulturami. Poleg bronaste 17 in the production technique. Some jars of this period etruščanske ojnohoje ( oinohoa)75 so bili na grobišču are still hand-built (cf. Pls. 97: 16; 98: 4), while others are obravnavanega naselja namreč najdeni še trije jonski at least finished on the wheel and most commonly deco- kiliksi ( kylix),76 sovji skifos ( skyphos)77 in že dolgo časa rated with brushing.80 They were found in Houses 34 and izgubljena ojnohoja.78 35(2), as wel as Trench A8/3R. House 35(2) also yielded Uvožen kos je bržkone tudi unikaten primerek a fragment of a wheel-finished jar with a high external y keliha z vodoravno kaneliranimi rameni in pokončnim thickened rim ( Pl. 98: 6). In form, it is comparable with ustjem iz 1. faze hiše 6 ( t. 25: 8). Primerjamo ga lahko z the Late La Tène jars of Type 37b from Stična,81 though vodoravno narebrenimi kelihi iz estenskih grobnic, ki in its technological characteristics it is closer to the Early pa imajo praviloma kratko izvihano ustje.79 Med obrav- Roman Auerberg jars, such as have been found in the navanim gradivom je še več kosov uvožene keramike, ki ustrinum at Repelc.82 The jar of medium-grained fabric pa jih povezujemo z ostalinami iz mlajše železne dobe. with a substantial amount of limestone sand temper has a greasy black-grey surface in which it is closest to the Tudi za svetolucijsko skupino velja, da sta z vidika Group 1 Auerberg jars from Friuli.83 keramike glavni značilnosti nove latenske dobe pojav The rare shards of graphite ware do not allow us grafitne keramike in uporaba hitrega lončarskega vrete- to perform a more detailed typological analysis (cf. na. Vse najdbe, ki jih povezujemo s poselitvijo Mosta na Pl. 97: 19). Apart from the graphite ware proper, such Soči v mlajši železni dobi ( sl. 17: Lt-rim.), predstavljajo as also came to light on the ustrinum at Repelc,84 the zelo majhen delež tu obravnavanih najdb (1,52 % ali finds from the settlement at Most na Soči include those 31 kosov). of which the fabric contains less graphite.85 The finds Z ostalinami latenske poselitve tako povezujemo of the typical graphite ware were unearthed in Houses najdbe loncev, ki se od neokrašenih loncev tipa 8 ali z 3(2), 11(2) and 33. metličenjem okrašenih loncev tipa 17 lahko razlikujejo The Late La Tène habitation is marked by imports of le po načinu izdelave. Poleg prostoročno oblikovanih Roman pottery. These include rim shards of Lamboglia primerkov (prim. t. 97: 16; 98: 4) se sedaj namreč po- 2 ( Pl. 98: 9) and Dressel 6B ( Pl. 98: 11) amphorae. Judg- javljajo tudi na vretenu vsaj dodelani in najpogosteje z ing from their fabric, which corresponds with that of S metličenjem okrašeni lonci.80 Ti so zastopani med gra- 1 from Sermin,86 and the lighter pale brown colour, the divom iz hiš 34 in 35(2) ter sonde A8/3R. V hiši 35(2) je Lamboglia 2 amphorae are best represented. Presumably bil najden tudi fragment na vretenu dodelanega lonca z also associated with these is a stamped handle ( Pl. 98: navzven odebeljenim visokim robom ustja ( t. 98: 6). Po 10) and a mould-made lid ( Pl. 97: 7). Similar lids were obliki ga sicer lahko primerjamo s poznolatenskimi lonci found on the Phase 1 floor of House 2 ( Fig. 18).87 It is tipa 37b iz Stične,81 vendar pa po tehnoloških lastnostih clear from the associated finds that these two lids are not bolj ustreza zgodnjerimskim t. i. loncem tipa Auerberg, to be connected with the remains of the house and are kakršni so bili najdeni tudi na ustrini na Repelcu.82 Na rather finds infiltrated by later interventions, hence they vretenu dodelan lonec iz drobnozrnate mase z veliko are not included into the discussion. The amphora shards associated with Houses 18, 31(1) and 35(2), as well as 73 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 70, sl. 56. those found in Trench 36 have close parallels among the 74 Baldelli, Landolfi, Lollini 1982, 91; Maccel ari 2002, early, pre-Augustan amphorae from Sermin and Ocra.88 vol. I, 129 s, 180, 247, vol. II, t. 80, 109, 237. Roman pottery is further represented with sev- 75 Grob M-3145 (Vitri 1980, sl. 1: 3; 2). eral fragments of fine tableware ( Pl. 62: 9), which is 76 Grob M-2850 (Marchesetti 1893, 127s, t. 6: 9; prim. wheel-thrown and made of a highly refined and very Vitri 1980, 276), grob S-1002 (Teržan et al. 1984–1985, 187, t. 288: 2) in grob S-1008 (ib., 188, t. 104: 13). 77 80 Grob 1 s Pucarjevega roba (Mlinar 2002, 28 ss; id. Cf. Donat 2015, 44 ff. 81 2008, t. 2: 1). Grahek 2016, 130 f, 254 f, Fig. 42: L 37 b. 78 82 Grob M-1026 (Marchesetti 1893, 47, t. 6: 10; prim. Mlinar 2008, 69 f, Pl. 28: 1–9; cf. Pl. 42: 14–20. 83 Vitri 1980, op. 32). Donat, Maggi 2007, 152 ff. 79 84 Capuis, Chieco Bianchi 2006, t. 98: 13; Chieco Bianchi, Mlinar 2008, 65, 70, Pl. 28: 11. 85 Calzavara Capuis 1985, t. 135: 41,42; 231: 7,8; 248: 5; 260: Uninventoried base fragment of a jar from Trench 21- B/7; 284: 37. 22. Cf. Grahek 2016, 103, Fig. 33: b. 80 86 Prim. Donat 2015, 44 ss. Horvat 1997, 69, Figs. 22–23. 81 87 Grahek 2016, 130 s, 254 s, sl. 42: L 37 b. Inv. Nos. P 2675 and 2674. 82 88 Mlinar 2008, 69 s, t. 28: 1–9; prim. t. 42: 14–20. Horvat 1997, 57 ff; Horvat, Bavdek 2009, 83 ff. 288 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI primešanega apnenčastega peska ima namreč črnosivo mastno površino in tako še najbolj ustreza furlanijski skupini 1 auerberških loncev.83 Redki fragmenti grafitne keramike ne omogočajo podrobnejše tipološke opredelitve (prim. t. 97: 19). Poleg prave grafitne keramike, ki je zastopana tudi na ustrini z Repelca,84 je med naselbinskimi najdbami prepoznana še lončarska masa z manj primešanega grafita.85 Najdbe tipične grafitne keramike izvirajo iz hiš 3(2), 11(2) in 33. S poznolatensko poselitvijo povezujemo importe rimske keramike. Gre za odlomke amfor, ki so zastopani s fragmenti ustij amfor Lamboglia 2 ( t. 98: 9) in Dressel 6B ( t. 98: 11). Sodeč po fakturi, ki ustreza fakturi S 1 iz Sl. 18: Hiša 2, pokrovčka amfor. M. = 1:4. Sermina,86 in svetlejši bledo rjavi barvi, so številčnejše Fig. 18: House 2, amphora lids. Scale = 1:4. zastopani odlomki amfor Lamb. 2. Z njimi bržkone lahko povezujemo tudi žigosan ročaj ( t. 98: 10) in pa v kalupu narejen pokrov amfore ( t. 97: 7). Podobna pokrovčka sta bila najdena na tlaku 1. gradbene faze fine-grained fabric, fired in an oxidising atmosphere hiše 2 ( sl. 18).87 Ker več kot očitno nista povezana z and has a smooth, usual y dusty surface. These shards ostalinami hiše, temveč gre za najdbi, ki sta bili na tlak came singly from the areas of Houses 6(1), 29(1) and najverjetneje infiltrirani s kasnejšimi posegi, sta ta dva 22A(2), and may represent infiltrated finds. Houses pokrovčka izločena iz obravnave. Obravnavani odlomki 11(2), 22A(2), 31(1) and 35(2) yielded red slip sigil ata amfor tako izvirajo iz hiš 18, 31(1) in 35(2) ter sonde vessels that include two shards of dishes that correspond 36 in jim lahko dobre primerjave najdemo v zgodnjih, with Consp. 8.1. ( Pl. 98: 8) and Consp. 24.3.1. ( Pl. 98: 7) predavgustejskih amforah iz Sermina ali Okre.88 forms, dated to the Early or Middle Augustan period.89 Poleg amfor je rimska keramika zastopana še z House 31(1) revealed a well-preserved two-handled nekaj fragmenti fine namizne keramike ( t. 62: 9), ki je jug ( Pl. 97: 6). Such vessels are known from Augustan to oblikovana na vretenu iz dobro prečiščene, zelo fino- Tiberian-period graves from Adria.90 At Vrhnika, such zrnate lončarske mase. Žgana je oksidacijsko in ima jugs are dated to the Tiberian period,91 while a similar gladko, običajno prašnato površino. Najdbe tovrstne jug has also been found in Grave 6 from Idrija pri Bači,92 keramike so lahko bile tudi zamešane, saj posamični attributed to the Sv. Lucija IV phase, as well as among fragmenti izvirajo iz območij hiš 6(1), 29(1) in 22A(2). the stray finds from the cemetery at Repelc.93 Iz hiš 11(2), 22A(2), 31(1) in 35(2) pa izvirajo najdbe z House 33 yielded a fragment of a spindle-shaped rdečim sigilatnim premazom. Med njimi kaže omeniti and undecorated thin-walled beaker ( Pl. 97: 18) of fragmenta skled, ki ustrezata oblikam Consp. 8.1. ( t. refined fabric, which is closely comparable with such 98: 8) in Consp. 24.3.1. ( t. 98: 7), datiranim v zgodnje beakers from Ocra and Sermin.94 The beakers from oziroma srednje avgustejsko obdobje.89 these two sites have been broadly dated to the 2nd and Iz hiše 31(1) izvira dobro ohranjen dvoročajni vrč first half of the 1st century BC on the basis of the compa- ( t. 97: 6). Tovrstne vrče zasledimo v avgustejsko-tiberij- rable goods from Adria.95 Such beakers have also been skih grobovih iz Adrije.90 V tiberjanski čas so datirani found in the Late La Tène layers at Stična,96 the hillfort tudi primerki z Vrhnike,91 vendar pa je bila sorodna that also yielded a fragment of a baking dish97 found in oblika dvoročajnega vrča najdena tudi v stopnjo Sv. a Late La Tène layer dated to the pre-Augustan period, Lucija IV datiranem grobu 6 iz Idrije pri Bači92 in med which is closely comparable with a shard ( Pl. 98: 14) as- sporadičnimi najdbami z Repelca.93 sociated with Phase 2 of House 35 at Most na Soči. It is a 83 Donat, Maggi 2007, 152 ss. 84 89 Mlinar 2008, 65, 70, t. 28: 11. Conspectus 2002, 66, Pls. 8; 94; 22. 85 90 Neinventarizirani fragment dna lonca iz sonde 21-22. Mangani 1982, 38 f, Figs. 27: 4; 44: e; 56 ff, Fig. 42: 6. 91 Prim. Grahek 2016, 103, sl. 33: b. Horvat 2012, 277 ff, Fig. 8: 5–6. 86 92 Horvat 1997, 69, sl. 22–23. Guštin 1991, 93 (32), Pl. 9: 6/5. 87 93 Inv. št. P 2675 in 2674. Mlinar 2008, Pl. 41: 2. 88 94 Horvat 1997, 57 ss; Horvat, Bavdek 2009, 83 ss. Horvat, Bavdek 2009, Fig. 25, Pls. 2: 10–16; 3: 2–5; 17: 89 Conspectus 2002, 66, t. 8; 94, t. 22. 23–27; 25: 8–22; 26: 1–8; Horvat 1997, Fig. 42; Pls. 6: 4–13; 90 Mangani 1982, 38 s, sl. 27: 4; 44: e; 56 ss, sl. 42: 6. 35: 7. 91 95 Horvat 2012, 277 ss, sl. 8: 5–6. Horvat, Bavdek 2009, 68 ff; Horvat 1997, 103. 92 96 Guštin 1991, 93 (32), t. 9: 6/5. Grahek 2016, 261 ff, Fig. 79: 9, 10; Pls. 79: 6,9; 95: 5. 93 97 Mlinar 2008, t. 41: 2. Grahek 2016, 262, Fig. 79: 12; Pl. 95: 4. 289 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI V hiši 33 je bil najden fragment (visokega neokra- widespread form of baking dishes with a slightly curved šenega) vretenastega kozarca ( t. 97: 18) iz prečiščene outline of the body and a small lid seat on the rim.98 keramike tankih sten, ki je povsem primerljiv z najdbami The settlement at Most na Soči also yielded a iz Okre ali Sermina.94 Te so tudi na podlagi primerjav rim shard of the grey Venetic ware ( Pl. 98: 3), found z grobnimi najdbami iz Adrije okvirno datirane v 2. in House 34, which is closely comparable with a dish stol. in prvo polovico 1. stol. pr. Kr.95 Najdbe podobnih from Sevegliano,99 while similar forms of dishes are also kozarcev poznamo že iz poznolatenskih plasti Stične.96 known from Ocra.100 The ash grey Venetic ware spread Tam je bil v plasti mlajše latenske stopnje, ki je datirana across Friuli and the hinterland of Trieste in the 2nd v predavgustejski čas, najden še fragment pekača,97 century BC and became rare in the Middle Augustan povsem primerljiv z najdbo iz 2. gradbene faze hiše 35 period.101 ( t. 98: 14). Gre za razširjeno obliko pekačev s preprosto A similar time frame is true of the black-slipped zaobljeno steno in rahlim utorom za pokrov na robu ware, which is the best represented type of pottery ustja.98 among the imported La Tène-Roman pottery at Most V skupino sive venetske keramike sodi fragment na Soči. Its shards have been documented in the areas of ustja iz hiše 34 ( t. 98: 3), ki ga lahko dobro primerjamo Houses 6(2), 11(2), 17(2), 24 and 33. The body fragments s skledo iz Sevegliana;99 podobne oblike skled pa po- of wheel-thrown vessels of very fine-grained fabric with znamo tudi iz Okre.100 Sicer se pepelnato siva venetska a smooth surface, that may even be dusty underneath keramika na območje Furlanije in v zaledje Tržaškega the slip, possibly all belong to the Lamboglia 28 forms.102 zaliva razširi v 2. stol. pr. Kr. in je v srednjeavgustejskem This is also true of the somewhat better-preserved dish obdobju že maloštevilna.101 from House 17 ( Pl. 58: 1), which can be ascribed to Podobno velja za keramiko s črnim premazom, the group of conical dishes with a pronounced rim as ki je na Mostu na Soči najštevilčnejše zastopana med defined at Ocra.103 The only other black-slipped and uvoženo latensko-rimsko keramiko. Najdbe izvirajo typological y determinable vessel from Most na Soči is iz območij hiš 6(2), 11(2), 17(2), 24 in 33. Fragmenti the skyphos from House 33 ( Pl. 97: 12); it is comparable ostenja na vretenu oblikovanih posod iz zelo finozrnate with the Morel 4124 skyphoi (of Form 82).104 The handle lončarske mase, ki imajo gladko, pod premazom lahko fragment from House 31 ( Pl. 97: 3) belongs to a red slip tudi prašnato površino, bržkone vsi pripadajo oblikam sigil ata skyphos. The black-slipped ware from Most na Lamboglia 28.102 To velja tudi za nekoliko bolje ohranje- Soči is comparable with the north Italian or north Adri- no skledo iz hiše 17 ( t. 58: 1), ki jo sicer lahko uvrstimo atic finds mainly characteristic of the late 2nd century BC v skupino skled s poševno steno in poudarjenim robom and attributed to LTit D1 of the north Italian or LT D1a ustja iz Okre.103 Poleg nje je med keramiko s črnim of the central European chronology.105 premazom z Mosta na Soči tipološko zanesljivo opre- deljiv le še skifos iz hiše 33 ( t. 97: 12). Ta je primerljiv s skifosi Morel 4124 (“forme 82”);104 skifosu z rdečim sigilatnim premazom pa pripada fragment ročaja iz hiše 31 ( t. 97: 3). Keramika s črnim premazom se torej veže na severnoitalijanske oziroma severnojadranske najdbe, ki so značilne predvsem za konec 2. stol. pr. Kr. in so datirane v LTit D1 po severnoitalijanski oziroma LT D1a po srednjeevropski kronologiji.105 94 Horvat, Bavdek 2009, sl. 25, t. 2: 10–16; 3: 2–5; 17: 23–27; 25: 8–22; 26: 1–8; Horvat 1997, sl. 42; t. 6: 4–13; 35: 7. 95 Horvat, Bavdek 2009, 68 ss; Horvat 1997, 103. 96 Grahek 2016, 261 ss, sl. 79: 9, 10; t. 79: 6,9; 95: 5. 97 Grahek 2016, 262, sl. 79: 12; t. 95: 4. 98 98 Prim. Horvat, Bavdek 2009, 76 s, t. 28: 8; Horvat 1997, Cf. Horvat, Bavdek 2009, 76 f, Pl. 28: 8; Horvat 1997, 103 ss, t. 6: 4–14; 35: 7; 54: 3. 103 ff, Pls. 6: 4–14; 35: 7; 54: 3. 99 99 Casssani 2008, 95: CGr 4. Cassani 2008, 95: CGr 4. 100 100 Horvat, Bavdek 2009, t. 5; zlasti 5: 12. Horvat, Bavdek 2009, Pl. 5; particularly 5: 12. 101 101 Merlatti 2003; Cassani et al. 2007; Buora, Cassani Merlatti 2003; Cassani et al. 2007; Buora, Cassani 1999, 93 ss; prim. Horvat, Bavdek 2009, 72 s. 1999, 93 ff; Cf. Horvat, Bavdek 2009, 72 f. 102 102 Lamboglia 1952, 177 s. Lamboglia 1952, 177 f. 103 103 Horvat, Bavdek 2009, 63, t. 2: 1–3; 17: 22; 23: 1–9. Horvat, Bavdek 2009, 63, Pls. 2: 1–3; 17: 22; 23: 1–9. 104 104 Morel 1981, 290 s, t. 118. Prim. Gamba 1983, 41, sl. Morel 1981, 290 f, Pl. 118. Cf. Gamba 1983, 41, Fig. 3: 13–15. 3: 13–15. 105 105 Maggi, Merlatti 2011; Buora 2008; id. 1995. Prim. Maggi, Merlatti 2011; Buora 2008; id. 1995. Cf. Hor- Horvat, Bavdek 2009, 64 ss; Božič 2008, 130 ss, tab. 5. vat, Bavdek 2009, 64 ff; Božič 2008, 130 ff, Tab. 5. 290 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Sl. 19: Oblike in motivi okrasa (O 1–11). Fig. 19: Techniques and motifs of decoration (O 1–11). OKRAS DECORATION Majhen delež obravnavane keramike (9,18 % ali 187 The ceramic shards that are decorated but typo- kosov) predstavljajo tipološko neopredeljeni, a okrašeni logical y undeterminable represent a small share (9.18% fragmenti posodja. Te razvrščamo glede na način izde- or 187 pieces) of all the analysed ceramic finds. They lave, obliko in motiv okrasa ( sl. 3, 19). Vendar pa so v are classified according to decorative technique, form analizo okrasa vključeni tudi tipološko opredeljeni kosi, and motif ( Figs. 3, 19). To offer a more comprehensive tako v nadaljevanju obravnavamo skupno 709 kosov ali picture, however, the discussion below considers the 34,81 % keramike ( sl. 20). decoration that adorns not only the undeterminable, but also the determined shards, i.e. all together 709 pieces or 34.81% of ceramic finds ( Fig. 20). PLASTIČNI OKRAS Med tipološko neopredeljenimi kosi so daleč naj- PLASTIC DECORATION številčnejši fragmenti ostenja z vodoravno nalepljenim ali modeliranim rebrom ( sl. 19: O 1), na katerih so več- By far the most numerous in the group of typo- krat ohranjene tudi sledi rdeče-črnega barvanja. Večina logical y undeterminable shards are the body fragments slednjih po tehnoloških lastnostih pripada pitosom tipa with applied or drawn-out cordons ( Fig. 19: O 1), which 1 (O 1/Pi), ki so kot običajni hišni inventar na Mostu na often also show traces of black-on-red painting. In tech- Soči razmeroma razširjeni ( sl. 24). Fragmenti bolj fine nological properties, most of the latter shards belong to the pithoi of Type 1 (O 1/Pi), which are common household items at Most na Soči ( Fig. 24). Fragments of finer pottery with traces of painting and a cordon (O 1a) may also belong to the pedestal situlae of Type 3 or the goblets of Types 1 and 3 after Dular,106 which are all 106 Dular 1982, 97 f, Fig. 7: 14,15,17. Sl. 20: Delež najdb okrašene keramike po osnovnih oblikah okrasa. Fig. 20: Shares of the decorated ceramic finds according to the basic decorative technique. 291 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI keramike s sledmi barve in vodoravnim rebrom (O 1a) very difficult to positively identify among the recovered lahko pripadajo tudi situlam z nogo tipa 3 ali kelihom finds and hence poorly represented (cf. Pls. 2: 13; 9: 9; tipa 1 in 3 po Dularju,106 ki pa so med naselbinskimi 23: 20). A cordon may also adorn, albeit rarely, the jars najdbami težko prepoznavni in zelo maloštevilno za- of Types 1 and 3 ( Pls. 8: 10; 88: 10), dishes of Type 7 ( Pls. stopani (prim. t. 2: 13; 9: 9; 23: 20). Okras vodoravnega 35: 3; 63: 12,14) and baking lids of Type 1 ( Pl. 3: 9). The rebra redko zasledimo še na primerkih loncev tipa 1 in 3 ceramic finds from Most na Soči include rare shards with ( t. 8: 10; 88: 10), skledah tipa 7 ( t. 35: 3; 63: 12,14) in a vertical rib, only documented on individual fragments pekvah tipa 1 ( t. 3: 9). Še bolj redek je okras navpičnega that probably belong to portable oven stands. rebra, ki ga zasledimo le na posamičnih fragmentih, Finds: O 1: Pls. 8: 11; 25: 15; 38: 17; 43: 8; 61: 2; 66: najverjetneje delih ostenja prenosnih pečk. 11; 71: 11; 94: 9; O 1/Pi: Pls. 11: 12,14; 14: 2; 23: 21; 41: Najdbe: O 1: t. 8: 11; 25: 15; 38: 17; 43: 8; 61: 2; 66: 2; 59: 11; 61: 18; 90: 3; 92: 13; 100: 9,11; O 1a: Pls. 43: 11; 71: 11; 94: 9; O 1/Pi: t. 11: 12,14; 14: 2; 23: 21; 41: 2; 12; 71: 10; 80: 14; 91: 15; 92: 14. 59: 11; 61: 18; 90: 3; 92: 13; 100: 9,11; O 1a: t. 43: 12; 71: 10; 80: 14; 91: 15; 92: 14. The cordons on the ceramic finds from Most na Soči rarely bear impressions ( Fig. 19: O 2), which are Na obravnavani keramiki redko zasledimo okras most commonly made by an awl, or are slashed. Such razčlenjenih reber ( sl. 19: O 2). Običajno gre za vodo- decoration is present on several typological y undeter- ravno nalepljena ali modelirana rebra, ki so najpogosteje minable body shards ( Pls. 35: 17; 38: 18,19), on the jars razčlenjena z vtisi šila ali narezana. Tovrsten okras za- of Types 8 ( Pl. 37: 8) and 12, as well as on individual sledimo na nekaj tipološko neopredeljenih fragmentih other vessels or their parts ( Pls. 29: 4; 38: 6; 100: 12). posodja ( t. 35: 17; 38: 18,19), na loncih tipa 8 ( t. 37: 8) Even rarer are the plain wavy cordons and in 12 ter posamičnih drugih najdbah ( t. 29: 4; 38: 6; horseshoe-shaped appliques ( Fig. 19: O 3), which in 100: 12). the Dolenjska Hal statt group represent a Late Hal statt V primerjavi z razčlenjenimi rebri so še nekoliko feature.107 Such decoration at Most na Soči is present on manj številčno zastopana gladka rebra v obliki valovnice a goblet, ( Pl. 14: 5), on the jars of Type 3 ( Pls. 23: 14; 42: ali okras podkvastih aplik ( sl. 19: O 3), ki v okviru do- 7) and on typological y undeterminable vessel shards lenjskega kulturnega kroga veljajo za mladohalštatsko ( Pls. 14: 7; 43: 7; 61: 16,17). prvino.107 Tovrsten okras zasledimo na posamičnem Applied or drawn-out knobs ( Fig. 19: O 4) usual y primerku keliha ( t. 14: 5), loncih tipa 3 ( t. 23: 14; 42: 7) occur as the sole decoration on vessels, in combination in pa tipološko neopredeljenih kosih posodja ( t. 14: 7; with other decorative techniques only on the rare finds 43: 7; 61: 16,17). of Type 20 jars ( Pl. 14: 3) and on one Type 11 jar ( Pl. Nalepljene ali iz ostenja izvlečene bradavice ( sl. 19: 34: 19). Knobs also usual y appear singly on the jars of O 4) običajno nastopajo kot samostojen okras. Izjeme Types 1 ( Pls. 13: 1; 66: 12), 3 ( Pls. 42: 6; 55: 4; 91: 1), 5 zasledimo pri redkih najdbah loncev tipa 20 ( t. 14: 3) in ( Pl. 91: 2) and 8 ( Pl. 30: 14), on a dish of Type 7 ( Pl. 71: posamičnem primerku lonca tipa 11 ( t. 34: 19). Okras 4) and on typological y undeterminable fragments from bradavic, ki se največkrat pojavljajo posamično, najde- House 3, mainly from its Phase 1 ( Pls. 15: 2,6,10,16–18; mo še pri loncih tipa 1 ( t. 13: 1; 66: 12), 3 ( t. 42: 6; 55: 23: 24). The finds from Phase 2 of this house include a 4; 91: 1), 5 ( t. 91: 2), 8 ( t. 30: 14), skledi tipa 7 ( t. 71: 4) fragment with a tongue-shaped grip ( Fig. 19: O 5), which in tipološko neopredeljenih fragmentih, ki vsi izvirajo are very rare at Most na Soči ( Pls. 23: 15; 30: 20; 89: 10) iz hiše 3, in to praviloma iz ostalin starejše gradbene and have only been found in Houses 3 (2), 8 (2) and 25. faze ( t. 15: 2,6,10,16–18; 23: 24). Med gradivom iz 2. gradbene faze hiše 3 pa je najden fragment z jezičastim držajem ( sl. 19: O 5). Ti so med obravnavano keramiko INCISED OR IMPRESSED DECORATION zelo redki ( t. 23: 15; 30: 20; 89: 10), saj jih zasledimo le še v hišah 8 (2) in 25. The decoration that seems to be most characteristic of the ceramic finds from Most na Soči is brushing. It is present on the jars of Type 17 and in combination with VREZANI IN VTISNJENI OKRAS horizontal grooving on the jars of Type 18 ( Fig. 12: L 17, L 18). Similarly as the base fragments of Types 4 and 5 Najznačilnejši okras za svetolucijsko naselbinsko ( Fig. 14: d 4, d 5), all the typological y undeterminable keramiko se kaže metličenje. To je značilno za lonce shards with brushed decoration ( Fig. 19: O 6) and the tipa 17 in v kombinaciji z vodoravnim žlebljenjem ali fragments with a combination of horizontal grooves and plitkimi kanelurami za lonce tipa 18 ( sl. 12: L 17, L 18). brushed decoration ( Fig. 19: O 7) probably also belong to Njim kot dna tipa 4 in 5 ( sl. 14: d 4, d 5) najverjetneje these jars. Apart from the typical brushed jars, brushing 106 Dular 1982, 97 s, sl. 7: 14,15,17. 107 107 Prim. Grahek 2016, 196 s; sl. 57: O 3,O 6. Cf. Grahek 2016, 196 f; Fig. 57: O 3,O 6. 292 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI pripadajo tudi vsi tipološko nerazvrščeni, z metličenjem rarely occurs on the jars of Types 1,108 9109 and 15 ( Pl. 59: okrašeni fragmenti ( sl. 19: O 6) ali fragmenti s sesta- 3), dishes of Types 2 ( Pl. 3: 1), 4 ( Pl. 28: 23), 6 ( Pl. 36: 5) vljenim okrasom vodoravnih kanelur in metličenja ( sl. and 7 ( Pls. 35: 3; 36: 14), on lids ( Pl. 30: 11), baking lids 19: O 7). Poleg najznačilnejših loncev metličenje redko ( Pl. 3: 9) and portable ovens ( Pl. 33: 17). zasledimo še pri loncih tipa 1,108 9109 in 15 ( t. 59: 3), Finds: O 6: Pls. 25: 12–14; 54: 1,2; 60: 13,15; 61: 6; skledah tipa 2 ( t. 3: 1), 4 ( t. 28: 23), 6 ( t. 36: 5) in 7 ( t. 63: 8–10; 99: 11; O 7: Pls. 23: 18; 31: 10; 36: 9; 63: 11; 35: 3; 36: 14), na pokrovih ( t. 30: 11), pekvah ( t. 3: 9) ter 94: 11. prenosnih pečkah ( t. 33: 17). Najdbe: O 6: t. 25: 12–14; 54: 1,2; 60: 13,15; 61: 6; Incised decoration110 includes horizontal groov- 63: 8–10; 99: 11; O 7: t. 23: 18; 31: 10; 36: 9; 63: 11; 94: 11. ing ( Fig. 19: O 8). Such decoration typical y occurs on the jars of Type 19 ( Fig. 12: L 19), while pithoi may also Med okrasi, izdelanimi v tehniki vrezovanja,110 je bear horizontal grooves on the shoulder ( Pls. 29: 13; 99: pri posodju razširjeno še vodoravno žlebljenje ali okras 4,5). Individual U-sectioned incisions or grooves can plitkih kanelur ( sl. 19: O 8). Tovrsten okras je značilnost be found on the jars of Types 1 ( Pl. 71: 9), 3 ( Pls. 72: loncev tipa 19 ( sl. 12: L 19), vodoravno nažlebljena 3; 80: 10) and 8 ( Pl. 23: 16). Most of the typological y ramena pa lahko imajo tudi pitosi ( t. 29: 13; 99: 4,5). undeterminable body shards with such decoration from Posamični vodoravni topi vrezi ali kanelure zasledimo Houses 2(1), 3(2), 6(1), 8(2), 14(1,2), 15(2), 16(2), 21, še pri loncih tipa 1 ( t. 71: 9), 3 ( t. 72: 3; 80: 10) in 8 ( t. 22A(1), 23(2) and 29(1) most probably also belong to the 23: 16). Kljub temu večina tipološko nerazvrščenih Type 19 jars ( Pls. 8: 9; 30: 13; 34: 20; 36: 8; 61: 7; 91: 16). ostenij, ki izvirajo iz hiš 2(1), 3(2), 6(1), 8(2), 14(1,2), Horizontal grooving also appears in combination 15(2), 16(2), 21, 22A(1), 23(2) in 29(1), najverjetneje with impressions (cf. Pl. 1: 1). Impressed decoration ( Fig. pripada prav loncem tipa 19 ( t. 8: 9; 30: 13; 34: 20; 36: 19: O 9) is most frequent on ceramic rings. Apart from 8; 61: 7; 91: 16). circles that characterise Types 6 and 7 ( Fig. 16: S 6, S 7), Vodoravno žlebljenje nastopa tudi skupaj z okrasi ceramic rings also bear finger impressions that are char- v tehniki vtiskovanja (prim. t. 1: 1). Vtisnjene okrase acteristic of Types 9–12 ( Fig. 16: S 9–S 12). Impressed ( sl. 19: O 9) sicer najpogosteje zasledimo pri svitkih. decoration is also present, albeit rarely, on pottery and Poleg vtisnjenih krožcev, ki so značilnost svitkov tipa hearth utensils. The baking lids of Types 2 and 4 bear 6 in 7 ( sl. 16: S 6, S 7), so pogosti še vtisi prsta, značilni fingernail or awl impressions ( Pls. 33: 10; 94: 12,14; 96: za svitke tipa 9 do 12 ( sl. 16: S 9–S 12). Vtisnjene okrase 6,8–10; 100: 12), while the rare impressions on pottery zasledimo tudi na posodju in drugih oblikah ognjiščne are varied (cf. Pls. 3: 7; 28: 17; 29: 1; 32: 15,18; 34: 12; 37: keramike, a so razmeroma redki. Medtem ko so pekve 12; 55: 5; 58: 4; 59: 3; 60: 11; 62: 12). In connection with tipa 2 in 4 okrašene z vtisi nohta ali šila ( t. 33: 10; 94: the latter we should mention a Type 11 jar from Phase 12,14; 96: 6,8–10; 100: 12), so redki primeri vtisnjenega 1 of House 14 that bears stamped decoration of encir- okrasa na posodju zelo raznovrstni (prim. t. 3: 7; 28: cled crosses ( Pl. 34: 19). This is typical of the Štajerska 17; 29: 1; 32: 15,18; 34: 12; 37: 12; 55: 5; 58: 4; 59: 3; cultural circle where it is seen as a reflection of earlier, 60: 11; 62: 12). Med njimi gre omeniti lonec tipa 11 iz Urnfield culture influences.111 The motif is also known 1. gradbene faze hiše 14 z žigosanim okrasom krožcev on a fragment of a large dolium/silo from the Casa dei s sredinskim križem ( t. 34: 19). Tovrsten okras je bolj dolii at Montereale Valcellina,112 which is dated to the značilen za štajerski kulturni krog, kjer ga obravnavamo 5th century BC, and on a baking lid from Kranj, which še kot odraz starejših, žarnogrobiščnih vplivov;111 enak most likely originates from a Late Hal statt context.113 okras pa zasledimo tudi na fragmentu velikega dolija/ Similar observations as for the impressed decora- silosa iz istoimenske hiše v Montereale Valcellinu,112 ki tion can also be made for the U-sectioned incisions je datirana v 5. stol. pr. Kr., in pekvi iz Kranja, ki najver- ( Fig. 19: O 10). This decoration as well most commonly jetneje izvira iz mladohalštatskih ostalin.113 108 Inv. Nos. P 2334 and 2354 from House 1(1,2), as well 108 Inv. št. P 2334 in 2354 iz hiše 1(1,2) ter P 5570 in 5579 as P 5570 and 5579 from House 22A(2). 109 iz hiše 22A(2). Inv. No. P 3999 from House 16(2). 109 110 Inv. št. P 3999 iz hiše 16(2). Horvat 1999, 29 ff. 110 111 Horvat 1999, 29 ss. Teržan 1990, 32 ff, Pls. 26: 4; 39: 6,7. Cf. Grahek 2016, 111 Teržan 1990, 32 ss, t. 26: 4; 39: 6,7. Prim. Grahek 2016, 213, Fig. 60: O 24c. 112 213, sl. 60: O 24c. Tasca 1996, 438, Fig. 17: 64; Vitri 1996, 404. 112 113 Tasca 1996, 438, sl. 17: 64; Vitri 1996, 404. Urek, M., T. Podobnik, Š. Tomažinčič, S. Djokić 2016, 113 Urek, M., T. Podobnik, Š. Tomažinčič, S. Djokić 2016, Končno strokovno poročilo o arheoloških raziskavah grobišča Končno strokovno poročilo o arheoloških raziskavah grobišča v Lajhu in prazgodovinske poselitve na območju Savske ceste v Lajhu in prazgodovinske poselitve na območju Savske ceste in in sejmišča v Kranju (EŠD 5145, Kranj – Arheološko najdišče sejmišča v Kranju (EŠD 5145, Kranj – Arheološko najdišče Lajh; Lajh; EŠD 274, Kranj - Mestno jedro, Pl. 33: 8, (unpublished EŠD 274, Kranj - Mestno jedro, t. 33: 8, (neobjavljeno poročilo, report, kept in the ZVKDS OE Kranj). Cf. Grahek 2018 hrani ZVKDS OE Kranj). Prim. Grahek 2018 (2017), 267, op. 3. (2017), 267, Fn. 3. 293 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Podobno kot za vtisnjene velja tudi za okras (topih) occurs on ceramic rings, of Types 3–6 and 13 ( Fig. 16: S vrezov ( sl. 19: O 10). Tudi tovrsten okras najpogosteje za- 3–S 6, S 13). U-sectioned incisions or shallow grooves sledimo na svitkih, ki smo jih po obliki okrasa razvrstili that adorn the shoulders are characteristic of the jars of med svitke tipa 3 do 6 in 13 ( sl. 16: S 3–S 6, S 13). Topi Type 19 ( Fig. 12: L 19), in combination with brushed vodoravni vrezi ali plitke kanelure, ki lahko oblikujejo decoration of the jars of Type 18 ( Fig. 12: L 18). In ad- vodoravno nažlebljena ramena, so značilnost loncev tipa dition, horizontal incisions can be found on some jars 19 ( sl. 12: L 19), v kombinaciji z metličenim okrasom pa of Types 1 ( Pl. 71: 9), 3 ( Pls. 72: 3; 80: 10), 8 ( Pl. 23: 16) loncev tipa 18 ( sl. 12: L 18). Okras vodoravnega vreza and 2, where they may form a zigzag motif ( Pl. 9: 2). redko zasledimo še pri loncih tipa 1 ( t. 71: 9), 3 ( t. 72: 3; Even rarer on jars are oblique incisions ( Pl. 89: 20), while 80: 10), 8 ( t. 23: 16) in tipa 2, kjer zasledimo tudi vrezan the typological y undeterminable shards from Houses 3 cik-cak motiv ( t. 9: 2). Še redkeje na loncih zasledimo (2) and 11(2) that most probably belong to jars include okras poševnih vrezov ( t. 89: 20), na tipološko nerazvr- one that shows an incised pine-sprig motif ( Pl. 23: 17). ščenih fragmentih ostenij iz hiš 3 (2) in 11(2), ki bržkone Incisions sometimes adorn the rims of dishes ( Pls. 23: pripadajo loncem, pa zasledimo vrezan motiv smrekove 19; 89: 14). Different forms of incised motifs are also vejice ( t. 23: 17). Z vrezi so redko okrašena tudi ustja known on portable ovens ( Pls. 65: 5; 89: 25), a bobbin skled ( t. 23: 19; 89: 14); različne oblike vrezanih okrasov ( Pl. 100: 17) and a spindle whorl ( Pl. 23: 12). zasledimo še na posamičnih primerkih prenosnih pečk ( t. 65: 5; 89: 25), motku ( t. 100: 17) in vretencu ( t. 23: 12). PAINTED DECORATION BARVNI OKRAS Traces of different paints ( Fig. 19: O 11) have been documented on a very small number of the analysed Sledi barvnih premazov ( sl. 19: O 11) zasledimo ceramic finds (4.57% or 93 pieces). Apart from the na zelo majhnem deležu obravnavane keramike (4,57 imported painted pottery ( Pl. 25: 1), the most common % ali 93 kosov). Poleg slikane ( t. 25: 1) oziroma barvane is black-on-red painting, which is a characteristic Late uvožene keramike je najpogosteje zastopano rdeče-črno Hal statt element.114 Black-on-red painting is most com- barvanje, ki velja za izrazito mladohalštatsko prvino.114 mon on cordoned pithoi, situlae and goblets ( Figs. 9: Pi; Tovrsten okras je seveda značilen za narebrene pitose, 12: Si; 13: K), which are difficult to be identified due to situle in kelihe ( sl. 9: Pi; 12: Si; 13: K), ki pa so zaradi their high degree of fragmentation (cf. Figs. 14: n 1, n 2; fragmentarnosti težko prepoznavni (prim. sl. 14: n 1, n 18: o 1). Painting is also to be found on the jars of Type 2; 18: o 1). Barvni okras je značilnost tudi loncev tipa 21 21 ( Fig. 12: L 21), which are usual y painted red and ( sl. 12: L 21), ki so praviloma rdeče obarvani, pogosto often have a black resinous or graphite paint added in pa še v pasovih premazani s črno smolnato ali grafitno bands.115 Traces of a black resinous paint have also been barvo.115 Sledi črnega smolnatega premaza zasledimo še observed on a Type 1 beaker ( Pl. 28: 17) and a fragment pri lončku tipa 1 ( t. 28: 17) in fragmentu skodele, ki jo of a bowl, the latter discussed above under the dishes of prištevamo k skledam tipa 1 ( t. 98: 5). Bolj je razširjen Type 1 ( Pl. 98: 5). The more frequent red paint occurs on rdeč premaz, in sicer zasledimo sledi rdečega premaza individual examples of different jars ( Pls. 59: 1; 30: 13),116 tako na posamičnih primerkih raznolikih loncev ( t. on dishes or bowls ( Pls. 58: 5; 71: 3; 88: 12; 89: 24; 91: 59: 1; 30: 13)116 in skled ali skodel ( t. 58: 5; 71: 3; 88: 13)117 and on a fragment of a portable oven ( Pl. 80: 4). 12; 89: 24; 91: 13)117 kot tudi na fragmentu prenosne pečke ( t. 80: 4). 114 114 Prim. Dular 1982, 91. Cf. Dular 1982, 91. 115 115 Za analizo barvnih premazov glej Grahek, Košir hic. For an analysis of the paints see Grahek, Košir hic. 116 116 K loncem tipa 13 prištevamo rdeče barvan fragment The jars of Type 13 also include the red painted frag- inv. št. P 2352 iz hiše 1(1). ment of Inv. No. P 2352 from House 1(1). 117 117 Da so med obravnavanim gradivom lahko zastopane The fragment of a red painted strap handle of Inv. No. tudi rdeče(-črno) barvani vrči ali skodele, dokazuje fragment P 5546 from House 22A(2) proves that the finds under dis- trakastega, rdeče barvanega ročaja inv. št. P 5546 iz hiše cussion may also include red (black-on-red) painted jugs or 22A(2). bowls. 294 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI SVETOLUCIJSKA NASELBINSKA POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENTS KERAMIKA IN NJENE ZNAČILNOSTI OF THE SVETA LUCIJA GROUP Izkopavanja na Mostu na Soči so prinesla najobse- Excavations at Most na Soči have yielded a collec- žnejšo in hkrati prvo stratigrafsko jasno umeščeno zbir- tion of ceramic finds that is both most extensive and ko najdb svetolucijske naselbinske keramike. Datacija stratigraphical y most clearly documented of all the as- raziskanega naselja z Mosta na Soči v mladohalštatski semblages from the Sveta Lucija group. The investigated čas ali stopnjo Sv. Lucija II je povsem jasna.118 Ker gre part of the settlement at Most na Soči was most densely za največje ali pa vsaj najbolje raziskano središče tega populated in the Late Hal statt period or the Sv. Lucija II kulturnega kroga, ne preseneča bolj raznolika paleta phase.118 Being the largest, or at least the most extensively najdb, kot jih poznamo iz redkih, vsaj delno raziskanih investigated centre of the cultural group, it is not surpris- naselbinskih ostalin s svetolucijskega območja in širše- ing that it yielded a variety of small finds much wider in ga zaledja, kot so Gregorčičeva ulica v Kobaridu119 ali comparison with the assemblages from the rare partial y Štalca nad Železniki,120 Štanjel na Krasu,121 Gradisce di investigated settlements of the Sveta Lucija area and wider, Spilimbergo122 in Pozzuolo del Friuli.123 for instance at the Gregorčičeva ulica site in Kobarid,119 Svetolucijska naselbinska keramika se v več po- Štalca above Železniki,120 Štanjel in the Kras,121 Gradisca gledih močno razlikuje od kronološko mnogo bolje di Spilimbergo122 and Pozzuolo del Friuli.123 opredeljive grobne keramike, ki je že bila deležna siste- In the Sveta Lucija group, the pottery from settle- matične obdelave.124 ments greatly differs from the chronological y better de- fined pottery from the cemeteries. The latter has already Četudi grobne najdbe s tehnološkega vidika niso been systematical y analysed, though the analyses did bile obravnavane tako podrobno kot naselbinske, lahko not include a detailed observation of the technological povzamemo, da je naselbinska keramika pričakovano properties.124 bolj grobe izdelave. Kot pri grobni keramiki močno pre- vladuje prostoročni način izdelave ( sl. 4), bolj dovršena Similarly as that from funerary contexts, the pottery izdelava z uporabo lončarskega vretena pa je bila ugo- from the settlement at Most na Soči is predominantly tovljena le pri redkih kosih (uvoženega) finega halštat- hand-built ( Fig. 4) and the use of a potter’s wheel has skega posodja in najdbah iz mlajše železnodobnih hiš. only been documented on the rare pieces of (imported) Do enakih ugotovitev pridemo, če opazujemo zrnavost Hal statt fineware and the finds from the Late Iron Age lončarske mase, obdelavo površine in trdoto ( sl. 5, 7). houses. Contrary to the funerary pottery, however, it is Bolj zagonetna je analiza načina žganja, pri kate- made of a much coarser fabric, but also less careful y rem nedvomno prevladuje (nepopolna) oksidacijska shaped and fired. This observation is confirmed by the atmosfera ( sl. 6). Pri manjšem deležu posodja sta bila examination of the grain size of the fabric, the surface ugotovljena tudi redukcijski125 ali reoksidacijski način treatment and the hardness ( Figs. 5, 7). žganja,126 ki nakazujeta na uporabo lončarske peči. The pottery from the settlement was predominantly Analiza načina žganja omogoča razločevanje več variant fired in an (incomplete) oxidising atmosphere ( Fig. 6). posameznih tipov posodja, vendar smo to razločevanje A small share of the ceramic finds revealed firing in a opustili, saj ne prinaša pomenljivih rezultatov, ker so reducing125 or reoxidising atmosphere,126 both of which 118 Cf. Mlinar et al. 2008. 118 119 Prim. Mlinar et al. 2008. Vinazza 2015. 119 120 Vinazza 2015. Bogataj et al. 2016; cf. Grahek 2018 (2017). 120 121 Bogataj et al. 2016; prim. Grahek 2018 (2017). Fabec, Vinazza 2014. 121 122 Fabec, Vinazza 2014. Càssola Guida, Balista 2007. 122 123 Càssola Guida, Balista 2007. Vitri et al. 1991. 123 124 Vitri et al. 1991. Dular 1982, 92 ff. 124 125 Dular 1982, 92 ss. Firing in a reducing atmosphere (excluding second- 125 Redukcijski način žganja, ki ni posledica uporabe ary burning through use or fire damage; cf. Grahek 2016, ali prežganosti posode (prim. Grahek 2016, 104) zasledimo 104) has mainly been documented for the jars of Types L predvsem pri loncih tipa L 1–3, L 5, L 7–15, L 17–20, lončkih 1–3, L 5, L 7–15, L 17–20, beakers of Types Lo 1, Lo 3, Lo 4 tipa Lo 1, Lo 3, Lo 4 in skledah tipa Sk 2, Sk 4, Sk 6 ter Sk and dishes of Types Sk 2, Sk 4, Sk 6 and Sk 7. Of those, some 7, medtem ko predvsem pri loncih tipa L 17 in skledah tipa jars of Type L 17 and dishes of Type Sk 1 were also fired in an Sk 1 zasledimo tudi nepopolno oksidacijski način žganja s incomplete oxidising atmosphere with smoking in the final končnim dimljenjem. phase. 126 126 Redukcijski način žganja z oksidacijo z zaključni fazi Firing in a reducing atmosphere with oxidation in the zasledimo predvsem pri loncih tipa L 1, L 3–5, L 8, L 9, L final phase has predominantly been documented on the jars 11–19, L 21, lončkih tipa Lo 2 in Lo 4, situlah (Si) ter skledah of Types L 1, L 3–5, L 8, L 9, L 11–19, L 21, beakers Types tipa Sk 2 in Sk 4. Lo 2 and Lo 4, situlae (Si) and dishes of Types Sk 2 and Sk 4. 295 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Sl. 21: Razprostranjenost posodja z metličenim okrasom. Fig. 21: Distribution of the jars with brushed decoration. lahko celo v okviru (ene gradbene faze) posamezne hiše suggest the use of a pottery kiln. Analysing the firing pri istem tipu posodja zastopani različni načini žganja.127 technique did reveal differences within individual types Najpomembnejša tehnološka značilnost svetolu- of vessels, but these differences have not been interpreted cijske naselbinske keramike je sestava lončarske mase, as variants because vessels of the same type from the ki vsebuje veliko, običajno drobnozrnatega kalcitnega same house, even the same construction phase can show peska.128 Finozrnata lončarska glina brez večje primesi different firing techniques.127 peska je značilna predvsem za bolj fino posodje kot The most prominent technological feature of the ga predstavljajo lonci tipa 20 in 21 ter situle (Si). Med pottery from Most na Soči, but also other settlements of najdbami iz mlajše železnodobnih hiš pa je zastopana 127 E.g. two jars Type L 1 from House 18 ( Pl. 58: 7 and tudi grafitna keramika. 8) fired in a reducing and oxidising atmosphere; three jars 127 Npr.: redukcijsko in oksidacijsko žgana lonca tipa of Type L 5 from House 15A (Pl. 41: 5 and Pl. 42: 4 and Pl. L 1 iz hiše 18 ( t. 58: 7 in 8); redukcijsko, reoksidacijsko in 53: 7) fired in a reducing, reoxidising and incomplete oxidis- nepopolno oksidacijsko žgani lonci tipa L 5 iz hiše 15A (t. 41: ing atmosphere; jars of Type L 18 from House 14 ( Pls. 34: 5; 42: 4 in t. 53: 7); trije primerki redukcijsko in oksidacijsko 14; 35: 1,2 and Pl. 35: 4 and Pl. 36: 3) fired in a reducing, ter reoksidacijsko žgani lonci tipa L 18 iz hiše 14 ( t. 34: 14; oxidising and reoxidising atmosphere; two jars of Type L 19 35: 1,2 in t. 35: 4 ter t. 36: 3); (nepopolno) oksidacijsko in from House 12 ( Pl. 33: (5),9 and 12) fired in a (incomplete) redukcijsko žgana lonca tipa L 19 iz hiše 12 ( t. 33: (5),9 in 12) oxidising and reducing atmosphere; dishes of Type Sk 2 from ali redukcijsko, dve reoksidacijsko ter nepopolno oksidacijsko House 1 ( Pl. 3: 4 and Pl. 3: 3,6 and Pl. 3: 1) fired in a reducing, žgane sklede tipa Sk 2 iz hiše 1 ( t. 3: 4 in t. 3: 3,6 ter t. 3: 1); reoxidising and incomplete oxidising atmosphere; two dishes oksidacijsko in redukcijsko žgani skledi tipa Sk 6 iz hiše 2 ( t. of Type Sk 6 from House 2 ( Pl. 9: 12 and Pl. 10: 1) fired in an 9: 12 in t. 10: 1); redukcijsko in nepopolno oksidacijsko žgani oxidising and reducing atmosphere; two dishes of Type Sk 7 skledi tipa Sk 7 iz hiše 22A ( t. 63: 12 in 14) idr. from House 22A ( Pl. 63: 12 and 14) fired in a reducing and 128 Glej Grahek, Košir hic. incomplete oxidising atmosphere and so forth. 296 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Sl. 22: Razprostranjenost posodja z bravnim okrasom. Fig. 22: Distribution of ceramics with painted decoration. Najznačilnejši okras za svetolucijsko (mladohal- the Sveta Lucija group, is the composition of the fabric štatsko) naselbinsko keramiko je zagotovo metličenje ( sl. that contains a large amount of usual y medium-grained 20, 21). Pri posodju lahko kot zelo značilne omenimo calcite sand.128 A fine-grained fabric without much sand še rdeče-črno barvanje ( sl. 22) in pa okras vodoravnih temper is mainly characteristic of the finer pottery such topih vrezov ali plitkih kanelur, ki pri loncih tipa 21 as jars of Types 20 and 21, as well as situlae (Si). The Late ustvarjajo nažlebljena ramena. Če poleg teh odmislimo Iron Age houses even yielded shards of graphite ware. številne najdbe raznoliko okrašenih svitkov (prim. sl. 20) The most common decoration on the Late Hal statt in uvožene kose, lahko povzamemo, da je obravnavana pottery from Most an Soči is certainly brushing ( Figs. keramika zelo skromno in redko okrašena (15,36 % ali 20, 21). Some vessels bear black-on-red painting ( Fig. 313 kosi). 22), others horizontal U-sectioned incisions or shallow grooves that in the jars of Type 21 decorate the shoulder, Najbolj razširjena oblika naselbinskega posodja there are also variously decorated ceramic rings (cf. Fig. so seveda lonci, ki jih razvrščamo v 21 tipov ( sl. 23). 20) and decorated imported vessels. These decorated ce- Večini od njih najdemo posamezne primerjave tudi v ramics, however, are not numerous and we can conclude grobovih, vendar to praviloma ne velja za najznačil- that the pottery from the settlement at Most na Soči is nejše naselbinske oblike loncev.129 To so zagotovo zelo rarely and modestly decorated (15.36 % or 313 pieces). razširjeni lonci z metličenim okrasom ( sl. 21), ki jih po okrasu razvrščamo med lonce tipa 17 in 18, ter lonci z As expected for household contexts, the most nažlebljenimi rameni, med katerimi prevladujejo lonci numerously represented form is jars. They have been tipa 19,130 ki imajo ramena bolj ali manj nažlebljena z classified into 21 types ( Fig. 23), most of which have par- 129 allels among the pottery from funerary contexts except Prim. Dular 1982, 93 ss, sl. 9: 5–10. 130 128 Žlebljen ali okras plitkih kanelur je značilnost tudi See Grahek, Košir hic. 297 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Hiša / Tipi loncev / Types of jars (L) House 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 1 3 1 1 1 5 2 3 2 1 4 2 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 11 1 1 1 2 5 4 1 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 4 5 6 2 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 7 2 5 1 1 2 1 8 2 1 1 8 6 1 1 2 2 1 2 9 10 11 1 1 1 12 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 3 13 1 1 1 14 1 1 12 9 3 4 1 8 5 4 16 13 2 15 3 1 4 1 4 1 1 1 4 3 15A 10 1 5 6 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 16 1 1 2 9 2 1 3 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 17 1 18 4 2 19 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 20 1 21 2 1 1 22 1 1 1 1 1 22A 7 1 6 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 23 29 6 11 2 1 2 2 3 4 2 3 1 3 24 1 1 1 1 25 2 1 1 1 26 6 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 27 1 28 29 3 2 1 2 1 3 2 1 1 1 1 2 30 4 1 13 2 1 4 2 1 31 32 2 1 33 1 1 34 1 35 4 1 36 1 1 n = 580 118 16 26 7 17 8 10 89 34 18 12 23 42 21 24 11 22 29 38 5 10 Sl. 23: Tipi loncev po hišah (n = skupno število vseh analiziranih loncev). Fig. 23: Types of jars in individual houses (n = total number of all analysed jars). 298 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Hiša / House Pi Lo 1 Lo 2 Lo 3 Lo 4 K Si Sk 1 Sk 2 Sk 3 Sk 4 Sk 5 Sk 6 Sk 7 1 1 1 1 4 2 1 2 1 1 3 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 5 6 1 2 7 1 1 1 1 2 1 8 2 2 9 10 1 1 11 12 1 1 13 1 1 1 14 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 7 4 15 1 1 2 15A 9 1 1 1 16 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 17 1 18 1 19 20 21 1 1 22 1 22A 1 1 3 23 1 2 1 2 4 1 24 1 1 1 25 1 1 1 26 2 1 1 1 27 28 29 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 30 1 1 5 1 31 32 33 34 35 1 1 36 6 1 1 n = 157 33 8 5 5 9 3 11 3 10 2 14 8 32 14 Sl. 24: Drugo posodje po hišah (n = skupno število vseh analiziranih kosov). Fig. 24: Other pottery forms in individual houses (n = total number of all analysed pieces). Pi = pitosi / pithoi, Lo = lončki / beakers, K = kelihi / goblets, Si = situle / situlae, Sk = sklede / dishes. 299 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Hiša / Tipi svitkov (S) / Types of ceramic rings (S) House 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 19 1 1 2 4 3 1 2 5 1 3 24 2 8 1 1 4 3 1 4 5 6 4 7 8 2 1 2 9 10 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 12 13 2 1 1 14 5 1 15 11 1 15A 22 1 1 1 2 16 17 1 14 17 18 19 1 1 1 19 20 21 3 1 2 1 22 2 1 22A 11 1 1 23 107 47 45 1 16 10 1 4 1 5 4 2 24 2 25 2 26 1 1 27 28 29 7 30 16 1 31 32 33 34 35 36 4 1 n = 519 301 58 54 9 5 16 10 22 14 6 14 5 5 Sl. 25: Tipi svitkov po hišah (n = skupno število vseh analiziranih svitkov). Fig. 25: Types of ceramic rings in individual houses (n = total number of all analysed rings). 300 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Hiša / Drugi keramični predmeti / Other ceramic objects House Pe Pp Pl Ok U M Vr Liv* Imp LT-R 1 2 7 1 2 2 1 3 1 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 1 1 2 7 2 8 1 1 9 10 1 11 2 12 2 1 13 14 2 2 1 1 15 2 2 1 1 15A 3* 16 3 1 17 2 18 2 1 19 1 1 20 21 22 22A 1 2 1 1 2 23 27 3 7 1 24 2 2 1 25 26 3 27 28 29 1 1 1 30 8 2 1 1 31 1 3 32 33 3 34 2 35 8 36 1 n = 153 23 57 7 6 4 13 4 8 2 31 Sl. 26: Drugi predmeti po hišah (n = skupno število vseh analiziranih kosov). Fig. 26: Other ceramic artefacts in individual houses (n = total number of all analysed pieces). Pe = pekve / baking lids, Pp = prenosne pečke / portable ovens, Pl = pladnji / platters, Ok = ognjiščne koze / firedogs, U = uteži / weights, M = motki / bobbins, Vr = vretenca / spindle whorls, Liv* = livarski predmeti in keramične krogle (*) / casting utensils and ceramic bal s (*), Imp = importi / imports, LT-Rim = latensko-rimska keramika / LT-Roman ceramics 301 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Sl. 27: Razširjenost posameznih tipov posodja v mladohalštatskih stopnjah svetolucijske skupine. Fig. 27: Occurrence of individual pottery types according to the Late Hal statt phases of the Sveta Lucija group. vodoravnimi topimi vrezi ali plitkimi kanelurami. V the types of jars most typical of settlement contexts.129 naselju so razmeroma razširjeni narebreni, rdeče-črno Common among the latter are the jars with brushed barvani pitosi ( sl. 24), ki se v grobovih pojavijo v času decoration ( Fig. 21) of Types 17 and 18, as well as jars stopnje Sv. Lucija Ic, najbolj priljubljeni pa so v stopnji with a grooved shoulder, predominantly of Type 19,130 IIa, pri čemer zlasti v bogatejših grobovih stopnje Sv. which bear horizontal U-sectioned incisions or shallow Lucija IIb in IIc nastopajo kot žare.131 Na drugi strani grooves on the shoulder. The settlement yielded fairly sodijo med najznačilnejše oblike grobne keramike kelihi numerous cordoned black-on-red painted pithoi ( Fig. in situle,132 ki pa so med naselbinsko keramiko zelo ma- 24). In graves, these first appear in the graves of the Sv. loštevilno zastopani. Še bolj izrazita razlika se kaže pri Lucija Ic phase and are most common in the following oblikah nizkega posodja. To je v grobovih zastopano z IIa phase, while those in the graves of the IIb and IIc različnimi oblikami skled in skodel ter latvicami ( sl. 24). phases, particularly in the rich graves, serve as urns.131 Slednje so celo najbolj razširjena oblika svetolucijske The most common forms of funerary pottery are goblets grobne keramike133 – in kot kažejo najdbe iz Stične, so and situlae,132 which are rare in the settlement. An even razmeroma razširjene tudi med dolenjsko naselbinsko more apparent difference is in the forms of low vessels. keramiko.134 Med naselbinsko keramiko z Mosta na Soči In graves, these comprise a variety of bowls and dishes jih lahko prepoznamo le v zelo redkih primerkih skled ( Fig. 24); the dishes with an inturned rim even represent tipa 2, pri čemer so latvice bolj številčno kot tu zastopane the most common form of funerary pottery within the celo med v 6. in 5. stol. pr. Kr. datiranimi najdbami iz Sveta Lucija group.133 The settlement at Most na Soči, Gradisca di Spilimbergo.135 Med redkimi in manj raz- however, yielded few such dishes that constitute Type 2. širjenimi najdbami skled med naselbinsko keramiko z Outside the cultural group, the hillfort at Stična shows Mosta so še najštevilčnejše zastopani fragmenti ustij, ki that such dishes were also very common finds in the smo jih opredelili kot sklede tipa 6 in 7, vendar lahko ti settlements of the Dolenjska group.134 At Gradisca di pripadajo tudi pekvam. Spilimbergo, dishes with an inturned rim are also bet- Kot potrjujejo najdbe iz Stične, so pekve najznačil- 129 Cf. Dular 1982, 93 ff, Fig. 9: 5–10. nejša in najbolj razširjena oblika ognjiščne keramike v 130 Grooved decoration is also characteristic of the jars loncev tipa 20 in tipološko nerazvrščenih fragmentov of Type 20 and has in addition been documented on some okrašene keramike ( Sl. 19: O 8). of the typological y undeterminable, but decorated pottery 131 Npr. Marchesetti 1893, t. 1: 4; Teržan et al. 1984–1985, shards ( Fig. 19: O 8). 131 t. 18: A/3; 49: G/5; 52: D/7; 56: A/5, B, F; 57: A/12; 58: B/2, E.g. Marchesetti 1893, Pl. 1: 4; Teržan et al. 1984– C/7; 59: B/6 itd.; Mlinar 2008, t. 1; 3: 1; 24: 1; Gabrovec 1976, 1985, Pls. 18: A/3; 49: G/5; 52: D/7; 56: A/5, B, F; 57: A/12; t. 1: 1; Kos 1973, t. 1: 1; Laharnar, Mlinar 2011, sl. 7: 1; idr. 58: B/2, C/7; 59: B/6 and elsewhere; Mlinar 2008, Pls. 1; 3: 1; 132 Dular 1982, 97 s, sl. 9: 12–18. 24: 1; Gabrovec 1976, Pl. 1: 1; Kos 1973, Pl. 1: 1; Laharnar, 133 Dular 1982, 101, sl. 9: 27–29. Mlinar 2011, Fig. 7: 1 and elsewhere. 134 132 Grahek 2016, 223 ss, sl. 66: La. Dular 1982, 97 f, Fig. 9: 12–18. 135 133 Crismani et al. 2007, t. 20: 184,185; 22: 206; 40: 373– Dular 1982, 101, Fig. 9: 27–29. 134 375; 41: 376; 59: 605; 74: 768; 75: 767–771. Grahek 2016, 223 ff, Fig. 66: La. 302 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Sl. 28: Značilnejše oblike posodja po mladohalštatskih stopnjah svetolucijske skupine. Fig. 28: Characteristic forms of pottery according to the Late Hal statt phases of the Sveta Lucija group. ter represented, among the small finds dated to the 6th and 5th centuries BC.135 The dishes best represented at the settlement at Most na Soči are those of Types 6 and 7, though it is possible that these rim shards actual y belong to baking lids. The baking lids from Stična confirm them to be the most characteristic and widely used form of hearth utensils in the Dolenjska group. Baking lids are also represented at Most na Soči, but are very rare, similarly as firedogs. More numerously represented and hence more characteristic are portable ovens ( Fig. 26), though the most common hearth utensils are ceramic rings. They typically bear some sort of decoration, which may also be interpreted as marks of ownership. Such an interpretation is suggested by their distribution, as most of the rings of Types 3, 3a, 6, 7 and 12 was found in House 23, those of Types 4 and 10 mainly came to light in House 3, while those of Type 8 were found in Houses 1 and 16 ( Fig. 25). The chronological attribution of the ceramic finds from the settlement at Most na Soči is largely based on comparable finds from individual phases and houses, the dating of which is suggested by the associated metal artefacts.136 Such dating also assumes that the construc- tion phases of a particular house cannot be (completely) contemporaneous. The analysis of the distribution of individual pottery types also revealed a chronological framework for individual ceramic forms ( Fig. 27), which enables a broad distinction between an early and a late dolenjskem kulturnem krogu. Pekve so zastopane tudi phase. The early phase has been dated to the Sv. Lucija med naselbinsko keramiko z Mosta na Soči, vendar pa IIa phase. The late one has been attributed both to the so podobno kot ognjiščne koze zelo redke. Bolj značilne Sv. Lucija IIb and IIc phases ( Fig. 28), as it is not pos- in razširjene so prenosne pečke ( sl. 26), pri čemer so sible to set apart the finds only characteristic of the Sv. med ognjiščno keramiko daleč najštevilčnejši in najbolj Lucija IIc phase.137 razširjeni svitki. Značilnost svetolucijskih svitkov je, da so pogosto okrašeni oziroma nosijo morda lastniške The forms of ceramic finds primarily characteristic oznake. Takšno razlago oznak na svitkih nakazuje nji- of the early phase or Sv. Lucija IIa are the following: hova razprostranjenost, saj so bili svitki tipa 3, 3a, 6, 7 - cordoned pithoi (Pi); in 12 praviloma najdeni le v hiši 23, svitki tipa 4 in 10 - jars (L) of Types 1, 2, 4, 5 and 21; so značilni predvsem za hišo 3, svitki tipa 8 pa za hiši - rare goblets and situlae (Si); 1 in 16 ( sl. 25). - dishes (Sk) of Types 2 and 6. Datacija naselbinske keramike z Mosta na Soči v 135 Crismani et al. 2007, Pls. 20: 184,185; 22: 206; 40: največji meri temelji na primerjavi keramičnih najdb 373–375; 41: 376; 59: 605; 74: 768; 75: 767–771. med posameznimi fazami ter hišami, pri čemer data- 136 See Laharnar hic; Dular hic. cijo posameznih gradbenih faz hiš v večini narekujejo 137 Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 428 ff. 303 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI kovinske najdbe.136 Pri poskusu datiranja keramike so Pithoi and the jars of Types 1 and 5 remain widely pomembne predvsem primerjave gradiva iz posame- used in the late phase, though the forms that are more znih gradbenih faz v okviru posamične hiše, saj te v characteristic comprise the following: raziskanem naselju nikakor niso (povsem) sočasne. Z - rare jars with a horizontal y grooved shoulder of analizo razširjenosti posameznih tipov keramike po Type 20, which appear to be earlier that the jars posameznih fazah hiš se tako izrisuje tudi kronološki of Type 19; okvir posameznih keramičnih form ( sl. 27). Omogočajo - small jars of Type 6; nam vsaj shematično razlikovanje med starejšo in mlajšo - jars with an everted rim of Types 8, 10 (and 13); stopnjo. Starejšo datiramo v stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIa, mlajšo - jars with a short everted and thickened rim of pa tako v čas stopnje Sv. Lucija IIb kot tudi IIc ( sl. 28), Types 12, 14 and 15; saj ne moremo izluščiti gradiva, ki bi bilo značilno zgolj - brushed jars, of which Type 18 appears to be za čas Sv. Lucija IIc.137 earlier than Type 17. The latter and the jars of Type 13 are most numerously represented among the Za starejšo stopnjo ali čas Sv. Lucija IIa se kot bolj finds associated with the remains dated to the Sv. značilne oblike naselbinske keramike kažejo: Lucija IIc phase. - narebreni pitosi (Pi); - lonci (L) tipa 1, 2, 4, 5 in 21; The ceramic finds do not il uminate the time when - redki kelihi in situle (Si) ter the Hal statt settlement went into decline, but do offer - sklede (Sk) tipa 2 in 6. clear evidence as to the date of the Late Iron Age remains: the local y made brushed pottery, the graphite ware jars V mlajši stopnji so še vedno razmeroma razširjeni and the black-slipped pottery all point to the Sv. Lucija pitosi ter lonci tipa 1 in 5, vendar pa lahko kot bolj IV phase.138 The finds of imported Roman pottery show značilne oblike omenimo: that the La Tène remains from Houses 31, 33, 35 and - redke lonce s široko nažlebljenimi rameni tipa 20, probably also House 34 reach into the Augustan period. ki se kažejo nekoliko bolj zgodnji od loncev tipa 19; The same dating has been suggested by the finds that pre- - manjše lonce tipa 6; sumably originate from the earliest construction phase - lonce z izvihanim ustjem tipa 8, 10 (in 13); of the only already published Roman-period house.139 - lonce s kratkim navzven zapognjenim ali preo- Such dating raises the question of whether the La Tène blikovanim ustjem tipa 12, 14 in 15; finds are at all connected with the Hal statt settlement - lonce z metličenim okrasom, pri čemer se lonci or should rather be associated with the beginnings of tipa 18 kažejo zgodnejši od loncev tipa 17. Prav the Roman-period settlement at Most na Soči. ti so skupaj z lonci tipa 13 najbolj razširjeni med gradivom iz ostalin, ki jih bržkone lahko datiramo v stopnjo IIc. Keramično gradivo ne razkriva časovnega okvirja zatona halštatske naselbine, ponuja pa jasno datacijo mlajšeželeznodobnih ostalin. Tako lokalna, z metliče- njem okrašena keramika kot tudi najdbe grafitnih loncev in keramika s črnim premazom kažejo na čas stopnje Sv. Lucija IV.138 Najdbe uvožene rimske keramike pa kažejo, da latenske ostaline iz hiš 31, 33, 35 in bržkone tudi hiše 34, segajo še v avgustejsko obdobje. Enako datacijo omo- gočajo najdbe, ki bržkone izvirajo iz najstarejše gradbene faze edine že objavljene rimskodobne hiše.139 Prav zato se postavlja vprašanje, ali so latenskodobne najdbe in ostaline sploh povezane s halštatskim naseljem ali pa jih moramo povezovati že z začetki rimskega naselja na Mostu na Soči. 136 Laharnar hic; Dular hic. 137 Teržan, Trampuž 1973, 428 ss. 138 138 Guštin 1991, 92 ss. Prim. Božič 2008, 119 ss, tab. 5. Guštin 1991, 92 ff. Cf. Božič 2008, 119 ff, Pl. 5. 139 139 Mlinar et al. 2012, 256, t. 1: 1. Mlinar et al. 2012, 256, Pl. 1: 1. 304 NASELBINSKA KERAMIKA Z MOSTA NA SOČI POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI BALDELLI, G., M. LANDOLFI, D. G. LOLLINI 1982, La ce- un castel iere protostorico 1987−1992, Studi e ricerche di ramica attica figurata nel e Marche. – Ancona. protostoria Mediterranea 7, 127−255. BAZZANELLA, M., A. MAYR 2009, I reperti tessili, le fu- DONAT, P. 2015, La ceramica con decorazione a “scopetto” saiole e i pesi de telaio dal a palafitta di Molina di Ledro. dal a tarda età del ferro al a “romanizzazione”. Un carat- – Beni archeologici del Trentino 2, Trento. tere peculiare del territorio tra il Veneto orientale e l’alta BOGATAJ, F., L. GRAHEK, I. M. HROVATIN, R. MA- valle del ’Isonzo. – V / In: B. 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OIAS 34, 2018, 307−320 ANALIZA NASELBINSKE KERAMIKE Z MOSTA NA SOČI Z VRSTIČNIM ELEKTRONSKIM MIKROSKOPOM SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY ANALYSIS OF THE POTTERY FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Lucija GRAHEK, Adrijan KOŠIR ANALIZE SESTAVE KERAMIKE FABRIC ANALYSIS Ena glavnih značilnosti naselbinske keramike z One of the main characteristics of the ceramics Mosta na Soči je sestava lončarske gline (mase), za from the settlement at Most na Soči is the fabric with katero je bilo že z makroskopsko analizo celotne zbir- a high amount of carbonate sand temper. This has first ke najdb ugotovljeno, da vsebuje veliko primešanega been observed macroscopical y and confirmed by the karbonatnega peska. Te rezultate smo podkrepili z results of microscopic analyses. More specifically, it mikroskopsko analizo osmih vzorcev keramike. Poleg has been confirmed by scanning electron microscopy vzorcev značilne drobnozrnate in bolj finozrnate ter (SEM) analyses, which have been applied to examine grafitne keramike smo iz celotne zbirke keramičnih eight samples taken from shards of the characteristic najdb izbrali in analizirali še nekaj fragmentov rdeče- medium-grained, fine-grained and graphite ware fabrics. -črno barvanih pitosov in loncev z metličenim okrasom Apart from these, we also selected and analysed several ( sl. 1).1 unprocessed shards of black-on-red painted pithoi and brushed jars ( Fig. 1).1 1 The drawings of all ceramic finds have been published 1 Vsi citati tabel se nanašajo na objavo gradbenih izvidov in the first volume of the publication of the Iron Age settle- naselja z Mosta na Soči (Svoljšak, Dular 2016). ment at Most na Soči (Svoljšak, Dular 2016). Vzorec / sample Inv. št. / Inv. No. Objava / drawing Opis / description fragment značilne drobnozrnate keramike (hiša 15A) / MNS A - frg. of characteristic medium-grained fabric (House 15A) fragment značilne bolj finozrnate keramike (hiša 15A) / MNS B - frg. of characteristic more fine-grained fabric (House 15A) fragment grafitne keramike iz hiše 11(2) / MNS C P 4602 frg. of graphite ware fabric from House 11(2) frag. finozrnatega rdeče-črno barvanega lonca (L 21) iz hiše 16(2) / MNS D P 4007 frg. of fine-grained, black on red painted jug (L21) from House 16 (2) frag. drobnozrnatega ostenja z metličenim okrasom (O 7) iz hiše 14(2) / MNS E P 4776 medium-grained frg. with brushed decoration (O 7) from House 14(2) frag. finozrnatega pitosa (Pi) iz hiše 15A(1) / MNS F P 5382 frg. of fine-grained pithoi (Pi) from House 15A(1) frag. drobnozrnatega pitosa (Pi) iz hiše 3(2) / MNS G P 4240 t. 23: 21 frg. of medium-grained pithoi (Pi) from House 3(2) frag. drobnozrnatega lonca z metličenim okrasom (L 17) iz hiše 1(2) / MNS H P 2332 frg. of medium-grained jug with brushed decoration (L 17) from House 1(2) Sl. 1: Seznam vzorcev keramike za analizo sestave lončarske mase. Fig. 1: List of samples subjected to fabric analyses. 307 ANALIZA KERAMIKE Z VRSTIČNIM ... MIKROSKOPOM SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY ANALYSIS ... MATERIAL IN METODE MATERIAL AND METHODS Za mikroskopsko analizo smo vzorce keramike Samples were prepared by cutting approximately s precizno žago Buehler IsoMet nažagali na približno one-centimetre thick slabs ( Fig. 2) from the selected pot- centimeter debele rezine, ki smo jih v vakuumski ko- tery shards using a Buehler IsoMet precise saw. The slabs mori impregnirali in zalili z nizkoviskozno epoksidno were impregnated and embedded with a low-viscosity smolo Epo-Tek 301-1. Iz zalitih primerkov smo izrezali Epo-Tek 301-1 epoxy resin in a vacuum chamber. The planparalelne ploščice ( sl. 2), ki smo jih na eni strani embedded slabs were trimmed parallel and machine- strojno izravnali ter sukcesivno obrusili in polirali na lapped on one side, which was followed by manual papirnih ploščah Kemet z abrazivom iz silicijevega fine lapping and polishing using Kemet silicon carbide karbida zrnavosti F1200, F2500 in F4000. abrasive pads of F1200, F2500 and F4000 grit size. Vzorce smo proučili na vrstičnem elektronskem Each sample was examined under a JEOL JSM- mikroskopu JEOL JSM-ITI100 v laboratoriju za mi- IT100 LA scanning electron microscope at the micros- kroskopijo na Paleontološkem inštitutu ZRC SAZU v copy lab of the Institute of Palaeontology ZRC SAZU Ljubljani. Fragmente in obruse smo opazovali nenapr- in Ljubljana. We also examined unprocessed pottery šene (to je brez nanosa tanke prevodne plasti zlata ali shards. Both the unprocessed shards and the polished ogljika) in fotografirali v grobovakuumskem načinu samples were observed uncoated, with elemental (od 20 do 40 Pa) s pospeševalno napetostjo 15 ali 20 analysis and imaging performed in a low vacuum mode kV in pri delovni razdalji od 9 do 11 mm. Vzorce smo (20–40 Pa) at an accelerating voltage of 15 and 20 kV, fotografirali s signalom detektorja odbitih elektronov and a working distance from 9 to 11 mm. Images were (BED) v senčnem (BES) načinu. taken in topographic and shadow backscattered electron Kvalitativno in semikvantativno elementno analizo imaging (BED-T and BED-T) modes. z energijsko disperzijsko spektroskopijo rentgenskih A qualitative and semi-quantitative Energy Dis- žarkov (EDS) smo izvedli pri enakih grobovakuumskih persive X-ray Spectroscopy elemental analysis (EDS) pogojih. Elementne spektre smo posneli točkovno ali was performed in the same low-vacuum conditions. ploskovno s prednastavljenim časom 100 sekund z av- Elemental spectra were obtained from uncoated speci- tomatskih načinom identifikacije elementov. Na vsakem mens using point or small area analysis with 100 seconds vzorcu smo opravili vsaj tri analize celotnega vidnega preset (live) time and an automatic element identifica- polja reprezentativnih delov obrusa pri enaki povečavi tion mode. At least three whole-view elemental analyses (približno 3,5 x 2,5 mm pri povečavi 40x; pril. 1). were done on representative parts of each polished slab Poroznost keramike smo ocenili na podlagi vseb- at the same magnification (at 40x showing approx. 3.5 x nosti klora v spektrih analiziranih površin, kar odraža 2.5 mm large area; App. 1) and in constant operating delež smole, ki vsebuje približno 1,4 % Cl. conditions. Sl. 2: Obrusi vzorcev keramike. Fig. 2: Polished slabs. 308 ANALIZA KERAMIKE Z VRSTIČNIM ... MIKROSKOPOM SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY ANALYSIS ... SESTAVA IN STRUKTURA LONČARSKE GLINE Porosity of the pottery has been roughly estimated by the chlorine content in the analysed spectra, corre- Iz rezultatov ploskovnih meritev na posameznih sponding to the proportion of the resin impregnation in vzorcih ( sl. 3) je razvidno, da je sestava naselbinske the sample (pure hardened resin contains approximately keramike z Mosta na Soči razmeroma enotna. Tako pri 1.4 wt% of Cl). drobnozrnati kot pri bolj finozrnati lončarski glini za- sledimo 5 do 11 % kalcija (Ca), ki je večinoma vezan na karbonatna zrna v velikosti peska in melja, kar pomeni COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE od 10 do 25 % kalcijevega karbonata (CaCO OF THE FABRIC 3) v celotni masi. Kot je razvidno iz mikroskopskih fotografij ( pril. 1), v lončarsko glino ni bil primešan le apnenčev pesek, The results of the EDS analysis of individual sam- pač pa pogosto predvsem evhedralna in subhedralna ples ( Fig. 3) indicate a relatively uniform composition of zrna kristalnega kalcita ( pril. 1: A, G, H; sl. 4: b). V vseh the pottery from Most na Soči. Both medium-grained vzorcih smo zasledili le manjšo količino kremenovih and fine-grained fabrics contain from 5 to 11 wt% of zrn2 (SiO calcium (Ca), which is general y associated with sand- 2), ki so praviloma velikosti melja (<63 µm) and silt-size carbonate grains, corresponding to 10–25% 2 Deloma gre za verjetno za roženec ali delno silificirana of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the total mass. karbonatna zrna. 0.80 0.33 1.91 0.76 Sl. 3: Povprečje rezultatov ploskovnih analiz sestave vzorcev keramike (masni %). Fig. 3: Mean results of the full image fabric analyses of pottery samples (mass %). 309 ANALIZA KERAMIKE Z VRSTIČNIM ... MIKROSKOPOM SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY ANALYSIS ... Sl. 4: (a) Levo: polirana površina vzorca MNS D, posneta z detektorjem odbitih elektronov v senčnem (BES) načinu. Desno: ustrezajoče karte elementov Mg, Ca, Al in Si. (b) BES slika polirane površine vzorca MNS E (levo zgoraj) in ustrezajoče karte elementov C, Mg, Al, Si in Ca. Fig. 4: (a) Left: Backscattered shadow (BES) image of a polished surface of sample MNS D. Right: corresponding elemental maps of Mg, Ca, Al and Si. (b) BES image of a polished surface of sample MNS E (upper left) and corresponding elemental maps of C, Mg, Al, Si and Ca. C – kalcit / calcite, D – dolomit / dolomite, q – kremen / quartz, m – osnova / matrix ( sl. 4). Znatnejša količina dolomitnih zrn je le v vzorcu Photomicrographs of many samples ( App. 1) reveal MNS-D ( sl. 4: a), sicer pa je količina magnezija (Mg) v that the admixture in the fabric is not only limestone drobnozrnati osnovi keramiki <1% ( sl. 3; sl. 4: b). Tako sand, but also calcite euhedral and subhedral crystal pri kremenu kot dolomitu gre za majhne količine, sploh particles ( App. 1: A, G, H ; Fig. 4b). Silt-size quartz grains v primerjavi s kalcitnim peskom, zatorej se postavlja are present in all samples, but only in small amounts ( Fig. vprašanje, ali v njunem primeru sploh lahko govorimo 4a). A substantial amount of dolomite grains is present o namenskem dodajanju pustil v lončarsko glino ali gre in Sample MNS-D ( Fig. 4a), whereas the magnesium zgolj za nečistoči v surovini. Enako velja za delež železa content of the fine-grained clay matrix is generally (Fe), ki je bilo v obliki oksidih ali hidroksidnih mineralov <1% ( Figs. 3 and 4b). Both quartz and dolomite occur prisotno v sami ilovici. Ker sta aluminij (Al) in kalij (K) in relatively small amounts, particularly in comparison vezana na minerale glin, bi bila s prihodnjimi analizami with calcite grains, it is therefore not certain if they were vzorcev ilovnatih sedimentov iz okolice možna identi- added on purpose or merely represent natural impurities fikacija železnodobnega glinokopa. in the source clay. Similarly, the iron (Fe) content reflects 310 ANALIZA KERAMIKE Z VRSTIČNIM ... MIKROSKOPOM SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY ANALYSIS ... Vzorec / sample Inv. št. / Inv. No. Objava / drawing Opis / description frag. dna grafitnega lonca iz hiše 11(2) / Most 1 P 4602 base frg. of graphite jug from House 11(2) frag. ustja grafitnega lonca iz hiše 3(2) / Most 2 P 4168 rim frg. of graphite jug from House 3(2) frag. noge rdeče(-črno) barvane situle (Si) iz hiše 29 (1) / Most 3 P 8241 t. 91: 6 pedestal frg. of (black-on-) red painted situlae (Si) from House 29(1) frag. ustja (rdeče-)črno barvanega lonca (L 21) iz hiše 16(2) / Most 4 P 4007 rim frg. of black (-on-red) painted jug (L 21) from House 16(2) frag. ustja rdeče barvanega lonca (L 13) iz hiše 1 (1) / Most 5 P 2352 t. 1: 2 rim frg. of red painted jug (L 13) from House 1(1) frag. ostenja rdeče barvanega lonca (L 14) iz hiše 19 / Most 6 P 5499 (t. 59: 1) frg. of red painted jug (L 14) from House 19 frag. ostenja narebrene situle (O 1a) z rdeče slikanim okrasom iz hiše 23(2) / Most 7 P 5882 t. 80: 14 frg. of ribbed and red painted situlae (O1a) from House 23(2) frag. črno premazanega ustja pitosa (Pi b) iz hiše 15A(1) / Most 8 P 5383 t. 41: 1 black painted rim frg. of pithoi (Pi b) from House 15A(1) frag. skodele (Sk 1) s črnim premazom iz hiše 35(2) / Most 9 P 2566 t. 98: 5 frg. of black painted bowl (Sk 1) from House 35(2) frag. ostenja (rdeče-)črno barvanega pitosa (Pi) iz hiše 15A(1) / Most 10 P 5380 frg. of black (-on-red) painted pithoi (Pi) from House 15A(1) frag. dna sklede s črnim premazom (LT-Rim) iz hiše 17 (2) / Most 11 P 5437 t. 58: 1 base frg. of black painted dish (LT-Rim) from House 17(2) frag. ustja sklede s črnim premazom (LT-Rim) iz hiše 33 / Most 12 *33/1 t. 97: 12 base frg. of black painted dish (LT-Rim) from House 17(2) Sl. 5: Seznam vzorcev keramike za analizo zunanje površine in barvnih premazov. Fig. 5: List of samples subjected to exterior surface and paint analyses. Analiza rezultatov primerljivih vzorcev nakazuje, the presence of Fe oxide and hydroxy-oxide minerals in da lahko z elementno mikroskopsko analizo prepozna- the clay. As aluminum (Al) and potassium (K) are associ- vamo tudi domnevno različne proizvodnje keramike. ated with clay minerals, it would be possible to identify To kažejo rezultati analiz vzorcev MNS F in G ( sl. 1–3; the potential Iron Age clay pits if we were to analyse the pril. 1: F, G), ki oba pripadata narebrenim, rdeče-črno clay deposits in the area of Most na Soči. barvanim pitosom (Pi). Ker se pitos z vzorcem MNS F od A comparative analysis indicates that the elemental preostalih razlikuje že po prelomu, nekoliko pa tudi po microanalysis also enables the identification of different kemijski sestavi (zlasti delež Ca, Si, Fe in Mg), domne- pottery productions. This is demonstrated by the compo- vamo, da gre za estenski primerek.3 Tudi petrografska sition of Samples MNS F and G ( Figs. 1–3; App. 1: F, G) analiza keramike z območja estenske kulture je namreč both taken from cordoned black-on-red painted pithoi pokazala več lastnosti podobnih značilni naselbinski ke- (Pi). The pithos of Sample MNS F differs from other ramiki z Mosta na Soči. Analize sestave lončarske gline, pithoi in the appearance of the fracture, but slightly also ki so bile opravljene na vzorcih keramike iz Oppeana in its chemical composition (particularly the Ca, Si, Fe (Verona), so pokazale, da pride do večjih sprememb and Mg contents), which leads us to see the pithos as an v sestavi nekje v 6. do 5. stol. pr. n. št., ko se tudi pri import, presumably from Este.2 Petrographic analyses of tamkajšnji keramiki občutno poveča delež primešanega the pottery from the Este area has, in fact, shown several apnenčevega peska oziroma kristalnega kalcita.4 characteristics that are similar to those of the pottery from the settlement at Most na Soči. The fabric compo- sition analyses performed on the sampled pottery from Oppeano (Verona), for example, have revealed that the significant changes in the fabric occurring sometime in the 6th–5th centuries BC involved an increased share of added limestone sand or calcite crystal particles.3 3 2 Prim. Saracino 2014, 131, 132. Cf. Saracino 2014, 131, 132. 4 3 Saracino 2014, 144. Prim. Boschian, Floreano 2007. Saracino 2014, 144. Cf. Boschian, Floreano 2007. 311 ANALIZA KERAMIKE Z VRSTIČNIM ... MIKROSKOPOM SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY ANALYSIS ... GRAFITNA KERAMIKA GRAPHITE WARE Med mikroskopsko analiziranimi obrusi vzorcev The microscopical y analysed samples include one keramike pričakovano najbolj izstopa vzorec MNS C, ki (Sample MNS C) that stands out from the others, which pripada grafitni keramiki ( sl. 1–4; pril. 1: C).5 Na istem is an expected result as it was taken from a graphite vzorcu je bila opravljena tudi analiza zunanje površine ware vessel ( Figs. 1–4; App. 1: C).4 The sample was also ( sl. 5: Most 1). Četudi rezultati meritev površine in subjected to an exterior surface analysis ( Fig. 5: Most obrusa vzorca grafitne keramike niso neposredno pri- 1). The results of the surface measurements are not merljivi6, pa je pomenljiva primerjava s prav tako na directly comparable with those of the fabric analysis on površini analiziranim drugim vzorcem grafitne posode the fracture,5 but they are comparable with the surface ( sl. 5: Most 2). Za slednjega je bilo že pri makroskopski measurements of another graphite ware sample ( Fig. 5: analizi ugotovljeno, da bržkone vsebuje več grafita, saj Most 2). This shard has a greasy surface that suggests a je keramika bolj mastna. Večja vsebnost grafita, to je higher amount of graphite, and has already been deter- mehkega ogljikovega minerala (C), ki se najpogosteje mined as graphite ware during macroscopic observation. pojavlja v luskastih in lističastih agregatih, potrjuje mno- The microscopic analysis revealed a considerably higher go večja vrednost ogljika v primerjavi z vzorcem 1 ( sl. 7). carbon content in comparison with Sample Most 1 ( Fig. 7) and consequential y confirmed a higher graphite content (graphite is a soft carbon (C) mineral that most POROZNOST KERAMIKE commonly occurs in flaky aggregates). Mikroskopska analiza prepariranih vzorcev omo- goča tudi oceno poroznosti keramike. Vzorci so bili im- POROSITY pregnirani z nizkoviskozno smolo, ki učinkovito prodre tudi v najmanjše pore keramike. Delež por in njihova As a result of sample impregnation with low- oblika sta lepo vidna na elementni karti ogljika ( sl. 4: b viscosity epoxy resin that effectively penetrated even C), saj pore, zalite s smolo, ki jo sestavlja več kot 70 % the smallest pores of the ceramics, the SEM analysis ogljika, izrazito izstopajo. Semikvantitativno smo poroz- also enabled us to estimate the porosity of the pottery. nost izračunali iz deleža klora, ki ima v epoksidni smoli The proportion and geometry of the pores are distin- enakomeren delež (približno 1,4 %), v neimpregnirarni guishable on the element concentration map of carbon keramiki pa ga nismo zaznali. Videti je, da poroznost ( Fig. 4b: C) due to the resin containing more than 70% keramike ni odvisna od zrnavosti gline in primesi. carbon. Porosity was semi-quantitatively determined from the total Cl content in the analysed area, assum- ing a uniform 1.4% Cl concentration in the pure resin ANALIZE BARVNIH PREMAZOV and its apparent absence in the ceramics. There is no significant correlation between porosity and grain size. Ker še nimamo opravljenih kemijskih analiz barv- nih premazov na prazgodovinski keramiki iz našega prostora, smo na izbranih vzorcih skušali premaze ana- PAINT ANALYSES lizirati z elementno mikroskopsko analizo (SEM-EDS), čeprav se pri nas v restavratorstvu za analize pigmentov In Slovenia, the most commonly used method for in glazur na keramiki uporablja predvsem metoda ren- analysing pigments and glazes on pottery is that of X-ray tgenske fluorescenčne spektrometrije (XRF-EDS).7 Z fluorescent spectrometry (XRF-EDS),6 but it has never enako metodo kot v primeru pripravljenih zbruskov pre- been applied to chemical y analyse prehistoric pottery. lomov keramike smo na površini analizirali neobdelane For the shards from the prehistoric Most na Soči, a fragmente (grafitne in) keramike z barvnimi premazi chemical analysis was performed using the SEM-EDS ( sl. 5, 6). Ker smo pri vsakem vzorcu opravili ploskovne method to examine unprocessed shards of (graphite meritve tako površine s premazom kot brez njega, so ware and) painted pottery ( Figs. 5, 6). To obtain com- rezultati opravljenih meritev8 med seboj primerljivi. parable results on the painted and non-painted parts a full image analysis was carried out on each sample.7 5 Prim. Friederich 2013, Abb. 4. 4 Cf. Friederich 2013, Fig. 4. 6 Rezultati meritev na površini neobdelanih vzorcev ke- 5 The elemental analyses done on unprocessed surfaces ramike so kvalitativni in zaradi velikih napak ne omogočajo are merely qualitative and cannot be reliably used for a com- zanesljive primerjave z rezultati analiz na poliranih vzorcih. parison with the results obtained from the polished samples. 7 Nemeček 2011, 3–6, 13, 30; Menart et al. 2017, 158. 6 Nemeček 2011, 3–6, 13, 30; Menart et al. 2017, 158. Cf. Prim. Łaciak, Stoksik 2010. Łaciak, Stoksik 2010. 8 Cf. op. 4. 7 Cf. Fn. 4. 312 ANALIZA KERAMIKE Z VRSTIČNIM ... MIKROSKOPOM SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY ANALYSIS ... Sl. 6: Vzorci keramike Most 3–7 z označenim mestom analize. Fig. 6: Samples Most 3–7 with marked paint analysis. ČRNI PREMAZI BLACK PAINTS Pri črnih premazih razlikujemo med črno grafitno We distinguish between a black graphite paint (Čg), barvo (Čg), ki ima kovinski sijaj, in črno smolnato barvo which has a metallic shine, and a black resinous paint (Č), ki je domnevno organske sestave.9 Črna premaza (Č), which is presumably organic in origin.8 The black na vzorcih Most 3 in 4 smo na makroskopskem nivoju paint on Samples Most 3 and 4 has been macroscopical y opredelili kot grafitna, mikroskopska analiza pa je determined as graphite. For both, microscopic analysis pričakovano pokazala večjo vsebnost ogljika (C) na revealed a higher carbon (C) content in the painted premazu kot na neobarvanem delu površine ( sl. 6: 3, 4). part as opposed to the non-painted parts of the surface Še mnogo večji vrednosti ogljika (več kot 65 %) sta bili ( Fig. 6: 3, 4). An even higher carbon content (more izmerjeni na črno (Č) premazanih vzorcih Most 8 in 9 than 65%) has been measured on the black (Č) painted ( sl. 7; pril. 2: e). Ker pri njima vrednosti fosforja (P) in Samples Most 8 and 9 ( Fig. 7; App. 2: e). The analysis kalija (K) ne presegajo meritev na preostalih analiziranih showed that the phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) vzorcev, z opravljeno analizo ne moremo potrditi, da so content in these samples does not exceed the measure- črni smolnati premazi domnevno izdelani iz oglja. Na ments on other analysed samples, hence it is not pos- Poljskem opravljene kemijske analize barvnih premazov sible to determine whether the black resinous paints are na keramiki namreč kažejo, da so alkalni oksidi (K charcoal-based. Chemical analyses of paints carried out 2O, P in Poland revealed that the alkali oxides (K 2O5 in tudi CaO) lahko povezani tudi z uporabo v prah 2O, P2O5 and zdrobljenega lesnega oglja (listavcev), ki pa ni služil le also CaO) may be associated with the use of powdered kot barvilo, temveč za boljši oprijem barvnih nanosov wood charcoal (of deciduous trees), which served not na posodje.10 only as a pigment, but also to ensure better adhesion of the paints onto the ceramic surface.9 9 8 Prim. Grahek 2016, 216 s; Łaciak, Stoksik 2010, 145. Cf. Grahek 2016, 216 f; Łaciak, Stoksik 2010, 145. 10 9 Łaciak, Stoksik 2010, 145. Łaciak, Stoksik 2010, 145. 313 ANALIZA KERAMIKE Z VRSTIČNIM ... MIKROSKOPOM SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY ANALYSIS ... Vzorec / Sample Masa / Fabric C O Na Mg Al Si P S K Ca Ti Mn Fe Most 01 grafitna ker. / graphite ware 14,93 60,35 0,68 6,26 10,33 0,40 1,59 1,54 0,52 3,40 Most 02 grafitna ker. / graphite ware 34,41 41,26 0,87 4,30 7,47 1,19 0,16 0,86 4,62 0,31 4,56 Most 02* zrno grafita / graphite-grain 83,52 13,08 1,00 1,13 0,53 0,14 Barva / Paint Most 03 Čg 18,92 44,41 0,99 8,28 8,17 1,33 2,00 2,73 0,82 1,18 11,17 Most 03 R 12,29 45,15 0,94 10,28 9,81 1,83 3,62 4,10 0,51 3,50 10,49 Most 03 brez / without 8,00 48,53 1,76 7,27 16,02 0,77 2,35 4,67 0,74 9,89 Most 04-2 Čg 72,85 20,87 0,21 1,44 1,91 0,24 0,31 0,77 1,39 Most 04-1 brez / without 34,84 40,67 0,86 5,58 8,78 0,51 1,24 2,40 0,35 4,77 Most 05 R 14,02 52,08 0,08 0,78 10,07 13,70 2,82 0,51 1,65 0,71 3,48 Most 06 R 6,62 56,77 0,92 10,23 15,51 0,00 0,98 2,60 0,57 5,79 Most 07 R-temna / dark 6,31 48,96 1,76 10,04 12,98 0,87 2,50 2,95 0,76 0,56 12,30 Most 07 R-svetla / light 5,28 49,70 1,80 10,08 13,72 0,81 2,61 3,02 0,67 0,43 11,88 Most 08 Č 68,56 27,18 0,17 0,71 1,17 0,20 0,30 1,73 Most 09 Č 66,79 28,64 0,85 1,01 0,17 0,31 0,99 1,24 Most 10 Č 59,10 33,65 0,30 1,34 2,04 0,19 0,34 1,78 1,25 Most 11 Č 7,08 43,64 1,25 15,44 13,03 1,76 0,86 0,73 16,22 Most 12-1 Č 7,30 43,20 0,77 1,53 12,71 16,40 4,70 1,54 11,52 Most 12-2 brez / without 5,84 45,63 0,42 3,15 6,19 18,90 1,42 7,37 10,30 Sl. 7: Rezultati ploskovnih analiz na zunanji površini grafitne keramike in keramike z barvnimi premazi. Fig. 7: Results of the full image exterior surface analyses on graphite ware and painted pottery. R – rdeča / red; Č – črna / black; Čg – črna grafitna barva / black graphite paint. RDEČI PREMAZI RED PAINTS Rdeči premazi temeljijo na kovinskih, predvsem Red paints are based on metal, primarily iron železovih oksidih, pri čemer pa je barvi odtenek premaza oxides, with their hue greatly influenced by the firing zelo odvisen tudi od temperature žganja.11 Ker sta železo temperature.10 As iron and titanium are usual y present in titan običajno prisotna že v glini, smo vse izmerjene in the source clay, all the measurements of iron (Fe) vrednosti železa (Fe) najprej primerjali z izmerami were first compared with the measurements on the na neobarvani površini. Izkazalo se je, da se pri rdeče non-painted surface. The results showed an increased obarvanih vzorcih ( sl. 6: 3, 5–7) delež železa dejansko quantity of iron in the red paint samples ( Fig. 6: 3, 5–7), poveča, pri čemer so izmere na vzorcu Most 7 pokazale, of which Sample Most 7 with a darker painted decoration da vsebuje temnejši, iz več nanosov sestavljen okras več- applied in several layers revealed an even higher quantity jo vsebnost ( sl. 7). Po naslikanem motivu ima ta vzorec of iron ( Fig. 7). The closest parallels for the decorative najboljše primerjave med estensko keramiko,12 zato se motif can be found among the pottery from Este;11 in zdi pomenljiva tudi izmerjena vsebnost mangana (Mn). this respect it is also worth mentioning that the sample showed the presence of manganese (Mn). 11 10 Horvat 1999, 42. Horvat 1999, 42. 12 11 Capuis, Chieco Bianchi 2006, t. 94: 38; 136: 4; 210: 2; Capuis, Chieco Bianchi 2006, Pl. 94: 38; 136: 4; 210: 2; prim. XLVIII: d. cf. XLVIII: d. 314 ANALIZA KERAMIKE Z VRSTIČNIM ... MIKROSKOPOM SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY ANALYSIS ... UVOŽENA KERAMIKA IMPORTED POTTERY Kot kažejo rezultati meritev na prelomih keramike The results of the measurements on the pottery manganovi oksidi v surovini niso bili prisotni, vsaj ne fractures show that manganese oxides were not present v izmerljivih količinah ( sl. 3), zato lahko na površini in the clay, at least not in detectable amounts ( Fig. 3); the keramike izmerjen mangan pripišemo sestavi barvnih manganese measured on the surface may therefore be premazov. Največji delež mangana je bil izmerjen na seen as an ingredient of the paint. The highest manganese vzorcih črno barvane, uvožene rimske keramike ( sl. 6–7, content has been measured on the black-slipped samples pril. 2: f). Ti premazi očitno temeljijo na manganovih of imported Roman pottery ( Figs. 6–7, App. 2: f). These oksidih kot je hausmanit (Mn slips are apparently based on manganese oxides such 2O4) in ne železovih kot so hercinit (FeAl as hausmannite (Mn 2O4), magnetit (Fe3O4) ali hematit (Fe2O3), 2O4) and not on iron oxides such ki sestavljajo črne poslikave na atiški keramiki.13 Rimska as hercynite (FeAl2O4), magnetite (Fe3O4) or hematite keramika s črnim premazom je na Most na Soči najver- (Fe2O3) that are to be found in the black paints of the jetneje prišla iz severno italijanskih produkcijskih sre- Attic pottery.12 The Roman black-slipped pottery most dišč, zatorej lahko tudi za vzorca rdeče(-črno) barvane probably came to Most na Soči from north Italian pro- halštatske keramike ( sl. 6: 3,7), pri katerih smo izmerili duction centres; in parallel, we suggest that the pottery of vsebnost mangana, domnevamo, da sta bila izdelana v the two samples of red (black-on-red) painted Hal statt estenskih delavnicah. pottery ( Fig. 6: 3,7) with a high manganese content also came from northern Italy, from the workshops at Este. SKLEP CONCLUSION Mikroskopska analiza keramike iz Mosta na Soči The microscopic analysis has shown a uniform je pokazala enotno sestavo lončarske gline, od katere fabric composition of the pottery from Most na Soči pričakovano odstopa le vzorec grafitne keramike. Za with only the graphite ware sample standing apart. sestavo halštatske keramike je najbolj značilno, da je bil The characteristic feature of the pottery dating to the lončarski masi dodan, verjetno skrbno izbran, kalcitni Hal statt period is the admixture of probably careful y pesek. Podobna struktura lončarske gline s kalcitom je selected calcite sand to the fabric. A similar structure znana z območja estenske kulture. Z analizo kemijske of the fabric with added calcite is also known from the sestave pa smo ugotovili pomenljiva odstopanja, ki area of the Este culture and the analysis of the chemi- omogočajo prepoznavanje izdelkov estenskih delavnic cal composition of the fabric of Sample MNS F, which (vzorec MnS F). revealed significant deviations, allow us to identify a Rezultati analiz površine grafitne keramike potr- product of an Este workshop. jujejo opažanja na makroskopskem nivoju. Spodbudne The results of the surface analysis of the graphite rezultate pa smo pridobili z elementno analizo barvnih ware samples have confirmed the macroscopic observa- premazov. Ta na eni strani podpira opažanja na makro- tions. The results of the elemental analysis of the paints skopskem nivoju, na drugi strani pa omogoča zaznavan- on these samples also support the macroscopic obser- je domnevno različnih načinov proizvodnje na osnovi vations, but in addition indicate potential y different različne sestave premazov. Kemijska sestava rdeče-črnih production manners based on the different composi- premazov z manganom (Mn) na halštatski keramiki tions of the paints. The chemical composition of the (vzorca Most 3 in 7) namreč govori v prid estenskih black-on-red paints containing manganese (Mn) on the delavnic, saj je bila prisotnost mangana izmerjena le še Hal statt pottery (Samples Most 3 and 7) speaks in favour pri vzorcih rimske keramike s črnim premazom, ki je of production in the workshops at Este because, apart bila uvožena iz severnoitalijanskih delavnic. from these two samples, the presence of manganese has Rezultati opravljenih analiz z vrstičnim elektron- only been detected in the samples of the Roman black- skim mikroskopom na naselbinski keramiki z Mosta na slipped ware imported from northern Italy. Soči so vzpodbudni. Ker pa je bil analiziran zelo majhen The results of the scanning electron microscopy vzorec keramike, bomo za tehtnejše zaključke nadaljeva- analyses of the pottery from the settlement at Most na Soči li s sistematičnim vzorčenjem in analiziranjem večjega are encouraging. Having said that, only a small portion števila vzorcev, in sicer tako samih keramičnih izdelkov of the recovered pottery has been sampled and system- kot tudi vzorcev iz domnevno izvornih glinokopov. atic sampling coupled with a higher number of samples, both of the ceramic artefacts and the potential clay pits, is needed to be able to draw more relevant conclusion. 13 12 Prim. Bente, Sobott, Berthold 2013, tab. 1. Cf. Bente, Sobott, Berthold 2013, Pl. 1. 315 ANALIZA KERAMIKE Z VRSTIČNIM ... MIKROSKOPOM SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY ANALYSIS ... BENTE, K., R. SOBOTT, C. BERTHOLD 2013, Phase ana- GRAHEK, L. 2016, Stična. Železnodobna naselbinska kerami- lytical and microstructural study of black glosses on At- ka / Iron Age settlement pottery. – Opera Instituti Archaeo- tic red-figure vases by XRD (GADDS), Mössbauer spec- logici Sloveniae 32. troscopy, and TEM. – V / In: B. Ramminger, O. Stilborg, HORVAT, M. 1999, Keramika. Tehnologija keramike, tipologi- M. Helfert (ur. / eds.), Naturwissenschaftliche Analysen ja lončenine, keramični arhiv. – Razprave Filozofske vor- und frühgeschichtlicher Keramik 3 . Methoden, An- fakultete, Ljubljana. wendungsbereiche, Auswertungmöglichkeiten, Univer- ŁACIAK, D., H. STOKSIK 2010, Problematyka ceramiki sitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie 238, malowanej i “grafitowanej” z wczesnej epoki želaza w 273–288. świele badań fizykochemicznych (The issue of painted BOSCHIAN, G., E. FLOREANO 2007, Analisi delle sezioni and “graphitic” ceramics of the Early Iron Age in the light sottili di reperti ceramici. – V / In: P. Cassola Guida, C. of physico-chemical analysis). – Przegląd Archeologiczny Balista (ur. / eds.), Gradisca di Spilimbergo (Pordenone). 58, 105–146. Indagini di scavo in un castel iere protostorico 1987−1992, MENART, E., N. NEMEČEK, S. RUDOLF, Ž. ŠMIT, Z. Studi e ricerche di protostoria Mediterranea 7, 415−438. ŽBONTAR 2017, Kratek pregled izbranih naravoslovnih CAPUIS, L., A. M. CHIECO BIANCHI 2006, Este 2. Le ne- metod. – V / In: A. Miškec (ur. / eds.), Preteklost pod mi- cropoli di Vil a Benvenuti. – Monumenti antichi 64, Serie kroskopom. Naravoslovne raziskave v muzeju, 155–159, monografica 7. Ljubljana. FRIEDERICH, J. 2013, Mößbauerspektroskopie an latène- NEMEČEK, N. 2011, Zahtevnejše instrumentalne metode. – zeitlicher Keramik aus Bopfingen, Ostalbkreis. – V / In: V / In: Priročnik: muzejska konzervatorska in restavrator- B. Ramminger, O. Stilborg, M. Helfert (ur. / eds.), Natur- ska dejavnost (poglavje 6.3.7.), 1–36, Ljubljana. wissenschaftliche Analysen vor- und frühgeschichtlicher SARACINO, M. 2014, Dal a terra al fuoco: la tecnologia ce- Keramik 3 . Methoden, Anwendungsbereiche, Auswertung- ramica degli antichi Veneti. – Roma. möglichkeiten, Universitätsforschungen zur prähisto- SVOLJŠAK, D., J. DULAR 2016, Železnodobno naselje Most rischen Archäologie 238, 255–272. na Soči. Gradbeni izvidi in najdbe / The Iron Age settlement at Most na Soči. Settlement structures and small finds. – Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 33. 316 ANALIZA KERAMIKE Z VRSTIČNIM ... MIKROSKOPOM SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY ANALYSIS ... Pril. 1a: Obrusi vzorcev, posneti z detektorjem odbitih elektronov v senčnem (BES) načinu pri enaki povečavi, in ustrezajoči elementni spektri, posneti z EDS ploskovno analizo celotnega vidnega dela vzorca. Vzorci MNS A–C. App. 1a: Backscattered shadow (BES) images of polished slabs, taken at the same magnification (40x) and corresponding elemental spectra obtained from whole-view EDS analyses. Samples MNS A–C. 317 ANALIZA KERAMIKE Z VRSTIČNIM ... MIKROSKOPOM SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY ANALYSIS ... Pril. 1b: Obrusi vzorcev, posneti z detektorjem odbitih elektronov v senčnem (BES) načinu pri enaki povečavi in ustrezajoči elementni spektri, posneti z EDS ploskovno analizo celotnega vidnega dela vzorca. Vzorci MNS D–F. App. 1b: Backscattered shadow (BES) images of polished slabs, taken at the same magnification (40x) and corresponding elemental spectra obtained from whole-view EDS analyses. Samples MNS D–F. 318 ANALIZA KERAMIKE Z VRSTIČNIM ... MIKROSKOPOM SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY ANALYSIS ... Pril. 1c: Obrusi vzorcev, posneti z detektorjem odbitih elektronov v senčnem (BES) načinu pri enaki povečavi, in ustrezajoči elementni spektri, posneti z EDS ploskovno analizo celotnega vidnega dela vzorca. Vzorci MNS G–H. App. 1c: Backscattered shadow (BES) images of polished slabs, taken at the same magnification (40x) and corresponding elemental spectra obtained from whole-view EDS analyses. Samples MNS G–H. 319 ANALIZA KERAMIKE Z VRSTIČNIM ... MIKROSKOPOM SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY ANALYSIS ... Pril. 2: BES slike površine vzorcev keramike Most 2–5, 9 in 12. App. 2: BES images of surface of samples Most 2–5, 9 and 12. 320 Železnodobno naselje Most na Soči. Razprave / The Iron Age settlement at Most na Soči. Treatises. OIAS 34, 2018, 321−332 ANALIZA BRONASTIH SUROVCEV IZ ŽELEZNODOBNE NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI IN GROBNIH NAJDB Z MOSTA NA SOČI IN IZ BOHINJA ANALYSIS OF RAW BRONZE FROM THE IRON AGE SETTLEMENT MOST NA SOČI AND OF GRAVE FINDS FROM MOST NA SOČI AND BOHINJ Žiga ŠMIT, Boštjan LAHARNAR UVOD INTRODUCTION Za analizo z metodo protonsko vzbujenih rent- Several examples of raw bronze, representing rem- genskih žarkov (PIXE) je bilo izbranih nekaj primerkov nants of casting, fragments of ingots, and fragments of surovega brona – gre za ostanke vlivanja, odlomke precisely indeterminable objects, which were discovered pogač, ingotov ali odlomke podrobneje nedoločljivih during the excavations of the Iron Age settlement Most predmetov, najdene med izkopavanji železnodobne na Soči by the end of the 1970s and at the beginning naselbine na Mostu na Soči konec sedemdesetih in v of 1980s, were selected for the analysis by the method začetku osemdesetih let prejšnjega stoletja. Med meritve of proton-induced X-rays (PIXE). The measurements smo vključili tudi keramični livarski žlici oz. pripomočka also included two casting spoons, which were expected za vlivanje, na katerih smo pričakovali ostanke kovine. to contain metal remains. For comparison, we also Za primerjavo smo analizirali izbor končnih bronastih analysed a selection of the Early Iron Age products halštatskih izdelkov (fibule, dno situle, uhan) z grobišča (fibulae, base of a situla, earrings) from the Most na na Mostu na Soči (Szombathyjeva izkopavanja) in iz Soči cemetery (excavations of J. Szombathy) and from grobov v Bohinju (grobišči Lepence in Bitnje), ki jih the graves in Bohinj (cemeteries Lepence and Bitnje), hrani Narodni muzej Slovenije. V preteklosti je bilo z which are held in the National Museum of Slovenia. Mosta na Soči že analiziranih nekaj predmetov1 in ti Several objects from Most na Soči have already been so pokazali, da železnodobni bron vsebuje precejšnje analysed,1 which revealed that the prehistoric bronze količine svinca. contains considerable amounts of lead. EKSPERIMENT EXPERIMENT Meritve smo opravili s protonskim žarkom v zraku The measurements were performed using an in-air na Institutu “Jožef Stefan” v Ljubljani. Vir protonov je bil proton beam at the “Jožef Stefan” Institute in Ljubljana. tandemski pospeševalnik, nominalna energija protonov The proton beam at 3 MeV nominal energy was gener- je bila 3 MeV. Protoni so izstopali na prosto skozi 8 μm ated by the Tandetron accelerator. The protons exited debelo aluminijasto folijo in po 1 cm dolgi poti po zraku into the air through an 8 μm thick aluminium foil; after zadeli tarčo z energijo 2,77 MeV. Profil žarka na tarči je passing a 1 cm air-path, they hit the target with an energy bil Gaussov, s širino na polovični višini približno 0,8 of 2.77 MeV. The beam intensity profile at the target was mm. Površino predmetov smo za meritev rahlo obrusili Gaussian, with a width of 0.8 mm at half maximum. The v velikosti nekaj kvadratnih milimetrov, s čimer smo surface of the measured objects was polished before protonom izpostavili golo kovino. Rentgenske žarke the measurement in a size of a few square millimetres, 1 1 Giumlia-Mair 1995; 2000. Giumlia-Mair 1995; 2000. 321 ANALIZA BRONASTIH SUROVCEV ... ANALYSIS OF RAW BRONZE ... smo zaznavali s Si(Li)-detektorjem z ločljivostjo 164 exposing bare metal to the proton beam. The excited eV pri 5,89 keV, ki je bil od tarče oddaljen 6,5 cm. V X-rays were detected by a Si(Li) detector with a resolu- vsaki merilni točki smo posneli dva spektra: prvega tion of 164 eV at 5.89 keV; the detector-target distance z absorberjem iz 0,3 mm debele aluminijeve folije, s was 6.5 cm. Two spectra were measured at each selected katerim smo dobili ugodno razmerje med bakrovimi in point: the first with an absorber of 0.3 mm aluminium kositrovimi črtami, drugega pa brez absorberja, s čimer foil, which provided a convenient ratio of copper and tin smo določili koncentracije lažjih elementov med bakrom X-ray intensities. The second spectrum was measured in manganom. Težava pri merjenju železa so namreč without an absorber, providing concentrations of lighter ubežni vrhovi bakrovih črt, ki sovpadajo s karakteristič- elements between copper and manganese. The difficulty nimi črtami železa, pri meritvi brez absorberja (ali zelo in detecting iron is found in the escape peaks of copper, tankim absorberjem) pa se razmerje med obema vrsta- which coincide with the characteristic lines of iron. The ma črt prevesi v korist železa, tako da ga lahko določimo measurement without absorber (or with a very thin one ) z manjšo napako. Spektre smo obdelali s programom then relatively enhances the iron lines, which are thus AXIL, elementne koncentracije pa smo izračunali s determined with a smaller degree of uncertainty. Spectra programom, ki upošteva sekundarno fluorescenco, in were de-convoluted using the AXIL program, and the normirali dobljene koncentracije na 100 %.2 Za kontrolo elemental concentrations were calculated using the code smo merili medeninast standard NIST 1107 in ocenili, that considers secondary fluorescence and sets the sum da je natančnost meritev 3–5 %, pri koncentracijah pod of all concentrations to 100%.2 For control purposes, 0,1 % pa se poslabša na približno 10 %. we measured the naval brass standard NIST 1107 as unknown target. The measurement uncertainty was estimated to be around 3–5%, but it worsens to about REZULTATI 10% for elemental concentrations below 0.1%. Rezultati meritev surovega brona z Mosta na Soči so zbrani v tabeli 1, rezultati analize predmetov pa v ta- RESULTS beli 2. Koncentracije so podane v masnih %. Ocenili smo, da so bile meje ločljivosti pri elementih med kromom The analytical results of raw bronze from Most in arzenom ter pri svincu in bizmutu, ki smo ju določili na Soči are collected in Table 1, and the results for the po črtah L, približno 200 μg/g, pri elementih, težjih od objects are shown in Table 2. The concentrations are približno kadmija, pa so se zaradi manjših ionizacijskih given in mass percentage. The detection limits were presekov poslabšale na 500 μg/g. Pri cinku je bila meja estimated to be about 200 μg/g for the elements be- ločljivosti približno 0,3 %, ker cinkova črta Kα sovpada tween chromium and arsenic and for lead and bismuth, z nizkoenergijskim repom bakrove črte Kβ. determined according to their L lines, but for elements heavier than cadmium, which have smaller ionization cross sections, the detection limits deteriorated to about DISKUSIJA 500 μg/g. For zinc, the detection limit was about 0.3%, as the zinc Kα line coincides with the low-energy tail of Pri analizah surovcev prevladujejo zlitine z velikimi the copper line Kβ. koncentracijami svinca, ki kažejo na to, da kovina ni bila namenjena neposredni uporabi za vlivanje pred- metov, ampak verjetno kot predmonetarno menjalno DISCUSSION sredstvo.3 To nakazuje na sliki 1 prikazana porazdelitev elementov glede na koncentracijo svinca in kositra. The results of raw bronze show a prevailing Očitni sta dve skupini: za prvo (skupina A) so značilne number of alloys with large concentrations of lead, velike koncentracije svinca (med 10 in 80 %) in zelo which suggests that the metal was not intended for im- majhne koncentracije kositra (pod 5 % pri vzorcih, ki mediate alloying into objects, but rather represented a 2 Šmit, Pelicon, Simčič, Istenič 2005. 3 2 Trampuž-Orel, Heath 1998. Šmit, Pelicon, Simčič, Istenič 2005. Tab. 1: Sestava surovcev, razlomljenih predmetov in strjene taline (v masnih %) iz železnodobne naselbine Most na Soči. Vrednosti pod mejo občutljivosti so označene z (-). Predmete hrani Goriški muzej. * slike in table glej v: Svoljšak, Dular 2016 Tab. 1: Chemical composition of raw bronze, fragmented artefacts and melted bits (in mass %) from the Iron Age settlement at Most na Soči. Immeasurable values are marked with (-). Artefacts are held in Goriški muzej. * Figures (sl.) and Plates (t.) see in: Svoljšak, Dular 2016. 322 ANALIZA BRONASTIH SUROVCEV ... ANALYSIS OF RAW BRONZE ... Most na Soči Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn As Ag Cd Sn Sb Pb Bi Hiša 15A, frag. uhate sekire (t. 40: 9*) / House 15A, frag. of a shaft-hole axe - 5,58 - - 68,7 2,08 3,05 0,24 - 0,40 1,41 18,5 - Hiša 3, surovec (t. 23: 7) / House 3, raw bronze - 0,074 - 0,161 76,3 - 2,21 0,06 - - 0,47 20,8 - Hiša 23, frag. pogače (t. 70: 1) / Hiša 23, frag. of an ingot - 0,055 - - 69,7 - 0,17 - - - - 30,1 - Sonda 36, frag. uhate sekire – P4700 / Trench 36, frag. of a shaft-hole axe - 0,319 - - 76,4 - 0,91 0,10 - 2,79 0,34 19,2 - Hiša 31, surovec (t. 97: 1) / House 31, raw bronze - 0,088 - - 72,0 - 0,19 0,16 - 4,47 0,21 22,9 - Hiša 31, surovec (t. 97: 2) / House 31, raw bronze - 0,034 - 0,122 59,4 - 0,17 0,08 - - 0,09 40,1 - Hiša 8, surovec (t. 29: 2) / House 8, raw bronze - 9,24 - 0,207 47,5 - 0,64 0,11 - 0,18 0,42 41,7 - Hiša 2, surovec (t. 8: 1) / House 2, raw bronze - 0,083 0,511 2,79 69,2 - 1,22 0,12 - 0,06 0,72 25,3 - Hiša 13, jama I, surovec (sl. 96*) / House 13, Pit I, raw bronze - 0,030 - - 56,4 - 0,31 0,05 0,047 0,06 - 43,1 - Hiša 13, jama I, surovec (sl. 96) / House 13, Pit I, raw bronze - 0,016 - 0,201 75,0 - 0,43 0,64 - - 0,15 23,6 - Hiša 13, jama I, surovec (sl. 96) / House 13, Pit I, raw bronze - 0,031 - - 34,1 - 0 0,04 0,035 - 0,03 65,8 - Hiša 13, jama I, surovec (sl. 96) / House 13, Pit I, raw bronze - 0,029 - 0,078 31,9 - 0,19 0,11 - 0,31 - 67,4 - Hiša 13, jama I, surovec (sl. 96) / House 13, Pit I, raw bronze - 0,032 - - 63,0 - 7,58 0,26 - - 0,82 28,3 - Hiša 13, jama I, surovec (sl. 96) / House 13, Pit I, raw bronze - 0,028 - 0,098 48,3 - 0 0,10 0,038 - 0,19 51,3 - Hiša 22A, strjena talina / House 22A, melted bit 0,14 5,85 - 0,264 78,5 - 0,19 0,12 - 1,68 - 13,2 - Hiša 31, strjena talina / House 31, melted bit 0,18 33,4 - - 39,0 9,10 0,05 0,19 - 18,1 - 0,02 - Hiša 31, strjena talina / House 31, melted bit - 2,57 0 - 79,9 1,16 0,42 0,18 - 15,6 - 0,16 - Hiša 31, strjena talina / House 31, melted bit - 5,34 - 0,173 69,6 1,24 0,14 0,28 - 20,9 - 2,40 - zunaj tlorisa hiše 15, surovec / exterior of House 15, raw bronze - 1,65 - 0,278 61,4 - 0,71 0,34 - 0,78 0,61 34,3 - Hiša 29, ploščica (t. 90: 6) / House 29, small plate - 0,695 - 0,204 60,1 - 0,68 0,07 - 0,23 0,15 37,9 - Hiša 15, surovec (t. 37: 5) / House 15, raw bronze - 0,023 0,199 5,38 21,7 - 6,74 1,60 - 0,17 5,38 58,8 - Hiša 15, surovec (t. 37: 6) / House 15, raw bronze - 0,026 0,011 0,647 26,1 - 1,61 0,53 - 0,18 1,57 69,3 - Hiša 8, strjena talina / House 8, melted bit - 0,357 0,279 0,175 88,1 - 0,11 0,18 - 10,1 - 0,72 - Hiša 4, strjena talina / House 4, melted bit - 0,052 - - 20,6 - 0 - - 0,27 - 79,1 - Hiša 8, strjena talina / House 8, melted bit - 0,283 0,205 0,117 89,9 - 0,08 0,14 - 8,88 - 0,43 - Hiša 29, jama 2, strjena talina / House 29, Pit 2, melted bit - 0,009 - - 62,1 - 0,27 0,05 - 0,05 - 37,5 - Hiša 29, jama 2, strjena talina / House 29, Pit 2, melted bit - 0,065 - 1,45 68,8 - 1,01 2,11 - 0,05 2,02 24,5 - Hiša 29, jama 1, strjena talina / House 29, Pit 1, melted bit - 0,016 - - 67,6 - 0,30 0,07 - 0,03 0,11 31,9 - Hiša 29, jama 1, strjena talina / House 29, Pit 1, melted bit - 0,034 - 1,20 59,3 - 1,75 0,53 - 0,09 3,13 33,9 - Hiša 29, jama 1, strjena talina / House 29, Pit 1, melted bit - 0,062 - - 75,3 - 0,11 0,04 - - - 24,5 - Hiša 4, strjena talina / House 4, melted bit - 0,265 0,211 0,120 88,4 - 0,18 0,14 - 10,28 - 0,35 0,088 323 ANALIZA BRONASTIH SUROVCEV ... ANALYSIS OF RAW BRONZE ... Najdišče / Site Predmeti / Artefacts Cr Fe Co Ni Cu As Ag Sn Sb Pb Bi Lepence certoška fibula X. vrste – P5090* / - 0,08 0,023 0,074 85,0 0,24 - 9,55 - 5,06 - Certosa fibula of Type X Bitnje svetolucijska fibula – P10093, ležišče igle / - 0,08 - 0,187 92,0 0,33 0,15 4,55 0,37 2,29 - bow fibula of Sv. Lucija Type, catch-plate for pin Bitnje svetolucijska fibula – P10093, kroglast obesek / 0,022 0,11 - 0,171 89,9 0,30 0,19 6,86 0,23 2,23 - bow fibula of Sv. Lucija Type, globular pendant Bitnje svetolucijska fibula – P10042 / 0,029 0,18 - 0,394 87,1 0,45 0,33 9,45 0,44 1,59 - bow fibula of Sv. Lucija Type Bitnje certoška fibula XIII. vrste – P10104 / - 0,07 - 0,247 79,8 1,13 0,41 7,30 0,64 10,4 - Certosa fibula of Type XIII Bitnje drobna čolničasta fibula – P10059 / - 0,18 - 0,208 76,5 0,23 0,38 17,3 0,15 4,97 - small boat fibula Bitnje nažlebljen uhan – P10003 / - 0,02 - - 90,3 0,053 0,17 9,00 0,36 0,11 - grooved earring Most na Soči kačasta fibula s krilci – P14299 / - 0,08 0,056 0,201 87,8 0,41 0,18 9,92 - 1,40 - serpentine fibula with wings Most na Soči kačasta fibula s ploščicami – P14258 / 0,033 0,17 0,080 - 80,9 0,20 0,22 16,9 - 1,43 0,08 serpentine fibula with discs Most na Soči trakasta fibula – P14292 / - 0,17 - - 75,0 0,65 0,26 21,7 - 2,18 - band bow fibula Most na Soči certoška fibula X. vrste – P13993 / - 0,28 0,026 0,677 71,3 3,11 1,07 12,5 2,31 8,72 - Certosa fibula of Type X Most na Soči certoška fibula X. vrste – P14004 / - 0,17 0,038 - 85,9 0,27 0,18 10,7 - 2,70 - Certosa fibula of Type X Most na Soči certoška fibula XIII. vrste – P14266 / - 0,93 - 0,236 74,5 0,98 0,39 11,1 0,45 11,5 - Certosa fibula of Type XIII Most na Soči pavkasta fibula – P14037 / 0,043 0,32 - 0,059 80,7 0,46 0,18 15,2 - 3,03 - kettledrum fibula Most na Soči dolgonožna fibula z okrasom na loku – P14016 / - 0,13 0,076 - 80,5 0,50 0,19 17,8 - 0,77 - long-footed fibula with ornamented bow Most na Soči dno situle – P14205 / - 0,05 0,046 0,170 88,7 0,45 0,19 6,83 0,20 3,37 - base of a situla Bitnje samostrelna fibula s pečatno nogo – P10079, T1 - 0,94 - 0,334 64,5 1,80 1,15 22,5 1,74 6,86 0,17 crossbow fibula with a stamp foot terminal Bitnje samostrelna fibula s pečatno nogo – P10079, T2 - 0,68 - 0,554 78,8 1,46 0,66 12,8 1,06 3,94 0,07 crossbow fibula with a stamp foot terminal Tab. 2: Sestava analiziranih predmetov (v masnih %) z grobišč na Mostu na Soči in v Bohinju. Vrednosti pod mejo občutljivosti so označene z (-). Predmete hrani Narodni muzej Slovenije. Tab. 2: Chemical composition of the analysed artefacts (in mass %) from the cemeteries at Most na Soči and Bohinj. Immeasurable values are marked with (-). Artefacts are held in the Narodni muzej Slovenije. * inventarna številka predmeta / Inventary number of the artefact vsebujejo okrog 20 % svinca), za drugo (skupina B) pa pre-monetary exchange item. 3 This is also displayed in so značilne koncentracije kositra med 4 in 22 %, med- Figure 1, which shows the distribution of measurements tem ko je koncentracija svinca manjša od 12 %. Velike according to the concentrations of lead and tin. Two količine svinca se namreč v bakru ne raztopijo, ampak groups are evident: the first (group A) is characterized tvorijo samostojne skupke, zaradi česar je tak baker kot by large concentrations of lead (between 10 and 80%) kovina neuporaben. Vsi gotovi izdelki tako spadajo v and rather small concentrations of tin (below 5% in the drugo skupino, kar kaže, da so za njihovo izdelavo upo- objects that contain about 20% lead), while the second rabljali le baker z majhno koncentracijo svinca, ki so ga (group B) is characterized by tin concentrations between z dodajanjem kositra spremenili v bron. Slika 1 nadalje 4 and 22%, but with lead concentrations smaller than kaže, da je večina surovcev z Mosta na Soči v skupini 12%. Large concentrations of lead are insoluble in cop- z veliko svinca, nekaj primerkov pa je tudi v skupini z per, but form independent aggregates, making such an gotovimi izdelki. To si razlagamo s tem, da ne gre za 3 Trampuž-Orel, Heath 1998. 324 ANALIZA BRONASTIH SUROVCEV ... ANALYSIS OF RAW BRONZE ... 30 25 20 B 15 Sn (%) 10 A 5 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 Pb (%) Sl. 1: Razdelitev vzorcev glede na koncentracijo svinca in kositra. Fig. 1: Distribution of samples according to the concentrations of lead and tin. 25 Co+Ni+Zn+As+Sb 20 Zn 4 ) 3 x 3 (18.41% 2 P 2 Ag 1 Ni Sb As 0 -1 -2 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 40 50 P1 (77.71%) Sl. 2: Porazdelitev vzorcev z metodo glavnih komponent glede na koncentracije primesi Co, Ni, Zn, As, Ag in Sb, preračunanih na vsebnost bakra. Fig. 2: Distribution of samples according to the principal component analysis based on concentrations of the impurities Co, Ni, Zn, As, Ag and Sb normalized to the content of copper. 325 ANALIZA BRONASTIH SUROVCEV ... ANALYSIS OF RAW BRONZE ... prave surovce, ampak za fragmente že uporabljenih alloy unusable. All finished objects thus belong to the predmetov. Verjetno so nekaj takih predmetov pretalili second group, which shows they were only produced skupaj s surovci iz skupine A, s čimer bi pojasnili nekaj from copper with a low content of lead, which was večjo koncentracijo kositra pri treh vzorcih v tej skupini. changed into bronze by the addition of tin. Figure 1 fur- Kovine smo nato poskusili ločiti na skupine po ko- ther shows that the majority of raw bronzes from Most ličinah primesi, pri čemer smo upoštevali kobalt, nikelj, na Soči is in the group with a high lead content, yet some arzen, cink, srebro in antimon. Glede na količino cinka of them are also in the group with finished products. We izstopa en predmet iz hiše 31 s kar 9,1 % cinka. Tako can find an explanation that these objects are not true visoka vrednost kaže na namerno izdelavo medenine v raw bronzes, but fragments of used out objects. Some sredini 1. st. pr. n. št. ali kasneje,4 ker pa je v tej kovini of them were likely recycled with the raw bronzes from tudi 18,1 % kositra in 33,4 % železa, gre verjetno za pre- group A, which also explains that three objects of this taljevanje. Če se pri tem vzorcu omejimo le na baker in group contain larger concentrations of tin. cink, bi bila koncentracija cinka 19 %, kar je zelo blizu We further attempted to distinguish between differ- medeninam, dobljenim s cementacijskim postopkom. ent types of metals according to the content of impurities, Giumlia-Mair omenja v študiji predmetov z Mosta na taking into account cobalt, nickel, arsenic, zinc, silver Soči tudi kroglast obesek svetolucijske fibule s 7,00 % and antimony. On account of the zinc content, one ob- cinka, ker pa je v končni zbirni tabeli za isti predmet ject from House 31 with 9.1% Zn is extant. Such a high navedena nemerljiva količina cinka,5 gre verjetno v prvi zinc content may signify the intentional production of navedbi za napako. V treh predmetih smo zaznali tudi brass in the 1st century BC or later,4 but as the metal also merljive količine kadmija. Ker vsi trije predmeti vsebu- contains 18.1% tin and 33.4% iron, the alloy may be the jejo več kot 40 % svinca, gre verjetno za primes svinčeve result of remelting. If we only consider copper and zinc rude. Za razporeditev meritev po metodi glavnih kom- concentrations, the amount of zinc would be 19%, which ponent smo koncentracije primesi preračunali glede na is rather close to the brass obtained by the cementation vsebnost bakra ( sl. 2). Na sliki prepoznamo dve skupini procedure. In her study of the objects from Most na Soči, in dva zelo oddaljena predmeta. V levem zgornjem kotu Giumlia-Mair also mentions a globular pendant from a je predmet z veliko koncentracijo cinka, ki zelo verjetno bow fibula of Sveta Lucija Type with 7.00% zinc, but as izvira iz medenine, v desnem spodnjem pa predmet z vi- an immeasurable amount of zinc in this object is given in sokimi koncentracijami niklja, arzena, srebra, antimona the summary table,5 the first number may be an error. We in svinca, ki ga lahko povezujemo s pojavom špajze.6 Kot also detected measurable amounts of cadmium in three kaže zvezda lastnih vektorjev na sliki 2, je obe skupini objects. However, as all three objects contain more than mogoče ločiti po koncentraciji cinka. Manjša skupina 40% lead, cadmium may be an impurity in the lead ore. treh predmetov vsebuje 1–2 % cinka, kar bi bilo lahko For the classification of the measurements according to povezano s taljenjem bakrovih rud s primesmi cinkovih the principal component analysis, the impurity concen- rud. Posebno skupino bakra, v kateri je bil kot značilna trations were normalized to the content of copper ( Fig. primes cink, smo namreč zaznali tudi pri študiju bro- 2). Two groups can be recognized in the figure, together nastih predmetov iz srednje bronaste dobe iz Koszydera with two distant individual objects. The left upper corner na Madžarskem.7 Druga, razpotegnjena skupina, se v is kept by the object with a high zinc content, which very splošnem loči po koncentracijah primesi Ag, Ni, As in likely originates from brass, and in the right lower corner Sb, vendar so pripadajoči lastni vektorji skoraj vzporedni there is an object with a high content of nickel, arsenic, sil- in ne dopuščajo podrobnejšega ločevanja. Vir tega bakra ver, antimony and lead, which we may identify as speiss.6 je iskati v rudiščih severno od vzhodnih Alp.8 As demonstrated with the star of eigenvectors in Fig. 2, Račun z metodo glavnih komponent smo nato the two groups differ by the content of zinc. The smaller izvedli še tako, da smo izpustili oba skrajna predmeta, group of three objects contain 1–2% zinc, which may be za preostale vrednosti pa smo uporabili logaritemsko related to smelting of copper ores with an admixture of transformacijo po Duewerju ( sl. 3). Tudi v tem prime- zinc ores. An individual group of copper exhibiting zinc ru opazimo dobro ločeno cinkovo skupino, od glavne as characteristic admixture was also detected in our study skupine pa se vleče razpršen rep elementov, za katere so of Middle Bronze Age metal objects from Koszyder in značilne približno korelirane primesi Ni, Ag in Sb. Pred- Hungary.7 The other, a slightly elongated group, differs by the concentrations of impurities Ag, Ni, As and Sb, but 4 S tako datacijo se ujemajo tudi preostale najdbe, med 4 njimi zlasti odlomki amfor, iz notranjosti in stavbnih ruševin Such datation is supported by other finds, containg hiše 31 (Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 213, t. 97: 3, 6–7; Laharnar v especial y fragments of amphoras, from the inner part and tej knjigi). from the outer ruins of House 31 (Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 213, 5 Giumlia-Mair 1998, 107 in 126. t. 97: 3, 6–7; Laharnar in this book). 6 5 Paulin, Spaić, Heath, Trampuž-Orel 2000. Giumlia-Mair 1998, 107, 126. 7 6 Šmit 2015. Paulin, Spaić, Heath, Trampuž-Orel 2000. 8 7 Giumlia-Mair 1998; 2000. Šmit 2015. 326 ANALIZA BRONASTIH SUROVCEV ... ANALYSIS OF RAW BRONZE ... 4 Co+Ni+Zn+As+Sb ln(1+c1) 3 2 Zn ) 1 (13.75% Zn P 2 As 0 Sb Co Ag Ni -1 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 P1 (71.07%) Sl. 3: Porazdelitev vzorcev z metodo glavnih komponent glede na koncentracijo primesi, pri čemer sta iz niza podatkov izpuščeni obe skrajni vrednosti, podatki pa so preračunani s transformacijo c’= ln(1+c). S puščico je označen predmet iz arzenovega brona. Fig. 3: Distribution of samples according to the principal component analysis based on the impurity concentrations, omitting two outermost values and transforming the input data as c’= ln(1+c). The arrow marks an object made of arsenic bronze. 1,0 Z1=6.3230 Co -0.7152 Ni +0.9497 As +0.1926 Ag -1.0067 Sb 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 Z 2 0,0 -0,2 -0,4 -0,6 -0,8 -1,0-0,6 -0,4 -0,2 0,0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 Z1 (100%) Sl. 4: Razdelitev izdelkov z Mosta na Soči in iz Bohinja z diskriminantno analizo. Ločevanje med obema skupinama je mogoče z eno kanonično spremenljivko (Z1). Fig. 4: Distribution of finished objects from Most na Soči and Bohinj according to the linear discriminant analysis. It is possible to distinguish between the two groups using one canonical variable (Z1). 327 ANALIZA BRONASTIH SUROVCEV ... ANALYSIS OF RAW BRONZE ... met, ki izstopa od obeh skupin ( sl. 3 – označen s puščico) the corresponding eigenvectors are nearly parallel and do vsebuje 7,58 % arzena, verjetno gre za arzenov bron. not allow further classification. The source of this copper Ali lahko med našim naborom predmetov raz- may be sought in ore deposits north of the eastern Alps.8 likujemo med viri bakra, smo poskusili ugotoviti še z The principal component analysis was also per- diskriminantno analizo. Prednost te analize v primerjavi formed in such a way that we omitted the two outmost z metodo glavnih komponent je v tem, da prva analiza objects and logarithmical y transformed the remaining že upošteva razdelitev predmetov v skupine in pokaže, values according to the approach of Duewer ( Fig. 3). ali so med skupinami pomembne razlike. Na sliki 4 smo This calculation also shows a distinct group of objects najprej preučili razliko med izdelki z Mosta na Soči in containing zinc, yet the main group spreads into a diffuse iz Bohinja. Ker v izdelkih nismo zasledili cinka, smo tail, whose objects are distinguished by approximately kot kriterij izbrali elemente Co, Ni, As, Ag in Sb. Tudi correlated impurities of Ni, Ag and Sb. The object that v tem primeru smo koncentracije primesi normirali differs from the two groups ( Fig. 3 – marked by an ar- na vsebnost bakra, nismo pa uporabili logaritemske row) contains 7.58% arsenic, so it very likely represents transformacije. Iz slike je razvidno, da se med obema arsenic bronze. skupinama izdelkov pojavi jasna razmejitev, kar kaže The question of distinguishing different sources of na to, da sta obe skupini izdelani iz različnega brona. V copper among our analysed objects was also approached račun smo nato vključili še surovce kot tretjo skupino, by linear discriminant analysis. In comparison with the pri čemer smo izpustili predmet iz arzenovega brona, principal component analysis, the discriminant analysis predmet z veliko cinka in predmet iz špajze. Na sliki 5 has the advantage that it considers the distribution of the se pojavi zanimiva razdelitev predmetov v dve skupini. elements into known groups and shows if any significant Vsi izdelki iz Bohinja razen enega (točka T1 na fibuli differences between the groups exist. In Figure 4 we first s samostrelno peresovino in pečatno nogo) so v desni studied the differences between the finished products skupini, medtem ko so izdelki z Mosta na Soči razdeljeni from Most na Soči and Bohinj. Since zinc was not detected med obema skupinama. Kot izdelke moramo upoštevati in these objects, Co, Ni, As, Ag and Sb were chosen as tudi tiste z veliko koncentracijo kositra, jasno izraženimi characteristic elements. We again normalized the impu- robovi in gladkimi površinami; skupno jih je pet ( sl. 1). rity concentrations to the content of copper, although we Trije med njimi so tako v levi skupini, dva pa v desni. did not apply the logarithmic transformation. The figure Če te predmete izključimo kot surovce, v levi skupini shows a clear distinction between the two types of objects, ostanejo le trije surovci, vsi preostali so v desni. Eden which indicates that they were made of different bronze. od surovcev na levi je odlomek uhate sekire, drugi pa je The calculation was then extended to the raw bronze as zelo verjetno odlomek ingota vrste ramo secco ( sl. 6).9 the third group, though we omitted the object made of Pri tem kaže omeniti, da je drugi surovec, ki po obliki arsenic bronze, the high zinc object and speiss. Figure 5 roba morda prav tako pripada vrsti ramo secco, v desni reveals an interesting distribution of objects into two skupini. groups. All products from Bohinj except one (point T1 Delitev predmetov in surovcev v skupini kaže na of the crossbow fibula with a stamp foot terminal) are in dve vrsti brona. Ingote vrste ramo secco in uhate sekire the right group, while the products from Most na Soči are v arheološki literaturi povezujejo z rudišči v Etruriji,10 separated between the two groups. We also must consider vendar primerjave ne temeljijo na analizah, temveč na as products those raw bronzes with a high tin content and številnih arheoloških sledovih metalurške dejavnosti regular surfaces; altogether they are five ( Fig. 1). Three of v Etruriji, posebno v okolici Populonije.11 Analize them are thus in the left group, and two in the right one. If etruščanskih predmetov so omejene na končne in we then exclude them as raw bronze, there are only three imenitne izdelke v muzejih, ne pa na surovce.12 Avtorji, objects of raw bronze in the left group; the others are all in ki proučujejo sestavo zakladnih najdb v Furlaniji in the right group. One of the raw bronzes in the left group Benečiji, ugotavljajo med surovinami tudi prisotnost is a fragment of a shaft-hole axe; the other is very likely bakra z alpskih najdišč,13 o drugih virih surovin pa a fragment of an ingot of the type ramo secco ( Fig. 6).9 It sklepajo predvsem po razprostranjenosti predmetov. is necessary to note that the other piece of raw bronze, Craddock navaja,14 da je za baker iz Etrurije in Sardi- the edge of which indicates it could even be a ramo secco nije značilna visoka koncentracija kobalta (do 0,5 %), ingot, belongs to the right group. vendar se ta pri naših meritvah ne kaže kot odločilni The division of the objects and raw bronzes into diskriminatorni element. Med predmeti z razmeroma groups suggests two types of bronze. In archaeological literature, ramo secco ingots and socketed axes are associ- 9 Laharnar v tej knjigi. ated with the ore deposits in Etruria,10 though not on the 10 Henderson 2016, 151. basis of analysis, but rather on the ample archaeological 11 Modona 1955; Giardino 2015. 12 8 Craddock 1986. Giumlia-Mair 1998; 2000. 13 9 Borgna 1992, 59–62; Pellegrini 1992, 349. Laharnar in this book. 14 10 Craddock 1986, 214. Henderson 2016, 151. 328 ANALIZA BRONASTIH SUROVCEV ... ANALYSIS OF RAW BRONZE ... majhno koncentracijo pod 0,1 % ga zasledimo v šestih evidence of the metal urgical activity in Etruria, notably predmetih in enem surovcu z Mosta na Soči ter v enem in the vicinity of Populonia.11 The analyses of Etruscan predmetu iz Bohinja; v vrednostih, večjih od 0,1 % objects are limited to the precious finished products in pa v šestih surovcih z Mosta na Soči. Pri surovcu, ki museum collections and do not include pieces of raw na sliki 5 odstopa od vseh ostalih, je vsebnost kobalta bronze.12 The authors who study the composition of celo 0,51 %. Nekateri ingoti iz slovite zakladne najdbe hoards from Friuli and Veneto state that copper from the San Francesco v Bologni iz zgodnje železne dobe so Alpine deposits is present as raw material,13 while other iz zelo čistega bakra skoraj brez primesi.15 Najdbe iz sources of raw materials are mainly inferred from the Gran Carra pa vsebujejo znatno količino arzena in distribution of artefacts. Craddock writes that the copper antimona, ki bi po avtorjevih domnevah lahko kazale from Sardinia and Etruria is characterised by a high cobalt na bakrovo rudo, podobno tisti iz severnega Lacija in concentration (up to 0.5%),14 yet in our measurements južne Toskane.16 Samo iz prisotnosti arzena in antimo- cobalt does not appear as a discriminative element. It is na ni mogoče sklepati na izvor rud. Diskriminatorne present in relatively low concentrations, below 0.1%, in parametre je treba iskati v skupnih razmerjih med six pieces of raw bronze and one artefact from Most na posameznimi primesmi, kar smo v našem primeru Soči, as well as in one artefact from Bohinj, while con- dosegli z uporabo multivariantnih statističnih metod. centrations above 0.1% have been documented in six Na sliki 5 z izraženima spremenljivkama Z1 in Z2 lahko raw bronzes from Most na Soči. One piece of raw bronze umestimo še rezultate drugih analiz. Za primerjavo stands apart from all others in Fig. 5 in that the measured smo izbrali naslednje predmete, analizirane z metodo cobalt content is 0.51%. Some ingots from the well-known AES: šest uhatih sekir iz zakladne najdbe Gastabil na Iron Age hoard from San Francesco in Bologna were of Cerkljanskem,17 ingote vrste ramo secco in njim po- a rather pure copper nearly without impurities.15 The dobne z Mosta na Soči – Repelc,18 Semeniča,19 Povirja, finds from Gran Carro contained significant admixtures Šempetra pri Gorici ter tri iz Castelfranco Emilia.20 of arsenic and antimony, which, according to the author’s Najbolj levo se uvršča uhata sekira iz Gastabila, v levi opinion, marked an ore similar to the one in northern skupini sta še ingot ramo secco iz Semeniča in druga Lazio and southern Tuscany.16 The presence of arsenic uhata sekira iz Gastabila. V desni skupini so vsi trije and antimony impurities alone is not indicative of the ore surovci iz Castelfranca, ki imajo največje vrednosti origin. Discriminative properties have to be sought in the spremenljivke Z2, skrajno desno je uhata sekira iz Ga- proportions of different impurities, which we examined stabila. Ugotovimo lahko, da spremenljivka Z1 opisuje by applying multivariate statistical methods. Using the predvsem razmerje med primesmi arzena in antimona: Z1 and Z2 variables, Figure 5 can be made to include the na levi strani (v smeri negativnih Z1) prevladuje arzen, results of other analyses. For comparison, we chose the na desni (pri pozitivnih Z1) antimon. Primerjava anali- following objects analysed using the AES method: six ziranih najdb z Mosta na Soči in Bohinja kaže, da ima socketed axes from the Gastabil hoard in the Cerkljansko baker z Mosta na Soči veliko bolj raznovrstne primesi, region, 17 ramo secco and similar ingots from Most na Soči kar lahko povežemo z več različnimi rudnimi viri. Teh – Repelc, 18 Semenič,19 Šempeter pri Gorici and three from pri sedanjem stanju raziskav ni mogoče identificirati, Castelfranco Emilia.20 A socketed axe from Gastabil keeps vprašanje pa je tudi, ali je samo iz primesi identifikacija the extreme left position in Figure 5. The left group also sploh mogoča. Velike količine namensko dodanega contains the ramo secco ingot from Semenič and another svinca namreč onemogočajo analize s svinčevimi iz- socketed axe from Gastabil. The right group contains al otopi, ovirajo pa tudi primerjave po količini srebra in three raw bronzes from Castelfranco (they also show the antimona v razmerju glede na prvotni svinec.21 highest values of the Z2 variable). At the far right, there is Odprto ostaja vprašanje izvora bakra s primesmi a socketed axe from Gastabil. The Z1 variable mainly de- cinka. Vsi trije predmeti s cinkom se namreč razdelijo scribes the ratio between the impurities of arsenic and an- ( sl. 5 – označeni s puščicami). Dva sta iz istega konteksta timony: arsenic predominates on the left (in the direction (hiša 31) kot predmet z 9,1 % cinka, tako da je prisotnost of the negative Z1), antimony on the right (at the positive cinka posledica pretaljevanja. Tretji predmet z 2,08 % Z1). Comparison of the analysed finds from Most na Soči Zn je odlomek uhate sekire, ki je v isti skupini kot in- 11 Modona 1955; Giardino 2015. got ramo secco ( sl. 5). Ta odlomek s primesjo cinka je 12 Craddock 1986. 13 Borgna 1992, 59–62; Pellegrini 1992, 349. 15 Giardino 2015, 726. 14 Craddock 1986, 214. 16 Giardino 2015, 728. 15 Giardino 2015, 726. 17 Nanut 2011. 16 Giardino 2015, 728. 18 Mlinar 2003, 29–30. 17 Nanut 2011. 19 Trampuž-Orel, neobjavljeno, arhiv Arheološkega oddel- 18 Mlinar 2003, 29–30. ka Narodnega muzeja Slovenije. 19 Trampuž-Orel, unpublished, Archives of the Arcaheo- 20 Trampuž-Orel et al. 2002, 63–75. logical Department at the National Museum of Slovenia. 21 Lutz, Schwab 2014. 20 Trampuž-Orel et al. 2002, 63–75. 329 ANALIZA BRONASTIH SUROVCEV ... ANALYSIS OF RAW BRONZE ... 0,4 Ni> 0,2 0,0 ) -0,2 Sn PB> (33.81%Z2 ramo secco -0,4 -0,6 Z1=-0.8439 Co +0.2541 Ni -0.1182 As -0.2699 Ag +0.1310 Sb Z1=-0.9034 Co -0.0030 Ni -0.0964 As +0.1419 Ag +0.0331 Sb -0,8 Co> -0,5 -0,4 -0,3 -0,2 -0,1 0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 Z1 (66,19%) Sl. 5: Diskriminantna analiza izdelkov z Mosta na Soči in iz Bohinja ter surovcev z Mosta na Soči. Ločevanje med skupinami omogočata dve kanonični spremenljivki (Z1, Z2). Z zelenimi puščicami so označeni predmeti z veliko kositra, ki predstavljajo fragmente izdelkov, s črnimi puščicami pa predmeti s primesmi cinka. Fig. 5: Discriminant analysis of finished products from Most na Soči and Bohinj and raw bronzes from Most na Soči. Distinguishing between the groups is possible using two canonical variables (Z1, Z2). Green arrows mark objects with high tin concentrations, which represent fragments of finished products, black arrows mark the objects containing zinc. edini, ki ga lahko povežemo z bakrovo rudo, poleg tega and Bohinj shows that copper from Most na Soči is much je okrog 1 % cinka tudi v odlomkih dveh uhatih sekir more heterogeneous with respect to impurities, which we z Gastabila. Čeprav se eden od njiju umešča tik zraven can connect with a larger number of different sources of uhate sekire z Mosta na Soči, je število predmetov s ore. At the present state of research, it is not possible to cinkom premajhno, da bi lahko ugotavljali povezavo identify them and it is even questionable if identification med cinkom in drugimi primesmi. according to impurities is at all possible. Large quanti- ties of lead added on purpose prevent an analysis of lead isotopes and hinder comparisons according to silver and antimony with respect to the original lead.21 The question of the origin of copper marked with an admixture of zinc remains open. All the three objects with zinc separate in ( Fig. 5 – marked with arrows). Two of them are from the same context (House 31) as the object with 9.1% zinc, so the presence of zinc may be the result of remelting. The remaining object with 2.08% Zn is a fragment of a shaft-hole axe, which is located in the same group ( Fig. 5) as the ingot of the type ramo secco. This fragment with an admixture of zinc is the only one we can connect with copper ore, yet a content of about 1% zinc is also observed in two fragments of socketed axes from Gastabil. Though the zinc content in one of the fragments is close to that established for the socketed Sl. 6: Odlomek bronastega ingota vrste ramo secco iz naselbine axe from Most na Soči, the number of objects containing Most na Soči (prim. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, t. 23: 7). M. = 1:1. zinc is too small to indicate relations between zinc and Fig. 6: Fragment of a bronze ingot of the type ramo secco from other impurities. the settlement Most na Soči (cf. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, Pl. 23: 21 7). Scale = 1:1. Lutz, Schwab 2014. 330 ANALIZA BRONASTIH SUROVCEV ... ANALYSIS OF RAW BRONZE ... Rezultati meritev na keramičnih livarskih žlicah The measurements on ceramic casting spoons or so potrdili metalurško dejavnost na tem najdišču. Na utensils confirmed metal urgical activity at the site. The veliki žlici oz. livarskem pripomočku iz hiše 15 (Goriški inner side of the bigger spoon from House 15 (Goriški muzej, inv. št. P4996; Svoljšak, Dular 2016, t. 38: 6) je muzej, Inv. No. P4996; Svoljšak, Dular 2016, Pl. 38: 6) bilo na notranji površini približno 0,9 % bakra in 0,6 % contained approximately 0.9% copper and 0.6% lead, svinca, kar skupaj predstavlja zlitino iz 60 % bakra in 40 which would make an alloy of about 60% copper and % svinca – podobno, kot jo imajo nekateri kosi surovega 40% lead – similar to the composition of some pieces of brona. Za primerjavo, na zunanji steni žlice je bila kon- raw bronze. For comparison, the outer side of the spoon centracija bakra le 0,03 %, to je tridesetkrat manjša. Pri contained 0.03 % copper only, which is thirty times less. mali žlici oz. livarski posodici iz jame 3 v hiši 4 (Goriški The smaller casting spoon or utensil from Pit 3 in House muzej, inv. št. P4297; Svoljšak, Dular 2016, t. 24: 5) je bila 4 (Goriški muzej, Inv. No. P4297; Svoljšak, Dular 2016, notri drugačna kovina, sestavljena iz 82 % kositra, 13 % Pl. 24: 5) contained a different metal; it was composed of svinca in 5 % bakra. To verjetno ni točna sestava zlitine, 82% tin, 13% lead and 5% copper. This may not be exact ker se različni elementi lahko različno vežejo v keramiko, composition of the alloy, as different metals bind differ- a gre v grobem za ulivanje predmetov iz poceni kositrovo- ently to ceramics, but in general it reveals a non-expensive -svinčeve litine, ki ima razmeroma nizko tališče. casting alloy with a low melting point. ZAKLJUČEK CONCLUSION Meritve predmetov z Mosta na Soči in iz Bohinja The analysis of objects from Most na Soči and Bohinj so pokazale dve vrsti funkcionalnih zlitin: tiste z veliko showed two types of functional alloys: those with a high koncentracijo svinca so verjetno krožile kot sredstvo lead content circulated very likely as an exchange mate- za menjavo, medtem ko so za izdelavo bronastih rial, while those containing maximal y 20% lead were predmetov uporabljali zlitine z največ 20 % svinca. Z used for manufacturing of practical objects. Discriminant diskriminantno analizo smo ugotovili veliko raznoli- analysis based on the impurities of Co, Ni, As, Ag and kost posameznih vrst surovega bakra po primeseh Co, Sb has revealed a great heterogeneity of raw copper. The Ni, As, Ag in Sb. Baker iz Bohinja je bolj homogen od copper from Bohinj appears more homogeneous than tistega z Mosta na Soči, kar bi lahko pomenilo, da so that from Most na Soči, which may suggest that the latter na Mostu na Soči prišli v stik ali uporabljali baker iz came into contact or used copper from a larger number več različnih rudišč. of different ore deposits. DODATEK APPENDIX Seznam analiziranih predmetov z grobišč na Mostu na Soči in List of the Early Iron Age artefacts analysed from the Most v Bohinju (predmete hrani Narodni muzej Slovenije) na Soči and the Bohinj cemeteries (artefacts are held in the National Museum of Slovenia). Lepence, grobna najdba Lepence, a grave find 1. Certoška fibula X. vrste; inv. št. P5090 (Gabrovec 1974, 1. Certosa fibula of Type X; Inv. No. P5090 (Gabrovec 1974, 296, t. 9: 11). 296, Pl. 9: 11). Bitnje, grobne najdbe Bitnje, grave finds 1. Svetolucijska fibula; inv. št. P10042 (Gabrovec 1974, 289, 1. Bow fibula of Sveta Lucija Type; Inv. No. P10042, (Gabrovec t. 2: 14). 1974, 289, Pl. 2: 14). 2. Svetolucijska fibula; inv. št. P10093 (Gabrovec 1974, 293, 2. Bow fibula of Sveta Lucija Type; Inv. No. P 10093 (Gabrovec t. 6: 24). 1974, 293, Pl. 6: 24). 2. Certoška fibula XIII. vrste; inv. št. P10104 (Gabrovec 1974, 2. Certosa fibula of Type XIII; Inv. No. P10104 (Gabrovec 293, t. 7: 5). 1974, 293, Pl. 7: 5). 3. Drobna čolničasta fibula; inv. št. P10059 (Gabrovec 1974, 3. Small boat fibula; Inv. No. P10059 (Gabrovec 1974, 290, 290, t. 4: 1). Pl. 4: 1). 5. Fibula s samostrelno peresovino in pečatno nogo; inv. št. 5. Crossbow fibula with a stamp foot terminal; Inv. No. P10079 P10079 (Gabrovec 1974, 292, t. 5: 4). (Gabrovec 1974, 292, Pl. 5: 4). 5. Nažlebljen uhan; inv. št. P10003 (Gabrovec 1974, 293, t. 7: 4). 5. Grooved earring; Inv. No. P10003 (Gabrovec 1974, 293, Pl. 7: 4). 331 ANALIZA BRONASTIH SUROVCEV ... ANALYSIS OF RAW BRONZE ... Most na Soči, grobne najdbe Most na Soči, grave finds 1. Kačasta fibula s krilci; inv. št. P14299 (Teržan, Lo Schiavo, 1. Serpentine fibula with wings; Inv. No. P14299 (Teržan, Lo Trampuž-Orel 1984, t. 68D: 2). Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, Pl. 68D: 2). 2. Kačasta fibula s ploščicami; inv. št. P14258 (Teržan, Lo 2. Serpentine fibula with discs on the bow; Inv. No. P14258 Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, t. 68A: 1). (Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, Pl. 68A: 1). 3. Trakasta fibula; inv. št. P14292 (Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Tram- 3. Band bow fibula; Inv. No. P14292 (Teržan, Lo Schiavo, puž-Orel 1984, t. 58B: 1). Trampuž-Orel 1984, Pl. 58B: 1). 4. Certoška fibula X. vrste; inv. št. P13993 (Teržan, Lo Schiavo, 4. Certosa fibula of Type X; Inv. No. P13993 (Teržan, Lo Trampuž-Orel 1984, t. 7B: 1). Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, Pl. 7B: 1). 5. Certoška fibula X. vrste; inv. št. P14004 (Teržan, Lo Schiavo, 5. Certosa fibula of Type X; Inv. No. P14004 (Teržan, Lo Trampuž-Orel 1984, t. 8A) Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, Pl. 8A). 6. Certoška fibula XIII. vrste; inv. št. P14266 (Teržan, Lo Schi- 6. Certosa fibula of Type XIII; Inv. No. P14266 (Teržan, Lo avo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, t. 70D: 1) Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, Pl. 70D: 1) 7. Pavkasta fibula; inv. št. P14037 (Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Tram- 7. Kettledrum fibula; Inv. No. P14037 (Teržan, Lo Schiavo, puž-Orel 1984, t. 13F: 1) Trampuž-Orel 1984, Pl. 13F: 1) 8. Dolgonožna ločna fibula z mrežastim okrasom na loku; inv. 8. Long-footed fibula with reticular ornamentation on the št. P14016 (Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, t. bow; Inv. No. P14016 (Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 10A: 2). 1984, Pl. 10A: 2). 9. Dno situle; inv. št. P14205 (Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž- 9. Base of a situla; Inv. No. P14205 (Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Tram- Orel 1984, t. 59B: 5). puž-Orel 1984, Pl. 59B: 5). BORGNA, E. 1992, Il ripostiglio di Madriolo presso Cividale a NANUT, T. 2011, Nove poznobronastodobne najdbe iz severo- I pani di piccone del Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Studi e Ricerche zahodne Slovenije. – Neobjavljeno diplomsko delo / Un- di Protostoria Mediterranea 1, Roma. published graduate thesis; Oddelek za arheologijo, Filo- CRADDOCK, P. T. 1986, The metal urgy and composition of zofska fakulteta, Univerza v Ljubljani, Ljubljana. Etruscan bronze. – Studi Etruschi 52, 211–271. NEPPI MODONA, A. 1955, Etruscan Metal urgy. – Scientific GABROVEC, S. 1974, Halštatske nekropole v Bohinju (Die American 193/5, 90–98. Hal stattnekropolen in Bohinj). – Arheološki vestnik 25, PAULIN, A., S. SPAIĆ, D. J. HEATH, N. TRAMPUŽ-OREL 287–318. 2000, Analysis of Late Bronze Age Spaiss. – Bul etin of the GIARDINO, C. 2013, Vil anovan and Etruscan mining and Metals Museum 32, 29–41. metal urgy. – V / In: J. MacIntosh Turfa (ur. / ed.), The PELLEGRINI, E. 1992, Nuovi dati su due ripostigli del ’età Etruscan world, London, New York, 721–737. del bronzo finale del grossetano: Piano di Tallone e “tra GIUMLIA-MAIR, A. 1995, The cooper-based finds from a Manciano e Samprugnano” – Bul etino di Paletnologia Ita- Slovenian Iron Age Site. – Bul etin of the Metals Museum liana 83, 341–360. 23, 59–81. SVOLJŠAK, D., J. DULAR 2016, Most na Soči. Gradbeni iz- GIUMLIA-MAIR, A. 1998, Studi metal urgici sui bronzi del- vidi in najdbe / Settlement Structures and Small Finds. – la necropolis di S. Lucia – Most na Soči. – Aquilea Nostra Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 33. 69, 29–136. ŠMIT, Ž. 2015, Metal analysis with ion-beam methods. – Ar- GIUMLIA-MAIR, A. 2000, Bronze Technology in the East- cheometriai Mühely 12, 255–262. ern Subalpine Region between Final Bronze Age and Ear- ŠMIT, Ž., P. PELICON, J. SIMČIČ, J. ISTENIČ 2005, Metal ly Iron Age. – V / In: G. 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OIAS 34, 2018, 333−347 ANALIZA ŽELEZOVE ŽLINDRE IN ŽELEZNEGA KVADRA IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANALYSIS OF FERROUS SLAG AND A METAL BLOCK FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI Jakob LAMUT UVOD PREFACE Med arheološkimi raziskavami na Mostu na Soči Archaeological investigations of the settlement at so v številnih hišah našli ostanke žlindre.1 Večinoma Most na Soči revealed slag remains in many houses.1 gre za posamezne kose, ki so ležali v ruševinah, nekaj- There are mostly scarce pieces among the ruins of the krat tudi v jamah oziroma na tlaku v notranjosti stavb. houses, some found in the pits and some on the ground Večja količina žlindre je bila odkrita le na območju hiše floor inside the houses. The only higher quantity was 22A (gradbena faza 2) v skupni masi 11,8 kg. Glede found on the area of House 22A (Construction Phase na količino bi lahko sklepali, da se je nekje v bližini 2) in total mass of 11.8 kg. From the amount of the slag odvijal metalurški proces, čeprav ostankov ognjišča found, it can be speculated that the metal urgical pro- niso odkrili.2 Za analizo so bili torej izbrani kosi iz cess must have been active somewhere in the vicinity, tega objekta. although the remains of the hearth (furnace) were never Hkrati z ostanki žlindre je bilo v naselju najdenih discovered.2 For the purpose of further analysis, slags nekaj železnih predmetov. Gre za orodja različnih funk- from that house were chosen. cij in oblik, v glavnem nože, dleta, sekač, rezilnik, srp in Along with slag remains, ferrous objects of differ- podobno, ki pa so bila že tako močno načeta od rje, da ent shapes and functions were found. These were mostly jih ni bilo mogoče vključiti v analizo.3 Izjema je manjši knives, chisels, cutters, sickles and similar, which were not kvader (blok) železa iz hiše 7. Ležal je v ovalni, 26 cm analysed since the corrosion process was too advanced.3 globoki jami, ki jo je zapolnjevala stavbna ruševina, to However, the exception was the metal piece from House je mešanica oglja, koščkov prežgane ilovice, kamnitega 7. It was found in an oval shaped pit, 26 cm deep, filled drobirja in zemlje.4 with debris consisting of a mixture of coal, pieces of burnt loam, stone gravel and dirt.4 MAKROPOSNETKI VZORCEV ŽLINDRE IZ HIŠE 22A MACRO SAMPLES OF SLAG FROM HOUSE 22A Vzorec 4 Sample 4 Kos žlindre je v tlorisu podoben elipsi ( sl. 1). Daljša os meri 85 mm, krajša 65 mm. Njegova masa znaša 255 Slag ground plan is in the form of an ellipse ( Fig. 1). gramov. Na vzorcu je dobro vidna zaobljena (konveksna) The longer axis is 85 mm and the shorter axis 65 mm, its oblika spodnje strani. Zgornja stran prav tako ni ravna, mass is 255 grams. The convex shape of the lower sample temveč so po površini tu in tam posejani posamezni part can be easily seen. The upper part is covered with izrastki rumeno-rjave (oker) barve. Prerez, narejen po yellow-brown individual outgrowths, making the surface 1 1 Žlindro so registrirali v hišah 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, The slag was found in Houses 3, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15A, 16, 22, 22A, 23, 24, 27, 30, 31 in 32. 15, 15A, 16, 22, 22A, 23, 24, 27, 30, 31 and 32. 2 2 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 166. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 166. 3 3 Glej tu Laharnar, 215 ss. See Laharnar, 216 ff. 4 4 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 75, t. 28: 14. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 75, t. 28: 14. 333 ANALIZA ŽELEZOVE ŽLINDRE IN ŽELEZNEGA KVADRA ANALYSIS OF FERROUS SLAG AND A METAL BLOCK sredini vzorca žlindre, prikazuje sl. 2. Na njej je dobro rough as wel . The cross section of slag sample is depicted vidna konkavno-konveksna oblika žlindre.5 Na prerezu in Fig. 2. The concave-convex slag shape is clearly seen.5 je na desni strani večja luknja, ki je ostanek plinske pore. On the right side of cross section there is a gap, which V dokaj homogenem delu žlindre so številne manjše represents the remains of a gas pore. In the/a homogene- pore in drobne kovinske granule. ous slag part a number of smaller pores and some metal granules can be observed. Vzorec 7 Sample 7 Žlindra ima v tlorisu obliko kroga s premerom 90 do 100 mm in maso 325 gramov ( sl. 3). Na okrušenem The slag ground plane has the shape of a circle with robu, ki je rjave barve, se vidi, da je žlindra porozna z the diameter of 90 to 100 mm and a mass of 325 grams različno velikostjo posameznih por. Na sredini je kos ( Fig. 3). On the brown colour chipped edge, porosity debel med 30 in 35 mm, proti robu postaja tanjši in with various sizes of pores can be seen. In the middle of meri od 10 do 15 mm. the piece the width is between 30 mm to 35 mm, while Na prvi pogled bi lahko rekli, da je zgornja stran towards edges it becomes thinner, 10 mm to 15 mm wide. z izjemo majhnih poglobitev ali izrastkov dokaj ravna. On the first glance, it could be said that the upper Njena barva je temno rjava, na nekaterih mestih pre- part is rather flat with some small outgrowths and dents. haja v rjavkasto-rumeno (oker) barvo. Žlindra je bila Its colour is dark brown with some yellow-brown parts. izpostavljena dolgoletnim vremenskim razmeram, ki so The slag was exposed to long-term weather conditions, vplivale na spremembe njene fazne sestave. Zaobljena which affected and altered its phase composition. The (konveksna) oblika spodnje strani je hrapava, s porami convex bottom shape is rough with dark brown pores, temno rjave barve in s številnimi rumenkasto-rjavimi many yellow-brown spots and small outgrowths ( Fig. 4). (oker) lisami ter majhnimi izrastki ( sl. 4). Na prerezu, At the cross section made for microscopic analysis numer- narejenem za mikroskopske raziskave, so vidne številne ous pores 1 to 2 mm in size were observed. pore velikosti 1 do 2 mm. Sample 14 Vzorec 14 The sample, neither a circle nor an el ipse, has a Vzorec ima specifično obliko, saj ni niti krog niti specific shape. The longer axis is 95 mm and the shorter izrazita elipsa. Daljša os meri 95 mm, krajša 80 mm. Nje- 85 mm long. Its mass is 266 grams. It was formed in two gova masa znaša 266 gramov. Nastal je v dveh stopnjah. steps. Firstly, at the bottom of the hearth base-forging Na dnu ognjišča je najprej nastajala osnovna kovaška slag was formed, 10 to 16 mm thick with a convex shape žlindra debeline 10 do 16 mm s konveksno obliko spod- of the bottom part. Secondly, on the pre-existing slag a nje strani. Na že oblikovano žlindro se je nato nalagala new slag layer was deposited which made the original part nova plast, s čimer se je kos žlindre odebelil. Naraščanje thicker. The thickening was not constant throughout the ni bilo enakomerno po celotni prvotni površini vzorca, original slag surface but only at the two thirds of the right temveč zgolj na dveh tretjinah desne strani ( sl. 5). De- part ( Fig. 5). The thickness at the middle is about 30 mm belina na sredini znaša okoli 30 mm, na najvišjem delu while at the thickest part it reaches 45 mm. pa celo 45 mm. Sample 14A Vzorec 14 A The slag sample has a circular shape with a diameter Kos žlindre ima obliko kroga s premerom 100 mm of 100 mm and a mass of 166 grams ( Fig. 6). Its surface in maso 166 gramov ( sl. 6). Njegova površina je valovita is corrugated with distinctive peaks. Most of the surface s posameznimi izrazitimi vrhovi. Večji del površine is smooth without visible atmospheric influence on the je gladek in brez vidnih vplivov atmosferilij na njeno phase structure. The highest peak has a glassy texture. A fazno sestavo. Najvišji vrh ima steklast sijaj. Gladek smooth glassy layer, covering the base slag was formed steklast sloj, ki prekriva osnovno žlindro, je nastal ob at the end of technological process, when removing the koncu tehnološkega procesa, pred odstranitvijo kolača iz cake from the hearth. The base slag was likely covered by ognjišča. Steklasta žlindra je bila viskozna in se je počasi glassy viscous slag during this step. The bottom surface razlivala po prvotni osnovi. Površina spodnje strani je was slightly ridged and was formed on the pit shaped 5 5 Beck 1889–1903; Pleiner 1958; Pleiner 2000; Pleiner Beck 1889–1903; Pleiner 1958; Pleiner 2000; Pleiner 2006. 2006. 334 ANALIZA ŽELEZOVE ŽLINDRE IN ŽELEZNEGA KVADRA ANALYSIS OF FERROUS SLAG AND A METAL BLOCK Sl. 1: Vzorec 4; pogled od zgoraj. Sl. 4: Vzorec 7; spodnja stran žlindre. Fig. 1: Sample 4; view from the top. Fig. 4: Sample 7; bottom view of slag. Sl. 2: Vzorec 4; prerez po sredini vzorca. Sl. 5: Vzorec 14; zgornja stran. Fig. 2: Sample 4; sample cross section. Fig. 5: Sample 14; upper side. Sl. 3: Vzorec 7; zgornja stran. Sl. 6: Vzorec 14 A; zgornja stran. Fig. 3: Sample 7; upper side. Fig. 6: Sample 14 A; upper side. 335 ANALIZA ŽELEZOVE ŽLINDRE IN ŽELEZNEGA KVADRA ANALYSIS OF FERROUS SLAG AND A METAL BLOCK Sl. 7: Vzorec 14 A; spodnja stran. Sl. 8: Vzorec 14 A; prerez. Fig. 7: Sample 14 A; lower side. Fig. 8: Sample 14 A; cross section. rahlo hrapava in je nastajala na jamasto oblikovanem hearth, covered in ashes and fuel remains. It has a distinc- ognjišču, prekritim s pepelom in drobnimi ostanki tive convex shape and dark brown colour with yellowish goriva. Ima lepo konveksno obliko in je temno rjava s brown spots ( Fig. 7). posameznimi rumenkasto rjavimi lisami ( sl. 7). At the cross section through the middle of a sample, Na prerezu čez sredino vzorca žlindre se vidi valovita a wavy surface can be observed together with the high- površina in najvišji vrh s steklastim sijajem ( sl. 8). Žlindra, est peak with a glassy texture ( Fig. 8). The very porous ki je zelo porozna, ima dva sloja, vendar je stik med njima slag has two layers where the contact between them is prekinjen z dvema večjima luknjama, dolgima 12 in 25 interrupted by two larger holes, 12 and 25 mm in length mm in širokima 5 do 6 mm. Porozni del žlindre okrog and 5 to 6 mm wide. The porous layer of the slag around lukenj in nad njima leži na osnovnem tankem sloju debe- the holes and above was placed on the 5 mm thin layer line okrog 5 mm, nastalem na dnu ognjišča. Porozni del formed at the bottom of the hearth. The porous portion žlindre je steklast, zato se je med procesom zaradi plinov of the slag has a glassy structure was formed by exhaust napihoval in obdržal tako obliko tudi po ohladitvi. fumes and retained its shape after cooling. FAZNA SESTAVA ŽLINDRE SLAG PHASE COMPOSITION Za določanje fazne sestave žlindre smo uporabili Phase analysis was conducted by means of optical optično mikroskopijo, vrstično elektronsko mikrosko- microscopy, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with pijo (SEM) z detektorjem povratno slikanih elektronov backscattered electron detector (BE), Energydispersive (PSE), energijsko disperzijsko spektroskopijo rentgen- X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffractometry skih žarkov (EDS) in rentgensko difraktometrijo (XRD). (XRD). Vzorec 4 Sample 4 Fazna sestava vzorca 4 je prikazana na sl. 9. Med The phase composition of Sample 4 is shown in wüstitom so večja področja s fajalitno sestavo in tudi Figure 9. In-between wuestite there are large areas of steklasto fazo.6 Na sl. 10, ki je detajl iz sl. 9, so vidne fayalite and a glassy phase.6 In Figure 10, which is a close manjše pore v fajalitni sestavi žlindre. Temperature up from Figure 9, small pores in the fayalite phase can na ognjišču so bile nad tališčem fajalita, zato je lahko be observed. The hearth temperatures were above the tekoča žlindra zapolnila prostor med zrni wüstita in jih fayalite melting point, and liquid slag was able to fill the povezala v bolj kompaktno obliko. gaps between wuestite grains, forming a dense mixture. 6 6 Pleiner 2000; Pleiner 2006; Grassmann 2004; Selskiene Pleiner 2000; Pleiner 2006; Grassmann 2004; Selskiene 2007; Eekelers, Degryse, Muchez 2016. 2007; Eekelers, Degryse, Muchez 2016. 336 ANALIZA ŽELEZOVE ŽLINDRE IN ŽELEZNEGA KVADRA ANALYSIS OF FERROUS SLAG AND A METAL BLOCK Sl. 9: Vzorec 4; wüstit (svetlo) in fajalit (sivo). Sl. 11: Vzorec 7; steklasto strjena osnova (1), fajalit (2) in Fig. 9: Sample 4; wuestite (light) and fayalite (grey). wüstit (3), (SEM). Fig. 11: Sample 7; glassy solidified matrix (1), fayalite (2) and wuestite (3), (SEM). Sl. 10: Vzorec 4; wüstit (svetlo), fajalit (sivo), pore in razpoke Sl. 12: Vzorec 7; wüstit (belo), fajalit, (svetlosivo), steklasta (temno). osnova (sivo). Fig. 10: Sample 4; wuestite (light), fayalite (grey), pores and Fig. 12: Sample 7; wuestite (white), fayalite (light grey), glassy cracks (dark). groudmass (grey). Vzorec 7 Sample 7 V osnovi, ki jo sestavljata fajalit in steklasto strjena In the matrix, composed of fayalite and an amor- faza, so primarno izločeni dendriti wüstita. Na sl. 11 so s phously solidified phase, primary wuestite dendrites številkami označena analizirana mesta posameznih faz were formed. In Figure 11 1ocations where single phases in sicer steklasto strjena osnova (1), fajalit v obliki lamel were analysed are marked: amorphous solidified matrix (2) in wüstit (3). Večina vzorcev žlindre vsebuje različne (1), lamel ar fayalite (2) and wuestite (3). Most slags količine wüstita (FeO), fajalita (2FeO.SiO samples contain variable amounts of wuestite (FeO), 2) in steklasto maso ( sl. 12). Na sl. 13 je rentgenogram žlindre vzorca 7. fayalite (2 FeO.SiO2) and glassy groundmass ( Fig. 12). Posamezni vrhovi prikazujejo prisotnost wüstita, fajalita X-ray diffraction data of Sample 7 are shown in Figure in kremena, ki je v steklasti fazi. 13. Diffraction peaks confirm the presence of wuestite, Sestava fajalita v mas. % je: FeO – 63,4, CaO – 3,8, fayalite and silica, which is bound in the glassy phase. MgO – 1,7, MnO – 0,6, SiO The fayalite composition in mass % is: 63.4-FeO, 3.8- 2 – 29,3. Fajalit (2FeO.SiO2) vsebuje še kalcijev in magnezijev oksid, ki v kristalni CaO, 1.7-MgO, 0.6-MnO, 29.3-SiO2. Fayalite (2FeO·SiO2) strukturi zamenjata dvovalentni železov oksid FeO. also contains calcium and magnesium oxides, which exchange ferrous oxide FeO in the crystal structure. 337 ANALIZA ŽELEZOVE ŽLINDRE IN ŽELEZNEGA KVADRA ANALYSIS OF FERROUS SLAG AND A METAL BLOCK Sl. 13: Vzorec 7; rentgenogram žlindre. Fig. 13: X-ray diagram of slag. Najvišje tališče od prisotnih faz ima wüstit pri Among the phases present in the slag samples the 1371o C. Fajalit 2FeO.SiO2 ima tališče na 1205o C, toda highest melting point is that of wuestite with 1371°C. The prisotnost kalcijevega in magnezijevega oksida njegovo melting point of fayalite is at 1205°C, which is further tališče znižuje, saj se njegova sestava premika v področje decreased by the presence of calcium and magnesium olivina,7 katerega sestava je 2(FeO,CaO,MgO,MnO). oxides which push its composition towards the olivine7 SiO2. Na sl. 14 je EDS spekter fajalita (olivina). phase with the formula 2(FeO,CaO,MgO,MnO)·SiO2. The Najnižje tališče ima steklasta faza. Strdila se je zad- EDS spectrum of fayalite (olivine) is depicted in Fig. 14. nja in zapolnjuje prostore med wüstitom in fajalitom. The glassy phase has the lowest melting point of al . Sestava steklaste faze v mas. % je: SiO2 – 36,2, Al2O3 It had solidified last and filled gaps between wuestite and – 13,7, K2O – 5,1, CaO – 14,2, FeO – 30,3. Iz podane fayalite. The glassy phase composition in mass % is: 36.2- sestave in likvidus ploskev diagramov K2O - Al2O3 - SiO2 SiO2, 13.7-Al2O3, 5.1-K2O, 14.2-CaO and 30.3-FeO. The in CaO - Al2O3 - SiO2 - FeO ocenjujemo tališče steklaste melting point of the glassy phase based on the chemical faze na 1100 do 1150o C. composition and liquidus areas of ternary diagrams K2O- Al2O3-SiO2 and CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-FeO is estimated to be between 1100°C and 1150°C. 7 Trojer 1963; Allibert et al. 1995. 7 Trojer 1963; Allibert et al. 1995. 338 ANALIZA ŽELEZOVE ŽLINDRE IN ŽELEZNEGA KVADRA ANALYSIS OF FERROUS SLAG AND A METAL BLOCK Sl. 17: Vzorec 14; granula železa, dendriti wüstita, fajalit v obliki lamel in steklasta faza (SEM). Sl. 14: Vzorec 7; EDS spekter fajalita. Fig. 17: Sample 14; an iron granule, wuestite dendrites, lamel ar Fig. 14: Sample 7; EDS spectrum of fayalite. fayalite and glassy phase (SEM). Sl. 15: Vzorec 14; dendriti wüstita; med lamelami fajalita je Sl. 18: Vzorec 14 A; granula (kaplja) železa v žlindri z lamelami steklasta faza. fajalita, steklasto fazo, dendriti wüstita in porami (temno). Fig. 15: Sample 14; wuestite dendrites; between the fayalite Fig. 18: Sample 14 A; an iron granule (droplet) in slag with fayalite lamel ae is a glassy phase. lamel ae, glassy phase, wuestite dendrites and pores (dark). Sl. 16: Vzorec 14; granula železa v wüstitno-fajalitni žlindri; Sl. 19: Lamele fajalita v steklasto strjeni osnovi z dendriti pore so temne. wüstita (SEM). Fig. 16: Sample 14; an iron granule within the wuestite-fayalite Fig. 19: Fayalite lamel ae within the glassy solidified matrix slag; pores are dark. with wuestite dendrites (SEM). 339 ANALIZA ŽELEZOVE ŽLINDRE IN ŽELEZNEGA KVADRA ANALYSIS OF FERROUS SLAG AND A METAL BLOCK Vzorec 14 Sample 14 Na sl. 15 je mikrostruktura vzorca 14 z dendriti Figure 15 shows the microstructure of Sample 14 wüstita, medtem ko tvorijo osnovo podolgovati, lame- with wuestite dendrites within the base of lamel ar fayalite lam podobni kristali fajalita, med katerimi je steklasto crystals filled with the amorphous phase. Typical y, slags strjena faza. Značilno za žlindro s fajalitno osnovo je, with a fayalite base are bound into compact shape, but da jo ta povezuje v kompaktno obliko. Običajno vsebuje with numerous gaseous pores. Slags composed of fayalite veliko plinskih por. Žlindra, ki vsebuje fajalit in tudi and a glassy phase are extremely viscous which constrains steklasto fazo, je zelo viskozna ter ovira izločanje plinov, the removal of exhaust fumes formed as charcoal com- ki nastajajo med gorenjem, najverjetneje lesnega oglja. bustion products. Plinski mehurčki so lahko nastali tudi med procesi Gaseous pores may also arise during the refining rafinacije, če so jih izvajali na ognjišču. V taki viskozni process if it took place at the hearth. In this viscous slag žlindri so se zadržale tudi drobne granule (kapljice) small granules or droplets of steel can be found ( Fig. 16). železa ( sl. 16). On the SEM micrograph lamel ae of fayalite, dendritic Na SEM sliki vidimo lamele fajalita, večje den- wuestite, and an iron droplet are visible in the glassy matrix drite wüstita in granulo (kapljo) železa, poleg tega so are also fine wuestite dendrites ( Fig. 17). On its surface v steklasti fazi vidni še fini dendriti wüstita ( sl. 17). Na small outgrowths can be seen, formed when smaller drop- njeni površini so vidni izrastki, nastali ob združevanju lets attached to a larger one. manjših kapljic z večjo. Sample 14A Vzorec 14 A This slag is very porous, unlike other slag samples. Žlindra je zelo porozna, zato se razlikuje od ostalih In some places, a glassy texture can be observed. The bolj kompaktnih kosov. Na nekaterih mestih ima na glassy phase forms a matrix within lamel ar fayalite and površini steklast sijaj. Osnovo tvori steklasta faza, v dendrites of wuestite can be observed ( Fig. 18). The crys- njej je fajalit v obliki lamel in dendriti wüstita ( sl. 18). talline phases formed during cooling and solidification Ti so nastali med ohlajanjem in strjevanjem žlindre. Na process. An iron droplet and pores (dark) can be seen sliki vidimo tudi granulo (kapljo) železa ter posamezne in the figure. Slags with such a phase structure are very pore (temno). Žlindra s prikazano fazno sestavo je zelo viscous and inhibit gas release. Gas bubbles can signifi- viskozna in zadržuje izhajanje plinov. Plinski mehurji cantly increase the slag volume or even lead to foaming.8 povečujejo volumen ali pa povzročajo celo penjenje.8 Once the slag is cooled down, it retains its porosity. Po ohladitvi ostane žlindra porozna. Precipitated wuestite dendrites in the glassy phase Dendrite wüstita, izločene v steklasti fazi med between the fayalite lamel ae are depicted in SEM mi- lamelami fajalita, vidimo tudi na SEM posnetku ( sl. 19). crograph ( Fig. 19). METAL BLOCK FOUND IN HOUSE 7 KOVINSKI BLOK IZ HIŠE 7 Among the finds from Most na Soči, a heavily cor- Med najdbami z Mosta na Soči je bil tudi močno roded metal block was found in House 7 among the burnt zarjavel kovinski predmet. Označen je bil kot fragment remains in a pit.9 It was labelled as a fragment of a ferrous železnega ingota (inv. št. 4405). Našli so ga v hiši 7, in si- ingot with the inventory number 4405. cer v eni od jam, ki jo je zapolnjevala požarna ruševina.9 Description Opis The metal block has a rectangular shape with Kovinski blok je pravokotne oblike z zaobljenimi rounded edges (45 x 38 x 70 mm) and mass 443 grams. robovi (45 x 38 x 70 mm) in maso 443 gramov. Na eni On one side a thick layer of rust was removed. For pre- strani je bil od njega odluščen debel sloj rje. liminary metallographic analysis, a thin slice was cut from Za uvodno metalografsko analizo smo na čelni the sample forehead, encased with rust or scale ( Fig. 20). strani odrezali tanjši kovinski sloj (rezino), obdan z Since the metal block was found in burnt remains scale rjo ali škajo ( sl. 20). Kovinski blok so namreč našli v could be formed on the block surface. Due to long-term 8 8 Schliephake et al. 1993; Koch et al. 1995. Schliephake et al. 1993; Koch et al. 1995. 9 9 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 75, t. 28: 14. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 75, t. 28: 14. 340 ANALIZA ŽELEZOVE ŽLINDRE IN ŽELEZNEGA KVADRA ANALYSIS OF FERROUS SLAG AND A METAL BLOCK Sl. 20: Zarjavela površina kovinskega bloka. Na desni strani je Sl. 21: Makroposnetek prereza kovinskega bloka. vidno mesto odvzema vzorca za metalografsko analizo. Fig. 21: Macrostructure of the metal block cross section. Fig. 20: Corroded surface of the metal block. On the right side is visible cut of sample for metallographic analysis. požarni ruševini, zato je lahko na površini nastala tudi environmental effects and corrosion processes, the block škaja. Zaradi dolgotrajnega vpliva vremenskih razmer surface colour is rusty brown. in korozijskih procesov je površina bloka rjaste barve. Macro and microstructure Makro- in mikrostruktura na preseku bloka of the metal block cross section Na makroposnetku ( sl. 21) je prikazana površina In Figure 21 the metal brick cross section (30 x prereza kovinskega bloka v izmeri 30 x 35 mm. Na levi 35 mm) is shown. On the left hand side, a 3 mm thick strani se vidi okrog 3 mm debela korozijska plast. Že na corrosion layer can be seen. In the picture, non-metallic makroposnetku so v navidez homogeni kovinski osnovi inclusions and small pores are visible in the otherwise ap- vidni nekovinski vključki in manjše pore. Na desni strani parently homogeneous metal. On the upper right hand side, zgoraj je viden začetek večjega nekovinskega vključka the beginning of a relatively large non-metallic inclusion, širine 2 do 3 mm, ki se razteza ter oži proti spodnjemu about 2 to 3 mm in size is present. The inclusion spreads delu in se konča slab centimeter pred robom. Ta makro towards the bottom, becoming thinner and ends 1 cm vključek je podoben špranji, napolnjeni z žlindro raz- before the edge. This macro inclusion resembles a smal lične sestave in ostanki talil, ki so jih uporabljali med cavity filled with several different slag compositions and kovanjem in kovaškim varjenjem. Ob njem je večji other fluxes used during forging and forge-welding. Next okrogel nekovinski vključek. to it, a circular non-metallic inclusion can be observed. Na malo širšem delu kovinskega bloka, ki meri On the slightly wider section of the metal block, 40 x 35 mm ( sl. 22), je na desni strani zgoraj vidna ozka measuring 40 x 35 mm ( Fig. 22), a thin long gap is present, podolgovata špranja, ki ločuje ožji zgornji del od osta- separating the thinner upper part from what seems to be lega, na videz bolj kompaktnega dela. Špranja je delno a homogeneous compact part. The gap is partly filled with zapolnjena z ostanki žlindre. Po vsem sodeč je nastala slag remains, and it was most likely formed while lump med kovanjem volka, ker se ni sprijel z osnovo med forging, since it was not bound to the basis during forge kovaškim varjenjem. Na stični površini je bilo preveč welding. The contact surface must have contained excess žlindre ali prenizka temperatura za dober kovaški zvar. slag or the forging temperature was not high enough for Na sl. 22 so vidne tudi 4 luknje, nastale pri izdelavi a proper forge weld. ostružkov za kemično analizo. Izvrtane so bile na tistih In Figure 22 four holes produced during the extrac- mestih, kjer je bilo pričakovati pretežno kovinsko osno- tion of metal chips for chemical analysis can be seen. vo brez nekovinskih vključkov ali le malo teh. Pred ke- They were drilled at places where only the metal phase mično analizo smo ostružke separirali z magnetom. V was expected with no or limited amount of non-metallic tab. 1 je navedena kemična analiza jekla na tem mestu. inclusions. A magnet was used to separate the metal Na nekaj naslednjih mikroposnetkih je prikazana chips before chemical analysis. Table 1 characterizes the raznolikost zgradbe kovinskega bloka. Najprej je pri- chemical composition of steel at the points considered. 341 ANALIZA ŽELEZOVE ŽLINDRE IN ŽELEZNEGA KVADRA ANALYSIS OF FERROUS SLAG AND A METAL BLOCK C Si Mn P S Cu Al Cr Ni Fe 0,58 0,04 0,03 ? 0,010 0,010 0,034 0,01 0,022 ostalo / other Tab. 1: Kemična analiza kovinskega bloka. Tab. 1: Chemical analysis of the metal block. Sl. 22: Pozicije vrtin, nastale pri izdelavi vzorcev za kemično analizo. Fig. 22: Position of the bores formed where samples for the chemical analysis of the metal block were taken. Sl. 23: Nejedkana mikrostruktura: železo (svetlo), žlindra kot Sl. 25: Nejedkana mikrostruktura v in ob špranji. nekovinski vključki (temno). Fig. 25: Microstructure before etching inside and next to the Fig. 23: Microstructure before etching: iron (light), slag as gap. non-metallic inclusion (dark). Sl. 24: Mikrostruktura po jedkanju: homogeni pas poligonalnih Sl. 26: Mikrostruktura vzorca po jedkanju. feritnih zrn (leva stran), ki se širi v heterogeno feritno-perlitno Fig. 26: Sample microstructure after etching. področje. Fig. 24: Microstructure after etching: homogeneous band of ferrite (left), spreading into heterogeneous ferrite-pearlite matrix. 342 ANALIZA ŽELEZOVE ŽLINDRE IN ŽELEZNEGA KVADRA ANALYSIS OF FERROUS SLAG AND A METAL BLOCK Sl. 27: Dvofazno področje železa (ferit) in žlindre. Sl. 29: Železo je malo naogljičeno s feritno-perlitno mikro- Fig. 27: Two-phase area of the metal iron (ferrite) and slag. strukturo. Vsebnost ogljika je okrog 0,10 mas. %. Fig. 29: Low carbon iron with ferritic-pearlitic microstructure. The carbon content is around 0.10 mass %. Sl. 28: V železu (svetlo) so številni vključki žlindre (temno). Sl. 30: Feritno-perlitna mikrostruktura z 0,24 do 0,28 mas. % Fig. 28: Iron (light) with numerous non-metallic inclusions ogljika. slag (dark). Fig. 30: Ferritic-pearlitic microstructure with 0.24 to 0.28 mass % of carbon. kazan posnetek polirane površine, nato pa približno na Further images are showing the diversity of the istem mestu še stanje po jedkanju z nitalom. composition of the metal block. First, the polished Na sl. 23 na desni strani in zgoraj je izrazito nekom- surface is presented, followed by an image of roughly paktno področje, ki ga sestavljata železo in žlindra. Na the same area after etching with nital. In Figure 23 on spodnji levi strani je homogeno feritno področje, ki po the right hand side and upwards, a very inhomogene- jedkanju ( sl. 24) potrdi enofazni značaj. Ostalo kovinsko ous area is visible, composed of iron and slag. The left področje pokaže po jedkanju izrazit heterogeni značaj bottom side consists of a homogeneous ferritic area, s prisotnostjo ferita in perlita, kar pomeni, da vsebuje which after etching reveals a single-phase character ( Fig. zadosten delež ogljika, zaradi česar je prišlo do takšnega 24). After etching, the rest of the metal block shows a razvoja mikrostrukture. distinct heterogeneous character with the presence of Naslednji mikroposnetek je narejen na stičišču ferrite and pearlite, which could indicate that carbon med dvema kovinskima področjema. Špranja, nastala content was high enough to support the development na tem stičišču, je napolnjena z žlindro in korozijskimi of such microstructure. produkti ( sl. 25). V špranji je poleg žlindre še dvofazno Next images of the microstructure are taken at področje železa in žlindre (gobasto železo). Ob špranji the contact point of two metal areas. The gap formed je ozek pas homogenega ferita ( sl. 26). Takšen vrstni at the contact point is filled with slag and corrosion red mikrostrukturnih sestavin kaže na to, da je špranja products ( Fig. 25). In the gap is beside the slag also a 343 ANALIZA ŽELEZOVE ŽLINDRE IN ŽELEZNEGA KVADRA ANALYSIS OF FERROUS SLAG AND A METAL BLOCK Sl. 31: Mikroposnetek jedkanega vzorca, ki kaže izrazito po- Sl. 32: Vključki žlindre so usmerjeni v smeri širjenja železa večano koncentracijo ogljika (0,53 mas. %) in s tem na visok med kovanjem. delež perlita. Fig. 32: The slag inclusions are elongated into the direction of Fig. 31: Microscopic image of etching sample shows highly iron spreading during forging. increased carbon concentration (0.53 mass %) resulting into higher share of pearlite. verjetno nastala pri kovanju. Med segrevanjem in ko- two phase area of iron and slag (sponge iron). Consid- vanjem je potekalo razogljičenje ožjega pasu železa ob ering the sequence of microstructural components, the špranji, kar je vodilo v nastanek homogenega feritnega gap may have occurred during forging. During heating področja ( sl. 26). V železu, ki meji na žlindro, je feritna and forging, decarburization of the thin layer around mikrostruktura. Homogeni del je naogljičen in vsebuje the gap occurred which resulted in the formation of a okrog 0,22 mas. % ogljika. Na mejah feritnih zrn je perlit. homogeneous ferritic area ( Fig. 26). Iron facing the slag V kovinskem bloku so tudi dvofazna področja has a ferritic microstructure, and the homogeneous area kovinskega železa in žlindre. Takšna oblika je podobna contains about 0.22 mass % of carbon. At ferritic grain strukturi gobe, zato govorimo o gobastem železu ( sl. 27). boundaries, pearlite is observed. Prehodna struktura nastaja med redukcijo železove rude In the metal block, the presence of a two-phase area v temperaturnem območju okrog 1100 do 1200o C, ko of iron and slag can be observed. Its structure resembles se reducirano železo združuje v homogeno celoto. V a sponge and is typical y called sponge iron ( Fig. 27). This žlindri, ki zapolnjuje prostor med kovinskim železom s transitional structure is formed during the reduction feritno mikrostrukturo, so drobni okrogli kristali wüstita proces of iron ore in the temperature window between (FeO) v steklasto strjeni osnovi. 1100°C and 1200°C, when reduced iron is converging V na videz homogenem železu je veliko nekovin- into a homogeneous form. Slag filling the space around skih vključkov ( sl. 28). Po jedkanju z nitalom vidimo, metallic iron with ferritic microstructure contains tiny da vsebuje tudi to železo malo ogljika, saj ima feritno- circular crystals of wuestite (FeO) in a glassy solidified perlitno mikrostrukturo ( sl. 29). Jeklo s številnimi ne- matrix. kovinskimi vključki vsebuje okrog 0,10 mas. % ogljika. Apparently, homogeneous iron in fact contains Na nekaterih mestih v kovinskem bloku ( sl. 30) numerous non-metallic inclusions ( Fig. 28). Low carbon je vsebnost perlita v feritni osnovi od 30 do 35 % (0,24 content is revealed after etching, since the microstructure do 0,28 mas. % ogljika). Na drugih mestih prevladuje consists of ferritic-pearlitic phases ( Fig. 29). The steel perlit, kar pomeni, da je železo naogljičeno na okrog with numerous non-metallic inclusions contains around 0,53 mas. % ogljika ( sl. 31). To potrjuje izrazito kemijsko 0.1 mass % of carbon. heterogenost artefakta od praktično čistega železa do In particular areas of the metal block ( Fig. 30) the podevtektoidnega jekla z vključki žlindre. content of pearlite in the ferritic matrix is about 30 to 35% (0.24 to 0.28 mass % of carbon) while in others the pearlitic phase prevails, which consequently means that the carbon content is around 0.53 mass % ( Fig. 31). The chemical composition is therefore highly inhomogeneous and ranges from pure iron to hypoeutectoide steel with slag inclusions. 344 ANALIZA ŽELEZOVE ŽLINDRE IN ŽELEZNEGA KVADRA ANALYSIS OF FERROUS SLAG AND A METAL BLOCK Kovanje Forging Manjši vzorec, odrezan od kovinskega bloka, smo A small specimen was cut from the metal block. segreli na temperaturo plastičnega preoblikovanja in ga It was heated to the temperature of plastic forming and s kovanjem deformirali v kvadrat 3 x 3 mm in v ploščato forged into a 1.5 mm thick and 3 x 3 mm square sheet. obliko debeline 1,5 mm. Med kovanjem se je iztisnilo While forming, some slag was extruded out and the rest nekaj žlindre, ostala se je skupno z jeklom preoblikovala was deformed into elongated inclusions ( Fig. 32). This v podolgovate vključke ( sl. 32). S tem poskusom smo po- test confirmed that the steel from the metal block can be trdili, da jeklo v kovinskem bloku lahko preoblikujemo deformed into thin profiles. tudi v zelo tanke profile. SKLEP CONCLUSIONS Žlindro, ki je vmesni (stranski) produkt pri In today’s steel production slags known as by prod- današnji proizvodnji jekla, delimo na dve glavni skupini, ucts can be classified into two main groups: blast furnace plavžno in jeklarsko. Plavžna nastaja pri proizvodnji slags and steel slags. Blast furnace slags are formed dur- grodlja med redukcijo železove rude v plavžu, jeklarska ing iron ore reduction when pig iron is produced in a pa med proizvodnjo jekla v kisikovem konvertorju ali blast furnace and steel slags are formed while making električni obločni peči ter med sekundarno rafinacijo. steel in an oxygen converter, electrical arc furnace or Grodelj, jeklo in žlindra so med procesom v tekočem during secondary refining. Pig iron, steel and slag are stanju. all liquid during processing. Pridobivanja železa in jekla v davni preteklosti Production of iron and steel in ancient history was je potekalo z direktno redukcijo železove rude pri performed by a direct reduction of iron ore at tempera- temperaturah okrog 1200° C v enostavnih metalurških tures around 1200°C in simple metal urgical reactors.10 reaktorjih.10 Reducirano železo pomešano z žlindro Reduced iron mixed with slag was formed into clads of se je v obliki grude (volk) kopičilo na dnu enostavnih lump (bloomery iron) which accumulated at the bottom redukcijskih peči. Reducirano železo je bilo v trdnem of these basic reduction reactors. The reduced iron was (testastem) stanju, žlindra pa praviloma tekoča. Tem- in a solid or semi solid state whereas slag was normal y in perature redukcije so bile precej nižje od tališča železa liquid state. The reduction temperature was quite under (1538° C). Železo je lahko bilo brez ogljika (tehniško the melting point of iron (1538°C). Iron can be without čisto železo) ali pa je vsebovalo različne količine ogljika carbon (technical y clean iron) or it contained different in postalo jeklo. amount of carbon and became steel. Vročega volka (grudo železa in žlindre) so morali A hot lump had to be forged in order to remove prekovati, da so iz njega iztisnili žlindro in dobili čim the slag and to obtain a more homogeneous material bolj homogen material, sposoben nadaljnjega vročega capable of further hot or even cold forming. Lumps were ali celo hladnega preoblikovanja. Kovali so ga v različne general y forged into several profiles: square, rectangle profile: kvadratni, pravokotni in okrogli.11 Kovači so and circular shape.11 From these semi products, smiths iz teh polproduktov izdelovali različne predmete. Za were able to produce different objects. Products made izdelke narejene iz volka je značilno, da vsebujejo okoli from bloomery iron (wrought iron) typical y contain 3 3 mas. % žlindre v obliki nekovinskih vključkov.12 mas.% of slag in form of non-metallic inclusion.12 Med segrevanjem železa (jekla) nastaja na njegovi During heating, scale was inevitably formed on površini škaja. Z dodatkom kremena ali materialov, ki the iron surface. Adding silica or materials containing vsebujejo silicijev dioksid, so škajo (FeO) prevedli v fa- silicon dioxide, the iron scale (FeO) resulted in the jalit (2FeO.SiO formation of fayalite (2FeO·SiO 2), ki ima nižje tališče od wüstita. Fajalit 2), which has a lower je zaviral oksidacijo železa in ga je bilo med kovanjem melting point than wuestite. Fayalite hindered further lažje odstraniti s površine. iron oxidation and was easily removed from the surface Na sestavo žlindre, ki nastaja na kovaškem ognjiš- during later forging. ču, vplivajo wüstit, fajalit, pepel goriva, ognjevzdržno The slag piling up in the smiths hearth was formed gradivo (glina) in dodana talila za tvorbo žlindre. Na from wuestite, fayalite, fuel ashes, refractory material njeno sestavo so vplivali tudi vključki žlindre v železu, (clay) and fluxes added for forming of slag. Its composi- 10 10 Johannsen 1954; Olsen, Schürmann 1954; Schürmann Johannsen 1954; Olsen, Schürmann 1954; Schürmann 1958; Tylecote, Austin, Wrath 1971; Tylecote 1992; Koch, 1958; Tylecote, Austin, Wrath 1971; Tylecote 1992; Koch, Janke 1992; Janke 1992; 11 11 Šorn 1984. Šorn 1984. 12 12 Božić 1973. Božić 1973. 345 ANALIZA ŽELEZOVE ŽLINDRE IN ŽELEZNEGA KVADRA ANALYSIS OF FERROUS SLAG AND A METAL BLOCK dobljenem iz volka. Oblika žlindre je odvisna od veli- tion was also affected by the slag inclusions in the iron kosti ognjišča in dovoda zraka za zgorevanje. Premer obtained from bloomer iron. The slag microstructure vzorcev je obsegal okrog 100 mm, masa pa od 160 do was conditioned by the hearth size and combustion air 300 gramov. availability. The sample diameter was about 100 mm and Večina vzorcev žlindre ima na tisti strani, ki je weighted from 160 to 300 grams. nastala na ognjišču, konveksno obliko. Večje razlike so Most samples found were convex in shape on the na zgornji površini. Pri posameznih vzorcih je zgornja side that formed facing the hearth and more diverse on stran ravna, le na nekaterih mestih proti sredini je lahko the upper side. Some samples were straight at the up- malo udrta, tako da opazimo konkavno obliko. Različni per side and some were slightly bowed down forming a zaobljeni ali koničasti vrhovi so nastali potem, ko je concave shape. Round or sharp peaks were formed when viskozna žlindra počasi kapljala ali v tankih curkih tekla a viscous slag slowly dripped or poured in thin jets on in se razlivala po površini že nastale osnove. the previously formed slag basis. V kovinskem bloku (blum bar, block, vorblock) so In the metal block, there are areas with iron, con- področja železa s feritno mikrostrukturo in številnimi taining a ferritic microstructure mixed with numerous nekovinskimi vključki primarne žlindre. Prav tako so non-metallic inclusions of the primary slag. On the other področja z različno vsebnostjo ogljika in dvema mik- hand, there are also areas including different carbon con- rostrukturnima sestavinama ferita in perlita. Dvofazni tent forming two characteristic microstructures of ferrite perlit (ferit + cementit)13 prispeva k povečanju trdnosti and pearlite. Pearlite made from two phases (ferrite and in obrabne obstojnosti jekla. Vsebnost ogljika na posa- cementite)13 contributes to a higher tensile strength and meznih mestih je od 0,2 do 0,53 ali celo 0,58 mas. %. increased wear resistance of steel. The carbon content Jeklo s tako sestavo mikrostrukture je primerno za varies in distinctive areas from 0.2 to as high as 0.58 izdelavo različnih predmetov in orodij (nož, sekira, srp, mass %. Steel having such microstructure is suitable for kosa) ter različnega orožja. Špranja v kovinskem bloku production of many tools such as knives, axes, sickles, je napolnjena z žlindro različne sestave in talili, ki so scythes and weapon. A gap in metallic block was filled jih uporabljali na ognjišču med vročim kovanjem. Na with slag of varying composition and with fluxes used nekaterih mestih so tudi heterogena feritna področja at hearth during hot forging. Some sample parts also železa in žlindre. contain heterogeneous ferritic areas of iron and slag. Na podlagi opisane raznolike sestave kovinskega Based on the described composition of the metal bloka lahko domnevamo, da je bil skovan iz volka. Ker block, it is assumed that it was forged from a lump. izkopavanja niso odkrila sledov, da bi v naselju reducirali Since archaeological excavations found no indications železovo rudo in pridobivali volka, je bil kovinski blok that the iron ore reduction had taken place in the area, najverjetneje narejen drugje. Možno je tudi, da so v the metallic block must have been produced elsewhere. naselje prinesli volka in nato iz njega kovali polizdelke Another possible explanation would be that the lump ter z njimi trgovali. was brought to the place for further processing into semi-products used as a trading goods. 13 13 Spaić 2000. Spaić 2000. 346 ANALIZA ŽELEZOVE ŽLINDRE IN ŽELEZNEGA KVADRA ANALYSIS OF FERROUS SLAG AND A METAL BLOCK ALLIBERT, M. et al. 1995, Slag Atlas. – Düsseldorf. PLEINER, R. 1958, Die Ergebnisse neuer Ausgrabungen an BECK, L. 1984-1903, Die Geschichte des Eisens in technischer vor- und frühgeschichtlichen Eisenhüttenplätzen in Bö- und kulturgeschichtlicher Beziehung. Bd. 1–5. – Braunsch- men und Mähren. – Stahl und Eisen 78/24, 1748–1754. weig. PLEINER, R. 2000, Iron in Archaeology. The European Bloom- BOŽIĆ, B. 1973, Metalurgija gvožđa. – Beograd. ery Smelters. – Praha. Archeologicky ustav AV ČR, Praha. EEKELERS, K., P. DEGRYSE, P. MUCHEZ 2016, Petrogra- PLEINER, R. 2006, Iron in Archaeology. Early European pfic investigation of smithing slag of the Hellenistic to blacksmiths. – Praha. Byzantine city of Sagalassos (SW-Tyrkey). – American SCHLIEPHAKE, H., J. REN, K. KOCH, J. LAMUT 1993, Mineralogist, 101, 1072–1083. Laboratory investigations into the phenomenon of swel - GRASSMANN, G. 2004, „Schmiedeabfälle“ – Aspekte ihrer ing and foaming in synthetic iron oxide gangue speci- naturwissenschaftlichen Untersuchung. – V / In: W. mens. – Steel research, 64/10, 491–494. Melzer (ur. / ed.), Schmiedehandwerk in Mittelalter und SCHÜRMANN, E. 1958, Die Reduktion des Eisens im Renn- Neuzeit. Beiträge des 6. Kol oquiums des Arbeitskreises zur feuer. – Stahl und Eisen 78/19, 1297–1308. archäologischen Erforschung des mittelalterlichen Hand- SELSKIENE, A. 2007, Examination of smelting and smithing werks. Soester Beiträge zur Archäologie 5, 71–80. slags formed in bloomery iron making-process. – Chemi- JOHANNSEN, O. 1953, Geschichte des Eisens. – Düsseldorf. ja 18/2, 22–28. KOCH, K., D. JANKE 1992, Schlacken in der Metal urgie. – SPAIĆ, S. 2000, Fizikalna metalurgija, Binarni sistemi, Metal- Düsseldorf. ografija zlitin. – Ljubljana. KOCH, K., J. LAMUT, M. WESTHOLT, J. EBEL, J. REN ŠORN, J. 1984, Začetki industrije na Slovenskem. – Maribor. 1995, Ausbildung der kohäsiven Zone eines mit Stickstoff TROJER, F. 1963, Die oxydischen Kristal phasen der an- abgekühlten Hochofens. – Rudarsko-metalurški zbornik organischen Industrieprodukte. – Stuttgart. 42, 213–221. TYLECOTE, R. F. 1992, A History of Metal urgy. Second Edi- OELSEN, W., E. SCHÜRMANN 1954, Untersuchungser- tion. – London. gebnisse alter Rennfeuerschlacken. – Archiv für das Eisen- TYLECOTE, R. F., J. N. AUSTIN, A. E. WRAITH 1971, The hüttenwesen 25/11–12, 507–514. mehanism of the bloomery process in shaft furnaces. – Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 209, 342–363. 347 Železnodobno naselje Most na Soči. Razprave / The Iron Age settlement at Most na Soči. Treatises. OIAS 34, 2018, 349−360 PETROLOŠKE ANALIZE IN PROVENIENCA KAMNITIH ARTEFAKTOV IZ ŽELEZNODOBNE NASELBINE MOST NA SOČI PETROLOGY AND PROVENANCE OF THE RAW MATERIAL OF STONE ARTEFACTS FROM THE MOST NA SOČI IRON AGE SETTLEMENT Aleksander HORVAT UVOD INTRODUCTION Izvor in izbor surovin za kamnite arheološke arte- The provenance and selection of raw material are fakte sta osnova za razumevanje socialne strukture praz- key features for the understanding of the social struc- godovinskih družb. Rekonstrukcija oskrbe s surovinami ture of prehistoric societies. The reconstruction of raw prinaša pomembne informacije o socio-ekonomskem material supply strategies yields information on the okviru, vzorcih mobilnosti, pa tudi tehnični, simbolni in socio-economic framework and mobility patterns, as kulturni usmeritvi družbe (Pradeau et al. 2016). Študije well as technical, symbolic, and cultural orientations provenience surovinskega materiala so se izkazale za (Pradeau et al. 2016). Raw material provenance studies uporabno orodje pri razumevanju interakcij človeka z have proved useful for investigation of the way people okoljem in drugimi skupnostmi ter za približke obsega interact with their environment and other human com- pričakovanih interakcij omrežja kot del preživetja in munities and proxies for the extent of interaction net- družbenega procesa (Féblot-Augustins 2009). Petro- works expected as a part of survival and social process loška analiza surovinskega materiala, uporabljenega (Féblot-Augustins 2009). The petrological characteriza- za kamnite artefakte, in določitev njegove provenience tion of raw materials used for stone tools together with igrata pomembno vlogo pri ugotavljanju proizvodnih, the determination of their provenance plays a significant trgovinskih in distribucijskih sistemov v preteklosti. role in promoting our understanding of production, Analize kamnitih artefaktov nas pogosto lahko pripeljejo trade and distribution systems in the past. The analyses do virov surovin. V splošnem je določena vrsta kamnine of stone artefacts often have the potential to lead us izbrana za proizvodnjo točno določenega orodja, kar to their raw material sources. In general, specific rock kaže na prednost, ki leži v izboru kakovosti materialov types are chosen to produce certain tools, reflecting a in raznih drugih povezanih tehnoloških lastnosti, kot preference in the quality of the materials and various so trpežnost, trdota, odpornost proti abraziji orodij ali other technological-related characteristics, such as možnost kontrolirane proizvodnje surovin v kamno- durability, hardness, resistance to abrasion of the tools, lomih. Včasih pa izbor določene surovine leži onkraj or the possibility of a controlled raw material extraction funkcionalne zahteve, kar kaže na upoštevanje tradicije in the quarry. Sometimes, however, the selection of a pri proizvodnih procesih. Hkrati lahko izbor točno do- certain raw material lies beyond the functional require- ločene surovine za določeno vrsto orodja daje prednost ment, which indicates traditions for their manufacture. ne-lokalnim surovinam. To pa lahko posledično pomeni Furthermore, the specific raw material selection for kompleksnejši sistem naročil in distribucije. Razkrivanje specific tool types often means favouring non-local raw teh sistemov lahko dosežemo zgolj z zanesljivo petrološ- material, which consequently implies complex procure- ko analizo in analizo provenience uporabljenih surovin ment and distribution systems. The untangling of these (Wefers, Gluhak 2016). systems can only be achieved by reliable petrological Pri izkopavanjih prazgodovinskega najdišča Most provenance analyses of the raw materials used (Wefers, na Soči je bila najdena sorazmerno velika količina kam- Gluhak 2016). 349 PETROLOŠKE ANALIZE IN PROVENIENCA KAMNITIH ... PETROLOGY AND PROVENANCE OF THE RAW MATERIAL ... Tab. 1: Kvantitativna tipološka in petrološka sestava kamnitih artefaktov iz železnodobne naselbine Most na Soči. Tab. 1: Quantitative typological and petrological composition of stone artefacts from the Most na Soči Iron Age settlement. Tipologija / Typology žrmlje / brusni kamni / kalupi / kamnite krogle / uteži / querns whetstones moulds stone-balls weights skupaj / total Petrologija / Petrology kremenov konglomerat/ quartz conglomerate 39 1 40 52 % kremenov peščenjak/ quartz sandstone 7 1 8 10 % flišni peščenjak/ flysch sandstone 14 5 19 25 % flišni laporovec/ flysch marl 4 1 5 6 % flišni muljevec/ flysch mudstone 2 2 3 % trahit/ trachyte 2 2 3 % kalkarenit/ calcarenite 1 1 1 % skupaj / total 46 20 6 4 1 n = 77 100 % nitih artefaktov. V prispevku je predstavljena petrološka At the Most na Soči prehistoric site stone artefacts determinacija dokumentiranih kamnitih artefaktov in are quite common finds. The purpose of the paper is določeno potencialno izvorno območje surovinskega to analyse petrological composition and potential raw materiala. Z interpretacijo teh podatkov bomo skušali material provenance of stone artefacts to answer about podati razlago proizvodnih, trgovinskih in distribucij- the stone tools production management, trade and skih sistemov prazgodovinske družbe. distribution systems, and interaction social processes. METODE METHODS Makroskopsko smo petrološko analizirali 77 ka- All stone artefacts from the exhibition and depot mnitih artefaktov različne tipologije (žrmlje, brusni from Goriški muzej and Tolminski muzej were included kamni in koluti, kalupi, kamnite krogle in uteži) iz stalne in the study. Altogether, 77 stone artefacts of different postavitve in depojev v Goriškem in Tolminskem mu- typology (querns, whetstones and grinding wheels, zeju. Glede na regionalno razširjenost ugotovljenih li- moulds, stone pestles, stone-bal s, and weights) were toloških tipov kamnin smo ocenili najbližje potencialno analysed. For petrological determination, only macro- izvorno območje uporabljenega surovinskega materiala. scopic petrological analysis was performed. According Tipološko klasifikacijo kamnitih artefaktov in to the knowledge of regional geology, the assessment of oznake kontekstov smo povzeli po Svoljšak in Dular the nearest raw material source was provided. (2016). The typological classification of artefacts and also their contexts used in the article is summarized accord- ing to the work of Svoljšak and Dular (2016). REZULTATI Rezultati petroloških analiz kamnitih artefaktov, RESULTS stratigrafski položaj surovinskega materiala in razdalja do najbližjega izvornega območja so podani v tabeli 2. The whole petrological description of stone ar- Najpogosteje uporabljena surovina za izdelavo tefacts’ raw material, stratigraphic provenance, and kamnitih artefaktov so zgornjepaleozojski klastiti (kre- distance to the nearest source are given in Table 2. menov konglomerat in kremenov peščenjak). Sledijo The most commonly used stone artefacts raw mate- različni tipi zgornjekrednih flišnih kamnin, redko pa rial was Upper Paleozoic clastics (quartz conglomerate se kot surovina pojavljata trahit in kalkarenit ( sl. 1B; and quartz sandstone). Often used raw material was also tab. 1, 2). different types of flysch rocks, rarely used raw material were trachyte and calcarenite (Fig. 1B; Tabs. 1, 2). 350 PETROLOŠKE ANALIZE IN PROVENIENCA KAMNITIH ... PETROLOGY AND PROVENANCE OF THE RAW MATERIAL ... A B 5 % 1 % 6 % 3 % 1 % 8 % 3 % 52 % 25 % 60 % 26 % 10 % žrmlje / querns (n = 46) kremenov konglomerat / quartz conglomerate (n = 40) brusni kamni / whetstones (n = 20) kremenov peščenjak / quartz sandstone (n = 8) kalupi / moulds (n = 6) flišni peščenjak / flysch sandstone (n = 19) kamnite krogle / stone-balls (n = 4) flišni laporovec / flysch marl (n = 5) uteži / weights (n = 1) flišni muljevec / flysch mudstone (n = 2) trahit / trachyte (n = 2) kalkarenit / calcarenite (n = 1) Sl. 1: Kvantitativna tipološka ( A) in petrološka sestava ( B) kamnitih artefaktov iz železnodobne naselbine Most na Soči. Fig. 1: Quantitative typological ( A) and petrological composition ( B) of stone artefacts from the Most na Soči Iron Age settlement. Večina, 60 % vseh artefaktov, pripada žrmljam The majority (60%) of al artefacts belong to querns ( tab. 1; sl. 1A). Petrološka sestava vseh preiskanih žrmelj ( Tab. 1; Fig. 1A). Their petrological composition is je podobna (glej npr. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, sl. 113, 120, unique (see e.g. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, Figs. 113, 120, 128 in tu Dular, Tecco Hvala, sl. 64). Surovinski material 128 and here Dular, Tecco Hvala, Fig. 64). All are made sta kremenov konglomerat (85 %) in kremenov peščenjak from quartz conglomerate (85%) and quartz sandstones (15 %). Glede na vrsto veziva in klastov lahko ločimo tri (15%). As was established in a previous study (Horvat, vrste kremenovih konglomeratov ( tab. 2), podobno kot Župančič 1987), three types of quartz conglomerate je pokazala že prejšnja študija (Horvat, Župančič 1987): can be distinguished according to clast and matrix type 1. srednje- do debelozrnat kremenov konglomerat ( Tab. 2): s sljudnato peščenim vezivom; 1. medium- to coarse-grained quartz conglomerate 2. drobno- do debelozrnat kremenov konglomerat with micaceous-sandy matrix; s kremenovim peščenim vezivom; 2. fine- to medium-grained quartz conglomerate 3. drobno- do debelozrnat kremenov konglomerat with quartz sandy matrix; s kalcitnim vezivom. 3. fine- to medium-grained quartz conglomerate V prvo skupino smo uvrstili konglomerate z be- with calcite cement. limi in sivimi klasti kremena, lidita in redkimi klasti The first group represents conglomerates with hematita, ki običajno rdeče obarvajo vzorec s sljudnato clasts of white and grey quartz, lydite, and rare clasts peščenim vezivom. V drugo skupino smo uvrstili vzorce of hematite, which usual y give a reddish colour to the z belimi in sivimi klasti kremena, redkimi klasti lidita in sample and a characteristic sandy matrix with mica. In peščenim kremenovim vezivom. V tretjo skupino smo the second group, samples with white and grey quartz uvrstili vzorce s kalcitnim cementom. clasts and rare lydite clasts and sandy quartz matrix were 351 PETROLOŠKE ANALIZE IN PROVENIENCA KAMNITIH ... PETROLOGY AND PROVENANCE OF THE RAW MATERIAL ... Žrmlje iz peščenjaka sestavljajo srednje-zrnati siv- placed. In the third group, conglomerates with calcite kasti do rjavkasti kremenovi peščenjaki s kremenovim cement were placed. vezivom, kar je bilo ugotovljeno že v predhodni študiji Sandstone samples of querns are medium-grained (Horvat, Župančič 1987). greyish to brownish and reddish quartz sandstone with Surovino za brusne kamne predstavljajo izključno quartz matrix, which is similar as in previous studies različki flišnih kamnin ( tab. 1, 2; sl. 1B in tu Dular, Tecco (Horvat, Župančič 1987). Hvala, sl. 71). Najpogosteje uporabljena surovina so sivi Whetstones are made exclusively from flysch lithol- do rjavkasti flišni peščenjaki (70 %), redkeje sivi in rdeči ogy ( Tabs. 1, 2 and here Dular, Tecco Hvala, Fig. 71). The flišni muljevci (10 %) in laporji (20 %). most common used lithology is flysch grey to brownish Podobno velja za kalupe ( tab. 1, 2 in tu Dular, Tec- sandstone (77%), rarely grey and red mudstones (10%) co Hvala, sl. 69). Tudi ti so narejeni izključno iz flišnih and marls (20%). peščenjakov (83 %) in laporovcev. The same could be applied to moulds which are Večja raznolikost uporabljenih kamnin je opazna also made exclusively from flysch sandstones (83%) and pri kamnitih kroglah. Petdeset odstotkov teh je narejenih marls ( Tabs. 1, 2 and here Dular, Tecco Hvala, Fig. 69). iz trahita (glej npr. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, sl. 128), ki je Greater diversity could be observed in the lithology edina nesedimentna surovina. Poleg te so za izdelavo used for stone-bal s; 50% of them are made from trachyte kamnitih krogel uporabljali še kremenov konglomerat (see e.g. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, Fig. 128), which is the only in kalkarenit ( tab. 1, 2). non-sedimentary raw material. Other lithologies used Ob kamnitih arheoloških artefaktih omenjenih for stone bal s are quartz conglomerate and calcarenite tipologij je bila najdena tudi utež (glej npr. Svoljšak, ( Tabs. 1, 2). Dular 2016, sl. 120), narejena iz kremenovega peščen- In addition to the mentioned stone artefacts, one jaka ( tab. 1, 2). sample of weight is also found (see e.g. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, Fig. 120). It is made from quartz sandstone ( Tabs. 1, 2). DISKUSIJA DISCUSSION Petrološka analiza kamnitih artefaktov z najdišča Most na Soči je pokazala enotno petrološko sestavo The petrological analyses showed a very uniform posameznih tipoloških skupin ( tab. 1). Vsak izdelek petrological composition of each typological group iz iste tipološke skupine je bil narejen iz podobne ( Tab. 1), which means that every single typological surovine. Žrmlje so narejene izključno iz kremenovih type is made of similar raw materials. Querns are made konglomeratov in podrejeno kremenovih peščenjakov. exclusively from quartz conglomerates and rarely Ostali tipološki različki so narejeni iz lokalnih drobno- sandstones. Other typological types are made from lo- zrnatih flišnih sedimentov (flišni peščenjaki, muljevci in cal fine-grained flysch material (flysch sandstones and laporovci). Izjema so kamnite krogle, za katere so kot marls). Exceptions are stone-bal s which are made from surovino uporabljali magmatske kamnine. magmatic raw material. Petrološke analize so še pokazale, da so bili artefakti Analyses also indicate that for cooking facilities povezani s pripravo hrane narejeni iz surovin ne-lokal- non-local raw material was used while for all other nega izvora, medtem ko je bila za vse ostale produkte devices local raw material was used. uporabljena surovina lokalnega izvora. The most commonly used raw material for stone Najpogosteje uporabljena surovina (63 %) za izde- artefacts (63%) in the Most na Soči site are Upper lavo kamnitih artefaktov iz prazgodovinske naselbine Paleo zoic quartz conglomerate and sandstone. The Most na Soči so bili zgornje paleozojski kremenovi nearest source of Carboniferous-Permian clastics is konglomerati in peščenjaki. Najbližja najdišča karbon- around Cerkno (Buser 1986a; id. 1986b; id. 2009), skih in permskih klastitov so v okolici Cerknega (Buser which is about 20 km from the Most na Soči site 1986a; id. 1986b; id. 2009), ki so od Mosta na Soči ( Tab. 2), and in Poljanska and Selška Valley, which is oddaljena okoli 20 km ( tab. 2) ter v Poljanski in Selški about 25–30 km from the Most na Soči site (Buser 2009; dolini, ki so oddaljena 25–30 km od najdišča Most na Demšar 2016; Grad, Ferjančič 1976). Similar litholo- Soči (Buser 2009; Demšar 2016; Grad, Ferjančič 1976). gies also occur in the Karavanke mountains (around Podobne kamnine, primerne za surovino, najdemo Jezersko and Tržič) and in the Carnic Alps (Buser 1980; tudi v Karavankah (okolica Jezerskega in Tržiča) in v Novak 2007; Venturini 2002) which is around 45–65 Karnijskih Alpah (Buser 1980; Novak 2007; Venturini km away from the site. The nearest deposits near Cer- 2002). Omenjene lokacije so od najdišča Most na Soči kno and particularly Poljanska and Selška Valley were oddaljene 45–65 km. Kot surovinska baza se nam zdijo the most likely ( Fig. 2), also because that is an area with verjetnejše bližnje lokacije okolice Cerknega ter še pose- a long tradition of mil stone production in historical bej Poljanske ter Selške doline ( sl. 2), saj je tam poznana times (Ramovš 1979). 352 PETROLOŠKE ANALIZE IN PROVENIENCA KAMNITIH ... PETROLOGY AND PROVENANCE OF THE RAW MATERIAL ... Sl. 2: Nahajališča zgornjepaleozojskih klastitov, krednega fliša in kvartarnih sedimentov v zahodni Sloveniji. Fig. 2: Outcrops of Upper Paleozoic clastics, Cretaceous flysch and Quaternary deposits in western Slovenia. (Prirejeno po / Modified after Bavec, Novak, Poljak 2012). 353 PETROLOŠKE ANALIZE IN PROVENIENCA KAMNITIH ... PETROLOGY AND PROVENANCE OF THE RAW MATERIAL ... časovno dolga tradicija izdelave mlinskih kamnov, segala The prevalence of quartz conglomerate above je še v petdeseta leta 20. stoletja (Ramovš 1979). quartz sandstones suggests that sandstone raw material Iz surovinske prevlade kremenovih konglomeratov was not suitable enough for querns manufacturing or nad kremenovimi peščenjaki pri izdelavi žrmelj lahko the diet favoured coarse-grained raw material for quern sklepamo, da so bili peščenjaki manj primeren material production. za pripravo hrane ali pa je izbor prehrane za proizvodnjo The high amount of non-local raw material at žrmelj favoriziral debelo zrnato surovino. the Most na Soči site best corresponds to an adaptive Velik delež surovin ne-lokalnega izvora najbolj strategy characterized by a high degree of residential ustreza prilagoditveni strategiji, za katero sta značilna mobility and long-distance trade economy. While visoka stopnja mobilnosti prebivalstva in trgovanje querns are quite big and heavy facilities, it was more na dolge razdalje. Ker so žrmlje dokaj veliki in fizično likely trading with already manufactured products težki uporabni predmeti, se zdi verjetnejša trgovina z že than just transporting the raw material and in situ narejenimi izdelki kot pa transport večjih surovinskih manufacturing. This indicates that in central Slovenia, blokov in njihova proizvodnja na samem najdišču. To a kind of centre of “stone industry” existed not just in nakazuje, da je bil prostor osrednje Slovenije nekakšen Roman times (Horvat, Župančič 1987) but as early as center “kamnarske industrije” ne samo v rimskih časih in Prehistoric times. (Horvat, Župančič 1987), ampak že v prazgodovini. Stone-bal s are the only typology for which the Edini tipološki različek, za katerega so uporabljali use of local and non-local raw material is detected surovinski material lokalnega in ne-lokalnega izvora, so ( Tabs. 1, 2). The quartz sandstone raw material source kamnite krogle ( tab. 1, 2). Kremenov konglomerat izvira is probably the same as that used for querns. Calcarenite verjetno iz istih območij kot surovina za izdelavo žrmelj. is a local flysch raw material but can also be found in Kalkarenit je lokalna surovina, ki jo najdemo v spektru the Soča River gravel deposits. Trachyte raw material flišnih kamnin ali v produ reke Soče. Trahita, podobnega is not known in Slovenia, so it was probably imported uporabljeni surovini za izdelavo kamnitih krogel na naj- from the west, from northern-central Italy. The nearest dišču Most na Soči, v Sloveniji ne poznamo. Verjetno je known area of trachyte outcrops is in the Euganean Hil s bila surovina uvožena z zahoda, z območja severne in/ali in the vicinity of Padua (NE Italy). There trachyte has osrednje Italije. Najbližje poznano izvorno območje trahi- been extensively quarried since the 7th–6th century BC; ta je Evganijsko gričevje (Colli Euganei) v bližnji okolici its exploitation became more important in the Roman Padove. Tam izkoriščajo trahit že od 7.–6. stoletja pr. n. period and continues until the present day. Archaeologi- št. Proizvodnja trahita je postala pomembna v rimskem cal evidence shows that the trade in Euganean trachyte obdobju in traja vse do danes. Glede na arheološke vire was mainly conducted in the area between Pavia and se je trgovina s trahitom zaradi njegove široke uporabe Rimini, occasional y as far as Aquileia (Capedri et al. in trgovine na dolge razdalje širila na sever in vzhod na 2000; Antonelli, Lazzarini 2012). The distance from the območje med Pavio in Riminijem, občasno pa vse do trachyte quarry area to the Iron Age settlement at Most Ogleja (Capedri et al. 2000; Antonelli, Lazzarini 2012). na Soči is around 150–200 km. Razdalja do omenjenih najdišč trahita znaša 150–200 km. The raw material for other typological types is of Surovine za vse ostale tipološke različke kamnitih a local source. The Upper Cretaceous flysch deposits artefaktov so lokalnega izvora. Zgornje kredne flišne (sandstones, calcarenites, mudstones, marls) outcrop- kamnine (peščenjaki, kalkareniti, muljevci, laporovci) ping in distances 0–10 km around the Most na Soči site izdanjajo v razdalji do 10 km od najdišča ( sl. 4). Pogos- ( Fig. 4) or they can be found in nearby Quaternary till te so tudi v okoliških sedimentih kvartarnih tilov in v deposits and in the Soča River gravel. produ reke Soče. All other stone artefacts, except querns point out on Vsi ostali tipološki različki artefaktov, razen žrmelj, the local source of raw material, in situ manufacturing, kažejo na lokalni izvor surovinskega materiala in na “in and local economy. situ” proizvodnjo ter lokalno ekonomijo. 354 PETROLOŠKE ANALIZE IN PROVENIENCA KAMNITIH ... PETROLOGY AND PROVENANCE OF THE RAW MATERIAL ... Tab. 2: Petrološka sestava kamnitih artefaktov iz železnodobne naselbine Most na Soči. * vrsta konglomerata se nanaša na zaporedne številke opisov konglomeratov v tekstu. Tab. 2: Petrology of stone artefacts (n = 78) from the Most na Soči Iron Age settlement. * conglomerate type refers to a serial number described in the text. n atio Vzorec / blic Petrologija / Stratigrafska pripadnost / Najbližji vir / Sample voljšak 2016 Tipologija / Typology Petrology Stratigraphic provenance Nearest source va / Pu ular, SObjaD Hiša 1 / House 1 kremenov konglomerat s kalcitnim 1 / 3 žrmlje / vezivom – tip 3* / karbon-perm / quern quartz conglomerate with calcitic Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km matrix – type 3* kremenov konglomerat s kalcitnim 1 / 11 žrmlje / vezivom – tip 1 / karbon-perm / quern quartz conglomerate with calcitic Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km matrix – type 1 kremenov konglomerat s kalcitnim P2467 žrmlje / vezivom – tip 3 / karbon-perm / quern quartz conglomerate with calcitic Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km matrix – type 3 Hiša 3 / House 3 kremenov konglomerat s kalcitnim P4226 žrmlje / vezivom – tip 1 / karbon-perm / quern quartz conglomerate with calcitic Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km matrix – type 1 kremenov konglomerat s kalcitnim P4265 krogla / vezivom – tip 3 / karbon-perm / stone-ball quartz conglomerate with calcitic Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km matrix – type 3 Hiša 4 / House 4 P4300 T. / Pl. kalup / flišni peščenjak / zgornja kreda / 24: 6 mould flysch sandstone Upper Cretaceous 0–10 km P4301 T. / Pl. kalup / flišni peščenjak / zgornja kreda / 24: 9 mould flysch sandstone Upper Cretaceous 0–10 km T. / Pl. P4298 24: 7 kalup / rdečkasti flišni sljudnati peščenjak / zgornja kreda / mould reddish flysch micaceous sandstone Upper Cretaceous 0–10 km P4299 T. / Pl. kalup / sivkasti flišni sljudnati peščenjak / zgornja kreda / 24: 8 mould greyish flysch micaceous sandstone Upper Cretaceous 0–10 km brusni kolut / P4302 T. / Pl. rdečkasti flišni sljudnati peščenjak / zgornja kreda / 24: 13 grinding wheel reddish flysch micaceous sandstone Upper Cretaceous 0–10 km brusni kolut / P4303 T. / Pl. rdečkasti flišni sljudnati peščenjak / zgornja kreda / 24: 12 grinding wheel reddish flysch micaceous sandstone Upper Cretaceous 0–10 km P4310 T. / Pl. brus / rdeč flišni laporovec / zgornja kreda / 24: 10 whetstone reddish flysch marl Upper Cretaceous 0–10 km 233 brus / siv flišni muljevec / zgornja kreda / whetstone gray flysch mudstone Upper Cretaceous 0–10 km sljudnati peščenjak s kalcitnim P4311 T. / Pl. brus / vezivom / zgornja kreda / 24: 11 whetstone micaceous sandstone with calcite Upper Cretaceous 0–10 km matrix 355 PETROLOŠKE ANALIZE IN PROVENIENCA KAMNITIH ... PETROLOGY AND PROVENANCE OF THE RAW MATERIAL ... n atio Vzorec / blic Petrologija / Stratigrafska pripadnost / Najbližji vir / Sample voljšak 2016 Tipologija / Typology Petrology Stratigraphic provenance Nearest source va / Pu ular, SObjaD Hiša 5 / House 5 kremenov konglomerat s kalcitnim P4318 žrmlje / vezivom – tip 3 / karbon-perm / quern quartz conglomerate with calcitic Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km matrix – type 3 sljudnat kremenov peščenjak s P4317 T. / Pl. brus / kalcitnim vezivom / zgornja kreda / 25: 2 whetstone micaceous quartz sandstone with Upper Cretaceous 0–10 km calcite matrix Hiša 6 / House 6 kremenov konglomerat s sljudnato- P4357 žrmlje / peščenim vezivom – tip 1 / karbon-perm / quern quartz conglomerate with mica- Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km ceous sandy matrix – type 1 Hiša 7 / House 7 kremenov konglomerat s sljudnato- P4409 žrmlje / peščenim vezivom – tip 1 / karbon-perm / quern quartz conglomerate with mica- Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km ceous sandy matrix – type 1 Hiša 8 / House 8 rdečkast debelozrnat kremenov P4480 žrmlje / peščenjak / karbon-perm / quern reddish coarse-grained quartz Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km sandstone rdečkast debelozrnat kremenov P4481 žrmlje / peščenjak / karbon-perm / quern reddish coarse-grained quartz Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km sandstone rdečkast debelozrnat kremenov P4482 žrmlje / peščenjak / karbon-perm / quern reddish coarse-grained quartz Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km sandstone kremenov konglomerat s sljudnato- P4482 / 1 žrmlje / peščenim vezivom – tip 1 / karbon-perm / quern quartz conglomerate with mica- Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km ceous sandy matrix – type 1 kremenov konglomerat s sljudnato- P4482 / 2 žrmlje / peščenim vezivom – tip 1 / karbon-perm / quern quartz conglomerate with mica- Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km ceous sandy matrix – type 1 kremenov konglomerat s sljudnato- P4482 / 3 žrmlje / peščenim vezivom – tip 1 / karbon-perm / quern quartz conglomerate with mica- Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km ceous sandy matrix – type 1 kremenov konglomerat s sljudnato- P4482 / 4 žrmlje / peščenim vezivom – tip 1 / karbon-perm / quern quartz conglomerate with mica- Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km ceous sandy matrix – type 1 rdečkast srednjezrnat kremenov P4482 / 5 žrmlje / peščenjak / karbon-perm / quern reddish medium-grained quartz Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km sandstone P4456 krogla / trahit / paleocen-oligocen / stone-ball trachyte Paleocene-Oligocene 150–200 km 356 PETROLOŠKE ANALIZE IN PROVENIENCA KAMNITIH ... PETROLOGY AND PROVENANCE OF THE RAW MATERIAL ... n atio Vzorec / blic Petrologija / Stratigrafska pripadnost / Najbližji vir / Sample voljšak 2016 Tipologija / Typology Petrology Stratigraphic provenance Nearest source va / Pu ular, SObjaD Hiša 12 / House 12 kremenov konglomerat s sljudnato- brez št. / žrmlje / peščenim vezivom – tip 1 / karbon-perm / without no. quern quartz conglomerate with mica- Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km ceous sandy matrix – type 1 kremenov konglomerat s sljudnato- brez št. / žrmlje / peščenim vezivom – tip 1 / karbon-perm / without no. quern quartz conglomerate with mica- Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km ceous sandy matrix – type 1 rdečkast debelozrnat kremenov P4627 / 1 žrmlje / peščenjak / karbon-perm / quern reddish coarse-grained quartz Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km sandstone Hiša 15 / House 15 kremenov konglomerat s kalcitnim brez št. / žrmlje / vezivom – tip 3 / karbon-perm / without no. quern quartz conglomerate with calcitic Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km matrix – type 3 kremenov konglomerat s kalcitnim brez št. / žrmlje / vezivom – tip 3 / karbon-perm / without no. quern quartz conglomerate with calcitic Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km matrix – type 3 kremenov konglomerat s kremeno- P4975 žrmlje / vim peščenim vezivom – tip 2 / karbon-perm / quern quartz conglomerate with quartz Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km sandy matrix – type 2 P5012 žrmlje / debelozrnat kremenov peščenjak / karbon-perm / quern coarse-grained quartz sandstone Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km kremenov konglomerat s sljudnato- P5072 žrmlje / peščenim vezivom – tip 1 / karbon-perm / quern quartz conglomerate with mica- Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km ceous sandy matrix – type 1 kremenov konglomerat s kalcitnim P5073 žrmlje / vezivom – tip 3 / karbon-perm / quern quartz conglomerate with calcitic Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km matrix – type 3 kremenov konglomerat s sljudnato- P5073 / 1 žrmlje / peščenim vezivom – tip 1 / karbon-perm / quern quartz conglomerate with mica- Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km ceous sandy matrix – type 1 kremenov konglomerat s sljudnato- P5074 žrmlje / peščenim vezivom – tip 1 / karbon-perm / quern quartz conglomerate with mica- Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km ceous sandy matrix – type 1 kremenov konglomerat s kremeno- P5074 / 1 žrmlje / vim peščenim vezivom – tip 2 / karbon-perm / quern quartz conglomerate with quartz Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km sandy matrix – type 2 kremenov konglomerat s sljudnato- P5074 / 2 žrmlje / peščenim vezivom – tip 1 / karbon-perm / quern quartz conglomerate with mica- Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km ceous sandy matrix – type 1 357 PETROLOŠKE ANALIZE IN PROVENIENCA KAMNITIH ... PETROLOGY AND PROVENANCE OF THE RAW MATERIAL ... n atio Vzorec / blic Petrologija / Stratigrafska pripadnost / Najbližji vir / Sample voljšak 2016 Tipologija / Typology Petrology Stratigraphic provenance Nearest source va / Pu ular, SObjaD Hiša 15 / House 15 kremenov konglomerat s kremeno- 46 žrmlje / vim peščenim vezivom – tip 2 / karbon-perm / quern quartz conglomerate with quartz Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km sandy matrix – type 2 kremenov konglomerat s kalcitnim 299 žrmlje / vezivom – tip 3 / karbon-perm / quern quartz conglomerate with calcitic Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km matrix – type 3 sivkast srednjezrnat kremenov brez št. / žrmlje / peščenjak / karbon-perm / without no. quern greyish medium-grained quartz Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km sandstone Hiša 15A / House 15A P5391 T. / Pl. brus / flišni laporovec / zgornja kreda / 40: 11 whetstone flysch marl Upper Cretaceous 0–10 km P5392 T. / Pl. brus / flišni laporovec / zgornja kreda / 53: 10 whetstone flysch marl Upper Cretaceous 0–10 km P5324 T. / Pl. brus / laminirani flišni peščenjak / zgornja kreda / 53: 11 whetstone laminated flysch sandstone Upper Cretaceous 0–10 km P5325 T. / Pl. brus / flišni laporovec / zgornja kreda / 53: 12 whetstone flysch marl Upper Cretaceous 0–10 km P5434 utež / kremenov peščenjak / karbon-perm / weight quartz sandstone Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km kremenov konglomerat s kalcitnim P5435 žrmlje / vezivom – tip 3 / karbon-perm / quern quartz conglomerate with calcitic Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km matrix – type 3 kremenov konglomerat s sljudnato- P5436 žrmlje / peščenim vezivom – tip 1 / karbon-perm / quern quartz conglomerate with mica- Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km ceous sandy matrix – type 1 kremenov konglomerat s kalcitnim P5436 / 1 žrmlje / vezivom – tip 3 / karbon-perm / quern quartz conglomerate with calcitic Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km matrix – type 3 rjavkasti do rdečkasti flišni lapo- P5077 T. / Pl. kalup / zgornja kreda / 54: 9 mould rovec / brownish to reddish flysch marl Upper Cretaceous 0–10 km Hiša 16 / House 16 kremenov konglomerat s kalcitnim P4032 / 1 žrmlje / vezivom – tip 3 / karbon-perm / quern quartz conglomerate with calcitic Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km matrix – type 3 kremenov konglomerat s sljudnato- P4097 / 1 žrmlje / peščenim vezivom – tip 1 / karbon-perm / quern quartz conglomerate with mica- Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km ceous sandy matrix – type 1 kremenov konglomerat s sljudnato- P4097 / 2 žrmlje / peščenim vezivom – tip 1 / karbon-perm / quern quartz conglomerate with mica- Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km ceous sandy matrix – type 1 358 PETROLOŠKE ANALIZE IN PROVENIENCA KAMNITIH ... PETROLOGY AND PROVENANCE OF THE RAW MATERIAL ... n atio Vzorec / blic Petrologija / Stratigrafska pripadnost / Najbližji vir / Sample voljšak 2016 Tipologija / Typology Petrology Stratigraphic provenance Nearest source va / Pu ular, SObjaD Hiša 16 / House 16 P5419 T. / Pl. brus / laminirani flišni peščenjak / zgornja kreda / 55: 17 whetstone laminated flysch sandstone Upper Cretaceous 0–10 km P5420 T. / Pl. brus / flišni peščenjak / zgornja kreda / 55: 16 whetstone flysch sandstone Upper Cretaceous 0–10 km P4038 krogla / trahit / paleocen-oligocen / stone-ball trachyte Paleocene-Oligocene 150–200 km kremenov konglomerat s sljudnato- brez št. / žrmlje / peščenim vezivom – tip 1 / karbon-perm / without no. quern quartz conglomerate with mica- Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km ceous sandy matrix – type 1 Hiša 20 / House 20 kremenov konglomerat s sljudnato- P5503 žrmlje / peščenim vezivom – tip 1 / karbon-perm / quern quartz conglomerate with mica- Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km ceous sandy matrix – type 1 Hiša 22A / House 22A P5533 T. / Pl. brus / flišni peščenjak / zgornja kreda / 61: 10 whetstone flysch sandstone Upper Cretaceous 0–10 km P5624 T. / Pl. brus / flišni peščenjak / zgornja kreda / 61: 9 whetstone flysch sandstone Upper Cretaceous 0–10 km 55 brus / flišni peščenjak / zgornja kreda / whetstone flysch sandstone Upper Cretaceous 0–10 km brez št. / krogla / kalkarenit (rečni prodnik) / kvartar / without no. stone-ball calcarenite (river pebble) Quaternary 0–10 km brez št. / brus / flišni muljevec / zgornja kreda / without no. whetstone flysch mudstone Upper Cretaceous 0–10 km Hiša 29 / House 29 29 / 66 brus / flišni peščenjak / zgornja kreda / whetstone flysch sandstone Upper Cretaceous 0–10 km 29 / 24 kalup / flišni peščenjak zgornja kreda / mould flysch sandstone Upper Cretaceous 0–10 km 29 / 21 brus / flišni peščenjak zgornja kreda / whetstone flysch sandstone Upper Cretaceous 0–10 km 29 / 1 brus / laminirani flišni peščenjak / zgornja kreda / whetstone laminated flysch sandstone Upper Cretaceous 0–10 km Hiša 30 / House 30 30 / 82 brus / flišni peščenjak / zgornja kreda / whetstone flysch sandstone Upper Cretaceous 0–10 km kremenov konglomerat s kalcitnim brez št. / žrmlje / vezivom – tip 3 / karbon-perm / without no. quern quartz conglomerate with calcitic Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km matrix – type 3 Munihov vrt: Sonda 1 / Trench 1 kremenov konglomerat s kremeno- P2627 žrmlje / vim peščenim vezivom – tip 2 / karbon-perm / quern quartz conglomerate with quartz Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km sandy matrix – type 2 Sonda 1A / R / Trench 1A / R kremenov konglomerat s sljudnato- P4554 / 1 žrmlje / peščenim vezivom – tip 1 / karbon-perm / quern quartz conglomerate with mica- Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km ceous sandy matrix – type 1 359 PETROLOŠKE ANALIZE IN PROVENIENCA KAMNITIH ... PETROLOGY AND PROVENANCE OF THE RAW MATERIAL ... n atio Vzorec / blic Petrologija / Stratigrafska pripadnost / Najbližji vir / Sample voljšak 2016 Tipologija / Typology Petrology Stratigraphic provenance Nearest source va / Pu ular, SObjaD Sonda 4 / Trench 4 kremenov konglomerat s kalcitnim P4565 / 1 žrmlje / vezivom – tip 3 / karbon-perm / quern quartz conglomerate with calcitic Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km matrix – type 3 Sonda 5 / Trench 5 kremenov konglomerat s kalcitnim brez št. / žrmlje / vezivom – tip 3 / karbon-perm / without no. quern quartz conglomerate with calcitic Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km matrix – type 3 kremenov konglomerat s kalcitnim brez št. / žrmlje / vezivom – tip 3 / karbon-perm / without no. quern quartz conglomerate with calcitic Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km matrix – type 3 Osnovna šola Most na Soči / Elementary school Most na Soči kremenov konglomerat s sljudnato- brez št. / žrmlje / peščenim vezivom – tip 1 / karbon-perm / without no. quern quartz conglomerate with mica- Carboniferous-Permian 20–30 km ceous sandy matrix – type 1 ANTONELLI, F., L. LAZZARINI 2012, The first archae- HORVAT, A., M. ŽUPANČIČ 1987, Prazgodovinske in ometric characterization of roman mil stones found in rimske žrmlje v zahodni Sloveniji. – Geološki zbornik 8, the Aquileia archaeological site (Udine, Italy). – Archae- 105–110. ometry 54/1, 1–17. NOVAK, M. 2007, Depositional environment of Upper BAVEC, M., M. NOVAK, M. POLJAK 2012, Geološka karta Carboniferous – Lower Permian beds in the Karavanke Slovenije 1:1 milijon / Geological Map of Slovenia 1:1 mil- Mountains (Southern Alps, Slovenia). – Geologija 50/2, lion. – Ljubljana. 247–268. BUSER, S. 1980, Osnovna geološka karta SFRJ 1:100.000. PRADEAU, J.-V., L. DAYET, H. SALOMON 2016, The Tolmač za list Celovec (Klagenfurt). – Beograd. Routes Of Archaeological Colouring Materials: From The BUSER, S. 1986a, Osnovna geološka karta SFRJ 1:100.000. Sources To The Uses. – V / In: Raw materials exploitation List Tolmin in Videm (Udine). – Beograd. in Prehistory: sourcing, processing and distribution, 10–12 BUSER, S. 1986b, Osnovna geološka karta SFRJ 1:100.000. March 2016, Faro. Book of Abstracts. Tolmač za list Tolmin in Videm (Udine). – Beograd. (http://www.rawmaterials2016.com/index.php/ct-menu- BUSER, S. 2009, Geološka karta Slovenije 1:250.000. – item-9/ct-menu-item-23) Ljubljana. RAMOVŠ, A. 1979, Mlinski kamni iz kremenovega konglo- CAPEDRI, S., G. VENTURELLI, R. GRANDI 2000, Eugane- merata v Selški dolini. – Loški razgledi 26, 153–158. an trachytes: discrimination of quarried sites by petrog- SVOLJŠAK, D., J. DULAR 2016, Železnodobno naselje Most raphic and chemical parameters and by magnetic suscep- na Soči. Gradbeni izvidi in najdbe / The Iron Age set- tibility and its bearing on provenance of stones of ancient tlement at Most na Soči. Settlement structures and small artefacts. – Journal of Cultural Heritage 1, 341–364. finds. – Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 33. DEMŠAR, M. 2016, Geološka karta Selše doline 1:25.000. – VENTURINI, C. 2002, Geologic map of Carnic Alp 1:25.000. Ljubljana. – Udine. FÉBLOT-AUGUSTINS, J. 2009, Revisiting European Up- WEFERS, S., T. M. GLUHAK 2016, Geochemical-Miner- per Paleolithic raw material transfers: The demise of the alogical Provenance Determination Of Stone Tools And cultural ecological paradigm? – V / In: B. Adams, B. S. Their Archaeological Implications: Scientific Methods, Blades (ur. / eds.), Lithic Materials and Paleolithic Societ- Data Background And Data Evaluation. – V / In: Raw ma- ies, Oxford, 25–46. terials exploitation in Prehistory: sourcing, processing and GRAD, K., L. FERJANČIČ 1976, Osnovna geološka karta distribution, 10–12 March 2016, Faro. Book of Abstracts. SFRJ 1:100.000. Tolmač za list Kranj. – Beograd. (http://www.rawmaterials2016.com/index.php/ct-menu- item-9/ct-menu-item-13) 360 Železnodobno naselje Most na Soči. Razprave / The Iron Age settlement at Most na Soči. Treatises. OIAS 34, 2018, 361−443 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE Z NAJDIŠČA MOST NA SOČI: UPORABA LESA, POKRAJINA IN GOSPODARSTVO MED 6. IN 1. STOLETJEM PR. KR. INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE A MOST NA SOČI: TECNOLOGIA DEL LEGNO, PAESAGGIO ED ECONOMIA TRA VI SEC. E I SEC. A. C. Sila MOTELLA DE CARLO UVOD INTRODUZIONE V okviru sodelovanja med Goriškim muzejem v La collaborazione avviata all’inizio degli anni Novi Gorici, Narodnim muzejem Slovenije v Ljubljani novanta del secolo scorso tra il Goriški muzej di Nova in italijanskim laboratorijem za arheobiologijo v Comu Gorica, il Narodni muzej Slovenije di Ljubljana (Slove- (Laboratorio di Archeobiologia dei Musei Civici), ki se nia) e il Laboratorio di Archeobiologia dei Musei Civici je začelo v začetku devetdesetih let prejšnjega stoletja, di Como (Italia) ha permesso lo studio archeobotanico so bile opravljene arheobotanične analize vzorcev oglja, dei carboni, dei semi e dei frutti bruciati rinvenuti nel ’a- semen in zoglenelih sadežev z izkopavanj naselbine Most bitato di Most na Soči, campionati durante le campagne na Soči. Ta so izvedli pod vodstvom Draga Svoljšaka di scavo condotte tra il 1971 e il 1984, con la direzione med letoma 1971 in 1984. di Drago Svoljšak. Vzorce oglja, shranjene v Goriškem muzeju, sem Un primo sopralluogo per l’osservazione dei z vodjem izkopavanj prvič pregledala aprila leta 1995, campioni di carbone è stato effettuato dal a scrivente analizo zoglenelih ostankov sem opravila med letoma nel mese di aprile del 1995 presso il il Goriški muzej di 1996 in 1997 v laboratoriju za arheobiologijo v muzeju Nova Gorica insieme a D. Svoljšak; l’analisi dei reperti Civici di Como in jo dopolnila leta 2015. V razpravi so carbonizzati è stata effettuata dal a scrivente tra il 1996 e upoštevani tudi rezultati antrakoloških analiz, ki jih je il 1997 presso il Laboratorio di Archeobiologia dei Musei opravil Alojz Šercelj med letoma 1974 in 1975.1 Civici di Como (Italia) e successivamente ultimata nel Pred dokončno pripravo tega prispevka sem prido- 2015 con l’aggiunta di alcune analisi, come perfeziona- bljene podatke znova pregledala in dopolnila v zvezi z mento del e precedenti. A completamento del lavoro objavo naselbinskih ostankov in najdb (Svoljšak, Dular sono stati utilizzati i risultati delle analisi antracologiche 2016). effettuate da Alojz Šercelj tra il 1974 e il 1975.1 I dati ottenuti sono stati riesaminati e perfezionati al a luce dello studio effettuato sul ’ insediamento e sui reperti (Svoljšak, Dular 2016), prima del a stesura del presente contributo. 1 Rapporto di A. Šercelj, conservato nel Goriški muzej 1 Šercljevo poročilo hrani Goriški muzej v Novi Gorici. di Nova Gorica. 361 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... ŠTUDIJ RASTLINSKIH LO STUDIO DEI MACRORESTI MAKROOSTANKOV: HIPOTEZA VEGETALI: PREMESSA Raziskave vegetacije oz. flore pretekle pokrajine Indagini volte a ricostruire l’assetto della vege- sodijo med ustaljene pristope v okviru arheoloških raz- tazione e del a flora di un paesaggio antico sono una iskav. Rastlinske ostanke, ki jih najdemo v arheoloških procedura costante nel a ricerca archeologica. kontekstih, delimo na dve skupini: mikroostanke (cvetni I resti botanici rinvenuti nei contesti archeologici prah in spore) in makroostanke (oglje, semena itd.). vengono distinti in due fondamentali categorie: i micro- Pojav mikroostankov je največkrat posledica naravne resti, cioè pollini e spore, e i macro-resti, carboni, semi distribucije in tafonomije, medtem ko makroostanke ecc. I primi sono quasi sempre il risultato di una diffusio- povezujemo s človekovim delovanjem. Izjema so nanosi ne e conservazione naturale nel terreno, mentre i secon- sedimentov naravnega nastanka (kot npr. posledica di, tranne nei casi di accumuli di origine non antropica gozdnih požarov). Zaradi tega so rezultati raziskav sedi- (ad esempio tracce di passaggi di incendi boschivi), sono mentnih nanosov cvetnega prahu drugačni od raziskav, il risultato di deposizioni dovute ad azioni umane. Per- ki preučujejo le oglje oz. kose sežganega lesa. Raziskave tanto le informazioni prodotte dallo studio dei depositi cvetnega prahu odsevajo vegetacijo območja, velikega pollinici nei sedimenti sono diverse da quelle fornite, tudi do 10 kvadratnih kilometrov, medtem ko analize ad esempio, dai “carboni”, cioè da porzioni di legno kosov zoglenelega lesa, ki so del takratnih drevesnih vrst bruciato; mentre i primi possono riflettere l’ambiente ali grmovnic, dajejo drugačne informacije: poleg podat- vegetale di una zona anche del ’ordine di qualche decina kov o lesnih vrstah, ki jih je uporabil človek za gradnjo in di chilometri quadrati, i carboni di legno, che possono kurjenje, še o vegetacijskih razmerah v bližini naselbine. derivare da piante arboree e arbustive, non solo forni- Hkrati izključujejo naravna prenašanja po kopnem in scono un elenco più ristretto di specie, ma denunciano vodi (Castelletti, Motel a De Carlo 1999). Antrakološke le condizioni del a vegetazione di territori limitrofi ai analize skupaj s palinološkimi lahko pripomorejo k luoghi di ritrovamento, escludendo qualsiasi trasporto spoznanju nekaterih sprememb v vegetaciji pokrajine. naturale via terra o via acqua (Castelletti, Motel a De Vzorci oglja so bili na Mostu na Soči odvzeti Carlo 1999). È tuttavia possibile cogliere alcune modi- iz arheoloških plasti, npr. iz ostankov pogorelih hiš, ficazioni del paesaggio vegetale mediante la disamina ognjišč ali tal. V prvem primeru smo vzorčili ostanke dei dati antracologici integrati con quelli palinologici. brun, podnic ali drugih delov objekta, v drugem oglje E’ noto che i carboni vengono messi in luce zadnjega kurjenja oziroma sežiga, v tretjem pa oglje, ki quando i livelli archeologici li rivelano al loro interno, ga povezujemo s čiščenjem različnih ognjišč, na katerih ad esempio, resti di edifici incendiati, di focolari o di so večkrat kurili. V ognjiščih je mogoče odkriti tudi paleosuperfici. Nel primo caso si raccoglie ciò che ri- karpološke ostanke, ne nujno skupaj s kosi zoglenelega mane di travi, pavimenti o altro provenienti da strutture lesa. Pogosto gre za žitna zrna, ostanke semen ali plodov adibite ad abitazione o a diverso uso; nel secondo caso si sadnih vrst in oreškov, ki so bili namerno ali nenamerno raccolgono i carboni del ’ultimo fuoco acceso ed infine, izpostavljeni ognju. Te ostanke najdemo tudi v objektih nel terzo, quelli provenienti dal a pulizia di più fuochi, in posodah, namenjenih shranjevanju, npr. shrambnih accesi ripetutamente. Frequentemente, in concomitanza jamah, silosih, vodnjakih, kaščah, keramičnih ali ko- di focolari, ma non necessariamente associati ai carboni vinskih posodah. di legno, si rinvengono resti carpologici, cioè cariossidi, V okviru arheobotaničnih raziskav naselbine Most semi e frutti, conservatisi proprio perché, per motivi na Soči je vzorčenje zaobjelo precejšnjo količino oglja; accidentali o intenzionali, sono venuti a contatto con il večinoma gre za delno ohranjene gradbene elemente fuoco; in altri casi questi vengono scoperti in strutture hiš in druge kose zoglenelega lesa, ki jih ni bilo mogoče adibite al a conservazione come fosse, silos, pozzetti, opredeliti kot dele hiš, temveč kot ostanke vsakodnevnih granai, contenitori ceramici o metallici. dejavnosti v njih. Nel caso di Most na Soči, l’eccezionale campiona- Raziskave zoglenelih ostankov v hišah so razkrile tura a disposizione interessa un cospicuo numero di tehnologijo obdelave lesa ter pokazale, katere vrste so carboni rinvenuti nel ’insediamento; si tratta prevalen- uporabili pri gradnji naselbine ali za druge namene. Po temente di elementi strutturali delle case, parzialmente drugi strani nam rezultati analiz ponudijo informacijo conservati, e di altri frammenti di legno combusto che o sestavi gozda bližnje okolice. Številna semena in non sono parte degli edifici, ma il riflesso di attività ostanki plodov, najdeni v dveh hišah, so razkrili zani- quotidiane che si svolgevano al loro interno. mive vidike gospodarstva, od začetka 6. stol. pr. Kr., ko Lo studio dei resti combusti delle case ha permes- se kaže predvsem močan antropogen vpliv na okoliško so, da un lato, di avere informazioni sul a tecnologia vegetacijo. del legno e sul a scelta delle specie impiegate per la costruzione del ’insediamento o per altri usi; dal ’altro, queste analisi hanno consentito di riconoscere alcune 362 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... ŠTUDIJ OGLJA IZ HIŠ: caratteristiche del a copertura boschiva del a zona. Inol- PROCES V LABORATORIJU tre, il rinvenimento di un cospicuo quantitativo di semi e frutti in due case ha chiarito alcuni aspetti peculiari Ohranjenost gradbenih elementov hiš iz naselbine del ’economia di sussistenza a partire dal VI sec. a.C., Most na Soči je edinstvena, zato je bila antrakološka denunciando un forte impatto antropico che ha prodotto študija namenjena opredelitvi tipa (vrste) uporabljenega modificazioni sul a vegetazione del territorio. lesa in tehnik njegove obdelave. Hkrati smo želeli ugo- toviti makroskopske značilnosti, s katerimi je mogoče določiti uporabo (namembnost) posameznih artefaktov LO STUDIO DEI CARBONI DELLE CASE: in situ, pri čemer smo se oprli na rezultate arheoloških PROCEDURA IN LABORATORIO izkopavanj. S primerjavo podatkov terenskih izvidov smo namreč lahko določili uporabo zoglenelih vzorcev Lo studio antracologico degli elementi strutturali lesa v hišah z vidika tesarstva, kot les za kurjenje ali pa delle case di Most na Soči, che costituiscono nel loro za izdelavo drobnih predmetov. insieme un caso assai singolare di conservazione, ha lo Na obrazce in nato tudi v katalog (glej str. 385 ss) scopo di definire il tipo di legname utilizzato, le tecniche smo vpisali naslednje podatke: di taglio del legno e di rilevare tutte le caratteristiche - številko vzorca, ki ustreza tisti v terenski doku- macroscopiche utili a ricostruire le operazioni di alle- mentaciji; stimento dei manufatti e la loro destinazione in situ, in - vsebino vzorca (ali gre za več kosov oglja v enem indiscutibile sinergia con quanto emerso dal o scavo vzorcu); archeologico. Attraverso un continuo confronto con i - število fragmentov analiziranega oglja; dati di scavo è stato possibile ricostruire l’impiego dei - velikosti vzorca oz. fragmentov analiziranega oglja campioni di legno combusto nelle case: per carpenteria, (če je bilo mogoče); come legname da ardere o per la fabbricazione di piccoli - smer rezanja lesa in gostota branik (če smo jo manufatti. prepoznali); In particolare sono stati registrati in apposite schede, - opis sledov obdelave lesa ali napak oz. sprememb poi confluite nel catalogo (cfr. 385 ff), i seguenti dati: v lesu; - la numerazione dei campioni, che corrisponde a - tip najdbe (namembnost) posameznega vzorca quel a registrata durante gli scavi, zoglenelega lesa, določen na podlagi arheoloških po- - il contenuto degli stessi (si tratta di più frammenti datkov in izsledkov analize. di carbone in ogni campione), Pri mikroskopski analizi, s katero smo želeli dolo- - il numero di frammenti di carbone esaminati, čiti vrsto lesa pri vsakem vzorcu, smo v večini primerov - le misure di alcune dimensioni del reperto intero, pregledali več kosov oglja iz posameznega vzorca, zato quando possibile, oppure dei frammenti analizzati, je včasih več taksonov. Tudi pri le enem taksonu smo - la direzione del taglio nel legno originario e la pregledali vse fragmente v vzorcu. densità anulare, quando rilevabili, Pri prepoznavanju taksonov in določitvi anatom- - eventuali tracce di lavorazione, difetti e/o altera- skih lastnosti lesa smo pregledali prelome kosov oglja zioni del legno, quando presenti; s svetlobnim mikroskopom Nikon Optiphot, ki ga - il tipo di reperto a cui è riferito il campione di uporablja laboratorij muzeja v Comu. Rezultati so pred- legno combusto, dedotto dai dati archeologici di scavo, stavljeni in povzeti v tabelah, te smo grafično obdelali con l’integrazione dei dati di analisi. in jih interpretirali. L’analisi al microscopio, volta a definire il tipo di legno presente in ciascun campione, è stata realizzata, nella maggior parte dei casi, analizzando più di un REZULTATI ANTRAKOLOŠKIH frammento di carbone, per l’accertamento del a pre- ANALIZ: ASPEKTI POGOZDENOSTI senza di uno o più taxon. Anche in presenza di un solo POKRAJINE taxon, tutti i frammenti presenti nel campione sono stati analizzati. Per identificare i taxa di appartenenza e V tabeli 1 so numerično in v odstotkih prikazani per rilevare peculiarità anatomiche riguardanti il legno, rezultati antrakološke analize vzorcev iz posamezne hiše. i carboni sono stati esaminati in frattura mediante il Pregledanih je bilo 291 vzorcev, od katerih jih je 36 iz microscopio episcopico in luce riflessa Nikon Optiphot, hiše 1 in 2 analiziral Alojz Šercelj, ostalih 255 vzorcev in dotazione presso il Laboratorio di Archeobiologia iz 22 hiš je analizirala avtorica tega prispevka. Skupno dei Musei Civici di Como, Italia. I dati di analisi sono je bilo pregledanih 480 kosov oglja. poi confluiti in tabelle riassuntive e successivamente Vzorci izhajajo iz 24 hiš, in sicer 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, elaborati in grafici e interpretati. 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 15A, 16, 20, 22, 23, 24, 27, 29, 30, 31, 33. Prepoznanih je bilo skupno 16 taksonov: 363 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... vrce T % 30,62 3,54 0,41 16,66 0,2 0,2 0,2 2,7 0,6 51,23% 0,41 8,75 32,08 0,41 1,04 0,83 1,25 48,67% ca 100% kupno vzo %T. 59,75 6,91 0,81 32,52 0,42 0,42 0,42 0,85 17,94 65,81 5,55 0,85 2,13 1,28 1,7 2,56 100% p. / S ca 100% ca am 147 17 2 80 246 1 1 1 2 42 154 13 2 5 3 4 6 234 480 Tot. c T. N. 291 33 2 3 3 3 31 4 4 4 4 30 2 4 4 4 29 4 5 5 1 1 6 27 9 2 2 2 9 11 13 24 3 1 7 8 8 23 24 6 3 22 31 5 5 36 22 3 1 1 3 5 8 9 20 9 4 4 6 2 8 12 š. 16 51 25 1 2 19 47 1 5 5 5 16 63 ase. lju hi 15A 23 14 8 22 2 2 1 5 27 lle c 15 15 17 17 1 12 13 30 em og oni de 4 4 4 E 14 1 rčen arb 13 7 5 5 3 1 2 1 3 10 15 ei c 1 1 1 1 2 SE / HIŠ 12 2 axa n CA 11 41 1 1 51 1 52 53 onov v vzo 9 2 2 2 2 akst t 8 3 4 4 4 enza dei t 7 1 1 1 2 3 2 5 7 res risotnos . P 6 29 26 26 1 1 13 29 6 4 54 80 . P oči 5 10 10 10 1 oči 6 7 17 a S a S t n 3 10 23 23 1 1 24 t n os os 2 14 11 1 12 1 1 1 3 15 : M : M 1 1 22 10 11 2 23 1 1 9 7 1 19 42 1 lla v la lja rce ote ote Tabe Tabe e vs e vs ov og h vzo ebika) eln er eln os dani ušje) h k le ali / D log/j ali / D ni reg or/r či b arzi arzi de ablana/g nalizira tevilo p EMENKE en) en) Totali p OS t) Totali p uška/j či dr tevilo a ati / Š raden) res aces ontano / r elša) de ber) ber) b/g o / hr amin va j ka) eka) orb eni/r kupno š elka) eka/m tre/m oljski b NES / KRIT eli ga ni ga a les e / do ni es na/si um a j ukev) agnoj) o/s a smr lves O ati / S pio EMENKE o / čr a b over tre / p er avadn lo / n pin lo / r am o si ianco / b a/r pes amin LOS avadn avadn in arice / smr TYLED ntano / čr o n rnio o b lo / n avadn rni am ndo iancos en)es o di c na (p o c cio oni es er so / n so/l ICO arpin ianco / n os os ta arpin occio lm elo/b o / j arb um e r on cana (o ggio / n aggio avor) N e b e r s (c ia (c a (n etraea (fa o/m ssin bet bet er o / j anguinea (co ra o di c oni bet nifol inor (o PERMAE / GO osa/in er (a (a etulu tica (fa sp. (m as/s aks PERMAE D tin vellan obur/p OS lba r. m bies (a arix um OS us b s r num deae (p nus sp. (f MN GI us glu cu us cf oi sp. (acer strya carpi uer m Taxa / T GY Abies a Picea a Picea/L Pinus sylvestris/m AN Aln Carpin O Corylus a Fagus sylva Q Ul Labur Pom Acer Cornus m Fraxi Totale n ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Sl. 1: Hiša 15A, vzorec 7, Abies alba (navadna jelka); prečni Sl. 3: Hiša 15A, vzorec 7, Abies alba (navadna jelka); tangen- prerez oglja z vidim prehodom kasnega lesa v rastni braniki cialni prerez oglja, enoredni trakovi. k ranemu lesu v naslednji braniki. Fig. 3: Casa 15A, campione 7, Abies alba (abete bianco); sezione Fig. 1: Casa 15A, campione 7, Abies alba (abete bianco); se- tangenziale di carbone, raggi uniseriati. zione trasversale di carbone in cui è visibile il passaggio dal legno tardivo di un anello di accrescimento al legno iniziale del ’anello successivo. RISULTATI DELL’ANALISI ANTRACO- LOGICA: ASPETTI DELLA COPERTURA FORESTALE DEL TERRITORIO I risultati complessivi dell’analisi antracologica sono presentati nel a tabella 1, in termini numerici, per percentuali totali e per ciascuna casa: sono stati esaminati complessivamente 291 campioni, di cui 36 analizzati da Alojz Šercelj relativi alle case 1 e 2, e 255 dal a scrivente, relativi ad altre 22 case, per un totale di 480 carboni. Le 24 case da cui provengono i campioni sono le seguenti: 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 15A, 16, 20, 22, 23, 24, 27, 29, 30, 31, 33. Sl. 2: Hiša 15A, vzorec 7, Abies alba (navadna jelka); detajl Le entità tassonomiche classificate sono 16 e pre- celic na sl. 1. cisamente: Fig. 2: Casa 15A, campione 7, Abies alba (abete bianco); par- - Abies alba (abete bianco – fig. 1– 3)2, ticolare delle cel ule del a fig 1. - Picea abies (abete rosso), - Picea/Larix (abete rosso/larice), - Pinus sylvestris/ montana (pino silvestre/montano), - Abies alba (navadna jelka – sl. 1– 3),2 - Alnus glutinosa/incana (ontano – fig. 4– 6), - Picea abies (navadna smreka), - Carpinus betulus (carpino bianco), - Picea/Larix (smreka/macesen), - Ostrya carpinifolia (carpino nero), - Pinus sylvestris/ montana (rdeči bor/rušje), - Corylus avellana (nocciolo), - Alnus glutinosa/incana (črna/siva jelša – sl. 4– 6), - Fagus sylvatica (faggio), - Carpinus betulus (beli gaber), - Quercus robur/ petraea (farnia/rovere), - Ostrya carpinifolia (črni gaber), - Ulmus cfr. minor (olmo campestre), - Corylus avellana (navadna leska), - Laburnum sp. (maggiociondolo), - Fagus sylvatica (navadna bukev), - Pomoideae (pero/melo/biancospino/sorbo – fig. 7), - Quercus robur/ petraea (hrast dob/graden), - Acer sp.(acero – fig. 8– 11), - Ulmus cfr. minor (poljski brest), - Cornus mas/ sanguinea (corniolo), - Laburnum sp. (nagnoj), - Fraxinus sp. (frassino). 2 2 Fotografiranje vzorcev oglja smo opravili v Le foto dei carboni sono state eseguite mediante ESEM Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia del ’Università XL 30 presso il Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia degli Studi del ’Insubria – sede di Como (Italia) z uporabo del ’Università degli Studi del ’Insubria – sede di Como, ESEM XL 30. Italia. 365 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Sl. 4: Hiša 6, vzorec 15/7, Alnus glutinosa/incana (črna/siva Sl. 6: Hiša 6, vzorec 15/7, Alnus glutinosa/incana (črna/siva jelša); prečni prerez oglja z agregiranimi trakovi vidnimi na jelša); radialen prerez oglja, na sredini lestvičasta perforacija z sredini posnetka; na straneh značilne vrste por. več kot 15 prečkami; na desni nekatere celice enorednih trakov. Fig. 4: Casa 6, campione 15/7, Alnus glutinosa/incana (ontano); Fig. 6: Casa 6, campione 15/7, Alnus glutinosa/incana (ontano); sezione trasversale di carbone con evidente raggio aggregato sezione radiale di carbone, al centro perforazione scalariforme al centro del a foto; ai lati le tipiche file di pori. con più di 15 barre; a destra alcune cel ule di raggi uniseriati. Sl. 5: Hiša 6, vzorec 15/7, Alnus glutinosa/incana (črna/siva Sl. 7: Hiša 16, vzorec 47, Pomoideae (hruška/jablana/glog/ jelša); radialen prerez oglja s počeno lestvičasto perforacijo. jerebika); prečni prerez oglja: les z razširjenimi porami s pre- Fig. 5: Casa 6, campione 15/7, Alnus glutinosa/incana (onta- vladujočimi solitarnimi porami okrogle oblike. no); sezione radiale di carbone con perforazione scalariforme Fig. 7: Casa 16, campione 47, Pomoideae (pero/melo/bian- spezzata. cospino/sorbo); sezione trasversale di carbone: legno a pori diffusi con pori prevalentemente singoli di forma circolare. - Pomoideae (hruška/jablana/glog/jerebika – sl. 7), Per quanto riguarda le diciture utilizzate da A. - Acer sp. (javor – sl. 8– 11), Šercelj, Pinus sylvestris, Acer platanoides e Fraxinus ornus, - Cornus mas/ sanguinea (rumeni/rdeči dren), i carboni che si riferiscono a Pinus sylvestris sono stati - Fraxinus sp. (jesen). inseriti nel a tabella 1 come Pinus sylvestris/montana in K izrazom Pinus sylvestris, Acer platanoides in quanto Pinus sylvestris e Pinus montana (= Pinus mugo) Fraxinus ornus, ki jih je uporabil Šercelj, je treba dodati non sono distinguibili tra loro a livello silotomico.3 Per pojasnilo: vzorci oglja, opredeljeni kot Pinus sylvestris, quanto concerne il genere Acer, poiché le specie campestre, so vključeni v tabeli 1 kot Pinus sylvestris/montana, kajti platanoides e pseudoplatanus sono solo in parte distingui- na podlagi njihovih ksilotomskih značilnosti ni mogoče bili in base ai caratteri dei raggi in sezione tangenziale si razlikovati med Pinus sylvestris in Pinus montana (= Pi- è preferito accorpare Acer platanoides con Acer sp. Infine nus mugo).3 Pri vzorcih vrste Acer, katerih podvrste Fraxinus ornus, difficilmente distinguibile da Fraxinus campestre, platanoides in pseudoplatanus lahko ločimo excelsior, è stato accorpato in Fraxinus sp., in linea con 3 3 Oglje, opredeljeno kot Pinus sylvestris/montana, se gle- I carboni classificati con la dicitura Pinus sylvestris/ de na to, da gre za uporaben les, najverjetneje nanaša na vrsto montana, data la loro destinazione come legname da opera, Pynus sylvestris. si riferiscono con tutta probabilità al a specie Pinus sylvestris. 366 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Sl. 8: Hiša 13, vzorec 2/2, Acer sp. (javor); prečni prerez oglja: Sl. 10: Hiša 13, vzorec 2/2, Acer sp. (javor); tangencialen pre- difuzno porozen s solitarnimi porami ali združenimi v sku- rez z 1–4 rednimi trakovi in enostavnimi perforacijami (nad pine po 2–3. enorednim trakom). Fig. 8: Casa 13, campione 2/2, Acer sp. (acero); sezione tra- Fig. 10: Casa 13, campione 2/2, Acer sp. (acero); sezione tan- sversale di carbone: porosità diffusa con pori isolati o riuniti genziale con raggi 1–4 seriati e perforazioni semplici (sopra in gruppi di 2–3. il raggio uniseriato). Sl. 9: Hiša 13, vzorec 2/2, Acer sp. (javor); prečni prerez oglja; Sl. 11: Hiša 13, vzorec 2/2, Acer sp. (javor); radialen prerez; na detajl sl. 8 s parom por. spodnjem delu: enostavne perforacije in helikalne odebelitve. Fig. 9: Casa 13, campione 2/2, Acer sp. (acero); sezione tra- Fig. 11: Casa 13, campione 2/2, Acer sp. (acero); sezione ra- sversale di carbone: particolare del a foto 8 con una coppia di diale; dal basso: perforazioni semplici seguite da ispessimenti pori a sinistra e un poro singolo a destra. spiralati. le na podlagi oblike lesnih trakov v tangencialnem pre- quanto emerge dagli atlanti di microscopia del legno rezu, smo vrsto Acer platanoides preimenovali v širšo consultati (Schweingruber 1990a, 1990b). taksonomsko skupino Acer sp. Ker tudi vrsto Fraxinus Si indica con Picea/Larix un carbone di cui non ornus težko razlikujemo od vrste Fraxinus excelsior, smo è stato possibile definire l’attribuzione tassonomica in uporabili širšo taksonomsko opredelitev, to je Fraxinus modo più specifico, a causa del a difficile identificazione sp., v skladu s preučenimi atlasi mikroskopske zgradbe del passaggio da legno primaverile a legno tardivo in lesa (Schweingruber 1990a, 1990b). sezione trasversale e del mancato riconoscimento delle Kot Picea/Larix je opredeljeno oglje, za katerega ni barre di Sanio. bilo mogoče natančneje opredeliti taksona, kajti na njem Alnus glutinosa (ontano nero) non si può differen- nam ni uspelo prepoznati prehoda med ranim in kasnim ziare da Alnus incana (ontano bianco) per via silotomica; lesom ter t. i. Sanijevih odebelitev (it. barre di Sanio). altrettanto dicasi per Cornus mas (corniolo) e Cornus Glede na ksilotomsko opredelitev ni mogoče razli- sanguinea (sanguinel a) . kovati črne ( Alnus glutinosa) od sive jelše ( Alnus incana), Per quanto riguarda il genere Quercus, il gruppo prav tako ne med rumenim in rdečim drenom ( Cornus delle querce caducifoglie ( Quercus sez. Robur) compren- mas/ sanguinea) . de Q. robur , Q. petraea e Q. pubescens, non distinguibili 367 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... 60 % 50 % 40 % 30 % 20 % 10 % 0 % Gymnospermae (51 %) Abies alba Picea abies Picea/Larix Angiospermae Dicotiledones (49 %) Graf 1: Most na Soči. Delitev na golosemenke (Gymnos- permae) in kritosemenke (Angiospermae Dicotiledones) v Pinus sylvestris/montana vzorčenem oglju hiš. Grafico 1: Most na Soči. Suddivione tra Gymnospermae e Graf 3: Most na Soči. Rezultati antrakološke analize: pogostost Angiospermae Dicotiledones nei carboni delle case. taksonov v okviru vzorčenega oglja skupine golosemenk. Grafico 3: Most na Soči. Risultati del ‘analisi antracologica: i taxa in ordine di presenza percentuale decrescente nei carboni del gruppo delle gimnosperme. 35 % 70 % 30 % 60 % 25 % 50 % 20 % 40 % 15 % 30 % 10 % 20 % 5 % 10 % 0 % 0 % a i a . e a . i sp sp minor minor Acer Abies alba Picea abies cfr. cfr. Pomoidea Fraxinus Fagus sylvatic Fagus sylvatic Ulmus Ulmus Quercus robur/petraea Quercus robur/petraea Cornus mas/sanguine ltri taxa / drugi takson Pinus sylvestris/montana altri taxa / drugi takson a Graf 2: Most na Soči. Rezultati antrakološke analize: naj- Graf 4: Most na Soči. Rezultati antrakološke analize: pogostost pogostejši taksoni v okviru vzorčenega oglja, v padajočem taksonov v okviru vzorčenega oglja skupine kritosemenk. odstotkovnem vrstnem redu. Grafico 4: Most na Soči. Risultati del ‘analisi antracologica: Grafico 2: Most na Soči. Risultati del ‘analisi antracologica: i taxa in ordine di presenza percentuale decrescente nei carboni i taxa più rappresentati nei carboni, in ordine percentuale del gruppo delle angiosperme dicotiledoni. decrescente. Podobno ni mogoče razlikovati med Q. robur, Q. pe- tra loro a livello silotomico; a Most na Soči si esclude traea in Q. pubescens, ki jih prištevamo k vrsti listopadnih Q. pubescens per motivi ecologici, facendo riferimento hrastov ( Quercus); zaradi naravnih razmer v okolici Mosta a farnia/rovere ( Quercus robur/petraea ). na Soči lahko od naštetih treh izločimo le Q. pubescens. Pomoideae si riferisce a un gruppo di piante al ’in- Kot Pomoideae so označene vrste iz družine Ro- terno della famiglia delle Rosaceae, che comprende saceae (rožnice), v katero so vključene Pyrus, Malus, Pyrus, Malus, Crataegus, Sorbus (pero, melo, bianco- Crataegus in Sorbus (hruška/jablana/glog/jerebika), ki spino e sorbo), non distinguibili a livello silotomico. jih prav tako ni mogoče razlikovati med seboj po ksilo- La tabel a 1 evidenzia i risultati delle analisi in tomskih značilnostih. termini numerici e percentuali totali casa per casa. V tabeli 1 so navedeni numerični in odstotni rezul- Sul totale dei carboni esaminati, il 51%, pari a 246 tati za vsako hišo posebej in za vse analizirano oglje; 51 frustoli, appartiene alle gimnosperme, il 49%, pari a % vseh analiziranih odlomkov oglja, tj. 246 fragmentov, 234 frammenti è riferito alle angiosperme dicotiledoni 368 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... pripada golosemenkam, preostalih 49 % pa kritosemen- kam ( graf 1). Na grafu 2 so prikazani identificirani taksoni vseh 480 analiziranih kosov oglja v odstotkih v padajočem vrstnem redu. Prevladuje Quercus robur/petraea (32,08 %), sledijo Abies alba (30,62 %), Pinus sylvestris/montana (16,66 %), Fagus sylvatica (8,75 %) in Picea abies (3,54 %). Vse ostale vrste lesa skupaj zastopajo le 8,35 %. Grafa 3 in 4 prikazujeta prisotnost posameznih vrst v okviru go- losemenk in kritosemenk; pri prvih prevladuje navadna jelka, pri drugih pa hrast (dob/graden). Rezultati analize kažejo na mešani listopadni gozd s predeli iglavcev, značilen za ravninska in hribovita območja. Gre torej za mešani sestoj gozda s hrastom, bukvijo, gabrom, nagnojem, javorjem in jelko, ki se jim na hladnejših območjih pridružita smreka in rdeči bor Graf 5: Most na Soči. Območja poseka lesa. ter v vlažnih in zatišnih legah poljski brest, jelša, črni Grafico 5: Most na Soči. Ambiti di prelievo del legname. gaber in jesen, na nepogozdenih območjih pa leska, rožnice (hruška/jablana/glog/jerebika) in dren. V preteklosti so bile v Posočju opravljene palino- ( grafico 1 – aerogramma); più in dettaglio, il grafico 2 loške raziskave številnih sedimentov iz obdobja med (istogramma) mette in evidenza, in ordine percentuale riškim glacialom, kasnim glacialom in holocenom decrescente, la presenza dei taxa riferiti ai 480 carboni (Šercelj 1981). Na primer, v kasnem glacialu je v Srpenici esaminati: domina Quercus robur/petraea con il 32,08%, (12490 +/- 70 BP) ugotovljen pelod drevesnih vrst Pinus, seguita da Abies alba con il 30,62%, Pinus sylvestris/ Picea, Abies in Betula. V Kobaridu se je les ohranil le v montana con il 16,66%, Fagus sylvatica con l’8,75%, obliki fragmentov oglja. V holocenski plasti v Kobaridu Picea abies con il 3,54%; i restanti tipi di legno sono (referenčna datacija izvira z najdišča Smrekova draga; rappresentati con l’8,35% complessivamente. I grafici 847+/–70 BP) je zastopan cvetni prah drevesnih vrst 3 e 4 (istogrammi) mostrano la situazione delle specie Pinus, Picea, Abies, Alnus, Carpinus, Quercus in Fagus, rispettivamente al ’interno delle gimnosperme e delle s prevladujočim pelodom jelke, bora in bukve. Soraz- angiosperme dicotiledoni; nel primo gruppo domina merno visoka prisotnost jelke in bora kaže na subalpski l’abete bianco, nel secondo la farnia/rovere. gozd jelk z Abieti-Fagetum, ki je dosegel svojo zaključno Il quadro ottenuto mostra la presenza di una foresta razvojno fazo v prvem postglacialnem obdobju. Po mne- mista di latifoglie caratteristica del a pianura e in parte nju Šerclja naj bi se jelka in bukev razširili kot pionirski del piano submontano, con inserti di conifere (cioè vrsti na degradirana in antropoizirana območja Soške Quercus, Fagus, Carpinus, Laburnum, Acer con Abies); doline prav zaradi vpliva železnodobnega prebivalstva a questa compagine boschiva si aggiungono nelle zone Tolmina in Mosta na Soči. più fresche Picea abies e Pinus sylvestris/ montana, nelle Tudi druge palinološke raziskave, opravljene v 20. zone umide e ripariali Ulmus cfr. minor, Alnus , Ostrya in 21. stoletju, ponujajo številne podatke o holocenski carpinifolia, Fraxinus e nelle aree disboscate Corylus vegetaciji na ozemlju današnje Slovenije. Analize vzorcev avellana, Pomoideae, Cornus. z nekaterih najdišč na Ljubljanskem barju, npr. Podpe- Studi palinologici effettuati in passato riguardano škega jezera (Gardner 1997 in 1999), kažejo na krčenje numerosi depositi del a Valle del ’Isonzo collocati tra gla- gozdov in spreminjanje drevesnih vrst v njihovem se- ciazione del Riss, Tardiglaciale e Olocene (Šercelj 1981). stoju od približno 4000 pr. Kr. (Andrič 2016). Človekov Ad esempio, nel Tardiglaciale, a Srpenica (12490 +/- 70 vpliv na okolje je še občutnejši od prvega tisočletja pr. Kr. BP) sono attestati pollini di Pinus, Picea, Abies e Betula. Obsežnejše krčenje gozdov se je pojavilo po letu 300 pr. Nel tardo-Olocene a Kobarid - la data 14C di riferimento Kr. Takrat je nastala današnji podobna odprta pokrajina, è quel a di Smrekova Draga: 847+/-70 BP - è confermata kar se izraža v polovico manjšem deležu drevesnega la presenza di pollini (PA) di Pinus, Picea, Abies, Alnus, peloda. Podobne spremembe kaže pelodni diagram z Carpinus, Quercus, Fagus, tra i quali dominano abeti, najdišča Resnikov prekop (Andrič 2006), na katerem je pini e faggi. Il valore relativamente alto di abete e di pino okoli leta 200 pr. Kr. zaznati podobno sestavo vegetacije. riflette la presenza del a foresta subalpina di abeti insieme Pelodni diagram z Vrhnike kaže na mešani gozd all’ Abieti-Fagetum, che ha raggiunto la sua fase finale ( Fagus, Abies, Quercus, Carpinus betulus in Alnus) od di sviluppo durante il primo post-glaciale: Šercelj non približno leta 970 pr. Kr. Tak gozd se je ohranil vse do esclude che l’abete rosso e il faggio si fossero diffusi nel a 3. oziroma 2. stol. pr. Kr., vendar je bila pokrajina delno Valle del ’Isonzo come piante pioniere in aree degradate pogozdena zlasti z lesko ( Corylus) in drugimi taksoni o antropizzate, proprio sotto l’influenza delle popolazioni odprtih površin (Andrič 2016). del ’età del Ferro di Tolmino e di Most na Soči. 369 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... 33 1 31 1 30 1 29 2 27 3 24 2 23 4 22 3 20 3 16 8 E 15A 5 15 3 SE / HIŠ 14 1 š. CA 13 ase. 6 lju hi lle c 12 2 em og 11 3 oni de rčen arb 9 1 ei c 8 1 onov v vzo axa n 7 4 aks 6 t t 7 enza dei t 5 3 res risotnos . P 3 2 . P oči oči 2 5 a S a S t n 1 8 t n os os : M : M 2 onov 2 aks la lla ebika)er Tabe Tabe anih t ušje) log/j or/r repozn či bde ablana/g EMENKE en) tevilo p en) OS t) uška/j raden) res či dr ati / Š aces ontano / r elša) de va j ber) ber) ka) b/g o / hr tific eka) oljski b orb eni/r elka) eka/m tre/m NES / KRIT iden na/si eli ga ni ga a les e / do um a a j ukev) agnoj) o/s a smr lves O tax EMENKE o / čr a b over tre / p pin o si er avadn lo / n lo / r o ianco / b a/r pes er LOS avadn avadn in arice / smr TYLED ntano / čr o n avadn rni am ndo rnio en) (o o b lo / n iancos um cio (co es N so / n so/l na (p ICO arpin o c ianco / n os os ta arpin occio lm elo/b o / j e r on ncana ggio / n aggio avor) oni e b e r s (c ia (c a (n etraea (fa o/m ssin bet bet bet nor (o er o / j anguinea ra aks nifol PERMAE / GO (a (a tica (fa PERMAE D etulu vellan obur/p sp. (m as/s OS r. mi lba bies (a arix utinosa/i s r a / T OS us b num deae (p nus sp. (f MN GI cu us cf oi sp. (acer m Tax strya carpi uer GY Abies a Picea a Picea/L Pinus sylvestris/m AN Alnus gl Carpin O Corylus a Fagus sylva Q Ul Labur Pom Acer Cornus m Fraxi 370 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... V rimskem pristanišču Nauportus, kjer so odkrili La storia del a vegetazione in territorio sloveno številne ostanke obdelanega in naravnega lesa iz debel in durante l’Olocene è stata ricostruita grazie a numerosi vej iz časa med 4. in 1. stol. pr. Kr. (Horvat et al. 2016), studi palinologici effettuati tra il XX e il XXI secolo; so zastopane vrste Quercus, Alnus, Corylus, Acer, Tilia, tra questi si citano in particolare le ricerche che hanno Fagus, Salix, Populus, Carpinus, Ulmus, Rosaceae in interessato alcuni siti collocati nel a Palude di Lubiana Abies. Iz pelodne analize je razbrati, da se je vegetacija (Ljubljansko barje). Le ricerche su Podpeško jezero na tem območju močno spremenila v drugi polovici 1. (Gardner 1997, 1999) evidenziano che il diradamento tisočletja pr. Kr., že pred rimsko osvojitvijo, kar se ča- delle foreste, con cambiamenti nel a loro composizione, sovno ujema z močnim krčenjem gozdov v železni dobi inizia su piccola scala a partire da circa 4000 anni cal. v Soški dolini, ki ga gre pripisati prebivalcem Mosta na a.C. (Andrič 2016) e che, dal ’inizio del primo millennio Soči. Izraža se v zoglenelih ostankih lesa, odkritega v a.C. circa, si assiste a un’intensa pressione antropica naselbini (6.–1. stol. pr. Kr.). sul ’ambiente. Successivamente, dopo il 300 cal. a.C., Tudi številne študije botaničnih ostankov z najdišč momento in cui si forma l’attuale paesaggio aperto, av- v severni Italiji prispevajo relevantne podatke o sestavi viene una deforestazione su vasta scala, dimostrata dal a takratne vegetacije. Po antrakoloških analizah z območja riduzione al 50% del polline AP. Ciò è suggerito anche Furlanije je bil gozd v železni dobi podvržen intenzivne- dal diagramma pollinico di Resnikov prekop (Andrič mu krčenju. Na najdišču Gradisca di Spilimbergo (po- 2006) che manifesta una composizione analoga del a krajina Pordenone) so odkrili ostanke palisade iz stojk vegetazione attorno al 200 a.C. circa. (konec 10.–8. stol. pr. Kr.), na katero so se navezovali A Vrhnika il diagramma pollinico evidenzia una nasip in drugi prostori iz konca 7. in 6.–5. stol. pr. Kr. foresta mista di Fagus, Abies, Quercus, Carpinus betulus Pri gradnji palisade je bil uporabljen le les hrasta (dob/ e Alnus a partire dal 970 circa cal. a.C., che perdura nei graden) (Motel a De Carlo 2007). V Palse di Porcia, secoli seguenti fino al III-II a.C.; tuttavia il paesaggio v bližini S. Ruffina, so našli ostanke različnih lesenih risulta essere solo in parte forestato, con un’elevata per- struktur, med njimi odpadni material peči iz obdobja centuale di Corylus e di taxa di piante erbacee (Andrič med 9. in 8. stol. pr. Kr., identificiran kot jelša, navadna 2016). leska, bukev, hrast, brest, pečkatoplodne rožnice in jesen. Ancora a proposito di Vrhnika, l’area portuale Hrast je zastopan tudi med ostanki lesa med 6. in 4. stol. romana di Nauportus, ha restituito legni allo stato pr. Kr. (Castiglioni et al. 1996). naturale di Quercus, Alnus, Alnus, Corylus, Acer, Tilia, Na najdišču Montereale Valcellina so v plasteh 5. Fagus, Salix, Populus,Carpinus, Ulmus, Rosaceae, Abies, stol. pr. Kr. odkrili ostanke lesa nižinskega gozda s pre- inquadrabili cronologicamente fra il IV e il I sec. a.C. vladujočim hrastom in tudi višinskih gozdov z vrstami, (Horvat et al. 2016). kot so jelka, bor in macesen (Castiglioni et al. 1996). Na I risultati delle indagini polliniche rivelano un veliko izkoriščenje gozdov kažejo tudi najdbe v Pozzuolo significativo cambio di vegetazione in questo territorio del Friuli (Udine/Videm), kjer so ugotovili, da so hrastov nel a seconda metà del primo millennio cal. a.C., pre- les in les drugih vrst uporabljali pri pripravi grmad v cedente al ’occupazione romana; ciò è in sintonia con bližini grobišč in v gradiščih (Motel a De Carlo 1998a). l’intensa deforestazione che le popolazioni di Most na Na uporabo hrasta in bresta skupaj z jesenom v 6.–5. stol. Soči hanno imposto nel a Valle del ’Isonzo durante l’età pr. Kr. kažejo tudi raziskave na najdišču Gradiscutta di del Ferro, come testimoniato dallo studio dei reperti Varmo (Udine/Videm) (Castiglioni et al. 2002). lignei combusti rinvenuti nel ’insediamento (VI sec. - I Za rekonstrukcijo gozdne vegetacije ni nič manj sec. a. C.). pomembna baza mikroostankov z žarnih grobišč v L’analisi dei reperti botanici per la ricostruzione severni Italiji. Z analizami na grobišču v bližini Casa di del a vegetazione è stata applicata in numerosi contesti Ricovero v Estah (Padova) v Venetu smo npr. ugotovili archeologici anche in Italia settentrionale; per quanto nepretrgano krčenje gozdov v obdobju med 7. in 3. riguarda, ad esempio, il Friuli nel ’età del Ferro, l’im- stol. pr. Kr. Prevladoval naj bi mešani hrastov gozd z magine che emerge dai dati antracologici è quel a di un značilnimi vrstami za obrežja in območja odprte po- bosco che ha subito un’intensa deforestazione. krajine (Motel a De Carlo 1998b). Krčenje nižinskega In provincia di Pordenone, a Gradisca di Spilimber- listopadnega gozda kot posledica človekovega vpliva je go, i resti di un fronte strutturato a pali (fine X-VIII sec. bilo ugotovljeno tudi na drugih, podobno raziskanih a.C.) che contenevano un aggere e ambienti addossati najdiščih, npr. na grobiščih v Padovi: v ulici Tiepolo al ’aggere stesso (fine VII e VI-V sec. a.C.) hanno rivelato (6. stol. pr. Kr.), na delu med ulicama Tiepolo in S. l’utilizzo esclusivo del a quercia caducifoglie (farnia/ Massimo (8.–3. stol. pr. Kr.) in na območju pokopališča rovere) (Motel a De Carlo 2007). A Palse di Porcia, in Palazzo Emo Capodilista (8.–1. stol. pr. Kr.). Ta najdišča località S. Ruffina, resti di legno, in parte pertinenti a so delno sočasna z naselbino Most na Soči (Motel a De strutture, in parte a scarichi di focolare, risalenti ad Carlo 2005). un’epoca compresa fra IX e VIII sec. a.C., hanno dimo- strato la presenza di ontano, nocciolo, faggio, quercia 371 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... KATEGORIJE VZORCEV OGLJA TER caducifoglie, olmo, pomoidee e frassino maggiore; la TEHNOLOGIJA OBDELAVE quercia è documentata anche tra VI e IV sec. a.C. (Ca- IN UPORABE LESA stiglioni et al. 1996). A Montereale Valcellina, in livelli di V sec. a.C., Vzorce zoglenelega lesa iz naselbine na Mostu na sono documentate tracce del a foresta di pianura con Soči smo razdelili v več kategorij zato, da bi izdelali la quercia dominante, ma anche quelle del bosco di konstrukcijski model hiš in predstavili dejavnosti, ki so quote più elevate, con abete bianco, abete rosso, pino se v njih odvijale. silvestre e larice (Castiglioni et al. 1996). Un intenso Identificirani ostanki oglja iz 22 hiš (iz analize sta sfruttamento del patrimonio boschivo è stato accertato izključeni hiši 1 in 2) so številčno predstavljeni v tabeli 3, anche a Pozzuolo del Friuli (Udine): l’utilizzo del legno povzeto pa še na grafu 6. V 255 pregledanih vzorcih di quercia, insieme ad altre specie, per allestire i roghi smo ugotovili 263 tipov najdb. Razlika je nastala zato, crematori è dimostrato sia presso la necropoli che presso ker vsebuje vzorec 40 iz hiše 11 dva tipa najdb, in sicer il castelliere (Motel a De Carlo 1998a). temeljni prag in obdelan les, kar znese ob skupno 41 Anche gli studi condotti a Gradiscutta di Varmo pregledanih vzorcih 42 tipov najdb. Po dva različna tipa (Udine) segnalano la presenza di resti di quercia e olmo vsebujejo tudi vzorci 4, 9 in 14 iz hiše 15, v kateri je bilo insieme a frassino ed acero nel VI-V sec. a.C. (Casti- pregledanih 15 vzorcev, prepoznanih pa 18 tipov najdb. glioni et al. 2002). Podobno velja za vzorce 14, 15, 35 in 38 iz hiše 16, iz In altre località del ’Italia settentrionale la presenza katere je bilo analiziranih 51 vzorcev ter prepoznanih di necropoli a incinerazione costituisce una riserva di dati 55 tipov najdb. antracologici per la ricostruzione del a copertura forestale Večina vzorcev predstavlja gradbene elemente hiš, nel passato; in Veneto, per citare un esempio, la necropoli in sicer temeljne pragove, plohe za stene, deske, vmesne presso la Casa di Ricovero di Este (Padova) ha permesso in vogalne sohe, stojke ter gradbeni les. Preostale najdbe di accertare che la vegetazione è stata sfoltita con una certa smo opredelili kot obdelani les in les za kurjenje. Precej- continuità tra il VII e il III sec. a.C., mettendo in evidenza šen delež vseh pregledanih vzorcev pomenijo “gradbeni tracce del querceto misto con specie di ambito perialveale les” (32,70 %) in “temeljni pragovi” (20,15 %) ( graf 6). e di alberi tipici delle zone di diradamento (Motel a De Med 255 pregledanimi vzorci jih je 84 % pripadalo Carlo 1998b). Nel territorio di Padova si annoverano casi gradbenim elementom hiš, pri preostalih 16 % gre za di studio quali le necropoli di via Tiepolo (VI sec. a.C.), kose oglja, ki niso deli hiš, temveč les za kurjenje oziro- quelle del ’area tra via Tiepolo e via S. Massimo (VIII-III ma oglje s sledmi obdelave (obdelani les). Nekaj je tudi sec. a.C.) e del ’area cimiteriale di Palazzo Emo Capodili- primerov, ko so obdelani les sekundarno uporabili za sta (VIII-I sec. a.C.), che dimostrano forti riduzioni del a kurjavo ( graf 7). foresta planiziale di latifoglie, ad opera delle popolazioni V nadaljevanju si bomo ogledali kategorije najdb insediate (Motel a De Carlo 2005) in un periodo conco- in nekatere njihove značilnosti. mitante al a frequentazione del vil aggio di Most na Soči. CATEGORIE DI REPERTI NEI 35 % CARBONI E TECNOLOGIA DEL LEGNO 30 % 25 % I campioni di legno combusto rinvenuti a Most na 20 % 15 % Soči sono stati classificati in categorie al fine di poter 10 % realizzare un modello costruttivo delle case stesse e 5 % interpretare alcune attività svolte al loro interno. 0 % I tipi di reperti classificati nelle 22 case analizzate (sono escluse le case 1 e 2) si osservano nel a tabella 3 e i dati riassuntivi nel grafico 6 (istogramma). Nel a tabella 3 i tipi di reperto risultano essere 263 su 255 campioni esaminati: infatti nel a casa 11 il camp. 40 può essere riferito a due distinti tipi di reperto, trave dormiente e legno lavorato, per un totale di 41 campioni esaminati e 42 tipi di reperto; a due distinti tipi di reperto possono essere associati anche i camp. 4, 9, 14 del a casa 15, per la quale risultano 15 campioni esaminati e 18 tipi di Graf 6: Most na Soči. Pogostost posameznih kategorij arte- faktov. reperto. La stessa situazione si verifica per i campioni Grafico 6: Most na Soči. Percentuali relative alle categorie di 14, 15, 35 e 38 del a casa 16, che presenta 51 campioni reperti. esaminati e 55 tipi di reperto. 372 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... % 20,15 0,38 6,46 8,75 3,42 6,84 4,94 32,7 5,32 11,02 ca 100% kupno 53 1 17 23 9 18 13 86 14 29 263 255 T. N. / s 33 1 1 2 2 31 3 1 4 4 30 1 1 2 2 29 1 3 4 4 27 2 7 9 9 24 2 1 3 3 š. 23 1 4 19 24 24 lju hi ase. 22 3 3 3 lle c 20 3 2 1 3 9 9 em og oni de E 16 4 14 9 12 3 13 55 51 rčen arb 15A 4 19 23 23 ei c SE / HIŠ 15 8 1 5 1 3 18 15 ati n CA tankov v vzo tific 14 1 1 1 h os 13 1 6 7 7 ni ti idener 12 2 2 2 tificira ep 11 8 1 14 4 9 5 1 42 41 ipi di r 9 1 ipi iden 1 2 2 . T . T oči 8 3 3 3 oči a S a S 7 t n 1 1 1 t n os os M 6 1 28 29 29 : M 5 6 3 4 10 10 la 3 2 Tabela 3: 1 7 10 10 Tabe rci ajdb” paž tipi n dani vzo ATI / ski o lereg NIZZ ten kupno “ O BAJD h za s je to” / s kupno p g lo a er ra jen ep TI CARB na / p beni les ur ati / s ER odnic rad eljni p ter lan les tipi di r amin GLENELIH N em to / p ne / g en bde ni es te / t usura eshi are / les za k truzio pio to / o totale “ RIE NEI REP RIJE ZO avim ruci am rmien mra la c l p ka tojka a cos avora a b TEGO tro / soha ve do ve / t no d no l no d totale c CA KATEGO tra tra tavola de tavola de asse / des pilas palo / s leg leg leg 373 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Temeljni pragovi: so tramovi, položeni vodoravno na kamnit temelj. Iz 18 od skupno 22 hiš je bilo 53 vzor- cev opredeljenih kot temeljni prag; največ, po 8 vzorcev, v hiši 11 in 15. Veliko pragov je bilo izdelanih iz hrasta (doba/gradna), nekaj iz jelke, bora in nagnoja ( tabela 3). Vzorec 3 iz hiše 5 je iz bora in ima okrogel presek ( sl. 28). Fragmenti vzorca 1 iz hiše 8 (hrast dob/graden) so precej veliki, zato smo lahko izmerili dolžino radialne- ga reza4 temeljnega praga ( sl. 36); branike so namreč ohranjene le toliko, da ni mogoče določiti največjega altre categorie / ostale kategorije (16 %) obsega. Vzorec ima na izmerjenem delu gostoto branik 4,34. Radialni prerez je viden tudi na vzorcu 6 iz hiše elementi costruttivi / gradbeni elementi (84 %) 11 ( sl. 40A) z gostoto branik 3,38 in okvirno največjim premerom več kot 20 cm ter na vzorcu 34 iz hiše 11. Pri Graf 7: Most na Soči. Primerjava pogostosti gradbenih ele- vzorcu 13 iz hiše 15 ( sl. 46) gre za odsekan kos lesa, ki mentov in drugih kategorij (les za kurjenje in obdelan les). predstavlja najverjetneje četrtino debla, podobno kot pri Grafico 7: Most na Soči. Confronto fra elementi costruttivi e altre categorie di reperti (legni da bruciare e legni lavorati). vzorcu 2 iz hiše 8 ( sl. 37). V hiši 24 kaže vzorec št. 3, da je bil temeljni prag najverjetneje izdelan iz četrtine debla ( sl. 56). V tabeli 5 so prikazani tipi lesa, uporabljeni za temeljne pragove v hišah, med katerimi močno prevla- La maggior parte dei campioni si riferisce a elementi dujeta hrast in jelka. strutturali degli edifici e precisamente a parti di travi Plohi za stenski opaž: gre za vodoravno položene dormienti, tavole del a chiusura esterna, assi, pilastri in- plohe, iz katerih so narejene zunanje stene hiš; štirinajst termedi, pilastri angolari, pali, legni da costruzione; altri jih je bilo prepoznanih v hiši 11, ena v hiši 15 in dve v hiši reperti sono stati riconosciuti come legni lavorati o legni 20. Način prereza je viden na vzorcih iz hiše 11; vzorca da bruciare. Una parte consistente dei campioni è rappre- 5 ( sl. 40B) in 15 kažeta tangencialni rez, nekateri plohi sentata dalle categorie “legno da costruzione” (30,70%) so bili pridobljeni z radialnim rezom (vzorci 12, 13, 14, e “travi dormienti” (20,15%) ( grafico 6 – istogramma). 19, 21 in 30). Vzorec 14 iz hiše 15 vsebuje poleg ploha Dei 255 campioni esaminati, l’84% rappresenta še ostanke sohe. Plohi so bili izdelani iz jelke, hrasta in elementi strutturali degli edifici, il restante 16% si rife- jesena ( tabela 4). risce a carboni che non sono parte degli edifici, bensì Podnice: so elementi hišnega poda. Prisotne so bile legname da ardere (legno da bruciare) o carboni con v hišah 16 (14 desk), 15 (5) in 11 (4). Večinoma gre za tracce di lavorazione (legno lavorato); in qualche caso manjše kose oglja oziroma njihove sledi, na katerih ni si tratta anche di manufatti riutilizzati come legname da mogoče prepoznati vrste reza. V hiši 11 je na vzorcu 36 ardere ( grafico 7 – aerogramma). prepoznaven tangencialni rez, medtem ko je na vzorcu Di seguito si analizza il significato di ciascuna 38 radialni rez. Podnice so izdelane iz jelke, smreke/ categoria di reperti e alcune caratteristiche evidenziate macesna, bora in hrasta ( tabela 4). durante il lavoro di analisi. Deske: 5 skupno je bilo najdenih 9 desk, vse v hiši Travi dormienti: travi collocate in posizione oriz- 16. Gre za del ograje, postavljene okoli hiše; deske so iz zontale sulle fondazioni di pietra; sono in tutto 53 i lesa jelke in bora. campioni riferiti alle travi dormienti, presenti in 18 case Vmesne sohe: so pokončni elementi s prečnim su 22; 8 nel a casa 11 e nel a casa 15. Molte sono in legno prerezom kvadratne oblike, postavljeni na sredini stene di farnia/rovere, alcune in abete bianco, altre in pino e in zasidrani v temeljni prag. Osem primerov je bilo naj- maggiociondolo ( tabella 3). Nel a casa 5 si osserva la denih v hiši 11, od teh trije in situ: dva v severozahodni sezione circolare del camp. 3 ( fig. 28), in legno di pino. steni (vzorci 20, 10–11) in eden v jugovzhodni steni Le dimensioni dei frammenti del camp. 1 del a casa 8 (vzorec 23). En vzorec vmesne sohe je bil najden tudi consentono di individuare il taglio radiale4 del a trave v hiši 15. dormiente al ’interno di un tronco di notevoli dimen- sioni in legno di quercia (farnia/rovere) ( fig. 36); gli anelli, molto ravvicinati e con densità anulare 4.34 sul campione a disposizione, sono rettilinei e pertanto non 4 Radialni rez poteka po osrednji osi debla in enega è possibile determinare il diametro massimo apparente. traku, tangencialni prerez poteka po sečnici transverzalnega Il taglio radiale si osserva anche nei camp. 6 ( fig. 40A), dela in je vzporeden osi debla (Giordano 1981). 5 4 Ločevanje med plohi in deskami je bilo določeno glede La sezione radiale passa per l’asse midol are del fusto e na velikosti (Arosio 1965); če je debelina artefakta znašala per un raggio, la sezione tangenziale passa per una secante manj kot 2,5 cm, smo vzorec opredelili za desko, pri debelini, del a sezione trasversale ed è parallela al ’asse del fusto večji od 2,5 cm, pa za ploh. (Giordano 1981). 374 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... nataon cana oni a etraea aks osa/in nor anguinea tica tin vellan obur/p sp. as/s lba bies arix s r num deae us glu cu us cfr. mi oi sp. nus sp. Taxa / T uer m CATEGORIE DI REPERTI / KATEGORIJE ARTEFAKTOV Abies a Picea a Picea/L Pinus sylvestris/m Aln Corylus a Fagus sylva Q Ul Labur Pom Acer Cornus m Fraxi trave dormiente / temeljni prag * * * trave / tram * tavola del a chiusura esterna / ploh za stenski opaž * * * tavola del pavimento / podnica * * * * asse / deska * * pilastro / soha * * * * palo / stojka * * * legno da costruzione / gradbeni les * * * * * * * * * legno lavorato / obdelan les * * * * * * legno da bruciare / les za kurjenje * * * * * * * * * Tabela 4: Most na Soči. Razmerja med lesenimi artefakti in taksoni. Tabella 4: Most na Soči. Corrispondenza tra reperti di legno e taxa. Vogalne sohe: so zasidrane v temeljna pragova, ki se con densità anulare 3.38 e diametro massimo apparente križata v vogalu dveh sten. V hiši 11 sta bili najdeni dve, > di 20 cm, e 34 del a casa 11; nel camp. 13 del a casa 15 še pet so jih našli v hišah 3, 13, 20, 23 in 24. ( fig. 46) la porzione di legno tagliata riguarda con tutta Na splošno smo pri sohah opazili, da so radialno probabilità un quarto di tronco, come quello evidenziato rezane (npr. pri vzorcih 10–11, 23, 25 in 26 iz hiše 11). nel camp. 2 del a casa 8 ( fig. 37). Infine nel a casa 24 il Izdelane so iz jelke, smreke, bora in hrasta. camp. 3 mostra che la trave dormiente è stata con tutta Stojke: so navpični gradbeni elementi s praviloma probabilità ricavata da un quarto di tronco ( fig. 56). La okroglim prečnim prerezom, zabiti v tla. Našli so jih v tabella 5 mostra i tipi di legno utilizzati per realizzare hiši 16 in so del zunanje ograde. Izdelane so iz jelke in le travi dormienti delle case, con una netta prevalenza bora. Iz hiše 30 izhaja hrastov vzorec (vzorec 2), ki je bil del a farnia/rovere e del ’abete bianco. postavljen v luknjo, izkopano v tla. Tavole del a chiusura esterna: si tratta delle tavole, Gradbeni les: v to kategorijo smo uvrstili precejšnje collocate orizzontalmente, che rivestivano esternamente število zoglenelih kosov (86). Ker se ti lesni ostanki ni- le pareti delle case; 14 sono state identificate nel a casa so vedno najbolje ohranili, ni bilo mogoče natančneje 11, 1 nel a 15 e 2 nel a 20. Si osserva il tipo di taglio nei določiti njihove prvotne lege in uporabe pri gradnji. Les campioni del a casa 11; i camp. 5 ( fig. 40B) e 15 presenta- te vrste je bil prepoznan v šestnajstih hišah. V nekaterih no taglio tangenziale, altre tavole sono state ricavate con primerih smo ostanke opredelili kot dele gradbenih taglio radiale (camp. 12, 13, 14, 19, 21, 30). Il camp. 14 elementov, katerih konteksta ni bilo mogoče natančneje del a casa 15 contiene anche resti di un pilastro; questi določiti. Pri vzorcu 5a iz hiše 3 gre najverjetneje za del ultimi sono in legno di abete bianco, quercia e frassino temeljnega praga in sohe, pri vzorcu 6 iz hiše 6 pa za del ( tabella 4). stojke z okroglim prečnim prerezom. Kot dele stojk smo Tavole del pavimento: elementi del pavimento delle opredelili tudi vzorca 2 in 3 iz hiše 15A. Iz te izvirata case; presenti nelle case 16 (14 tavole), 15 (5) e 11 (4). tudi vzorca 6 in 20, gre za dela tramov. Vzorec 3 iz hiše La maggior parte consiste in frammenti di carbone di 11 predstavlja del trama ( sl. 40C), vzorec 24 je verjetno dimensioni molto modeste o di spalmature dalle quali soha, medtem ko bi vzorec 28 lahko bil del sohe (viden non è possibile dedurre il tipo di taglio. Nel camp. 36 je radialni prerez). Pri vzorcu 14 iz hiše 16 ( sl. 50) so del a casa 11 è visibile il taglio tangenziale, mentre nel vidni nekateri kosi s tangencialnim, drugi z radialnim camp. 38 del a stessa casa il taglio radiale. I campioni prerezom. Fragment vzorca 1 iz hiše 22 ima luknjo (pre- sono in legno di abete bianco, peccio/larice, pino e far- mer 0,6 cm). Vzorec 5 iz hiše 23 je najverjetneje pripadal nia/rovere (tabel a 4). 375 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Assi: 5 sono 9 nel a casa 16 e si riferiscono a uno nata steccato costruito esternamente al a casa; sono in legno oni on etraea di abete bianco e pino. aks nor Pilastri intermedi: elementi verticali con sezione obur/p trasversale quadrangolare, posti a metà parete, confic- lba s r TAXA / T cu us cfr. mi cati nel dormiente; 8 sono attestati nel a casa 11 e tre di uer m questi sono stati rinvenuti in situ (due nel a parete NE, Abies a Pinus sylvestris/m Q Ul camp. no. 20, 10–11, uno nel a parete SE, camp. no. 23), CASE / HIŠE uno nel a casa 15. 3 * Pilastri angolari: incastrati nel e due travi dormienti 5 che si incrociano al ’angolo tra due pareti: 2 nel a casa 11, * * altri 5 distribuiti nelle case 3, 13, 20, 23 e 24. 8 * In generale, nei pilastri è stato riconosciuto il taglio 9 * radiale nei camp. 10–11, 23, 25 e 26 del a casa 11; questi 11 sono in legno di abete bianco, peccio, pino, quercia. * Pali: elementi verticali di norma con sezione tra- 12 * * sversale circolare, conficcati nel terreno; sono in legno di 14 * abete bianco e pino, sono presenti nel a casa 16 e fanno parte del sostegno dello steccato esterno al a casa. Il camp. 15 * * 2 del a casa 30 è in legno di farnia/rovere, posto in una 15A * * buca scavata nel terreno. 16 Legni da costruzione: un buon numero di carboni * (86) è stato incluso in questa categoria, non potendo me- 20 * glio definire la loro collocazione in scavo, e quindi il loro 23 * utilizzo durante la costruzione, a causa delle modalità di 24 conservazione del legno in strato, non sempre ottimale; * sono stati identificati in 16 case su 22. In alcuni casi 27 * sono stati riconosciuti come parti di elementi costrut- 29 * tivi, anche se parziali, non definibili con precisione in relazione al contesto: nel a casa 3 il camp. 5a comprende 30 * con tutta probabilità parte di una trave dormiente e di 31 * un pilastro, mentre nel a casa 6 (camp. 6) una porzione 33 di palo (sezione trasversale circolare). Porzioni di palo * sono anche i campioni 2 e 3 del a casa 15A; nel a stessa Tabela 5: Most na Soči. Tipi lesa za izdelavo temeljnih pragov casa i campioni 6 e 20 sono frammenti di travi. Nel a hiš. casa 11 il camp. 3 è un frammento di trave ( fig. 40C); Tabella 5: Most na Soči. Tipi di legno utilizzati per la lavora- il camp. 24 è probabilmente un pilastro e il camp. 28 zione delle travi dormienti delle case. potrebbe esserne una parte (mostra taglio radiale). Nel a casa 16 il camp. 14 ( fig. 50) mostra alcuni frammenti con taglio tangenziale, altri con taglio radiale; nel a 22 tramu, vzorec 6 pa stojki. V hiši 27 smo prepoznali dele un carbone del camp.1 presenta un foro passante (Ø stojke (vzorec 2) in nepravilne dele sohe (vzorec 8) ( sl. cm 0.6). Nel a casa 23 il camp. 5 è con tutta probabilità 58). Za gradbeni les so uporabili vse prepoznane vrste una trave, mentre il camp. 6 un palo. Anche nel a casa lesa, z izjemo jelše, leske, rožnic in drena. 27 sono presenti i resti di un palo nel camp. 2 e, infine, V hišah 3 in 5 so našli tudi veliko kosov oglja, gre za nel camp. 8 si osservano parti irregolari di tronchi ( fig. ostanke borovih in jelovih vej, s premerom od 1,5 do 5 cm. 58). Per questa categoria di reperti sono stati utilizzati Obdelani les: so artefakti nenavadnih oblik s sledmi tutti i taxa rilevati, ad eccezione del ’ontano, del nocciolo, obdelave. V hiši 16 so našli trinajst takšnih primerov in delle pomoidee e del corniolo. enega v hiši 11; primer obdelanega lesa (vzorec 11 iz hiše 6) je tudi med “lesom za kurjenje”. 5 Vzorec 35/A iz hiše 16 predstavlja del podnice, v La distinzione degli elementi strutturali in tavola o asse katerega je navpično zabit kos lesa rožnic (vzorec 35/B). è stata realizzata tenendo in considerazione le dimensioni (Arosio 1965); in particolare, quando lo spessore al ’origine Vzorec 36 je del veje brez skorje z vidnimi sledovi ob- è al massimo di 2.5 cm si tratta di assi, se lo spessore è delave na neošiljenem koncu. Vzorec 38/B je po obliki maggiore di 2.5 cm sono tavole; le “tavole” nel caso di Most podoben majhni zagozdi, izdelani iz osrednjega dela veje na Soči sono quasi sempre i reperti di cui è stato conservato ( sl. 51). Pri vzorcu 41 nismo zasledili sledov obdelave, uno spessore (La) maggiore di 2.5 cm. 376 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... vendar gre kljub temu najverjetneje za del stene poso- Si segnala inoltre che nelle case 3 e 5 molti carboni, de (kad?). Vzorec 40/2 iz javorja, najden v hiši 11, je di pino e abete bianco, sono frammenti di rami con Ø da kvadratne oblike, s skoraj ravnimi gladkimi stranicami; un minimo di cm 1,5 a un massimo di cm 5. podobne oblike so še trije fragmenti. Vzorec 11 iz hiše Legni lavorati: reperti che presentano una forma 6 iz jelke smo kljub posebni obliki v katalogu opredelili particolare e/o sui quali si osservano tracce di lavorazione; kot “les za kurjenje” ( sl. 31); tudi na vzorcu 32/B iz iste ne sono stati rinvenuti 13 nel ’edificio 16 e 1 nel a casa 11; hiše, ki je iz hrasta, so vidni sledovi obdelave. un caso di legno lavorato è anche un esemplare tra i “legni Les za kurjenje: gre za kose lesa, ki so jih uporabili da bruciare” nel a casa 6 (camp. 11). za kurjenje oziroma sežig, najverjetneje pri ritualnem Nel a casa 16 il camp. 35/A consiste in una parte di obredju. Večina je bila namreč najdenih v hiši 6 (kosi una tavola del pavimento nel a quale è conficcato perpen- pripadajo drugi gradbeni fazi) in en kos v hiši 7. Gre za dicolarmente un frammento di legno in pomoidea (camp. oglje različnih vrst lesa (od 1 do 4), ki izvirajo iz debel 35/B); il camp. 36 è un frammento di ramo scortecciato (vzorec 31 iz hiše 6 ) ali vej (npr. vzorec 15 iz hiše 6). che presenta tracce di lavorazione al ’estremità non ap- Dva kosa oglja vej iz hiše 6 (vzorca 2 in 13) sta iz drena. puntita. Il camp. 38/B somiglia a un piccolo cuneo rica- Dva vzorca (vzorec 26 in en kos oglja iz vzorca 32) ka- vato dal a parte centrale di un ramo ( fig. 51); per quanto žeta sledove obdelave. Nekateri kosi oglja iz vzorca 34 riguarda il camp. 41, benché non siano state riscontrate so najverjetneje odpadki pri obdelavi lesa. Pri drugih tracce di lavorazione, potrebbe trattarsi di un frammento najdbah gre za izdelke, ki so jih sekundarno uporabili del a parete di un contenitore (mastello?). Nel a casa 11 kot les za kurjenje: predvsem vzorec 11 ( sl. 31) in vzorec il camp. 40/2 in acero, è una porzione circa cubica, con 32 iz hiše 6. basi quasi piatte, lisciate; altri tre frammenti sono simili a Nekateri vzorci pripadajo deskam ali tramovom z questo. Nel a casa 6 il camp. 11, in abete bianco, indicato ohranjenim radialnim prerezom, npr. vzorci 7, 14, 10 iz come “legno da bruciare” nel catalogo, presenta tuttavia hiše 6; radialni prerezi so predvsem pri vzorcu 10 zelo una forma particolare ( fig. 31); anche il camp. 32/B, in blizu osrednjega dela debla ( sl. 29). Vzorec 1 iz hiše 7 farnia/rovere, presenta tracce di lavorazione. je iz radialnih sekcij različnih vrst ( sl. 34). Nekaj kosov Legni da bruciare: si riferisce a frammenti di legno je pripadalo stojkam (vzorca 17 in 25 iz hiše 6). V tej da ardere, con tutta probabilità utilizzati a scopo rituale; kategoriji najdb so zastopane vse prepoznane vrste lesa, la maggior parte si trovano infatti nel a casa 6 (tutti riferiti z izjemo nagnoja, rožnic, javorja in jesena. al a seconda fase costruttiva) e uno nel a casa 7. Si tratta Posebno pomembno je odkritje 42 gradbenih ele- di norma di gruppi di carboni riferibili a legni di diverse mentov v hiši 11: med njimi so deli temeljnih pragov, specie (da 1 a 4) che derivano da frammenti di tronchi plohi za stene, podnice, vmesne in vogalne sohe ter nekaj (casa 6 camp. 31) o di rami utilizzati (ad esempio camp. 15 kosov, označenih kot “gradbeni les”, ter vzorec s sledmi del a casa 6): due frammenti di ramo del a casa 6 (camp. obdelave. Vsi kosi oglja so iz hrasta (dob/graden), z 2 e camp. 13) sono in corniolo; altri due, il camp. 26 e un izjemo kosa s sledovi obdelave, ki je iz javorja ( tabela 3). carbone del camp. 32, mostrano tracce di lavorazione, V številnih primerih smo lahko z makroskopskim mentre alcuni carboni del camp. 34 sono con tutta pro- pregledom vzorcev določili tehniko obdelave. Večinoma babilità scarti del a lavorazione del legno. Altri reperti gre za gradbene elemente z radialnimi prerezi (vzorec 6; sono manufatti reimpiegati come legname da ardere, in sl. 40A), ki so jih skoraj vedno odrezali stran od sredine particolare il camp. 11 del a casa 6 ( fig. 31) e il camp. 32. debla. Pri nekaterih primerih poteka radialni prerez Alcuni sono porzioni di assi o travi: ad esempio od osrednjega proti zunanjemu delu debla (vzorec 3, nel a casa 6 i camp. 7, 14, 10 mostrano un taglio radiale; sl. 40C, vzorec 26, sl. 41A, vzorec 10, sl. 41B). Pri drugi in particolare nel campione 10 i tagli radiali sono molto skupini vzorcev opazimo tangencialne prereze (vzorec vicino al centro ( fig. 29). Nel a casa 7 il camp. 1 è costitu- 4, sl. 40B). Po ukrivljenosti branik prepoznamo prereze, ito da porzioni radiali di diverse specie ( fig. 34), mentre izvedene proti zunanjemu delu debla. altri rappresentano parti di pali (casa 6 camp. 17 e 25). Največji izmerjeni premeri znašajo v povprečju od In questa categoria di reperti sono presenti tutti i tipi di 10 do 20 cm, nekateri tudi več kot 20 cm, gre torej za legno individuati nei carboni tranne maggiociondolo, debla odraslih dreves. Vendar so ti premeri navidezni, pomoidee, acero e frassino. izmerjeni v laboratoriju na vzorčenih fragmentih, kajti Particolarmente significative le condizioni di ri- na njih ni ohranjena zadnja branika. Branike prirasta so trovamento del a casa 11 che ha restituito 42 elementi vedno dobro vidne in glede na širino precej homogene. strutturali: sono presenti resti di travi dormienti, tavole Srednja vrednost gostote branik na vseh artefaktih iz del a chiusura esterna, tavole del pavimento, pilastri lesa hrasta (dob/graden) je 4,98 branike na centimeter. intermedi e angolari, oltre ad alcuni reperti indicati con Na podlagi značilnosti hiše 11 in drugih analizira- la dicitura “legno da costruzione” e a un campione con nih hiš je bilo mogoče pojasniti model gradbenih tehnik. tracce di lavorazione. Tutti i carboni sono in legno di far- V hišah 6 (druga faza, kultni prostor), 15, 15A in 23 nia/rovere, tranne il campione con tracce di lavorazione smo prepoznali 29, 18, 23 in 24 tipov najdb ( tabela 3). V che è in acero ( tabella 3). 377 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... hiši 6 so skoraj vsi opredeljeni kot les za kurjenje. V hiši L’ esame macroscopico dei campioni consente di 15 smo poleg 8 temeljnih pragov našteli še ploh za stenski dedurre in molti casi le modalità con cui sono stati fog- opaž, 5 podnic, sredinsko soho in 3 natančneje nedolo- giati; si tratta soprattutto di elementi strutturali ottenuti čljive gradbene elemente. Iz hiše 15A izvirajo 4 temeljni con tagli radiali (camp. 6, fig. 40A), praticati quasi sempre pragovi in 19 nedoločljivih gradbenih elementov, iz hiše lontano dal centro del tronco; in alcuni reperti il taglio 23 pa temeljni prag, 3 sredinske sohe, vogalna soha in 19 radiale va dal a porzione centrale del tronco verso la nedoločljivih gradbenih elementov. V preostalih hišah periferia (camp. 3, fig. 40C, camp. 26, fig. 41A, camp. 10, smo prepoznali od 1 do 13 artefaktov, gre predvsem za fig. 41B). In un altro gruppo si osserva che le direzioni del dele temeljnih pragov in kose, označene kot “gradbeni les”. taglio sono tangenziali (camp.5, fig. 40B); dal a curvatura Posebna je predvsem hiša 16, v kateri je bilo degli anelli si deduce che i tagli sono stati praticati verso dokumentiranih veliko število vzorcev. Pripisali smo la periferia del tronco. jih šestim različnim kategorijam najdb (temeljni prag, Le misurazioni dei diametri massimi sono in genere podnica, deska, stojka, obdelani les in gradbeni les); tra 10 e 20 cm, anche maggiori di 20, derivati cioè da deske in stojke so bile del zunanje ograje. tronchi di esemplari adulti; si tratta comunque di dia- Očitno je, da so prebivalci naselbine dobro poznali metri apparenti, misurati in laboratorio sui frammenti tehnološke značilnosti drevesnih vrst v bližnji pokrajini campionati e quindi di significato relativo, in quanto non in jih skrbno izbirali za gradnjo hiš. Videti je, da so è presente l’ultimo anello di crescita. uporabljali predvsem les iz mešanih gozdov iglavcev in Gli anelli di accrescimento sono sempre ben leggi- listavcev (96 %), v manjšem obsegu pa iz zatišnih leg ali bili e piuttosto omogenei nel a loro ampiezza; la densità neporaščenih območij (skupno 4 %; glej graf 5). anulare media, misurata su tutti i reperti in farnia/rovere, Glede na izbiro vrste ( tabela 2) je v vsaki hiši è di 4.98 anelli per cm. zastopanih od 1 do 8 tipov lesa. Najpogosteje sta bila Le caratteristiche del a casa 11, insieme a quel e uporabljena les hrasta (dob/graden) in jelke. Hrast je desunte dallo studio delle altre case, hanno permesso la prisoten v 21 od 24 hiš, jelka v 15. Sledijo bor v 10, bukev realizzazione di un modello esplicativo delle tecniche di v 10 in smreka v 5. Ostale vrste lesa so redkeje zastopane. costruzione. Velik delež hrastovega lesa kaže na njegovo namer- Nelle case 6 (seconda fase, luogo di culto), 15, 15A e no izbiro, k tej so pripomogle tudi dobra zastopanost 23 sono stati riconosciuti rispettivamente 29, 18, 23 e 24 v pokrajini in karakteristike lesa (trdota, odpornost, tipi di reperto – ( tabella 3): nel a casa 6 si tratta per la quasi elastičnost in trajnost v suhem ali vlažnem okolju). totalità di legni da ardere; la 15, oltre a 8 travi dormienti, Veliki lesni trakovi v hrastovem lesu omogočajo klanje ha conservato una tavola del a chiusura esterna, 5 tavole z zagozdami (Castelletti et al. 1990). Glede na široko del pavimento, un pilastro intermedio e 3 elementi co- uporabo hrastovega lesa tako za kurjenje kot za gradnjo struttivi non meglio identificati. L’edificio 15A ha fornito je zelo verjetno, da so hrast namerno gojili in ga tudi 4 travi dormienti e 19 elementi costruttivi; la 23 una trave varovali, zato je bil njegov delež v gozdovih okrog Mosta dormiente, 3 pilastri intermedi, un pilastro angolare, e na Soči vedno velik. 19 elementi costruttivi, non meglio classificabili. Le case Navadna jelka je homogen les z odličnimi mehanič- rimanenti hanno consentito di identificare da uno a 13 nimi lastnostmi: dobro prenaša upogibanje, kompresijo, reperti, restituendo principalmente parti di travi dor- vleko in udarce. Njene značilnosti so odvisne od rastnih mienti e reperti identificati come “legno da costruzione”. razmer. Prepoznane branike na zoglenelih fragmentih Peculiare la casa 16 che ha conservato un cospicuo so ozke in pravilne, iz česar sledi, da so drevesa rasla v numero di campioni attribuiti a sei categorie di reperti okolju z malo svetlobe in je zaradi tega les kompakten (trave dormiente, tavola del pavimento, asse, palo, legno in gost. Korelacije med posameznimi tipi artefaktov in lavorato e legno da costruzione); assi e pali sono riferiti a taksoni so prikazane v tabeli 4. uno steccato costruito esternamente al a casa. Edino primerjavo v Italiji najdemo v t. i. “Casa E’ logico pensare che gli abitanti del vil aggio aves- Retica” v Stufles-Bressanone, kjer so bili vsi ohranjeni sero buona conoscenza del e caratteristiche tecnologiche zogleneli ostanki lesene konstrukcije iz macesna ( Larix delle specie arboree presenti nel territorio e che, di decidua), z izjemo dveh artefaktov iz navadne jelke conseguenza, abbiano operato delle scelte per la costru- ( Abies alba) (Castelletti 1987). zione degli edifici; risulta infatti preferenziale l’utilizzo Sicer pa gradbene tehnike železnodobnih hiš v di legname proveniente dal a foresta mista di conifere severni Italiji, še zlasti t. i. retijskih hiš, obravnavajo e latifoglie (96%), in minima parte dal a vegetazione številne študije (Cattani 2009; Messner 2011–2012; ripariale o dalle zone disboscate (4% complessivamente; Migliavacca 1991, 1995–1996, 2012). Primerljive so po vedi grafico 5). gradbenih tehnikah, poročilo o antrakoloških analizah Per quanto riguarda la scelta delle specie ( tabella 2) pa je le za retijsko hišo iz Sanzena (Valle di Non, Trento), sono attestati da uno a otto tipi di legno per casa. Il legno kjer so našli ostanke poda iz macesna in druge strukture di farnia/rovere e quello di abete bianco risultano i più iz jelovega lesa (Madel a, Rottoli 1999). utilizzati: infatti Quercus è presente in 21 case su 24, 378 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... SEMENA IN PLODOVI V HIŠAH 6 IN 7 Abies in 15; seguono Pinus in 10, Fagus in 10, Picea abies in 5 case, gli altri tipi di legno sono presenze sporadiche. Karpološke ostanke so odkrili v hišah 6 in 7 ( tabe- Il legno di quercia fa pensare a una scelta intenzio- la 6). V hiši 6 so našli številna zrna zoglenelega prosa nale, sia per la sua disponibilità nel territorio sia per le sue ( Panicum miliaceum), ki kažejo različne deformacije: caratteristiche di durezza, resistenza, elasticità e durabilità večina zrn ni ohranila prvotne oblike, saj so delno in ambiente asciutto o umido. La presenza di grandi raggi zdrobljena ali pa imajo spremenjeno zunanjo površino midol ari rende inoltre il legno adatto al a lavorazione a (primerjaj katalog z opisi posameznih najdb). Zrna so spacco mediante cunei (Castelletti et al. 1990). Dato il stisnjena drugo ob drugo ( sl. 12– 14), vendar med njimi valore elevato del legno di quercia come combustibile e ni ohranjenega “veziva” (označena so bila kot “kruh”, come legname da opera, non si può escludere che questo vendar zmesi iz moke nismo zasledili). Zrna so stisnje- taxon sia stato anche favorito, piantato e protetto in modo na tako, da sestavljajo majhne skupke, kar je verjetno da costituire sempre una parte saliente dei boschi attorno posledica stika z ognjem, in ne z vodo, ker bi zrna sicer a Most na Soči. razpadla.6 Skupki zrn merijo od 1 do 8 cm. Poleg zrn L’abete bianco è un legno omogeneo, dotato di prosa je bilo prepoznano še zrno lečnate grašice ( Vicia qualità meccaniche eccellenti: resiste notevolmente al a ervilia). flessione, al a compressione, al a trazione, agli urti. La V vzorcu 2 iz hiše 7, ki je bil morda shranjen v bro- sua qualità è legata alle condizioni di crescita: gli anelli nasti posodi, je bilo približno 6000 zrn prosa ( sl. 15) in evidenziati sui carboni sono stretti e regolari; ciò significa 395 zrn drugih vrst žit, od katerih jih več kot 300 pripada che gli alberi hanno vissuto con poca luce formando un rži ( Secale cereale) ( sl. 16, 17). Ostala so pripisana štirim legno consistente e denso. La corrispondenza tra tipi di vrstam, in sicer navadni pšenici ( Triticum aestivum – sl. reperti e taxa si osserva nel a tabella 4. 18), enozrni pšenici ( Triticum monococcum – sl. 19), L’unico caso italiano di confronto è fornito dai resti dvozrni pšenici ( Triticum dicoccum) in piri oz. pšenici carbonizzati del a struttura lignea del a “Casa Retica” di sevki ( Triticum spelta). Stufles-Bressanone (Castelletti 1987), tutti in legno di Našli so tudi zrna dveh vrst gojenega ječmena, in larice ( Larix decidua), tranne due reperti in abete bianco sicer dvorednega ječmena ( Hordeum vulgare subsp. Di- ( Abiesa alba). stichum) in navadnega večrednega ječmena ( Hordeum Per quanto riguarda le tecniche di costruzione delle vulgare subsp. vulgare – sl. 20, 21) ter zrno žitne stoklase case del ’età del Ferro sono numerosi gli studi effettuati ( Bromus secalinus – sl. 23), ki je značilen žitni plevel. Med sui ritrovamenti in Italia settentrionale, in particolare per stročnicami je zastopano le zrno rodu Vicia. quanto riguarda le case retiche (Cattani 2009; Messner Prav tako so prepoznali sadna drevesa oz. drevesa 2011–2012; Migliavacca 1991, 1995–1996, 2012); questi z oreščki: navadni oreh ( Juglans regia – sl. 22), navadna studi sono confrontabili in relazione alle tecniche costrut- leska ( Corylus avellana) in figovec ( Ficus carica – sl. tive; ci sono riferimenti per l’analisi antracologica solo per 24, 25). la casa retica di Sanzeno, in Valle di Non (Trento) dove Identificirani botanični makroostanki so primer- sono stati identificati resti del pavimento in legno di larice ljivi s tistimi iz Furlanije - Julijske krajine in širšega e altre strutture in abete bianco (Madel a, Rottoli 1999). italijanskega prostora. Na primer iz severnega zaledja Akvileje, kjer so v železnodobnih plasteh (8.–5. stol. pr. Kr.) v bližini nekdanje sušilnice odkrili ostanke SEMI E FRUTTI NELLE CASE 6 E 7 enozrne pšenice ( Triticum monococcum) , navadne/trde pšenice ( Triticum aestivum/durum), prosa ( Panicum I resti carpologici sono stati rinvenuti nelle case 6 miliaceum) , laškega muhviča ( Setaria italica) , dvozrne e 7 ( tabella 6); nel a casa 6 i campioni prelevati in scavo pšenice ( Triticum dicoccum) , ječmena ( Hordeum vulga- hanno restituito un cospicuo numero di aggregati di re) , pire ( Triticum spelta) , rži ( Secale cereale) in nava-semi di miglio ( Panicum miliaceum) con deformazione dnega ovsa ( Avena cfr. sativa) (Maselli, Scotti, Rottoli delle cariossidi: la forma originaria dei chicchi è in molti 2007). V prazgodovinskih plasteh prevladujejo ostanki casi alterata da schiacciamenti e modificazioni sul a su- plevencev in ječmena nad golci in piro, številni so tudi perficie esterna (cfr. catalogo per descrizione dei singoli ostanki laškega muhviča in prosa. Najdba rži v prazgo- reperti). I chicchi risultano compressi gli uni contro gli dovinskih plasteh je nov podatek o uvajanju te vrste v altri ( fig. 12–14) ma non è presente una matrice che li Italiji, toda njena popolna odsotnost v rimskodobnih tiene uniti: vengono descritti come “pani” ma in realtà plasteh kaže na obrobni pomen tega žita v poljedel- non è presente un impasto di farine.6 Le cariossidi sono stvu Akvileje, kjer je bil preprosto le plevel. Gre torej rimaste attaccate assieme a formare dei piccoli aggregati za obrnjeni fenomen, kot ga kažejo arheobotanične perché con tutta probabilità sono venute a contatto col analize na Mostu na Soči, kjer smo ugotovili precejšnjo fuoco; si disgregano a contatto con l’acqua. Gli accumuli 6 Vedi anche l’articolo di Tolar in questa pubblicazione, 6 Glej tudi članek Tolarjeve, 448. 448. 379 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... zastopanost te vrste. Poleg tega sta oreh ( Juglans regia) hanno dimensioni massime comprese tra un minimo in figa ( Ficus carica) skupaj z bobom ( Vicia faba spp. di 1 cm ed un massimo di 8 cm. A questi reperti si minor) v Akvileji zastopana le v rimskodobnih konte- associano poi diverse migliaia di chicchi di miglio e un kstih. Bob ( Vicia faba) na Mostu na Soči najverjetneje seme di ervo ( Vicia ervilia). ni bil pogosta rastlina, saj razen petih domnevnih Nel a casa 7 il campione proveniente da un suppo- odlomkov zoglenelih semen iz hiše 15A (glej Tolar v sto recipiente bronzeo ha restituito circa 6000 chicchi di tem delu, str. 450) večjih količin niso odkrili, medtem miglio ( fig. 15), insieme a 395 cariossidi di cereali, di cui ko je v Gradisca di Spilimbergo zelo pogost skupaj z oltre 300 sono di segale ( Secale cereale) ( fig. 16, 17); le drugimi stročnicami, ječmenom, navadno pšenico, rimanenti sono attribuite a quattro specie di frumento e eno- in dvozrno pšenico, piro in prosom (Motel a De precisamente a frumento estivo ( Triticum aestivum – fig. Carlo 2007). Tudi na najdišču Centes pri Gradiscutta 18), monococco o piccolo farro ( Triticum monococcum – di Varmo (6.–5. stol. pr. Kr.) so našli ječmen, eno- in fig. 19), diococco o farro ( Triticum dicoccum), spelta dvozrno pšenico, piro, proso, bob, lečnato grašico, grah ( Triticum spelta). ter lečo (Castiglioni et al. 2002). Na najdišču Palse so Sono inoltre presenti le cariossidi di due tipi di ugotovili ječmen, dvozrno in navadno pšenico, oves, orzo coltivato: l’orzo distico ( Hordeum vulgare subsp. proso in laški muhvič (Castiglioni et al. 1996), v Mon- distichum), l’orzo esastico/tetrastico ( Hordeum vulgare tereale Valcellina pa gojeni ječmen, navadno pšenico, subsp. vulgare – fig. 20, 21) e una cariosside di forasacco oves in laški muhvič (Castiglioni et al. 1996). ( Bromus secalinus – fig. 23), pianta infestante le colture. Le leguminose sono rappresentate da un solo seme attribuito al genere Vicia. L’analisi carpologica ha restituito anche testimo- nianze che riguardano la presenza di alberi da frutta: noci ( Juglans regia – fig. 22), noccioli ( Corylus avellana) e fichi ( Ficus carica – fig. 24, 25). Alcuni confronti su base carpologica sono possibili con il vicino Friuli Venezia Giulia in territorio italiano: ad esempio presso l’ex essicatoio Nord di Aquileia, nei livelli del ’età del Ferro (VIII-V sec. a.C.) (Maselli Scotti, Rottoli 2007), compaiono Triticum monococcum, Triticum aesti- vum/durum (grano tenero/duro), Panicum miliaceum, Setaria italica, Triticum dicoccum, Hordeum vulgare, Triticum spelta, Secale cereale, Avena cfr. sativa. I dati protostorici indicano la prevalenza dei frumenti vestiti e del ’orzo sui frumenti nudi e sullo spelta, e un massiccio impiego di panìco e di miglio. L’attestazione del a segale Sl.12: Hiša 7, grupacije zrn prosa ( Panicum miliaceum). nei livelli protostorici costituisce un nuovo tassello per Fig. 12: Casa 7, raggruppamento di cariossidi di miglio ( Pa- la conoscenza del ’introduzione di questa specie in Italia, nicum miliaceum). ma la sua mancanza nei livelli di età romana sembra far propendere ancora per un ruolo di semplice infestante dei campi coltivati ad Aquileia, contrariamente a quan- to emerso a Most na Soči, dove è presente un discreto quantitativo di questo cereale. Juglans regia e Ficus carica, insieme a Vicia faba ssp.minor, sono attestati solo nei livelli romani ad Aquileia. Il favino non era molto frequente a Most na Soči, dove sono stati trovati presumibilmente solo cinque frammenti carbonizzati dal a casa 15A (vedi Tolar, pag. 450), mentre è abbondantissimo a Gradisca di Spilimbergo (Motel a De Carlo 2007) insieme ad altre le- guminose e a orzo coltivato, frumento estivo, monoccoco, dicocco, dicocco/spelta e tracce di miglio. A Gradiscutta di Varmo, località Centes (VI-V sec. a C.) è segnalato orzo coltivato, monococco, dicocco, spelta, miglio, panico, favino, ervo, pisello, lenticchia (Castiglioni et al. 2002). A Palse l’ orzo coltivato, farro dicocco, frumento estivo, avena, miglio e panìco (Castiglioni et al. 1996); a Mon- Sl. 13: Hiša 7, skupek zrn prosa. tereale Valcellina orzo coltivato, frumento estivo, avena Fig. 13: Casa 7, aggregato di cariossidi di miglio. e panìco (Castiglioni et al. 1996). 380 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... iša 6 4 1 ca 10000 ca 10000 Casa / H iša 7 50 60 1 1 6 4 2 323 7 9 27 19 2 70 1 5 ca 6000 ca 6587 Casa / H n kupaj čljivih zrlo Totali / S rpaika edo du er ja lo ti n ti p koni en ti p en gm en t si n gm en lasov ra gm ra li zr li k ra gm . / f vojnice ra lio / fig arpo / fic nio / f tarie / de tarie / de sidi n.d čljive o en lo her er en l p na na arios mm na na na na na na a edo e mm ti di g ti de to di sico ra ra ti di c en . / n en en en em sidi / zr sidi / zr sidi f sidi / zr sidi / zr sidi / zr sidi / zr sidi / zr te f sidi / zr en em mm mm mm e / s het mm rie n.d fra fra fra sem carios carios carios carios carios carios carios carios spig carios fra semi / s seme sco en ečm edni ječr a iraa/p en enic a avadni v enic ečm a pš enic a ka en enic na pš stico / n avadn na pš a reh a les toklasa vozr šic voredni j ra ečm et ozr na pš a ra avadn tna s to / j tivo / n o vozr tarice šic ata g avadni o ira pelta / d ros ra lo / n stico / d astico/t ltiva to es cco / en čn sacco / ži le / rž en cco / d cco/s lio / p a / g onoco eali / ži vo / le noce / n noccio fico / figa fora orzo di orzo es orzo co sega frum m dico spelta / p dico mig cer vecci er re istichum ulga ubsp. d ubsp. v um pelta a s re s re s re cc m/s oni co e no aks ulga ulga ulga estivum coccum icoccu iliaceum egia vellan a mo di spelta m / T arica s secalinu m v m v m v m d A e cereal sp. ervilia X s c alia ordeu ordeu ordeu TA Juglans r Corylus a Ficu Bromu H H H Secal Triticum Triticum Triticum Triticum Triticu Panicum Cere Vicia Vicia Tabela 6: Most na Soči. Karpološki ostanki. Tabella 6: Most na Soči. Resti carpologici. 381 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Sl. 14: Hiša 6, skupek zrn prosa. Sl. 17: Hiša 7, rž ( Secale cereale). Fig. 14: Casa 6, aggregato di cariossidi di miglio. Fig. 17: Casa 7, segale ( Secale cereale). Sl. 15: Hiša 7, zrna prosa. Sl. 18: Hiša 7, zrno navadne pšenice ( Triticum aestivum). Fig. 15: Casa 7, cariossidi di miglio. Fig. 18: Casa 7, cariosside di frumento estivo ( Triticum ae- stivum). Sl. 16: Hiša 7, rž ( Secale cereale). Fig. 16: Casa 7, segale ( Secale cereale). Sl. 19: Hiša 7, zrno enozrne pšenice ( Triticum monococcum). Fig. 19: Casa 7, cariosside di monococco ( Triticum mono- coccum). 382 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Sl. 20: Hiša 7, zrno navadnega večrednega ječmena ( Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare). Fig. 20: Casa 7, cariosside di Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare Sl. 23: Hiša 7, Bromus secalinus (žitna stoklasa). (orzo esastico/tetrastico). Fig. 23: Casa 7, Bromus secalinus (forasacco). Sl. 21: Hiša 6, zgoraj: dve zrni Hordeum vulgare subsp. distichum (dvoredni ječmen), spodaj: dve zrni Hordeum vulgare subsp. vulgare (navadni večredni ječmen). Fig. 21: Casa 6, sopra: due cariossidi di Hordeum vulgare sub- Sl. 24: Hiša 7, figa ( Ficus carica). sp. distichum (orzo distico), sotto: due cariossidi di Hordeum Fig. 24: Casa 7, fico ( Ficus carica). vulgare subsp. vulgare (orzo esastico/tetrastico). Sl. 22: Hiša 7, fragment plodu navadnega oreha ( Juglans regia). Sl. 25: Hiša 7, figa ( Ficus carica). Fig. 22: Casa 7, frammento di gheriglio di noce ( Juglans regia). Fig. 25: Casa 7, fico ( Ficus carica). 383 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... ZAKLJUČEK CONCLUSIONI Antrakološke analize so pokazale na močno izko- I dati antracologici si riferiscono a un periodo riščanje gozdov v obdobju 600 let ne le okrog naselbine lungo sei secoli durante i quali il territorio forestato, non Most na Soči, temveč po vsej Soški dolini. V tem časov- solo attorno a Most na Soči ma in tutta la Valle del ’I- nem razponu so za pripravo konstrukcijskih elementov sonzo ha subito un intenso sfruttamento, mostrando hiš uporabljali predvsem les hrasta (doba/gradna) in l’utilizzo preferenziale di farnia/rovere e abete bianco per jelke. Zaradi izjemno velike količine odkritega lesa je l’allestimento degli elementi costruttivi delle case; dato zelo verjetno, da so ga pridobivali tudi iz okoliških, il cospicuo materiale ligneo impiegato non possiamo od naselbine nekoliko bolj oddaljenih gozdov in ga rifiutare l’idea che i tronchi degli alberi fossero prelevati prevažali po reki. anche da boschi posti a una certa distanza dal vil aggio Rezultati analiz kažejo na mešani listopadni gozd, v e che venissero trasportati via fiume. katerem so rasli predvsem hrast ( Quercus sp.) in bukev I risultati ottenuti dal ’indagine riflettono il bosco ( Fagus sylvatica), z nekaj območji iglavcev (jelka – Abies misto di caducifoglie, con Quercus e Fagus prevalenti, alba, smreka – Picea abies in bor – Pinus sylvestris/mon- insieme a inserti di conifere ( Abies alba – Picea abies e tana), ter drevesno-grmovne vrste vlažnih in zatišnih Pinus sylvestris/montana) e di piante tipiche delle zone leg (npr. brest – Ulmus minor, jelša – Alnus sp.) oziroma umide e ripariali, come Ulmus cfr. minor, Alnus e delle vrste, značilne za odprto krajino (npr. leska – Corylus, aree disboscate, come Corylus, Pomoideae e Cornus. rožnice – Pomoideae in dren – Cornus sp.) . Podobno kot I dati emersi, in sintonia con gli studi di palinologia palinološke študije z obrobnih območij Mosta na Soči effettuati in zone limitrofe a Most na Soči, dimostrano so tudi analize botaničnih makro ostankov pokazale na anche la presenza di aree destinate a colture; infatti gli obstoj odprtih površin za pridelovanje poljščin. Rezultati esiti del ’analisi dei semi e i frutti, rinvenuti al ’interno analiz semen in ostankov sadežev, najdenih morda v di un probabile contenitore di bronzo nel a casa 7, con- bronasti posodi iz hiše 7, kažejo na obdelano pokraji- fermano un paesaggio fortemente antropizzato a cui no, v kateri so gojili predvsem različne vrste pšenice in hanno dato forte impulso le coltivazioni di cereali e la sadno drevje. Značilno je bilo polikulturno poljedelstvo, messa a coltura di alberi da frutto. Veniva praticata una v okviru katerega so gojili štiri vrste pšenice (navadna, pluricoltura di cereali con quattro specie di frumento eno- in dvozrna pšenica ter pira), dve vrsti gojenega (estivo, monococco, dicocco, spelta), due tipi di orzo ječmena in precej rži. Slednjo so na Mostu na Soči začeli coltivato, oltre a un discreto quantitativo di segale, la gojiti mnogo prej kot v Italiji, kjer je pogostejša šele v cui presenza a Most na Soči risulta precoce rispetto a obdobjih po železni dobi. Veliko je tudi zrn prosa, ki so quanto rinvenuto in Italia, dove risulta più abbondante jih v večjem številu našli v hiši 6, najverjetneje je bilo in epoche successive al ’età del Ferro. Notevole inoltre proso uporabljeno pri ritualnih obredih. la presenza numerica di cariossidi di miglio che sembra Med ostanki sadnih drevesnih vrst so poleg zo- destinato, nel a casa 6, a qualche sorta di rituale. glenelih ostankov pečkatoplodnih rožnic našli ostanke Quanto agli alberi da frutto, oltre alle pomoidee, lešnikovih in orehovih lupinic. V Italiji so najdbe ostan- rinvenute sotto forma di carboni, sono presenti resti di kov orehov poznane šele od rimske dobe, z opaznim gusci di nocciole e di noci; resti di noci sono ritrovati povečanjem v srednjem veku. in Italia di norma a partire dal ’età romana con un in- Nazadnje omenimo še najdbo koščka fige ( Ficus cremento in epoca medievale. carica), ki se je ohranil zaradi požara naselja, iz česar Da ultimo merita una citazione il rinvenimento sklepamo, da se je to zgodilo najverjetneje sredi poletja. di un frammento di fico ( Ficus carica), sopravvissuto al ’incendio del vil aggio, avvenuto con tutta probabilità in piena estate. 384 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... KATALOG CATALOGO HIŠA 3 ( sl. 26). CASA 3 ( fig. 26) Vzorec: 1. Faza: 1 . Campione: 1. Vsebina: zdrobljeno oglje, pomešano z zemljo. Fase: 1. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Contenuto: carbone sbriciolato, misto a sedimento. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Carbone esaminato: 1. Namembnost: gradbeni les, verjetno bruno. Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione, probabile trave. Vzorec: 1b. Faza: 1 . Campione: 1b. Vsebina: drobci oglja, pomešani s sedimentom. Fase: 1. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Contenuto: carbone sbriciolato, misto a sedimento. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Carbone esaminato: 1. Namembnost: vogalna soha. Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Tipo di reperto: pilastro. Vzorec: 2. Faza: 1 Campione: 2. Vsebina: oglje v dveh vrečkah (A, B), fragmenti in luske. Fase: 1. Vzorčeni primerki: 2. Contenuto: 2 sacchetti con carboni sparsi (A, B), frammenti Velikost: A-, B- dl. 2,4 cm; Ø > 0,7 cm; viš. 2,5 cm. e scaglie. Takson: A-, B- Abies alba (navadna jelka. Carboni esaminati: 2. Namembnost: temeljni prag. Dimensioni: A-, B- La cm 2,4; Ø > cm 0,7; h cm 2,5. Taxon: A-, B- Abies alba (abete bianco). Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. Vzorec: 3. Faza: 1. Vsebina: tri vrečke (A, B, C). Campione: 3. A- brezoblični fragmenti in luske oglja, vsi ista vrsta lesa. Contenuto: 3 sacchetti (A, B, C). B- kot A, le nekaj večji kosi. A- frammenti informi e scaglie di carbone; tutti di uno stesso C- luske in fragmenti. taxon. Vzorčeni primerki: 2 (A, C). B- come A, con frammenti un po’ più grossi. Velikost: C- šir. 1,3 cm; Ø 4 cm; viš. 1,8 cm; B- različni taksoni, C- scaglie e frammenti. nepreiskani. Carboni esaminati 2 (A, C). Takson: A-, C- Abies alba (navadna jelka). Dimensioni: C- La cm 1,3; Ø cm 4; h cm 1,8. Namembnost: temeljni prag (A, C). Taxon: A-, C- Abies alba (abete bianco); B-diversi taxa non esaminati. Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente (A, C). Vzorec: 4. Faza: 1. Vsebina: tri vrečke (A, B, C). Campione: 4. Fase: 1. A: vsebuje več drobnih delcev oglja. Contenuto: 3 sacchetti (A, B, C). Vzorčeni primerki: 4. Velikost: A- contiene piccoli carboni. 1- viš. 2,7 cm; prečen presek, psevdo krožen. Carboni esaminati: 4. 2- del veje; Ø 3 cm. Dimensioni: 3- del veje; Ø 1,2 cm; luknjice parazitov. 1- h cm 2,7; sezione trasversale pseudo circolare. 4- del veje; Ø 1,5 cm; luknjice parazitov. 2- porzione di ramo; Ø cm 3. Takson: 1, 2, 3, 4 Abies alba (navadva jelka). 3- porzione di ramo; Ø cm 1,2; fori di parassiti. Namembnost: gradbeni les. 4- porzione di ramo; Ø cm 1,5; fori di parassiti. Taxon: 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- Abies alba (abete bianco). B: vsebuje dva fragmenta vej. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Vzorčeni primerki: 2. Velikost: B- contiene 2 frammenti di rami. 1- Ø 3 cm; viš. 3 cm. Carboni esaminati: 2. 2- Ø 3 cm; viš. 5,6 cm. Dimensioni: Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). 1- Ø cm 3; h cm 3. Namembnost: gradbeni les. 2- Ø cm 3; h cm 5,6. 385 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... 5a Taxon: 1-, 2- Abies alba (abete bianco). Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. C- contiene tre pacchetti (C1, C2, C3). C1- frammenti di rami. C2- due frammenti di un unico campione. C3- 3 frammenti di ramo misto a sedimento. Carboni esaminati: 3. Dimensioni: 6 C1-1 La cm 2 con 14 anel i di accrescimento; Ø cm 4; h cm 4,2. C2-2 l cm 1; La cm 3,2; h cm 5. 4 C3-3 La cm 1,1 con 8 anelli di accrescimento; Ø cm 4,5; h cm 4,5. 3 5 Taxon: 1-, 2-, 3- Abies alba (abete bianco). Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. 7 8 Campione: 5. Fase: 1. Contenuto: due sacchetti attaccati assieme (A, B). A - frammenti di palo/ramo. 1b 2 1 Dimensioni: Ø cm 5 con 9 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 6,6; attaccata a questo frammento c’è una porzione con anelli 0 4 m più larghi; l totale cm 4; fori di parassiti. B - frammenti di diversa foggia (rami e non). Sl. 26: Hiša 3 (fazi 1 in 2); pozicije vzorcev. Carboni esaminati: 3. Fig. 26: Casa 3 (fase 1 e 2); posizioni dei campioni. Dimensioni: 1- ramo Ø cm 2,5; 2 anelli in 0,7 cm; h cm 2,7. 2- ramo Ø cm 3,5; h cm 3. C: vsebuje tri zavojčke (C1, C2, C3). 3- Ø cm 2,5. C1- fragmenti vej. Taxon: 1-, 2-, 3- Abies alba (abete bianco). C2- dva fragmenta istega primerka. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. C3- tri fragmenti veje, pomešani s sedimentom. Vzorčeni primerki: 3. Velikost: Campione: 5a. C1-1 šir. 2 cm s 14 branikami; Ø 4 cm, viš. 4,2 cm. Fase: 2. C2-2 dl. 1 cm; šir. 3,2 cm; viš. 5 cm. Contenuto: 3 sacchetti (A, B, C); C3-3 šir. 1,1 cm z 8 branikami; Ø 4,5 cm; viš. 4,5 cm. A- B- C- piccoli carboni misti a sedimento. Takson: 1-, 2-, 3- Abies alba (navadna jelka). Carboni esaminati: 3. Namembnost: gradbeni les. Dimensioni: A1- h cm 0,9; B1- h cm 2; C1- h cm 1. Taxa: A1-, C1- Abies alba (abete bianco); B1- Quercus robur/petraea Vzorec: 5. (farnia/rovere). Faza: 1. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione, probabile trave dor- Vsebina: dve speti vrečki (A, B). miente e pilastro. A - okrogel les, fragmenti kola/veje. Velikost: Ø 5 cm, 9 branik; viš. 6,6 cm; zraven je bila skupina Campione: 6. primerkov oglja s širšimi branikami; skupna dl. 4 cm; Fase: 1. luknjice parazitov. Contenuto: pezzo di probabile piccolo palo. Carbone esaminato: 1. B – fragmenti različnih oblik (veje in drugo). Dimensioni: Ø cm 8; La cm 3 con 35 anelli di accrescimento; Vzorčeni primerki: 3. h cm 3. Velikost: Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). 1- veja, Ø 2,5 cm; 2. braniki v 0,7 cm; viš. 2,7 cm; Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. 2- veja, Ø 3,5 cm; viš. 3 cm; 3- Ø 2,5 cm. Takson: 1-, 2-, 3- Abies alba (navadna jelka). Campione: 7. Namembnost: gradbeni les. Fase: 1. Contenuto: diversi frammenti. 386 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Vzorec: 5a. Carbone esaminato: 1(ramo). Faza: 2. Dimensioni: Ø cm 2,5; h cm 2,3; fori di parassiti. Vsebina: tri vrečke (A, B, C); Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). A-, B-, C- drobni koščki oglja, pomešani s sedimentom. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Vzorčeni primerki: 3. Velikost: A1- viš. 0,9 cm; B1- viš. 2 cm; C1- viš. 1 cm. Taksoni: A1-, C1- Abies alba (navadna jelka); B1- Quercus Campione: 8. robur/petraea (dob/graden). Fase: 1. Namembnost: gradbeni les, verjetno temeljni prag in soha. Contenuto: frammenti di carbone. Carbone esaminato: 1. Dimensioni: La cm 2,2 con 18 anelli di accrescimento; Ø cm Vzorec: 6. 0,6; h cm 4. Faza: 1. Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Vsebina: verjetno kos manjšega kola. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Velikost: Ø 8 cm, šir. 3 cm s 35 branikami; viš. 3 cm. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Namembnost: gradbeni les. CASA 5 ( fig. 27) Campione: 1. Vzorec: 7. Contenuto: sedimento misto a frammenti di carbone. Faza: 1. Carbone esaminato: 1. Vsebina: različni fragmenti; ni gotovo, če so bili del istega kosa. Dimensioni: h cm 1; molto schiacciato. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Taxon: Ulmus cfr. minor (olmo campestre). Velikost: Ø 2,5 cm; viš. 2,3 cm; luknje parazitov. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Namembnost: gradbeni les. Campione: 2. Contenuto: serie di frammenti di carbone. Vzorec: 8. Carbone esaminato: 1. Faza : 1. Dimensioni: Ø cm 4,5; La cm 1,8 con ca 19 anelli di accre- Vsebina: fragmenti oglja. scimento. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Taxon: Pinus sylvestris/ montana (pino silvestre/montana). Velikost: šir. 2,2 cm z 18 branikami; Ø 0,6 cm; viš. 4 cm. Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Namembnost: gradbeni les. Campione: 3. Contenuto: probabile unico reperto. HIŠA 5 ( sl. 27) Carbone esaminato: 1. Dimensioni: h cm 6; 10 anelli in cm 0,1 di La; Ø cm 5 x 3. Vzorec: 1. Taxon: Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). Vsebina: mešani sediment drobcev oglja. Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente ( fig. 28). Število vzorčenj: 1. Velikost: viš. 1 cm; zelo stisnjen. Takson: Ulmus cfr. minor (poljski brest). Campione: 4. Namembnost: gradbeni les. Contenuto: frammento in scaglie. Carbone esaminato: 1. Dimensioni: ca. 10 anelli di accrescimento in cm 1 di spessore Vzorec: 2. (La). Vsebina: skupina fragmentov oglja. Taxon: Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). Število vzorčenj: 1. Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. Velikost: Ø 4,5 cm, šir. 1,8 cm z okoli 19 branikami. Takson: Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Namembnost: temeljni prag. Campione: 5. Contenuto: alcuni carboni. Carboni esaminati: 2. Vzorec: 3. Dimensioni: 1-, 2- h cm 1,5; fori di parassiti. Vsebina: verjetno edina najdba. Taxon: 1-, 2- Ulmus cfr. minor (olmo campestre). Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. Velikost: viš. 6 cm; 10 branik na šir. 0,1 cm; Ø 5 x 3 cm. Takson: Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Namembnost: temeljni prag ( sl. 28). 387 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... 7 6 9 5 2 1 8a 8 4 3 0 4 m Sl. 27: Hiša 5; pozicije vzorcev. Sl. 28: Hiša 5; vzorec 3. Fig. 27: Casa 5; posizioni dei campioni. Fig. 28: Casa 5; campione 3. Vzorec: 4. Campione: 6. Vsebina: odlomek v luske razpadlega oglja. Contenuto: reperto unico, sbriciolato misto a sedimento. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Carbone esaminato: 1. Velikost: okoli 10 branik v 1 cm (šir.). Dimensioni: h cm 1,5; sezione quadrangolare. Takson: Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Taxon: Ulmus cfr. minor (olmo campestre). Namembnost: temeljni prag. Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. Vzorec: 5. Campione: 7. Vsebina: nekaj drobcev oglja. Contenuto: unico reperto sbriciolato in piccoli carboni. Vzorčeni primerki: 2. Carboni esaminati: 2. Velikost: 1-, 2- viš. 1,5 cm; luknjice parazitov. Taxon: Ulmus cfr. minor (olmo campestre). Takson: Ulmus cfr. minor (poljski brest). Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. Namembnost: temeljni prag. Campione: 8. Vzorec: 6. Contenuto: 5 porzioni di rami in cui è visibile il cilindro Vsebina: edina najdba, zdrobljena in pomešana s sedimentom. centrale, altri carboni sono con sezione trasversale Število vzorčenj: 1. quadrangolare. Velikost: viš. 1,5 cm; četverokoten presek. Carboni esaminati: 4 (rami). Takson: Ulmus cfr. minor (poljski brest). Dimensioni: Namembnost: temeljni prag. 1- h cm 3; Ø cm 3 con 12 anelli di accrescimento. 2- h cm 2,2; Ø cm 2 con 5 anelli di accrescimento. 3- h cm 2; Ø cm 2,2. Vzorec: 7. 4- h cm 1,9; Ø cm 1,7 con 6 anelli di accrescimento. Vsebina: edina najdba, zdrobljena v majhne koščke. Taxon: 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/ Vzorčeni primerki: 2. montano). Takson: Ulmus cfr. minor (poljski brest). Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Namembnost: temeljni prag. Campione: 8a. Vzorec: 8. Contenuto: 3 frammenti di rami. Vsebina: 5 primerkov vej, pri katerih je viden središčni cilinder, Carboni esaminati: 3. drugi primerki imajo četverokoten presek. Dimensioni: Vzorčeni sprinerki: 4 (veje). 1- La cm 4 x 3,6; h cm 4,5; Ø cm 5 con 16 anelli di accresci- Velikost: mento. 1- viš. 3 cm; Ø 3 cm z 12 branikami. 2- h cm 4,7; Ø cm 3 con 9 anelli di accrescimento in cm 1,5. 2- viš. 2,2 cm; Ø 2 cm s 5 branikami. 3- h cm 1,7; Ø cm 3 con 9 anelli di accrescimento in cm 0,7. 3- viš. 2 cm; Ø 2,2 cm. Taxon: 1-, 2-, 3- Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/ 4- viš. 1,9 cm; pr. 1,7 cm s 6 branikami. montana). Takson: 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Namembnost: gradbeni les. 388 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Vzorec: 8a. Campione: 9. Vsebina: trije fragmenti vej. Contenuto: serie di carboni Vzorčeni primerki: 3. Carboni esaminati: 1. Velikost: Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). 1- šir. 4 x 3,6 cm; viš. 4,5 cm; Ø 5 cm s 16 branikami. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione (probabile trave dormien- 2- viš. 4,7 cm; Ø 3 cm z 9 branikami v 1,5 cm. te o tavola di rivestimento del a parete. 3- viš. 1,7 cm; Ø 3 cm z 9 branikami v 0,7 cm. Takson: 1-, 2-, 3- Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Namembnost: gradbeni les. CASA 6 ( fig. 30) Campione: 1 (vedi elenco di semi, pag. 441). Vzorec: 9. Vsebina: več koščkov oglja. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Campione: 2. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Fase: 2. Namembnost: gradbeni les, verjetno temeljni prag ali ploh Contenuto: carboni di diversa pezzatura e forma. stenske obloge. Carboni esaminati: 4. Dimensioni: 1- l cm 3,1; La cm 1,1; h cm 3,5. HIŠA 6 ( sl. 30) 2- l cm 2,4; La cm 2; 14 anelli di accrescimento in cm 0,9 di larghezza; h cm 2. Vzorec: 1. (glej seznam semen na str. 441). 3- l cm 2,4; La cm 2 con 7 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 2. 4- porzione di ramo; Ø cm 2,7; La cm 1,8; h cm 2,3. Taxa: 1-, 2-, 3- Fagus sylvatica (faggio); 4- Cornus mas/san- Vzorec: 2 . guinea (corniolo). Faza: 2 . Tipo di reperto: legno da bruciare. Vsebina: oglje različne razkosanosti in oblik. Vzorčeni primerki: 4. Campioni: 3-5 (vedi elenco di semi, pag. 441). Velikost: 1- dl. 3,1cm; šir. 1,1 cm; viš. 3,5 cm. 2- dl. 2,4 cm; šir. 2 cm; 14 branik na širini 0,9 cm; viš. 2 cm. Campione: 6. 3- dl. 2,4 cm; šir. 2 cm s 7 branikami; viš. 2 cm. Fase: 1. 4- del veje; Ø 2,7 cm; šir. 1,8 cm; viš. 2,3 cm. Contenuto: porzione di palo (sezione trasversale circolare) con Taksoni: 1-, 2-, 3- Fagus sylvatica (bukev); 4- Cornus mas/ anelli di accrescimento molto stretti. sanguinea (dren). Carbone esaminato: 1. Namembnost: les za kurjenje. Dimensioni: h cm 8; ad una estremità Ø cm 5 x 4,5 al ’altra Ø max cm 7 x 5. Vzorci: 3-5 (glej seznam semen na str. 441). Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Vzorec: 6. Faza: 1. Campione: 7. Vsebina: del kola (okrogel presek) z zelo stisnjenimi branikami. Fase: 2. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Contenuto: porzione di trave o asse. Velikost: viš.8 cm; Ø na eni strani 5 x 4,5 cm, na drugi max. Carbone esaminato: 1. 7 x 5 cm. Dimensioni: l cm 8; La cm 2,3 con 26 anelli di accrescimento; Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Ø max > cm 10; h cm 9. Namembnost: gradbeni les. Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Tipo di reperto: legno da bruciare. Vzorec: 7. Faza: 2 . Campione: 8. (vedi elenco di semi, pag. 441). Vsebina: kos bruna ali veje. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Velikost: dl. 8 cm; šir. 2,3 cm s 26 branikami; Ø max. >10 cm; Campione: 9. viš. 9 cm. Fase: 2. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Contenuto: 2 pacchetti (A, B); A- 3 carboni grossi (esaminati) Namembnost: les za kurjenje. e alcuni piccoli; B- unico grosso carbone. Carboni esaminati: 4. Dimensioni: Vzorec: 8. (glej seznam semen na str. 441). A1- l cm 1,2; La cm 3 con 7 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 2,8. A2- l cm 2,1; La cm 1,2 con 10 anelli di accrescimento. 389 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... 6 1-5 7-39 Sl. 29: Hiša 6; vzorec 10. Fig. 29: Casa 6; campione 10. Vzorec: 9. Faza: 2 . Vsebina: dve vrečki oglja (A, B): A- trije večji kosi oglja (vzor- čeni) in nekaj manjših; B- en sam večji kos oglja. Vzorčeni primerki: 4. Velikost: A1- dl. 1,2 cm; šir. 3 cm s 7 branikami; viš. 2,8 cm. A2- dl. 2,1 cm; šir. 1,2 cm z 10 branikami. A3- dl. 2,8 cm; šir. 2,8 cm; viš. 1,5 cm. 0 4 m B1- šir. 1,7 cm; r. 6 cm; 30 branik v 3,5 cm; viš. 5 cm. Taksoni: A1-, B1- Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden); A2- Sl. 30: Hiša 6 (fazi 1 in 2); pozicije vzorcev. Fagus sylvatica (bukev); A3- Abies alba (navadna jelka). Fig. 30: Casa 6 (fase 1 e 2); posizioni dei campioni. Namembnost: les za kurjenje. Vzorec: 10. A3- l cm 2,8; La cm 2,8; h cm 1,5. Faza: 2 . B1- La cm 1,7; r cm 6; 30 anelli di accrescimento in cm 3,5; Vsebina: oglje različnih vrst lesa; štiri vrečke (1, 2, 3, 4). h cm 5. Vzorčeni primerki: 5. Taxa: A1-, B1- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere); A2- Velikost: Fagus sylvatica (faggio); A3- Abies alba (abete bianco). 1. vrečka- primerki oglja različnih mer in vrst (ni bilo vzor- Tipo di reperto: legno da bruciare. čeno). 2. vrečka- en sam kos, verjetno del kola; najmanjša šir. 1,5 cm, Campione: 10. max. 4,3 cm; r. 5,5 cm z 20 branikami; Ø max. > 20 cm. 3 vrečka- 2 zavojčka: A, B. Fase: 2. A: verjetno del bruna; viš. 6,6 cm; dl. 1 cm; šir. 3,2 cm, z 12 Contenuto: 4 sacchetti (1, 2, 3, 4) con carboni di diverse specie branikami; viš. 6,6 cm. di legno. B: verjetno del obdelanega lesa različne širine, na konceh 2,2 Carboni esaminati: 5. cm, v sredini 5,5 cm z okoli 20 branikami; viš. 4 cm. Dimensioni: 4 vrečka- večji in manjši primerki oglja: 1 sacchetto- carboni di diverse misure e specie. Non esaminato. 1- kos oglja nepravilne oblike, zvit les? 2 sacchetto- carbone unico, probabile frammento di palo; La 2- dl. 3,4 cm; šir. 2 cm s 15 branikami; Ø max. 9 cm; viš. 5,5 cm. min. cm 1,5; La max cm 4,3; r cm 5,5 con 20 anelli di Taksoni: accrescimento; Ø max > cm 20. 2-, 3B- Fagus sylvatica (bukev). 3 sacchetto- 2 pacchetti: A, B. 3A- Abies alba (navadna jelka). A- porzione di probabile trave; h cm 6,6; l cm 1; La cm 3,2 con 4/1- Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). 12 anelli di accrescimento. 4/2- Abies alba (navadna jelka). B- carbone probabilmente lavorato; La variabile, alle estremità Namembnost: les za kurjenje ( sl. 29). cm 2,2 al centro cm 5,5 con ca. 20 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 4. Vzorec 11. 4 sacchetto- carboni grossi e piccoli: Faza: 2 . 1- carbone con forma irregolare, legno contorto? Vsebina: 2 vrečki oglja različnih vrst lesa. 2- l cm 3,4; La cm 2 con 15 anelli di accrescimento; Ø max. cm 9; h cm 5,5. 390 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... 2 1 Sl. 31: Hiša 6; vzorec 11. Sl. 32: Hiša 6; vzorec 14. Fig. 31: Casa 6; campione 11. Fig. 32: Casa 6; campione 14. Vzorčeni primerki: 1; s sledovi obdelave. Taxa: Velikost: dl. 1 cm; šir. 4,7 cm; viš, 4 cm. 2-, 3B- Fagus sylvatica (faggio). Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). 3A- Abies alba (abete bianco). Namembnost: les (obdelan) za kurjenje ( sl. 31). 4/1- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). 4/2- Abies alba (abete bianco). Tipo di reperto: legno da bruciare ( fig. 29). Vzorec: 12. Faza: 2 . Vsebina: 2 vrečki oglja različnih vrst. Campione: 11. Vzorčeni primerki: 2. Fase: 2. Velikost: Contenuto: 2 sacchetti con campioni di diverse specie di legno. 1- deformiran in stisnjen kos; dl. 1,8 cm; šir. 7 cm s 26 brani- Carbone esaminato: 1; tracce di lavorazione. kami; Ø max. > 15 cm; viš. 5,5 cm. Dimensioni: l cm 1,2; La cm 4,7; h cm 4. 2- dl. 1cm; šir. 2,1 cm s 6 branikami; viš. 1,5 cm. Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Takson: 1-, 2- Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Tipo di reperto: legno (lavorato) da bruciare ( fig. 31). Namembnost: les za kurjenje. Campione: 12. Vzorec: 13. Fase: 2. Faza: 2 . Contenuto: 2 sacchetti di carboni di specie diverse. Vsebina: dva primerka oglja (A, B); A- cilindrični kosi, štirje Carboni esaminati: 2. so povezljivi (manjša olupljena veja); B- en kos oglja. Dimensioni: Vzorčeni primerki: 2. 1- carbone deformato e schiacciato; l cm 1,8; La cm 7 con 26 Velikost: anelli di accrescimento; Ø max. > cm 15; h cm 5,5. A- skupna viš. 6,5 cm (1,7+1,8+0,7+2,3 cm); Ø 0,9 cm. 2- l cm 1; La cm 2,1 con 6 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 1,5. Taksoni: A- Cornus mas/sanguinea (dren); B- Corylus avellana Taxon: 1-, 2- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). (leska). Tipo di reperto: legno da bruciare. Namembnost: les s za kurjenje. Campione: 13. Vzorec: 14. Fase: 2. Faza: 2 . Contenuto: campioni (A, B); A- carboni cilindrici, 4 sono in Vsebina: vsebuje 2 vrečki; 1- kos bruna s sledovi obdelave. connessione, (rametto scortecciato); Vzorčeni primerki: 2. B- un carbone. Velikost: Carboni esaminati: 2. 1- dl. 1,8 cm; šir. 4,5 cm z 19 branikami; viš. 5,2 cm. Dimensioni: 2- dl. 1,8 cm; šir. 3,6 cm z 18 branikami; Ø max. 15 cm; viš. A- h totale cm 6,5 (1,7+1,8+0,7+2,3); Ø cm 0,9. 5,7 cm. Taxa: A- Cornus mas/sanguinea (corniolo); B- Corylus avellana Takson: 1-. 2- Abies alba (navadna jelka). (nocciolo). Namembnost: les za kurjenje ( sl. 32). Tipo di reperto: legno da bruciare. 391 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Vzorec: 15. Campione: 14. Faza: 2 . Fase: 2. Vsebina: številni fragmenti stebel in vej različnih rezov in oblik, Contenuto: contiene 2 pacchetti; 1- porzione di trave, tracce ki pa ne dajejo videza ročne obdelave. di lavorazione, simile al campione 10 con incavo; 2- Vzorčeni primerki: 10. porzione di trave. Velikost: Carboni esaminati: 2 1- viš. 6,1 cm; brezobličen. Dimensioni: 2- dl. 3,6 cm; šir. 3,7 cm, z 22 branikami; viš. 2 cm. 1- l cm 1,8; La cm 4,5 con 19 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 5,2. 3- šir. 2,7 cm s 17 branikami; Ø max. > 10 cm; viš. 2,7 cm. 2- l cm 1,8; La cm 3,6 con 18 anelli di accrescimento; Ø max 4- dl. 5 cm; šir. 3,6 cm z 20 branikami; Ø max. > 10 cm; viš. cm 15; h cm 5,7. 2,2 cm. Taxon: 1-, 2- Abies alba (abete bianco). 5- dl. 3,5 cm; šir. 4 cm s 24 branikami; Ø> 10 cm; viš. 2,6 cm. Tipo di reperto: legno da bruciare ( fig. 32). 6- osrednji predel kola; Ø 3 cm; viš. 2,8 cm; spore gliv. 7- dl. 1,8 cm; 10 branik v 0,9 cm; viš. 1 cm. 8- Ø 3 cm; 12 branik; luknjice parazitov. Campione: 15. 9- dl. 1,8 cm; šir. 1,4 cm; 30 branik različne gostote; Ø max. Fase: 2. 5 cm; viš. 2,6 cm. Contenuto: numerosi frammenti di tronchi e rami di diverso 10- viš. 4,3 cm; brezobličen. taglio e foggia; non sembrano riferirsi a nessun partico- Taksoni: lare manufatto. 1- Fagus sylvatica (bukev) Carboni esaminati: 10. 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- Ulmus cfr. minor (brest). Dimensioni: 6-, 8-, 9-, 10- Abies alba (navadna jelka). 1- h cm 6,1; privo di forma particolare. 7- Alnus glutinosa/incana (črna jelša/siva jelša). 2- l 3,6; La cm 3,7 con 22 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 2. Namembnost: les za kurjenje. 3- La cm 2,7 con 17 anelli di accrescimento; Ø max > cm 10; h cm 2,7. 4- l cm 5; La cm 3,6 con 20 anelli di accrescimento; Ø > cm Vzorec: 16. 10; h cm 2,2. Faza: 2 . 5- l cm 3,5; La cm 4 con 24 anelli di accrescimento; Ø> cm Vsebina: nekaj fragmentov oglja. 10; h cm 2,6. Vzorčeni primerki: 3. 6- porzione centrale di palo; Ø cm 3; h cm 2,8; ife fungine. Velikost: 1- viš. 4 cm; 2- viš. 5 cm; 3- viš. 3 cm. 7- l cm 1,8; 10 anelli di accrescimento in cm 0,9; h cm 1. Taksoni: 8- Ø cm 3; anelli 12; h cm 3,7; fori di parassiti. 1- Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). 9- l cm 1,8; La cm 1,4; 30 anelli di diverso spessore; Ø max 2- Fagus sylvatica (bukev). cm 5; h cm 2,6. 3- Abies alba (navadna jelka). 10- h cm 4,3; senza forma particolare. Namembnost: les za kurjenje. Taxa: 1- Fagus sylvatica (faggio). 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- Ulmus cfr. minor (olmo campestre). Vzorec: 17. 6-, 8-, 9-, 10- Abies alba (abete bianco). Faza: 2 . 7- Alnus glutinosa/incana (ontano). Vsebina: del kola? Tipo di reperto: legno da bruciare. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Velikost: dl. 3,5 cm; r. 4,5 cm s 23 branikami; Ø max. 13 cm; viš. 2 cm. Campione: 16. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Fase: 2. Namembnost: les za kurjenje. Contenuto: alcuni frammenti di carbone. Carboni esaminati: 3. Dimensioni: 1- h cm 4; 2- h cm 5; 3- h cm 3. Vzorec: 17a. Taxa: Faza: 2 . 1- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Vsebina: majhna semena in oglje. 2- Fagus sylvatica (faggio). Vzorčeni primerki: 1. 3- Abies alba (abete bianco). Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Tipo di reperto: legno da bruciare. Namembnost: les za kurjenje. Vzorci: 18-20 (glej seznam semen na str. 441). Campione: 17. Fase: 2. Contenuto: porzione di palo? Vzorec: 21. Carbone esaminato: 1. Faza: 2 . Dimensioni: l cm 3,5; r cm 4,5 con 23 anelli di accrescimento; Vsebina: drobci oglja. Ø max cm 13; h cm 2. Takson: ni določljiv. Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Namembnost: les za kurjenje. Tipo di reperto: legno da bruciare. 392 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Vzorec: 22. Campione: 17a. Faza: 2 . Fase: 2. Vsebina: dva fragmenta oglja. Contenuto: semi piccoli, carboni. Vzorčeni primerki: 2. Carbone esaminato: 1. Velikost: Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). 1- dl. 1,5 cm; šir. 2,2 cm s 4 branikami; Ø max. 9 cm; viš, 5,5 cm. Tipo di reperto: legno da bruciare. 2- dl. 4,5 cm; šir. 3 cm (goste branike); viš. 3,6 cm. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Campioni: 18-20 (vedi elenco di semi, pag. 441, 442). Namembnost: les za kurjenje. Campione: 21. Vzorec: 23. Fase: 2. Faza: 2 . Contenuto: piccolo carbone in frantumi. Vsebina: odlomki keramike in oglja. Taxon: n.d. Vzorčeni primerki: 3. Tipo di reperto: legno da bruciare. Velikost: 1- viš. 2,2 cm; 2- viš. 2,1 cm; 3- viš. 2,6 cm. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Namembnost: les za kurjenje. Campione: 22. Fase: 2. Contenuto: due frammenti di carbone. Vzorec: 24. Carboni esaminati: 2. Faza: 2 . Dimensioni: Vsebina: različni fragmenti oglja. 1- l cm 1,5; La cm 2,2 con 4 anelli di accrescimento; Ø max Vzorčeni primerki: 1. cm 9; h cm 5,5. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). 2- l cm 4,5; La cm 3 (anelli fitti); h cm 3,6. Namembnost: les za kurjenje. Taxon: 1-, 2- Abies alba (abete bianco). Tipo di reperto: legno da bruciare. Vzorec: 25. Faza: 2 . Vsebina: del kola. Campione: 23. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Fase: 2. Velikost: dl. 2,7 cm, šir. 2,5 cm s 24 branikami; Ø max. 6 cm; Contenuto: frammenti di ceramica e carbone. viš. 3,6 cm. Carboni esaminati: 3. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Dimensioni: 1- h cm 2,2; 2- h cm 2,1; 3- h cm 2,6. Namembnost: les za kurjenje. Taxon: 1-, 2-, 3- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Tipo di reperto: legno da bruciare. Vzorec: 26. Faza: 2 . Campione: 24. Vsebina: nekaj koščkov oglja. Fase: 2. 1- obdelana veja. Contenuto: diversi frammenti di carbone. 2- fragment brez posebnih oblik. Carbone esaminato: 1. 3-, 4- oglje brez posebnih oblik. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). 5- sprimek zrn prosa (glej poseben seznam, str. 442). Tipo di reperto: legno da bruciare. Vzorčeni fragmenti: 4. Velikost: 1- dl. max. 2,7 cm; r. 3,9 cm z 18 branikami; Ø max. 8 cm; Campione: 25. viš. 2,7 cm. Fase: 2. 2- dl. 5 cm; šir. 2,2 cm s 17 branikami; viš. 5,5 cm. Contenuto: frammento di palo. Taksoni: Carbone esaminato: 1. 1- Fagus sylvatica (bukev). Dimensioni: l cm 2,7; La cm 2,5 con 24 anelli di accrescimento; 2- Abies alba (navadna jelka). Ø max cm 6; h cm 3,6. 3-, 4- Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Namembnost: les za kurjenje. Tipo di reperto: legno da bruciare. Vzorec: 27. Campione: 26. Faza: 2 . Fase: 2. Vsebina: odlomki oglja. Contenuto: alcuni carboni. Vzorčeni primerki: 5. 1- ramo lavorato. Velikost: 2- frammento senza forma particolare. 393 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... 1- dl. 4,5 cm; šir. 2,5 cm; viš. 2,5 cm. 3-, 4- carboni senza forma particolare. 2- dl. 2 cm; šir. 1,5 cm; viš. 2,8 cm. 5- aggregato di cariossidi di miglio (vedi elenco separato, 3- dl. 1,5 cm; šir. 1 cm; viš. 1,5 cm. pag. 442). Taksoni: Carboni esaminati: 4. 1-, 3- Cornus mas/sanguinea (dren). Dimensioni: 2- Abies alba (navadna jelka). 1- l max cm 2,7; r cm 3,9 con 18 anelli di accrescimento; Ø 4-, 5- Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). max cm 8; h cm 2,7. Namembnost: les za kurjenje. 2- l cm 5; La cm 2,2 con 17 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 5,5. Taxa: 1- Fagus sylvatica (faggio). Vzorec: 28. 2- Abies alba (abete bianco). Faza: 2 . 3-, 4- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Vsebina: odlomki oglja. Tipo di reperto: legno da bruciare. Vzorčeni primerki: 2. Velikost: 1- dl. 3 cm; šir. 2,2 cm; viš. 3,5 cm. Campione: 27. 2- dl. 2 cm; šir. 2 cm; viš. 3 cm. Fase: 2. Taksoni: Contenuto: frammenti di carbone. 1- Fagus sylvatica (bukev). Carboni esaminati: 5. 2- Ulmus cfr. minor (poljski brest). Dimensioni: Namembnost: les za kurjenje. 1- l cm 4,5; La cm 2,5; h cm 2,5. 2- l cm 2; La cm 1,5; h cm 2,8; 3- l cm 1,5; La cm 1; h cm 1,5. Vzorec: 29. Taxa: Faza: 2 . 1-, 3- Cornus mas/sanguinea (corniolo). Vsebina: trije odlomki oglja. 2- Abies alba (abete bianco). Vzorčeni primerki: 3. 4-, 5- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Velikost: Tipo di reperto: legno da bruciare. 1- dl. 5,5 cm; šir. 3,2 cm z 18 branikami; Ø max. 20; cm, viš. 2,1 cm. 2- dl. 1,8 cm; šir. 2,6 cm s 14 branikami; Ø 7 cm; viš. 3 cm. 3- dl. 1,7 cm; šir. 2 cm s 13 branikami; viš. 1,2 cm. Campione: 28. Taksoni: Fase: 2. 1- Ulmus cfr. minor (brest). Contenuto: frammenti di carbone. 2-, 3- Fagus sylvatica (bukev). Carboni esaminati: 2. Namembnost: les za kurjenje. Dimensioni: 1- l cm 3; La cm 2,2; h cm 3,5. 2- l cm 2; La cm 2; h cm 3. Vzorec: 30. (glej seznam semen na str. 442). Taxa: 1- Fagus sylvatica (faggio). 2- Ulmus cfr. minor (olmo campestre). Vzorec: 31. Tipo di reperto: legno da bruciare. Faza: 2 . Vsebina: številni deli stebel in vej različnih rezov in oblik; tudi veje različnih vrst. Campione: 29. Vzorčeni primerki: 6. Fase: 2. Velikost: Contenuto: 3 frammenti. 1- kos manjšega debla; Ø 2 cm, 18 branik; viš. 4 cm. Carboni esaminati: 3. 2- šir. 3 cm s 17 branikami; Ø 2 cm; viš. 2,9 cm. Dimensioni: 3- šir. 4,5 cm; viš. 3,3 cm. 1- l cm 5,5; La cm 3,2 con 18 anelli di accrescimento; Ø max Taksoni: cm 20; h cm 2,1. 1- 2- Abies alba (navadna jelka). 2- l cm 1,8; La 2,6 con 14 anelli; Ø cm 7; h cm 3. 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). 3- l cm 1,7; La cm 2 con 13 anelli; h cm 1,2. Namembnost: les za kurjenje. Taxa: 1- Ulmus cfr. minor (olmo campestre). 2-, 3- Fagus sylvatica (faggio). Vzorec: 32. Tipo di reperto: legno da bruciare. Faza: 2 . Vsebina: dva primerka oglja (A, B). Vzorčni primerki: 2. Campione: 30 (vedi elenco di semi, pag. 442). Velikost: A- dl. 1,8 cm; šir. 3 cm 14 branikami; viš. 5,7 cm. 394 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... B- dl. 3,2 cm; šir. 2 cm z 20 branikami; viš. 5,2 cm. Campione: 31. Takson: A-, B- Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Fase: 2. Namembnost: les za kurjenje, B- les za kurjenje (obdelan). Contenuto: numerosi frammenti di tronchi e rami di diverso taglio e foggia; anche rami di diverse specie. Carboni esaminati: 6. Vzorec: 33. Dimensioni: Faza: 2 . 1- frammento di piccolo tronco; Ø cm 2; 18 anelli; h cm 4. Vsebina: dve zavojčka (A, B) s številnimi fragmneti oglja. 2- La cm 3 con 17 anelli di accrescimento; Ø cm 2; h cm 2,9. Vzorčeni primerki: 4. 3- La cm 4,5; h cm 3,3. Velikost: Taxa: A1- dl. 4 cm; šir. 1,9 cm z 8 branikami v 1 cm; viš. 4,5 cm. 1-, 2- Abies alba (abete bianco). A2- dl. 2 cm; šir. 2 cm; viš. 3,3 cm. 3-, 4-, 5-, 6- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). B1- dl. 6 cm; šir. 2 cm; viš. 2,8 cm. Tipo di reperto: legno da bruciare. B2- dl. 1,6 cm; šir. 5,2 cm; viš. 4 cm. Takson: A1-, A2-, B1-, B2- Abies alba (navadna jelka). Namembnost: les za kurjenje. Campione: 32. Fase: 2. Contenuto: due carboni (A, B). Vzorec: 34. Carboni esaminati: 2. Faza: 2 . Dimensioni: Vsebina: precej veliki kosi oglja, nekateri med njimi so videti A- l cm 1,8; La cm 3 con 14 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 5,7. kot odpadek pri obdelavi lesa. B- l cm 3,2; La cm 2 con 20 anelli; h cm 5,2. Vzorčeni primerki: 4. Taxon: A-, B- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Velikost: Tipo di reperto: A- legno da bruciare, B- legno da bruciare 1- dl. 1,6 cm; šir. 4,5 cm z 9 branikami. lavorato. 2- del večje obdelane veje; dl. 2,6 cm; šir. 2,7 cm z 11 branikami; Ø max. 3,5 cm; viš. 3,2 cm. 3- šir. 2,1 cm; Ø max. 3,5 cm; viš. 3,3 cm. Campione: 33. 4- dl. 4,5 cm; 13 branik v 1,5 cm; viš. 3,3 cm. Fase: 2. Taksoni: Contenuto: due pacchetti (A, B) con molti frammenti di 1-, 2- Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). carbone. 3- Fagus sylvatica (bukev). Carboni esaminati: 4. 4- Abies alba (navadna jelka). Dimensioni: Namembnost: les za kurjenje. A1- l cm 4; La m 1,9 con 8 anelli di accrescimento in cm 1; h cm 4,5. A2- l cm 2; La cm 2; h cm 3,3. Vzorec: 35. (glej seznam semen na str. 442). B1- l cm 6; La cm 2; h cm 2,8. B2- l cm 1,6; La cm 5,2; h cm 4. Taxon: A1-, A2-, B1-, B2- Abies alba (abete bianco). Vzorec: 36. Tipo di reperto: legno da bruciare. Faza: 2 . Vsebina: 2 zavojčka oglja (A, B). Vzorčeni primerki: 2. Campione: 34. Velikost: Fase: 2. A- del manjšega bruna štirikotnega preseka; dl. 3,2 - 2,6 cm; Contenuto: pezzi piuttosto grossi di carbone, alcuni sembrano šir. 2,7 cm z 10 branikami; Ø max. 1,6 cm; viš. 5 cm. scarti di lavorazione. B- prizmatično oglje, na bazi nepravilno štirikotnega preseka; Carboni esaminati: 4. dl. 2,2 cm; šir. 3,2 cm s 14 branikami; Ø max. > 10 cm; Dimensioni: viš. 5,5 cm. 1- l cm 1,6; La cm 4,5 con 9 anelli di accrescimento. Takson: A-, B- Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). 2- porzione di grosso ramo lavorato; l cm 2,6; La cm 2,7 con 11 Namembnost: les za kurjenje. anelli di accrescimento; Ø max cm 3,5; h cm 3,2. 3- La cm 2,1; Ø max cm 3,5; h cm 3,3. 4- l cm 4,5; 13 anelli di accrescimento in cm 1,5; h cm 3,3. Vzorec: 37. Taxa: Faza: 2 . 1-, 2- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Vsebina: vzorci oglja v eni vrečki in še dveh pripetih. 3- Fagus sylvatica (faggio). 1- različni odlomki veliki do max. 2 cm. 4- Abies alba (abete bianco). 2- del bruna. Tipo di reperto: legno da bruciare. 3- zdi se, da pripada dvema deskama (odlomka A in B), leže- čima ena vrh druge. Vzorčeni primerki: 3. Campione: 35 (vedi elenco di semi, pag. 442). Velikost: 395 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... 3 1 2 1,2 Sl. 34: Hiša 7; vzorec 1. Fig. 34: Casa 7; campione 1. 0 4 m Sl. 33: Hiša 7; poziciji vzorcev. Campione: 36. Fig. 33: Casa 7; posizioni dei campioni. Fase: 2. Contenuto: 2 pacchetti (A, B). Carboni esaminati: 2. Dimensioni: 3- dl. 8 cm; šir. 2,7 cm; viš. 10 cm. A- porzione di piccola trave a sezione quadrangolare l cm A: Ø max. >16 cm; šir. 1,8 cm s 15 branikami. 3,2 - 2,6; La cm 2,7 con 10 anelli di accrescimento; Ø B: Ø max. >16 cm; šir. 3 cm s 16 branikami. max cm 1,6; h cm 5. Takson: 1-, 2-, 3- Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). B- carbone prismatico, a base quadrangolare irregolare; l cm Namembnost: Les za kurjenje. 2,2; La cm 3,2 con 14 anelli di accrescimento; Ø max > cm 10; h cm 5,5. Taxon: A-, B- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Vzorec: 38. (glej seznam semen na str. 442). Tipo di reperto: legno da bruciare. Vzorec: 39. Campione: 37. Faza: 2 . Fase: 2. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Contenuto: 1 sacchetto + 2 attaccati assieme. Velikost: dl. 0,5 cm; šir. 2,5 cm; Ø max. 6 cm; viš. 3,9 cm. 1- diversi carboni con dimensione massima di cm 2. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). 2- porzione di trave. Namembnost: les za kurjenje. 3- sembrano due assi sovrapposte: si tratta del frammento A e del frammento B. Carboni esaminati: 3. HIŠA 7 ( sl. 33) Dimensioni: 3- l cm 8; La cm 2,7; h cm 10. Vzorec: 1. Ø max di A > cm 16; La cm 1,8 con 15 anelli di accrescimento. Vsebina: primerki oglja zelo majhnih dimenzij. Ø max di B > cm 16; La cm 3 con 16 anelli di accrescimento. Vzorčeni primerki: 7. Taxon: 1-, 2-, 3- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Velikost: Tipo di reperto: legno da bruciare. 1- Ø 3 x 1,7 cm; 5 branik v 1,2 cm; viš. 4 cm. 2- skupek oglja, ki vsebuje tudi del manjše zgorele veje; Ø 2,5 cm; dl. 2,7 cm. Campione: 38 (vedi elenco di semi, pag. 442). 3- dl. 2,8 cm s 17 branikami; šir. 1 cm; viš. 1 cm. 4- enako kot 3. 5- rahlo ukrivljen kos; dl. 1,3 cm s 3,5 branikami; šir. 1,2 cm; Campione: 39. viš, 4 cm. Fase: 2. 6- dl. 2,5 cm z 11 branikami; šir. 1,3 cm; viš. 1,5 cm. Contenuto: campione sbriciolato, forse originariamente unico. 7- Ø 2,1 x 1,4 cm; viš. 2,1 cm. Carbone esaminato: 1. Taksoni: Dimensioni: l cm 0,5; La cm 2,5; Ø max cm 6; h cm 3,9. 1- Fagus sylvatica (bukev). Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). 2- Abies alba (navadna jelka. Tipo di reperto: legno da bruciare. 3- Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). 4 - Fagus sylvatica (bukev). 396 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... 1 3 2 Sl. 36: Hiša 8; vzorec 1. 0 4 m Fig. 36: Casa 8; campione 1. Sl. 35: Hiša 8 (fazi 1 in 2); pozicije vzorcev. CASA 7 ( fig. 33) Fig. 35: Casa 8 (fase 1 e 2); posizioni dei campioni. Campione: 1. Contenuto: carboni con dimensioni centimetriche. Carboni esaminati: 7. 5- Picea abies (navadna smreka).. Dimensioni: 6- Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). 1- Ø cm 3 x 1,7; 5 anelli di accrescimento in 1,2 cm; h cm 4. 7- Fagus sylvatica (bukev); drugi primerki pripadajo bukvi 2- porzione di carbone con al ’interno piccolo rametto bru- in hrastu. ciato; Ø cm 2,5; l cm 2,7. Opomba: v ruševinskem polnilu jame. 3- l cm 2,8 con 17 anelli di accrescimento; La cm 1; h cm 1. Namembnost: les za kurjenje ( sl. 34). 4- analogo al precedente. 5- l cm 1,3 con 3,5 anelli; La cm 1,2; h cm 4; debole curvatura. 6- l cm 2,5 con 11 anelli di accrescimento; La cm 1,3; h cm 1,5. Vzorec: 2. (glej seznam semen na str. 442). 7- Ø cm 2,1 x 1,4; h cm 2,1. Taxa: 1- Fagus sylvatica (faggio). HIŠA 8 ( sl. 35) 2- Abies alba (abete bianco). 3- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Vzorec: 1. 4- Fagus sylvatica (faggio). Faza: 2. 5- Picea abies (abete rosso). Vsebina: veliki primerki oglja kvadratne oblike, ki so bili verje- 6- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). tno del istega kosa; v prečnem prerezu je prepoznavnih 7- Fagus sylvatica (faggio); osservazioni gli altri carboni: nekaj branik, ni pa določljiva njihova krivina. sono di Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere) e Fagus Vzorčeni primerki: 1. sylvatica (faggio). Velikost: dl. 4,5 cm; šir. 3,6 cm z okoli 10 branikami; viš. 2,3 cm. Osservazione: nello strato di bruciaticcio nel a fossa. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Tipo di reperto: legno da bruciare ( fig. 34). Namembnost: temeljni prag ( sl. 36). Campione: 2 (vedi elenco di semi, pag. 442). Vzorec: 2. Faza: 2. Vsebina: zdrobljeno oglje. CASA 8 ( fig. 35) Vzorčeni primerki: 2. Velikost: Campione: 1. 1- r. 4,5-6 cm; Ø max. ni določljiv; 10 branik v 2,3 cm; dl. 6,5 Fase: 2. cm; šir. 7 cm; razpoke kot posledica gorenja. Contenuto: frammenti di carbone piuttosto grossi, quadran- 2- 9 branik v 1,9 cm. golari, forse pertinenti a un unico frammento; la sezione Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). trasversale mostra alcuni anelli di accrescimento, non è Namembnost: temeljni prag ( sl. 37). definibile la curvatura. Carboni esaminati: 1. Dimensioni: l cm 4,5; La cm 3,6 con ca 10 anelli di accresci- mento; h cm 2,3. 397 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente ( fig. 36). Campione: 2. Fase: 2. Contenuto: reperto sbriciolato. Carboni esaminati: 2. Dimensioni: 1- raggio cm 4,5-6; Ø max non definibile; 10 anel i di accresci- mento in cm 2,3; l cm 6,5; La cm 7; cretti da combustione. 2- 9 anelli in cm 1,9 di spessore. Taxon: 1-, 2- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente ( fig. 37). Sl. 37: Hiša 8; vzorec 2. Fig. 37: Casa 8; campione 2. Campione: 3. Fase: 1. Contenuto: frammenti centimetrici che derivano molto pro- babilmente da uno stesso pezzo. Vzorec: 3. Carboni esaminati: 1. Faza: 1. Dimensioni: l cm 1,5; La cm 1,5 con 5 anelli di accrescimento; Vsebina: fragmenti oglja, verjetno del istega kosa. h cm 3. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Velikost: dl. 1,5 cm; šir. 1,5 cm s 5 branikami; viš. 3 cm. Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Namembnost: temeljni prag. CASA 9 ( fig. 38) HIŠA 9 ( sl. 38) Campione: 1. Contenuto: piccoli carboni tabulari (sbriciolati) alcuni con Vzorec 1. debole curvatura degli anelli. Vsebina: zdrobljeno oglje ploščatih oblik s skromno prepo- Carbone esaminato: 1. znavnimi krivinami branik. Dimensioni: l cm 1; 6 anelli in cm 0,6 di spessore; h cm 1,5. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Velikost: dl. 1 cm; 6 branik v 0,6 cm; viš. 1,5 cm. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Namembnost: gradbeni les. Campione: 2. Contenuto: unico reperto sbriciolato. Vzorec: 2. Carbone esaminato: 1. Vsebina: zdrobljen primerek oglja. Dimensioni: difficile definire le dimensioni; Ø max > cm 10; Vzorčeni primerki: 1. anelli di accrescimento molto ravvicinati; 13 anelli in cm Velikost: težko določljiva, Ø največ > 10 cm; branike so te- 1,4 di spessore (La); ife fungine; fori di parassiti. sno skupaj; 3 branik v šir. 1,4 cm; spore gliv; luknjice Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). parazitov. Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Namembnost: temeljni prag. CASA 11 ( fig. 39) 2 1 Campione: 1. Fase: 2. Contenuto: moltissimi frammenti di varie dimensioni, forse derivanti da un solo reperto. Carbone esaminato: 1. Dimensioni: l cm 1,6; La cm 2,3 con 10 anelli di accrescimento; 0 4 m h cm 1,6. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. Sl. 38: Hiša 9; poziciji vzorcev. Fig. 38: Casa 9; posizioni dei campioni. 398 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... HIŠA 11 ( sl. 39) Campione: 2. Fase: 2. Contenuto: 2 campioni in un sacchetto; carboni di diverse Vzorec: 1. dimensioni. Faza: 2. Carboni esaminati: 2. Vsebina: številni, različno veliki primerki oglja, ki so lahko Dimensioni: bili del istega kosa lesa. 1- si tratta del frammento più grosso, tagliato radialmente; Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Ø massimo cm 17; l cm 8,6; La cm 3 con 27 anelli di Velikost: dl. 1,6 cm; šir. 2,3 cm z 10 branikami; viš. 1,6 cm. accrescimento; h cm 5. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). 2- l cm 2; La cm 9 con 38 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 10. Namembnost: temeljni prag. Taxon: 1-, 2- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Osservazioni: tracce di organismi lignivori. Tipo di reperto: tavola del a chiusura esterna. Vzorec: 2. Faza: 2. Vsebina: dva vzorca v eni vrečki; oglje različnih dimenzij. Campione: 3. Vzorčeni primerki: 2. Fase: 2. Velikost: Contenuto: contiene due pacchetti (A, B). 1- večji odlomek, rezan radialno; Ø največ 17 cm; dl. 8,6 cm; Pacchetto A- contiene carboni di diverse forme, preva- šir. 3 cm s 27 branikami; viš. 5 cm. lentemente con sezione quadrangolare con spiccato 2- dl. 2 cm; šir. 9 cm z 38 branikami. arrotondamento (frammenti di rami lavorati? scarti di Takson: 1-, 2- Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). lavorazione?); taglio radiale. Pripomba: vidne so sledi oganizmov lesnih zajedalcev. Carboni esaminati: 3. Namembnost: ploh za stenski opaž. Dimensioni: 1- l cm 2,4; La cm 2,7 con 6 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 2,4. 2- l cm 2,4; La cm 2,1 con 7 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 2,3. Vzorec: 3. 3- ha sezione quadrangolare rettangolare (frammento di tra- Faza: 2. ve?), l cm 1,2; La cm 3,6 con 11 anelli di accrescimento; Vsebina: dva zavojčka (A, B). h cm 4,8. Zavojček A vsebuje oglje različnih oblik, večinoma četvero- Pacchetto B- contiene un frammento a sezione triangolare, kotnega preseka z izrazito zaobljenostjo (morda so deli taglio radiale ( fig. 40C). obdelanih vej ali odpadek pri obdelavi lesa); radialni rez. Carbone esaminato: 1. Vzorčeni primerki: 3. Dimensioni: 1- Ø massimo cm 12; l cm 3; La cm 4,7 con 17 Velikost: anelli di accrescimento; h cm 3,4. 1- dl. 2,4 cm; šir. 2,7 cm s 6 branikami; viš. 2,4 cm. Taxon: 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). 2- dl. 2,4 cm; šir. 2,1 cm s 7 branikami; viš. 2,3 cm. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. 3- dl. 1,2 cm; šir. 3,6 cm z 11 branikami; viš. 4,8 cm; ima šti- rikoten, pravokoten presek (morda del trama ali grede). Zavojček B vsebuje odlomek oglja trikotnega preseka, rez je Campione: 4. radialen ( sl. 40C). Fase: 2. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Contenuto: reperto sbriciolato, frammenti di carbone non in Velikost: Ø največ 12 cm; dl. 3 cm; šir. 4,7 cm,s 17 branikami; connessione. viš. 3,4 cm. Carbone esaminato: 1 Takson: 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Dimensioni: Ø massimo > cm 10; l cm 1,5; La cm 2,5 con 20 Namembnost: gradbeni les. anelli di accrescimento con distanza regolare tra loro; h cm 3,6. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Vzorec: 4. Tipo di reperto: pilastro. Faza: 2. Vsebina: zdrobljeno oglje, posamični fragmenti so nesesta- vljivi. Campione: 5. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Fase: 2. Velikost: največji Ø > 10 cm, dl. 1,5 cm; šir. 2,5 cm z 20 pravilno Contenuto: probabile unico campione in frammenti; taglio med seboj razmaknjenimi branikami; viš. 3,6 cm. tangenziale. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Carbone esaminato: 1. Namembnost: vogalna soha. Dimensioni: l cm 2,1; La cm 1,4 con 4 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 3. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Vzorec: 5. Tipo di reperto: tavola del a chiusura esterna ( fig. 40B). Faza: 2. Vsebina: verjetno fragmenti istega kosa oglja, tangencialni rez. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. 399 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... 14,15 13 4 19 18 20 17 16 10,11 5 6 8 9 7 12 41 39 20 41 21 23 26,27 32 22 31 24 25 28 29 2 30 33 1 3 34 35 36 40 37 38 0 1 2 m Sl. 39: Hiša 11 (faza 2); pozicije vzorcev. Fig. 39: Casa 11 (fase 2); posizioni dei campioni. 400 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Campione: 6. Fase: 2. B Contenuto: porzione di trave con taglio radiale. Carbone esaminato: 1. Dimensioni: Ø massimo > cm 20; l cm 2,5; La cm 13 con 44 anelli di accrescimento con distanza regolare tra loro; A h cm 8. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). C Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente ( fig. 40A). Campione: 7. Fase: 2. Contenuto: pezzo unico, ma sbriciolato. Sl. 40: Hiša 11; A: vzorec 6; B: vzorec 5; C: vzorec 3. Carbone esaminato: 1 il più grosso. Fig. 40: Casa 11; A: campione 6; B: campione 5; C: campione 3. Dimensioni: l cm 2,2; La cm 2,7 con 10 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 2,9. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Osservazioni: la sezione trasversale di questo frammento Velikost: dl. 2,1 cm, šir. 1,4 cm, s 4 branikami; viš. 3 cm. è riconnettibile con quel a di un altro frammento (la Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). disposizione degli anelli è la medesima). Namembnost: ploh za stenski opaž ( sl. 40B). Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. Vzorec: 6. Campione: 8. Faza: 2. Fase: 2. Vsebina: kos bruna z radialnim rezom. Contenuto: 6 frammenti da probabile frammento unico, di cui Vzorčeni primerki: 1. 3 sembrano essere in continuità. Velikost: Ø največ > 20 cm; dl. 2,5 cm; šir. 13 cm s 44 enako- Carbone esaminato: 1. merno med seboj razmaknjenimi branikami; viš. 8 cm. Dimensioni: l cm 2,7; La cm 3 con 13 anelli di accrescimento; Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). distanza tra gli anelli abbastanza regolare; h cm 2. Namembnost: temeljni prag ( sl. 40A). Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. Vzorec: 7. Faza: 2. Campione: 9. Vsebina: zdrobljeni deli istega kosa oglja. Fase: 2. Vzorčeni primerki: 1 (največji odlomek). Contenuto: molti frammenti sconnessi. Velikost: dl. 2,2 cm; šir. 2,7 cm z 10 branikami; viš. 2,9 cm. Carboni esaminati: 2. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Dimensioni: Opomba: prečni presek tega odlomka je združljiv s presekom 1- l cm 3,2; La cm 4,6 con 16 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 2,5. drugega odlomka, pri katerem je razporeditev branik 2- Ø massimo cm 8,5; l cm 2,8; La cm 2; h cm 2. povsem enaka. Taxon: 1-, 2- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Namembnost: temeljni prag. Tipo di reperto: tavola del a chiusura esterna. Vzorec 8. Faza: 2. Campione: 10. Vsebina: 6 odlomkov verjetno istega kosa, trije so morda Fase: 2. združljivi. Contenuto: grosso carbone ancora intero; taglio radiale. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Carboni esaminati: 1. Velikost: dl. 2,7 cm; šir. 3 cm s 13 branikami; razdalja med Dimensioni: Ø massimo > cm 20; l cm 7; r cm 14 con 56 anelli njimi je dokaj pravilna; viš. 2 cm. di accrescimento; h cm 7. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Namembnost: temeljni prag. Tipo di reperto: pilastro ( fig. 41B). Vzorec: 9. Campione: 11. Faza: 2. Fase: 2. Vsebina: številni neskladni odlomki oglja. Contenuto: pezzo forse unico ma sbriciolato in piccoli fram- Vzorčeni primerki: 2. menti; probabile taglio radiale. Velikost: Carbone esaminato: 1. 1- dl. 3,2 cm; šir. 4,6 cm s 16 branikami; viš. 2,5 cm. 401 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... 2- Ø največ 8,5 cm; dl. 2,8 cm; šir. 2 cm, viš. 2 cm. Dimensioni: l cm 0,6; La cm 1,4 con 10 anelli di accrescimento; Takson: 1-, 2- Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). h cm 2,6. Namembnost: ploh za stenski opaž. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Tipo di reperto: pilastro Vzorec: 10. Faza: 2. Campione: 12. Vsebina: velik nerazpadel kos oglja, radialni rez. Fase: 2. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Contenuto: unico frammento sbriciolato; taglio radiale. Velikost: Ø največ > 20 cm; dl. 7 cm; r. 14 cm s 56 branikami; Carboni esaminati: 2. viš. 7 cm. 1- l cm 1,5; La cm 2,3 con 13 anelli di accrescimento, più Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). ravvicinati ad un’estremità; h cm 8. Namembnost: soha ( sl. 41B). 2- l cm 1,7; La cm 4,3 con 22 anelli di accrescimento; hanno distanza piuttosto regolare tra loro e andamento diverso rispetto al campione 1. Vzorec: 11. Taxon: 1-, 2- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Faza: 2. Osservazioni: i due carboni esaminati hanno sezione trasver- Vsebina: v majhne fragmente zdrobljeno oglje, verjetno del sale quadrangolare; tutti gli altri frammenti sono di istega kosa oglja; verjetno radialni rez. dimensioni minori. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Tipo di reperto: tavola del a chiusura esterna. Velikost: dl. 0,6 cm; šir. 1,4 cm z 10 branikami; viš. 2,6 cm. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Namembnost: soha. Campione: 13. Fase: 2. Contenuto: unico carbone sbriciolato in più pezzi, sezione Vzorec: 12. trasversale quadrangolare; taglio radiale. Faza: 2. Carbone esaminato: 1, il pezzo con dimensioni maggiori. Vsebina: kos oglja, zdrobljen v majhne dobce, rez je radialen. Dimensioni: Ø massimo cm 6; l cm 2,3; La cm 3,2 con 10 anel i Vzorčeni primerki: 2. di accrescimento. h cm 3,6. Velikost: Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). 1- dl. 1,5 cm; šir. 2,3 cm s 13 branikami bolj zbližanimi na Tipo di reperto: tavola del a chiusura esterna. enem koncu; viš. 8 cm. 2- dl. 1,7 cm; šir. 4,3 cm z 22 branikami; imajo dokaj pra- vilnime razmake, vendar z različnim potekom kot pri Campione: 14. prvem primerku. Contenuto: porzione di elemento costruttivo. Takson: 1-, 2- Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Carbone esaminato: 1. Opomba: oba vzorčena primerka imata štirioglat prečen pre- Dimensioni: l cm 2,6; La cm 2,8 con 18 anelli di accrescimento; sek; ostali fragmenti so manjših dimenzij. h cm 3,5. Namembnost: ploh za stenski opaž. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Tipo di reperto: tavola del a chiusura esterna. Vzorev: 13. Faza: 2. Vsebina: v več fragmentov zdrobljen kos oglja, prečen štiriko- Campione: 15. ten presek, radialni rez. Fase: 2. Vzorčeni primerki: 1(največji primerek). Contenuto: serie di frammenti appartenenti a un unico carbone Velikost: Ø največ 6 cm; dl. 2,3 cm; šir. 3,2 cm z 10 branikami; a sezione trasversale quadrangolare; taglio tangenziale. viš. 3,6 cm. Carboni esaminati: 2. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Dimensioni: Namembnost: ploh za stenski opaž. 1- reperto intero: l cm 9; La cm 3,3 con 22 anelli di accresci- mento; h cm 5,4. 2- frammento più grosso: Ø massimo cm 11; l cm 4,2; La cm Vzorec: 14. 3 con 22 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 3,6. Faza: 2. Taxon: 1-, 2- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Vsebina: del lesene konstrukcije. Tipo di reperto: tavola del a chiusura esterna. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Velikost: dl. 2,6 cm; šir. 2,8 cm z 18 branikami; viš. 3,5 cm. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Campione: 16. Namembnost: ploh za stenski opaž. Fase: 2. Contenuto: unico reperto frammentato. Carbone esaminato: 1. 402 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Vzorec: 15. Dimensioni: l cm 2; La cm 5 con 16 anelli di accrescimento; Faza: 2. h cm 3,4. Vsebina: več odlomkov istega kosa oglja, štirioglatega prečnega Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). preseka, tangencialni rez. Tipo di reperto: tavola del a chiusura esterna. Vzorčeni primerki: 2. Velikost: 1- celotni primerek, dl. 9 cm; šir. 3,3 cm z 22 branikami; viš. Campione: 17. 5,4 cm. Fase: 2. 2- večji odlomek, največji Ø 11 cm; dl. 4,2 cm; šir. 3 cm z 22 Contenuto: serie di frammenti. branikami; viš. 3,6 cm. Carbone esaminato: 1. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Dimensioni: Ø massimo ca. cm 10; r cm 1,8 con 26 anelli di Namembnost: ploh za stenski opaž. accrescimento (gli anelli hanno distanza regolare tra loro); h cm 5. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Vzorec: 16. Tipo di reperto: tavola del a chiusura esterna. Faza: 2. Vsebina: razlomljen primerek oglja. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Campione: 18. Velikost: dl. 2 cm; šir. 5 cm s 16 branikami; viš. 3,4 cm. Fase: 2. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Contenuto: campione probabilmente unico, molto frammen- Namembnost: ploh za stenski opaž. tato; carboni molto piccoli. Carbone esaminato: 1. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Vzorec: 17. Tipo di reperto: tavola del a chiusura esterna. Faza: 2. Vsebina: več vrst oglja. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Velikost: Ø največ okoli 10 cm; r. 1,8 cm s 26 branikami (branike Campione: 19. so med seboj pravilno razmaknjene); viš. 5 cm. Fase: 2. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Contenuto: frammenti di diverse dimensioni, probabilmente Namembnost: ploh za stenski opaž. derivanti da un unico elemento con sezione quadran- golare; taglio radiale. Carboni esaminati: 2. Vzorec: 18. Dimensioni: Faza: 2. 1- reperto intero: l cm 10; h cm 11. Vsebina: verjetno enovit, vendar v majhne delce zdrobljen 2- l cm 3; La cm 2,7 con 6 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 5. kos oglja. Taxon: 1-, 2- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Tipo di reperto: tavola del a chiusura esterna. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Namembnost: ploh za stenski opaž. Campione: 20. Fase: 2. Vzorec: 19. Contenuto: serie di frammenti. Faza: 2. Carbone esaminato: 1. Vsebina: odlomki različnih velikosti, ki so bili verjetno del Dimensioni: Ø massimo cm 7; l cm 1,6; La cm 2,6 con 8 anelli istega kosa lesa; štirioglat prečen presek, radialen rez. di accrescimento. Vzorčeni primerki: 2. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Velikost: Tipo di reperto: pilastro. 1- cel primerek, dl. 10 cm; viš. 11 cm. 2- dl. 3 cm; šir. 2,7 cm s 6 branikami; viš. 5 cm. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Campione: 21. Namembnost: ploh za stenski opaž. Fase: 2. Contenuto: unico frammento; taglio radiale. Carbone esaminato: 1. Vzorec: 20. Dimensioni: l cm 13; La cm 3,6 con 14 anelli di accrescimento; Faza: 2. h cm 4,5. Vsebina: skupek odlomkov oglja. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Tipo di reperto: tavola del a chiusura esterna. Velikost: Ø največ 7 cm; dl. 1,6 cm; šir. 2,6 cm z 8 branikami. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Namembnost: soha. 403 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Vzorec: 21. Faza: 2. Vsebina: fragment oglja; radialni rez. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Velikost: dl. 13 cm; šir. 3,6 cm s 14 branikami; viš. 4,5 cm. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Namembnost: ploh za stenski opaž. A B Vzorec: 22. Faza: 2. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Velikost: izmerjena je bila skupina treh odlomkov iz enega konca vzorca; dl. 3,3 cm; šir. 1,4 cm s 6 branikami; celotna viš. 11 cm. Sl. 41: Hiša 11; A: vzorec 26; B: vzorec 10. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Fig. 41: Casa 11; A: campione 26; B: campione 10. Namembnost: temeljni prag. Vzorec: 23. Campione: 22. Faza: 2. Fase: 2. Vsebina: zelo razpokani, v iveri razlomljeni fragmenti oglja; Contenuto: probabilmente unico frammento. radialni rez. Carboni esaminati: 1. Vzorčeni primerki: 1 (največji). Dimensioni: è stato misurato un gruppo di tre frammenti a Velikost: dl. 1 cm; šir. 4,5 cm z 12 branikami¸viš. 2,5 cm. un’estremità del campione; l cm 3,3; La cm 1,4 con 6 Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). anelli di accrescimento; h totale cm 11. Namembnost: vmesna soha. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. Vzorec: 24. Faza: 2. Campione: 23. Vsebina: dva primerka oglja (1-, 2-). Fase: 2. 1- en odlomek. Contenuto: frammenti ridotti in scaglie e frammenti molto 2- nekaj večjih kosov oglja, ki pa niso sestavljivi. crettati; taglio radiale. Vzorčeni primerki: 3. Carbone esaminato: 1, il più grosso. Velikost: Dimensioni: l cm 1; La cm 4,5 con 12 anelli di accrescimento; 1- Ø največ 10 cm; dl. 2 cm; šir. 3 cm z 11 branikami; viš. 4,2 cm. h cm 2,5. 2.1- dl. 3 cm; šir. 2,5 cm z 12 branikami; viš. 3 cm. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). 2,2- dl. 6 cm; šir. 3 cm z 11 branikami; viš. 4 cm. Tipo di reperto: pilastro intermedio. Takson: 1-, 2.1-, 2.2- Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Namembnost: gradbeni les (soha?). Campione: 24. Fase: 2. Vzorec: 25. Contenuto: si tratta di due campioni (1-, 2-). Faza: 2. 1- unico frammento; Vsebina: fragmenti oglja, ki so prvotno verjetno pripadali 2- contiene alcuni frammenti piuttosto grossi non riconnet- istemu kosu lesa; največja možna dl. 12 cm; radialni rez. tibili. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Carboni esaminati: 3. Velikost: dl. 1,7 cm; šir. 5,1 cm z 10 branikami. Dimensioni: Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). 1- Ø massimo cm 10; l cm 2; La cm 3 con 11 anelli di accre- Namembnost: soha. scimento; h cm 4,2. 2.1- l cm 3; La cm 2,5 con 12 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 3. 2.2- l cm 6; La cm 3 con 11 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 4. Vzorec: 26. Taxon: 1-, 2.1-, 2.2- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Faza: 2. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione, probabile pilastro. Vsebina: domnevni kos trama-bruna, samo nekateri deli so med seboj sestavljivi. Vzorčeni primerki: 2. Campione: 25. Velikost: Fase: 2. 1- dl. 3 cm; šir. 7 cm z 20 branikami, ki so med seboj precej Contenuto: serie di frammenti probabilmente appartenenti a pravilno razmaknjene; viš. 5 cm; radialni rez ( sl. 41A). un reperto unico originario; lunghezza massima possibile 2- enovit kos, prelomljen na dvoje; dl. 4,3 cm; šir. 2,5 cm z 9 cm 12; taglio radiale. branikami; viš. 5,6 cm; tangencialni rez. 404 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Carbone esaminato: 1. Opomba: na oglju so sledi lesnih škodljivcev. Dimensioni: l cm 1,7; La cm 5,1 con 10 anelli di accrescimento. Namembnost: soha. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Tipo di reperto: pilastro. Vzorec: 27. Faza: 2. Campione: 26. Vsebina: odlomki oglja različnih velikosti, ki pa so bili verjetno Fase: 2. del istega kosa. Contenuto: porzione di elemento costruttivo; solo alcuni Vzorčeni primerki: 1. frammenti sono ricongiungibili tra loro. Velikost: največjega primerka; dl. 2,2 cm; šir. 1,4 cm s 3 bra- Carboni esaminati: 2. nikami; viš. 3 cm. Dimensioni: Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). 1- l cm 3; La cm 7 con 20 anelli con distanza piuttosto regolare Namembnost: soha. tra loro; h cm 5; taglio radiale ( fig. 41A). 2- formato da due frammenti ricongiunti (unico campione); l cm 4,3; La cm 2,5 con 9 anelli di accrescimento; h cm Vzorec: 28. 5,6; taglio tangenziale. Faza: 2. Taxon: 1-, 2- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Vsebina: zdrobljen skupek oglja domnevnega trama; radialni rez. Osservazioni: il campione presenta tracce di organismi li- Vzorčeni primerki: 1. gnivori. Velikost: dl. okoli 1 cm; šir. 8 cm (6 branik v 1,7 cm); viš. 7 cm. Tipo di reperto: pilastro. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Namembnost: gradbeni les, soha. Campione: 27. Fase: 2. Vzorec: 29. Contenuto: frammenti di varie dimensioni, probabilmente Faza: 2. facenti parte di un unico frammento. Vsebina: koščki oglja, pomešanega z ožgano zemljo. Carbone esaminato: 1. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Dimensioni: del frammento più grosso; l cm 2,2; La cm 1,4 con Velikost: dl. 6 cm. 3 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 3. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Namembnost: gradbeni les (soha?). Tipo di reperto: pilastro. Vzorec: 30. Campione: 28. Faza: 2. Fase: 2. Vsebina: primerek ploščatega oglja. Contenuto: porzione spezzettata di presunta trave; taglio Vzorčeni primerki: 1. radiale. Velikost: dl. 6,5 cm; viš. 7,7 cm; radialni rez. Carbone esaminato: 1. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Dimensioni: l cm 1 ca; La cm 8 (6 anelli in cm 1,7); h cm 7. Namembnost: ploh za stenski opaž. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione, pilastro. Vzorec: 31. Faza: 2. Campione: 29. Vsebina: ostanek konstrukcije; radialni rez. Fase: 2. Vzorčeni primerki: 1 (največji). Contenuto: briciole di carbone misto a terra bruciata. Velikost: Ø največ 13 cm; dl. 4,7 cm; šir. 1,5 cm (10 branik v Carbone esaminato: 1. razmaku 0,4 cm – med branikami je pravilen razmak); Dimensioni: l cm 6. viš. 7,6 cm. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione, pilastro. Namembnost: ploh za stenski opaž. Campione: 30. Vzorec: 32. Fase: 2. Faza: 2. Contenuto: unico carbone piatto. Vsebina: razpadli deli verjetnega trama-bruna, skupaj dolgi Carbone esaminato: 1. 14 cm in 3,5 cm široki; radialni rez. Dimensioni: l cm 6,5; h cm 7,7; taglio radiale. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Velikost: dl. 2,2 cm; šir. 2,8 cm s 6 branikami. Tipo di reperto: tavola del a chiusura esterna. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Namembnost: temeljni prag. 405 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Vzorec: 33. Campione: 31. Faza: 2. Fase: 2. Vsebina: večji kosi oglja, največji predstavlja prečni presek z Contenuto: residuo di elemento costruttivo; taglio radiale? vzporednimi in zelo gostimi branikami. Carbone esaminato: 1 (il più grosso). Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Dimensioni: Ø massimo cm 13; l cm 4,7; La cm 1,5 (10 anelli Velikost: dl. 3,4 cm; šir. 3 cm s 14 branikami; viš. 6,7 cm. in 0,4 cm – distanza regolare tra gli anelli); h cm 7,6. Opomba: vzorci so verjetno pridobljeni iz velikega debla. Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Tipo di reperto: tavola del a chiusura esterna. Namembnost: temeljni prag. Campione: 32. Vzorec: 34. Fase: 2. Faza: 2. Contenuto: probabile trave frantumata con lunghezza com- Vsebina: drobir oglja; radialni rez. plessiva di cm 14 e larghezza di cm 3,5; taglio radiale. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Carbone esaminato: 1. Velikost: dl. 1,5 cm; šir. 3 cm (izmerjenih 10 branik v 2,5 cm); Dimensioni: l cm 2,2; La cm 2,8 con 6 anelli di accrescimento. viš. 4 cm. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. Namembnost: temeljni prag. Campione: 33. Vzorec: 35. Fase: 2. Faza: 2. Contenuto: grossi pezzi, il più grosso presenta sezione trasver- Vsebina: v majhne luske zdrobljeno oglje, pomešano z zemljo; sale con anelli paralleli e molto ravvicinati. nekateri koščki so sprijeti z rdeče ožgano podlago. Carbone esaminato: 1. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Dimensioni: l cm 3,4; La cm 3 con 14 anelli di accrescimento; Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). h cm 6,7. Namembnost: podnica. Osservazioni: porzione ricavata da un grosso tronco. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. Vzorec: 36. Faza: 2. Vsebina: prvotno najbrž enovit kos; tangencialni rez. Campione: 34. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Fase: 2. Velikost: Ø največ >12 cm; dl. 3 cm; šir. 2 cm z 11 branikami; Contenuto: campione sbriciolato; taglio radiale. viš. 2,2 cm. Carbone esaminato: 1. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Dimensioni: l cm 1,5; La cm 3 con misurati 10 anelli di accre- Namembnost: podnica. scimento in cm 2,5); h cm 4. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. Vzorec: 37. Faza: 2. Vsebina: prvotno najbrž enovit kos oglja. Campione: 35. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Fase: 2. Velikost: Ø največ 8(?) cm; dl. 1,5 cm; šir. 2,1 cm s 13 brani- Contenuto: carbone sbriciolato in piccole scaglie, misto a terra, kami; viš. 2,1 cm. alcune aderenti a cotto rosso. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Carbone esaminato: 1. Namembnost: podnica. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (querce caducifoglie). Tipo di reperto: tavola del pavimento. Vzorec: 38. Faza: 2. Campione: 36. Vsebina: zdrobljen primerek največ do 10 cm dolgega kosa Fase: 2. oglja, nedoločljive širine; radialni rez. Contenuto: originariamente forse un solo pezzo; taglio tan- Vzorčeni primerki: 1. genziale. Velikost: Ø največ 10 cm (19 branik v 3 cm r); viš. 1,5 cm. Carbone esaminato: 1. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Dimensioni: Ø massimo > cm 12; l cm 3; La cm 2 con 11 anelli Namembnost: podnica. di accrescimento; h cm 2,2. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Tipo di reperto: tavola del pavimento. 406 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Vzorec: 39. Campione: 37. Faza: 2. Fase: 2. Vsebina: več drobnih odlomkov oglja, velikih največ do 2,5 cm. Contenuto: originariamente forse un solo pezzo. Vzorčeni primerki: 1 Carbone esaminato: 1. Velikost: najverjetneje so bili del istega kosa, ki mu je bilo Dimensioni: Ø massimo cm 8; l cm 1,5; La cm 2,1 con 13 anel i možno približno določiti le višino (13 cm). di accrescimento; h cm 2,1. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Namembnost: gradbeni les. Tipo di reperto: tavola del pavimento. Vzorec: 40. Campione: 38. Faza: 2. Fase: 2. Vsebina: fragmenti oglja različnih velikosti. Contenuto: campione frammentato lungo al massimo cm 10; Vzorčeni primerki: 2. larghezza indefinibile; taglio radiale. Velikost: Carbone esaminato: 1. 1- dl. 2,2 cm; šir. 2,6 cm s 6 branikami; viš. 2,2 cm. Dimensioni: Ø massimo anche > cm 10, 19 anelli di accresci- 2- dl. 3,2 cm; šir. 2,2 cm (branike niso berljive);viš. 1,6 cm. mento in 3 cm di r; h cm 1,5. Opomba: Primerek 2 je približno kubične oblike z glajenimi Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). ravnimi ploskvami, prepreden z luknjicami lesnih para- Tipo di reperto: tavola del pavimento. zitov; podobni so mu še trije drugi odlomki. Takson: 1- Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden); 2- Acer sp. (javor). Campione: 39. Namembnost: tram (1-); obdelan les (2-). Fase: 2. Contenuto: briciole di carbone con frammenti al massimo di cm 2,5. Vzorec: 41. Carbone esaminato: 1. Faza: 2. Dimensioni: si tratta con tutta probabilità di un unico carbone Vsebina: fragment oglja; luknjice parazitov. al ’origine, di cui è possibile stabilire approssimativamen- Vzorčeni primerki: 1. te solo l’altezza (cm 13). Velikost: dl. 0,7 cm, šir. 2 cm z 9 branikami; viš. 1,9 cm. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Namembnost: soha. Campione: 40. HIŠA 12 ( sl. 42) Fase: 2. Contenuto: frammenti di diverse dimensioni. Vzorec: 1. Carboni esaminati: 2. Faza: 2. Dimensioni: Vsebina: mešanica ožgane zemlje in oglja, les je stlačen. 1- l cm 2,2; La cm 2,6 con 6 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 2,2. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. 2- l cm 3,2; La cm 2,2 (anelli non leggibili); h cm 1,6. Velikost: dl. 7 cm; šir. 3 cm s 7 branikami; viš. 14 cm. Osservazioni: per il carbone 2: porzione circa cubica, con basi Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). quasi piatte, lisciate; presenza di fori di parassiti; ci sono Namembnost: temeljni prag. altri tre frammenti simili. Taxa: 1- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere); 2- Acer sp. (acero). Tipo di reperto: trave (1-); legno lavorato (2-). 1 2 Campione: 41. Fase: 2. Contenuto: campione frammentato; carboni con fori di parassiti. Carbone esaminato: 1 Dimensioni: l cm 0,7; La cm 2 con 9 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 1,9. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Tipo di reperto: pilastro. Sl. 42: Hiša 12 (faza 2); poziciji vzorcev. 0 4 m Fig. 42: Casa 12 (fase 2); posizioni dei campioni. 407 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Vzorec: 2. CASA 12 ( fig. 42) Faza: 2. Vsebina: sediment s sledovi oglja. Campione: 1. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Fase: 2. Velikost: Ø največ 1 cm; deformiran fragment. Contenuto: legno bruciato misto a sedimento, legno compresso. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Carbone esaminato: 1. Namembnost: temeljni prag. Dimensioni: l cm 7; La cm 3 con 7 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 14; sezione radiale. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). HIŠA 13 ( sl. 43) Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. Vzorec: 1. Vsebina: kos oglja. Campione: 2. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Fase: 2. Velikost: viš 9 cm. Contenuto: sedimento con tracce di carboni. Opomba: vzorec je imel in situ Ø 12 cm in ohranjeno skorjo. Carbone esaminato: 1. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Dimensioni: Ø max cm 1; frammento deformato. Namembnost: vogalna soha. Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. Vzorec 2. Vsebina: različni fragmenti oglja, ki med seboj niso sestavljivi. Vzorčeni primerki: 5. CASA 13 ( fig. 43) Velikost: 1- viš. 1,5 cm. Campione: 1. 2- viš. 1,4 cm. Contenuto: pezzo unico. 3- viš. 2 cm. Carbone esaminato: 1. 4- viš. 2,3 cm; 13 branik v 16 mm. Dimensioni: h cm 9. 5- viš. 1,5 cm. Osservazioni: il campione in situ aveva Ø cm 12, sezione tra- Opomba: v si primerki so isodiametralni; na vzorcu 1- so opa- sversale circolare, con corteccia. zne razpoke kot posledica gorenja in spore gliv. Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Taksoni: Tipo di reperto: pilastro. 1- Abies alba (navadna jelka). 2- Acer sp. (javor). 3-, 4-, 5- Fagus sylvatica (bukev). Campione: 2. Namembnost: gradbeni les. Contenuto: diversi frammenti non in connessione. Carboni esaminati: 5. Dimensioni: Vzorec: 3. 1- h cm 1,5. Vsebina: več tabularnih štirikotnih fragmentov oglja, ki so bili 2- h cm 1,4. verjetno deli istega kosa lesa. 3- h cm 2. Vzorčeni primerki: 3. 4- h cm 2,3; 13 anelli di accrescimento in 1,6 cm di spessore. Velikost: 5- h cm 1,5. 1- viš. 1,5 cm, prisotne spore gliv. Osservazioni: i carboni sono tutti isodiametrali; in 1- si osser- 2- viš. 2,7 cm. vano cretti da combustione e ife fungine. 3- Ø največ 2,5 cm; šir. 0,6 cm z okoli 6 branikami; viš. 2,2 cm. Taxa: Takson: 1-, 2-, 3- Abies alba (navadna jelka). 1- Abies alba (abete bianco). Namembnost: gradbeni les. 2- Acer sp. (acero). 3-, 4-, 5- Fagus sylvatica (faggio). Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. 1 3-7 Campione: 3. 2 Contenuto: serie di carboni tabulari quadrangolari, probabil- mente appartenenti a un solo reperto. Carboni esaminati: 3. Dimensioni: 1- h cm 1,5; presenza di ife fungine. 2- h cm 2,7. 0 4 m 3- Ø massimo cm 2,5; La cm 0,6 con ca 6 anelli di accresci- mento; h cm 2,2. Taxa: 1-, 2-, 3- Abies alba (abete bianco). Sl. 43: Hiša 13; pozicije vzorcev. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Fig. 43: Casa 13; posizioni dei campioni. 408 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Vzorec: 4. Campione: 4. Vsebina: odlomek oglja. Contenuto: unico frammento? Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Carbone esaminato: 1. Velikost: Ø največ 2,2 cm, isodiametričen. Dimensioni: Ø massimo cm 2,2, carbone isodiametrale. Takson: Fraxinus sp. (jesen). Taxon: Fraxinus sp. (frassino). Namembnost: gradbeni les. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Vzorec: 5. Campione: 5. Vsebina: nekaj manjših odlomkov oglja. Contenuto: alcuni piccoli carboni. Vzorčeni primerkai: 2. Carboni esaminati: 2. Velikost: Dimensioni: 1- Ø največ do 1 cm. 1- Ø massimo cm 1. 2- Ø največ 1,8 cm; šir. 1 cm z 10 branikami. 2- Ø massimo cm 1,8; La cm 1 con 10 anelli di accrescimento. Takson: 1-, 2- Fraxinus sp.(jesen). Taxa: 1-, 2- Fraxinus sp. (frassino). Namembnost: gradbeni les. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Vzorec: 6. Campione: 6. Vsebina: en primerek z zavitimi vlakni. Contenuto: unico frammento uniforme con fibre contorte. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Carbone esaminato: 1. Takson: cfr. Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Namembnost: gradbeni les. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Vzorec: 7. Campione: 7. Vsebina: nekaj manjših odlomkov oglja. Contenuto: alcuni piccoli carboni. Vzorčeni primerki: 2. Carboni esaminati: 2. Velikost: Dimensioni: 1- Ø največ 1,8 cm. 1- Ø max cm 1,8. 2- Ø največ 1,8 cm. 2- Ø max cm 1,8. Takson: 1-, 2- Laburnum sp. (nagnoj). Taxon: 1-, 2- Laburnum sp. (maggiociondolo). Namembnost: gradbeni les. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. HIŠA 14 ( sl. 44) CASA 14 ( fig. 44) Vzorec: 1. Campione: 1. Faza: 1. Fase: 1. Vsebina: gruča oglja, dva odlomka med njimi (1-, 2-) sta bila Contenuto: serie di carboni due (1-, 2-) dei quali riconducibili del istega kosa lesa. a un unico pezzo. Vzorčeni primerki: 4. Carboni esaminati: 4. 1 Dimensioni: 1-, 2- Ø max cm 4,4; La max cm 2,2 con 48 anelli di accresci- mento (gli anelli più esterni hanno spessore maggiore); h cm 3,3. 3- Ø max cm 2,6; La max cm 0,8 con 23 anelli di accrescimento (gli anelli più esterni hanno spessore maggiore); h cm 1; presenza di ife fungine. 4- Ø max cm 4; La cm 0,6 con 4 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 1,6. Taxon: 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/ montana). Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. CASA 15 ( fig. 45) Campione: 1. 0 4 m Fase: 2. Contenuto: briciole di carbone. Sl. 44: Hiša 14 (faza 1); pozicija vzorca. Carboni esaminati: 2. Fig. 44: Casa 14 (fase 1); posizione del campione. Dimensioni: 409 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Velikost: 1- La cm 3; h cm 3,2. 1-, 2- Ø največ 4,4 cm; šir. največ 2,2 cm z 48 branikami (zu- 2- carbone piatto con nodo; l cm 2,2; La cm 0,6; h cm 2; r nanji obroči so bolj razmaknjeni); viš 3,3 cm. nodo cm 0,5. 3- Ø največ 2,6 cm; šir. največ 0,8 cm s 23 branikami (zuna- Taxon: 1-, 2- Abies alba (abete bianco). nji obroči so bolj razmaknjeni); viš. 1 cm; prisotne so Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. spore gliv. 4- Ø največ 4 cm; šir. 0,6 cm s 4 branikami; viš. 1,6 cm. Takson: 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- Pinus sylvestris/ montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Campione: 2. Namembnost: temeljni prag. Fase: 2. Contenuto: frammento di trave mista a sedimento, spalmatura in alcuni punti; altri frammenti. HIŠA 15 ( sl. 45) Carboni esaminati: 3. Dimensioni: Vzorec: 1. 1- l cm 2; La cm 1,4 con 9 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 2,8; Faza: 2. Ø max cm 3. Vsebina: drobni koščki oglja. 2- carbone sbriciolato, curvato; organismi lignivori e ife Vzorčeni primerki: 2. fungine. Velikost: 3- porzione di ramo; La cm 3 con 2 anelli di accrescimento; 1- šir. 3 cm; viš. 3,2 cm. Ø max cm 2,2; h cm 2,6. 2- ploščat kos oglja z grčo; dl. 2,2 cm; šir. 0,6 cm; viš. 2 cm; Taxon: 1-, 2-, 3- Abies alba (abete bianco). pr. grče 0,5 cm. Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Namembnost: temeljni prag. Campione: 3. Fase: 2. Vzorec: 2. Contenuto: scaglie di carbone. Faza: 2. Carbone esaminato: 1. Vsebina: del bruna v pomešanem sedimentu, zraven še drugi Dimensioni: l cm 1,5; La cm 0,3 con 2 anelli di accrescimento; odlomki oglja, nekateri so sprijeto s podlago. h cm 4,3; tracce di organismi lignivori. Vzorčeni primerki: 3. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Velikost: Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. 1- dl. 2 cm; šir. 1,4 cm z 9 branikami; viš. 2,8 cm; Ø max 3 cm. 2- zdrobljeno oglje, ukrivljeno, sledi organizmov lesnih ško- dljivcev in spore gliv. Campione: 4. 3- del veje, šir. 3 cm z 2 branikama; Ø max 2,2 cm; viš. 2,6 cm. Fase: 2. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Contenuto: forse originariamente unico carbone e carbone Namembnost: temeljni prag. sbriciolato. Carboni esaminati: 4. Dimensioni: Vzorec: 3. 1- l cm 3,2; La cm 3,6; anelli non visibili; h cm 6. Faza: 2. 2- l cm 1,8; La cm 0,6 con ca 10 anelli; h cm 2. Vsebina: luske oglja. 3- l cm 2; La 0,9 con 5 anelli di accrescimento; Ø max cm 8; Vzorčeni primerki: 1. h cm 2,6. Velikost: dl. 1,5 cm; šir. 0,3 cm z dvema branikama; viš. 4,3 cm; 4- La cm 1,9; Ø max cm 5; h cm 2,1. sledi organizmov lesnih škodljivcev. Taxa: Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). 1- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Namembnost: temeljni prag. 2- Abies alba (abete bianco). 3- Fagus sylvatica (faggio). 4- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Vzorec: 4. Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente (1-, 4-), legno da costruzione Faza: 2. (2-, 3-). Vsebina: fragmenti oglja, ki so bili verjetno deli istega kosa lesa in zdrobljeno oglje. Vzorčeni primerki: 4. Campione: 5. Velikost: Fase: 2. 1- dl. 3,2 cm; šir. 3,6 cm; branike niso vidne; viš. 6 cm. Contenuto: frammenti con forme molto diverse. 2- dl. 1,8 cm; šir. 0,6 cm z okoli 10 branikami; viš. 2 cm. Carboni esaminati: 2. 3- dl. 2 cm; šir. 0,9 cm s 5 branikami; Ø max 8 cm; viš. 2,6 cm. Dimensioni: 4- šir. 1,9 cm; Ø max 5 cm; viš. 2,1 cm. 1- l cm 2,5; La cm 2,5; h cm 3. Taksoni: 2- l cm 1,7; La cm 4,3 con 7 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 5,6. 1- Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Taxon: 1-, 2- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). 2- Abies alba (navadna jelka). Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. 410 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... 8 6 5 3 1 12 11 10 9 4 2 13 7 15 14 0 4 m Sl. 45: Hiša 15 (faza 2); pozicije vzorcev. Fig. 45: Casa 15 (fase 2); posizioni dei campioni. 3- Fagus sylvatica (bukev). Campione: 6. 4- Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Fase: 2. Namembnost: temeljni prag (1-, 4-), gradbeni les (2-, 3-). Contenuto: molti frammenti, forse non appartenenti tutti allo stesso reperto, con dimensioni e curvatura degli anelli molto differenti. Vzorec 5. Carboni esaminati: 4. Faza: 2. Dimensioni: Vsebina: fragmenti oglja zelo različnih oblik. 1- porzione di ramo? l cm 2; La cm 2,7 con 7 anelli di accre- Vzorčeni primerki: 2. scimento; Ø max cm 2; h cm 3. Velikost: 2- l cm 3,3; La cm 2,7 con 8 anelli di accrescimento; Ø max 1- dl. 2,5 cm; šir. 2,5 cm; viš. 3 cm. > cm 10 h; cm 5. 2- dl. 1,7 cm; šir. 4,3 cm s 7 branikami; viš. 5,6 cm. 3- l cm 2; La cm 2 con 8 anelli di accrescimento (con distanza Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). irregolare; negli altri frammenti più regolare); Ø max Namembnost: temeljni prag. cm 4; h cm 2. 4- l cm 1,6; La cm 2,3 con 7 anelli di accrescimento; Ø max > cm 10; h cm 2,2. Vzorec: 6. Taxon: 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Faza: 2. Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. Vsebina: številni fragmenti oglja, ki pa niso del istega kosa, so tudi zelo različni glede na velikost in ukrivljenost branik. Vzorčeni primerki: 4. Campione: 7. Velikost: Fase: 2. 1- del veje (?), dl. 2 cm; šir. 2,7 cm s 7 branikami; Ø max 2 cm; Contenuto: serie di carboni. viš. 3 cm. Carbone esaminato: 1 (il più grosso). 2- dl. 3,3 cm; šir. 2,7 cm z 8 branikami; Ø max > 10 cm; viš. Dimensioni: l cm 1,2; La cm 0,4; h cm 7. 5 cm. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). 3- dl. 2 cm; šir. 2 cm z 8 branikami (razmaki med njimi so Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. nepravilni, pri drugih primerkih pa so bolj pravilni); Ø max 4 cm; viš. 2 cm. 4- dl. 1 cm; šir. 2,3 cm s 7 branikami; Ø max > 10 cm; viš. Campione: 8. 2,2 cm. Fase: 2. Takson: 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Contenuto: gruppo di carboni, con tutta probabilità origina- Namembnost: temeljni prag. riamente uno solo (situazione simile al campione 1). Carbone esaminato: 1 (il più grosso). Dimensioni: l ca cm 12; La cm 3 con 23 anelli di accrescimento; Vzorec: 7. h ca cm 14. Faza: 2. Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Vsebina: skupek oglja. Tipo di reperto: tavola del pavimento. Vzorčeni primerki: 1 (največji). Velikost: dl. 1,2 cm; šir. 0,4 cm; viš. 7 cm. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Namembnost: temeljni prag. 411 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Vzorec: 8. Campione: 9. Faza: 2. Contenuto: due sacchetti (A-, B-). Vsebina: skupina oglja; zelo verjetno so bili del istega kosa A- diversi frammenti forse pertinenti a un unico carbone, tutti (podobno kot pri vzorcu št. 1). dello stesso taxon. Vzorčeni primerki: 1 (največji). B- carbone originariamente unico suddiviso in molti fram- Velikost: dl. okoli 12 cm; šir. 3 cm s 23 branikami; viš. 14 cm. menti; misurazioni molto imprecise; frammenti tutti Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). dello stesso taxon. Namembnost: podnica. Carboni esaminati: 2. Dimensioni: A1- l cm 3,8 La cm 1 h cm 5. Vzorec: 9. Taxa: Faza: 2. A1- Abies alba (abete bianco). Vsebina: dve vrečki (A-, B-). B1- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). A- različni fragmenti, verjetno del enega kosa; isti takson. Tipo di reperto: (probabilmente) tavola del pavimento (A1-); B- kos oglja, razpadel v več fragmentov, zato meritve niso legno da costruzione, probabile trave dormiente (B1-). natančne; isti takson. Vzorčeni primerki: 2. Velikost: A1- dl 3,8 cm; šir. 1 cm; viš. 5 cm. Campione: 10. Taksona: Fase: 2. A1- Abies alba (navadna jelka); Contenuto: resti di elemento costruttivo, in alcuni punti B1- Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). spalmatura. Namembnost: verjetno podnica (A1-); gradbeni les, morda Carbone esaminato: 1. temeljni prag (B1-). Dimensioni: l cm 4,5; h cm 4,5. Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Tipo di reperto: tavola del pavimento. Vzorec: 10. Faza: 2. Vsebina: verjetno ostanek deske/bruna, na nekaterih mestih Campione: 11. sprijete z geološko podlago. Fase: 2. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Contenuto: briciole di carbone. Velikost: dl. 4,5 cm; viš. 4,5 cm. Carboni esaminati: 2. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Taxon: 1-, 2- Abies alba (abete bianco). Namembnost: podnica. Tipo di reperto: tavola del pavimento. Vzorec 11. Faza: 2. Campione: 12. Vsebina: koščki oglja. Fase: 2. Vzorčeni primerki: 2. Contenuto: carboni di diverse dimensioni, forse origina- Takson: 1-, 2- Abies alba (navadna jelka). riamente unico pezzo con La cm 1,2 (con 5 anelli di Namembnost: podnica. accrescimento). Carboni esaminati: 2. Dimensioni: Vzorec: 12. 1- l cm 2,5; La cm 0,6 con 4 anelli di accrescimento; h cm Faza: 2. 2, forma tabulare, presenza di ife fungine, legno di Vsebina: oglje različnih velikosti, morda sprva del istega kosa, compressione. širokega 1,2 cm, s 5 branikami. 2- l cm 3,4; h cm 3,2. Vzorčeni primerki: 2. Taxon: 1-, 2- Abies alba (abete bianco). Velikost: Tipo di reperto: tavola del pavimento. 1- dl. 2,5 cm; šir. 0,6 cm s 4 branikami; viš.2 cm; tabularna oblika; spore gliv; les je bil stisnjen. 2- dl. 3,4 cm; viš. 3,2 cm. Campione: 13. Takson: 1-, 2- Abies alba (navadna jelka). Fase: 2. Namembnost: podnica. Contenuto: unico carbone Carbone esaminato: 1. Dimensioni: Ø max > cm 15; La ca cm 4 con 17 anelli di ac- Vzorec: 13. crescimento; h cm 11. Faza: 2. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Vsebina: en primerek oglja. Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente ( fig. 46). Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Velikost: Ø max > 15 cm; šir. okoli 4 cm s 17 branikami; viš. 11 cm. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Namembnost: temeljni prag ( sl. 46). 412 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... 3 1 2 Sl. 46: Hiša 15; vzorec 13. Sl. 47: Hiša 15; vzorec 15. Fig. 46: Casa 15; campione 13. Fig. 47: Casa 15; campione 15. Vzorec: 14. Campione: 14. Faza: 2. Fase: 2. Vsebina: del lesene konstrukcije. Contenuto: porzioni di elementi costruttivi. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Carbone esaminato: 1. Velikost: dl. 9 cm; šir. max 3 cm z okoli 40 branikami; raz- Dimensioni: l cm 9; La max cm 3 con ca 40 anelli di accresci- maki med njimi niso povsem pravilni, bolj so stisnjeni mento; la distanza tra gli anelli non è del tutto regolare, na obrobju vzorca; viš. 13 cm; sledi organizmov lesnih sono più stretti al a periferia del campione; h cm 13; škodljivcev. tracce di organismi lignivori. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Namembnost: deska v opažu južne stene hiše in pokončna soha. Tipo di reperto: tavola del a chiusura esterna e pilastro. Vzorec: 15. Campione: 15. Faza: 2. Fase: 2. Vsebina: trije veliki fragmenti oglja (1-, 2-, 3-), verjetno deli Contenuto: 3 grossi carboni (1-,2-,3-), forse originariamente istega kosa, težko sestavljivi. un unico carbone, difficilmente riconnettibili. Vzorčeni primerki: 3. Carboni esaminati: 3 (i tre carboni) Velikost: Dimensioni: 1- dl. 4,5 cm; šir. 3 cm s 40 branikami z nepravilnim potekom: 1- l cm 4,5; La cm 3 con 40 anelli con andamento irregolare, zelo skupaj v zunanjem predelu, bolj vsaksebi v redini; molto ravvicinati nel a parte inferiore, più distanziati al viš. 2,2 cm; sledi organizmov lesnih škodljivcev. centro; h cm 2,2; tracce di organismi lignivori. 2- dl. 5,6 cm; šir. 4,6 cm s 47 branikami; zelo skupaj v zunanjem 2- l cm 5,6; La cm 4,6 con 47 anelli di accrescimento, molto predelu, manj v sredini; viš. 2,8 cm. ravvicinati nel a parte inferiore, poco al centro; h cm 2,8. 3- šir. okoli 4 cm s 45 branikami. 3- La ca cm 4 con 45 anelli di accrescimento Takson: 1-, 2-, 3- Abies alba (navadna jelka). Taxon: 1-, 2-, 3- Abies alba (abete bianco). Namembnost: gradbeni les ( sl. 47). Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione ( fig. 47). HIŠA 15A ( sl. 48) CASA 15A ( fig. 48) Vzorec: 1. Campione: 1. Faza: 2. Fase: 2. Vsebina: del lesene konstrukcije. Contenuto: porzione di elemento costruttivo. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Carbone esaminato: 1. Velikost: dl. 9 cm, šir. 4 cm, viš. 8 cm. Dimensioni: l cm 9; La cm 4; h cm 8. Takson: Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Taxon: Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). Namembnost: gradbeni les. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Vzorec: 2. Campione: 2. Faza: 1. Fase: 1. Vsebina: deli kola v različnih fragmentih, pomešani s sedi- Contenuto: porzione di palo in frammenti vari con sedimento mentom in fragment veje. e frammento di ramo. Vzorčeni primerki: 3. Carboni esaminati: 3. 413 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Velikost: Dimensioni: 1- (kol), dl. 6 cm; šir. 2,5 cm s 15 brankami v 1,6 cm; viš. 10 cm. 1- (palo) l cm 6; La cm 2,5; ca 15 anelli di accrescimento in 2- (kol) dl. 5,3 cm; šir. 1,9 cm z 21 branikami; Ø max. 6 cm; cm 1,6; h cm 10. viš. 9 cm. 2- (palo) l cm 5,3; La cm 1,9 con 21 anelli di accrescimento; 3- (veja) dl. 0,9 cm; Ø 3 x 1,5 cm; 7 branik v 1,3 cm; viš. 3,5 cm. Ø max cm 6; h cm 9. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). 3- (ramo) l cm 0,9; Ø cm 3 x 1,5; 7 anelli di accrescimento in Namembnost: gradbeni les. cm 1,3; h cm 3,5. Taxon: 1-, 2-, 3- Abies alba (abete bianco). Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Vzorec: 3. Faza: 1. Vsebina: zdrobljeni del kola (bruna). Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Campione: 3. Velikost: viš. max 7 cm; šir. 1,2 cm s 15 branikami. Fase: 1. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Contenuto: porzione di palo frantumato. Namembnost: gradbeni les. Carbone esaminato: 1. Dimensioni: h max cm 7; La cm 1,2 con 15 anelli di accre- scimento. Vzorec: 4. Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Faza: 1. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Vsebina: majhni delci oglja v mešanem sedimentu. Takson: ni določljiv. Namembnost: gradbeni les. Campione: 4. Fase: 1. Contenuto: piccoli carboni misti a sedimento. Vzorec: 5. Taxon: n.d. Faza: 1. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Vsebina: fragmenti oglja. Vzorčeni primerki: 1 Velikost: viš. 4 cm. Campione: 5. Takson: Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Fase: 1. Namembnost: gradbeni les. Contenuto: frammenti di carbone. Carbone esaminato: 1. Dimensioni: h cm 4. Vzorec: 6. Taxon: Pinus sylvestyris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). Faza: 1. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Vsebina: vzorec vsebuje dele prvotno istega kosa bruna; potek vlaken je nepravilen. Vzorčeni primerki: 2. Campione: 6. Velikost: Fase: 1. 1- dl. 4 cm; šir. 1 cm; viš. 12 cm. Contenuto: carbone originariamente unico, porzione di trave; 2- dl. 0,8 cm; šir. 0,3 cm; viš. 1 cm. andamento irregolare delle fibre. Takson: 1-, 2- Abies alba (navadna jelka). Carboni esaminati: 2. Namembnost: gradbeni les. Dimensioni: 1- l cm 4; La cm 1; h cm 12. 2- l cm 0,8; La cm 0,3; h cm 1. Vzorec: 7. Taxon: 1-, 2- Abies alba (abete bianco). Faza: 1. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Vsebina: koščki oglja različnih velikosti, morda prvotno deli istega kosa. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Campione: 7. Velikost: dl. 0,9 cm; šir. 0,4 cm; Ø 12,5 cm; viš. 0,9 cm. Fase: 1. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Contenuto: carbone in pezzi di varie dimensioni; forse unico Namembnost: temeljni prag. campione originario. Carbone esaminato: 1. Dimensioni: l cm 0,9; La cm 0,4; Ø cm 12,5; h cm 0,9. Vzorec: 8. Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Faza: 1. Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. Vsebina: deli bruna. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Velikost (največjega kosa): dl. 2 cm; šir. 4 cm s 25 branikami v 1,8 cm; kolobarji so deformirani; viš. 3,2 cm. 414 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... A Sl. 48: Hiša 15A (A: faza1; B: faza 2); pozicije vzorcev. 17 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Fig. 48: Casa 15A (A: fase 1; B: fase 2); posizioni dei campioni. 21 23 20 19 Campione: 8. Fase: 1. Contenuto: parte di elemento costruttivo.. Carbone esaminato: 1. 15 13 18 22 Dimensioni (frammento più grosso): l cm 2; La cm 4 con 25 16 14 anelli di accrescimento in cm 1,8; anelli deformati; h cm 3,2. Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). B Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Campione: 9. Fase: 1. 1 Contenuto: campione unico, sbriciolato in scaglie. Carbone esaminato: 1. Taxon: Fagus sylvatica (faggio). Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Campione: 10. Fase: 1. Contenuto: piccoli frammenti di carbone aderenti a sedimento. 0 4 m Taxon: n.d. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Campione: 11. Namembnost: gradbeni les. Fase: 1. Contenuto: briciole di carbone misto a terra. Carboni esaminati: 4. Vzorec: 9. Dimensioni: Faza: 1. 1- l cm 1; La cm 1; h cm 2. Vsebina: v luske razpadel kos oglja. 2- l cm 2,6; La cm 1; h cm 1,6. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. 3- l cm 5,5; La cm 3,1 con 16 anelli di accrescimento; Ø> cm Takson: Fagus sylvatica (bukev). 10; h cm 2,1; fori di parassiti ife fungine. Namembnost: gradbeni les. 4- l cm 2,5; La cm 2,1con 11 anelli di accrescimento; Ø >cm 1; h cm 3,2. Taxa: Vzorec: 10. 1- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Faza: 1. 2- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Vsebina: majhni fragmenti oglja pomešani s sedimentom. 3- Fagus sylvatica (faggio). Takson: ni določljiv. 4- Ulmus cfr. minor (olmo campestre). Namembnost: gradbeni les. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Vzorec: 11. Campione: 12. Faza: 1. Fase: 1. Vsebina: z zemljo pomešani drobci oglja. Contenuto: carbone originariamente unico, sbriciolato in Vzorčeni primerki: 4. scaglie. Velikost: Carbone esaminato: 1. 1- dl. 1 cm; šir. 1 cm; viš. 2 cm. Taxon: Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). 2- dl. 2,6 cm; šir. 1 cm; viš. 1,6 cm. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. 3- dl. 5,5 cm; šir. 3,1 cm s 16 branikami; Ø> 10 cm; viš. 2,1 cm; vidne so luknjice lesnih parazitov in spore gliv. 4- dl. 2,5 cm; šir. 2,1 cm z 11 branikami; Ø> 10 cm; viš. 3,2 cm. 415 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Taksoni: Campione: 13. 1- Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Fase: 1. 2- Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Contenuto: porzione di elemento costruttivo, la sezione tra- 3- Fagus sylvatica (bukev). sversale di uno dei pezzi più grossi è quadrangolare. 4- Ulmus cfr. minor (brest). Carbone esaminato: 1. Namembnost: gradbeni les Dimensioni: l cm 6,5; La cm 3 con ca 25 anelli di accresci- mento; h cm 8. Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Vzorec: 12. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Faza: 1. Vsebina: v luske razpadel kos oglja. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Campione: 14. Takson: Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Fase: 1. Namembnost: gradbeni les. Contenuto: porzione di elemento costruttivo in frammenti. Carbone esaminato: 1. Dimensioni: h ca cm 9,6; Ø max cm 14. Vzorec: 13. Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Faza: 1. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Vsebina: razdrobljeni del bruna ali kola, prečni prerez enega od večjih kosov je četverokoten. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Campione: 15. Velikost: dl. 6,5 cm; šir. 3 cm s 25 branikami; viš. 8 cm. Fase: 1. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Contenuto: carbone frantumato misto a ciottoli. Namembnost: gradbeni les. Carbone esaminato: 1. Taxon: Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Vzorec: 14. Faza: 1. Vsebina: fragmentiran del bruna ali trama. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Campione: 16. Velikost: viš. 9,6 cm; Ø max 14 cm. Fase: 1. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Contenuto: frammenti di carbone senza forma particolare, Namembnost: gradbeni les. misti a sedimento. Carbone esaminato: 1. Dimensioni: l cm 2; La cm 1; h cm 3. Vzorec: 15. Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Faza: 1. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Vsebina: zdrobljen kos oglja, pomešan s kamenčki. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Takson: Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Campione: 17. Namembnost: gradbeni les. Fase: 1. Contenuto: porzione di trave in frantumi. Carbone esaminato: 1. Vzorec: 16. Dimensioni: l cm 0,2; La cm 0,3 con 4 anelli di accrescimento; Faza: 1. Ø max cm 6; h ca cm 12. Vsebina: s sedimentom pomešani brezoblični fragmenti oglja. Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. Velikost: dl. 2 cm; šir. 1 cm; viš. 3 cm. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Namembnost: gradbeni les. Campione: 18. Fase: 1. Contenuto: parte di trave ridotta in scaglie. Vzorec: 17. Carbone esaminato: 1. Faza: 1. Dimensioni: l cm 8; La ca cm 1; h cm 12. Vsebina: drobir trama. Taxon: Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. Velikost: dl. 0,2 cm; šir. 0,3 cm s 4 branikami; Ø max 6 cm; viš. okoli 12 cm. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Campione: 19. Namembnost: temeljni prag. Fase: 1. Contenuto: parte di palo. Carbone esaminato: 1. 416 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Vzorec: 18. Dimensioni: l cm 7; La cm 3,5; Ø max > cm 12; h cm 8. Faza: 1. Taxon: Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). Vsebina: v luske razpadli del trama. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Velikost: dl. 8 cm; šir. okoli 1 cm; viš. 12 cm. Takson: Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Campione: 20. Namembnost: temeljni prag. Fase: 1. Contenuto: porzione di trave, mal conservata. Carbone esaminato: 1. Vzorec: 19. Dimensioni: l cm 6; La cm 2; h cm 6. Faza: 1. Taxon: Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). Vsebina: del kola ali sohe. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Velikost: dl. 7 cm; šir. 3,5 cm; Ø max 12 cm; viš. 8 cm. Takson: Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Campione: 21. Namembnost: gradbeni les. Fase: 1. Contenuto: carbone senza forma particolare, misto a sedimen- to, originariamente unico pezzo. Vzorec: 20. Carbone esaminato: 1. Faza: 1. Taxon: Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). Vsebina: slabo ohranjen del trama. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Velikost: dl. 6 cm; šir. 2 cm; viš. 6 cm. Takson: Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Campione: 22. Namembnost: gradbeni les. Fase: 1. Contenuto: carbone originariamente unico, in grosse scaglie miste a terra, in parte spalmature. Vzorec: 21. Carbone esaminato: 1. Faza: 1. Dimensioni: l cm 0,5; La cm 0,5; h cm 0,7. Vsebina: z zemljo pomešano oglje nepravilnih oblik, prvotno Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). del istega kosa. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Takson: Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Namembnost: gradbeni les. Campione: 23. Fase: 1. Contenuto: porzione di tronco. Vzorec: 22. Carbone esaminato: 1. Faza: 1. Dimensioni: l cm 4; La cm 4 con 21 anelli di accrescimento; Vsebina: kos oglja, razpadel v večje luske, pomešane z zemljo, Ø max cm 7; h cm 7. nekatere sprijete s geološko osnovo. Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. Velikost: dl. 0,5 cm; šir. 0,5 cm; viš. 0,7 cm. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Namembnost: gradbeni les. CASA 16 ( fig. 49) Campione: 1. Vzorec: 23. Fase: 1. Faza: 1. Contenuto: carbone originariamente unico; porzione di ele- Vsebina: del drevesnega debla. mento costruttivo. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Carboni esaminati: 1. Velikost: dl. 4 cm; šir. 4 cm z 21 branikami; Ø max 7 cm; viš. Dimensioni: campione intero Ø cm 10; h cm 40. 7 cm. Taxon: Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Tipo di reperto: palo. Namembnost: temeljni prag. Campione: 2. HIŠA 16 ( sl. 49) Fase: 1. Contenuto: porzione di palo; schiacciato da un lato, sezione Vzorec: 1. circolare. Faza: 1. Carbone esaminato: 1. Vsebina: zdrobljen, prvotno enovit kos oglja; del lesene kon- Dimensioni: Ø cm 11 x cm 7 con 30 anelli di accrescimento. strukcije. Taxon: Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). 417 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Tipo di reperto: palo. Velikost: Ø 10 cm; viš. 40 cm. Takson: Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Namembnost: kol. Campione: 3. Fase: 1. Contenuto: probabile unico carbone. Vzorec: 2. Carbone esaminato: 1. Faza: 1. Dimensioni: Ø max > 10 cm; più di 30 anelli in ca 3 cm di Vsebina: del na eni strani stisnjenega kola; okrogel presek spessore; h cm 5. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Taxon: Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). Velikost: Ø 11 x 7 cm s 30 branikami. Tipo di reperto: palo. Takson: Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Namembnost: kol. Campione: 4. Fase: 1. Vzorec: 3. Contenuto: parte di ramo non ben conservato, sezione cir- Faza: 1. colare. Vsebina: verjetno enovit kos oglja. Carbone esaminato: 1. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Velikost: Ø največ >10 cm; več kot 30 branik v širini okoli 3 Tipo di reperto: palo. cm; viš. 5 cm. Takson: Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Namembnost: kol. Campione: 5. Fase: 1. Contenuto: briciole di carbone miste a terra. Vzorec: 4. Carbone esaminato: 1. Faza: 1. Dimensioni: l cm 0,7; La cm 0,5; h cm 0,8. Vsebina: slabo ohranjen del zoglenele veje; okrogel presek. Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Tipo di reperto: palo. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Namembnost: kol. Campione: 6. Fase: 1. Vzorec: 5. Contenuto: carbone sbriciolato (1-), pezzi di carbone schiac- Faza: 1. ciati e contorti (2-). Vsebina: z zemljo pomešani drobci oglja. Carboni esaminati: 2. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Dimensioni: Velikost: dl. 0,7 cm; šir. 0,5 cm; viš. 0,8 cm. 1- l cm 0,1; La cm 1,2; h cm 1,2. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). 2- l cm 0,6; La cm 0,4; h cm 0,6. Namembnost: kol. Taxon: 1-, 2- Abies alba (abete bianco). Tipo di reperto: palo. Vzorec: 6. Faza: 1. Campione: 7. Vsebina: zdrobljeno oglje (1-) in kosi stisnjenega in zmečka- Fase: 1. nega oglja (2-). Contenuto: carbone suddiviso in porzioni. Vzorčeni primerki: 2. Carbone esaminato: 1. Velikost: Dimensioni: l cm 0,6; La cm 2 con 21 anelli di accrescimento; 1- dl. 0,1 cm; šir. 1,2 cm; viš. 1,2 cm. h cm 3,6. 2- dl. 0,6 cm; šir; 0,4 cm; viš. 0,6 cm. Taxon: Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). Takson: 1-, 2- Abies alba (navadna jelka). Tipo di reperto: palo. Namembnost: kol. Campione: 8. Vzorec: 7. Fase: 1. Faza: 1. Contenuto: carbone in scaglie con sedimento. Vsebina: na skupke razdeljeno oglje. Carbone esaminato: 1. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Dimensioni: di tutto il campione La cm 5 con 3 anelli di ac- Velikost: dl. 0,6 cm; šir. 2 cm z 21 branikami; viš. 3,6 cm. crescimento; h cm 26. Takson: Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Taxon: Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). Namembnost: kol. Tipo di reperto: palo. 418 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... A 8 6 4 2 15 13 20 11 7 5 3 1 16 26 27 28 21 12 9 10 14 19 18 17 22 23 24 25 42 36 43 37 34 33 29 30 46 47 41 44 32 39 45 31 40 38 35 B 48 50 49 51 0 1 2 m Sl. 49: Hiša 16 (A: faza1; B: faza 2); pozicije vzorcev. Fig. 49: Casa 16 (A: fase 1; B: fase 2); posizioni dei campioni. 419 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Vzorec: 8. Campione: 9. Faza: 1. Fase: 1. Vsebina: oglje v luskah, pomešano s sedimentom. Contenuto: carbone unico. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Carbone esaminato: 1 Velikost: šir. 5 cm s 3 branikami; viš. 26 cm. Dimensioni: l cm 5,6; La cm 2,5; Ø max cm 12; h cm 5,5. Takson: Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Taxon: Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). Namembnost: kol. Tipo di reperto: asse. Vzorec: 9. Campione: 10. Faza: 1. Fase: 1. Vsebina: kos oglja. Contenuto: probabile unico frammento. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Carbone esaminato: 1. Velikost: dl. 5,6 cm; šir. 2,5 cm; Ø največ 12 cm; viš. 5,5 cm. Dimensioni: di tutto il campione l cm 40; La cm 12 con 9 anelli Takson: Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). di accrescimento; h cm 20. Namembnost: deska. Taxon: Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). Tipo di reperto: asse. Vzorec: 10. Faza: 1. Campione: 11. Vsebina: verjetno del enovitega kosa oglja. Fase: 1. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Contenuto: trave frammentario; si assottiglia leggermente a Velikost: cel vzorec dl. 40 cm; šir. 12 cm z 9 branikami; viš. 20. un’estremità. Takson: Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Carbone esaminato: 1. Namembnost: deska. Dimensioni: di tutto il campione 1- ad un’estremità: l cm 8,5 con Ø max cm 14; al ’altra estremità: l cm 5,6 con Ø max cm 9; h cm 19; 36 anelli di accrescimento in 4 cm; distanza Vzorec: 11. abbastanza regolare tra un anello e l’altro. Faza: 1. Taxon: Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). Vsebina: fragmentirano bruno, ki se na enem koncu nekoliko Tipo di reperto: asse. tanjša. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Velikost: dl. na eni strani: dl. 8,5 cm; Ø največ 14 cm; na drugi Campione: 12. strani: dl. 5,6 cm; Ø največ 9 cm; viš. 19 cm; 36 branik v Fase: 1. 4 cm; razdalje med njimi so dokaj pravilne. Contenuto: carbone unico. Takson: Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Carbone esaminato: 1. Namembnost: deska. Dimensioni: l cm 3,8; La cm 2,6 con 19 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 4,5. Taxon: Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). Vzorec: 12. Tipo di reperto: asse. Faza: 1. Vsebina: en kos oglja. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Campione: 13. Velikost: dl. 3,8 cm; šir. 2,6 cm z 19 branikami; viš. 4,5 cm. Fase: 1. Takson: Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Contenuto: tre frammenti di carbone su sedimento; alcuni Namembnost: deska. deformati. Carbone esaminato: 1. Dimensioni: l cm 1,3; La cm 1,3; h cm 1,4. Vzorec: 13. Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco) Faza: 1. Tipo di reperto: asse. Vsebina: trije deformirani fragmenti oglja v sedimentu. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Velikost: dl. 1,3 cm; šir. 1,3 cm; viš. 1,4 cm. Campione: 14. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Fase: 1. Namembnost: deska. Contenuto: frammenti di diverse forme (peso del campione g 267). Carboni esaminati: 6; Vzorec: 14. Dimensioni: Faza: 1. 1- forma cilindrica; Ø cm 3 x 2,8 con 15 anel i di accrescimento; Vsebina: odlomki oglja različnih oblik (teža: 267 g). Ø max cm 4; h cm 3,5. Vzorčeni primerki: 6. 2- forma prismatica con base quadrangolare; l cm 3,3; La cm 2,1 con 23 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 4. 420 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... 3- forma prismatica con base quadrangolare; l cm 1,5; La cm 4,5 con 10 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 2,6. 1 4- senza forma particolare; La cm 1,7 con 9 anelli di accresci- 5 mento; h cm 3,4. 5- prismatico con arrotondamento degli spigoli; l cm 2,7; La cm 1,6 con 17 anelli di accrescimento; Ø max cm 6; h cm 5. 3 6- grosso carbone suddiviso in alcune porzioni; misurati due frammenti (A e B); A- l cm 8; La cm 3,7 con 19 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 12; Ø max anche > 15 cm; sezione quadrangolare; B- spess. cm 4 con 21 anelli di accrescimento; Ø max anche 2 > 15 cm; h cm 7. Taxa: 1- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Sl. 50: Hiša 16; vzorec 14. 2- Abies alba (abete bianco). Fig. 50: Casa 16; campione 14. 3- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). 4- Fagus sylvatica (faggio). 5- Abies alba (abete bianco). 6- Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). Velikost: Tipo di reperto: 6- asse (cfr. camp. no. 16, 19); 1-, 2-, 3-, 4, 5- 1- cilindrična oblika; Ø 3 x 2,8 cm s 15 branikami; največji Ø legno da costruzione ( fig. 50). 4 cm; viš. 3,5 cm. 2- prizmatična oblika s četverokotno bazo; dl. 3,3 cm; šir. 2,1 cm s 23 branikami; viš. 4 cm. Campione: 15. 3- prizmatična oblika s četverokotno bazo; dl. 1,5 cm; šir. 4,5 Fase: 1. cm z 10 branikami; viš. 2,6 cm. Contenuto: 4 pacchetti contenenti carboni. 4- nima posebne oblike; šir. 1,7 cm z 9 branikami; viš. 3,4 cm. 5- prizmatična oblika z zaokroženimi robovi; dl. 2,7 cm; šir. 1,6 Pacch. 1: contiene frammenti forse originariamente appar- cm s 17 branikami; Ø največ do 6 cm; viš. 5 cm. tenenti a un unico campione non più ricomponibile. 6- velik kos oglja, razdeljen na več delov (izmerjena sta bila Carbone esaminato: 1 (il più grosso). dva primerka, A in B); A- dl. 8 cm; šir. 3,7 cm z 19 bra- Dimensioni: 1- l cm 5; La cm 3 con 15 anelli di accrescimento; nikami; viš. 12 cm; največji Ø tudi >15 cm; četverokotni h cm 5,6. presek; B- debelina 4 cm z 21 branikami; največji Ø tudi Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). > 15 cm, viš. 7 cm. Taksoni: Pacch. 2: frammenti di carbone misti a terra, non ricomponi- 1- Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). bili, forma indefinita. 2- Abies alba (navadna jelka). Carboni esaminati: 2. 3- Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Dimensioni: 2- l cm 3; La cm 5; h cm 5,5. 4- Fagus sylvatica (bukev). Taxon: 2-, 3- Abies alba (abete bianco). 5- Abies alba (navadna jelka). 6- Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Pacch. 3: frammento di trave. Namembnost: 6- deska (glej še vzorca 16, 19); (1-, 2-, 3-, 5-) Carbone esaminato: 1. gradbeni les ( sl. 50). Dimensioni: 4- l cm 2,1; La cm 5,4 con 27 anelli di accresci- mento; h cm 4,3. Taxon: 4- Abies alba (abete bianco). Vzorec: 15. Faza: 1. Pacch. 4 frammenti di carbone. Vsebina: štiri vrečke oglja. Carbone esaminato: 1. Dimensioni: 5- l cm 2; La cm 7 con 36 anelli di accrescimento Vrečka1: nesestavljivi fragmenti oglja morda prvotno deli in cm 4,8; h cm 6. istega kosa. Taxon: 5- Picea abies (abete rosso). Vzorčeni primerki: 1 (največji). Velikost: 1- dl. 5 cm; šir. 3 cm s 15 branikami; viš. 5,6 cm. Tipo di reperto: 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- palo; 5- legno da costruzione. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Vrečka 2: nesestavljivi odlomki oglja, pomešani z zemljo, Campione: 16. nedoločljive oblike. Fase: 1. Vzorčeni primerki: 2. Contenuto: probabile unico reperto ridotto in grosse scaglie. Velikost: 2- dl. 3 cm; šir. 5 cm; viš. 5,5 cm. Carbone esaminato: 1. Takson: 2-, 3- Abies alba (navadna jelka). Dimensioni: l cm 5; La cm 2,2 con 10 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 5. 421 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Vrečka 3: odlomek bruna. Taxon: Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Tipo di reperto: asse. Velikost: 4- dl. 2,1 cm; šir. 5,4 cm s 27 branikami; viš. 4,3 cm. Takson: 4- Abies alba (navadna jelka). Campione: 17. Vrečka 4: štirje koščki oglja. Fase: 1. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Contenuto: frammenti di carbone misti a terra, non ricom- Velikost: 5- dl. 2 cm; šir. 7 cm s 36 branikami v 4,8 cm; viš. 6 cm . ponibili; muffa. Takson: Picea abies (navadna smreka). Carbone esaminato: 1. Dimensioni: l cm 1,5; La cm 0, 8 con 4 anelli di accrescimento; Namembnost: 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- kol; 5- gradbeni les. h cm 2. Taxon: Pinus sylvestris/ montana (pino silvestre/montano). Tipo di reperto: palo. Vzorec: 16. Faza: 1. Vsebina: deli verjetno istega kosa, razpadlega v velike luske. Campione: 18. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Fase: 1. Velikost: dl. 5 cm; šir. 2,2 cm z 10 branikami; viš. 5 cm. Contenuto: carbone suddiviso in piccole porzioni. Takson: Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Carbone esaminato: 1. Namembnost: deska. Dimensioni: di tutto il campione; 1- l cm 1,8; La cm 0,6 con 5 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 3. Taxon: Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). Vzorec: 17. Tipo di reperto: asse. Faza: 1. Vsebina: nesestavljivi odlomki oglja, pomešani z zemljo; plesen. Campione: 19. Vzorčeni prmerki: 1. Fase: 1. Velikost: dl. 1,5 cm; šir. 0,8 cm s 4 branikami; viš. 2 cm. Contenuto: carbone in scaglie, originariamente unico. Takson: Pinus sylvestris/ montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Carbone esaminato: 1. Namembnost: kol. Dimensioni: h 20; tabulare. Taxon: Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). Tipo di reperto: asse. Vzorec: 18. Faza: 1. Vsebina: v majhne dele razdeljen kos oglja. Campione: 20. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Fase: 1. Velikost: dl. celotnega vzorca 18 cm; šir. 6 cm s 5 branikami; Contenuto: carbone originariamente unico. viš. 3 cm. Carbone esaminato: 1. Takson: Pinus sylvestris/ montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Dimensioni: h cm 8,5; 4 anelli in ca cm 0,3 di spessore. Namembnost: deska. Taxon: Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). Tipo di reperto: palo. Vzorec: 19. Faza: 1. Campione: 21. Vsebina: luske istega kosa oglja. Fase: 1. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Contenuto: carbone originariamente unico. Velikost: viš. 20 cm, sploščen. Carbone esaminato: 1. Takson: Pinus sylvestris/ montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Dimensioni: l cm 3,8; La cm 10 con ca 10 anelli; h cm 4; Ø Namembnost: deska. max > 10 cm. Taxon: Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). Tipo di reperto: palo. Vzorec: 20. Faza: 1. Vsebina: deli prvotno istega kosa oglja. Campione: 22. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Fase: 1. Velikost: viš. 8,5 cm; 4 branike v širini okoli 0,3 cm. Contenuto: carbone originariamente unico, ridotto in scaglie. Takson: Pinus sylvestris/ montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Carbone esaminato: 1. Namembnost: kol. Dimensioni: 1- l cm 1,9; La cm 0,7 con 8 anelli di accresci- mento; h cm 2,6. Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Tipo di reperto: tavola del pavimento. 422 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Vzorec: 21. Campione: 23. Faza: 1. Fase: 1. Vsebina: deli prvotno istega kosa oglja. Contenuto: frammenti di carbone mal conservato; legno di Vzorčeni primerki: 1. compressione. Velikost: dl. 3,8 cm; šir. 10 cm z okoli 10 branikami; viš. 4 cm; Carbone esaminato: 1. Ø največ > 10 cm. Dimensioni: carboni piccoli, non prese. Takson: Pinus sylvestris/ montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Namembnost: kol. Tipo di reperto: tavola del pavimento. Vzorec: 22. Campione: 24. Faza: 1. Fase: 1. Vsebina: prvotno enovit kos oglja, razpadel v luske. Contenuto: carbone originariamente unico, di forma prisma- Vzorčeni primerki: 1. tica con base quadrangolare. Velikost: 1- dl. 1,9 cm; šir. 0,7 cm z 8 branikami; viš. 2,6 cm. Carbone esaminato: 1. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Dimensioni: l totale del campione cm 2,3; La cm 1 con pochi Namembnost: podnica. anelli di accrescimento; h ca cm 7. Dimensioni del carbone esaminato: l cm 2; La cm 1 con 2 anelli di accrescimento. Vzorec: 23. Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Faza: 1. Tipo di reperto: tavola del pavimento. Vsebina: fragmenti slabo ohranjenega oglja; stisnjen les. Vzorčeni primerki 1. Velikost: neizmerjena, premajhni primerki. Campione: 25. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Fase: 1. Namembnost: podnica. Contenuto: spalmatura di carbone. Carbone esaminato: 1. Dimensioni: La cm 0,1; h cm 0,4. Vzorec: 24. Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Faza: 1. Tipo di reperto: tavola del pavimento. Vsebina: prvotno enovit kos oglja prizmatične oblike s četve- rokotno bazo. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Campione: 26. Velikost: celotni vzorec dl. 2,3 cm; šir. 1 cm z maloštevilnimi Fase: 1. branikami; viš. okoli 7 cm. Contenuto: briciole di carbone misti a terra, anche spalmature. Velikost vzorčenega primerka: dl. 2 cm; šir. 1 cm z dvema Carbone esaminato: 1. branikama. Dimensione: massima cm 0,4. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Namembnost: podnica. Tipo di reperto: tavola del pavimento. Vzorec: 25. Campione: 27. Faza: 1. Fase: 1. Vsebina: oglje sprijeto na geološko osnovo. Contenuto: frammenti di carbone molto friabili. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Carbone esaminato: 1. Velikost: šir. 0,1 cm; viš. 0,4 cm. Dimensioni: l cm 0,9; La cm 0,4; h cm 1,5. Takson: 1- cfr. Abies alba (navadna jelka) . Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Namembnost: podnica. Tipo di reperto: tavola del pavimento. Vzorec: 26. Campione: 28. Faza: 1. Fase: 1. Vsebina: drobci oglja pomešani z zemljo, tudi sprijeti s podlago. Contenuto: un sacchetto contenente diversi sacchettini; sono Vzorčeni primerki: 1. stati esaminati due campioni al ’interno di un sacchetto; Velikost: največ 0,4 cm. si tratta di due carboni sovrapposti (A e B) entrambi con Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). forma prismatica a base quadrangolare irregolare. Namembnost: podnica. Carboni esaminati: 2. Dimensioni: A- l cm 5; La cm 2 con 27 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 4,6. Vzorec: 27. B- l cm 4,5; La cm 1,6; h cm 3. Faza: 1. Taxon: A1-, B1- Picea/Larix (abete rosso/larice). Vsebina: koščki zelo drobljivega oglja. Tipo di reperto: tavola del pavimento. 423 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Campione: 29. Velikost: dl. 0,9 cm; šir. 0,4 cm; viš. 1,5 cm. Fase: 1. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Contenuto: frammento sbriciolato su sedimento, sottilissimo Namembnost: podnica. (spalmatura). Carboni esaminati: 1. Dimensioni: l cm 7; La cm 4; h cm 8. Vzorec: 28. Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Faza: 1. Tipo di reperto: probabile tavola del pavimento. Vsebina: vzorec je bil shranjen v eni večji vrečki z več manjšimi; obravnavana sta bila dva primerka (A in B) iz ene od vrečk, ležeča eden vrh drugega, oba prizmatične oblike Campione: 30. z nepravilno četverokotno bazo. Fase: 1. Vzorčeni primerki: 2. Contenuto: unico frammento un po’ sbriciolato. Velikost: Carbone esaminato: 1. A- dl. 5 cm; šir. 2 cm s 27 branikami; viš. 4,6 cm. Dimensioni: l cm 6; La cm 2; h cm 12. B- dl. 4,5 cm; šir. 1,6 cm; viš. 3 cm. Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Takson: Picea/Larix (smreka/macesen). Tipo di reperto: tavola del pavimento. Namembnoist: podnica. Campione: 31. Vzorec: 29. Fase: 1. Faza: 1. Contenuto: carbone sbriciolato e spalmatura. Vsebina: zdrobljen, zelo tanek fragment oglja, sprijet s podlago. Carbone esaminato: 1 (spalmatura). Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Taxon: Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). Velikost: dl. 7 cm; šir. 4 cm; viš. 8 cm. Tipo di reperto: tavola del pavimento. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Namembnost: verjetno podnica Campione: 32. Fase: 1. Vzorec: 30. Contenuto: carbone sbriciolato. Faza: 1. Carbone esaminato: 1. Vsebina: nekoliko zdrobljen primerek oglja. Dimensioni: l cm 0,9; La cm 0,3; h cm 1,5. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Taxon: Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). Velikost: dl. 6 cm; šir. 2 cm; viš. 12 cm. Tipo di reperto: tavola del pavimento. Takson: 1- cfr. Abies alba (navadna jelka). Namembnost: podnica. Campione: 33. Fase: 1. Vzorec: 31. Contenuto: spalmatura. Faza: 1. Carbone esaminato: 1. Vsebina: zdrobljeno oglje, sprijeto s podlago. Dimensioni: di tutto il Campione: l cm 7; La cm 5; h cm 5. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Takson: cfr. Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Tipo di reperto: tavola del pavimento. Namembnost: podnica. Campione: 34 Vzorec: 32. Fase: 1. Faza: 1. Contenuto: carbone frantumato. Vsebina: zdrobljeno oglje. Carbone esaminato: 1. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Dimensioni: l cm 1,3; La cm 0,5; h cm 2,2. Velikost: dl.0,9 cm; šir. 0,3 cm; viš. 1,5 cm. Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Takson: Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Tipo di reperto: tavola del pavimento. Namembnost: podnica. Campione: 35. Vzorec: 33. Fase: 1. Faza: 1. Contenuto: resti di due assi incastrate. Vsebina: oglje sprijeto s podlago. Carboni esaminati: 2 (A, B). Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Dimensioni: Velikost: celotnega vzorca dl. 7 cm; šir. 5 cm; viš. 5 cm. A- l cm 5; La cm 0,3 (spalmatura); h cm 14. Takson: cfr. Abies alba (navadna jelka). B- l cm 5; La cm 2; h cm 9. Namembnoist: podnica. 424 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Vzorec: 34. Taxa: Faza: 1. A- Abies alba (abete bianco). Vsebina: zdrobljeno oglje. B- Pomoideae (pero/melo/biancospino/sorbo). Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Tipo di reperto: (A-) tavola del pavimento; (B-) legno lavorato Velikost: dl. 1,3 cm; šir. 0,5 cm; viš. 2,2 cm. (vedi anche camp. 47). Takson: cfr. Abies alba (navadna jelka). Namembnost: podnica. Campione: 36. Fase: 1. Vzorec: 35. Contenuto: ramo scortecciato diviso in più porzioni, appuntito Faza: 1. ad una estremità. Vsebina: zogleneli deli dveh v izseku spojenih desk. Carbone esaminato: 1. Vzorčeni primerki: 2. Dimensioni: punta con Ø cm 0,7; al centro Ø cm 1,3; al ’estre- Velikost: mità non appuntita Ø cm 1,5; 7 anelli di accrescimento A- dl. 5 cm; šir. 0,3 cm (oglje je sprijeto na podlago); viš. 14 cm. in cm 0,8 di spessore; h ca cm 11. B- dl. 5 cm; šir. 2 cm; viš. 9 cm. Taxon: Corylus avel ana L. (nocciolo). Taksoni: Osservazioni: tracce di lavorazione al ’estremità non appuntita. A- Abies alba (navadna jelka). Tipo di reperto: legno lavorato. B- Pomoideae (hruška/jablana/glog/jerebika) Namembnost: (A-) podnica; (B-) obdelan les (glej tudi vzorec 47). Campione: 37. Fase: 1. Contenuto: porzione di piccola trave divisa in tre frammenti; Vzorec: 36. vzorec. fori di organismi lignivori. Faza: 1. Carbone esaminato: 1. Vsebina: v več delov razlomljena veja; na enem koncu je Dimensioni: l cm 1,3; La cm 3 con 9 anelli di accrescimento; zašiljena. h cm 8,5. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Taxon: Fagus sylvatica (faggio). Velikost: Ø konice 0,7 cm; na sredini 1,3 cm; na neošiljenem Tipo di reperto: legno lavorato. koncu 1,5 cm; 7 branik v 0,8 cm; viš. okoli 11 cm. Takson: Corylus avellana L. (leska). Opomba: sledi obdelave na neošiljenem koncu. Campione: 38. Namembnost: obdelan les. Fase: 1. Contenuto: carbone sbriciolato misto a terra (A, B). Vzorec: 37. Carbone esaminato: 2. Faza: 1. Dimensioni: Vsebina: trije fragmenti manjšega tramiča z luknjicami lesnih A- l cm 3,2; La cm 0,6 con 14 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 5,3. organizmov. B- h cm 8; la sezione trasversale è la parte centrale di un ramo Vzorčeni primerki: 1. (l cm 1,8 x La cm 0,9). Velikost: dl. 1,3 cm; šir. 3 cm z 9 branikami; viš. 8,5 cm. Taxa: Takson: Fagus sylvatica (bukev). A- Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). Namembnost: obdelan les. B- Pomoideae (pero/melo/biancospino/sorbo). Tipo di reperto: A-legno da costruzione; B- legno lavorato ( fig. 51). Vzorec: 38. Faza: 1. Vsebina: z zemljo pomešano zdrobljeno oglje (A, B). Vzorčeni primerki: 2. Velikost: A- dl. 3,2 cm; šir, 0,6 cm s 14 branikami; viš. 5,3 cm. B- viš. 8 cm; sodeč po prečnem prerezu pripada središčnemu predelu veje (dl. 1,8 cm x šir. 0,9 cm). Taksoni: A- Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). B- Pomoideae (hruška/jablana/glog/jerebika). Namembnost: A- gradbeni les; B- obdelan les ( sl. 51). 26 mm 9 mm 18 mm 20 mm Sl. 51: Hiša 16; vzorec 38/B. Fig. 51: Casa 16; campione 38/B. 16 mm 425 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Vzorec: 39. Campione: 39. Faza: 1. Fase: 1. Vsebina: fragmeniran kos prvotno istega kosa oglja. Contenuto: unico reperto frammentato. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Carbone esaminato: 1. Velikost: dl. 2,6 cm; šir. 1,5 cm. Dimensioni: l cm 2,6; La cm 1,5. Pomoideae (hruška/jablana/glog/jerebika). Taxon: Pomoideae (pero/melo/biancospino/sorbo). Namembnost: obdelan les. Tipo di reperto: legno lavorato. Vzorec: 40. Campione: 40. Faza: 1. Fase: 1. Vsebina: dva majhna odlomka oglja. Contenuto: due piccoli frammenti. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Carbone esaminato: 1. Velikost: Ø 1,8 x 1,5 cm; tri branike v 0,7 cm; viš. 1,2 cm. Dimensioni: Ø cm 1,8 x 1,5; 3 anelli di accrescimento in 0,7 Takson: Pomoideae (hruška/jablana/glog/jerebika). cm; h cm 1,2. Namembnost: obdelan les. Taxon: Pomoideae (pero/melo/biancospino/sorbo). Tipo di reperto: legno lavorato. Vzorec: 41. Faza: 1. Campione: 41. Vsebina: deli različno širokega kosa lesa (deske). Fase: 1. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Contenuto: porzione di asse frammentata con larghezza Velikost: dl. največ 5 cm, najmanj 4,5 cm; šir. 1,5 do 2 cm z variabile. okoli 12 branikami, ki na nekaterih mestih niso vidne; Carbone esaminato: 1 viš. 23 cm. Dimensioni: l max cm 5, min cm 4,5; La cm 1,5-2, con ca 12 Takson: Fagus sylvatica (bukev). anelli di accrescimento in alcuni punti non visibili; h Opomba: anatomske strukture lesa so pokvarjene zaradi lesnih cm 23. škodljivcev (organizmov), katerih luknjice so široke okoli Taxon: Fagus sylvatica (faggio). 1,5 mm; na kosu ni zanesljivih znamenj obdelave, vendar Osservazioni: le strutture anatomiche sono alterate dal a pre- bi lahko pripadal steni lesene posode. senza di organismi lignivori, la larghezza dei fori è mm Namembnost: obdelan les. 1,5 ca; non ci sono evidenti trace di lavorazione, tuttavia potrebbe essere una parte di contenitore di legno, parte del a parete. Vzorec: 42. Tipo di reperto: legno lavorato. Faza: 1. Vsebina: zdrobljeno oglje. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Campione: 42. Velikost: dl. 1,2 cm; šir. 3 cm; viš. 2 cm. Fase: 1. Takson: Fagus sylvatica (bukev). Contenuto: carbone sbriciolato. Namembnost: obdelan les. Carboni esaminati: 1. Dimensioni: l cm 1,2; La cm 3; h cm 2. Taxon: Fagus sylvatica (faggio). Vzorec: 43. Tipo di reperto: legno lavorato. Faza: 1. Vsebina: koščki oglja skromnih dimenzij. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Campione: 43. Velikost: dl. 10 cm; šir. 0,4 cm; viš. 2,3 cm. Fase: 1. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Contenuto: pochi carboni di dimensioni modeste. Namembnost: obdelan les. Carbone esaminato: 1. Dimensioni: l cm 10; La cm 0,4; h cm 2,3. Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Vzorec: 44. Tipo di reperto: legno lavorato. Faza: 1. Vsebina: prvotno enovit kos oglja, na nekaterih mestih je sprijet s podlago. Campione: 44. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Fase: 1. Velikost: dl. 4 cm; viš. okoli 14 cm. Contenuto: reperto originariamente unico, in alcuni punti Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). anche spalmatura. Namembnost: obdelan les. Carbone esaminato: 1. Dimensioni: di tutto il campione 1- l cm 4; h ca cm 14. Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Tipo di reperto: legno lavorato. 426 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Vzorec: 45. Campione: 45. Faza: 1. Fase: 1. Vsebina: kos oglja. Contenuto: unico carbone. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Carbone esaminato: 1. Velikost: dl. 4 cm; šir. 2 cm z 12 branikami v 0,8 cm; viš. 12 cm. Dimensioni: l cm 4; La cm 2 con 12 anelli in cm 0,8; h cm 12. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Namembnost: obdelan les. Tipo di reperto: legno lavorato. Vzorec: 46. Campione: 46. Faza: 1. Fase: 1. Vsebina: kos oglja, verjetno del bruna. Contenuto: frammento unico; porzione di probabile trave. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Carbone esaminato: 1. Velikost: dl. 3,5 cm; šir. 1,8 cm s 6 branikami; viš. 4 cm. Dimensioni: l cm 3,5; La cm1,8 con ca 6 anelli di accresci- Takson: Fagus sylvatica (bukev). mento; h cm 4. Namembnost: obdelan les. Taxon: Fagus sylvatica (faggio). Tipo di reperto: legno lavorato. Vzorec: 47. Faza: 1. Campione: 47. Vsebina: z zemljo pomešani majhni koščki oglja. Fase: 1. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Contenuto: piccoli frammenti di carbone misti a terra. Velikost: dl. 1,4 cm; šir. 0,8 cm; viš. 8 cm. Carbone esaminato: 1. Takson: Pomoidae (hruška/jablana/glog/jerebika). Dimensioni: l cm 1,4; La cm 0,8; h cm 8. Namembnost: obdelan les. Taxon: Pomoideae (pero/melo/biancospino/sorbo). Tipo di reperto: legno lavorato. Vzorec: 48. Faza: 2. Campione: 48. Vsebina: zdrobljen kos oglja. Fase: 2. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Contenuto: carbone unico sbriciolato. Velikost: dl. 0,9 cm; šir. 0,8; viš. 1,2 cm. Carbone esaminato: 1. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Dimensioni: l cm 0,9; La cm 0,8; h cm 1,2. Namembnost: temeljni prag. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. Vzorec: 49. Faza: 2. Campione: 49. Vsebina: oglje v luskah. Fase: 2. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Contenuto: carbone ridotto in scaglie sporche di terra. Velikost: dl. 0,3 cm, šir. 0,9 cm, viš. 0,0 cm. Carbone esaminato: 1. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Dimensioni: l cm 0,3; La cm 0,9; h cm 0,8. Namembnost: temeljni prag. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. Vzorec: 50. Faza: 2. Campione: 50. Vsebina: zelo majhne sledi oglja z mineraloškimi vložki tur- Fase: 2. kizne barve. Contenuto: minime tracce di carbone in inclusi mineralogici Takson: ni določljiv, vidni so le nekateri uniseriatni žarki. color turchese. Namembnost: temeljni prag. Taxon: n.d. visibili solo alcuni raggi uniseriati. Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. Vzorec: 51. Faza: 2. Campione: 51. Vsebina: del trama sprijetega s podlago. Fase: 2. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Contenuto: porzione di trave con sedimento (spalmatura). Velikost: viš. sprimka 8 cm. Carbone esaminato: 1. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Dimensioni: h cm 8 del a spalmatura. Namembnost: temeljni prag. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. 427 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... HIŠA 20 ( sl. 52) CASA 20 ( fig. 52) Vzorec: 1. Vsebina: koščki oglja. Campione: 1. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Contenuto: carbone in pezzi. Velikost: r. 1,6 cm, šir. 1,8 cm, s 16 branikami; viš. 3,5 cm. Carbone esaminato: 1. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Dimensioni: r cm 1,6; La cm 1,8 con 16 anelli di accrescimento; Namembnost: gradbeni les, podnica. h cm 3,5. Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Vzorec: 2. Vsebina: majhni drobci oglja. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Campione: 2. Velikost: dl. 1cm; šir. 0,5 cm; viš. 1,2 cm. Contenuto: piccoli carboni. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Carbone esaminato: 1. Namembnost: temeljni prag. Dimensioni: l cm 1; La cm 0,5; h cm 1,2. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. Vzorec: 3. Vsebina: zdrobleno oglje (1-) in en večji prav tako zdrobljen kos oglja (2-); skupna viš. 10 cm; dva kosa sta združljiva Campione: 3. v en sam kos oglja. Contenuto: carbone sbriciolato (1-), grosso carbone sbriciolato Vzorčeni primerki: 2. (2-); h totale cm 10; due frammenti sono riconducibili a Velikost: un solo pezzo di legno. 1- dl. 0,8 cm; šir. 0,3 cm; viš. 1 cm. Carboni esaminati: 2. 2- dl. 0,1cm; šir. 0,5 cm; viš. 1,4 cm. Dimensioni: Takson: 1-, 2- Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). 1- l cm 0,8; La cm 0,3; h cm 1. Namembnost: soha. 2- l cm 0,1; La cm 0,5; h cm 1,4. Taxon: 1-, 2- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Tipo di reperto: pilastro. Vzorec: 4. Vsebina: zdrobljeno oglje. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Campione: 4. Velikost: dl. 0,4 cm; šir. 0,5 cm; r. okoli 8 cm s 15 branikami Contenuto: carbone sbriciolato. v 0,9 cm. Carbone esaminato: 1. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Dimensioni: l cm 0,4; La cm 0,5; r ca 8 cm con 15 anelli di Namembnost: temeljni prag. accrescimento in cm 0,9. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. Vzorec: 5. Vsebina: fragmentirani fragmente oglja. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Campione: 5. Velikost: dl. 1,1 cm; šir. 0,8 cm; viš. 2,1 cm. Contenuto: frammenti di carbone anche deformati. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Carbone esaminato: 1. Namembnost: podnica. Dimensioni: l cm 1,1; La cm 0,8; h cm 2,1. Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione Vzorec: 6. Vsebina: fragmenti oglja. Vzorčeni primerki: 2. 9 4 5 6 3 Velikost: 1- dl. 0,8 cm; šir. 0,8 cm; viš. 1,2 cm. 2 8 2- dl. 1,5 cm; šir. 0,5 cm; viš. 1,5 cm. Takson: Fraxinus sp. (jesen). Namembnost: ploh za stenski opaž. 7 1 Vzorec: 7. vzorec. Vsebina: velik kos zdrobljenega oglja. 0 4 m Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Velikost; dl. 0,1 cm, šir. 0,5 cm, viš. 1,4 cm. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Sl. 52: Hiša 20; pozicije vzorcev. Namembnost: temeljni prag. Fig. 52: Casa 20; posizioni dei campioni. 428 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Sl. 53: Hiša 22 (faza 1); pozicije vzorcev. Fig. 53: Casa 22 (fase 1); posizioni dei campioni. 1-3 Campione: 6. Contenuto: frammenti di carbone. Carboni esaminati: 2. Dimensioni: 1- l cm 0,8; La cm 0,8; h cm 1,2. 2- l cm 1,5; La cm 0,5; h cm 1,5. Taxon: 1-, 2- Fraxinus sp. (frassino). 0 4 m Tipo di reperto: tavola del a chiusura esterna. Vzorec: 8. Campione: 7. Vsebina: zdrobljeno oglje. Contenuto: grosso carbone sbriciolato. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Carbone esaminato: 1. Velikost: dl. 1,3 cm, šir. 2,1 cm, s 13 branikami; viš. 2,1 cm. Dimensioni: 1- l cm 0,1; La cm 0,5; h cm 1,4. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Namembnost: gradbeni les. Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. Vzorec: 9. Campione: 8. Vsebina: veliki kosi oglja; Ø največ > 14 cm, dl. > 6 cm. Contenuto: carbone frantumato. Vzorčeni primerki: 2. Carbone esaminato: 1. Velikost: Dimensioni: l cm 1,3; La cm 2,1 con 13 anelli di accrescimento; 1- dl. 4 cm; šir. 2,5 cm z 11 branikami; viš. 2,5 cm. h cm 2,1. 2- šir. 2,5 cm s 27 branikami; oglje je stisnjeno; Ø največ 8 cm. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Tipo di reperto: tavola del a chiusura esterna Namembnost: gradbeni les. Campione: 9. HIŠA 22 ( sl. 53) Contenuto: grossi pezzi di carbone; Ø max > cm 14; l > cm 6. Carboni esaminati: 2. Vzorec: 1. Dimensioni: Faza: 1 (polnilo jame 4). 1- l cm 4; La cm 2,5 con 11 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 2,5. Vsebina: koščki oglja neznatnih dimenzij. 2- La cm 2,5 con 27 anelli di accrescimento (carbone schiac- Vzorčeni primerki: 5. ciato); Ø max cm 8 Velikost: Taxon: 1-, 2- Abies alba (abete bianco). 1- preluknjan odlomek oglja (Ø predrtine 0,6 cm); dl. 2 cm; Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione , probabile palo. šir. 1 cm; Ø največ 3 cm; viš. 2,7 cm. 2- dl. 2 cm; šir. 1 cm; Ø največ 3 cm; viš. 3,4 cm. Taksona: CASA 22 ( fig. 53) 1- Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Campione: 1. Namembnost: gradbeni les. Fase: 1 (riempimento del a fossa 4). Contenuto: carboni di modeste dimensioni. Carboni esaminati: 5. Vzorec: 2. Dimensioni: Faza: 1 (polnilo jame 4). 1- frammento con foro passante (Ø cm 0,6); l cm 2; La cm 1; Vsebina: drobci oglja, pomešani v sedimentu. Ø max cm 3; h cm 2,7. Vzorčeni primerki: 3. 2- l cm 2; La cm 1; Ø max cm 3; h cm 3,4. Velikost: 1-, 2-, 3- viš. < 1 cm. Taxa: Takson: Fagus sylvatica (bukev). 1- Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). Namembnost: gradbeni les. 2-, 3-, 4-, 5- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. 429 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Vzorec: 3. Campione: 2. Faza: 1 (polnilo jame 4). Fase: 1 (riempimento del a fossa 4). Vsebina: fragmenti oglja, deli istega kosa lesa. Contenuto: piccolissimi carboni misti a sedimento. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Carboni esaminati: 3. Velikost: r. 5 cm; Ø 10 cm. Dimensioni: 1-, 2-, 3- h < cm 1. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Taxon: 1-, 2-, 3- Fagus sylvatica (faggio). Namembnost: gradbeni les. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. HIŠA 23 ( sl. 54) Campione: 3. Fase: 1 (riempimento del a fossa 4). Vzorec: 1. Contenuto: reperto unico, frammentato. Faza: 2. Carbone esaminato: 1. Vsebina: oglje v luskah, del istega kosa, pomešano in sprijeto Dimensioni: r cm 5; Ø cm 10. s sedimentom. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Velikost: dl. 3 cm; šir. 2 cm; viš. 4 cm. Takson: Abies alba (navadna jelka). Namembnost: gradbeni les. CASA 23 ( fig. 54) Campione: 1. Vzorec: 2. Fase: 2. Faza: 2. Contenuto: reperto unico misto a sedimento; poco carbone Vsebina: drobno oglje, pomešano ali sprijeto s sedimentom. (scaglie e spalmature). Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Carbone esaminato: 1. Takson: Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Dimensioni: l cm 3; La cm 2; h cm 4. Namembnost: gradbeni les. Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Vzorec: 3. Faza: 2. Campione: 2. Vsebina: oglje z grčami. Fase: 2. Vzorčeni primerki: 2. Contenuto: piccoli carboni misti a sedimento, anche spal- Velikost: mature. 1- Ø 4,5 x 3 cm; viš. 4 cm. Carbone esaminato: 1. 2- Ø 3 x 2 cm; viš. 4,5 cm. Taxon: Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). Takson: 1-, 2- Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Namembnost: gradbeni les. Campione: 3. Vzorec: 4. Fase: 2. Faza: 2. Contenuto: carboni con nodi. Vebina: en primerek oglja, pomešanega s sedimentom. Carboni esaminati: 2 . Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Dimensioni: Velikost: 1- dl. 4 cm; šir. 2,5 cm s 7 branikami; viš. 5,2 cm. 1- Ø cm 4,5 x 3; h cm 4. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). 2- Ø cm 3 x 2; h cm 4,5. Namembnost: gradbeni les. Taxon: 1-, 2- Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/mon- tano). Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Vzorec: 5. Faza: 2. Vsebina: verjetno ostanek bruna; precej veliki in povezljivi Campione: 4. fragmenti. Fase: 2. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Contenuto: carbone unico misto a sedimento. Velikost: 1- dl. 2,5 cm; šir. 3 cm z 12 branikami; viš. 3 cm. Carbone esaminato: 1. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Dimensioni: l cm 4; La cm 2,5 con 7 anelli di accrescimento; Namembnost: gradbeni les. h cm 5,2. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Vzorec: 6. Faza: 2. Vsebina: fragment kola z ohranjenim notranjim cilindrom. 430 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... A Sl. 54: Hiša 23 (A: faza 1; B: faza 2); pozicije vzorcev. 10 11 12 14 13 16 Fig. 54: Casa 23 (A: fase; B: fase 2); posizioni dei campioni. 19 20 21 17 24 Campione: 5. 15 18 23 Fase: 2. 22 Contenuto: residuo di probabile trave; frammenti piuttosto grossi in connessione. Carbone esaminato: 1. Dimensioni: l cm 2,5; La cm 3 con 12 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 3. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. B Campione: 6. Fase: 2. Contenuto: frammento di palo con cilindro centrale conser- vato. Carbone esaminato: 1. Dimensioni: Ø cm 6,3 x 6 a una estremità (misurabile); sono 9 osservabili al massimo 17 anelli di accrescimento; 6 8 anelli in 4 mm; non si può dire se l’estremità opposta ha 4 le stesse dimensioni di quel a che si è potuta misurare. 7 Taxon: Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). 5 6 Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione, probabile palo. 3 2 1 Campione: 7. Fase: 2. 0 4 m Contenuto: piccoli carboni e spalmature. Carbone esaminato: 1. Dimensioni: l cm 2; La cm 0,6; h cm 1,7. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Velikost: Ø 6,3 x 6 cm na merljivi strani; opaznih je največ 17 branik; 6 branik v 4 mm; ni gotovo, če so tudi na drugi strani vzorca mere enake. Campione: 8. Takson: Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Fase: 2. Namembnost: gradbeni les, verjetno kol. Contenuto: parte di ramo. Carbone esaminato: 1. Dimensioni: Ø cm 3 x 2,5; 12 anelli di accrescimento in un Vzorec: 7. vzorec raggio di cm 1,5. Faza: 2. Taxon: Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). Vsebina: majhni fragmenti oglja, tudi sprijeti s sedimentom. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Velikost: 1- dl. 2 cm; šir. 0,6 cm; viš. 1,7 cm. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Campione: 9. Namembnost: gradbeni les. Fase: 2. Contenuto: probabile unico reperto, forse porzione di trave. Carbone esaminato: 1. Vzorec: 8. Dimensioni: l cm 1,7; La cm 1,3; h cm 1. Faza: 2. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Vsebina: del veje. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Velikost: Ø 3 x 2,5 cm z 12 branikami na razdalji 1,5 cm. Takson: Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Campione: 10. Namembnost: gradbeni les. Fase: 1. Contenuto: carbone ridotto in scaglie lunghe. 431 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Vzorec: 9. Carbone esaminato: 1. Faza: 2. Dimensioni di tutto il Vsebina: verjetno enovit primerek, del bruna. Campione: l cm 8; La cm. 1,3; h cm 6,5. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Carbone esaminato: l cm 2,1; La cm 1,5 con 4 anelli di accre- Velikost: 1- dl. 1,7 cm; šir. 1,3 cm; viš. 1 cm. scimento; h cm 6,5. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Taxon: Picea abies (abete rosso). Namembnost: gradbeni les. Tipo di reperto: pilastro. Vzorec: 10. Campione: 11. Faza: 1. Fase: 1. Vsebina: dolge luske oglja. Contenuto: gruppo di carboni piuttosto grossi, si sfaldano. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Carboni esaminati: 2. Velikost celotnega vzorca: dl. 8 cm, šir. 1,3 cm, viš. 6,5 cm. Dimensioni: Velikost vzorčenega primerka: dl. 2,1 cm, šir. 1,5 cm, s 4 bra- 1- l ca cm 1; h ca cm 1. nikami, viš. 6,5 cm. 2- l ca cm 1. Takson: Picea abies (navadna smreka). Taxon: 1-, 2 - Abies alba (abete bianco). Namembnost: soha. Tipo di reperto: pilastro. Vzorec: 11. Campione: 12. Faza: 1. Fase: 1. Vsebina: skupina precej velikih kosov oglja, ki se luščijo. Contenuto: molti carboni piuttosto grossi misti a scaglie. Vzorčeni primerki: 2. Carbone esaminato: 1. Velikost: Dimensioni: l cm 3,6; Ø max non calcolabile; 9 anelli di accre- 1- dl. okoli 1 cm; viš. okoli 1 cm. scimento in cm 1,6; h cm 3,2. 2- dl. okoli 1 cm. Taxon: Picea abies (abete rosso). Takson: 1-, 2- Abies alba (navadna jelka). Tipo di reperto: pilastro. Namembnost: soha. Campione: 13. Vzorec: 12. Fase: 1. Faza: 1. Contenuto: porzione di trave. Vsebina: številni precej veliki kosi, razpadli v luske. Carbone esaminato: 1. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Dimensioni: 1- l cm 9,6; La cm 2,3 con 4 anelli di accrescimento Velikost: dl. 3,6 cm; največji Ø ni določljiv; 9 branik v 1,6 cm; in 2 cm; Ø max > 20 cm; h cm 7,6. viš. 3,2 cm. Taxon: Picea abies (abete rosso). Takson: Picea abies (navadna smreka). Tipo di reperto: pilastro angolare. Namembnost: soha. Campione: 14. Vzorec: 13. Fase: 1. Faza: 1. Contenuto: carbone grosso (1-) con briciole di carbone (2-); Vsebina: del bruna. probabile unico reperto. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Carboni esaminati: 2 Velikost: dl. 9,6 cm; šir. 2,3 cm s 4 branikami na razdalji 2 cm; Dimensioni: največji Ø > 20 cm; viš. 7,6 cm. 1- h cm 8,6; Ø cm 6,2 x 4 a un’estremità; Ø cm 4,6 x 4,6 al ’al- Takson: Picea abies (navadna smreka). tra estremità ; 15 anelli di accrescimento in un raggio Namembnost: vogalna soha. di cm 3,1. 2- non e stato misurato, piccolo. Taxon: 1-, 2- Abies alba (abete bianco). Vzorec: 14. Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. Faza: 1. Vsebina: večji kos oglja (1-), skupaj z drobci (2-); verjetno del istega kosa. Campione: 15. Vzorčeni primerki: 2. Fase: 1. Velikost: 1- viš. 8,6 cm; Ø 6,2 x 4 cm na eni strani; na drugi 4,6 Contenuto: carbone misto a sedimento. x 4,6 cm; 15 branik v 3,1 cm. Carbone esaminato: 1. Takson: 1-, 2- Abies alba (navadna jelka). Dimensioni: h max cm 1 (isodiamentrale). Namembnost: temeljni prag. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. 432 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Vzorec: 15. Campione: 16. Faza: 1. Fase: 1. Vsebina: s sedimentom pomešano oglje. Contenuto: porzione di tronco con vari frammenti. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Carbone esaminato: 1. Velikost: viš. največ do 1 cm (isodiametralen). Dimensioni: Ø cm 6,7 x 3,5; più di 43 anelli di accrescimento Takson: 1-, 2- Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). in 4,5 cm. Namembnost: gradbeni les. Taxon: Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Vzorec: 16. Faza: 1. Campione: 17. Vsebina: fragmenti oglja, ki so bili deli debla. Fase: 1. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Contenuto: grosso carbone frantumato, forse palo; sono stati Velikost: Ø 6,7 x 3,5 cm; več kot 43 branik v 4,5 cm. prelevati solo piccoli frammenti. Takson: 1- Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Carbone esaminato: 1. Namembnost: gradbeni les. Dimensioni: h cm 6; l cm 3,5; Ø max ca cm 6. Taxon: Abies alba (abete bianco). Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Vzorec: 17. Faza: 1. Vsebina: velik zdrobljen kos oglja, morda kola; oddeljeni so Campione: 18. bili le manjši fragmenti. Fase: 1. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Contenuto: numerosi frammenti di pezzatura piuttosto grossa. Velikost: viš. 6 cm; dl. 3,5 cm; Ø največ okoli 6 cm. Carbone esaminato: 1. Takson: 1- Abies alba (navadna jelka). Dimensioni: Ø max cm 6,5; l cm 3,5; La cm 3,2 con 35 anelli Namembnost: gradbeni les. di accrescimento. Taxon: Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Vzorec: 18. Faza: 1. Vsebina: številni fragmenti oglja v sorazmerno velikih kosih. Campione: 19. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Fase: 1. Velikost: Ø največ 6,5 cm; dl. 3,5 cm; šir. 3,2 cm s 35 branikami. Contenuto: carboni probabilmente derivanti da un unico Takson: 1- Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). reperto. Namembnost: gradbeni les. Carboni esaminati: 2. Dimensioni: 1- Ø max cm 7,5; l cm 1,2; La cm 1; 15 anelli di accrescimento Vzorec: 19. in cm 0,8; h cm 3,8. Faza: 1. 2- Ø max cm 15; l cm 1,6; h cm 1. Vsebina: odlomki oglja, ki so bili verjetno del istega kosa. Taxon: 1-, 2- Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/mon- Vzorčeni primerki: 2. tano). Velikost: Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. 1- največji Ø 7,5 cm; dl. 1,2 cm; šir. 1 cm; 15 branik v 0,8 cm; viš. 3,8 cm. 2- največji Ø 15 cm; dl. 1,6 cm; viš. 1 cm. Campione: 20. Takson: 1-, 2- Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Fase: 1. Namembnost: gradbeni les. Contenuto: carboni riconducibili a un unico reperto; tre fram- menti sono in connessione. Carboni esaminati: 2. Vzorec: 20. Dimensioni: Faza: 1. 1- l cm 4,5; La cm 1,5; debole curvatura; 10 anelli di accresci- Vsebina: fragmenti oglja, ki so povezljivi v en kos; trije fra- mento in cm 1,5; h cm 10. gmenti se lahko staknejo. 2- l cm 2; La cm 0,6 con 5 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 2,5. Vzorčeni primerki: 2. Taxon: 1-, 2- Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/mon- Velikost: tano). 1- dl. 4,5 cm; šir. 1,5 cm; rahla ukrivljenost; 10 branik v 1,5 Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione (tavola). cm; viš. 10 cm. 2- dl. 2 cm; šir. 0,6 cm s 5 branikami; viš. 2,5 cm. Takson: 1-, 2- Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Campione: 21. Namembnost: gradbeni les (deska). Fase: 1. Contenuto: originariamente unico reperto. Carboni esaminati: 2. 433 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Vzorec: 21. Dimensioni: Faza: 1. 1- l cm 1,8; La cm 7; 13 anelli in due cm di spessore; h cm 7. Vsebina: prvotno enovit primerek oglja. 2- l cm 3; La cm 2,1; h cm 4,4. Vzorčeni primerki: 2. Taxon: 1-, 2- Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/mon- Velikost: tano). 1- dl. 1,8 cm; šir. 7 cm; 13 branik v 2 cm; viš. 7 cm. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. 2- dl. 3 cm; šir. 2,1 cm; viš. 4,4 cm. Takson: 1-, 2- Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Namembnost: gradbeni les. Campione: 22. Fase: 1. Contenuto: serie di carboni di media grandezza, curvatura Vzorec: 22. non osservabile. Faza: 1. Carboni esaminati: 3 (riconducibili a un unico reperto). Vsebina: skupina odlomkov oglja srednje velikosti, pri katerih Dimensioni: ni opazna zaobljenost. 1- l cm 3; La cm 2 con 9 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 6. Vzorčeni primerki: 3 (združljivi v en kos). 2- l cm 3; 7 anelli in 0,7 cm; h cm 4,7. Velikost: 3- l cm 2; La cm 5 con 22 anelli di accrescimento in cm 0,9; 1- dl. 3 cm; šir. 2 cm z 9 branikami; viš. 6 cm. h cm 4. 2- dl. 3 cm; 7 branik v 0,7 mm; viš. 4,7 cm. Taxon: 1-, 2-, 3- Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/ 3- dl. 2 cm; šir. 5 cm z 22 branikami v 0,9 cm; viš. 4 cm. montano). Takson: 1-, 2-, 3- Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Namembnost: gradbeni les. Campione: 23. Vzorec: 23. Fase: 1. Faza: 1. Contenuto: serie di carboni con forma e consistenza analoghe a Vsebina: skupina odlomkov oglja, po obliki in obstojnosti quelle del campione 20; hanno debole spessore; in alcuni podobni 20. vzorcu; skromne debeline; v nekaterih casi si tratta di spalmature. primerih sprijeti s podlago. Carboni esaminati: 3. Vzorčeni primerki: 3. Dimensioni: Velikost: 1- frammento di piccolo ramo; h cm 3,7; Ø cm 1,5-2,7. 1- odlomek majhne veje, viš. 3,7 cm; Ø 1,5-2,7 cm. 2- frammento tabulare; h cm 3,4; l cm 2,4; La cm 1. 2- sploščen, viš. 3,4 cm; dl. 2,4 cm; šir. 1 cm. 3- spalmatura h cm 4; l cm 2,7; La cm 1. 3- sprijet na podlago, viš. 4 cm; dl. 2,7 cm; šir. 1 cm. Taxon: 1-, 2-, 3- Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/ Takson: 1-, 2-, 3- Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). montano). Namembnost: gradbeni les. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Vzorec: 24. Campione: 24. Faza: 1. Fase: 1. Vsebina: skupina manjših sploščenih odlomkov oglja. Contenuto: serie di piccoli carboni tabulari. Vzorčeni primerki: 2. Carboni esaminati: 2. Velikost: Dimensioni: 1- viš. 3,2 cm; dl. 2,6 cm; šir. 6 cm. 1- h cm 3,2; l cm 2,6; La cm 6. 2- viš. 3,6 cm. 2- h cm 3,6. Takson: 1-, 2- Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Taxon: 1-, 2- Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/mon- Namembnost: gradbeni les. tano). Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. HIŠA 24 ( sl. 55) CASA 24 ( fig. 55) Vzorec: 1. Faza: 2. Campione: 1. Vsebina: trije večji odlomki po vsej verjetnosti prvotno istega Fase: 2. kosa z luknjicami lesnih parazitov; Ø luknjic 2-3 mm. Contenuto: tre carboni piuttosto grossi con fori di parassiti; con Vzorčeni primerki: 3. tutta probabilità originariamente un unico frammento; Velikost: Ø dei fori 2-3 mm. 1- največji Ø do 15 cm; dl. največ 2,8 cm; prepreden z lesnimi Carboni esaminati: 3. črvi po prečnem prerezu, spore gliv. Dimensioni: 2- dl. 3,7 cm; šir. 2,6 cm z 2 branikama; zaobljenost ni opazna; 1- Ø max fino a cm 15; l max cm 2,8; percorsi dei tarli secondo prepreden z lesnimi črvi po tangencialnem prerezu. la sezione trasversale; ife fungine. 434 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... 1 3 2 0 4 m Sl. 55: Hiša 24 (faza 2); pozicije vzorcev. Sl. 56: Hiša 24; vzorec 3. Fig. 55: Casa 24 (fase 2); posizioni dei campioni. Fig. 56: Casa 24; campione 3. 3- največji Ø 9 cm; šir. 3,2 cm z dvema ali tremi slabo ločljivimi 2- l cm 3,7; La cm 2,6 con 2 anelli di accrescimento; curva- branikami; rovi lesnih parazitov v vseh smereh; prelomi tura non visibile; percorsi dei tarli secondo la sezione povzročeni z gorenjem. tangenziale. Takson: Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). 3- Ø max cm 9; La cm 3,2 con anelli poco distinguibili (2,3?); Namembnost: soha. gallerie di parassiti in tutte le direzioni, fratture da combustione. Taxon: 1-, 2-, 3- Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/ Vzorec: 2. montano). Faza: 2. Tipo di reperto: pilastro. Vsebina: trije skupki oglja (1, 2, 3); 1- drobni sploščeni koščki oglja; 2- nekaj večjih kosov oglja; 3- kos oglja. Vzorčeni primerki: 3. Campione: 2. Velikost: Fase: 2. 1- viš. 2,9 cm; Ø 1 cm; odlomek veje. Contenuto: tre pacchetti (1, 2, 3); 1- piccoli carboni tabulari; 2- dl. 4 cm; šir. 1,6 cm; Ø okoli 7 cm; viš. 2,4 cm; sledi parazitov. 2- alcuni grossi carboni; 3- unico carbone. 3- dl. 3,5 cm; šir. 2,3 cm s 5 branikami; največji Ø 6 cm. Carboni esaminati: 3. Takson: Dimensioni: 1- Abies alba (navadna jelka). 1- h cm 2,9; Ø cm 1; frammento di ramo. 2-, 3- Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). 2- l cm 4; La cm 1,6; Ø cm 7 ca; h cm 2,4; tracce di parassiti. Namembnost: temeljni prag (1-, 2-, 3-). 3- l cm 3,5; La cm 2,3 con 5 anelli di accrescimento; Ø max cm 6. Taxa: Vzorec: 3. 1- Abies alba (abete bianco). Faza: 2. 2-, 3- Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). Vsebina: razrezan kos oglja. Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente (1-, 2-, 3-). Vzorčeni primerki: 2. Velikost: 1- šir. 4,5 cm (nanaša se na primerek z vidnimi branikami). Campione: 3. 2- dl. 2,6 cm; zelo goste branike: 47 v 1,8 cm; zelo očitna za- Fase: 2. obljenost; največji Ø 5,5 cm. Contenuto: unico carbone sfaldato. Takson: 1-, 2- Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Carboni esaminati: 2. Namembnost: temeljni prag ( sl. 56). 1- La cm 4,5 (riferita al a porzione con anelli visibili). 2- l cm 2,6; anelli molto fitti: 47 in cm 1,8 di spessore; curvatura molto evidente; Ø max > cm 5,5. HIŠA 27 ( sl. 57) Taxon: 1-, 2- Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/mon- tano). Vzorec: 1. Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente ( fig. 56). Faza: 2. Vsebina: drobni, majhni koščki oglja, morebiti deli istega kosa. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. HIŠA 27 ( fig. 57) Velikost: dl. 1,2 cm; šir. 2,7 cm s 6 branikami; največji Ø 7 cm; viš. 3 cm. Campione: 1. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Fase: 2. Namembnost: temeljni prag. Contenuto: carboni piccoli, forse originariamente in connessione. 435 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Carbone esaminato: 1. 1 2 Dimensioni: l cm 1,2; La cm 2,7 con 6 anelli di accrescimento; Ø max cm 7; h cm 3. 4 3 77 6 5 Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). 8 Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. 9 Campione: 2. Fase: 2. Contenuto: frammenti di carbone, originariamente unico reperto; sezione trasversale circolare 0 4 m Carbone esaminato: 1. Dimensioni: Ø max > cm 10; 4 anelli di accrescimento in cm 2,5 di spessore; h non ben definibile, cm 10? Sl. 57: Hiša 27 (fazi 1 in 2); pozicije vzorcev. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Fig. 57: Casa 27 (fase 1 e 2); posizioni dei campioni. Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. Campione: 3. Vzorec: 2. Fase: 2. Faza: 2. Contenuto: carboni molto friabili. Vsebina: fragmenti oglja, prvotno deli istega kosa; prečni Carbone esaminato: 1. krožni presek. Dimensioni: l cm 3,6; La cm 6; Ø max cm 9,5; h cm 4. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Taxon: Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). Velikost: največji Ø > 10 cm; 4 branike v 2,5 cm; viš. ni dobro Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. določljiva, 10 cm? Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Namembnost: temeljni prag. Campione: 4. Fase: 2. Contenuto: serie di carboni con sezione quadrangolare; i fram- Vzorec: 3. menti sono difficilmente ricongiungibili; tuttavia si tratta Faza: 2. con tutta probabilità di un unico reperto. Vsebina: zelo drobljivo oglje. Carbone esaminato: 1. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Dimensioni: l cm 1,3; La cm 4,3 con 8 anelli di accrescimento; Velikost: dl. 3,6 cm; šir. 6 cm; največji Ø 9,5 cm; viš. 4 cm. Ø max cm 11; h cm 2,5. Takson: 1- Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Namembnost: gradbeni les. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Vzorec: 4. Campione: 5. Faza: 2. Fase: 2. Vsebina: skupina oglja štirikotnega preseka; posamezni Contenuto: piccoli carboni. fragmenti so težko združljivi, vendar so verjetno del Carbone esaminato: 1. istega kosa. Dimensione: max cm 2. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Taxon: Fagus sylvatica (faggio). Velikost: dl. 1.3 cm; šir. 4,3 cm z 8 branikami; največji Ø 11 Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. cm; viš. 2,5 cm. Takson: 1- Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Namembnost: gradbeni les. Campione: 6. Fase: 2. Contenuto: unico carbone misto a sedimento bruciato. Vzorec: 5. Carbone esaminato: 1. Faza: 2. Dimensioni: La cm 3; Ø cm 5; h cm 9. Vsebina: drobni odlomki oglja. Taxon: Fagus sylvatica (faggio). Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Velikost: največ 2 cm. Takson: Fagus sylvatica (bukev). Namembnost: gradbeni les. Campione: 7. Fase: 2. Contenuto: alcuni carboni deformati. Vzorec: 6. Carboni esaminati: 2. Faza: 2. Dimensioni: Vsebina: en sam kos oglja, pomešan s sedimentom. 1- porzione di largo anello; dimensione max cm 1. 436 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... 2- h max cm 5; La cm 1,7 con 6 anelli di accrescimento. Taxon: 1-, 2- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. 1 Campione: 8. Fase: 2. Contenuto: il campione contiene 4 pacchetti (1, 2, 3, 4). Carboni esaminati: 4. 2 Dimensioni: 1- unico carbone con fibre sconnesse; difficile determinare il Ø max; l cm 4; La cm 6,4. 2- unico carbone l cm 6; r cm 4,5 con 11 anelli di accrescimen- to; Ø cm 16 ca; h cm 4,5. Sl. 58: Hiša 27; vzorec 8. 3- frammento di tronco con ramo inserito; Ø ramo cm 3. Fig. 58: Casa 27; campione 8. 4- unico carbone l cm 7; La cm 5 con 10 anelli di accrescimento; Ø max cm 13. Taxon: 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione ( fig. 58). Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Velikost: šir. 3 cm; Ø 5 cm; viš. 9 cm. Takson: Fagus sylvatica (bukev). Campione: 9. Namembnost: gradbeni les. Fase: 1. Contenuto: carboni con tutta probabilità appartenenti a un unico campione. Vzorec: 7. Carbone esaminato: 1. Faza: 2. Dimensioni: l cm 1,4; La cm 0,9 con 10 anelli di accrescimento; Vsebina: nekaj deformiranih koščkov oglja. h cm 9. Vzorčeni primerki: 2. Taxon:Pinus sylvestris/ montana (pino silvestre/montano). Velikost: Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. 1- kos oglja s široko braniko; velikost največ 1 cm. 2- viš. največ 5 cm; šir. 1,7 cm s 6 branikami. Takson: 1-, 2- Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). CASA 29 ( fig. 59) Namembnost: gradbeni les. Campione: 1. Fase: 2. Vzorec: 8. Contenuto: campione del legno carbonizzato; grossi carboni Faza: 2. misti a sedimento e ciottoli; alcuni sono connettibili, si Vsebina: 4 skupki oglja (1, 2, 3, 4). tratta forse di un solo reperto. Vzorčeni primerki: 4. Carboni esaminati: 3. Velikost: Dimensioni: 1- kos oglja z neskladnimi vlakni, težko določljiv največji Ø; 1-, 2- l cm 5; La max. cm 3,3 (circa 20 anelli di accrescimento); dl. 4 cm; šir. 6,4 cm. Ø max cm 7; h totale cm 7. 2- kos oglja; dl. 6 cm; r. 4,5 cm z 11 branikami; Ø okoli 16 3- l cm 3,2; La cm 2,3 con 14 anelli di accrescimento; Ø max cm; viš. 4,5 cm. cm 6,5. 3- del debla z narastiščem veje; pr. veje 3 cm. Taxon: 1-, 2-, 3- Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/ 4- kos oglja; dl. 7 cm; šir. 5 cm z 10 branikami; največji Ø 13 cm. montano). Takson: 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione Namembnost: gradbeni les ( sl. 58). Campione: 2. Vzorec: 9. Fase: 2. Faza: 1. Contenuto: campione di legno mineralizzato, non carboniz- Vsebina: odlomki oglja, ki so bili verjetno del istega kosa. zato; sottili spalmature di legno non bruciato, molto Vzorčeni primerki: 1. sedimento. Velikost: dl. 1,4 cm; šir. 0,9 cm z 10 branikami; viš. 9 cm. Carbone esaminato: 1. Takson: Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Taxon: Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). Namembnost: gradbeni les. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. 437 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... A Sl. 59: Hiša 29 (A: faza 1; B: faza 2); pozicije vzorcev. 4 Fig. 59: Casa 29 (A: fase; B: fase 2); posizioni dei campioni. HIŠA 29 ( sl. 59) Vzorec: 1. Faza: 2. Vsebina: vzorec zoglenelega lesa; večji kosi oglja pomešani s sedimentom in kamenčki; nekateri so združljivi, zato je vzorec morda del istega večjega kosa. Vzorčeni primerki: 3. Velikost: 1-, 2- dl. 5 cm; največja šir. 3,3 cm (okoli 20 branik); največji Ø 7 cm; celotna viš. 7 cm. 3- dl. 3,2 cm; šir. 2,3 cm s 14 branikami; največji Ø 6,5 cm. B Takson: 1-, 2-, 3- Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Namembnost: gradbeni les. Vzorec: 2. 3 Faza: 2. Vsebina: mineraliziran, nekarboniziran les; tanki sprimki ne- 2 gorjenega lesa z geološko podlago; obilica primešanega 1 sedimenta. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Takson: Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Namembnost: gradbeni les. Vzorec: 3. Faza: 2. Vsebina: mineraliziran, nekarboniziran les, enak 2. vzorcu, 0 4 m vendar z nekaj več lesa. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Takson: Pinus sylvestris/montana (rdeči bor/rušje). Namembnost: gradbeni les. Campione: 3. Fase: 2. Contenuto: legno mineralizzato, non carbonizzato; reperto Vzorec: 4. campione analogo al campione 2, con legno leggermente Faza: 1. più abbondante. Vsebina: kos oglja, zdrobljen v več odlomkov. Carbone esaminato: 1. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Taxon:Pinus sylvestris/montana (pino silvestre/montano). Velikost: 7 branik v 1,7 cm. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Namembnost: gradbeni les. Campione: 4. Fase: 1. HIŠA 30 ( sl. 60) Contenuto: unico carbone sbriciolato in più pezzi. Carbone esaminato: 1. Vzorec: 1. Dimensioni: 7 anelli di accrescimento in cm 1,7 cm di spessore. Faza: 2. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Vsebina: kos oglja. Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Velikost: dl. 1 cm; šir. okoli 3,2 cm s 15 branikami; največji pr. 6 cm. CASA 30 ( fig. 60) Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Namembnost: temeljni prag. Campione: 1. Fase: 2. Contenuto: unico carbone. 438 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... 2 Sl. 60: Hiša 30 (fazi 1 in 2); poziciji vzorcev. Fig. 60: Casa 30 (fase 1 e 2); posizioni dei campioni. Carbone esaminato: 1. Dimensioni: l cm 1; La ca cm 3,2 con 15 anelli di accrescimento; Ø max cm 6. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). 1 Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. Campione: 2. Fase: 1. Contenuto: molti carboni con sezione quadrangolare senza connessione apparente; forse resti di trave. Carboni esaminati: 3. Dimensioni: 1- l cm 1,3; La cm 5 con 20 anelli di accrescimento in 3,3 cm; Ø max cm 7; h cm 3,3. 2- l cm 2,6; La cm 2,4 con 26 anelli di accrescimento; h cm 3,7. 0 4 m 3- l tot. cm 14 ca; h max cm 11; in un frammento: La cm 4,2 (7 anelli di accrescimento in 3,2 cm). Taxon: 1-, 2-, 3- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Tipo di reperto: palo montante ( fig. 61). CASA 31 ( fig. 62) Campione: 1. Fase: 1. Contenuto: campione frammentato. Carbone esaminato: 1. Dimensioni: l cm 1,1; La cm 0,4; h cm 1. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere) Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. Sl. 61: Hiša 30; vzorec 2. Campione: 2. Fig. 61: Casa 30; campione 2. Fase: 1. Contenuto: campione frammentato. Carbone esaminato: 1. Dimensioni: l cm 0,4; La cm 0,4; h cm 1; misurati 9 anelli in cm 3,1 di spessore. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Vzorec: 2. Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente Faza: 1. Vsebina: številni kosi štirikotnega preseka, ki so nesestavljivi. Vzorčeni primerki: 3. Campione: 3. Velikost: Fase: 1. 1- dl. 1,3 cm; šir. 5 cm z 20 branikami v 3,3 cm; največji Ø 7 Contenuto: campione frammentato. cm; viš. 3,3 cm. Carbone esaminato: 1. 2- dl. 2,6 cm; šir. 2,4 cm s 26 branikami; viš. 3,7 cm. Dimensioni: l cm 0,8; La cm 0,6; h cm 0,8; nel frammento più 3- celotna dl. okoli 14 cm; viš. največ 11 cm; na enem fragmen- grosso misurati 10 anelli di accrescimento in 2,7 cm di tu, šir. 4,2 cm, je 7 branik v 3,2 cm. spessore. Takson: 1-, 2-, 3- Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Namembnost: stojka ( sl. 61). Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. 439 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... HIŠA 31 ( sl. 62) 3 2 1 Vzorec: 1. Faza: 1. Vsebina: fragmenti oglja. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. 4 Velikost: dl. 1,1 cm; šir. 0,4 cm; viš. 1 cm. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). 0 4 m Namembnost: temeljni prag. Sl. 62: Hiša 31 (faza 1); pozicije vzorcev. Vzorec: 2. Fig. 62: Casa 31 (fase 1); posizioni dei campioni. Faza: 1. Vsebina: fragmenti oglja. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Campione: 4. Velikost: dl. 0,4 cm; šir. 0,4 cm; viš. 1 cm; 9 branik v 3,1 cm. Fase: 1. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Contenuto: campione frammentato. Namembnost: temeljni prag. Carbone esaminato: 1. Dimensioni: l cm 0,7; La cm 0,4; h cm 0,8. Vzorec: 3. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Faza: 1. Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Vsebina: fragmenti oglja. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Velikost: dl. 0,8 cm; šir. 0,6 cm; viš. 0,8 cm; na največjem fra- gmentu je v 2,7 cm 10 branik. CASA 33 ( fig. 63) Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Namembnost: temeljni prag. Campione: 1. Contenuto: contiene due pacchetti, che contengono entrambi frammenti di carbone. Vzorec: 4. Carboni esaminati: 2. Faza: 1. Dimensioni: Vsebina: fragmenti oglja. 1- l cm 1; La cm 0,2; h cm 1,5 (dal primo pacchetto). Vzorčeni primerki: 1. 2- l cm 0,8; La cm 0,8; h cm 1 (dal secondo pacchetto); un Velikost: dl. 0,7 cm; šir. 0,4 cm; viš. 0,8 cm. altro carbone con 4 anelli di accrescimento in 2,5 cm. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Taxon: 1-, 2- Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Namembnost: gradbeni les. Tipo di reperto: trave dormiente. HIŠA 33 ( sl. 63) Campione: 2. Contenuto: grosso carbone sbriciolato. Carbone esaminato: 1. Vzorec: 1. Dimensioni: l cm 0,9; La cm 0,4; h cm 1,5. Vsebina: dva zavojčka razdrobljenega oglja. Taxon: Quercus robur/petraea (farnia/rovere). Vzorčeni primerki: 2 Tipo di reperto: legno da costruzione. Velikost: 1- dl. 1 cm; šir. 0,2 cm; viš. 1,5 cm (iz prega zavojčka). 2- dl. 0,8 cm; šir. 0,8 cm; viš. 1 cm (iz drugega zavojčka); na enem primerku so bile v 2,5 cm izmerjene 4 branike. Takson: 1-, 2- Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Namembnost: temeljni prag. Vzorec: 2. Vsebina: večji razdrobljen kos oglja. Vzorčeni primerki: 1. Velikost: dl. 0,9 cm, šir. 0,4 cm, viš. 1,5 cm. Takson: Quercus robur/petraea (dob/graden). Namembnost: gradbeni les. Sl. 63: Hiša 33; poziciji vzorcev. Fig. 63: Casa 33; posizioni dei campioni. 440 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... KARPOLOŠKA ANALIZA ESAME CARPOLOGICO HIŠA 6 ( sl. 30) CASA 6 ( fig. 30) Vzorec: 1. Campione: 1. Faza: 2. Fase: 2. Vsebina: fragmenti “kruha”, skupek zrn prosa; v dokaj rahli Contenuto: frammenti di “pane”, aggregati di semi di miglio; in zgoščeni zmesi je nekaj odtisov zrn žita (cfr. Secale presenti al ’interno del ’ impasto, piuttosto fine e compatto, cereale). alcune impronte di cariossidi di cereale (cfr. Secale cereale). Velikost: 2–3 cm. Dimensioni: 2-3 cm. Vrsta najdbe: proseni “kruh” ( Panicum miliaceum). Tipo di reperto: “pane” di miglio ( Panicum miliaceum). Vzorec: 3. Campione: 3. Faza: 2. Fase: 2. Vsebina: skupek prosenih zrn ( Panicum miliaceum). Contenuto: aggregati di chicchi di miglio ( Panicum miliaceum). Vrsta najdbe: proseni “kruh” ( Panicum miliaceum), brez veziva. Tipo di reperto: “pane” di miglio ( Panicum miliaceum), senza legante. Vzorec: 4. Faza: 2. Campione: 4. Vsebina: skupek poškodovanih prosenih zrn. Fase: 2. Vrsta najdbe: proseni “kruh” ( Panicum miliaceum), brez veziva. Contenuto: aggregato di semi di miglio con deformazioni dei chicchi. Tipo di reperto: “pane” di miglio ( Panicum miliaceum), senza Vzorec: 5. legante. Faza: 2. Vsebina: zmes drobnih odlomkov oglja in semen. Vrsta najdbe: zrna prosa ( Panicum miliaceum) in seme stroč- Campione: 5. nice ( Leguminosae). Fase: 2. Contenuto: misto piccoli carboni di legno e semi. Tipo di reperto: cariossidi di miglio ( Panicum miliaceum ) e Vzorec: 8. un seme di leguminosa ( Leguminosae). Faza: 2. Vsebina: fragmenti “kruha” iz rahle in zgoščene zmesi s pri- mešanimi zrni prosa. Campione: 8. Vrsta najdbe: proseni “kruh” ( Panicum miliaceum). Fase: 2. Contenuto: frammenti di “pane” con impasto fine e compatto, con inseriti chicchi di miglio. Vzorec: 18. Tipo di reperto: “pane” di miglio ( Panicum miliaceum). Faza: 2. Vsebina: skupki deformiranih prosenih zrn: izvirna oblika zrn je komajda prepoznavna; videti je, da so bila spremenjena Campione: 18. s pritiski in s stiskanjem na več mestih po zunanji po- Fase: 2. vršini, kot da bi se jedra tiščala eno ob drugo; ni opaziti Contenuto: aggregati di semi di miglio con deformazione delle snovi, ki bi jih povezovala. V vzorcu so tudi številna zrna cariossidi: la forma originaria del chicco è scarsamente prosa, ki so skoraj vsa deformirana kot tista v skupkih. riconoscibile; risulta modificata da compressioni e schiac- Vrsta najdbe: “kruh” in zrna prosa ( Panicum miliaceum). ciamenti su più parti del a superficie esterna come se i chicchi fossero stati compressi gli uni contro gli altri; non si osserva una matrice che li possa tenere uniti. Nel o stesso Vzorec: 19. campione ci sono poi molte cariossidi di miglio, quasi Faza: 2. tutte deformate come quelle che sono riunite in aggregati. Vsebina: fragmenti “kruha” (drugačni od prejšnjega, bolj Tipo di reperto: “pane” e cariossidi di miglio ( Panicum mi- podobni vzorcu št. 26); vsebuje odtise zrn. liaceum). Vrsta najdbe: proseni “kruh” ( Panicum miliaceum). Campione: 19. Vzorec: 20. Fase: 2. Faza: 2. Contenuto: frammenti di “pane” (diverso dal precedente, più Vsebina: mešani sediment z zrni prosa. simile al campione: 26); contiene impronte di cariossidi. Vrsta najdbe: proso ( Panicum miliaceum). Tipo di reperto: “pane” di miglio ( Panicum miliaceum). 441 ARHEOBOTANIČNE RAZISKAVE ... INDAGINI ARCHEOBOTANICHE ... Vzorec: 26. Campione: 20. Faza: 2. Fase: 2. Vsebina: majhni (max. 1–2 cm) koščki “kruha” (?) (podobni Contenuto: sedimento misto a semi di miglio. vzorcu 1). Tipo di reperto: miglio ( Panicum miliaceum). Vrsta najdbe: skupek zrn prosa ( Panicum miliaceum). Campione: 26. Vzorec: 30. Fase: 2. Faza: 2. Contenuto: piccoli (1-2 cm la dim. max) frammenti di “pane” Vsebina: fragment lupine. (?) (simili al Campione: 1). Vrsta najdbe: lupina lešnika ( Corylus avellana). Tipo di reperto: aggregato di semi di miglio ( Panicum milia- ceum). Vzorec: 35. Faza: 2. Campione: 30. Vsebina: zrna prosa ( Panicum miliaceum). Fase: 2. Contenuto: frammento di guscio. Tipo di reperto: guscio di nocciola ( Corylus avellana). Vzorec: 38. Faza: 2. Vsebina: koščki lupine. Campione: 35. Vrsta najdbe: koščki lupine lešnika ( Corylus avellana). Fase: 2. Contenuto: cariossidi di miglio ( Panicum miliaceum). HIŠA 7 ( sl. 33) Campione: 38. Vzorec: 2. Fase: 2. Vsebina: Contenuto: pezzi di guscio. Juglans regia (navadni oreh): 50 fragmentov plodu. Tipo di reperto: pezzi di guscio di nocciola ( Corylus avellana). Corylus avellana (navadna leska): 60 fragmentov luščin. Ficus carica (figa): majhen fragment sadeža. Bromus secalinus (žitna stoklasa): 1 seme. Hordeum vulgare (ječmen): 12 zrn. CASA 7 ( fig. 33) Secale cereale (segale): 323 zrn. Triticum aestivum (navadna pšenica): 6 zrn. Campione: 2. Triticum monococcum (enozrna pšenica): 9 zrn. Contenuto: Triticum dicoccum (dvozrna pšenica): 27 zrn. Juglans regia (noce): 50 frammenti del gheriglio. Triticum spelta (pira): 19 zrn. Corylus avellana (nocciolo): 60 frammenti di guscio. Triticum dicoccum/spelta (dvozrna pšenica/pira): 2 fragmenta Ficus carica (fico): un piccolo frammento del frutto. klasov. Bromus secalinus (forasacco): 1 cariossside. Panicum miliaceum (proso): ca. 6000 nedeformiranih zrn. Hordeum vulgare (orzo): 12 cariossidi. Cerealia: 66 fragmentov zrn nedoločljivih žitaric. Secale cereale (segale): 323 cariossidi. Vicia sp.(lečnata grašica): 1 seme. Triticum aestivum (frumento estivo): 6 cariossidi. Triticum monococcum (monococco): 9 cariossidi. Triticum dicoccum (dicocco o farro): 27 cariossidi. Triticum spelta (spelta): 19 cariossidi. 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TOŠKAN Finds. – Opera Instituti archeologici Sloveniae 33. 2016, Območje pristanišča v Navportu / The port area of ŠERCELJ, A. 1981, Pelod v kvartarnih sedimentih Soške Nauportus. – Arheološki vestnik 67, 177–258. doline / Pollen in Quaternary sediments from the Soča Valley. – Geologija 24/1, 129–147. 443 Železnodobno naselje Most na Soči. Razprave / The Iron Age settlement at Most na Soči. Treatises. OIAS 34, 2018, 445−452 OSTANKI PREHRANSKIH RASTLIN IZ HIŠ 6 IN 15A Z MOSTA NA SOČI EDIBLE PLANT REMAINS FROM HOUSES 6 AND 15A AT MOST NA SOČI Tjaša TOLAR UVOD INTRODUCTION Raziskave železnodobne naselbine na Mostu na Research of the Iron Age settlement at Most na Soči so prinesle tudi nekaj arheobotaničnih najdb, tj. Soči also contributed some plant macroremains, which rastlinskih makroostankov, ki jih je v tem zvezku razprav are presented in this volume by Sila Motel a De Carlo predstavila Sila Motel a De Carlo. Pričujoče poglavje pa and in the contribution below that focuses on the edible obravnava nekaj makroostankov prehranskih rastlin (tj. plant macroremains (i.e. seeds/fruits) and the remains of semena/plodovi) in nekaj lesa oz. oglja iz 32. vzorcev, ki wood or charcoal from 32 samples misplaced for many so bili dolga leta založeni v depoju Goriškega muzeja in years in the storerooms of the Goriški muzej and hence jih Motel a De Carlo ni mogla vključiti v svojo razpravo. not analysed by Motel a De Carlo. Textile remains are Ostanki tekstila so predstavljeni v posebni razpravi (glej analysed in a separate contribution (see in this volume, tu, Grömer et al., 453−465). Grömer et al., 453−465). METODE DELA METHODS Metodam dela med izkopavanji (tj. vzorčenje na Because the excavations were done in an old- terenu in hranjenje vzorcev), specifičnim za naravo- fashioned manner, we will not emphasize the methods slovne vzorce v arheologiji, se na tem mestu ne bomo used (i.e. sampling in the field and preserving the organic posvečali, saj so bili vsi vzorci s terena pobrani z eno samples) while all the organic samples were collected samo, najenostavnejšo metodo, tj. vzorčenje po presoji. with the simplest method, i.e. judgement sampling Po tej metodi s terena odvzemamo naključno odkrite method. In that way, organic samples were col ected that najdbe, za katere presodimo, da bi lahko bile arheobota- were found by coincidence. It is a simple method, but nično zanimive. Metoda je zelo nezahtevna, vendar ima it has many deficiencies. In that way only subjectively veliko pomanjkljivosti. S takšnim odvzemom vzorcev collected finds are included in the research, which are pridobimo le naključno odkrite in po subjektivni presoji not representative for making conclusions about the odvzete najdbe, ki pa v arheobotaniki še zdaleč niso nutrition habits or the environment conditions at the reprezentativne in kot takšne ne dopuščajo interpretacij site (see e.g. Tolar 2016). o dejanskem gospodarstvu naseljencev ali o okoljskih Judgement-sampled archaeobotanical samples razmerah tedanjega časa (glej npr. Tolar 2016). (total: 32) were collected from two contexts, i.e. from Naključno odkriti in po presoji odvzeti arheobo- two Iron Age houses at Most na Soči: House 6 and 15A tanični vzorci z Mosta na Soči so bili pobrani iz dveh (both Phase 2). kontekstov, in sicer iz dveh hiš: 6 (faza 2) in 15A (faza 2). The samples were analysed under a Leica MZ75 Odvzeti vzorci so bili pregledani s stereomikrosko- stereomicroscope with 6.3–50x magnification. The pom Leica MZ75 s 6,3–50-kratno povečavo. Pri identifi- reference collection of the Institute of Archaeology kaciji rastlinskih makroostankov (semen/plodov, lesa in (IOF) ZRC SAZU and special literature (e.g. Beijerinck oglja) sta nam bili v pomoč referenčna zbirka Inštituta 1947; Schoch et al. 1988; Jones et al. 2004; Cappers et al. za arheologijo ZRC SAZU in posebna identifikacijska 2006; Schweingruber 1990; Torelli 1991) were used for literatura (npr. Beijerinck 1947; Schoch et al. 1988; Jones the identification of plant macroremains (seeds/fruits, et al. 2004; Cappers et al. 2006; Schweingruber 1990; wood, charcoal). The plant names follow Mala flora Torelli 1991). Poimenovanje rastlinskih vrst sloni na Slovenije (Martinčič et al. 1999). Mali flori Slovenije (Martinčič et al. 1999). 445 OSTANKI PREHRANSKIH RASTLIN IZ HIŠ 6 IN 15A ... EDIBLE PLANT REMAINS FROM HOUSES 6 AND 15A ... REZULTATI RESULTS Velika večina (27 vzorcev) v analizo prejetih ra- Most of the analysed samples (i.e. 27 samples) stlinskih makroostankov je bila ohranjena v zoglenelem were preserved carbonized. Only five of them (all stanju, le pet vzorcev – vsi ostanki difuzno poroznega wood samples) were preserved in a half-carbonized/ lesa – je bilo ohranjenih v delno zoglenelem/delno half-mineralized (or subfossil) state (e.g. Fig. 1; Tab. 1). okamenelem (ali subfosilnem) stanju (npr. sl. 1; tab. 1). HIŠA 6 (FAZA 2) HOUSE 6 (PHASE 2) V hiši 6 je bilo ohranjenih največ rastlinskih ma- Most of the plant macroremains were collected kroostankov, tako kvantitativno (številčno) kot tudi from House 6, i.e. in a quantitative and qualitative kvalitativno (tj. raznovrstno). manner. Med zanimivejšimi lesnimi ostanki je vredno Among the most interesting wooden finds, two omeniti dva izredno lepo obdelana in dobro ohranjena nicely processed and well-preserved pieces of half- kosa delno zoglenelega, delno mineraliziranega ali carbonized/half-mineralized specimens are worth subfosilnega lesa ( sl. 1), ki sta bila najverjetneje po mentioning ( Fig. 1). Both were consolidated with an odkritju premazana z neznanim zaščitnim sredstvom. unknown substance. The first piece of wood ( Fig. 1a) Prvi odlomek ( sl. 1a) je ploščat in z obeh strani glad- is flat and smoothed, polished on both sides and could ko obdelan glajen kos lesa, ki bi lahko bil del lesene represent the remain of a wooden vessel. Tree rings are posode. Na njem so lepo vidne lesne branike, vendar clearly visible, but due to the consolidants, the precise zaradi prepojenosti z neznanim sredstvom natančnejša identification of the wood species is not possible. The identifikacija lesne vrste ni bila mogoča. Drugi leseni second wooden artefact ( Fig. 1b) is spherical and even predmet ( sl. 1b) je kroglaste oblike in še lepše obdelan, more finely processed; the signs of turning on a lathe vidni so znaki struženja. Njegova oblika spominja na are visible. Its shape is reminiscent of a wooden spindle- vijček. Tudi tu identifikacija vrste lesa, iz katerega je bil whorl. In this case, the precise identification of the predmet izdelan, ni bila mogoča. deciduous tree species was also not possible. Med nezoglenelimi lesnimi ostanki sta bila v hiši In addition to the aforementioned uncarbonized 6, poleg na sl. 1 predstavljenih fragmentov obdelanega wooden remains from House 6 ( Fig. 1), another two lesa (oz. zagotovo uporabnih predmetov), najdena še fragmented half-carbonized/half-mineralized (subfos- dva vzorca fragmentiranih delno zoglenelih/delno oka- sil) remains of deciduous tree species were analysed. Sl. 1: Obdelana lesena predmeta iz dveh nedoločljivih vrst listavcev iz hiše 6: a) morebiten fragment posode iz difuzno poroznega listavca; b) morebiten fragment vijčka iz venčasto-polvenčasto poroznega listavca, morda oreha ( Juglans regia). Fig. 1: Processed wooden artefacts made of two different unidentified deciduous tree species from House 6: a) fragment of a probably wooden vessel made of diffuse porous deciduous tree sp.; b) fragment of a probably wooden spindel whorle made of ring- to halfring porous deciduous tree sp., possibly walnut ( Juglans regia). (Foto / Photo: D. Valoh). 446 OSTANKI PREHRANSKIH RASTLIN IZ HIŠ 6 IN 15A ... EDIBLE PLANT REMAINS FROM HOUSES 6 AND 15A ... 2 A / ouse 15A ASE FAZ r. PH ša / hhi 4 5 9,45 g X 2 A / ouse 6 ASE r. r. r. r. FAZ r. PH r. ša / hhi 2 27,67 g 52,74 g 70 g 56,63 g 5,05 g 55,37 g X 2 1 1 X 3 . / ohr m. / .? m. / .? preserv. C ka er ka er . C C C C C C C C C C/N C/o min C C/o min C C (i.e. s s ht) ntexts C SAZU ain ub- ain ood eig š 6 in 15A). y ZR em rg. s em rg. rg. e r e r al f al f sed w j. iz hi olog e ood (?w orous o g to the co harco harco t (t roces k / n ean s orridg orridg sed w rdin rchae ne ai orridg ain f A ta rg. ood/c ood/c em ood, p ruh) / p ood, p roces onteks . acco os rem road b eeds ode) / p ut f rg. os a k ed ln f ?b še / f še / f lja / w lja / w ut f hole s eeds in p ood r ov (? k l p sel) tež) / p bin aze ln de n rg. o a/og a/og es le m nstitute o a / w ši / s ne / f ne, ka ne, ka f v C SAZU k / h en rg. sn read) he I a o ti les ti les f t reh / wa oba / f em a v ka en en ain o are co en lan les (?de lan les (?u uženi g ijo ZR la s tanki hra tanki hra tanki hra gm gm em ves o frg. lešni frg. o frg. ?b ce sem os os porozn stance (?b os fra fra obde (?r obde ples o zdr rchi v s rheolog sam he a ye) o- rnel/ rce g p of 27 at/r in n/co ults alf r aria, o ree owa ree nštituta za a e res ilable in t et va us t us t g-hin ltati 27 vzo vu I s a me . Th al llet, s uo uo ezu rhi cid cid . R ožnice) / (r reh) / r ko ime / lant na harco oči t na Soči h p eals (mi en/r ud a S topna v a os ngleš llet, c orous de orous de d t n ple (n = 32) i nglis stavec (?o lize am ko/a use p os ebika/dr use p era e dos an/e rg. in a m aria, ?mi er ut) et ves/rž) / cer sed orozen li ln al f šča M he site at M slovens oni o / min pecific s sloveni harco ans sed ln ajdi es aria lje / s uhvič, o stavec / diff stavec (j stavec / diff arb v (n = 32) j he s llet et často p ree (?wa oni f t o, og ye emi ot c rce s from t l o, m ubfosi ut us t s o ros eals latu / c ile r arb ain ros at/r olven uo , s aze ln o / mi orozen li orozen li ly) orozen li ext elo / n elo tanki z n h vzo ros uhvič / s o p o p mi o p cid lja v b elo / c len en orem nalysi ka / h til / t uhvič, ?p často-p len m ezni tarice (p tarice / cer uzn uzn e fa uzn akroos acr d a les oreh / wa stročnice / legum nav. p laški m m ži ži oves/rž / o dif dif ros dif ven rous de frg. og teks zog nezog oka am al m aile ae os et ace me os a naliza p obotanic c na . ko ime / iliaceum e nus/R er a a nd 15A). D vellan lica etaria egia rheobotanični m entifi egia m rchae latins m/S A A sci ria ita s/Cor ealia ealia m. / min obnejš er er ena/ Secal bu Corylus a Juglans r Fabales Panicum Seta Panicu C C Av Sor ?Juglans r C NC oka ouses 6 a Tab. 1: Podr Tab. 1: H 447 OSTANKI PREHRANSKIH RASTLIN IZ HIŠ 6 IN 15A ... EDIBLE PLANT REMAINS FROM HOUSES 6 AND 15A ... menelih (ali subfosilnih) ostankov difuzno poroznega They could belong to either a tree species of the Rosaceae lesa, morda vrst iz družine rožnic ( Rosaceae), kot je family as e.g. rowan tree [ Sorbus] or to a species of npr. jerebika ( Sorbus), ali vrst iz rodu drena ( Cornus) the dogwood genus [ Cornus] (see Tab. 1). These two ( glej tab. 1). Lesni odlomki kažejo znake, da bi lahko wooden fragments also seem to be consolidated with bili premazani oz. zaščiteni z neznanim sredstvom, ne an unknown substance, but no indications of the use dajejo pa nikakršnega vtisa o morebitni namembnosti or purpose were identified. (oz. uporabnosti) tega lesa. Odkrito je bilo tudi nekaj oglja, in sicer v sedimen- tu, odvzetem iz hodne površine hiše 6 (glej tu: Motel a). Največ arheobotaničnih ostankov iz hiše 6 je bilo ohranjenih v obliki ostankov hrane, nekakšne “kaše”, ki so bili zaradi ognja (Svoljšak in Dular 2016, 73) vsi zogleneli ( sl. 2 in 3). Poleg “kašnatih jedi”, v katerih so rastlinski makro- ostanki ohranjeni v nefragmentiranem stanju (tj. celem zrnju) (glej sl. 2, 3), so bili v hiši 6 najdeni ostanki druge hrane, za katere pa ne moremo zanesljivo ugotoviti, kaj bi lahko predstavljali. Morda so ostanek testa/kruha/ pogače, na kar spominja porozna struktura neznane strjene in ožgane organske snovi, brez vidnih ostankov semen/plodov ( sl. 4a). V hiši 6 je bilo tako skupno najdenih 240 gramov (glej tab. 1) ostankov hrane v obliki kaš in kruha(?). Sl. 2: Ostanki hrane (kaše) iz hiše 6 (6x povečano pod stere- Sl. 3: Iz ostankov pooglenelih “kaš” (prim. sl. 2), identificirani: omikroskopom): a) pripravljene iz laškega muhviča ( Setaria a) laški muhvič, b) oves/rž ( Avena/Secale) in c) proso ( Panicum italica) in b) iz raznovrstnih žitaric (prim. sl. 3). miliaceum). Fig. 2: Food remains (porridge) from House 6 (6x magnifica- Fig. 3: From carbonized porridge remains ( cf. Fig. 2), identi- tion under stereomicroscope): a) made of setaria ( Setaria fied: a) setaria ( Setaria italica), b) oat/rye ( Avena/Secale) and italica) and b) made of different types of cereals ( cf. Fig. 3). c) millet ( Panicum miliaceum). (Foto / Photo: D. Valoh). (Foto / Photo: D. Valoh) 448 OSTANKI PREHRANSKIH RASTLIN IZ HIŠ 6 IN 15A ... EDIBLE PLANT REMAINS FROM HOUSES 6 AND 15A ... Poleg tega je bilo najdeno nekaj posamičnih semen/ Some charcoal fragments were also collected from plodov (torej ne v obliki pripravljene hrane), in sicer dva the floor of the House 6 (see in this volume: Motel a). fragmenta koščice oreha in dobrih 27 gramov nesprijetih In addition to the wood/charcoal fragments, other zoglenelih zrn prosa ( tab. 1; sl. 5). archaeobotanical remains (i.e. seeds/fruits and food remains) were found at House 6 (Svoljšak & Dular 2016, 73) ( Figs. 2, 3). There were food remains of porridge preserved in which whole carbonized seeds/fruits (i.e. grains) were recognized (see Figs. 2, 3). Also some other food remains were conserved, but it was not possible to interpret what they represent. They could be the remains of a sort of a bread or a cake, while the structure is porous and the seeds/fruits remains are not recognized ( Fig. 4a). All together approx. 240 grams (see Tab. 1) of food remains in porridge and bread/cake form were found in House 6. There were also some individual seeds/fruits identified, including two walnut fragments and more than 27 grams of millet grains ( Tab. 1; Fig. 5). Sl. 4: a) Porozna in ožgana organska snov, morda ostanek Sl. 5: a) Fragmenta koščice oreha iz hiše 6; b) zrna prosa iz kruha ali pogače iz hiše 6 (nepovečano in 6x povečano pod hiše 15A. stereomikroskopom); b) recenten posušen kruh pod stereo- Fig. 5: a) Fragments of the walnut fruit from House 6; b) millet mikroskopom za primerjavo (6x povečano). grains from House 15A. Fig. 4: a) Carbonized porous organic substance, possibly a (Foto / Photo: D. Valoh) bread or a cake remain from house 6 (not magnified and under 6x magnification); b): recent dried bread under stereomicro- scope for comparison (6x magnification). (Foto / Photo: D. Valoh). 449 OSTANKI PREHRANSKIH RASTLIN IZ HIŠ 6 IN 15A ... EDIBLE PLANT REMAINS FROM HOUSES 6 AND 15A ... HIŠA 15A (FAZA 2) HOUSE 15A (PHASE 2) V hiši 15A so bili poleg enega vzorca fragmentov In House 15A were, beside the only charcoal frag- lesa oz. oglja neznanega difuzno poroznega listavca z ment from deciduous wood with an unknown purpose, neznano namembnostjo najdeni le še posamični fra- identified also some individual fragments of carbonized gmenti semen/plodov: leske in boba (?) ter semena prosa seeds/fruits: hazelnut, broad bean (?) and millet grains (9,5 grama; npr. sl. 5b) (glej tab. 1). (9.5 grams; e.g. Fig. 5b; see Tab. 1). DISKUSIJA IN ZAKLJUČEK DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Arheobotanična analiza skromnih rastlinskih ma- Archaeobotanical analysis of mostly carbonized kroostankov, ki so bili v večini ohranjeni v zoglenelem plant macroremains from two houses from the Iron stanju, kaže na uporabo (in najverjetneje tudi gojenje) Age site at Most na Soči show the use (and probably nekaterih kulturnih rastlin, ki so bile v obdobju, v katerem also the cultivation) of some cultural plants that were je naselbina živela, že dobro poznane, saj smo na njihove already well known and cultivated throughout Europe in ostanke naleteli tudi na drugih starejšeželeznodobnih that period, including the area of modern-day Slovenia najdiščih po Sloveniji (Dular in Tecco Hvala 2007, 209, (Dular & Tecco Hvala 2007, 209, Fig. 119), e.g. Gradec sl. 119), npr. Gradec nad Mihovim (Culiberg in Šercelj nad Mihovim (Culiberg & Šercelj 1995), Cvinger nad 1995), Cvinger nad Koriti (Dular et al. 1995; Culiberg in Koriti (Dular et al. 1995; Culiberg & Šercelj 1995), Šercelj 1995), Cvinger pri Meniški vasi (Culiberg in Šer- Cvinger pri Meniški vasi (Culiberg & Šercelj 1995), celj 1995), Gradec pri Vinkovem vrhu (Dular et al. 1995; Gradec pri Vinkovem vrhu (Dular et al. 1995; Culiberg Culiberg in Šercelj 1995) in Ljubljana – Tribuna (Tolar, & Šercelj 1995) and Ljubljana-Tribuna (Tolar, IOA ZRC arhiv IZA ZRC SAZU). O podobnih najdbah poročajo SAZU, archive). Similar archaeobotanical finds were also tudi z bližnjega svetišča v Altinu (Rottoli 2009). identified near a sanctuary in Altino, Italy (Rottoli 2009). S to raziskavo arheobotaničnih ostankov z najdišča The presented research of botanical macroremains Most na Soči lahko ponovno potrdimo podatkovno from Most na Soči once again confirms the Slovenian bazo arheobotaničnih najdb s slovenskih železnodobnih archaeobotanical database of Iron Age cultivated plant najdišč (npr. Dular in Tecco Hvala 2007, 209, sl. 119) z species with the following species: setaria ( Setaria naslednjimi kulturnimi rastlinami: laški muhvič ( Setaria italica), millet ( Panicum miliaceum), oat ( Avena sativa)/ italica), proso ( Panicum miliaceum), oves ( Avena sativa) rye ( Secale cereale), broad bean ( Vicia faba), and other oziroma rž ( Secale cereale), bob ( Vicia faba) in druge legumes (Fabales). stročnice (Fabales). Of special interest is the grass species, setaria. Med njimi morda posebno pozornost namenimo This plant is nowadays known as archaeophyte1 and laškemu muhviču, rastlini iz družine trav (Poaceae), ki as weed plant that thrives at ruderal2 habitats. In the jo danes poznamo kot arheofit1 in kot plevelno vrsto past, it was an important cultivated plant species for oz. rastlino, ki poseljuje ruderalna2 tla. Včasih je bila human nutrition and later for animal fodder, while it rastlina zaradi svojih številnih prosu podobnih zrn, ki produces numerous seeds/fruits and survives quite wel jih vsako leto obrodi, ter zaradi svoje nezahtevnosti po- in unfavourable climate conditions. Nowadays, the plant gosto gojena za prehrano človeka, kasneje tudi za krmo species has lost its importance and is preserved only as živalim. Do danes je ta pomen izgubila in se ohranila le a weed species or as bird fodder. The oldest remains of še kot plevelna rastlina ali pa kot krma za ptice. Najsta- setaria as well as of millet from Slovenian archaeologi- rejši ostanki muhviča, tako kot tudi prosa, s slovenskih cal sites originate from the Early Bronze Age (Kaligarič arheoloških najdišč segajo v obdobje zgodnje bronaste & Paušič 2010; archive IOA ZRC SAZU, unpublished). dobe (Kaligarič in Paušič 2010; arhiv IZA ZRC SAZU, The same evidence is also known from other Central neobjavljeno). Približno sočasen pojav teh vrst zaznava- European sites (e.g. Bakels 2012/13). The plant became jo tudi na tujih srednjeevropskih arheoloških najdiščih more frequently cultivated from the Late Bronze Age (npr. Bakels 2012/13). Množičnejša uporaba in gojenje onwards and became indispensable in the Iron Age. It teh vrst pa se pojavi od pozne bronaste dobe, še bolj pa v has not been established yet why this cultivar became so popular at that time. One reason could be the unfa- 1 Arheofit je neavtohtona rastlinska vrsta, ki je bila na 1 drugo (npr. slovensko) območje zanesena s človekovim Archaeophyte is a plant species which is non-native to delovanjem (hote, kot gojena, ali nehote, kot plevelna vrsta) a geographical region, but which was an introduced species v starejših zgodovinskih obdobjih in se je do danes ohranila in ‘ancient’ times, and till today became natural species with ter se samostojno razširja – je postala naravna rastlinska vrsta. its own multiplication. 2 2 Ruderalna mesta (ali tla) so območja, kjer deluje človek Ruderal habitats are sites where humans are active, i.e. (npr. ob poteh, na obdelovalnih površinah). along paths or on fields, etc. 450 OSTANKI PREHRANSKIH RASTLIN IZ HIŠ 6 IN 15A ... EDIBLE PLANT REMAINS FROM HOUSES 6 AND 15A ... železni dobi. Zakaj je ta kultura v tem času postala tako vourable climate conditions in the period around 800 zelo priljubljena, še ni pojasnjeno. Morda so razlog za BC (Bakels 2012/13), which lowered the harvest of other to klimatske spremembe, ki so se dogajale ravno okoli crop species (e.g. types of wheat). leta 800 pr. n. št. (Bakels 2012/13) in zaradi katerih se je For the rest of the cultivated plants identified (e.g. zmanjšal pridelek ostalih, slabše prilagodljivih kulturnih oat/rye and broad bean), it is assumed that they ap- rastlin (npr. pšenice). peared in the Early Iron Age period (Culiberg & Šercelj Ostale identificirane vrste gojenih rastlin (oves/rž in 1995). They are present at the investigated site but not bob) naj bi se po dosedanjih, sicer skromnih slovenskih in significant amounts. arheobotaničnih rezultatih pojavile šele v obdobju starejše Among the presumably collected fruits/nuts only železne dobe (Culiberg in Šercelj 1995). Na obravnava- two species were identified: hazelnut ( Corylus avellana) nem najdišču, kot že rečeno, so prisotne, vendar ne v and walnut ( Juglans regia). The latter is somewhat sur- zavidljivem deležu. prising since this tree species is presumably not native Med domnevno nabiranimi sadeži/oreški smo for Slovenia region (Brus 2005). It has been cultivated naleteli na ostanke dveh vrst: lešnik oz. leska ( Corylus for at least 3000 years. The Romans spread it throughout avellana) in oreh ( Juglans regia). Slednji velja za nekoliko Europe (Brus 2005). presenetljivo ali pa vsaj omembe vredno najdbo (tj. dveh At least two species were identified among the fragmentov koščice oreha), saj ta drevesna vrsta v Sloveniji wood finds from Most na Soči: a diffuse porous decidu- skoraj gotovo ni avtohtona (Brus 2005). Gojena naj bi bila ous tree from the Rosaceae family or from the genus že vsaj 3000 let, z Rimljani pa naj bi se vrsta razširila po Cornus and half ring porous deciduous tree (possibly vseh toplejših delih Evrope (Brus 2005). walnut). Deciduous wood was used to make at least two Med lesnimi ostanki smo prepoznali les vsaj dveh artefacts ( Fig. 1). Most numerous among the sampled različnih vrst: difuzno poroznega listavca iz družine non-wooden archaeobotanical macroremains were rožnic (Rosaceae) ali rodu drena ( Cornus sp.) in polven- carbonized remains of at least two different foods: 1. a často poroznega listavca, morda oreha. Les listavcev je bil sort of porridge made from setaria, millet and/or oat/ uporabljen za izdelavo vsaj dveh lesenih predmetov ( sl. 1). rye ( Figs. 2, 3) and 2. an unknown porous organic matter Najštevilnejši med nelesnimi arheobotaničnimi “po without traces of seeds/fruits that could be recognized presoji odvzetimi” vzorci z obravnavanega najdišča so bili as the remain of bread or cake ( Fig. 4). poogleneli ostanki vsaj dveh vrst hrane: 1. raznovrstnih All the identified botanical macroremains were kašam podobnih jedi iz laškega muhviča, prosa ali/in ovsa found in House 6, which is interpreted as a cult place, oz. rži ( sl. 2, 3) in 2. neznane porozne organske snovi brez after Svoljšak and Dular (2016, 73). This could be a sledi semen/plodov, ki bi jo morda lahko prepoznali kot reason for the carbonization and preservation of plant ostanek neke vrste kruha ali pogače ( sl. 4). remains (i.e. food) which were presumably intentional y Vsi ti ostanki so bili najdeni v hiši št. 6, ki jo Svoljšak thrown in the fire. Similar identifications and conclu- in Dular (2016, 73) razlagata kot kultno mesto. To bi lahko sions were proposed by Rottoli (2009) when researching bil vzrok za zoglenelost, pri čemer naj bi bili organski archaeobotanical remains from Altino. pridatki (v obliki hrane) namenoma vrženi v ogenj. Do Archaeobotanical samples were col ected from only podobnih identifikacij in zaključkov je prišel tudi Rottoli two houses, 6 and 15A, although at least 35 houses from (2009) pri raziskavi arheobotaničnih ostankov v Altinu. Most na Soči were excavated (Svoljšak & Dular 2016). Čeprav je bilo na Mostu na Soči izkopanih kar 35 tlo- While the judgement sampling method was used, it is risov hiš (Svoljšak in Dular 2016), so bili arheobotanični impossible to discuss the horizontal and vertical distri- vzorci pobrani le iz dveh objektov, in sicer iz hiš 6 in 15A. bution of the finds in the individual house. Almost all Ker so bili arheobotanični vzorci odvzeti z vzorčenjem po the archaeobotanical finds were obtained from House presoji, o horizontalni razporeditvi ostankov in pomenu 6, the cult place (Dular & Svoljšak 2016). The purpose najdb v posameznih hišah ni mogoče diskutirati. Največ of House 15A (phase 2) is not certain. Svoljšak (2014) arheobotaničnih najdb smo dobili iz hiše 6, ki je oprede- identified it as a pottery workshop. ljena kot mesto za žgalno daritev (Dular in Svoljšak 2016). Namembnost hiše 15A (faza 2) ni čisto jasna, Svoljšak (2014) jo je opredelil za lončarsko delavnico. 451 OSTANKI PREHRANSKIH RASTLIN IZ HIŠ 6 IN 15A ... EDIBLE PLANT REMAINS FROM HOUSES 6 AND 15A ... BAKELS, C. 2012–2013, Foxtail Millet ( Setaria italica [L.] PAJAGIČ BREGAR, G. 2007, Tkanina. – V / In: A. Miškec, P. Beauv.) in Western Central Europe. – Offa 69–70, M. Pflaum (ur. /eds.), Našli smo zaklad. O novčni zakladni 139−145. najdbi z Drnovega / Buried treasure. The coin hoard from BEIJERINCK, W. 1947, Zadenatlas der Nederlandsche flora. – Drnovo, Ljubljana, 103–105. Wageningen. PAJAGIČ BREGAR, G., A. VELUŠČEK, T. TOLAR, M. STR- BRUS, R. 2005, Dendrologija za gozdarje. – Ljubljana, LIČ, V. BUKOŠEK, J. KOLAR, I. RAVBAR 2009, Raziska- 193−195. ve in konserviranje preje z Ljubljanskega barja / Analysis CAPPERS, R. T. J., R. M. BEKKER, J. E. A. JANS 2006, Di- and conservation of the Ljubljansko barje yarn. – V / In: gitale Zadenatlas van Nederland / Digital Seed Atlas of the A. Velušček (ur. / ed.), Koliščarska naselbina Stare gmajne Netherlands. – Groningen. in njen čas. Ljubljansko barje v 2. polovici 4. tisočletja pr. CULIBERG, M., A. ŠERCELJ 1995, Karpološke in antrako- Kr. / Stare gmajne pile-dwel ing settlement and its era. The tomske analize iz prazgodovinskih višinskih naselij na Ljubljansko barje in the 2nd half of the 4th mil ennium BC. – Dolenjskem (Karpologische und anthrakotomische Ana- Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 16, 309–318. lysen aus den vorgeschichtlichen Höhensiedlungen in ROTTOLI, M. 2009, I resti Botanici. I Materiali del Santu- Dolenjsko). – Arheološki vestnik 46, 169–176. ario. Una Panoramica Preliminare. – Altinum 5, 184–185. ČUFAR, K., B. KROMER, T. TOLAR, A. VELUŠČEK 2010, SCHOCH, W. H., B. PAWLIK, F. H. SCHWEINGRUBER Dating of 4th millennium BC pile-dwellings on Ljubljan- 1988, Botanical macro-remains. An atlas for the determi- sko barje, Slovenia. – Journal of Archaeological Science 37, nation of frequently encountered and ecological y impor- 2031–2039. tant plant seeds. – Stuttgart. DULAR, J. 2008, Mihovo in severni obronki Gorjancev v 1. SCHWEINGRUBER, F. H. 1990, Mikroskopische Holzanato- tisočletju pr. Kr. (Mihovo und die nördlichen Ausläufer mie. – Birmensdorf. der Gorjanci im ersten Jahrtausend v. Chr.). – Arheološki SVOLJŠAK, D. 2001, Zametki urbanizma v železnodobni vestnik 59, 111–148. naselbini na Mostu na Soči (Zur Entstehung der Urbani- DULAR, J., S. TECCO HVALA 2007, South-Eastern Slovenia sation in der eisenzeitlichen Siedlung von Most na Soči). in the Early Iron Age. Settlement, economy, society / Jugo- − Arheološki vestnik 52, 131–138. vzhodna Slovenija v starejši železni dobi. Poselitev, gospodar- SVOLJŠAK, D. 2014, Lončarjeva delavnica ob “obrtni poti” v stvo, družba. – Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 12. železnodobni naselbini na Mostu na Soči (Pottery works- DULAR, J., B. KRIŽ, D. SVOLJŠAK, S. TECCO HVALA hop on the “artisans’ street” in the Iron Age settlement 1995, Prazgodovinska višinska naselja v Suhi krajini (Vor- at Most na Soči). – V / In: S. Tecco Hvala (ur. / ed.), Stu- geschichtliche Höhensiedlungen in der Suha krajina). – dia Praehistorica in Honorem Janez Dular, Opera Instituti Arheološki vestnik 46, 89–167. Archaeologici Sloveniae 30, 287−295. GREIF, T. 1997, Obrt in tehnologija: življenje in tehnika. – SVOLJŠAK, D., J. DULAR 2016, Železnodobno naselje Most V / In: T. Greif (ur. / ed.), Prazgodovinska kolišča na na Soči. Gradbeni izvidi in najdbe / The Iron Age Settle- Ljubljanskem barju. – Arheo 18, 41–56. ment at Most na Soči. Settlement Structures and Small JONES, S., J. TAYLOR, F. ASH 2004, Seed Identification hand- Finds. – Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 33. book. Agriculture, Horticulture and Weeds. – Cambridge. TOLAR, T. 2016, Arheobotanika. – V / In: M. Andrič, T. KALIGARIČ, M., I. PAUŠIČ 2010, Arheobotanični pregled Tolar, B. Toškan, Okoljska arheologija in paleoekologija, arheološkega najdišča. – V / In: I. Šavel, S. Sankovič (ur. / Ljubljana, 43−79. eds.), Za Raščico pri Krogu, Zbirka Arheologija na avto- TOLAR, T., S. JACOMET, A. VELUŠČEK, K. ČUFAR 2010, cestah Slovenije 13, 119–121. (http://www.zvkds.si/files/ Recovery techniques for waterlogged archaeological sedi- uploads/files/publication/32_zamarkova_-_senekovic.pdf) ments. A comparison of different treatment methods for KOROŠEC, J. 1953, Nova kolišča na Ljubljanskem barju. – samples from Neolithic lake shore settlements. – Vegetati- Arheološki vestnik 4, 256–263. on History and Archaeobotany 19/1, 53–67. MARTINČIČ, A., T. WRABER, N. JOGAN, V. RAVNIK, A. TORELLI, N. 1991, Makroskopska in mikroskopska identifi- PODOBNIK, B. TURK, B. VREŠ 1999, Mala flora Slove- kacija lesa (ključi). – Ljubljana. nije, Ključ za določanje praprotnic in semenk. – Ljubljana. 452 Železnodobno naselje Most na Soči. Razprave / The Iron Age settlement at Most na Soči. Treatises. OIAS 34, 2018, 453−465 TEKSTILNA NAJDBA IZ ŽELEZNODOBNE NASELBINE MOST NA SOČI: KONSERVACIJA, ANALIZA IN PRIMERJAVA TEXTILE FIND FROM THE IRON AGE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI: CONSERVATION, ANALYSIS AND COMPARISONS Karina GRÖMER, Klara KOSTAJNŠEK, Tjaša TOLAR, Gojka PAJAGIČ BREGAR NAJDIŠČE IN KONTEKST SITE AND CONTEXT Goriški muzej iz Nove Gorice je v letih med 1971 Between 1971 and 1984, the Goriški muzej in Nova in 1984 raziskal prostrano območje z ledinskim imenom Gorica investigated an area covering the vast terrace Merišče, ki leži vzhodno od starega jedra vasi Most na known as Merišče, located to the east of the old centre Soči. Geološko osnovo pobočja sestavljata ledeniška of the vil age of Most na Soči. The natural deposits of the morena in rečni prod, ki sta ga odložili reki Idrijca in terrace are composed of moraine till and fluvioglacial Soča. Izkopavanja so razkrila ostanke 35 železnodobnih gravel deposited by the Idrijca and Soča rivers. The ex- hiš, drenažni jarek in pot. Poleg tega so dokumentirali cavations unearthed the remains of 35 Iron Age houses, 32 lokacij z razpršenimi sledmi poselitve, o kateri pričajo a drainage ditch, and a path through the settlement. In ohranjene plasti ruševin in posamične najdbe (Svoljšak, addition, 32 locations of dispersed habitation traces were Dular 2016). Posebej zanimive so organske najdbe iz documented, where only layers of debris and individual hiše 6 (glej tu Tolar, 445−452). finds indicative of human activities survived. House 6 is of particular interest concerning organic finds (see this volume Tolar, 445−452). HIŠA 6 Ostanki stavbe so ležali na pobočju, kjer je bil po- HOUSE 6 zneje, v rimskem času, zgrajen obsežen stavbni kompleks in ta je uničil starejše ostanke. Od železnodobne hiše, ki The remains of the building were situated on the je imela dve gradbeni fazi, so se ohranili skromni ostanki part of the slope that was occupied later, in the Roman temeljev in obrisi gradbenih jam, zatrpanih z debelimi Period, by a vast building complex that largely destroyed plastmi ruševin. Hiša je imela v prvi gradbeni fazi bolj the earlier remains. The Iron Age house had two con- ali manj kvadraten tloris in en sam prostor, merila je 3,5 struction phases, of which only some limited remains m v dolžino in vsaj 2,6 m v širino, površina raziskanega of the foundations survived along with the outlines of dela znaša okoli 6 m2 (Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 72). Sledi the construction pits filled with thick layers of debris. In prežgane ilovice in oglja kažejo, da je pogorela. the first phase, the house had a roughly square plan and Po požaru so postavili novo hišo (gradbena faza 2) a single room, which measured 3.50 m in length and at okoli dva metra proti jugovzhodu. Nova gradbena jama least 2.60 m in width. The interior surface of the area je bila vkopana skozi ruševine v geološko osnovo, pri investigated measured roughly 6 m² (Svoljšak & Dular tem sta bili v precejšnem delu uničeni starejša zgradba 2016, 72). Traces of burnt clay and charcoal indicate that in oprema. Hišo druge faze je pozneje v dobršni meri the house burnt down. uničila rimska gradnja. Pravzaprav so ostanki omejeni After the fire, a new house was constructed two z obrisom gradbene jame. Rob vkopa je bil dobro viden metres further to the southwest (second construction 453 TEKSTILNA NAJDBA IZ ŽELEZNODOBNE NASELBINE TEXTILE FIND FROM THE IRON AGE SETTLEMENT zlasti na severozahodu, čeprav so ga na treh mestih phase). The new construction pit cut through the debris presekali rimski zidovi. Gradbeno jamo so zapolnjevale and into the natural deposit. It destroyed a considerable ruševine, sestavljene pretežno iz prežgane gline, kamni- part of the earlier house remains and inventory. In turn, tega drobirja s sledovi ognja in zoglenelega lesa. Pestra the Romans later largely destroyed the second phase zastopanost drevesnih vrst kaže na prostor za žgalno house. In fact, its remains are more or less limited to the daritev. Najdbe so ležale pod rimskimi zidovi, med njimi outline of the construction pit. The edge of the construc- so fragmenti fibul, lončenina, bronasti gumbi in obeski tion pit was most clearly discernible in the northwest, ter jagode iz stekla, brona in koral. V prežgani zemlji though it was cut in three areas by Roman period wal s. so bili tudi živalske kosti, zrna žit, fragmenti zoglenele The construction pit was filled with debris, which mainly pogače in tkanine (glej tu Tolar; Laharnar; Toškan). consisted of burnt earth, smal pieces of rubble with traces of fire and numerous pieces of charred wood. The great variety of wood species suggests a burnt-offering place. TEKSTILNI OSTANKI IZ HIŠE 6 The finds were lying under the Roman wal s and include fragments of fibulae and ceramic vessels, bronze buttons STANJE OHRANJENOSTI TKANINE and pendants, as well as beads of glass, bronze, and coral. IN METODE ANALIZE The burnt earth also revealed animal bones, cereal grains, charred bread and fragments of a textile (see also this Pogoji za ohranitev organskih snovi so v klimatskih volume Tolar; Laharnar; Toškan). razmerah osrednje Evrope vse prej kot ugodni. Tovrsten material se na arheoloških najdiščih redko ohrani, le v izjemnih okoliščinah (glej npr. Grömer 2016, 20–31), THE TEXTILE REMAINS kot so koliščarske neolitske in bronastodobne naselbi- FROM HOUSE 6 ne na mokrih tleh predalpskega prostora (npr. Pajagič Bregar et al. 2009), najdbe v rudnikih soli v Hal stattu PRESERVATION CONDITIONS OF TEXTILES in Dürrnbergu-Halleinu ali npr. v ledeniku ohranjena AND METHODOLOGY OF TEXTILE ANALYSIS neolitska mumija, znana kot Ötzi. Te najdbe kažejo raznovrstne naravne materiale, ki so jih prazgodovinski The preservation conditions for organic materials ljudje poznali in uporabljali. Velika večina arheološkega under the climatic conditions of Central Europe are, tekstila je ohranjena v majhnih fragmentih, običajno na especial y for textiles, anything but suitable. Thus, the kovinskih predmetih, denimo iz brona, železa ali srebra majority of the materials that were handled by prehistoric (glej npr. Grömer et al. 2017). people are usual y not preserved at archaeological sites. Zoglenele tekstilne najdbe so poseben primer, po Only in serendipitous cases (see e.g. Grömer 2016, 20–31), navadi so odkrite v grobovih ali v naselbinskih konte- such as the Neolithic and Bronze Age wetland settlements kstih, kot je v primeru obravnavanega tekstila z Mosta na around the Alps (e.g. Pajagič Bregar et al. 2009), the Soči. Pri nepopolnem gorenju delujejo kemični procesi findings from the salt mines in Hal statt and Dürrnberg- vzajemno s fizičnimi spremembami. Zoglenel tekstil se Hallein or even the Iceman, a Neolithic mummy better navadno ohrani v skrčenem stanju (glej Wild 1988, 11), known as ‘Ötzi’ show us the variety of raw materials in kljub delnim transformacijam pa ostane mikrostruktura use. The great majority of archaeological textiles are tiny v precejšnji meri enaka. Rastlinska vlakna so v karboni- fragments, preserved in connection with metal artefacts zirani obliki običajno bolj stabilna, v nasprotju z vlakni such as bronze, iron or silver (see e.g. Grömer et al. 2017). živalskega izvora, ki se v ognju pogosto razkrojijo. Če je Charred textiles are a specific case; they can be organski material (npr. tekstil) dlje časa izpostavljen vi- found in graves as well as in settlement contexts, as in sokim temperaturam brez prisotnosti kisika, zogleni. Pri the case of Most na Soči. With incomplete combustion, tem se neobstojne sestavine tekstilnih vlaken zmanjšajo, chemical processes interact with physical alterations. naraste pa vsebnost ogljika. Mikrostruktura rastlinskih After carbonization (see Wild 1988, 11), the charred and in živalskih vlaken se v veliki meri ohrani. usual y shrunken textiles preserve in carbonized form. Pri analizi tkanine je treba preučiti različne kon- Although there are partial transformations, the micro- strukcijske parametre (sl. 1; glej npr. Walton in Eastwood structure of the textile usual y remains substantial y 1988). Mednje sodijo poleg vrste preje (enojna preja intact. Plant fibres are often more stable in a carbonised ali sukana preja, smer vitja (S ali Z), premer preje) še state, animal fibres, on the other hand, often perish in karakteristike tkanja (vrsta vezave, gostota niti, napake fire. If the textiles are exposed to excessive heat in the pri tkanju). Dokumentira se tudi morebitne ohranjene absence of oxygen, the process is called coalification. robove tkanine, šive ali druge strukture površine. Pri The amount of volatile constituents of the textile fibres zoglenelem tekstilu je treba upoštevati, da se ta zaradi thereby decrease more and more in favour of the carbon karbonizacije pogosto skrči, zato je treba konstrukcijske content. Again, the microstructure of plant and animal lastnosti takšnega tekstila zelo pazljivo obravnavati. fibres is largely maintained. 454 TEKSTILNA NAJDBA IZ ŽELEZNODOBNE NASELBINE TEXTILE FIND FROM THE IRON AGE SETTLEMENT Sl. 1: Shematski prikaz tkanine in njenih konstrukcijskih parametrov. Fig. 1: Technical details of a textile. (© K. Grömer, after Banck-Burgess 1999, Fig. 5.1). Analizo tkanine in njenih konstrukcijskih para- To analyse a textile, various technical details must metrov smo izvedli z digitalnim ročnim mikroskopom be recorded ( Fig. 1; see e.g. Walton & Eastwood 1988). DinoLite, stereomikroskopom LEICA LZ 40 in stereo- Among them are the characteristics of the threads (use mikroskopom 65.560 NOVEX (Euromex - Hol and) ter of plied or single yarn, twist direction (S or Z) and yarn z digitalno kamero ( CMEX5000). Izmerili smo premer diameter), as well as the characteristics of the weave preje, določili vezavo tkanine ter podrobno preučili (weave type, thread count, weaving errors). If possible, možne vzorce na površini, šive ipd. patterns, seams and hems and other surface structures Vrsto vezave smo določili po standardih SIST EN must be documented as wel . In the case of a charred 1049 in ISO 7211-2:1984. Vezavo smo določili neposredno textile, the fact that such textiles are often shrunken must na vzorcih, pri čemer smo uporabili lupo, preparirno be taken into account. Thus, the technical data is to be iglo in ravnilo. Pomagali smo si tudi z vizualno analizo s discussed with great care. programom ImageJ. Gostoto niti smo določali po enakih Measurements of the technical details of the textile standardih, kot veljajo za vezavo, tj. sprva neposredno na from Most na Soči were carried out with a DinoLite Digi- vzorcih in nato z vizualno ali optično analizo. Določili tal Microscope, a LEICA LZ 40 stereomicroscope, and a smo smer zavojev preje (Z ali S) v skladu s standardom 65.560 NOVEX stereomicroscope (Euromex, Hol and) SIST ISO 2:1995, premer preje z monookularno lupo ter with a digital camera ( CMEX5000). Thread diameter, vizualno analizo (s programom ImageJ), premer vlaken fine structures of the weave and details of patterns and pa s pomočjo SEM-posnetkov in programa ImageJ. seams were documented. Identifikacija vlaken je bila izvedena na podlagi The type of weave was determined in accordance morfološke analize z vrstično elektronsko mikrosko- with the standards ISO 3572:1976 and ISO 9354:1989. pijo ( SEM) na aparatur i JEOL JSM-6060 LV (glej npr. The weave was determined directly on the samples, us- Sreenivasa Murthy 2016). Za strukturno ali analitično ing a magnifier, preparation needle, and a ruler. ImageJ opazovanje predmetov mikro in celo nano velikosti software was used for visual analysis. The thread density (0,000001 mm) se uporablja elektronski mikroskop. Kot was determined in accordance with the standards SIST komplementarno metodo smo uporabili Fourierjevo EN 1049 and ISO 7211-2:1984. The density was deter- transformacijsko infrardečo spektroskopijo (FTIR) mined similarly as weave was, i.e. first on the samples 455 TEKSTILNA NAJDBA IZ ŽELEZNODOBNE NASELBINE TEXTILE FIND FROM THE IRON AGE SETTLEMENT (glej npr. Garside in Wyeth 2006). Analiza FTIR je bila and then by means of visual analysis. The twist direc- izvedena na aparaturi Perkin Elmer, UK. Namen uporabe tion of yarn (Z or S) was performed by means of visual spektroskopije je bil primerjati kemijsko sestavo vzorcev analysis and in accordance with the standard SIST ISO (funkcionalne skupine molekul, iz katerih so sestavljeni 2:1995. The yarn diameter analyses were conducted with vzorci). Mikro- in spektroskopske analize so bile izve- a monocular magnifier and with the program ImageJ. dene na Oddelku za tekstilstvo, grafiko in oblikovanje The fibre diameter was determined using SEM images Naravoslovnotehniške fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani. and ImageJ program. Sl. 2: Tekstil z Mosta na Soči, očiščeni in analizirani vzorci. Od zgoraj navzdol: vzorec 1, vzorec 2 in vzorec 3. Fig. 2: Fig. 2: Textile from Most na Soči, analysed samples after cleaning. From uppermost to the lowest: Sample no. 1, Sample no. 2 and Sample no. 3. (Foto / Photo: M. Zaplatil (levo / left); M. Starešinič (desno / right). 456 TEKSTILNA NAJDBA IZ ŽELEZNODOBNE NASELBINE TEXTILE FIND FROM THE IRON AGE SETTLEMENT POSTOPEK ČIŠČENJA IN KONSERVACIJE The identification of fibres was performed on the basis of the morphological analysis with a scanning elec- Trije vzorci zoglenelega tekstila so se ohranili sku- tron microscope ( SEM) on a JEOL JSM-6060 LV machine paj z grudicami zemljine (prst z manjšimi kamenčki iz (see e.g. Sreenivasa Murthy 2016). Electron microscopy kulturne plasti železnodobne naselbine). Zaradi starosti is applied to study objects down to the micro- and even in pooglenitve so poškodovani, krhki, sploščeni, črne nanometre scale (0.000001 mm) in a structural or ana- barve, umazani od prsti ter na dotik togi in krhki. Prvo- lytical way. Moreover, the Fourier Transform Infrared tna oblika vlaken je tako ohranjena samo na določenih Spectroscopy (FTIR) (see e.g. Garside & Wyeth 2006) delih. V prvi fazi smo vzorce nežno očistili s čopičem was used as a complementary method and was conduct- in fotografirali ( sl. 2). ed on a Perkin Elmer machine, UK. The purpose of using spectroscopy was to compare the chemical structure of the samples (functional groups of molecules compos- TEHNIČNE ZNAČILNOSTI ing samples). The micro- and spectroscopic analyses IN PRIMERJAVE TEKSTILNE NAJDBE were performed at the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, Department of Textiles, Graphic Arts and Ker so si ostanki podobni in so bili najdeni dokaj Design in Ljubljana. blizu drug drugega, domnevamo, da pripadajo istemu kosu tekstila, zato jih opisujemo skupaj. Čeprav so ostanki relativno majhni (največji kos meri pribl. 3,5 x CONSERVATION TREATMENT 2,4 cm), so pomembni, saj nimamo veliko informacij o tekstilu iz sočasnih naselbinskih kontekstov. Three samples of charred textile remains were Identifikacija vezave tekstilnih niti je bil velik izziv, preserved with a lump of intact soil and small stones ker so vzorci izjemno krhki in nestabilni. Zasledovali from a cultural layer of an Iron Age settlement. The smo ponovitve prepleta niti in raport vezave – še po- remains of the textiles are charred, damaged, flattened, sebno na tistih mestih, kjer je bil vzorec manj poškodo- coloured black and, in most cases, surrounded by soil. van (npr. sl. 3). Takih delov je bilo samo nekaj, večina Their original shape has only been preserved in certain vzorca je imela nejasen ali neprepoznaven preplet niti. places. The fibres are infused with soil and impurities, V ilovnati grudi je bilo mogoče identificirati tkanino v and they appear stiff. However, they are extremely fragile več plasteh (do 3 plasti, npr. pri vzorcu 3 ; sl. 4). Vezavo and decompose at low load. The samples were gently smo lahko določili le na nekaj mestih, gre pa za vezavo cleaned with a brush and photographed (Fig. 2). platno. Robovi tkanine se niso ohranili, zato ni bilo mogoče določiti smeri osnove ali votka. Tkanina je bila izdelana iz enojne preje s S-vitjem in premerom TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE TEXTILE 0,3–0,5 mm (sl. 3, 4). Zaradi zoglenelosti je tkanina črna FIND AND COMPARISONS in sploščenega videza. Na določenih predelih je razpadla, vlakna so se skrčila, zato medsebojna povezava med As the different fragments of textile are quite simi- nitnima sistemoma ni vidna. Podoben proces razkroja lar and were found close to each other, it was assumed je opazen tudi pri sočasnih najdbah z nekaterih grobišč that all of them formerly belonged to one textile and are, (glej npr. Banck-Burgess 1999, Taf. 1–2). therefore, described together. The textile fragments are Sl. 3: Vzorec 2. a) Detajl vzorca (foto: M. Starešinič); b, c) jasno viden del prepleta niti, ki kaže na vezavo platna Fig. 3: Sample no. 2. a) Detailed view of the sample (photo: M. Starešinič); b, c) clearly visible parts of the weave and the plain weave pattern (Foto in risba / Photo and drawings: K. Kostajnšek). 457 TEKSTILNA NAJDBA IZ ŽELEZNODOBNE NASELBINE TEXTILE FIND FROM THE IRON AGE SETTLEMENT Sl. 4: Vzorec 3. a) Sprednja stran, vidno prepletanje vzdolž ene niti (M. = 1:1); b) s hrbtne strani; c) shema prepleta osnovnih in votkovnih niti. Fig. 4: Sample no. 3. a) Front side and apparent interweaving of one thread (Scale = 1:1); b) from the backside; c) scheme of the interlacing of the warp and weft thread. (Foto / Photo: M. Starešinič; risba / drawing: K. Kostajnšek). Na tistih mestih, kjer sta struktura tkanine in veza- quite small (the biggest parts of them cover an area of va lepo vidni ( npr. sl. 3, 4), je bilo mogoče določiti število 3.5 x 2.4 cm; c. 3.75 x 1 cm), but nonetheless important niti na enoto (tj. gostoto niti). Da bi pridobili čim bolj za- because there is little information about textiles from nesljive rezultate, smo štetje na različnih mestih večkrat contemporary settlement contexts. ponovili. Vidna struktura vezave platno je nenavadna, The identification of the weave-type was a challenge saj je gostota niti v eni smeri dvakrat večja kot v drugi. because of the highly brittle and unstable conditions of Kljub temu se vrsta vezave s tem ni spremenila, vendar the samples. We looked for a repeat of yarn entangle- je treba upoštevati tudi krčenje. Videti je, kot da je tka- ment and repeat of weave, especial y in places where the nina večplastna, morda zaradi nekakšne deformacije samples were less damaged (e.g. Fig. 3). There were few ali namembnosti oziroma uporabe. Tehnične lastnosti such sections; the majority of samples contained unclear vlaken in tkanine, ki nam jih je uspelo analizirati, so or unrecognisable yarn entanglement. In the clay lumps navedene v tabeli 1. up to three layers of the textile could be identified (e.g. in Na enem od fragmentov (vzorec 3) je bila vidna Sample 3; Fig. 4). There are some places, where the weave nit v paru (ali dvojna nit; sl. 4). Ker je fragment premaj- structure can be identified as plain weave (tabby). There hen za določitev smeri osnove in votka, lahko ta pojav was no selvedge or other hint to discern warp and weft. pojasnimo z več razlagami. Če se nit v paru pojavi v The fabric was made of S-twisted single yarns of 0.3–0.5 mm thread diameter ( Figs. 3, 4). The colour is blackish Nitni sistem 2 due to the charred state, and the textile has a flattened Nitni sistem 1 Thread system 1 Thread system 2 appearance. The textile is disintegrated, the fibres have Vrsta preje enojna preja enojna preja been shrunken; thus, the internal connection between Yarn/plied yarn single yarn single yarn the thread systems is declining. Similar mechanisms of Smer vitja disintegration have also been observed among contempo- Twist direction s s rary grave finds (see e.g. Banck-Burgess 1999, Taf. 1–2). Kot vitja We determined the number of threads per certain Twist angle 30-40° 30ůnit only in places where the fabric structure and weave Premer preje were clearly visible (e.g. Figs. 3, 4). In order to obtain a Yarn diameter 0,3-0,5 mm 0,3-0,4 mm result that would be as reliable as possible, the counting Premer vlaken was repeated in different places as many times as possible. Fibre cross- section 5-12 µm The visible structure of the plain weave is remarkable, diameter because the thread count in one direction is twice as large Gostota niti as in the other direction. Nonetheless, the weave type did (število niti/cm) Thread count 18-20 10-12 not change but shrinkage must be taken into account. (threads per cm) It appears as if the fabric is placed, and several layers maybe perhaps because of some kind of deformation or Tab. 1: Konstrukcijske lastnosti tekstila. merely because of different purpose or use. The technical Tab. 1: Technical details of the textile. measurements that can still be taken are listed in Table 1. (© K. Grömer, NHMW). 458 TEKSTILNA NAJDBA IZ ŽELEZNODOBNE NASELBINE TEXTILE FIND FROM THE IRON AGE SETTLEMENT Sl. 5: Vzorec 1, ohranjen ostanek niti. Fig. 5: Sample no. 1, preserved residue of the thread. (Foto / Photo: K. Kostajnšek). smeri osnove, gre lahko za napako pri snovanju, kar On one of the fragments (Sample no. 3) once a pomeni, da se je pri snovanju zaradi napake namesto paired thread is visible ( Fig. 4). As the fragment is too ene niti pojavila nit v paru. Če pa se nit v paru pojavi v small to distinguish warp and weft, that feature can be smeri votka, gre lahko za deformacijo pri izvleku votka explained in different ways. Perhaps it was a fault in (zgrešen votek) med tkanjem, kjer se je naslednji vneseni the warping of the loom, and a paired yarn was once votek prekril s prejšnjim. used as warp instead of a single yarn. If the paired yarn Nit, ki smo jo odkrili pri vzorcu 1 (sl. 5b, obkro- is situated in weft direction, it might be explained that ženo ), se močno razlikuje od ostalih. Posnetki SEM during weaving the weft thread ran out and a new one ohranjenega ostanka niti kažejo podoben vzdolžni was added, overlapping the former one. videz (sl. 5), kot ga imajo ostale niti na vzorcu, zato A thread was found at Sample no. 1 ( Fig. 5b, circle) predpostavljamo, da gre za lan ali konopljo. Na podlagi that substantial y differs from the others. The SEM im- pojavljanja niti v vzorcu domnevamo, da gre za sukanec ages showed a similar longitudinal appearance ( Fig. 5) as – kot prikazuje sl. 5, bi to lahko bil šiv v tkanini. in other threads; thus, it can be presumed that the raw Če primerjamo najden tekstil z Mosta na Soči z material is flax or hemp. Based on the way the thread ap- drugimi sočasnimi tekstilnimi najdbami, lahko rečemo, pears on the sample, this is probably a sewing thread, as da se sklada z njimi. Vezava platno je poleg vezave keper demonstrated in Fig. 5, this could be a seam in the fabric. (glej Grömer et al. 2017) v halštatski kulturi običajna. To compare the item from Most na Soči with what Tudi uporaba enojne preje je značilna za tekstil vzhodno- we know about contemporary textiles, we can say that it halštatske kulture (glej Bender Jørgensen 2005; Grömer fits in quite wel . Plain weave or tabby is next to twill a et al. 2013, sl. 18). Premeri zoglenelih in zato skrčenih common weave type in the Hal statt Culture. Further- niti se bolj ali manj uvrščajo v red velikosti doslej zna- more, the use of single yarn fits well in what we know nih kvalitetnih halštatskih tekstilij, npr. premeri niti iz about textile culture of the Eastern Hal statt area (see Hal statta v Avstriji so najpogosteje med 0,3 in 0,6 mm Bender Jørgensen 2005; Grömer et al. 2013, Fig. 18). (Grömer et al. 2013, sl. 17). Tudi gostota niti med 10 The diameters of the shrunken threads are in between in 20 niti/cm je precej običajna v tem času in prostoru. the range of well-known textile qualities of the Hal statt Kakorkoli že, halštatske tkanine v vezavah platno Culture, e.g. at Hal statt in Austria thread diameters of in keper so navadno dokaj enakomerne, še posebno 0.3–0.6 mm are the most common (Grömer et al. 2013, tkanine iz enojne preje, uporabljene v obeh sistemih Fig. 17). Moreover, thread counts between 10 and 20 oz. smereh. Na območju vzhodne halštatske kulture je threads per cm are common in the region and period. bilo najdenih le nekaj primerov tkanin v vezavi platno s Nevertheless, Hal statt Period tabbies and twil s primerljivo gostoto niti, predvsem v Sloveniji in na Ma- are usual y balanced, especial y textiles with single yarn džarskem: npr. grobna najdba z Vač, kjer je na železnem in both thread directions. Only few examples of tabby 459 TEKSTILNA NAJDBA IZ ŽELEZNODOBNE NASELBINE TEXTILE FIND FROM THE IRON AGE SETTLEMENT obroču ohranjena tkanina v platneni vezavi z gostoto textiles with comparable thread count were found in 18 niti/cm v eni smeri in 10 niti/cm v drugi. Z madžar- the Eastern Hal statt Culture, especial y in Slovenia and skega najdišča Csanytelek Ujhalasto je na železnem Hungary: for example, a grave find from Vače with a tabby prstanu iz groba 44 ohranjena mineralizirana tkanina on an iron ring with 18 threads in one direction and 10 in v platneni vezavi, ki je imela podobno gostoto niti in je the other; and from Csanytelek, Ujhalasto, there is a tabby v enem nitnem sistemu (v eni smeri) prav tako dvakrat textile encrusted on an iron ring from Grave 44, that also večja kot v drugem, kar pomeni 8 osnovnih niti/cm in has a thread count in one system twice that of the other: 16 votkovnih niti/cm. (glej Bender Jørgensen 2005, 142 i.e. 8 warps to 16 weft threads (see Bender Jørgensen 2005, in 145, inv. št. 48 in 123). 142 and 145, Cat. Nos. 48 and 123). ANALIZA VLAKEN FIBRE ANALYSIS Na podlagi posnetkov SEM ter opazovanja vzdol- Based on the SEM images and observation of longi- žnega videza vlaken pri vzorcu 1 z Mosta na Soči pred- tudinal fibre appearance at Sample 1, it can be assumed postavljamo, da gre za laneno ali konopljino vlakno; po- that this is either a flax or hemp fibre, since the surface vršinske karakteristike so namreč pri obeh zelo podobne. characteristics of the two are very similar. Čeprav so vlakna zoglenela, polna nečistoč in The fibres are charred, full of impurities and sur- obdana z zemljo ( sl. 2–5), lahko opazimo ( sl. 6), da so rounded by soil ( Figs. 2–5). The longitudinal view of nekatera vlakna vzdolžno precej neenakomerno široka. the fibre ( Fig. 6) shows the width to be quite irregular. Vidni so značilna odebeljena mesta in prečni pregibi, Nevertheless, some characteristic nodes remain visible: premaknitve, ki so posledica mehanske obdelave in the points at which the fibre width changes are marked so tipični za laneno ali konopljino vlakno. Tudi oblika with swellings and irregular joint formations. Also kink vzdolžnega izgleda vlakna, ki je žlebasto in rahlo oglato, bands, folds and dislocation can be observed along kaže značilnosti lanu ali konoplje (sl. 6, 7). the length of some fibres, which are a consequence of Glede na rezultate analize FTIR lahko zaključimo, mechanical treatment, and are typical of flax and hemp da med temi tremi vzorci ni bistvenih razlik (sl. 8), zato fibres. Furthermore, the shape of the longitudinal fibre lahko potrdimo domnevo, da gre za enako surovino. appearance indicates the characteristics of flax or hemp. Namen uporabe Fourierjeve transformacijske infrardeče The shape is fluted (irregular polygonal shapes, contrib- spektroskopije (FTIR) je bil primerjati kemijsko sestavo uting to the coarse texture of the fabric) and slightly vzorcev (funkcionalne skupine molekul, iz katerih so angular ( Figs. 6, 7). vzorci sestavljeni). V našem primeru ne moremo potr- Regarding the results of FTIR analysis, it can be diti razlike, ali gre za lan ali konopljo. concluded that there are no significant differences Glavne absorpcijske trakove spektrov FTIR, pri- among the three samples ( Fig. 8). This fact further con- dobljene z analizo vzorcev 1, 2 in 3, smo primerjali z firms the assumption that all the samples consist of the odgovarjajočimi absorpcijskimi trakovi skupaj z viri same (raw) material. The purpose of using the Fourier v literaturi, ki opisujejo navedene trakove (Šutka et al. Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) is to make a 2012; Dai in Fan 2010; Garside in Wyeth 2006). Glavni comparison between the chemical structure of samples absorpcijski trakovi so se pokazali pri 3250 cm-1, 1570 (functional groups of molecules composing samples). cm-1, 1370 cm-1 in 1015 cm-1 in so povezani s funkci- In this case, the FTIR analysis results cannot confirm onalnimi skupinami ter posledično identifikacijo suro- whether this is flax or hemp. vinske sestave preiskovanih vzorcev, kar je prikazano Main absorption bands in FTIR spectra obtained tudi v tabeli 2. from the analysis of the Samples 1, 2 and 3 were com- pared with the corresponding assignments of these bands according to the literature review (Šutka et al. 2012; Dai & Fan 2010; Garside & Wyeth 2006). The main position of absorption bands is found at 3250, 1570, 1370 and 1015 wavenumber in cm-1, associated with related functional groups and consequently identification of raw material, which are presented in Table 2. 460 TEKSTILNA NAJDBA IZ ŽELEZNODOBNE NASELBINE TEXTILE FIND FROM THE IRON AGE SETTLEMENT Sl. 6: Vzorec 1, vzdolžni pogled in značilnosti vlaken. Fig. 6: Sample no. 1, longitudinal appearance and characteristics of fibres. (Foto / Photo: K. Kostajnšek). Sl. 7: Vzorec 1, prečni prerez vlakna in dobro viden lumen vlakna. Fig. 7: Sample no. 1, cross sec- tion of the fibre and a clearly visible lumen. (Foto / Photo: K. Kostajnšek). 461 TEKSTILNA NAJDBA IZ ŽELEZNODOBNE NASELBINE TEXTILE FIND FROM THE IRON AGE SETTLEMENT Sl. 8: Vzorci 1, 2 in 3, primerjava FTIR spektrov. Fig. 8: Samples Nos. 1, 2 and 3, FTIR spectra. (Graf / Graph: V. Zalar Serjun). Pozicija absorpcijski trakov (valovno število cm-1) Funkcionalne skupine (vrsta vibracije) Surovina Position of absorption bands Functional group (vibration mode) Materials (wavenumber in cm-1) Izmerjene vrednosti Podatki pridobljeni s pregledom literature Investigated samples Data obtained by literature review 3250 2400−3600 O-H valenčno nihanje lan, konoplja O-H stretching flax, hemp 1570 1500−1570 nitro NO2 1365 C-H deformacijsko nihanje metoksilnih skupin 1370 1384 in C1-O vibracije siringil derivatov lan, konoplja 1372 symmetric C-H bending from methoxyl group flax, hemp and C1-O vibrations in syringyl derivatives C-O; celuloza, hemiceluloza, lan, 1015 1000−1162 C-O-C valenčno nihanje konoplja C-O; cel ulose and hemicel ulose C-O-C stretching flax, hemp Tab. 2: Glavni absorbcijski trakovi FTIR spektrov. Tab. 2: Main absorption bands in FTIR spectra. 462 TEKSTILNA NAJDBA IZ ŽELEZNODOBNE NASELBINE TEXTILE FIND FROM THE IRON AGE SETTLEMENT DISKUSIJA: DISCUSSION: KONTEKSTI TEKSTILNIH NAJDB TEXTILE CONTEXTS Tekstilne najdbe iz starejše železne dobe so bile Early Iron Age textiles can be found from different odkrite v srednjeevropskem prostoru v različnih kon- contexts in Central Europe. Most of them are from grave tekstih. Večina jih izvira iz grobov, kjer je bil tekstil finds. In the graves, textiles were used as garments for uporabljen kot oblačilo pokojnika oziroma kot mrtvaški the deceased but also as shrouds or wrappings of grave prt ali pa za zavijanje grobnih pridatkov (darov) (glej goods (see e.g. Banck-Burgess 1999; Bender Jørgensen npr. Banck-Burgess 1999; Bender Jørgensen 2005; 2005; Gleba 2008; Grömer 2014; Rast-Eicher 2008). Gleba 2008; Grömer 2014; Rast-Eicher 2008). Več sto There are also hundreds of textiles dating between 800 ostankov tekstila, datiranih med letoma 800 in 400 pr. and 400 BC which have been found in a salt-mine at n. št., je bilo najdenih tudi v rudniku soli v Hal stattu Hal statt in Austria (Grömer et al. 2013). They were left (Grömer et al. 2013). Najdeni so bili skupaj z rudarskimi behind together with the mining waste. Some of those odpadki. Nekateri od njih so verjetno ostanki rudarske textiles might have been fragments of miner’s gear, but opreme, druge so morda rudarji uporabljali kot krpe za rags were also brought into the mine to serve different različne namene, npr. za čiščenje ali kot pomožen mate- purposes such as cleaning item or as makeshift bind- rial za ovijanje, npr. platno, vrvi ipd. Tekstilne najdbe iz ing material. Textiles from Iron Age settlements are železnodobnih naselbin so redke. Z avstrijskih najdišč scarce. From Austria, there is one example from the poznamo le en tak primer, tj. z najdišča Kalenderberg site Kalenderberg near Mödling in a HaC context: a blizu Mödlinga, in sicer iz konteksta, datiranega v Ha twill imprint on a small discoid piece of clay (Grömer C, kjer je bil na glinenem kosu diskaste oblike odkrit 2014, catalogue, Hal stattzeit No, HaZ6–HaZ8). From odtis tkanine v keprovi vezavi (Grömer 2014, catalogue, Smolenice–Molpír in Slovakia, the remains of charred Hal stattzeit No, HaZ6–HaZ8). Na najdišču Smolenice – organic material were identified, among that a woollen Molpír na Slovaškem so bili najdeni ostanki zoglenelega S-plied cord (Furmanek & Pieta 1985, 137). The find organskega materiala, med katerimi je bila prepoznana dates to HaD. volnena vrv s S-vitjem (Furmanek in Pieta 1985, 137). Te najdbe so datirane v čas Ha D. TEXTILES IN IRON AGE HOUSES AND CULT OBJECTS NAJDBE TEKSTILA V ŽELEZNODOBNIH HIŠAH IN KULTNIH PROSTORIH The find from Most na Soči raises the issue of what is known about the use of textiles in houses and cult Najdba z Mosta na Soči odpira razpravo o našem objects of the Hal statt Culture. At first, we must state vedenju o uporabi tekstila v hišah ali kultnih objektih iz that Early Iron Age society is a hierarchical one and we halštatske dobe. Kot je znano, je bila halštatska družba know of various kinds of settlements and houses. Hal - hierarhična. Iz tega časa so poznani različni naselja in statt Period centralised settlements were mostly fortified, hiše, centralne naselbine so bile v glavnem utrjene in situated on hil tops and surrounded by little vil ages. The umeščene na vzpetine ter obkrožene z manjšimi zaselki. residences of the elites differed from houses of the poorer Rezidence, v katerih je prebivala elita, so se po velikosti part of society in their size and structure. Little is known in zgradbi razlikovale od hiš revnejšega sloja. Manj vemo about cult objects from the Hal statt Period, except the o kultnih objektih iz halštatske dobe in njihovi notranji Býčí skála (Rast-Eicher 1995). Regarding textiles used in opremi, z izjemo Býčí skále (Rast-Eicher 1995). Kar houses, the most commonly available are sources from zadeva tekstilije, ki so se uporabljale v hišah, imamo the wealthy strata of society, such as images on situla art v glavnem na voljo vire, ki se nanašajo na bogatejši or even grave finds from rich graves. That must be taken družbeni sloj – denimo upodobitve situlske umetnosti into account when discussing the settlement context. ali celo najdbe iz bogatih grobov. Te vire gre upoštevati The situlae (e.g. Eibner 2016; Turk 2005) some- tudi v okviru razprav o naselbinskih kontekstih. times il ustrate in great detail household textiles such Situle mestoma zelo detajlno upodabljajo “hišni as mattresses and pillows. The princely tomb from tekstil”, kot npr. ležišča in vzglavnike (glej npr. Eibner Hochdorf (Banck-Burgess 1999) is also of interest for 2016; Turk 2005). V tem smislu je zanimiva knežja this case, because there the remains of soft furnishings grobnica iz Hochdorfa (Banck-Burgess 1999), ker so se like covers, wall hangings, pillows and mattresses have v njej ohranili ostanki opreme, kot so pregrinjala, stenski been found. It is likely that such items were not only zastori, vzglavniki in ležišča. Zelo verjetno se te stvari used for funeral rites but that they also reflect textile niso uporabljale zgolj v pogrebnem obredju, temveč tudi items used in daily life, at least by the elites. Household v vsakdanjem življenju, vsaj elite. Tekstilni dodatki za textile accessories were common features of wealthy hišo so skupna značilnost premožnejših hiš v sočasnih homes in contemporary cultures, for instance in the 463 TEKSTILNA NAJDBA IZ ŽELEZNODOBNE NASELBINE TEXTILE FIND FROM THE IRON AGE SETTLEMENT kulturah, npr. v etruščanskih in grških domovanjih (glej homes of the Etruscans and Greeks (e.g. Massa 1989, npr. Massa 1989, 36–37). Še več, iz grško-rimskega sveta 36–37). Additional y, from the Graeco-Roman world, vemo, da je podobne tekstilne izdelke možno najti v it is known that in temples and other sacral buildings templjih in drugih sakralnih objektih, zlasti kot stenske similar textiles can also be found, especial y wal hang- zastore ali kot “zastore vhodov”, za ovijanje in podobno ings, ‘door curtains’, wrappings and the like (Clarysse (Clarysse in Geens 2009, 39). & Geens 2009, 39). INTERPRETACIJA NAJDBE Z MOSTA NA SOČI INTERPRETATION OF THE MOST NA SOČI FIND Vsi trije vzorci tekstila z Mosta na Soči so bili ohra- All three samples from Most na Soči were preserved njeni na enak način in v enakem kontekstu. Najdeni so in the same manner and context. They were found bili v zoglenelem stanju v železnodobni hiši 6. Pripadali charred in the Iron Age House 6. The textiles were found so drugi gradbeni fazi. Kot je že bilo omenjeno, je imelo in a context with the second construction phase of the območje hiše 6, ki je bila v prvi gradbeni fazi požgana, house. As mentioned, the area of the house, which ended v drugi fazi poseben namen, verjetno je bilo tu kultno in fire in the first construction phase, most probably had mesto (Svoljšak in Dular 2016). a special purpose in the second phase, most likely a cult Za interpretacijo tekstilne najdbe sta pomembna place (Svoljšak & Dular 2016). dva vidika: tehnične značilnosti izdelave tekstila in For the interpretation of the textile find, there are kontekst, tj. uporaba oz. namembnost. two items of importance: technical features of the textile Pri vzorcu 1 je bila ugotovljena nit, ki bi lahko bila itself and the context. ostanek šiva v tkanini. Iz tega bi lahko sklepali, da je On Sample 1, a thread was found that was identified šlo za oblačilo ali pa za kakšno drugo šivano tekstilijo, as the remain of a seam in the fabric. Therefore, it can be torej s šivi. V drugem primeru bi lahko pripadala hišni assumed that this is either a garment, or any other form opremi, kot so zavese, stenske ali talne obloge, blazine, of textile with a seam. If it was the latter, it could belong rjuhe, vreče, slikarsko platno ali kaj podobnega. Prav to the furnishing of the house (wall hanging, wal paper/ tako je možno, da gre za del oblačila, ki je bilo shranjeno wall coverings, upholstery, support for oil painting, na tem mestu. Iz sočasnih grških primerov je znano, da floor covers, sheets, sacks, etc.). It is also possible that so tekstil in obleke hranili v lesenih zabojih (Pekridou - it was a fragment of a garment that was stored at place. Gorecki 1989, 55, sl. 28), nameščenih ob stenah hiš. From contemporary Greece, it is known that textiles Če vzamemo v obzir možnost, da tekstilni ostanki and clothing were stored in wooden boxes (Pekridou- izvirajo iz kultnega mesta, je verjetnejša razlaga, da je Gorecki 1989, 55, Fig. 28), which were positioned near tkanina spadala med votivne predmete oz. del žgalne to the wal s of the houses. daritve. To take the context into account, which was pos- sibly a cult place, there are more possibilities of inter- *** preting the textile. The textile remains might also have belonged to one of the sacrificial goods that were thrown Zahvala into the burnt offering place. Za pomoč pri fotografiranju se zahvaljujemo Marici Starešinič (Univerza v Ljubljani, Naravoslovnotehniška *** fakulteta, Oddelek za tekstilstvo, grafiko in oblikovanje) in Marku Zaplatilu (ZRC SAZU), za pripravo slik in tabel za Acknowledgements objavo Dragotinu Valohu (ZRC SAZU, Inštitut za arheologijo), Vesni Zalar Serjun (Zavod za gradbeništvo Slovenije) pa za We would like to thank Marica Starešinič (University of pomoč pri FTIR analizi. Prav posebna zahvala gre avtorjema Ljubljana, Slovenia, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engine- prve monografije o Mostu na Soči, Dragu Svoljšku in Janezu ering, Department of Textiles, Graphic Arts and Design) and Dularju, ki sta podprla naravoslovne raziskave v arheologiji. Marko Zaplatil (ZRC SAZU) for their help with photography, Hvala tudi Goriškemu muzeju iz Nove Gorice za večdesetletno Dragotin Valoh (ZRC SAZU, Institute of Archaeology) for hranjenje najdb. preparing figures and tables and Vesna Zalar Serjun, from the Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, for her help with FTIR data analysis and interpretation. We are particularly thankful to the authors of the first monography of Most na Soči, Drago Svoljšak and Janez Dular. Many thanks also to the Goriški muzej in Nova Gorica for conserving the organic finds for so many decades. 464 TEKSTILNA NAJDBA IZ ŽELEZNODOBNE NASELBINE TEXTILE FIND FROM THE IRON AGE SETTLEMENT BANCK-BURGESS, J. 1999, Hochdorf IV . Die Textilfunde GRÖMER, K., A. KERN, H. RESCHREITER, H. RÖSEL- aus dem späthal stattzeitlichen Fürstengrab von Eberdin- MAUTENDORFER (ur. / eds.) 2013, Textiles from Hal - gen – Hochdorf (Kreis Ludwigburg) und weitere Grabtex- statt. Weaving Culture in Bronze and Iron Age Salt Mines / tilien aus hal statt- und latènezeitlichen Kulturgruppen. – Textilien aus Hal statt. Gewebte Kultur aus dem bronze- For schungen und Berichte zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte und eisenzeitlichen Salzbergwerk. – Archaeolingua 29. in Baden-Württemberg 70. GRÖMER, K., T. TOLAR, K. KOSTAJNŠEK 2017, Textile BENDER JØRGENSEN, L. 2005, Hal statt and La Tène and fur remains in Grave 6, Tumulus 1 from Pleška hosta Textiles from the Archives of Central Europe. – V / In: at Molnik. – V / In: S. Tecco Hvala, Molnik pri Ljubljani v P. Bichler et al. (ur. / eds.): “Hal statt Textiles” Technical železni dobi / The Iron Age Site at Molnik near Ljubljana, Analysis, Scientific Investigation and Experiment on Iron Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 36, 211–219. Age Textiles, British Archaeological Reports Int. Series HAUGAN, E., B. HOLST 2014, Flax look – alikes: pitfal s 1351, 133–150. of ancient plantfibre identification . – Archaeometry 56/6, BENDER JØRGENSEN, L., K. GRÖMER 2012, The 951–960. Archaeology of Textiles. Recent advances and new MASSA, A. 1989, Die Welt der Etrusker. – Genève-Paris. methods / Arheologija tekstila. Suvremena dostignuća i PAJAGIČ BREGAR, G., A. VELUŠČEK, T. TOLAR, M. novije metode. – V / In: PORTAL. Godišnjak Hrvatskog STRLIČ, V. BUKOŠEK, J. KOLAR, I. RAVBAR 2009, restauratorskog zavoda 3, 45–68. Raziskave in konserviranje preje z Ljubljanskega barja / BERGFJORD, C., B. HOLST 2010, A procedure for identify- Analysis and conservation of the Ljubljansko barje yarn. – ing textile bast fibres using microscopy: Flax, nettle/ramie, V / In: A. Velušček (ur. / ed.), Koliščarska naselbina Stare hemp and jute. – Ultramicroscopy 110 (9), 1192–1197. gmajne in njen čas / Stare gmajne pile-dwel ing and its era, CLARYSSE, W., K. GEENS 2009, Textiles and architecture in Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 16, 309−318. the Graeco-Roman and Byzantine Egypt. – V / In: A. De PEKRIDOU-GORECKI, A. 1989, Mode im antiken Grie- Moor, C. Fluck (ur. / eds.), Clothing the house. Furnishing chenland. Textile Fertigung und Kleidung. – München. textiles of the 1st mil ennium AD from Egypt and neigh- RAST-EICHER, A. 1995, Die Filze und Geflechte. − V / In: bouring countries, Tielt, 38–47. H. Parzinger, J. Nevraskil, F. E. Barth, Die Býčí-skála-Hö- DAI, D., M. FAN 2010, Characteristic and performance of hle, Ein hal stattzeitlicher Höhlenopferplatz in Mähren, elementary hemp fibre. – Materials sciences and applica- Römisch-Germanische Forschungen 54, 167–174. tions 1, 336–342. RAST-EICHER, A. 2008, Textilien, Wol e, Schafe der Eisen- EIBNER, A. 2016, Überlegungen zur Einrichtung eines zeit in der Schweiz. – Antiqua 44 . eisenzeitlichen Hauses der Oberschicht. – Mitteilungen SREENIVASA MURTHY, H. V. 2016, Introduction to Textile der Anthropologischen Gesel schaft in Wien 146, 59–88. Fibres. – New Delhi. FURMÁNEK, A., K. PIETA 1985, Počiatky odievania na SVOLJŠAK, D., J. DULAR 2016, Železnodobno naselje Most Slovensku. – Bratislava. na Soči. Gradbeni izvidi in najdbe / The Iron Age Settle- GARSIDE, P., P. WYETH 2006, Identification of Cel ulosic ment at Most na Soči. Settlement Structures and Small Fibres by FTIR Spectroscopy: Differentiation of Flax and Finds. – Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 33. Hemp by Polarized ATR FTIR. – Studies in Conservation ŠUTKA, A., S. KUKLE, J. GRĀVĪTIS 2012, Steam explosion 51/3, 205–211. as the pretreatment method of lignocel ulosic biomass. – GLEBA, M. 2008, Textile Production in Pre-Roman Italy. – Material Science. Textile and Clothing Technology, 80−83. Ancient textiles Series 4. TEXTILE INSTITUTE 1975, Identification of Textile Materi- GRÖMER, K. 2014, Römische Textilien in Noricum und West- als. – Manchester. pannonien – im Kontext der archäologischen Gewebefunde TURK, P. 2005, Podobe življenja in mita / Images of Life and 2000 v. Chr. – 500 n. Chr. in Österreich. – Austria Antiqua 5. Myth. – Ljubljana. GRÖMER, K. 2016, The Art of Prehistoric Textile Making – WALTON, P., G. EASTWOOD 1988, The Cataloguing of The development of craft traditions and clothing in Central Archaeological Textiles. – London. Europe. – Veröffentlichungen der Prähistorischen Ab- WILD, J.-P. 1988, Textiles in Archaeology. – Shire Archaeology teilung 5, Wien. 56. 465 Železnodobno naselje Most na Soči. Razprave / The Iron Age settlement at Most na Soči. Treatises. OIAS 34, 2018, 467−510 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI: VPOGLED V DRUŽBENO KOMPLEKSNOST ŽELEZNODOBNE SKUPNOSTI V JUGOVZHODNOALPSKEM PROSTORU ANIMAL REMAINS FROM THE SETTLEMENT AT MOST NA SOČI: INSIGHTS INTO THE SOCIAL COMPLEXITY OF AN IRON AGE COMMUNITY IN THE SOUTH-EASTERN ALPS Borut TOŠKAN, László BARTOSIEWICZ Izkopavanja na najdišču Most na Soči, ki jih je v The excavations at Most na Soči (Posočje region, sedemdesetih in osemdesetih letih prejšnjega stoletja pod western Slovenia) that the Goriški muzej conducted vodstvom Draga Svoljšaka izvajal Goriški muzej,1 so dala between 1971 and 1984 under the leadership of Drago več kot 15.000 živalskih ostankov. Pretežni del gradiva Svoljšak1 yielded over 15,000 pieces of animal remains. sodi v mlajše halštatsko obdobje, nekaj deset primerkov The bulk of the faunal assemblage dates to the Late pa izvira iz bronastodobnih oziroma latenskodobnih Hal statt period, small shares also to the Bronze Age and kontekstov. Izmed dobrih deset arheozoološko raziskanih the La Tène period. Among a good dozen of archaeo­ železnodobnih najdišč s Slovenskega2 sodi Most na Soči zoological y studied Iron Age assemblages from the area med tista z najbogatejšim in torej najzanimivejšim zbirom of present­day Slovenia,2 it certainly qualifies among the kostnih najdb.3 Zatorej ne preseneča, da so bili rezultati richest and most important.3 The results of a preliminary preliminarne arheozoološke analize objavljeni zgolj leto archaeozoological analysis were already published within dni po zaključku izkopavanj.4 V navedenem prispevku a year after the conclusion of excavations,4 providing a so predstavljene favnistična sestava gradiva, tehnike razcomprehensive overview of the faunal composition, the kosavanja živalskih trupov in zastopanost posameznih butchering techniques and the skeletal part representation skeletnih elementov, v sklepnem delu pa so orisane še data per most important taxa. The final part also offered poglavitne značilnosti tedanjih lokalnih živinorejskih an outline of the general characteristics of the local anipraks.5 Žal poglobljenejših arheozooloških raziskav mal keeping practices.5 Unfortunately, a more detailed vse odtlej ni bilo, predvsem zaradi znatnega zamika v archaeozoological investigation had to be postponed to a pripravi celovite arheološke študije najdišča. Nenaslovtime when the archaeological contexts could be properly ljeni sta tako ostali tudi vedno zanimivi problematiki evaluated. This also holds true for the ever­interesting socialne razslojenosti in funkcionalne raznolikosti tetopic of social stratification and functional differentiadanjega prebivalstva, za kateri je znano, da pomembno tion of the population, which are known to often be very odsevata praviloma prav v arheozoološkem zapisu.6 clearly reflected in the archaeozoological data.6 Here, an 1 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 25–36. 1 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 25–36. 2 Glej npr. Toškan, Dirjec 2010, sl. 6, in tam navedeni viri. 2 See e.g. Toškan, Dirjec 2010, Fig. 6 with references. 3 Cf. Bökönyi 1994; Toškan, Dirjec 2010; 2013. 3 Cf. Bökönyi 1994; Toškan, Dirjec 2010; 2013. 4 Bartosiewicz 1985; za poročilo o rimskodobni favni z 4 Bartosiewicz 1985; for the preliminary report on the istega najdišča glej Bartosiewicz 1986. Roman Age fauna from the same site see Bartosiewicz 1986. 5 Bartosiewicz 1985, 117–119. 5 Bartosiewicz 1985, 117–119. 6 Glej npr. Politis, Sanders 2002; Marti­Grädel et al. 2004; 6 See e.g. Politis, Sanders 2002; Marti­Grädel et al. 2004; Maltby 2006; Toškan, Dirjec 2010; Albarel a, Trentacoste Maltby 2006; Toškan, Dirjec 2010; Albarel a, Trentacoste 467 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI Vrzel, ki je zaradi velikega pomena Mosta na Soči v attempt is made to il uminate some of these topics by okviru železnodobnega Posočja7 še toliko izrazitejša, providing the first assessment of the spatial and temporal skušamo zapolniti s predstavitvijo rezultatov prvega variation in the distribution of animal bone finds at Most poskusa celovite analize razpršenosti arheozooloških na Soči, a regional centre that undoubtedly played a major najdb v prostoru in času za to najdišče. role in the settlement pattern of Posočje.7 METODE IN GRADIVO METHOD AND MATERIAL Zaščitna izkopavanja na Mostu na Soči so potekala The here considered rescue excavations at Most na med letoma 1971 in 1984. V tem času so bili raziska­ Soči revealed the remains of over three dozen prehistoric ni ostanki 36 prazgodovinskih hiš, odtočni kanali in buildings, drainage canals, a drainage ditch and a path poti skozi naselje. K temu je treba dodati 32 območij through the settlement, as well as over 30 locations of z razpršenimi sledmi poselitve, kjer stavbni ostanki dispersed habitation traces where only layers of debris niso bili dokumentirani, vendar pa ruševinske plasti and individual finds indicative of habitation activities in posamične najdbe kažejo, da so se tudi tod odvijale survived.8 naselbinske aktivnosti.8 All of the over 15,000 faunal remains were col­ Zbrano arheozoološko gradivo, ki skupaj vključuje lected manual y, which resulted in an underestimated več kot 15.000 najdb, je bilo v celoti pobrano ročno. To contribution of smaller bones, teeth and bone/tooth med drugim pomeni, da je delež manjših (odlomkov) fragments.9 For the present study, the material was kosti in zob do neke mere podcenjen, saj je takšne taxonomical y identified consulting the reference collecprimerke med izkopavanji pogosto težko opaziti.9 Pri tion at the Institute of Archaeology ZRC SAZU, as well taksonomskem opredeljevanju najdb sta bili v pomoč as specialised literature.10 Differentiation between wild študijska osteološka zbirka Inštituta za arheologijo ZRC boar ( Sus scrofa) and domestic pig ( Sus domesticus) was SAZU in specializirana področna literatura.10 Razlikoattempted based on the size of individual bone/tooth. vanje med divjim prašičem ( Sus scrofa) in domačim The same criterion was used to distinguish the rare prašičem ( Sus domesticus) je bilo opravljeno na podlagi aurochs ( Bos primigenius) and wolf ( Canis lupus) finds velikosti posameznih bolje ohranjenih kosti in zob. Isti from those of cattle and dog, respectively.11 In taxonomic pristop je bil uporabljen pri poskusu prepoznavanja identification, remains of all skeletal elements but ribs ostankov tura ( Bos primigenius) in volka ( Canis lupus).11 were routinely taken into consideration. In contrast, ribs Taksonomsko opredeljevanje je zajelo vse skeletne elewere only allocated to one of the two ad hoc size classes mente z izjemo reber. Ostanki slednjih so bili namesto defined as ‘large herbivores’ and ‘small herbivores’. Most tega razvrščeni med dva ad hoc oblikovana velikostna (all?) of the finds included in ‘large herbivores’ class razreda in sicer “mali rastlinojedi” in “veliki rastlinojedi”. are belived to belong to calttle, while among the ‘small Drugi bržčas vključujejo predvsem ostanke goveda, med herbivores’ remains teeth and bones of sheep and goat najdbami iz razreda “mali rastlinojedi” pa domnevno predominate. prevladujejo ostanki drobnice. Qualitative between­taxa comparisons were Kvantitativne primerjave med taksoni so bile performed using the number of identified specimens izvedene na podlagi podatkov o številu opredeljenih (NISP12) as entry data. In calculating NISP, the fragostankov ( Number of Identified Specimens; NISP12). Pri ments that undoubtedly belonged to the same bone tem so bili odlomki, ki jih je bilo mogoče z zaneslji vostjo (e.g. fragments of bones broken during excavations) pripisati isti kosti (npr. odlomki med izkopavanji zdrobwere counted as a single specimen (i.e. NISP = 1). Alljene kosti), obravnavani kot ena najdba (tj. NISP = 1). ternatively, the minimum number of elements (MNE13) Izjemoma je bila količina ostankov posameznega skewas also calculated. In studying the representation of letnega elementa podana tudi z indeksom “najmanjše individual anatomical regions of the animal body (ex­ število elementov” ( Minimum Number of Elements; pressed in terms of NISP), the various skeletal elements MNE13). Pri tem so bile – ob podatkih o anatomski strani were divided into three categories based on the quality 2011; Russell 2012; Röder et al. 2013; Wilkins, Nadeau 2015. 2011; Russell 2012; Röder et al. 2013; Wilkins, Nadeau 2015. 7 7 Glej tu Dular, Tecco Hvala, 9−145. See here Dular, Tecco Hvala, 9−145. 8 8 Za poglobljen vpogled v najdišče in metodologijo te­ For detailed information as regards the site and the renskega raziskovanja glej Svoljšak, Dular 2016. fieldwork methodology see Svoljšak, Dular 2016. 9 9 Cf. Toškan 2015. Cf. Toškan 2015. 10 10 Olsen 1960; Boessneck, Müller, Teichert 1964; Callou Olsen 1960; Boessneck, Müller, Teichert 1964; Callou 1997; Ambros, Hilpert 2005; Zeder, Pilaar 2010. 1997; Ambros, Hilpert 2005; Zeder, Pilaar 2010. 11 11 Zollitsch 1969; Payne, Bull 1988; Bökönyi 1995. Zollitsch 1969; Payne, Bull 1988; Bökönyi 1995. 12 12 Grayson 1984. Grayson 1984. 13 13 Lyman 1999, 102–104. Lyman 1999, 102–104. 468 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI (levo : desno) – upoštevane še ugotovitve o velikosti poand quantity of meat: Category A (remains of vertesameznih najdb in starosti pripadajočih živali ob poginu brae, scapulae, humeri, pelvises and femora), Category (npr. za skupek leve stegnenice teleta in desne stegnenice B (skull fragments, as well as fragments of mandibles, odraslega goveda velja MNE = 2). V okviru analize zaradii and tibiae) and Category C (maxil ary fragments, stopanosti posameznih skeletnih elementov so bili ti na isolated teeth, metacarpals, metatarsals, carpals, tarsals podlagi kvalitete in količine mesa na pripadajočih delih and phalanges). Age­at­death was assessed considering živalskega telesa razvrščeni v tri kategorije: kategorijo A tooth­wear data.14 Measurements were taken according (vključuje ostanke vretenc, lopatic, nadlahtnic, medenic to von den Driesch.15 in stegnenic), kategorijo B (vključuje najdbe lobanj, spo­ The excavations at Most na Soči unearthed, either dnjih čeljustnic, koželjnic, komolčnic in golenic) ter kaentirely or partial y, the remains of 36 Iron Age buildtegorijo C (vključuje izolirane zobe in ostanke zgornjih ings ( Fig. 13).16 These were wooden structures with čeljustnic, dlančnic, zapestnih kosti, stopalnic, nartnih stone foundations. Since the terrain in the settlement kosti in prstnic). Starost ob zakolu je bila ocenjena na inclines slightly, earthworks consisting in excavating a podlagi stopnje obrabe žvekalne površine kočnikov.14 construction pit with a leveled ground were required Zajem metričnih podatkov je bil opravljen v skladu s prior to construction. A prominent feature of the houses smernicami, ki jih je objavila Angela von den Driesch.15 is the presence of drainage wal s, which were erected Izkopavanja na Mostu na Soči so razkrila ostanke along the wal s of the construction pit to prevent the 36 železnodobnih hiš ( sl. 13).16 Šlo je za lesene stavbe s earth from coming into direct contact with the wooden kamnitimi temelji. Proti jugu nagnjen teren je od gradiwal s. Most houses show traces of repair, usual y interteljev zahteval zemeljske posege, saj je bilo treba prostor preted as renovations following fire damage.17 During bodočih stavbišč najprej poravnati in pravilno usmeriti. renovations (Construction Phase 2), in most cases the Pomembna značilnost posoškega stavbarstva je gradnja same construction pits were reused and the debris of drenažnih zidov. Te so postavljali ob vkope gradbenih the first construction phase levelled so as to prepare the jam in s tem preprečili, da bi prišla zemljina v neposreground. The construction phases of houses are marked den stik s stenami hiš. Večina stavb je bila v času trajanja with the number of the respective construction phase naselbine poškodovana ali povsem uničena v požarih, added after the house number (e.g. House 15/1 stands zato so bile enkrat ali dvakrat celovito obnovljene.17 for the first construction phase of House 1518). V tem prispevku so posamezne takšne gradbene faze A total of 15,205 animal remains were considered prikazane z navedbo številke hiše in ustrezne gradbene in the analysis, most of which belonged to mammals. Of faze, pri čemer oba podatka ločuje poševnica (npr. hiša non­mammal taxa, two bone fragments of domestic hen 15/1 se nanaša na prvo gradbeno fazo hiše 1518). ( Gal us domesticus) and one ascribed to an amphibian Skupno je bilo v okviru tukaj predstavljene študije (Amphibia) are to be mentioned. No less than 16 speanaliziranih 15.205 živalskih ostankov, ki večinoma pricies were reliably identified ( Tab. 1), while wolf ( Canis padajo sesalcem. Prepoznanih je bilo najmanj 16 različnih lupus) and a bird species other than domestic hen ( Gal us vrst ( tab. 1), vendar bi v gradivu utegnila biti zastopana domesticus) may also be present. The great majority of tudi volk ( Canis lupus) in še ena ptičja vrsta poleg kokoši finds date to the Late Hal statt period (6th–4th centuries (Aves). Pretežni del gradiva datira v mlajše halštatsko BC; the Sv. Lucija IIa, IIb and IIc phases), small shares obdobje (6.–4. stoletje pr. n. št. oziroma kulturne stopnje to the Late Bronze Age (14th–13th centuries BC) and the Sv. Lucija IIa, IIb in IIc), manjšina pa je bila pobrana iz Late La Tène period (late 2nd and 1st centuries BC; the Sv. kontekstov mlajše bronaste dobe (14.–13. stoletje pr. n. št.) Lucija IV phase),19 while about a fifth of the recovered in latenske dobe (pozno 2. in 1. stoletje pr. n. št. oziroma animal remains are chronological y undetermined. In kulturna stopnja Sv. Lucija IV).19 Približno petine zbrathis contribution, only the Late Hal statt finds are prenih živalskih najdb ni bilo mogoče natančneje časovno sented in detail. opredeliti. V tem poglavju bo podrobneje predstavljeno The faunal remains from Most na Soči are kept in zgolj gradivo iz mlajšega halštatskega obdobja. the Goriški muzej in Nova Gorica. Živalske ostanke z Mosta na Soči hrani Goriški muzej v Novi Gorici. 14 14 Payne 1973; 1985; Grant 1982; Greenfield, Arnold Payne 1973; 1985; Grant 1982; Greenfield, Arnold 2008; Lemoine et al. 2014. 2008; Lemoine et al. 2014. 15 15 Von den Driesch 1976. Von den Driesch 1976. 16 16 Glej tudi Svoljšak, Dular 2016. Also see Svoljšak, Dular 2016. 17 17 Za podrobnosti glej Svoljšak, Dular 2016, in tu Svolj­ For details see Svoljšak, Dular 2016 and here Svoljšak, šak, 171. 171. 18 18 Za kronološko opredelitev posameznih gradbenih faz For the chronological attribution of individual houses glej tu Dular, 147−166. see here Dular, 147−166. 19 19 Glej tu Dular, 147−166. See here Dular, 147−166. 469 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI Železna doba Takson Bronasta doba Iron Age Neopredeljeno SKUPAJ Taxon Bronze Age Non­defined TOTAL NISP % NISPMammalia Bos taurus 20 2049 37,0% 694 2763 Caprinae 32 2831 51,1% 812 3675 Sus cf. domesticus 30 557 10,0% 117 704 Canis familiaris 2 16 0,3% 3 21 Equus caballus 8 0,1% 1 9 Cervus elaphus 53 1,0% 11 64 Capreolus capreolus 3 <0,1% 3 Bos primigenius 1 <0,1% 1 Lepus europaeus 2 <0,1% 2 4 Sus cf. scrofa 15 0,3% 15 Martes martes 1 <0,1% 1 Vulpes vulpes 3 <0,1% 3 Ursus arctos 1 <0,1% 1 2 Bos sp. 1 <0,1% 4 5 Canis sp. 1 <0,1% 1 Σ Mammalia 84 5542 1645 7271 Gal us domesticus 1 1 2 Σ Aves 2 2 4 Σ Amphibia 1 1 Indeterminatus 6221 1708 7929 Tab. 1: Živalski ostanki z Mosta na Soči, pridobljeni med zaščitnimi izkopavanji v letih 1971–1984. Tab. 1: Faunal remains from Most na Soči unearthed during the 1971–1984 rescue excavations. ARHEOZOOLOŠKI PODATKI: PREGLED ARCHAEOZOOLOGICAL DATA: AN OVERVIEW Skoraj polovica vseh taksonomsko opredeljenih Almost half of the taxonomical y identified animal živalskih kosti in zob z Mosta na Soči pripada drobnici, remains at Most na Soči belong to caprines, with sheep pri čemer je ovca ( Ovis aries) nekoliko bolje zastopana ( Ovis aries) being slightly more abundant than goat od koze ( Capra hircus). Izmed skoraj 600 najdb, ki jih ( Capra hircus). More precisely, of the almost 600 teeth and je bilo mogoče določiti vse do ravni vrste, jih je bilo bones identified to the level of species, 349 were ascribed prvi pripisanih 349, drugi pa le 216. Podobno razmerto the former and 216 to the latter. The results resemble je podaja že Bartosiewicz v prvi preliminarni objavi those already published by Bartosiewicz,20 with slight diffavnističnega gradiva z Mosta na Soči,20 z manjšimi ferences mostly related to corrections in the chronological odstopanji, ki jih kaže večinoma pripisati nedavnim poframework of individual contexts. Although numerical y pravkom kronološkega okvirja posameznih kontekstov. less well represented, cattle seem to have been a similarly Podoben gospodarski pomen kot drobnica je verjetno important source of meat. The latter is especial y true in imelo tudi govedo. Po številu najdb sicer za ovco/kozo regard to cattle body size, which may be 15–20 times bistveno zaostaja, vendar je lahko njegova masa tudi larger than that of sheep and goat. Pig was significantly za 15­ do 20­krat presegala maso drobnice. Prašič je less abundant, which is thought to reflect the local envibistveno slabše zastopan, kar gre v pomembni meri ronment as the narrow and relatively steep river banks in pripisati specifičnim značilnostim tamkajšnjega okolja. Posočje are not suitable for pig husbandry.21 Ozke rečne doline, obdane s strmimi pobočji okoliških The remaining animal species – both wild and hribov in gora, prašičereji namreč niso naklonjene.21 domestic – are fairly uncommon. This is not necessarily Preostale živalske vrste – tako domestikati kot an indication of a marginal role. On the contrary! It is divjad – so zastopane z majhnim številom najdb. To sewel ­known that horse, for instance, served as a status veda ne pomeni, da je bil njihov pomen v tedanji družbi symbol for the elites. The latter is most evident in the nujno skromen. Nasprotno! Dobro je znano, da je bil regional y widespread custom of burying large, possibly 20 20 Bartosiewicz 1985, 107–114. Bartosiewicz 1985, 107–114. 21 21 Bartosiewicz 1985, 109; Toškan, Dirjec 2010, 105; Bartosiewicz 1985, 109; Toškan, Dirjec 2010, 105; 2011, 362–364. 2011, 362–364. 470 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI Sl. 1: Izbor konjskih ostankov z Mosta na Soči: 1 in 2 – zgornji ličnik/kočnik, hiša 31; 3 – spodnji tretji kočnik (M3), hiša 12/1; 4 – dlančnica, hiša 12/1; 5 – dlančnica, hiša 1/2. (Foto: D. Valoh) Fig. 1: Selection of horse remains from Most na Soči: 1 & 2 – upper check­teeth, House 31; 3 – third lower molar (M3), House 12/1; 4 – metacarpal bone, House 12/1; 5 – metacarpal bone, House 1/2. (Photo: D. Valoh) konj zelo pomemben socialni simbol tedanje elite. To imported specimens alongside social y outstanding indise najočitneje kaže v širše razširjeni praksi žrtvovanja in viduals.22 Coeval equid finds from settlements are much pokopa velikih, bržčas uvoženih predstavnikov te vrste v rarer and seem to represent the remains of less valued povezavi s pokopi socialno izstopajočih posameznikov, and significantly smaller, local y bred working animals.23 tudi poglavarjev lokalnih skupnosti.22 Najdbe sočasnih At Most na Soči, horse remains are known from both naselbinskih ostankov so bistveno redkejše in domnevno the necropolis24 and the settlement. In the latter case, pripadajo manj cenjenim lokalno vzrejenim delovnim only isolated teeth and lower leg bones (i.e. metapodials, konjem.23 V okviru Mosta na Soči so bili ekvidni ostanki carpals/tarsals and phalanges) were identified, with the odkriti tako v nekropoli24 kot tudi naselbini. Zbir natotal number of specimens reliably dated to either the selbinskih najdb vključuje zgolj izolirane zobe in kosti Late Hal statt or La Tène periods being as low as eight spodnjega dela nog (tj. dlančnice/stopalnice, zapestne/ ( Fig. 1). These finds seem equal y distributed between nartne kosti in prstnice). Zanesljivo železnodobnih the presumed residential units and workshops ( App. 4). primerkov je vsega skupaj le osem ( sl. 1). Najdbe so Metrical y ( Tab. 2), the horse finds from the Most na Soči razmeroma enakomerno razpršene med domnevne settlement resemble those from roughly coeval burials stanovanjske hiše in delavnice ( pril. 4). Naselbinski at Magdalenska gora, approx. 70 km to the southeast.25 konjski ostanki z Mosta na Soči se v velikosti ( tab. 2) Dog was probably fairly uncommon as wel . Such približujejo okvirno sočasnim primerkom z grobišč na an observation does not come as a surprise, being per­ Magdalenski gori na Dolenjskem.25 fectly in line with what has been observed elsewhere in Skromno število najdb je značilno tudi za psa. the region.26 At Most na Soči, the lack of dog bones in Ugotovitev ni presenetljiva in se v celoti ujema s stanjem the kitchen waste may be seen as an indication of mainly na drugih najdiščih v regiji.26 Pičlost pasjih kosti med keeping these animals and/or burying their carcasses kuhinjskimi ostanki z Mosta na Soči bi utegnila biti 22 22 Dular 2007; Kmeťová 2013. Dular 2007; Kmeťová 2013. 23 23 Bökönyi 1994, 200. Bökönyi 1994, 200. 24 24 Marchesetti 1893. Marchesetti 1893. 25 25 Bökönyi 1968, 56. Bökönyi 1968, 56. 26 26 Škvor Jernejčič, Toškan, v tisku, Tab. 3. Škvor Jernejčič, Toškan, in press, Tab. 3. 471 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI Lokacija Skeletni element Dimenzija Izmerek Location Skeletal element Dimension Measurement Dolžina Hiša 1/2 Length 36,0 mm House 1/2 Dens (P2) Širina Breadth 26,5 mm Hiša 2 House 2 Metacarpus Širina distalnega dela Breadth of distal end 41,5 mm Dolžina Length 13,5 mm Dens (M3) Širina Breadth 29,5 mm Hiša 12 Širina proksimalnega dela House 12 Breadth of proximal end 44,5 mm Metacarpus Debelina proksimalnega dela Depth of proximal end 29,5 mm Najmanjša debelina diafize Smallest breadth of diaphysis 32,5 mm Tab. 2: Metrični podatki za konjske ostanke z Mosta na Soči. Tab. 2: Metric data for horse remains from Most na Soči. povezana z odločitvijo o zadrževanju (in torej pokopaoff­site.27 There may also have been dietary restrictions vanju) večine teh živali zunaj naselbine, kjer jih je človek in relation to cynophagy (as well as hyppophagy), espepravzaprav tudi uporabljal (npr. varovanje čred, njiv cial y if considering the seemingly notable role of these ipd.).27 Vsaj na načelni ravni je ob tem treba dopustiti animals in the local funerary practice.28 tudi možnost obstoja določenih omejitev pri uživanju Game is represented by red deer ( Cervus elaphus), pasjega (ter tudi konjskega) mesa, sploh glede na poroe deer ( Capreolus capreolus), aurochs ( Bos primige-membno vlogo teh živali v tedanjih pogrebnih ritualih nius), hare ( Lepus europaeus), European pine marten na širšem območju jugovzhodnih in vzhodnih Alp.28 ( Martes martes), fox ( Vulpes vulpes), brown bear ( Ursus Divjad je v analiziranem gradivu zastopana z jele­ arctos) and wild boar ( Sus scrofa). It is often difficult to nom ( Cervus elaphus), srnjakom ( Capreolus capreolus), reliably differentiate between wild boar and domestic turom ( Bos primigenius), poljskim zajcem ( Lepus europa- pig, but 15 specimens are large enough to be tentatively eus), kuno zlatico ( Martes martes), lisico ( Vulpes vulpes), ascribed to wild boar. Likewise, metric data were decisive rjavim medvedom ( Ursus arctos) in divjim prašičem for the identification of aurochs ( Tab. 3), represented ( Sus scrofa). Zanesljivo razlikovanje med slednjim in in the assemblage by a fragmented scapula ( Fig. 2) domačim prašičem je težavno, vendar je bilo 15 najdb na and perhaps by part of a horn core with its wall depth podlagi njihove izstopajoče velikosti pogojno vendarle exceeding 9 mm. The possibility of the scapula belongpripisanih divjemu prašiču. Metrični podatki so odigrali ing to European bison ( Bison bonasus) can be reliably ključno vlogo tudi pri opredelitvi ostankov tura ( tab. 3), ruled out due to its morphological characteristics.29 The ki je v gradivu zastopan z odlomkom lopatice ( sl. 2) in identification to species level of a canid maxil a with atmorda delom razmeroma robustne rožnice (debelina tached P4 ( Fig. 2) is less definitive, as it might belong to stene > 9 mm). Možnost, da bi lopatica pripadala zobru either a small wolf or a large dog (P4 length = 20.0 mm; ( Bison bonasus), je bilo mogoče na podlagi več morfo­ P4 breadth = 10.5 mm).30 loških specifik navedene kosti z zanesljivostjo ovreči.29 The list of non­mammal species only comprises Težavnejši je poskus opredelitve odlomka kanidne two bird bones, of which one belongs to domestic hen zgornje čeljustnice s prisotnim P4 ( sl. 2), saj bi lahko ( Gal us domesticus). The observed scantiness of avifauna pripadala manjšemu volku ali večjemu psu (dolžina P4 = remains clearly testifies to the fairly limited economic 20,0 mm; širina P4 = 10,5 mm).30 role of poultry. Considering that fowl bones are not Seznam ostankov, ki ne pripadajo sesalcem, vkljusmaller than e.g. sheep, goat and pig phalanges, of which čuje zgolj dve ptičji kosti, od katerih ena pripada kokoši more than 200 were collected, the near absence of bird ( Gal us domesticus). Pičlost ptičjih najdb jasno priča o bones cannot be ascribed to the underrepresentation 27 27 Bartosiewicz 1985, 109. Bartosiewicz 1985, 109. 28 28 Riedel 1977; Tagliacozzo 1998; Škvor Jernejčič, Toš­ Riedel 1977; Tagliacozzo 1998; Škvor Jernejčič, Toškan, kan, v tisku. in press. 29 29 Olsen 1960, 9. Olsen 1960, 9. 30 30 Cf. Zollitsch 1969. Cf. Zollitsch 1969. 472 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI Sl. 2: Odlomek lopatice tura (1) in fragment kanidne zgornje čeljustnice (2) z Mosta na Soči. Najdbi izvirata iz hiš 26 in 15/3. (Foto: D. Valoh) Fig. 2: Part of an aurochs scapula (1) and a fragmented canid maxil a (2) from Most na Soči. The two finds originate from Houses 26 and 15/3, respectively. (Photo: D. Valoh). Bos taurus Sk. element Dimenzija Dimension Bos cf. primigenius Me Min­Max N Scapula SLC 61,0 42,0 35,5–51,0 17 Tab. 3: Metrični podatki za odlomek bovidne lopatice z Mosta na Soči (hiša 26), ki bržčas pripada turu. Podani so še primerjalni podatki za lopatice goveda z istega najdišča (Me – mediana; Min.­Max. – razpon vrednosti; N – število primerkov). Vsi izmerki so v mm. Tab. 3: Metric data for a bovine scapula fragment from Most na Soči (House 26), presumably belonging to aurochs. For comparison, data relative to cattle scapulae from the same site are also given (Me – Median; Min­Max – range; N – number of specimens). All measurements are in mm. skromnem gospodarskem pomenu perutnine. Toliko of smaller finds. In contrast, the complete lack of much bolj zato, ker kokošje dolge kosti velikostno v ničemer smaller and more fragile fish bones is believed to signe zaostajajo za denimo ovčjimi, kozjimi in prašičjimi nificantly reflect the suboptimal sampling techniques prstnicami, pri čemer je bilo slednjih skupno odkritih več during excavations. kot 200. Pičlosti ptičjih kosti torej ni mogoče zadovoljivo The animal remains from Most na Soči are heavily razložiti zgolj z dejstvom, da so bile najdbe pobrane ročno fragmented, which is ascribable to intentional human (tj. brez sejanja). Bi pa to utegnilo držati za ribe, katerih (marrow extraction) and animal (gnawing) activities, as ostanki so znatno manjši in krhkejši. Njihovo popolno well as the effects of an array of post­depositional facodsotnost med več tisoč živalskimi ostanki z obravnavane tors. Only 444 of the total of 15,205 recovered teeth and naselbine bi namreč kazalo razložiti prav s suboptimalnim bone specimens survived complete. The great majority načinom terenskega vzorčenja tovrstnih najdb. of these are, of course, isolated teeth, followed by pha­ Favnistično gradivo z Mosta na Soči je močno langes and carpal/tarsal bones. Even with isolated teeth, fragmentirano, kar gre pripisati predvsem načrtnemu however, more than 700 were found fragmented, which človekovemu razbijanju kosti z namenom oblikovanja is little less than twice the number of non­fragmented ustrezno velikih porcij in dostopanja do hranljivega specimens. The total number of completely preserved mozga. Dodatne tafonomske izgube je treba pripisati long bones is as low as nine. 473 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI delovanju psov in prašičev (obgrizovanje), pa tudi izpostavljenosti številnim poodložitvenim dejavnikom. Izmed skupno 15.205 pobranih najdb jih je bilo nepo­ škodovanih zgolj 444. Večinoma so to izolirani zobje, sledijo prstnice ter zapestne in nartne kosti. A pozor! Celo med izoliranimi zobmi z več kot 700 najdbami močno prevladujejo poškodovani primerki. Nepoškodovanih dolgih kosti je bilo najdenih le devet. Izrazita fragmentiranost gradiva otežuje oceno starosti posameznih živali ob zakolu/uplenitvi. Poleg tega je zaradi zgolj ročnega pobiranja najdb bržčas znatno podcenjen delež mlečnih (in torej manjših) Sl. 3: Patološko spremenjena druga prstnica goveda z Mosta zob. O tem nazorno priča ugotovitev, da je bilo izmed na Soči (hiša 8). (Foto: D. Valoh) skupno 1.376 dokumentiranih zob drobnice v čeljust­ Fig. 3: Cattle second phalange from Most na Soči (House 8) nici še vedno pritrjenih zgolj 372 primerkov, medtem with lipping and exostoses. (Photo: D. Valoh) ko jih je bilo 983 (tj. 71,4 %) najdenih izoliranih. V nasprotju s tem je bilo izoliranih zgolj 17 od skupno 55 najdenih mlečnih zob istih živali, kar znaša le 30,9 odstotka. Razkorak med obema starostnima kategori­ Due to the heavy fragmentation of the material, jama najdb je treba pripisati večji krhkosti in majhnosti little is known about the age­dependent kil ­off patizoliranih mlečnih zob, ki so zato pospešeno razpadali terns at the site. Moreover, in the absence of sieving in jih je bilo med izkopavanji težje opaziti. K temu je the share of deciduous teeth is supposedly significantly treba prišteti še delovanje psov (in prašičev?), ki so se underestimated. Is this supposition provable? Suffice it prehranjevali z zavrženimi klavniškimi/kuhinjskimi to say that of the 1,376 available permanent sheep and odpadki. Čeljustnice odraslih ovc in koz namreč do goat teeth within the studied assemblage, 983 (71.4%) petkrat bolje kljubujejo pasjemu grizenju, kot to velja were isolated and only 372 still attached to the jaw, while za isto kost šest do dvanajst mesecev starih živali, in only 17 out of a total of 55 deciduous teeth were found kar petnajstkrat bolje v primerjavi s čeljustnicami dva isolated, amounting to mere 30.9%. The difference is do šest mesecev starih kozličev oziroma jagnjet.31 undoubtedly related to the more fragile and smaller de­ Ne glede na predstavljene omejitve je iz očitne ciduous teeth being less well preserved and more easily prevlade zob odraslih goved nad teleti ( pril. 1) utemeoverlooked by the excavators, if disregarding the fact that ljeno sklepati, da govedoreja ni bila usmerjena zgolj v when dogs have access to fresh bones the mandibles of proizvodnjo mesa in maščob. O velikem pomenu vlečne adult sheep/goats might survive at rates five times greater moči teh živali pričajo številni primerki prstnic z razšithan those of 6–12­month­old lambs/kids and about 15 ritvami sklepnih gladčin in/ali pojavom eksostoz ( sl. 3), times greater than those of 2–6­month­old lambs/kids.31 k čemur je sicer utegnil dodatno prispevati tudi razgiban Irrespective of limitations, the clear domination of teren Soške doline.32 Gospodarsko pomembne so bile adult cattle individuals over calves ( App. 1) convincingly tudi rožnice kot surovina za izdelavo orodij ( sl. 13), kože demonstrates that these animals were kept for more than ( sl. 4) in bržčas mleko.33 Klavna starost prašičev je bila just a single (i.e. meat producing) purpose, with at least znatno nižja kot pri govedu in praviloma ni presegala draft power having been intensively exploited. This is suptreh let. Slednje priča o skromnem pomenu sekundarnih ported by the discovery of several phalanges with lipping proizvodov reje te domače živali ( sl. 4; pril. 2). Mortaliteand exostoses ( Fig. 3), even though these symptoms might tni profil za drobnico ne odstopa bistveno od tistega za have been exacerbated by the rough/hil y terrain of the govedo, saj oba izkazujeta visok delež ostankov odraslih Soča valley.32 Horn cores as raw material ( Fig. 13), hides živali ( pril. 3). To je v primeru ovc in koz povezano z ( Fig. 4) and possibly dairy products33 were also valuable. velikim gospodarskim pomenom runa in bržčas tudi Pigs were mostly culled within the first three years, which mleka, kar je lastnike motiviralo k odločitvi o zamiku is clearly related to the marginal role of secondary prodzakola pri delu črede na starost med tretjim in petim ucts ( Fig. 4; App. 2). The mortality profiles for sheep and letom. Meso takšnih živalih namreč še vedno ohrani goat resemble those for cattle, as they show a substantial pretežni del svoje kulinarične vrednosti, gospodar pa share of older individuals ( App. 3). This is related to the je lahko pred zakolom vsaj nekaj časa pridobival tudi high economic value of wool and possibly milk, which runo in mleko.34 Mlade živali, zastopane v analiziranem must have motivated the owners to postpone culling part of the population to an older age. With an age­at­death 31 Munson 2000, 399–401. 32 31 Bartosiewicz, Van Neer, Lentacker 1997. Munson 2000, 399–401. 33 32 Cf. Carrer et al. 2016. Bartosiewicz, Van Neer, Lentacker 1997. 34 33 Albarel a 1997, 24. Cf. Carrer et al. 2016. 474 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI Sl. 4: Vrezi, ki so domnevno nastali med odiranjem (levo) oziroma kosanjem (desno) živali ( cf. Binford 1981, 107, 120): stopalnica goveda, hiša 3 (levo); skočnica prašiča, hiša 15A/1 (desno). (Foto: D. Valoh) Fig. 4: Cut­marks supposedly produced during skinning (left) and dismemberment (right) of the animal ( cf. Binford 1981, 107, 120): cattle metatarsus, House 3 (left); domestic pig astragalus, House 15A/1 (right). (Photo: D. Valoh) gradivu, bržčas pomenijo reproduktivni presežek, ki je peak at three to five years, the meat would still retain its bil preusmerjen v predčasen zakol. Vlaganje v rejo devet culinary value, while the animal would have provided the mesecev in več starih ovc in koz namreč z gospodarskega owner with at least a few seasons worth of fleece and/or vidika ni upravičeno, saj je iztržek mesa na enoto vložemilk.34 The juvenile animals included in the assemblage, nega dela sčasoma vse manjši.35 on the other hand, are to be seen as surplus offspring, Lov je bil nedvomno skromen vir mesa in maščob, redirected to human consumption in order to avoid the podobno kot pri večini domačih živali pa divjad sicer rapidly decreasing rate of meat gain relative to production ni služila le kot dopolnilni vir hrane. To med drugim costs in animals over nine months of age.35 dokazuje odkritje številnih primerkov jelenjega rogovja As already noted, game was a rather negligible s sledmi človekovih aktivnosti, kar več kot prepričljivo source of meat and fats. Similarly as with most domesdokazuje uporabo tovrstnih najdb v koščeni industriji36 ticates, however, wild animals were not seen merely as a ( sl. 5). Po drugi strani so bili poljski zajec in zveri (rjavi source of food. The several examples of worked red deer medved, lisica, volk, kuna zlatica) zagotovo zanimivi antlers, for instance, show that these skeletal elements zaradi kožuhov, lov na nekatere od njih je bil najbrž must have represented a highly valued raw material36 motiviran tudi s potrebo po zaščiti čred. Uživanje div­ ( Fig. 5). Carnivores (brown bear, fox, wolf, European jačine naj bi sicer imelo svojstvene socialno­statusne pine marten) and hare, on the other hand, might have implikacije (glej spodaj). been primarily hunted for their fur or to protect the Na podlagi predstavljenih rezultatov o gospodarherds. Needless to say, game meat was eventual y conskem pomenu domačih živali kaže torej skleniti, da je sumed, possibly reflecting the social stratification of the prevladujočo živinorejsko politiko v obravnavani mladopopulation (see below). halštatski naselbini po vsej verjetnosti kot “pilotska To summarise, the animal husbandry of the Iron Age vrsta” označevala ovca.37 Ta morda ni bila osrednji vir Most na Soči community must have been characterised mesa, jo je pa mogoče razumeti kot kazalnik osnovne by sheep as the ‘pilot species’.37 It may not have dominated usmerjenosti tedanje lokalne živinoreje.38 V tem smislu meat consumption from a quantitative point of view, but je opaziti bistveno odstopanje od slike, ki jo kažejo okvirit is diagnostic of the basic character of animal husbandry no sočasna najdišča v jugo­ in severovzhodni Sloveniji, at the site.38 This is markedly different from what has been pa tudi tista v ravninah severovzhodne Italije. Na naveobserved in the roughly coeval communities of southdenih območjih je namreč vlogo ovce zavzemal domači eastern and north­eastern Slovenia, as well as on the 34 Albarel a 1997, 24. 35 35 Munson 2000, 395. Munson 2000, 395. 36 36 Enako velja za rožnice goveda in koze. The same is true for cattle and goat cornual processes. 37 37 Bartosiewicz 1985; 1999, 314–315. Bartosiewicz 1985; 1999, 314–315. 38 38 Bartosiewicz 1985, 117–119. Bartosiewicz 1985, 117–119. 475 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI Sl. 5: Izbor obdelanih jelenjih rogovij z Mosta na Soči. (Foto: D. Valoh) Fig. 5: A set of worked red deer antlers from Most na Soči. (Photo: D. Valoh). prašič.39 Ugotovljen razkorak med navedenim regijami, plains of north­eastern Italy, where the meat production ki nedvomno v pomembni meri odseva habitatne razlike role of sheep was replaced by pig.39 The observed differmed njimi, ni povsem neodvisen od kulturnih okoliences, which certainly reflect the habitat preferences of ščin. Tako je bilo na dolenjskih starejšeželeznodobnih individual animal species, are believed not to have been najdiščih denimo ugotovljeno, da izkazuje razmerje completely independent of cultural circumstances. In the v količini ovčjih/kozjih in prašičjih najdb močnejšo Dolenjska region, less than 100 km southeast of Most na 39 39 Riedel 1994; Dular, Tecco Hvala 2007, 210–213; Dular Riedel 1994; Dular, Tecco Hvala 2007, 209–212; Dular 2013, 115–116. 2013, 115–116. 476 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI odvisnost od pomena/statusa posamezne naselbine Soči, for instance, caprine vs. pig ratio per site seems to kot od zemljepisnih značilnosti njenega neposrednega show a stronger correlation to the importance/rank of zaledja.40 Pri taksonomski pestrosti uplenjene divjadi so individual settlements than to the geographical characrazlike med regijami manj izrazite. Lov naj bi v celotnem teristics of the respective hinterland.40 Less variability is obravnavanem prostoru pomenil svojevrsten statusni observed in the importance of game. Hunting was never simbol tedanjih elit.41 a quantitatively important source of meat, but may have served as a status symbol of the elites.41 SPREMEMBE V ČASU DIACHRONIC CHANGES Razumevanje morebitnih diahronih sprememb v In order to trace any major changes in the animal politiki reje, pomenu lova, prehrambnih navadah in sokeeping practices, in the importance of hunting, the cialni razslojenosti prebivalstva železnodobne naselbine feeding habits and possibly in the social structure of na Mostu na Soči je pomemben prvi korak pri analizi the Iron Age Most na Soči community, the archaeozoorazpršenosti najdb v prostoru in torej raziskovanja logical data were rearranged to form subsets related to socialne razslojenosti in funkcionalne specializacije wel ­dated construction phases of individual houses. obravnavane skupnosti. Zato so bili zbrani arheozoo­ The information on species richness, individual taxa loški podatki preurejeni tako, da je bil za vsako dobro abundances and skeletal element representation were kronološko opredeljeno gradbeno fazo posamezne then compared between subsets representing different hiše oblikovan ločen podrejen podatkovni niz ključnih archaeological phases. It was unfortunately impossible arheozooloških ugotovitev. V nadaljevanju so bile med to form statistical y relevant subsets for each of the four kronološko homogenimi skupki omenjenih podatkovsettlement phases considered here (Sv. Lucija IIa, IIb, nih nizov vzpostavljene primerjave v taksonomski pe­ IIc and IV). The La Tène material had to be completely strosti, številu ostankov posameznih vrst in zastopanosti excluded from the analysis due to the small number of skeletnih elementov. Žal statistično značilnega skupka finds (NISP = 130). podatkovnih nizov za vsako od štirih kulturnih stopenj The selection of the data subsets considered in this trajanja železnodobne naselbine (tj. Sv. Lucija IIa, IIb, analysis is presented in Table 4.42 It is evident that hunt­ IIc in IV) ni bilo mogoče oblikovati. Najdbe latenske ing played a quantitatively negligible role throughout starosti so bile zaradi maloštevilnosti (NISP = 130) iz the studied period. The same holds true for dog and analize v celoti izključene. horse keeping, even though the role of at least the latter Izbor podatkovnih nizov, uporabljenih v okviru species is known to have been prominent. It might be te analize, je predstavljen v tabeli 4.42 Že na prvi pogled worth noting that two of a total of mere eight recovered je očitno, da je bil lov skozi celotno obdobje količinsko horse remains originate from House 31; this is the only nepomembna gospodarska panoga. Podobno je mogoče excavated house to have yielded taxonomical y identified reči za rejo psov in konj, čeprav je bila simbolna vloga animal remains exclusively dated to the La Tène period. (vsaj) slednjih nedvomno zelo velika. Zanimivo je, da Could this circumstance reflect an increase in horse sta bila dva od zgolj osmih konjskih ostankov odkrita abundance fol owing the transition from the Early to the na območju hiše 31. Gre namreč za edino stavbo v Late Iron Age? A conclusive answer can as yet not be naselbini, kjer so bili pridobljeni izključno živalski given due to the small amount of data from House 31. ostanki latenske starosti. Bi navedena okoliščina lahko It should be noted, however, that the only other La Tène kazala na lokalno povečano prisotnost konj v mlajši house that yielded taxonomical y identifiable remains – železni dobi? Dokončnega odgovora na to vprašanje na though mixed with earlier, i.e. Late Hal statt finds – did podlagi pičlega števila razpoložljivih podatkov seveda not include horse bones (House 6/2; datation: Sv. Lucija ni mogoče dati, bi pa utegnili biti v tem smislu koristen IIa–IIc, IV; NISP = 73). vpogled v arheozoološko gradivo z območja hiše 6/2. In view of the results, the bulk of the variation Gre za edino preostalo stavbo, znotraj katere so bili in species representation is limited to cattle, caprine odkriti latenskodobni živalski ostanki, sicer premešani and pig. A direct comparison between data subsets z nekoliko starejšimi najdbami (kronološki okvir hiše exclusively dated to either Sv. Lucija IIa or IIb yielded a 6/2: Sv. Lucija IIa–IIc, IV; NISP = 73). Ugotovljeno je statistical y non­significant difference in the increasing bilo, da med gradivom iz hiše 6/2 konjskih ostankov ni. percentage of pork and declining contribution of beef to the diet (Chi2 = 5.689, d.f. = 2, p > 0.05). The substantial 40 Cf. Bartosiewicz 1996; Dular, Tecco Hvala 2007, 155– 40 195. Cf. Bartosiewicz 1996; Dular, Tecco Hvala 2007, 155– 41 Cf. Turk 2005, 31–32. 195. 42 41 Za predstavitev vseh podatkovnih nizov po posa­ Cf. Turk 2005, 31–32. 42 meznih gradbenih fazah/hišah glej prilogo 4. For complete data see Appendix 4. 477 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI Sv. Lucija IIa Sv. Lucija IIa/b Sv. Lucija IIb Sv. Lucija IIa–c Sv. Lucija IIc Takson Taxon H 14/1&2 H 15A/1 H 23/1 H 1/2 H 8 H 22A/2 H 4 H 2/2 H 12/1 H 3 H 6 H 30 H 7 H 15A/3 Količina najdb po taksonih / Abundance per taxa B. taurus 284 6 14 8 34 8 4 9 57 14 31 67 29 15 Caprinae 371 15 28 12 45 6 8 23 246 31 46 159 30 13 S. domesticus 30 9 3 6 7 1 7 7 136 2 14 23 4 7 C. familiaris 1 11 E. cabal us 2 Divjad / Game 3 2 1 2 1 8 1 3 1 ΣNISP 688 33 45 27 88 16 27 39 443 61 91 250 63 35 Izkoristek mesa / Meat quality & quantity data A 93 3 1 2 1 4 19 2 1 14 1 6 B. taurus B 124 17 9 2 3 5 3 0 12 2 3 23 4 5 C 205 4 4 5 29 2 1 2 26 14 27 29 24 4 A 40 6 1 2 4 ­ 3 28 3 1 14 2 4 Caprinae B 118 5 17 4 13 3 2 9 74 10 46 7 4 C 212 4 10 6 28 3 3 10 142 18 45 98 21 4 Tab. 4: Število odkritih živalskih ostankov po taksonih (zgornji del) in zastopanosti skeletnih elementov iz najbolj, srednje in najmanj mesnatih delov telesa za govedo in drobnico (spodnji del) v gradivu z Mosta na Soči. Navedeni so zgolj podatki hiš/ gradbenih faz z dobro opredeljenim kronološkim okvirjem (za datacijo posameznih gradbenih faz/hiš glej tu Dular, 147−166). Obrazložitev okrajšav: H – hiša (npr. H 1 – hiša 1). Za opredelitev posameznih kategorij mesnatosti (tj. A, B in C) glej razdelek Metode in gradivo. Tab. 4: Taxa abundance data (upper part) and the distribution of skeletal elements by represented meat value for cattle and caprines (lower part) at Most na Soči from select houses/construction phases, grouped according to their chronological framework. For detailed chronological data on houses and their construction phases see here Dular, 147−166. Explanation of the abbreviation: H – House (e.g. H 1 – House 1). For the definition of meat quality/quantity categories (A, B, C) see the Method and material section. V okviru železnodobnega Mosta na Soči je treba quantity of Sv. Lucija IIc finds bears more resemblance to pretežni del variacije v deležu zastopanosti posamezthose from Sv. Lucija IIa. It is to be emphasized, however, nih taksonov pripisati govedu, drobnici in domačemu that the observed differences cannot be satisfactorily prašiču. Neposredna primerjava med gradivom iz accounted for in terms of diachronic changes, since the gradbenih faz/hiš kulturne stopnje Sv. Lucija IIa in within­group variability seems to significantly exceed tistim iz gradbenih faz/hiš kulturne stopnje Sv. Lucija the between­group variability. IIb je pokazala na določeno razliko v deležu goveda With one last analytical approach, a direct compariin prašiča, pri čemer naj bi se pomen slednjega v času son of species abundance and skeletal element represenznatno povečal (razlika sicer ni statistično značilna: tation data between individual construction phases of a Chi2 = 5,698, s.p. = 2, p > 0,5). Zanimivo je, da izkazuje single house has been attempted. Unfortunately, taking gradivo iz najmlajše mladohalštatske kulturne stopnje both the existence of (at least) two chronological y dis­ Sv. Lucija IIc večjo podobnost s stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIa, tinct construction phases per house and a high enough kar postavlja relevantnost ugotovljenih sprememb v number of identified animal remains (NISP > 45) as priljubljenosti svinjine pod vprašaj. Drugače povedano, limiting factors, no more than four houses could be ugotovljene razlike najverjetneje ne odsevajo dejanskih taken into account. The observed changes were distinctly diahronih sprememb v prehrambnih navadah lokalnega inconsistent between the four houses. In other words, if prebivalstva, saj je variabilnost v vsakem od kronološko in the case of House 14 the transition from Sv. Lucija IIa opredeljenih skupkov podatkovnih nizov pravzaprav to IIb resulted in a substantial rise in pig numbers at the večja od variabilnosti med njimi. expense of both cattle and caprines, the changes relative Slednjič je bil izveden še poskus neposredne prito House 23 were the opposite (though much less promerjave podatkov o zastopanosti posameznih vrst in nounced; Fig. 6). Likewise, if the share of bones from the njihovih skeletnih elementov med zaporednimi gradmeatiest parts of the cattle carcass tended to be roughly benimi fazami posameznih hiš. Žal je bilo v analizo constant over time in Houses 14 and 23, a clear rise is mogoče vključiti zgolj štiri hiše, ki so edine zadostile evident for House 26 ( Tab. 4). It thus seems evident that obema vstopnima kriterijema (tj. obstoj najmanj dveh the observed changes are more tel ing of functional and/ 478 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI Sl. 6: Grafični prikaz deležev zastopanosti goveda, drobnice in prašiča v gradivu z Mosta na Soči po zaporednih gradbenih fazah posameznih hiš. Upoštevane so bile zgolj hiše z najmanj dvema gradbenima fazama, pri čemer je v vsako od faz mogoče datirati najmanj 45 taksonomsko opredeljenih živalskih ostankov (tj. hiše 14, 15A, 23 in 26). Puščice ozna­ čujejo smer spremembe med zaporednima gradbenima fazama hiše. Fig. 6: Ternary plot of cattle, caprines and pig relative abundance at Most na Soči per construction phase of individual houses. Only houses with at least two construction phases yielding a minimum of 45 taxonomical y identified animal remains per phase were considered (Houses 14, 15A, 23 and 26). The arrows indicate the direction of changes between consecutive construction phases per given house. gradbenih faz, od katerih je v vsako mogoče datirati najmanj 45 taksonomsko opredeljenih živalskih ostankov). Rezultati so vnovič nedvoumno pokazali, da hiše ne izkazujejo enotnega trenda diahronih sprememb. Če je namreč pri hiši 14 na prehodu iz stopnje Sv. Lucija or social differentiation of the population, differential IIa v stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIb zaznati očitno povečanje taphonomic history of individual bone­accumulations deleža prašiča na račun goveda in drobnice, je bila smer within the site and even mere coincidental heterogeneity po obsegu bistveno skromnejše spremembe pri hiši 23 than of diachronic changes. nasprotna ( sl. 6). Podobno ostaja delež kosti iz mesnatejših delov govejega trupa pri hišah 14 in 23 v času bolj ali manj stalen, medtem ko kažejo podatki za hišo FUNCTIONAL SPECIALISATION 26 očitne diahrone spremembe ( tab. 4). Zdi se torej, da AND SOCIAL STRATIFICATION zaznanih nihanj ni utemeljeno v večji meri navezovati na spremembe v času, temveč prej na socialno razslo­ The investigation of possible functional specialijenost/funkcionalno specializacijo prebivalstva, razlike sation and social differentiation of the Most na Soči v tafonomski zgodovini posameznih skupkov kosti in/ community as reflected in the archaeozoological mateali kot golo naključje. rial has been addressed by concomitantly considering many other types of relevant data, such as the size of individual houses, their interior layout, the construc­ FUNKCIONALNA SPECIALIZACIJA tion techniques, the presence of hearths, pits, drainage IN SOCIALNA RAZSLOJENOST canals, the distribution and typology of individual categories of archaeological finds (e.g. pottery, metal V nadaljevanju predstavljena analiza funkcionalne objects) etc. On the basis of these data, several houses specializacije in socialne razslojenosti železnodobne were tentatively classified into four functional y and sodružbe z Mosta na Soči temelji na študiji živalskih ostancial y defined categories: wel ­constructed and furnished kov, vendar hkrati upošteva kopico drugih relevantnih residential units (Houses 1/1, 1/2, 5, 8/1, 8/2, 11/2, 15/1, podatkov, denimo velikost posameznih stavb, njihovo 15/2, 15A/1, 16/2 and possibly also House 3), poorly notranjo organiziranost, uporabljeno tehniko gradnje, constructed and furnished residential units (Houses prisotnost ognjišč, jam, odtočnih kanalov, razpršenost in 2/2, 7, 10/2, 15A/2 and 16/1), workshops (Houses 4, tipologijo posameznih kategorij arheoloških najdb (npr. 12/1, 22/1, 22A/1, 22A/2, 23/1, 29/1) and structures lončenina, kovinski predmeti) ipd. Na tej podlagi je bilo with specific functions possibly used as public spaces nekatere hiše mogoče pogojno razvrstiti v štiri funkcio­ (Houses 6/2, 14/1, 14/2, perhaps also House 30/2).43 Of nalno in socialno opredeljene kategorije: bolje grajene in the potential public spaces, House 6/2 is interpreted as opremljene stanovanjske hiše (hiše 1/1, 1/2, 5, 8/1, 8/2, a burnt­offering place,44 while the function of the other 11/2, 15/1, 15/2, 15A/1, 16/2 in morda hiša 3), nekoliko three has not yet been clarified. slabše grajene in opremljene stanovanjske hiše (hiše 2/2, Archaeozoological data for the houses or their 7, 10/2, 15A/2 in 16/1), delavnice (hiše 4, 12/1, 22/1, construction phases that yielded taxonomical y identi22A/1, 22A/2, 23/1, 29/1) in stavbe za specifične, morda fied animal remains are shown in Table 5. The withinskupnostne dejavnosti (hiše 6/2, 14/1, 14/2, morda tudi category variation in species abundance and skeletal hiša 30/2).43 Med slednjimi je hiša 6/2 domnevno služila element representation data is rather great, closely 43 For details see here Dular, Tecco Hvala, 73−78. 43 44 Za podrobnosti glej tu Dular, Tecco Hvala, 73−78. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 73–74. 479 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI BGBH / WCRU SGBH / PCRU DEL / WS PH / SPH Takson Taxon H 1/2 H 3 H 5 H 8/1&2 H 15A/1 H 2/2 H 7 H 15A/2 H 4 H 12/1 H 22A/2 H 23/1 H 6 H 14/1&2 Bos taurus 8 18 1 34 24 9 29 19 4 57 8 14 31 284 Caprinae 12 37 1 45 15 23 30 28 8 246 6 28 46 371 Sus cf. domesticus 4 4 7 9 7 4 7 7 135 1 3 14 28 Canis familiaris 11 1 Equus caballus 2 Cervus elaphus 3 1 2 8 1 1 3 Capreolus capreolus 1 Bos primigenius Sus cf. scrofa 2 1 2 Lepus europaeus 1 Martes martes Vulpes vulpes Ursus arctos 1 Bos sp. Canis sp. Σ Mammalia 27 75 2 88 51 39 63 54 27 442 16 45 91 688 Gal us domesticus 1 Indeterminatus 13 ­ 91 23 6 25 16 344 24 40 810 Tab. 5: Zastopanost živalskih taksonov v gradivu z Mosta na Soči po posameznih hišah. Upoštevane so zgolj hiše, ki jim je bilo mogoče oceniti namembnost (glej tu Dular, Tecco Hvala, 73−78). Obrazložitev okrajšav: BGBH – bolje grajene in opremljene stanovanjske hiše; SGBH – slabše grajene in opremljene stanovanjske hiše; DEL – delavnice; PH – hiše s posebno namembnostjo; H – hiša (npr. H 1/2 – hiša 1/2). Tab. 5: Taxa abundance data at Most na Soči for select houses determinable as to their function ( cf. here Dular, Tecco Hvala, 73−78). Explanation of abbreviations: WCRU – wel ­constructed residential units; PCRU – poorly constructed residential units; WS – workshops; SPH – special­purpose houses; H – house (e.g. H 1/2 – House 1/2). kot žgalnodaritveni prostor,44 namembnost ostalih treh resembling the variation observed in the betweenstavb pa še ni zadovoljivo pojasnjena. categories comparisons. Additional insights into the Arheozoološki podatki za zgoraj navedene hiše societal complexity at Most na Soči were thus gained oziroma za njihove posamezne gradbene faze so priby taking a detailed look at more specific data, starting kazani v tabeli 5. Raznolikost v deležih zastopanosti with the spatial distribution of game finds ( Tab. 6). The posameznih taksonov in njihovih skeletnih elementov results show a significant difference between the pattern znotraj vsake od štirih kategorij je znatna in v ničemer ne of spatial distribution of (mostly worked) red deer antler zaostaja za ugotovljenim obsegom razlik med posamespecimens and the spatial arrangement of the remaining znimi kategorijami, kar je za razumevanje obravnavane game finds. Indeed, antler fragments are associated with problematike vsekakor pomenljivo. Bolj poglobljen the buildings of all four categories, while other remains vpogled v problematiko družbene kompleksnosti pa so are much more frequently tied to the wel ­constructed/ sicer ponudili rezultati nekaterih nekoliko podrobneje furnished residential units. Five such units45 provided zastavljenih analiz, denimo analize razpršenosti ostantaxonomical y identified animal remains and each of kov divjadi znotraj naselja ( tab. 6). Izkazalo se je namreč, them yielded also postcranial remains of at least one da vzorec razpršenosti (v marsikaterem primeru obdewild animal not counting wild boar.46 Within each of lanih) odlomkov jelenjega rogovja značilno odstopa od 45 vzorca razpršenosti vseh preostalih najdb lovnih vrst. Te If only one construction phase of a given house could so bile večinoma pobrane na območjih bolje grajenih/ be considered as a wel ­constructed/furnished residential opremljenih stanovanjskih hiš, medtem ko so bili odunit, only the animal remains associated with that phase were used (e.g. the classification of House 16/1 as a poorly lomki rogovij razmeroma enakomerno razpršeni med constructed/furnished residential unit and House 16/2 as a stavbe vseh štirih funkcionalnih kategorij. Podrobneje wel ­constructed/furnished residential unit). povedano: taksonomsko opredeljeni živalski ostanki so 46 Wild boar finds were identified on the basis of their 44 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 73–74. size alone, allowing for the possibility of large domestic pig 480 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI Hiša Funkcionalna interpretacija Cervus elaphus Divjad (drugo) House Functional interpretation Rogovje/Antler Drugo / Rest Game (rest) H 1 BGBH / WCRU U. arctos, S. scrofa (2x) H 3 BGBH / WCRU 1* 1 L. europaeus, S. scrofa H 4 DEL / WS 4 + 4* 2 H 8/1 BGBH / WCRU 1 C. capreolus H 11 BGBH / WCRU 1 H 12/1 DEL / WS 1* H 14/1­2 PH / SPH 2* 1 S. scrofa (2x) H 14/3 ? 1 H 15A/2 BGBH / WCRU 1 1 H 16 Mešano / Mixed 1* 3 S. scrofa (2x) H 17 ? 10* H 22 DEL / WS 1* L. europaeus, S. scrofa H 22A/2 DEL / WS 2 1 H 24 ? 1 H 25 ? 2* C. capreolus H 26 ? 3* 4 B. primigenius, S. scrofa (4x) H 30 PH (?) / SPH (?) 1 H 31/1 ? V. vulpes (3x), M. martes Tab. 6: Zastopanost lovnih vrst v gradivu z Mosta na Soči po posameznih hišah. Interpretacija namembnosti stavb je povzeta po Dular, Tecco Hvala (glej tu 73−78). Obrazložitev okrajšav: BGBH – bolje grajene in opremljene stanovanjske hiše; SGBH – slabše grajene in opremljene stanovanjske hiše; DEL – delavnice; PH – hiše s posebno namembnostjo; H – hiša (npr. H 1/2 – hiša 1/2). Zvezdica (*) označuje primerke rogovij s sledmi človekovih aktivnosti. Tab. 6: Game abundance data at Most na Soči per individual house. Their functional interpretation is taken from Dular, Tecco Hvala (here, 73−78). Explanation of abbreviations: WCRU – wel ­constructed residential units; PCRU – poorly constructed residential units; WS – workshops; SPH – special purpose houses; H – house (e.g. H 1/2 – House 1/2). The asterisk (*) denotes worked antler specimen. bili najdeni na območju petih45 bolje grajenih/opremljethe remaining twelve Early Iron Age buildings of asnih stanovanjskih hiš znotraj naselbine in v prav vseh cribed function, game occurred in no more than four. petih primerih zbir vključuje najdbe postkranialnih Moreover, two of these four buildings (Houses 14/1&2 skeletnih elementov katere izmed lovnih vrst razen and 30) are believed to have been used for special, posdivjega prašiča.46 Na območju preostalih dvanajstih sibly communal activities,47 which makes the number of železnodobnih hiš, pri katerih je mogoče sklepati na workshops and poorly constructed/furnished residential njihovo namembnost, so bile takšne najdbe prisotne v units yielding game finds other than antlers to be as zgolj štirih primerih. Vendar sta dve od teh štirih stavb low as two (Houses 4 and 22/1). Even by adding the 15 domnevno služili kot svojevrsten javni prostor47 (hiši tentatively identified wild boar remains, the number of 14/1−2 ter hiša 30), kar pomeni, da sta delavnici ozisuch structures only rises by one ( Tab. 6). roma slabše grajeni/opremljeni hiši s postkranialnimi A small part of game finds could not be included najdbami katere od lovnih vrst razen divjega prašiča in the spatial distribution analysis because they could znotraj celotne naselbine pravzaprav zgolj dve (tj. hiši 4 not be precisely dated. This is the case for the finds from in 22/1). Še več! Tudi ob upoštevanju domnevnih najdb House 16, a seemingly rather poorly constructed/furdivjega prašiča se njihovo število poveča za zgolj eno nished structure in its first construction phase, but wel enoto ( tab. 6). constructed following a complete destruction in a fire.48 45 It was not possible to allocate the few gathered game Kjer je bilo mogoče posamezno stavbo uvrstiti v kafinds to either of the two phases, which made it necessary tegorijo bolje grajenih/opremljenih stanovanjskih hiš zgolj v primeru ene od gradbenih faz, so bili v analizo vključeni le to completely exclude these specimens from the spatial arheozoološki podatki za to fazo (primer: hiša 16/1 je uvrdistribution analysis. The relatively rich bone material ščena v kategorijo slabše grajenih/opremljenih stanovanjskih from House 25 was also excluded because the insufficient stavb, hiša 16/2 pa v kategorijo bolje grajenih/opremljenih). archaeological data hindered a reliable interpretation of 46 Opredelitev petnajstih ostankov za divjega prašiča je bila opravljena zgolj na podlagi njihove velikosti, kar naspecimens and/or domestic pig­wild boar crosses to be in­ čeloma dopušča možnost, da je med njimi tudi posamezna cluded as wel . 47 najdba izstopajoče velikega domačega prašiča in/ali križanca. See here Dular, Tecco Hvala, 73−78. 47 48 Glej tu Dular, Tecco Hvala, 73−78 See here Dular, Tecco Hvala, 77−78 481 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI Manjšega dela zbranih ostankov divjadi v analizo ni its function. From the archaeozoological point of view, bilo mogoče vključiti, saj so bili podatki o njihovem krohowever, the presence of four red deer postcranial bone nološkem okviru nepopolni oziroma premalo natančni. fragments and a broken aurochs scapula ( Fig. 2) seems To velja za najdbe iz hiše 16, ki je med prvo gradbeno to argue for House 25 to be preliminarily included in the fazo domnevno služila kot slabše grajena/opremljena ‘wel ­constructed/furnished residential units’ category. stanovanjska hiša, medtem ko je bila po obnovi vsled The final comment relative to the spatial distripožara bistveno kvalitetneje grajena in bolje opremljebution of game finds concerns House 31, occupied na.48 Žal zbranih živalskih ostankov ni bilo mogoče exclusively during the Late La Tène period. Here, three navezati na zgolj eno od obeh faz, zato v analizi niso bili fragmented fox metapodials – possibly belonging to a upoštevani. Težave so se pojavile tudi pri razmeroma single animal – and a European pine marten ulna were bogatem zbiru kosti iz hiše 25. Omenjeno gradivo je bilo found, which is undoubtedly a noteworthy combination. sicer mogoče povsem korektno umestiti v čas, vendar Of the three fox metapodials (4th and 5th metacarpals zaradi skromne povednosti tam odkritih arheoloških and 4th metatarsal, all of them left), only the proximal najdb hiši ni bilo mogoče oceniti namembnosti. Štirje parts survive. None of the bones bear any clear traces of postkranialni ostanki jelena in odlomek lopatice tura human activity. It is worth remembering that House 31 ( sl. 2) nakazujejo, da je hiša 25 utegnila služiti kot bolje also yielded two isolated horse teeth ( Fig. 1). grajena/opremljena stanovanjska hiša. Additional arguments in support of the proposed Zadnji komentar v zvezi s prostorsko razpršenostjo functional characterisation of individual houses and ostankov lovnih vrst je namenjen hiši 31, ki je bila v thus a functional specialisation/social stratification of uporabi izključno v stopnji Sv. Lucija IV (= laten). Na the community are provided by sheep/goat mortality tem mestu so bili namreč med drugim najdeni trije profiles. By focusing on the structures yielding more of poškodovani metapodiji (morda iste) lisice in komolčsuch data, a slightly higher share of juvenile and young nica kune zlatice, kar je vsekakor neobičajen zbir. Trije adult specimens is apparent in the wel ­constructed/ lisičji metapodiji (tj. 4. in 5. dlančnica ter 4. stopalnica; furnished residential units relative to the less well vse leve) so bili ohranjeni le v proksimalnem delu, sledi constructed/furnished units and workshops, with the človekovega delovanja pa niso bile ugotovljene. Kot že functionally specific House 14 standing in between omenjeno: znotraj hiše 31 sta bila odkrita tudi izolirana ( Tab. 7). In cattle and pig, the differences in the age­atkonjska zoba ( sl. 1). death profiles seem all but negligible ( Apps. 1 and 2). Ob podatkih o prostorski razpršenosti postkra­ The second part of this section presents the micronialnih najdb divjadi so pomemben argument v prid distribution of animal bones within buildings. Unfortuteze o svojevrstni socialni razslojenosti in funkcionalni nately, such an analysis was only possible in the relatively specializaciji v železnodobni skupnosti na Mostu na Soči rare cases of the archaeological documentation actual y ponudili mortalitetni profili za drobnico. Na kakšen revealing the precise in situ location of individual teeth/ način? Z osredotočenjem na hiše, ki ponujajo največ bones. Of the many presumed residential units, this is podatkov o klavni starosti teh živali, je mogoče pokazati the case for Houses 8/1&2 and 15A/1. In the case of na nekoliko višji delež najdb mladih in mlajših odraslih workshops, the analysis included Houses 12/1, 22/1 and živali znotraj bolje grajenih/opremljenih stanovanjskih 23/1, while House 14/1&2 was studied as a structure with hiš v primerjavi s slabše grajenimi/opremljenimi stanoa special, possibly communal function. vanjskimi hišami in delavnicami. Hiša 14, ki je utegnila Houses 8/1&2 had a 5.90 x 3.00 m large interior služiti kot poseben prostor s svojevrstno skupnostno surface divided into three rooms covering – from west namembnostjo, zaseda v tem s smislu vmesno lego to east – just under 4 m2, 10 m2 and 3 m2, respectively ( tab. 7). Pri govedu in prašiču znotrajnajdiščne razlike v ( Fig. 7). The central room revealed a pit dug into the preferenčni klavni starosti niso bile zaznane ( pril. 1 in 2). natural deposit of sand that contained a jar. Another pit Zadnji pomemben analitični pristop k preučevanju measuring 0.35 m in depth was dug in the west room, družbene kompleksnosti obravnavane skupnosti, upowhile the east room revealed a fragmented bronze inrabljen v okviru tukaj predstavljene študije, je temeljil got.49 Regarding the animal remains, the great majority na analizi razpršenosti živalskih ostankov znotraj tlorisa of the taxonomical y identified finds originate from posameznih hiš. Seveda so lahko bile pri tem upoštevane the smallest east room (NISP = 62). Caprines followed le tiste maloštevilne stavbe, pri katerih je bilo na podlagi by cattle prevail over pig, with red deer being the only razpoložljive terenske dokumentacije in situ lokacijo other taxonomical y identified species. In caprines, all posameznih kostnih skupkov sploh mogoče razbrati. anatomical regions of the carcass are more or less equal y Tako je bilo v primeru dveh stanovanjskih hiš (tj. hiši represented, while most of the cattle finds are from the 8/1−2 in 15A/1), treh delavnic (tj. hiše 12/1, 22/1 in less meaty parts ( Fig. 7). The debris covering the whole 23/1) ter stavbe 14/1−2, kjer so se domnevno odvijale area of the house revealed additional 26 bone and teeth skupnostne dejavnosti. fragments, but these could not be reliably ascribed to 48 49 Glej tu Dular, Tecco Hvala, 77−78. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 78–83. 482 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI Starostni razred BGBH / WCRU SGBH / PCRU DEL / WS PH / SPH Age class H 1, 3, 4, 10, 11, 23 H 2/2, 7 H 12/1, 22, 22A, 23/1, 29 H 6, 14/1&2, 30 0–1 leto / year 1 2 4 3 1–3 leta / years 9 2 7 27 2–4 leta / years 5 1 1 >3 leta / years 1 3 14 19 2–6 let / years 1 1 1 Tab. 7: Poenostavljeni mortalitetni profili za drobnico v gradivu z Mosta na Soči za vsako od štirih funkcionalno opredeljenih kategorij stavb. Podatki za delno prekrivajoče se starostne razrede so zapisani ležeče. Tab. 7: Simplified mortality profiles for caprines at Most na Soči in each of the four functional categories of buildings. Partial y overlapping age classes are written in italics. Sk. element B. taurus Caprinae S. domesticus Dentes 1 Metacarpalia 1 Tarsalia 2 Metatarsalia 1 1 Phalanges 2 2 Sk. element B. taurus Caprinae S. domesticus C. elaphus Dentes 12 9 Scapula 1 Humerus 1 2 1 jama / pit Radius 2 6 Ulna 2 0 2 m Metacarpalia 1 3 Femur 1 Tibia 3 Tarsalia 2 1 Metatarsalia 2 1 Phalanges 3 + 5 1 + 1 1 1 Sl. 7: Približna in situ lega živalskih ostankov z območja hiše 8/1, 2 z Mosta na Soči. Ožgani ostanki so zapisani ležeče. Najdbe brez znane in situ lokacije niso bile upoštevane (N = 16). Fig. 7: Approximate in situ location of the animal bones from Houses 8/1&2 at Most na Soči. Burnt specimens are written in italics. Finds without a known in situ location are not shown (N = 16). V stanovanjski hiši 8/1, 2, ki je pokrivala površino either of the two construction phases.50 It is worth noting 5,80 x 3,00 m, so bili prepoznani trije prostori: večji srednji that almost half of these finds were unearthed in the pit (10 m2) in dva manjša na vsakem od obeh koncev stavbe in the west room, all belonging to the least meaty parts (zahodni prostor: približno 4 m2, vzhodni prostor: 3 m2) of the carcass ( Fig. 7). Altogether, six bone fragments ( sl. 7). V srednjem prostoru je bil odkrit lonec, ki je stal were charred, most probably due to exposure to the fire v jami, vkopani v peščeno osnovo. Še ena jama (globina that destroyed the house. Interestingly, all of the charred 0,35 m) je bila vkopana v zahodnem prostoru, medtem ko bones were phalanges ( Fig. 7). je bil v vzhodnem prostoru najden fragmentiran bronast 50 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 84. 483 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI ingot.49 Živalski ostanki so bili večinoma v vzhodnem The foundations of House 15A/1 enclosed a 15 m² prostoru, kjer je ležalo kar 62 taksonomsko opredeljenih large space divided into three rooms, with the entrance najdb. Prevladujejo kosti in zobje drobnice, sledita govedo possibly leading into the central room ( Fig. 8). The in domači prašič, s primerkom prstnice je zastopan tudi west and central rooms had one round hearth each. In jelen. Med najdbami ovce/koze so bolj ali manj enakomeraddition to this, the central room had an oval work pit no zastopani skeletni elementi iz celotnega telesa, medtem (depth 20 cm) dug next to the east partition wal . The ko prihajajo goveje kosti večinoma le iz najmanj mesnatih southern half of the east room revealed a large heap of ( sl. 7). V ruševinski plasti, ki je prekrivala celotno površino curving and predominantly decorated pieces of a large hiše, je bilo odkritih še 26 kostnih in zobnih najdb, ki pa ceramic container destroyed in a fire.51 It also revealed jih ni bilo mogoče z zanesljivostjo navezati na katero od the majority of animal remains (N = 82; NISP = 26), obeh gradbenih faz.50 Skoraj polovica teh primerkov, ki mostly along the wal s ( Fig. 8). In the central room, six brez izjeme prihajajo iz najmanj mesnatih delov trupa, je of a total of 16 animal remains lay in the work pit mixed bila pobrana iz polnila jame v zahodnem prostoru ( sl. 7). with earth, small stones, crushed loam daub, bits of char­ Gradivo iz hiše 8/1, 2 vključuje šest zoglenelih kostnih coal, lumps of slag, as well as a bronze pin fragment and drobcev, ki so bili ognju bržčas izpostavljeni med požaa whetstone. Altogether, 24 bone finds were attributed rom. Zanimivo je, da gre pri vseh šestih ožganih najdbah to cattle, followed by caprines (N = 15), pig (N = 9), za prstnice ( sl. 7). red deer (N = 2) and dog (N = 1). However, these data Tudi 15 m2 velika notranjost hiše 15A/1 je bila razchange considerably if adding the many rib fragments, deljena na tri prostore, pri čemer se je vhod domnevno which supposedly mostly belong to sheep and/or goat. odpiral neposredno v srednji prostor ( sl. 8). V zahodnem Moreover, of the ten cattle mandible fragments found in srednjem prostoru je bilo odkrito po eno ognjišče, in the northern part of the east room, most (all?) are atob tem je bila v srednjem prostoru ob vzhodni predelni tributable to a single specimen; this further diminishes steni dokumentirana še delovna jama (globina 20 cm). the relative abundance of cattle. V južni polovici vzhodnega prostora je ležal velik kup The skeletal element representation data show an glinenih odlomkov oboda velikega silosa, ki je propadel v almost total lack of bones from the meatiest body parts požaru.51 V vzhodnem prostoru je bil odkrit pretežni del in cattle contra a much more equal representation of živalskih najdb (N = 82; NISP = 26), ki so bile večinoma individual anatomical regions in sheep and goat. Pig razpršene vzdolž zidov ( sl. 8). Izmed 16 kostnih odlomkov remains are scanty, with the only two specimens from iz srednjega prostora jih je šest ležalo znotraj delovne the east room bearing cut­marks52 ( Fig. 4) and the jame, kjer so bili pomešani z zemljo, manjšimi kamni, only two specimens from the west room being isolated koščki prežgane ilovice, drobci oglja in grudami žlindre. lower canines. The latter, of course, had no culinary V istem polnilu so bili odkriti še odlomek bronastega value. Another interesting detail is that the sole reliably trikotnega obeska, žrmlje in brusni kamen. Po skupnem identified bone fragment originating from the work pit številu pobranih kosti in zob prednjači govedo (N = 24), in the central room belonged to a very young, possibly sledijo drobnica (N = 15), prašič (N = 9), jelen (N = 2) in newborn calf. Of the several dozen burnt specimens, pes (N = 1). A pozor! Ob upoštevanju številnih odkritih most (N = 5) are amongst the 36 bone/teeth fragments odlomkov domnevno ovčjih/kozjih reber (gre za najdbe without precise microlocation data except for the detail iz velikostne kategorije “mali rastlinojedi”) in ob zelo of having been found in the debris covering most of verjetno utemeljeni obravnavi desetih fragmentov goveje the house area. Several burnt specimens also lay in the spodnje čeljustnice s severnega dela vzhodnega prostora northern part of the east room, but most of these are kot pripadajočih isti kosti (tj. NISP = 1) se navedena razbelieved to belong to a single cattle mandible recovered merja povsem spremenijo in v ospredje se tudi pri hiši nearby, which is also burnt. Most of the burnt bone frag15A/1 prebije drobnica. ments are black­coloured. Podatki o zastopanosti skeletnih elementov pri Houses 12/1, 22/1 and 23/1 are interpreted as govedu kažejo na skoraj popolno odsotnost kosti iz workshops. House 23/1 was wel ­preserved and had a najbolj mesnatih delov telesa, medtem ko je pri drobnici single room with a wide passage to the anteroom, i.e. a zastopanost anatomskih regij razmeroma enakomerwide levelled area without stone wal s to the west of the na. Najdbe prašiča so maloštevilne, a pomenljive. Na main room. The east half of the main building revealed a obeh primerkih iz vzhodnega prostora so bile namreč large work pit (depth 35 cm), in which several complete prepoznane sledi vrezov52 (sl. 4), domnevno nastalih and fragmented ceramic rings, sherds of a large jar, as med kosanjem živali zaradi priprave ustrezno velikih well as crushed and burnt loam were found. The area in front of the pit was interpreted as a work surface. 49 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 78–83. The work pit was associated with two canals, dug from 50 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 84. 51 51 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 125–131. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 125–131. 52 52 Vrezi in/ali zasekanine so vidni tudi na spodnji čeljus­ Cut­ and/or chop­marks were also observed on a cattle tnici goveda, petnici ovce in odlomku prašičje nadlahtnice. mandible, a sheep calcaneus and a pig humerus. 484 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI Sk. element B. taurus Caprinae S. domesticus Mandibula 1 Dentes 2 Costae 2* Humerus 1 Phalanges 1 0 1 2 m & 1 neopredeljen odlomek / non-identified specimen Sk. element B. taurus Caprinae C. elaphus Cornus cervi 1 Vertebrae 1 Costae 1* 1* Sk. element Caprinae C. elaphus Humerus 1 Carpalia 1 Radius 1 Tibia 1 Tarsalia 1 & 2 neopredeljena odlomka / non-identified specimens Sk. element B. taurus Caprinae Sk. element B. taurus Caprinae S. domesticus Cranium Cranium 1 1* Costae Mandibula 1 1* 1* Radius Costae 1* 1 & 2 neopredeljena odlomka / non-identified specimens Ulna 1 Tarsalia 1 Metatarsalia 1 jama / pit & 7 neopredeljenih odlomkov / non-identified specimens Sk. element B. taurus Caprinae Sk. element B. taurus Caprinae S. domesticus Cranium 1 Mandibula 10(MNE=1?) Mandibula 1 Costae 7* Os hyoideum 1* Humerus 1 Vertebrae 1 1 Femur 2 Costae 1* Tibia 1 Scapula 1 Tarsalia 1 Ulna 1 & 5 + 31 neopredeljenih odlomkov / non-identified specimens & 3 neopredeljeni odlomki / non-identified specimens Sl. 8: Približna in situ lega živalskih ostankov z območja hiše 15A/1 z Mosta na Soči. Ožgani ostanki so zapisani ležeče. Zvezdica (*) označuje pogojno taksonomsko opredeljene kosti. Najdbe brez znane in situ lokacije niso bile upoštevane (N = 36). Fig. 8: Approximate in situ location of animal bones in House 15A/1 at Most na Soči. Burnt specimens are written in italics. Asterisk (*) denotes the tentatively identified bone fragments. Finds without a known in situ location are not shown (N = 36). prehranskih porcij, medtem ko sta bila v zahodnem the pit and under the south foundation of the house to prostoru odkrita le dva spodnja podočnika, ki seveda continue towards the yard and the path/street to the nimata nikakršne kulinarične vrednosti. Zanimiva je south of the building. Both canals were covered with ugotovitev, da edina taksonomsko opredeljena kost iz slabs. The anteroom also revealed a work pit (depth delovne jame v srednjem prostoru pripada zelo mla38 cm), in addition to the four postholes that held its demu teletu, kakršnih je bilo na najdišču najdenih le projecting roof ( Fig. 9).53 peščica. Izmed nekaj deset ožganih kostnih odlomkov Most of the animal finds from this building were jih večina (N=15) sodi v zbir 36 kosti/zob brez znane found on the floor of the anteroom (N = 27; NISP = 15) in situ lege. Izvirajo namreč iz ruševinske plasti, ki je and only seven (NISP = 3) in the main room. In addiprekrivala celotno površino stavbe. Edini nekoliko tion to these, 24 bone fragments lay in the fil s of the večji skupek ožganih najdb z znano najdiščno lokacijo two work pits and 26 (NISP = 15) on top of the slabs sestavljajo drobci goveje spodnje čeljustnice s severnecovering the two canals. Unfortunately, it is not possible ga dela vzhodnega prostora. Vendar pa ti najbrž brez 53 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 166–174. 485 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI izjeme pripadajo na istem mestu najdenemu večjemu to differentiate between the bones originating from each odlomku istega skeletnega elementa, ki je bil prav tako of the two work pits ( Fig. 9). izpostavljen ognju. Večina ožganih kostnih odlomkov Regardless of the context, most of the finds from je črno obarvanih. House 23/1 belong to caprines, in which the workshop V okviru analize razpršenosti živalskih ostankov closely resembles the two analysed residential units (i.e. znotraj posameznih delavnic so bile proučene hiše 12/1, Houses 8/1&2 and 15A/1; Figs. 7; 8; also see Tab. 5). Skel22/1 in 23/1. Slednja je bila dobro ohranjena. Edini etal element representation, on the other hand, shows prostor na vzhodnem delu je bil s širokim prehodom a rather different picture relative to the two mentioned odprt proti preddverju, tj. večji poravnani površini brez residential units, characterised by a much smaller share kamnitih zidov zahodno od glavnega prostora. Vzhodni of cattle bones from the least meaty anatomical regions. del osrednjega prostora je zasedala velika delovna jama No less than 27 (= 60%) recovered bone fragments show (globina 35 cm), v kateri so bili najdeni celi in razbiti traces of fire exposure and the sediments above the two glinasti svitki, deli večjega lonca in prežgana ilovica. canals are the only analysed contexts to have yielded Območje pred delovno jamo je bilo interpretirano kot none. Most of the burnt bones are greyish to white, manipulativna površina. Posebnost omenjene delovne with several specimens completely white and showing jame sta kanala, ki sta bila od tu speljana pod temeljem longitudinal, as well as transversal cracks; these bones južne stene proti jugu na območje hišnega dvorišča in must have been exposed to temperatures exceeding poti. Pokrita sta bila s ploščami laporja in apnenca. De700 ˚C for a prolonged period of time.54 lovna jama je bila vkopana tudi v preddverju (globina The preservation of Houses 12/1 and 22/1 was 38 cm). V njeni bližini so bile odkrite štiri luknje za rather poor. Of House 12/1, part of the foundation and a stojke, ki so nosile nadstrešek ( sl. 9).53 pit (depth 32 cm) were the only remains surviving in situ, Večina živalskih ostankov iz te hiše je ležala na while the excavations of House 22/1 revealed drainage hodni površini preddverja (N = 27; NISP = 15), medtem wal s, several foundation stones, a drainage canal and ko jih je bilo v osrednjem prostoru najdenih le sedem four pits (depths 15 cm, 11 cm, 12 cm and 37 cm, re­ (NISP = 3). Ob teh je 24 kostnih odlomkov ležalo v spectively) connected by a canal.55 In view of the heavily polnilih obeh delovnih jam in dodatnih 26 (NISP = 15) damaged structures, only the bone material from the pits nad ploščami, ki so prekrivale kanala južno od hiše. was studied in more detail. The results seem to confirm Razpoložljiva terenska dokumentacija ne omogoča the relatively high concentration of cattle bones from razlikovanja med najdbami obeh delovnih jam ( sl. 9). the meatiest parts of the carcass found in the large work V gradivu iz hiše 23/1 je bilo največ ostankov ne pits of House/workshop 23/1 ( Tab. 8; see also Fig. 9). glede na njihovo lego pripisanih drobnici, kar je skladno The three small pits of House 22/1 yielded no more z ugotovitvami pri obeh analiziranih stanovanjskih hithan seven taxonomical y identified specimens, making šah (tj. hiši 8/1, 2 in 15A/1; sl. 7 in 8; glej tudi tab. 5). V the results of any further analysis non­representative. nasprotju s tem kažejo podatki o zastopanosti skeletnih Nevertheless, we should note the exclusive presence of elementov povsem drugačno sliko. Delež govejih najdb iz isolated teeth and phalanges among the cattle remains najmanj mesnatih delov telesa je namreč v gradivu iz hiše in these pits that may reflect the differences in pit func23/1 bistveno manjši kot v obeh omenjenih stanovanjskih tions (compare to the observation for large work pits; hišah. Kar 27 (= 60 %) zbranih kostnih odlomkov je bilo see Fig. 9, Tab. 8). izpostavljenih ognju, pri čemer so ožgane najdbe manjka­ The number of burnt (mostly black­coloured) le edino v skupku kosti z območja nad obema kanaloma. specimens is relatively high in both House 12/1 (N = 15) Ognju izpostavljeni ostanki so večinoma sivkasto do belo and House 22/1 (N = 22), though also high is the total obarvani. Posamezni odlomki so kalcinirani in izkazujejo number of recovered animal remains ( Tab. 5). It is worth vzdolžne in prečne razpoke. Kaže torej, da so bili za dlje noting that the collection of burnt bones from the large časa izpostavljeni temperaturam nad 700 °C.54 pit of House 22/1 (i.e. Pit 4) includes either more or Ohranjenost preostalih dveh analiziranih delavnic less completely burnt skeletal elements from the least je bila razmeroma slaba. Od hiše 12/1 sta bila in situ meaty parts of the carcass (carpals/tarsals, phalanges) ohranjena le del temelja in jama (globina 32 cm), medtem or fragments of long bones with the burnt area limited ko so izkopavanja hiše 22/1 razkrila drenažne zidove, del to the epiphyseal part ( Tab. 8). Of the three analysed kamnitih temeljev, odtočni kanal in štiri jame (globine workshops, specimens bearing cut­ and chop­marks 15 cm, 11 cm, 12 cm in 37 cm), ki jih je povezoval kanal.55 were limited to House 12/1 (N = 14). Zaradi močno poškodovanih struktur je bilo podrobneje Several observations also pertain to House 14/1&2. analizirano samo kostno gradivo iz dveh večjih delovnih Archaeozoologically, the most prominent feature of jam, kjer – podobno kot v primeru delavnice v hiši 23/1 – this building is the great total number of bone finds (pooled data for Construction Phases 1 and 2: N = 53 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 166–174. 54 54 Walker, Miller, Richman 2008. Walker, Miller, Richman 2008. 55 55 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 102, 154–155. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 102, 154–155. 486 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI Sk. element B. taurus Caprinae Maxil a 1 Mandibula 1 Dentes 2 Sk. element B. taurus Caprinae S. domesticus Costae 3 Maxil a 1 Radius 1 + 2 Costae 1* Tibia 2 Humerus 1 Tarsalia 1 Femur 1 Metatarsalia 2 & 3 neopredeljeni odlomki / non-identified specimens Phalanges 1 + 1 1 & 7 + 2 neopredeljena odlomka / non-identified specimens Sk. element B. taurus Caprinae S. domesticus Mandibula 1 1 Dentes 1 1 Costae 2* Radius 1 3 Femur 1 Tibia 2 2 Metatarsalia 1 1 & 9 neopredeljenih odlomkov / non-identified specimens Sk. element B. taurus Caprinae Mandibula 1 Vertebrae 1 + 1* Humerus 1 Radius 1 1 + 2 Ulna 1 Metacarpalia 1 0 1 2 m Tibia 1 Tarsalia 1 Metatarsalia 1 jama / pit & 5 + 6 neopredeljenih odlomkov / non-identified specimens Sl. 9: Približna in situ lega živalskih ostankov z območja hiše 23/1 z Mosta na Soči. Ožgani ostanki so zapisani ležeče. Zvezdica (*) označuje pogojno taksonomsko opredeljene kosti. Najdbe brez znane in situ lokacije niso bile upoštevane (N = 1). Fig. 9: Approximate in situ location of animal bones from House 23/1 at Most na Soči. Burnt specimens are written in italics. Asterisk (*) denotes tentatively identified bone fragments. Finds without a known in situ location are not shown (N = 1). med govejimi najdbami prevladujejo kosti iz najbolj 1,498; NISP = 810), even though neither the size of the mesnatih delov trupa ( tab. 8; glej še sl. 9). V treh manjših building (< 20 m2) nor the thickness of the debris layer jamah z območja hiše 22/1 je bilo odkritih samo sedem (Construction Phase 1: up to 0.40 m; Construction taksonomsko opredeljenih ostankov, zato tu podrobnej­ Phase 2: up to 0.35 m) are in any respect exceptional.56 še analize niso bile izvedene. Je pa kljub temu smiselno Taxonomical y, the bone assemblage does not differ opozoriti, da so med najdbami goveda iz omenjenih from what has been observed in other houses, showing treh manjših jam zastopani izključno izolirani zobje in a clear prevalence of caprines over cattle and pig. Game prstnice, saj bi to lahko kazalo na svojevrstno raznolikost v is represented by no more than three red deer remains: namembnosti posameznih jam (primerjaj z ugotovitvami, a fragmented radius and two antler specimens bearing ki se nanašajo na velike delovne jame; sl. 9, tab. 8). traces of human modification ( Tab. 9). Število ožganih (pretežno črno obarvanih) pri­ Skeletal element representation is different from merkov znotraj območja hiš 12/1 in 22/1 je razmeroma what has been observed elsewhere in the settlement, veliko (N = 15 oziroma 22), vendar je veliko tudi skupno 56 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 106–111. Cf. here Dular, Tecco število vseh tukaj zbranih kosti in zob ( tab. 5). Pomemb­ Hvala, Fig. 46. 487 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI H 12/1 H 22/1 Pravokotna jama Jama 3 Jama 4 Jama (št. nezn.) Rectangular pit Pit 3 Pit 4 Pit (No. unkn.) Sk. element s s rus ae esticu rus ae rus ae esticu rus ae om om B. tau Caprin S. d B. tau Caprin B. tau Caprin S. d B. tau Caprin Cranium 1 Maxil a 1 1 Mandibula 1 + 2 1 1 5 Dentes 1 + 1 1 2 4 Vertebrae 1 1 5 + 1* 3* Costae (8+ 4)* (16+ 7)* Scapula 1 1 2 Humerus 1 1 5 2 Radius 2 + 1 1 2 1 Ulna 1 Carpalia Metacarpalia 1 5 Coxae 1 2 3 Femur 1 3 + 1 1 2 Tibia 1 1 5 3 Tarsalia 1 1 2 Metatarsalia 1 1 1 1 + 1 1 Phalanges 1 1 3 1 2 1 Tab. 8: Živalski ostanki iz jam z območja hiš 12/1 in 22/1. Ožgani ostanki so zapisani ležeče. Zvezdica (*) označuje pogojno taksonomsko opredeljene kosti. Obrazložitev okrajšave: H – hiša (npr. H 12/1 – hiša 12/1). Tab. 8: Faunal remains from pits in Houses 12/1 and 22/1. Burnt specimens are written in italics. Asterisk (*) denotes tentatively identified bone fragments. Explanation of abbreviation: H – House (e.g. H 12/1 – House 12/1). no je poudariti, da zbir ožganih kostnih odlomkov iz especial y in the case of cattle. Although the number of velike jame z območja hiše 22/1 (tj. jama 4) vključuje bone fragments from the meatiest parts of the carcass is bodisi ostanke bolj ali manj v celoti ožganih skeletnih not significantly higher in comparison to what has been elementov iz najmanj mesnatih delov trupa (tj. zapestne/ observed in (much smal er!) assemblages from some nartne kosti, prstnice) bodisi fragmente dolgih kosti, pri other structures, in House 14 this seems to be related to a katerih je ožganost omejena na območje epifiz ( tab. 8). high degree of mandible/maxil a fragmentation. Indeed, Izmed treh analiziranih delavnic so bile kosti s sledmi the number of isolated cattle teeth exceeds the combined vrezov in zasekanin odkrite le v hiši 12/1 (N = 14). number of carpal/tarsal bones and phalanges by almost V analizo razpršenosti živalskih ostankov na eight times (the mentioned bones are comparable to območ ju posameznih stavb je bila slednjič vključena še teeth in terms of size). This observation is consonant hiša 14/1, 2 iz kategorije stavb s posebno namembnostjo. with the relatively high number of mandible fragments Arheozoološko je največja posebnost te stavbe veliko šte­ (N = 33), which is approximately two­fold of what has vilo odkritih kosti (vsota za prvi dve gradbeni fazi: N = been observed for tibia (N = 17) and even more relative 1.498; NISP = 810), čeprav niti površina hiše (< 20 m2) to radius/ulna (N = 12 and 10, respectively). Considerniti debelina ruševinske plasti (prva gradbena faza do ing the small size of most recovered cattle mandible 0,40 m, druga gradbena faza do 0,35 m) v ničemer ne fragments, it is highly probable that they originate from izstopata.56 V taksonomskem smislu se zbir živalskih a rather limited number of specimens. Even several ostankov ne razlikuje od gradiva, odkritega na območju of the recorded 33 cattle mandible finds were actual y drugih analiziranih hiš, saj tudi tu količinsko prevladuje preserved in more than a single fragment, which were drobnica pred govedom in prašičem. Divjad je zastopana counted as NISP = 1 as they clearly belonged to the s pičlimi tremi najdbami jelena: odlomkom koželjnice same specimen. Final y, a much more equal representa56 tion of individual skeletal elements in cattle relative to Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 106–111. Cf. tu Dular, Tecco what is shown by the observed NISP values is further Hvala, sl. 46. 488 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI Sk. element B. taurus Caprinae S. domesticus C. elaphus Indeterminatus Proc. cornualis 2 1 Cornus cervi 2 Cranium 11 3 4 40 Maxil a 7 2 Mandibula 33 39 7 Os hyoideum 3 Dentes 75 117 5 Vertebrae 18 8 97 Costae 8* 45* 56 + 4 Scapula 16 8 + 1 5 19 Humerus 15 13 1 Radius 12 31 + 1 1 1 Ulna 10 4 1 Carpalia 1 1 Metacarpalia 13 + 1 31 Coxae 8 8 Femur 5 8 + 1 Patel a 1 Tibia 17 40 2 Tarsalia 4 + 1 7 1 Metatarsalia 15 36 Ossa sesamoidea 1 Phalanges 15 12 1 Metapodia 3 1 Tab. 9: Živalski ostanki z območja hiše 14/1, 2 z Mosta na Soči. Ožgani ostanki so zapisani ležeče. Zvezdica (*) označuje pogojno taksonomsko opredeljene kosti. Tab. 9: Faunal remains from House 14/1&2 at Most na Soči. Burnt specimens are written in italics. Asterisk (*) denotes tentatively identified bone fragments. in dvema primerkoma rogovja s sledmi človekovih indicated by the minimum number of elements (MNE). aktivnosti ( tab. 9). As clearly shown in Table 10, individual anatomical Zanimivo posebnost gradiva z območja hiše 14/1, 2 regions seem to be rather equal y represented among ponujajo podatki o zastopanosti skeletnih elementov pri cattle bone finds from House 14, the only exception govedu. Čeprav število kostnih najdb iz najbolj mesnatih being the underrepresented foot bones. The combined delov telesa bistveno ne presega vrednosti, ugotovljenih number of recovered carpal and tarsal bones is only six, pri (značilno skromnejših!) skupkih z območja nekaterih with the phalanges being only slightly more numerous drugih stavb, kaže v primeru hiše 14/1, 2 takšno stanje (phalanx 1: 9; phalanx 2: 6; phalanx 3: 0). Because the pripisati izraziti fragmentiranosti čeljustnic. Zakaj? carpals, tarsals and phalanges are not smaller than iso­ Število izoliranih govejih zob, denimo, presega skupno lated teeth, the discrepancy between the abundance of število primerljivo velikih zapestnih/nartnih kosti in cranial remains and the paucity of feet bones does not prstnic za skoraj osemkrat. Skladen s tem je podatek, seem to be coincidental. da število prepoznanih odlomkov spodnje čeljustnice The same may hold true for the similarly smal (N = 33) za najmanj dvakrat presega število zbranih number of horn cores (N = 3) as cranium fragments do primerkov golenice (N = 17), koželjnice (N = 12) in not seem to be underrepresented. Their total number is komolčnice (N = 10). Ne nazadnje je treba omeniti dejsmall (N = 11), but no less than 40 cranial fragments are stvo, da so najdeni odlomki govejih spodnjih čeljustnic among the many taxonomical y unidentified remains razmeroma majhni. To namreč le še povečuje verjetnost, from the same area.57 And even so, the MNE value for da bi utegnili pripadati razmeroma majhnemu številu cattle crania does not fall short of what has been obintenzivneje zdrobljenih primerkov tega skeletnega served in other skeletal elements, at least not relative to elementa. Pravzaprav so bile tudi posamezne izmed 33 mandibles, epistrophei and humeri ( Tab. 10). Considerdokumentiranih govejih spodnjih čeljustnic zastopane ing the many detached cattle and goat horn cores found z več odlomki, ki pa so bili zaradi očitne pripadosti isti 57 Similarly, the non­identified material originating from kosti dokumentirani kot NISP = 1. Še zadnji, a zato House 14 included 113 rib fragments, of which at least a third nič manj pomemben argument v prid tezi o izraziti corresponds to the ‘large herbivore’ size group and are thus fragmentiranosti govejih čeljustnic izhaja iz vrednosti (prevalently) ascribable to cattle. 489 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI Sk. element NISP MNE Cranium 11 6 Tab. 10: Številčnost ostankov izbranih skeletnih elementov Mandibula 33 7 goveda v gradivu z območja hiše 14/1, 2 z Mosta na Soči. Ko­ Epistropheus 3 4 ličina najdb je podana kot najmanjše število elementov (MNE). Humerus 15 7 Tab. 10: Abundance data for a selection of skeletal elements in the assemblage of cattle remains from House 14/1&2 at Astragalus 2 1 Most na Soči. Abundance is given as the minimum number Calcaneus 2 1 of elements (MNE). Phalanx I 9 2 Phalanx II 6 1 indeksa “najmanjše število elementov” (MNE) za izbrane scattered around the settlement, their low number in the skeletne elemente. Iz podatkov v tabeli 10 namreč izhaja, area of House 14 likely reflects the usage of this skeletal da so v zbranem gradivu posamezni deli trupa razmeroelement as raw material. ma enakomerno zastopani. Izjema so eventualno kosti Sheep/goat and pig skeletal element representation spodnjega dela nog, saj znaša skupno število odkritih in House 14 seems to conform to that of cattle and thus zapestnih in gleženjskih kosti komaj šest. Podobno redke resemble the pattern observed for the same taxa in each so najdbe prstnic (št. prvih/drugih/tretjih prstnic: 9/6/0). of the other buildings analysed in detail (see Figs. 7–9; Ker slednje velikostno ne zaostajajo za izoliranimi zob­ Tab. 8). Again, the number of isolated teeth exceeds mi, razkorak med številčnostjo npr. lobanjskih ostankov the number of similarly sized (or even slightly larger) in ostankov spodnjega dela nog ne bi smel biti naključen. skeletal elements of the feet. A unique feature with these Zgornje ugotovitve je mogoče povezati s skromnim two taxa is a pronounced overrepresentation of ulnae/ številom odkritih ostankov rožnic (N = 3), saj odlomki radii and tibiae relative to humeri and femora ( Tab. 10). lobanje sami po sebi niso podpovprečno zastopani. Nji­ This may largely be explained by the small radii and tibia hovo skupno število je resda majhno (N = 11), vendar diaphyseal fragments being anatomical y and taxonomije kar 40 lobanjskih odlomkov najti med taksonomsko cal y more easily identifiable in comparison with the neopredeljenimi ostanki.57 Kljub temu vrednost indeksa similarly preserved fragments of humeri and femora. MNE za goveje lobanje ne odstopa od vrednosti za druge Ten bone fragments from the area of House 14 were skeletne elemente (glej npr. spodnjo čeljustnico, okretač burnt (they are predominantly black­coloured), six bear in nadlahtnico; tab. 10). Glede na številne najdbe bovicut­ and/or chop­marks (including a fragmented deer dnih rožnic na območju naselbine bi njihova skromna antler) and two show traces of gnawing (attributable zastopanost v gradivu iz hiše 14 lahko pričala o uporabi to dogs). teh skeletnih elementov za surovino. O razmeroma enakomerni zastopanosti bolj in manj mesnatih delov trupa je mogoče govoriti tudi v primeru TRACES OF RITUAL ACTIVITIES ovce, koze in prašiča. Vendar pri omenjenih treh vrstah to ne pomeni presenečenja, saj so bili enaki rezultati The most prominent example related to ritual acpridobljeni pri analizi vseh šestih obravnavanih stavb, netivities at the settlement of Most na Soči is House 6/2, a odvisno od njihove domnevne namembnosti (glej sl. 7–9; presumed burnt­offering place.58 Animal remains from tab. 8). Dodatno podobnost z govedom pomeni dejstvo, this structure support such an interpretation. This is da število izoliranih zob presega število podobno velikih evident by the prevalence of sheep/goat finds over those (ali celo nekoliko večjih) skeletnih elementov spodnjega of cattle and pig, but even more so by the almost excludela nog. Po drugi strani izkazuje zbir ovčjih/kozjih in sive representation of cranial and feet skeletal elements prašičjih najdb z območja hiše 14 zanimivo posebnost, tj. ( Tab. 11),59 as the total of 91 taxonomical y identified izrazito boljšo zastopanost koželjnic/komolčnic in golenic specimens include 67 isolated teeth and cranial fragv primerjavi z nadlahtnicami in stegnenicami ( tab. 10). ments (maxil ary and mandibular splitters included). Poglavitni razlog za to je bržčas metodološke narave, saj Further 17 specimens are tarsal bones, metatarsals and so manjši odlomki diafiz koželjnic in golenic praviloma phalanges, resulting in the number of skeletal elements lažje anatomsko in taksonomsko opredeljivi od odlomkov from the meatier parts of the carcass to be as low as nadlahtnic in stegnenic. seven. Surprisingly, a single bone fragment was burnt.60 Izmed živalskih ostankov z območje hiše 14 je Another important feature of animal bone assembilo deset primerkov ožganih (prevladujoča obarvanost blages from the burnt­offering places in the Alps is a high fragmentation of the finds. At the Brandopferplatz from 57 Zbir taksonomsko neopredeljenih najdb z območja 58 hiše 14 med drugim vključuje 113 odlomkov reber. Med temi Steiner [ed.] 2010. 59 jih je bila tretjina uvrščena v velikostno skupino ”veliki rastli­ Zohmann, Forstenpointer, Galik 2010. 60 nojedi” in torej (večinoma) bržčas pripadajo govedu. Cf. Zohmann, Forstenpointer, Galik 2010, 831–852. 490 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI kostnine je črna), na šestih so bili opaženi vrezi in/ali Sk. element B. taurus Caprinae S. domesticus zasekanine (to velja tudi za odlomek jelenjega rogovja), Cranium dva kostna odlomka pa sta bila obgrizena. Maxil a 5 Mandibula 5 1 Dentes 19 33 4 SLEDI OBREDNIH AKTIVNOSTI Vertebrae Scapula 1 Humerus 1 1 Najočitnejši primer obrednega dogajanja v železno­ Radius 2 dobni naselbini na Mostu na Soči je domnevni žgalno­ Ulna 2 daritveni prostor na območju hiše 6/2.58 Tam zbrani žival­ Carpalia ski ostanki takšno interpretacijo podpirajo. To je mogoče Metacarpalia 1 soditi že na podlagi prevladujočega deleža zastopanosti Coxae drobnice nad govedom in prašičem, zares pomenljiva pa Femur je skoraj izključna prisotnost ostankov glave in spodnjega Tibia dela nog ( tab. 11).59 Med skupno 91 taksonomsko opre­ Tarsalia 2 1 deljenimi živalskimi najdbami z območja stavbe 6/2 je Metatarsalia 1 namreč izoliranih zob in odlomkov lobanje (vključno z Phalanges 8 3 1 delčki čeljustnic) kar 67. Nadaljnjih 17 primerkov je nartnih kosti, stopalnic in prstnic, kar pomeni, da je ostankov Tab. 11: Živalski ostanki z območja hiše 6 z Mosta na Soči. iz bolj mesnatih delov trupa zgolj sedem. V nasprotju s Zvezdica (*) označuje pogojno taksonomsko opredeljene kosti. pričakovanji je bil v celotnem gradivu odkrit le en kostni Tab. 11: Faunal remains from House 6 at Most na Soči. Asterisk (*) denotes tentatively identified bone fragments. odlomek s sledmi izpostavljenosti ognju.60 Še ena pomembna značilnost arheozoološkega gradiva z alpskih žgalnodaritvenih prostorov je izrazita fragmentiranost najdb. Nazoren primer predstavlja St. Walburg in the Ulten valley (Alto Adige, northern najdišče St. Walburg v dolini Ulten (Zgornje Poadižje, Italy), for instance, 20.9 kg of a total of 24.7 kg faunal severna Italija), kjer je bilo med raziskovanjem tam remains was gathered by water sieving, with more than odkritega žgalnodaritvenega prostora s sejanjem sehalf (13 kg) of the material under examination consistdimenta pridobljenih kar 20,9 kg kostnih in zobnih ing of unidentifiable bone gravel.61 At Most na Soči, najdb od skupno 24,7 kg vsega na tej lokaciji zbranega no water sieving was performed. Moreover, the mere arheozoološkega gradiva. Pri tem so več kot polovico 50% contribution of non­identifiable finds indicates mase (tj. 13 kg) prispevali neopredeljivi kostni/zobni that not even medium­sized splitters may have been drobci.61 Živalski ostanki z Mosta na Soči so bili pridoefficiently collected. House 6/2 revealed not a single bljeni izključno z ročnim pobiranjem, zato je količina non­identifiable tooth or bone fragment. Consequently, najmanjših najdb zagotovo podcenjena. Zaradi skromno detailed comments relative to the intensity of bone nega deleža taksonomsko neopredeljenih ostankov, ki fragmentation can be given. Nevertheless, the presence ne dosega niti 50 odstotkov vseh zbranih najdb, kaže of chop­ and cut­marks on two of the cattle phalanges, pomanjkljivo vzorčenje domnevati tudi pri srednje together with the poor state of preservation of both revelikih kostnih odlomkih. Ker je bilo v okviru hiše 6 covered sheep/goat calcanei,62 may indicate the existence mogoče taksonomsko opredeliti prav vse zbrane kosti in of such a (ritual) practice. zobe, stopnje fragmentiranosti kostnega gradiva seveda An additional archaeozoological indication of cult ni mogoče zadovoljivo oceniti. Na to, da so vendarle tudi activities is the discovery of several dorsal y and venprebivalci železnodobnega Mosta na Soči znotraj hiše 6 tral y abraded cattle first (N = 5) and second phalanges obredno posegali v celovitost kostnih najdb, bi utegnile (N = 1). The modifications are very pronounced ( Fig. 10), kazati goveji prstnici s sledmi vrezov in zasekanin ter with one of the specimens also bearing a cut­mark. Such slaba ohranjenost obeh najdenih kozjih/ovčjih petnic, finds are traditional y interpreted as ritual or gaming ki sicer veljajo za trdnejše elemente sesalskega skeleta.62 pieces, even though the possibility of their usage as tools Obredno ozadje kaže bržčas pripisati tudi najdbam in different stages of the chaîne opératoire of ceramics petih prvih in ene druge prstnice goveda, ki so bile izraproduction has also been proposed.63 As all seven of zito dorzoventralno obrušene ( sl. 10). Na enem od prithese objects from Most na Soči are associated with the merkov so bile opažene tudi sledi vreza. Gre za najdbe, wel ­constructed/furnished residential units ( Fig. 13), the latter option seems less realistic. 58 Cf. Steiner [ur.] 2010. 59 61 Zohmann, Forstenpointer, Galik 2010. Zohmann, Forstenpointer, Galik 2010, 852. 60 62 Cf. Zohmann, Forstenpointer, Galik 2010, 831–852. Cf. Gruškovnjak, Omahen, Toškan 2018, 240. 61 63 Cf. Zohmann, Forstenpointer, Galik 2010, 852. Oravniková, Hromadová, Vlačiky 2017, 43–45, 53 62 Cf. Gruškovnjak, Omahen, Toškan 2018, 240. with references. 491 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI Sl. 10: Izbor obrušenih prstnic goveda v gradivu z Mosta na Soči. (Foto: D. Valoh) Fig. 10: A selection of abraded cattle phalanges from Most na Soči. (Photo: D. Valoh) kakršne posamezni avtorji večinoma interpretirajo kot Houses 3/1 and 31 yielded two modest concenobredne ali igralne predmete, nekateri pa v njih vidijo trations of carnivore metacarpal/metatarsal bones orodja za obdelavo lončenine.63 Ker je bilo na Mostu ( Tab. 12). Although any skeletal element could be na Soči vseh šest takšnih najdb odkritih na območju ascribed special powers, it seems that the bones from posameznih bolje grajenih/opremljenih stanovanjskih the head (especial y the mouth with the teeth) and feet hiš ( sl. 13), se zdi v tukajšnjem primeru zadnja možnost were particularly sought after for amulets, as bones of vsekakor manj verjetna. power. Perhaps this was because these skeletal elements Poseben komentar na tem mestu zaslužita še nebest reflect the eating and defensive habits, as well as the običajna skupka zverskih dlančnic/stopalnic z območij styles of movement of particular animals and thus best hiš 3/1 in 31 ( tab. 12). Čeprav je mogoče posebne moči represent them. Teeth and jaws are clearly important pripisati kateremu koli skeletnemu elementu, so v smislu for feeding; they are also used in display, defence and amuletov ljudje najpogosteje posegali po lobanji (predattack. Claws and talons are important for defence and vsem po čeljustnicah z zobmi) in kosteh šap. Morda je attack. Foot bones are closely linked to animal movek temu pripomoglo dejstvo, da prav ti skeletni elementi ment. Moreover, the limited types of skeletal elements najbolje odsevajo prehranjevanje, obrambno vedenje in chosen for cult activities are believed not to have been način gibanja posamezne živali in tako zajemajo njeno obtained randomly, but on special occasions, from sacbistvo. Zobje in čeljustnice so seveda ključni pri prehrarificed animals, from feasting and/or from particular njevanju, pomembno vlogo pa imajo tudi pri razkazoanimals.64 The dog – but possibly also the fox – were vanju, obrambi in napadu. Podobno velja za kremplje, often seen as such particular animals by the local Iron 63 Oravniková, Hromadová, Vlačiky 2017, 43–45, 53, in 64 tam navedeni viri. See e.g. Choyke 2010, 201. 492 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI H 3/1 H 31 Tab. 12: Najdbe zveri z območja hiš 3/1 in 31 z Mosta na Soči. Sk. element C. familiaris V. vulpes Obrazložitev okrajšave: H – hiša (npr. H 3/1 – hiša 3/1). sin. dex. sin. dex. Tab. 12: Carnivore bone finds from Houses 3/1 and 31 at Scapula 1 Most na Soči. Explanation of abbreviation: H – House (e.g. Humerus 1 H 3/1 – House 3/1). Metacarpus 3 1 Metacarpus 4 1 1 Metacarpus 5 1 medtem ko so kosti šap tesno povezane z načinom gi­ Tibia 1 banja. Razmeroma ozek izbor skeletnih elementov, ki so Metatarsus 2 1 bili uporabljani kot amuleti, vsekakor priča o načrtnem Metatarsus 3 1 1 izboru ustreznih kosti/zob. Naključen ni bil niti njihov Metatarsus 4 1 izvor, saj so v ta namen uporabljene kosti oziroma zobje Phalanx 1 3 domnevno izvirali iz posebno izbranih, marsikdaj bržčas obredno žrtvovanih živali.64 Pes je bil v dojemanju železnodobnih skupnosti jugovzhodnih in vzhodnih Alp pogosto razumljen kot žival s poudarjenim simbolnim65 pomenom, podobno pa je morda veljalo tudi za lisico. Kaže torej, da bi pri najdbi dlančnice in obeh stopalnic Age communities.65 In consequence, the presence of a lisice z območja mlajšeželeznodobne hiše 31 lahko šlo za fox metacarpal and two metatarsals in the area of the La nekakšen simbolni skupek najdb (amulet?). V primeru Tène House 31 could indeed reflect some sort of a ritual. petih pasjih dlančnic/stopalnic z območja hiše 3/1 je The five dog metapodial bones from House 3/1, on the to manj verjetno. Prej bi kazalo razmišljati o tem, da so contrary, rather represent the remains of an entire or tam odkrite kosti – zbir vključuje večje število ostankov at least a substantial part of a dog carcass, since several domnevno iste živali ( sl. 11) – ostanek pokopa/zakopa other bones were found nearby ( Fig. 11). If so, the find cele živali. Takšna najdba bi seveda utegnila pričati o could be seen as the manifestation of a special relationposebni navezanosti gospodarja na svojo žival. ship between the dog and its master. RAZPRAVA DISCUSSION Namen tukaj predstavljene arheozoološke študije The aim of this study was to gain new insights into je bil pridobiti vpogled v socialno razslojenost in funkthe social stratification and functional differentiation cionalno specializacijo železnodobne skupnosti z Mosta of the Iron Age community living at Most na Soči. The na Soči. Določena stopnja družbene kompleksnosti je existence of some sort of societal complexity has already bila dokazana že na podlagi analize arheološkega grabeen indicated by archaeological data, though the abdiva, pri čemer je bilo ocenjeno, da ta ni bila izrazita. sence of any clear spatial segregation between residential Vpogled v raster raziskanega dela naselbine namreč units and workshops, as well as between the wel ­ and ne izkazuje stroge prostorske organizacije in ločenosti the less wel ­constructed/furnished residential units sugmed delavniškimi in stanovanjskimi četrtmi, prav tako gests the stratification to have been relatively limited.66 ni mogoče govoriti o kakršni koli prostorski segregaciji Archaeozoological y, the existence of societal commed bogatejšimi in skromnejšimi hišami.66 plexity can be gleamed from the small amplitudes of the Rezultati analize živalskih ostankov takšno oceno observed diachronic changes in the taxonomic richpodpirajo. O določeni stopnji družbene kompleksnosti ness, individual species abundances, mortality profiles priča že dejstvo, da ugotovljena variabilnost v vrstni and skeletal element representation data relative to the raznolikosti, številčnosti ostankov posameznih taksonov variation emerging from the comparison of analogue in deležu zastopanosti njihovih skeletnih elementov med data on the level of houses dated to the same habitation gradivom iz sočasno naseljenih hiš ne zaostaja za variabilphase ( Tab. 4; Fig. 6). Although even the variability of nostjo istovrstnih podatkov pri zbirih najdb iz kronološko the analysed data pertaining to coeval houses is not raznolikih stavb ( tab. 4; sl. 6). Za ključni arheozoološki prominent, some of the observed special characteristics argument v prid teze o socialni razslojenosti in funkcioare nevertheless indicative of either social stratification nalni specializaciji proučevane družbe sta se sicer izkazala or functional differentiation of the population. This is druga kazalnika, še najočitneje nemara razlika v vzorcu perhaps most clearly visible in the spatial distribution of game remains exclusive of deer antlers. The great 64 Glej npr. Choyke 2010, 201. 65 65 Riedel 1977, 163–181; De Grossi Mazzorin, Tagliacoz­ Riedel 1977, 163–181; De Grossi Mazzorin, Tagliacozzo 1997; Kmeťová 2006; Škvor Jernejčič, Toškan, v tisku. zo 1997; Kmeťová 2006; Škvor Jernejčič, Toškan, in press. 66 66 Glej tu Dular, Tecco Hvala, 86−90. See here Dular, Tecco Hvala, 86−90. 493 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI Sl. 11: Pasji ostanki z območja hiše 3/1 z Mosta na Soči. (Foto: D. Valoh) Fig. 11: Dog finds from House 3/1 at Most na Soči. (Photo: D. Valoh) 494 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI Sl. 12: Odlomek nadlahtnice rjavega medveda (desno) dokazuje občasen lov na največjo evropsko zver ter tudi uživanje njenega mesa. Najdba izvira z območja bolje grajene/opremljene hiše 1. Za primerjavo je prikazana nepoškodovana nadlahtnica sodobnega rjavega medveda (levo). (Foto: D. Valoh) Fig. 12: The fragmented brown bear humerus (right) prooves both occasional hunting and the consumption of the largest European carnivore of the time by the supposedly high­ranked inhabitants of House 1. An unfragmented brown bear humerus of a recent animal is shown (left) for comparison. (Photo: D. Valoh) razpršenosti odlomkov jelenovega rogovja v primerjavi majority of such finds, representing classic food waste, z razpršenostjo vseh drugih ostankov lovnih vrst. Večina were found in the wel ­constructed/furnished residenteh je bila namreč najdena na območju posameznih bolje tial units, while the less well constructed/furnished grajenih/opremljenih stanovanjskih hiš, medtem ko med residential units yielded none ( Tab. 6). Two of the four izkopavanji slabše grajenih/opremljenih stanovanjskih hiš special­purpose houses analysed in detail and three67 tovrstne najdbe niso bile odkrite ( tab. 6). Na posamezne workshops revealed individual game remains as wel . kosti divjadi so izkopavalci naleteli še na območju dveh Workshops only yielded skeletal elements of the least stavb s posebno, domnevno skupnostno namembnostjo meaty parts of the carcass, while residential units and in pri treh delavnicah.67 Pri tem je pomenljivo, da so med special­purpose buildings revealed skeletal elements najdbami z območja delavnic zastopane zgolj kosti iz najfrom all anatomical regions ( Tabs. 6 and 9). This shows manj mesnatih delov telesa, medtem ko so med najdbami game as a quantitatively irrelevant source of food at Most iz posameznih stanovanjskih hiš in obeh stavb s posebno na Soči, but its consumption may have represented an namembnostjo zastopani tudi nekateri skeletni elementi important status symbol for the wealthy or high­ranking iz najbolj mesnatih anatomskih regij ( tab. 6 in 9). Kaže individuals ( Fig. 12). The presence of red deer and postorej, da prebivalcem železnodobne naselbine z Mosta sibly wild boar finds in the area of the special­purpose na Soči divjačina ni služila kot količinsko pomemben vir Houses 14 and 30, amongst which skeletal elements from the meatiest parts of the carcass prevail, indicates that 67 Brez upoštevanja pogojno opredeljenih ostankov div67 jega prašiča se število delavnic z najdbami divjadi zmanjša If tentatively identified wild boar remains are omitted, na zgolj dve. the number of workshops yielding game remains drops to two. 495 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI Sl. 13: Tloris železnodobne naselbine Most na Soči (posamezne hiše so označene s črnimi oziroma sivimi številkami). Prikazana je razpršenost najdb jelenjega rogovja, bovidnih (tj. govejih in kozjih) rožnic in dorzoventralno obrušenih govejih prstnic. Fig. 13: Settlement structures at Iron Age Most na Soči (individual houses are marked in black and gray). Also shown is the spatial distribution of red deer antlers, bovid (i.e. cattle and goat) horn cores and cattle phalanges with abraded ventral/dorsal surfaces. mesa in maščob, je pa utegnilo biti poseganje po tovrstni (occasional?) consumption of game could have had an hrani razumljeno kot kazalnik višjega statusa ( sl. 12). even more complex social role. Ostanki jelena in morda divjega prašiča na območju The only other archaeozoological indication of the stavb s posebno namembnostjo (tj. znotraj hiš 14 in 30), social stratification of the Most na Soči Iron Age commed katerimi skeletni elementi iz bolj mesnatih delov munity refers to the age­at­death data for sheep and goat. telesa celo prevladujejo, bi lahko pričali o (občasnem?) Here, the differentiation between the wel ­constructed/ uživanju divjačine tudi v okviru specifičnih (obrednih?) furnished residential units and those less well built is skupnostnih aktivnosti. not as straightforward. Nevertheless, access to young Drugi, do neke mere manj izrazit arheozoološki adult sheep/goats seems to have been much easier for kazalnik socialne razslojenosti in funkcionalne difehigh­ranked individuals, allowing them to all but resign renciacije v okviru železnodobnega Mosta na Soči so from consuming culinarily less valued animals of over podatki o starosti ob zakolu pri drobnici. Kaže namreč, three years of age. The pattern shown by the data relada so imeli stanovalci bolje grajenih/opremljenih hiš lažji tive to workshops resembles the one from the less wel dostop do mesa mladih koz in ovc, zaradi česar jim po constructed/furnished houses, with the two considered manj cenjenem mesu več kot tri leta starih živali skoraj special­purpose buildings (i.e. Houses 14/1 and 14/2) ni bilo treba posegati. V okviru slabše grajenih/opremfalling in the middle between the two extremes ( Tab. 7). ljenih stanovanjskih stavb je razmerje ostankov obeh Unfortunately, not much can be said about the abundance starostnih skupin obrnjeno, po namembnosti specifična of juveniles, since only very few deciduous teeth have been hiša 14 pa kaže v tem smislu vmesno sliko ( tab. 7). Žal collected. As a matter of fact, in the absence of sieving not o vzorcu razpršenosti ostankov kozličev in jagnjet ni even the number of permanent teeth can be considered as 496 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI mogoče povedati ničesar dokončnega, saj je bila uspešcompletely reliable. Nevertheless, the observed discrepannost zajemanja mlečnih zob nezadovoljiva. Pravzaprav cies between the wel ­constructed/furnished residential je bilo metodološko pomanjkljivo tudi zajemanje stalnih units on one side and the workshops together with the zob, vendar je ugotovljen razkorak med bolje grajenimi/ less well constructed/furnished residential units on the opremljenimi stanovanjskimi hišami na eni strani ter other can be seen as significant. delavnicami in slabše grajenimi/opremljenimi hišami Mortality profiles for cattle and pig are even less na drugi strani v tem primeru dovolj očiten, da ga kaže reliable due to a much smaller amount of available razumeti kot relevantnega. tooth­wear data ( Apps. 1 and 2). In pig, the culling age Povedna vrednost mortalitetnih profilov za goonly rarely exceeded three years, while in cattle adult vedo in prašiča je zaradi pičlega števila razpoložljivih and mature specimens supposedly prevailed. Additional podatkov skromna ( pril. 1 in 2). Pri prašičih je klavna insights might be gained from the spatial distribution starost le izjemoma presegala tri leta, medtem ko med of cattle phalanges sporting exostoses and/or lipping, govejimi ostanki prevladujejo zobje odraslih in starih of which quite a few were found. Such sub­pathological živali. Zanimivi so podatki o pojavnosti eksostoz in/ali formations are often seen as indicative of an intensive razširitev proksimalne sklepne površine pri prstnicah exploitation of the animal’s draught power and should goveda, kar naj bi pričalo o dolgotrajnem intenzivnem thus be associated with adult or even mature cows, oxen izkoriščanju krav, volov in morda celo bikov kot delovand possibly bul s.68 At Most na Soči, subpathological ne živine.68 Tovrstne najdbe, ki jih kaže torej pripisati cattle phalanges were found in both wel ­ and less well odraslim/starim živalim, so bile odkrite na območju constructed/furnished residential units. It follows that bolje grajenih/opremljenih stanovanjskih hiš ter tudi the consumption of beef over veal might have been the med izkopavanji nekoliko slabše grajenih/opremljenih norm for almost everyone in the settlement, irrespective stavb. Zato se zdi utemeljeno domnevati, da je uživanje of social rank. govedine prevladovalo nad uživanjem teletine v celotni An important part of the study of the functional naselbini, neodvisno od socialnega statusa posameznika. differentiation at Most na Soči focused on providing Eden pomembnejših ciljev proučevanja funkcinew data relative to the purpose of individual buildings/ onalne specializacije v okviru železnodobnega Mosta rooms. This was attempted by focusing on the spatial na Soči je bil ponuditi nove podatke o namembnosti distribution pattern of animal finds within individual posameznih hiš oziroma prostorov v njih. Zato je bila buildings. Since the considered houses are believed to podrobno analizirana razpršenost živalskih ostankov v have been destroyed by fire, a large part of their contents stavbah. Ker so bile te večinoma uničene v požarih, je has survived and can be used in reconstructing the velik del hišnega inventarja domnevno ohranjen in situ, everyday life of the inhabitants. kar zagotavlja skoraj optimalne razmere za rekonstruk­ Houses 8 and 15A/1 are interpreted as residential cijo vzorca vsakodnevne uporabe različnih delov hiš. units. According to both archaeological and archaeo­ Pozornost je bila sprva usmerjena v stanovanjski hiši zoological data, the two smallest (east) rooms in each of 8 in 15A/1. Na podlagi arheoloških in arheozooloških the houses were used for storing food and possibly other podatkov je mogoče sklepati, da sta oba površinsko najsupplies. This is indicated by the small size of the rooms, manjša (tj. vzhodna) prostora služila kot shramba hrane the absence of hearths, the presence of fragmented wal s in morda še česa. Takšno interpretacijo med drugim of a large ceramic container in House 15A/1, the concenpodpirajo majhnost obeh prostorov, odsotnost ognjišč, tration of animal bones along the wal s, where the meat odkritje številnih odlomkov velikega silosa (hiša 15A/1), supplies were either laid on a levelled surface or hung množina živalskih ostankov vzdolž sten, kjer so bile za­ (House 15A/1; Fig. 8), and – last but not least – the relaloge mesa domnevno odložene na nekakšne odlagalne tive abundance of animal remains as opposed to other površine in/ali obešene (hiša 15A/1; sl. 8), ter ne nazadnje parts of the houses. Both central rooms, serving as the številčnost živalskih ostankov v obeh omenjenih prostorih main living area, yielded a considerably smaller number v primerjavi z drugima dvema prostoroma istih hiš. Sledof animal remains. Similarly small is the abundance of njega ni mogoče pripisati morebitni slabši ohranjenosti teeth and bones recovered in the two west rooms. The ostalin v osrednjem in zahodnem delu obravnavanih observed discrepancy is certainly not a consequence of stanovanjskih stavb, saj to ne drži.69 Verjetneje je, da je a poorer state of preservation of the western parts, as treba skromno število živalskih ostankov v najmanj obeh they were actual y fairly well preserved.69 Instead, it is srednjih prostorih, ki sta nedvomno služila kot osrednji rather an indication of regular cleaning activities of the bivanjski prostor posamezne hiše, pripisati temu, da so living space.70 Not surprisingly, most bones from the jih stanovalci redno čistili.70 Tako tudi ne preseneča, da 68 Bartosiewicz, Van Neer, Lentacker 1997. 68 69 Bartosiewicz, Van Neer, Lentacker 1997. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 78, 125. 69 70 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 78, 125. This seems to be confirmed by the abundance of ani70 Skladen s takšno interpretacijo je podatek o številu žimal finds recovered in and around House 23/1. Indeed, the valskih najdb znotraj in v neposredni okolici hiše 23/1. Najleast number of teeth/bones lay in the east (= main) room, 497 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI večji del sicer maloštevilnih kosti in zob iz obeh srednjih central and west rooms lay in the fil s of the few pits dug in zahodnih prostorov izvira iz polnil posameznih jam.71 into the floors.71 With this in mind, the animal remains Na podlagi navedenega se zdi tako številne živalske in the east rooms should be seen as supplies left behind ostanke v obeh vzhodnih prostorih še najbolj utemeljeno by the inhabitants fleeing from fire. This would also razumeti kot ostanek uničenih zalog (mesne) hrane, ki explain the presence of several burnt bones, amongst so jih stanovalci ob izbruhu požara pač pustili v hišah. S which mandible fragments and feet bones greatly prevail tem bi bilo mogoče razložiti tudi številne ožgane kostne ( Figs. 7 and 8). Since these skeletal elements originate odlomke, med katerimi prevladujejo deli spodnjih čeljustfrom the least meaty parts of the carcass, their exposure nic in kosti spodnjega dela nog ( sl. 7 in 8). Gre namreč za to fire must have been much more direct relative to the skeletne elemente iz najmanj mesnatih delov telesa, zato long bones, which were supposedly protected by the je bila njihova izpostavljenost ognju bolj neposredna od still attached meat. z mesom obdanih dolgih kosti okončin. A parallel analysis of workshops took into con­ Analiza razpršenosti najdb v delavnicah je bila sideration the data for Houses 12/1, 22/1 and 23/1. usmerjena na hiše 12/1, 22/1 in 23/1. Ohranjenost Unfortunately, the preservation of Houses 12/1 and prvih dveh je bila žal slaba, zaradi česar je bilo mogoče 22/1 was rather poor, limiting the observations to the v analizo vključiti zgolj ostanke iz polnila posameznih material from the few documented pits. Taxonomical y, jam. V taksonomskem smislu se gradivo iz delavnic ne no discrepancies relative to what has been seen in resirazlikuje od tistega, odkritega na območju obeh prej dential units have been detected, confirming the leading obravnavanih stanovanjskih hiš. Po številu najdb namreč role of caprines and cattle over pig ( Tab. 8; Fig. 9). The v obeh primerih prevladujeta drobnica in govedo pred skeletal element representation data, on the other hand, domačim prašičem ( tab. 8; sl. 9). Je pa bil velik razkorak did reveal a noteworthy peculiarity: the abundance of med obema kategorijama stavb odkrit na ravni deležev cattle remains originating from the more meaty parts zastopanosti posameznih skeletnih elementov pri goveof the carcass significantly exceeds the values observed du, saj je številčnost kosti iz bolj mesnatih delov telesa in the two analysed residential units ( Tab. 8; Figs. 7–9). na območju delavnic znatno večja ( tab. 8; sl. 7–9). The prevalence of cattle cranial and feet skeletal Prevlada odlomkov lobanje in kosti spodnjega elements in the storage rooms of Houses 8 and 15A/1 dela nog med govejimi ostanki iz shrambnega prostora might indicate that the time­consuming and labourstanovanjskih hiš 8 in 15A/1 bi lahko nakazovala prakso, intensive process of separating the meat from large po kateri bi se zamudno in tehnično zahtevno ločevanje limb long bones occurred in the courtyards and along mesa od večjih dolgih kosti okončin praviloma izvajalo the streets outside the residential units or, else, within a na dvoriščih oziroma ulicah ali v okviru posameznih special­purpose building (see below for the discussion namensko postavljenih stavb (glej spodnji komentar k on House 14). In such a way, veal/beef would mostly morebitni namembnosti hiše 14). V tem primeru bi kazalo have been stored as fillets or any other sorts of bonedomnevati, da je bila govedina/teletina v posameznih less meat, with feet and possibly heads representing a stanovanjskih hišah večinoma hranjena kot meso brez specific exception. In the case of fairly small sheep, goat kosti, pri čemer bi izjemo pomenili zgolj ostanki glave in z and pig, individual family supplies seemingly much mesom skopih spodnjih delov obeh parov nog. V nasprotju more frequently consisted of largely unprocessed parts s tem naj bi pri telesno znatno manjših ovcah, kozah in of the carcass with bones still attached. The situation prašičih zaloge v posameznih stanovanjskih hišah bistveno in workshops differs, which is not easy to explain; it is pogosteje obsegale večje kose zgolj v grobem obdelanih possible that these bones do not represent the remains kadavrov, ki naj bi vključevali tudi še pripadajoče kosti. of meat supplies left behind in destructive fire episodes. Zakaj kažejo živalski ostanki z območja delavnic v tem This does not mean that workshops revealed no burnt smislu drugačno sliko, ni lahko pojasniti, zelo verjetno pa bone fragments. On the contrary! In the three analysed je takšno stanje povezano z domnevo, da pri omenjenih workshops, burnt bones were found both on the ground kosteh/zobeh pravzaprav sploh ne gre za ostanek v ognju and in most of the pits, with the only bone assemblage uničenih prehranskih zalog. Zanimivo: v okviru treh including no burnt bones being that from the sediments podrobneje analiziranih delavnic so ožgane živalske kosti above the drainage canals outside (!) House 23/1. ležale na hodnih površinah ter v polnilih posameznih The latter circumstance could lead to the conclujam. Pravzaprav teh najdb ni bilo zgolj na območju trase sion that here as well the presence of burnt bones was reobeh odtočnih kanalov južno (in torej zunaj) hiše 23/1. lated to destructive fires affecting individual workshops. However, such an explanation does not correspond with manjše število ostankov je bilo tu namreč odkritih znotraj vzhodnega (= glavnega) prostora, nekoliko več jih je ležalo some more were collected from its anteroom, while most v t. i. preddverju, največja količina živalskih kosti in zob pa originate from outside the workshop ( Fig. 9). 71 izvira z dvorišča ob delavnici ( sl. 9). The function of these pits is unknown, but they were 71 Namembnost teh jam še ni poznana, vendar kaže, da ne supposedly not used for food storage ( cf. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, gre za običajne shrambne jame ( cf. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 129). 129). 498 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI Na podlagi navedene ugotovitve bi bilo na prvi the observations related to Pit 4 in House 22/1, which pogled mogoče sklepati, da so bile tudi ožgane kosti z yielded the greatest number of bone remains. A great območja delavnic ognju izpostavljene ob požaru. Vendar majority of these bones – both burnt and unburnt – lay takšni interpretaciji nasprotujejo nekatere ugotovitve v in the approx. 15 cm thick layer of crushed charcoal zvezi z jamo, v kateri je bilo odkritih največ živalskih kosti mixed with earth on the bottom of the original y at in zob (tj. hiša 22/1: jama 4). Velika večina tam najdenih least 60 cm deep pit. It is important to note that the ostankov – ožganih in neožganih – je ležala v približno charcoal layer on the bottom of this pit was covered by 15 cm debeli plasti oglenih drobcev in zemlje na dnu te grey­brown earth,72 which prevented any superficial fire najmanj 60 cm globoke jame. Ker pa je omenjeno polnilo event from directly affecting the bones sealed within the prekrivala plast sivorjave zemlje,72 kakršni koli površinski charcoal layer.73 A more detailed analysis of the animal ogenj (vključno s požarom) ni imel znatnega neposredfinds from Pit 4 clearly show that only the epiphyseal nega stika in torej vpliva na kosti z dna jame.73 Ob tem parts of the individual long bone fragments and sevje podrobna analiza tam najdenih ožganih ostankov eral of the recovered feet bones were burnt. Moreover, pokazala, da so bile ognju neposredno izpostavljene zgolj the brownish/blackish or black colour of most burnt epifize posameznih dolgih kosti in kosti spodnjega dela specimens shows that the exposure temperature did nog. Ker je bila kostnina večinoma rjavkasto do črnkasto not exceed 400 ºC.74 obarvana, posamezni odlomki bržčas niso bili dlje časa Can the described phenomena be related to acizpostavljeni temperaturam nad 400 °C.74 tivities, in which long bone diaphyses were not directly Je mogoče predstavljene ugotovitve navezati na exposed to the fire­generated heat, possibly due to the svojevrstne človekove aktivnosti, kjer diafize dolgih protection offered by the meat still attached to them? kosti ne bi bile neposredno izpostavljene ognju zaradi If this was the case, than at least part of the animal zaščitne vloge nanje še vedno priraslega mesa? V takšnem remains found within the pit could represent kitchen primeru bi kazalo vsaj del v jami odkritih živalskih kosti waste, produced while preparing the meat on the spit. razumeti kot kuhinjski odpadek, ki bi nastal ob pripravi Less likely, the bones could have been burned during the hrane na ražnju. Možnost, da so bile ognju izpostavljene process of meat smoking. No metal hooks were found at med dimljenjem mesa, se zdi manj verjetna, a načeloma Most na Soči, but the existence of such a practice could obstaja. Na najdišču sicer ni bila odkrita nobena kovinska be indicated by the discovery in House 15 of a sheep/ kljuka, na kateri bi lahko v ta namen obesili kose živalskih goat distal tibia fragment bearing a hole, possibly used kadavrov. Je pa v tem smislu zanimiva najdba kozje/ovčje to hang (part of) the animal’s leg.75 Whichever the readistalne golenice iz hiše 15, na kateri je bila luknja, ki bi son, it is still not clear how and why the animal remains načeloma utegnila služiti prav za obešanje (spodnjega ended up discarded on the bottom of the pit. It has to dela?) zadnje noge med dimljenjem.75 Kakor koli že, be stressed, however, that not all pits in the workshops popolno razumevanje razlogov za odložitev najdenih yielded the same results in the way of the burnt skeletal živalskih kosti in zob na dno obravnavane jame v tem element representation data (see e.g. Tab. 8) and the trenutku ni mogoče. Je pa treba v zvezi s tem poudariti, intensity of the fire exposure traces.76 In other words, da zbiri ožganih ostankov iz posameznih delovnih jam the bone assemblages from different work pits/workv smislu okoliščin njihove izpostavljenosti ognju niso shops are expected to have had different taphonomic povsem enotni (glej npr. tab. 8).76 Z drugimi besedami: histories. The latter is not surprising, considering that skupki živalskih ostankov iz posameznih delovnih jam/ not all the workshops were used for the same activities delavnic ne delijo vsi iste tafonomske zgodovine. To je (e.g. Houses 4 and 22A/1 are believed to have been used pravzaprav pričakovano, saj je bila na ravni posameznih by metalworkers, while House 23/1 may have served for delavnic ugotovljena določena mera funkcionalne speciapottery making77). lizacije (npr. v hišah 4 in 22A/1 naj bi se izvajale pretežno A specific bone assemblage was unearthed in House metalurške dejavnosti, medtem ko bi bilo mogoče hišo 14, interpreted as having a special, possibly public func23/1 razumeti kot delavnico lončarja77). tion. Its great number of recovered animal bones and Zadnji komentar je namenjen hiši 14. Na podlagi a fairly good representation of cattle skeletal elements rezultatov arheološke študije je bil omenjeni stavbi 72 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 159. 72 73 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 159. Asmussen 2009. 73 74 Asmussen 2009. Walker, Miller, Richman 2008. 74 75 Walker, Miller, Richman 2008. Bartosiewicz 1985, Pl. 2: 2; also see e.g. Becker 1986, 75 Bartosiewicz 1985, Pl. 2: 2; glej še Becker 1986, 287–288. 287–288. 76 76 Med gradivom iz jam hiše 23/1 je bil tako pretežni del Amongst the bone material from the pits of House ognju izpostavljenih odlomkov pravzaprav kalciniran, pri 23/1, for instance, a great part of the burnt bones was cal­ čemer številčnost sežganih diafiz dolgih kosti ni v ničemer cined, with the abundance of affected long bone diaphyses zaostajala za številčnostjo sežganih epifiz. not falling behind the number of burnt epiphyses. 77 77 Glej tu Dular, Tecco Hvala, 72−73. See here Dular, Tecco Hvala, 72−73. 499 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI Sl. 14: Izbor živalskih ostankov iz hiše 4 z Mosta na Soči: 1 – sežgana stopalnica jelena s sledmi odiranja; 2 – sežgana dlančnica drobnice s prečnimi razpokami, nastalimi med izpostavljenostjo ognju; 3–7 – sežgani odlomki jelenovih rogovij, od katerih nekateri izkazujejo sledi človekovih aktivnosti; 8–10 – sežgani odlomki kozjih rožnic. (Foto: D. Valoh) Fig. 14: A selection of animal remains from House 4 at Most na Soči: 1 – burnt red deer metatarsus bearing skinning marks; 2 – burnt caprine metacarpus with heat­generated transversal cracks; 3–7 – burnt red deer antler fragments, some showing traces of human activities; 8–10 – burnt goat horn core fragments. (Photo: D. Valoh) pripisan poseben družbeni pomen, saj naj bi služila kot from meaty parts of the carcass stand apart from other javni prostor oziroma prostor izvajanja javnih aktivnosti. buildings, with only partial parallels that may help to Svojstvene so tudi nekatere od arheozooloških ugotovitev, unravel its purpose. The parallels are the animal finds med katerimi kaže omeniti predvsem daleč največje štefrom the two small storage rooms in the eastern parts vilo vseh zbranih živalskih kosti in zob ter nadpovprečno of the two analysed residential units (i.e. Houses 8 and dobro zastopanost skeletnih elementov iz bolj mesnatih 15A/1, respectively). If the relative abundance of finds delov trupa pri govedu. Pri tem je zanimivo, da je morecovered in both of these rooms is indeed indicative of goče vzporednice s takšno sliko najti v obeh manjših meat supplies having perished in a fire, then a similar shrambnih prostorih stanovanjskih hiš 8 in 15A/1. Če bi scenario might be applicable for House 14 as wel . We bilo razmeroma veliko število živalskih ostankov v obeh should remember that almost no cattle bones from the navedenih prostorih mogoče interpretirati kot ostanek v meatiest anatomical regions of the carcass were found in požaru uničenih zalog (mesne) hrane, bi nekaj podobnega the two storage rooms, while House 14 revealed plenty nemara utegnilo držati tudi v primeru hiše 14. Vendar pa ( Tab. 9). Here, the only underrepresented skeletal elegradivo z območja obeh manjših shramb skoraj ne vsebuje ments are foot bones and possibly horn cores. House govejih kosti iz najbolj mesnatih delov telesa, medtem 14 may therefore have served as a place for secondary ko jih je bilo na območju stavbe 14 odkritih razmeroma butchering of animal carcasses, possibly also for either veliko ( tab. 9). Pravzaprav se zdijo v slednjem primeru (temporarily?) storing or even preparing food, with podpovprečno zastopane zgolj kosti spodnjega dela nog everything supposedly done on a relatively large scale. in eventualno rožnice. Na podlagi navedenega bi kazalo During secondary butchering of cattle carcasses, bonesklepati, da je hiša 14 (med drugim?) služila kot prostor less meat portions for local preparation and/or takeaway sistematičnega sekundarnega kosanja živalskih kadavrov, might have been prepared. morda pa tudi (začasne?) hrambe in/ali celo termične The near absence of phalanges, which contrasts obdelave predhodno pripravljenih porcij. Najmanj pri with the fairly high number of similarly sized isolated govedu je sekundarno kosanje vključevalo ločevanje teeth, indicates that cul ing of animals and primary mesa od kosti, pri čemer je utegnil del mesa nato končati butchering must have been performed elsewhere. Alv shrambah posameznih stanovanjskih hiš. ternatively, the low abundance of phalanges could have Na podlagi skorajšnje odsotnosti prstnic, sploh v been caused by skinning, since these skeletal elements primerjavi z razmeroma velikim številom velikostno prioften remain attached to the hides. The evidence of skinmerljivih izoliranih zob, bi kazalo akt zakola in primarno ning may be the typical cut­marks observed in two of a procesiranje živalskih kadavrov bržčas domnevati na neki total of 9 cattle first phalanges recovered in House 14. drugi lokaciji. Pičlost odkritih prstnic bi bilo načeloma Following this scenario, primary butchering would mogoče razložiti tudi s tem, da so ti skeletni elementi also have been performed there. This, however, seems praviloma ostajali pritrjeni na živalske kože in so bili torej rather improbable as primary cattle butchering sites are skupaj z njimi transportirani na druge lokacije znotraj naexpected to have been spatial y isolated from the core selbine. O tem, da so živali res odirali, ne nazadnje pričajo of the settlement due to the associated bad smel s and pri tem procesu nastali vrezi na dveh od skupno devetih possibly located along river banks for an easier discard of odkritih govejih prvih prstnicah s tega območja. Vendar the butchering waste.78 Similarly as with phalanges, the bi v tem primeru kazalo v hiši 14 domnevati tudi izvajanje smal number of recovered horn cores is to be explained primarnega kosanja živali, kar pa je glede na njeno lego v by their detachment following culling in order for them naselbini malo verjetno ( sl. 13). Tovrstne aktivnosti so se to be used as raw material for tool production. namreč zaradi neprijetnih vonjav praviloma izvajale na The several burnt specimens recovered in House nekoliko bolj izoliranih lokacijah, po možnosti vzdolž rek 14, including fragments of long bone diaphyses, might za lažje odstranjevanje velikih količin nastajajočih organbe indicative of at least part of the archaeozoological maskih odpadkov.78 Pičlost ostankov govejih in kozjih rožnic terial representing secondary butchery and/or kitchen kaže razložiti z njihovo uporabo kot surovino za izdelavo waste (temporarily?) discarded in the very area of the orodij, zaradi česar so bile najbrž odstranjene kmalu po house, which was then exposed to the fire that destroyed 78 78 Bartosiewicz 2003. Bartosiewicz 2003. 500 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI 501 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI zakolu in prenesene na druge lokacije (glej razpršenost the entire building. In line with this is the presence of two tovrstnih najdb na sliki 13). evidently discarded bone fragments bearing dog gnaw­ Prisotnost posameznih ožganih kostnih odlomkov, ing marks. The fairly high number of animal bones from med katerimi so tudi diafize dolgih kosti, bi bilo mogoče House 14, however, precludes most of them to be interrazložiti z (začasnim?) odlaganjem odpadkov sekundarpreted as discarded butchery/kitchen waste, since the nega kosanja/priprave hrane kar na območju hiše 14, houses are believed to have been regularly cleaned (see kjer naj bi jih nato skupaj s stavbo zajel požar. Takšno above). Thus, an important part of the recovered bones tezo podkrepljuje odkritje dveh bržčas zavrženih kostnih should rather be seen as representing what remained of odlomkov s sledmi pasjih zob. Vendar zaradi razmeroma (even if only temporarily) stored meat supplies, possibly velikega števila živalskih ostankov z območja hiše 14 teh for communal consumption or distribution. večinoma ni utemeljeno razlagati kot odpadek, saj naj Overal , the presented data indicate an array of bi bile posamezne stavbe redno čiščene (glej zgoraj). everyday tasks performed within individual households Pretežni del zbranih živalskih kosti bi naj tako pomenil (see e.g. the distribution of often worked deer antlers ostanek v požaru uničenih (začasnih?) prehranskih zaand bovid horn cores; Fig. 13). A very limited number log, morda namenjenih obrednemu javnemu uživanju. of more strategic activities does seem to show a higher Ob upoštevanju vseh predstavljenih rezultatov je level of specialisation, as well as centralisation. The hymogoče ugotoviti, da se je večji del vsakodnevnih dejavpothetical large­scale secondary butchering and possibly nosti odvijal v okviru posameznih gospodinjstev (glej npr. food­preparing practices in House 14 might represent razpršenost pogosto delno obdelanih primerkov jelenovih such an example, as do the presumed metal urgic workrogovij in govejih/kozjih rožnic; sl. 13). Manjše število shops in Houses 4 and 22A/1 or the potter’s workshop strateško pomembnejših aktivnosti pa vendarle izkazuje in House 23/1.79 Even here, however, specialisation does določeno stopnjo specializacije in centralizacije. Primer not appear to have been complete. Archaeozoological slednjega bi utegnilo pomeniti domnevno množično indications of the latter are to be found in the already sekundarno kosanje živalskih kadavrov, vključno z morediscussed peculiarities related to the animal bones bitno pripravo hrane v okviru hiše 14, pa tudi metalurški from Pit 4 in House 22/1 (see p. 498−499), but also in delavnici v hišah 4 in 22A/1 ter lončarjeva delavnica v hiši those originating from House 4. Here, the discovery 23/1.79 Specializacija niti v omenjenih primerih ni bila of a mould for casting small rings and another one popolna, o čemer med drugim pričajo nekatere od predfor casting spearheads, a casting ladle and some other stavljenih arheozooloških ugotovitev. Ob že obravnavanih casting and metalworking tools80 convincingly identify specifikah kostnega zbira iz velike delovne jame z območja the structure as a specialised metal urgic workshop. hiše 22/1 (jama 4; glej str. 499) kaže na tem mestu omeniti The same area also yielded a considerable collection of predvsem nekatere lastnosti gradiva iz hiše 4. Izmed arhered deer antler and bovid horn core fragments (N = 9), oloških najdb so bili na tem območju med drugim odkriti some of which bear traces of human activities, as well posamezna livarsko­kovinska orodja (npr. več različnih as a red deer metatarsus with skinning marks ( Fig. 14). kalupov, brusna kamna in brusna koluta) in koščki str­ Since these animal remains cannot be interpreted as jene bronaste taline, kar stavbo upravičeno označuje kot food and/or butchery waste, their presence might be metalurško delavnico.80 Vendar je bil na istem območju indicative of some side activities (occasional y?) taking odkrit tudi manjši skupek odlomkov jelenovih rogovij place in the same building. in govejih/kozjih rožnic (N = 9), izmed katerih so bile na posameznih primerkih prepoznane sledi človekovih aktivnosti, in jelenja stopalnica s sledmi odiranja ( sl. 14). CONCLUSIONS Ker navedenih živalskih ostankov ni mogoče razumeti kot običajen klavniški/kuhinjski odpadek, bi lahko njihova The archaeozoological results argue for the exprisotnost pričala o (občasnem?) lokalnem izvajanju še istence of some sort of social stratification and funcnekaterih postranskih aktivnosti. tional differentiation in the population of the Iron Age Most na Soči. Many of the observations clearly fall in line with what has been proposed on the basis SKLEP of archaeological observations (see, for instance, the correlation of the results relative to the purpose of Predstavljeni arheozoološki rezultati kažejo na individual houses81). Paradoxical y, however, the few socialno razslojenost in funkcionalno specializacijo žediscrepancies might prove themselves to be even more leznodobne skupnosti z Mosta na Soči. Pri tem je seveda valuable, as they can point to special features that dobrodošlo, da so številne ugotovitve v celoti skladne z rezultati analize arheološkega gradiva (glej, denimo, 79 See here Dular, Tecco Hvala, 72−73. 79 80 Glej tu Dular, Tecco Hvala, 72−73. Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 67. 80 81 Svoljšak, Dular 2016, 67. See here p. 497 vs. Dular, Tecco Hvala, 73−78. 502 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI ujemanje med poskusi interpretacije namembnosti would otherwise have remained unnoticed.82 It has to posameznih prostorov/hiš81). In vendar bi se utegnilo be stressed that any such apparent divergence in the izkazati, da so za boljše razumevanje kompleksnosti results obtained by different analytical approaches is proučevane družbe včasih dragocenejše podrobnosti, often nothing more than a mere suspicion. But then pri katerih se arheozoološke in arheološke ugotovitve again, suspicion is the antechamber of truth. What is ne ujemajo v celoti. Takšna razhajanja lahko opozorijo certainly true is that a many­sided analysis of sites is na specifike, ki bi sicer bržčas ostale za vedno skrite.82 indispensable in archaeology. 81 Glej tu str. 497−502 in Dular, Tecco Hvala, 73−78. 82 82 Glej npr. Toškan, Dirjec 2010 nasproti Dular, Tomanič See e.g. Toškan, Dirjec 2010 vs. Dular, Tomanič Jevre­ Jevremov 2010, 95–97. mov 2010, 201–202. ALBARELLA, U. 1997, Size, power, wool and veal: zooar­ ( Ovis aries Linné) und Ziege ( Capra hircus Linné). – chaeological evidence for late medieval innovations. – V / Kühn-Archiv 78,1–129. In: G. De Boe, F. Verhaeghe (ur. / eds.), Environment and BÖKÖNYI, S. 1968, Data on Iron Age horses of Central and subsistence in medieval Europe: papers of the ‘Medieval Eastern Europe. – V / In: H. Hencken (ur. / ed.), Mecklen- Europe Brugge 1997‘ conference, I.A.P. Rapporten 9, Zel­ burg Col ection, Part 1, American School of Prehistoric lik, 19–30. 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P4 M1 M2 M3 1 G C A 23 1 G D 23–26 1 J G 33–35 1 J H 36 1 K G E 36–38 4 K 34–44 1 K G G 39 1 K K D 39 2 G 37–46 2 K K 42–44 5 J 44–47 1 L 41–47 1 G 41–50 1 L K G 43 1 L K H 44 1 H 44 1 L K J 45 1 L K K 46 1 K J 45–46 1 K K 46–47 1 N 46–50 1 K 46–50 505 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI Pril. 2: Podatki o stopnji obrabe žvekalne površine zob pri prašiču iz železnodobne naselbine Most na Soči. Starost ob zakolu (podana v mesecih) je bila ocenjena na podlagi smernic, ki jih je objavila Lemoine et al. 2014. App. 2: Tooth wear stage data for pig specimens from Iron Age Most na Soči. The age–at–death (given in months) was assessed following Lemoine et al. 2014. Št. primerkov Stopnja obrabe / Wear stage Ocenjena starost No. of specimens M Assessed age 1 M2 M3 3 7 4 6 – 8 4 8 2 7 1 7/8 8 – 16 1 10 7/8 1 9 12 – 16 1 11 9 8 1 11 10 12 – 30 1 12 9 1 11 8 18 – 30 1 8 12 – 52 2 9 1 10 1 10 8 1 7 18 – 72 1 8 2 8/9 1 13 8 30 – 52 1 14 8 1 11 3 1 11 9 30 – 72 2 9 1 10 52 – 96 1 15 9 72 – 96 506 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI Pril. 3a: Podatki o stopnji obrabe žvekalne površine zob pri drobnici iz železnodobne naselbine Most na Soči za do tri leta stare živali. Starost ob zakolu (podana v mesecih) je bila ocenjena na podlagi smernic, ki so jih objavili Payne 1973; 1985 in Greenfield, Arnold 2008. Podatki za ovco so zapisani ležeče, tisti za kozo krepko; preostali podatki se nanašajo na primerke, kjer opredelitev do nivoja vrste ni bila mogoča. App. 3a: Tooth wear stage data for sheep/goat specimens from Iron Age Most na Soči for up to three years old animals. The age– at–death (given in months) was assessed following Payne 1973; 1985 and Greenfield, Arnold 2008. Data for sheep are shown in italics, those for goat in bold; the remaining data refer to sheep/goat. Št. primerkov Stopnja obrabe / Wear stage Ocenjena starost No. of specimens dP Assessed age 4 M1 M2 M3 1 0 < 2 1 3 1 4 < 3 1 4 1 4A 4,5–7 1 6 4,5–10,5 1 7 6A 4A 6–12 1 7 2A 7–12 2 + 2 7 1 9A 7A 2A 1 9A 7A 4A 1 9A 9A 4A 1 9A 2A 1 9A 4A 1 8 9A 5A 1 3 9A 5A 12–24 1 9A 5A 0 1 9A 6A 0 1 9A 6A 1A 1 3A 2 4A 4 5A 4 6A 7 + 5 9A 2 9A 7A 12–36 1 7A 1 10G 1 9 8A 1 9 9A 4A 13,5–19,5 1 9 1 10 1 9A 8A 6G 1 9A 9A 2A 1 9A 9A 4A 1 9A 9A 6A 1 11A 8A 5A 3 8A 24–36 6 2A 10 4A 2 5A 1 6A 1 7A 507 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI Pril. 3b: Podatki o stopnji obrabe žvekalne površine zob pri drobnici iz železnodobne naselbine Most na Soči za nad dve leti stare živali. Starost ob zakolu (podana v mesecih) je bila ocenjena na podlagi smernic, ki so jih objavili Payne 1973; 1985 in Greenfield, Arnold 2008. Podatki za ovco so zapisani ležeče, tisti za kozo krepko; preostali podatki se nanašajo na primerke, kjer opredelitev do nivoja vrste ni bila mogoča. App. 3b: Tooth wear stage data for sheep/goat specimens from Iron Age Most na Soči for above two years old animals. The age– at–death (given in months) was assessed following Payne 1973; 1985 and Greenfield, Arnold 2008. Data for sheep are shown in italics, those for goat in bold; the remaining data refer to sheep/goat. Št. primerkov Stopnja obrabe / Wear stage Ocenjena starost No. of specimens dP Assessed age 4 M1 M2 M3 1 9A 7A 1 9A 8A 2A 1 9A 8A 6G 24–48 1 9A 8A 2 + 2 9A 9A 10 9A 24–72 1 9A 11G 2 + 1 9A 9A 7G 1 10A 9A 9G 1 + 1 11A 9A 1 11A 9A 9G 1 14A 9A 9G 36–48 2 9A 4A 1 7G 1 8G 3 9G 5 10G 1 10A 1 11A 1 12A 9A 1 12A 1 14A 9A 1 + 1 14A 1 9A 11G 36–72 3 10A 9A 11G 2 11A 9A 9G 1 + 3 12A 9A 11G 1 + 1 14A 9A 11G 1 + 1 15A 9A 11G 1 9A 11G 1 15A 12A 11G 2 15A 14A 11G 48–96 14 + 1 11G 1 12A 11G 72–96 508 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI Pril. 4: Zastopanost živalskih taksonov v gradivu z Mosta na Soči po posameznih hišah/gradbenih fazah. Podatki za hiše 1/2, 2/2, 3–8, 12/1, 15A/1 in 2, 22A/2 ter 23/1 so prikazani v tabeli 5. Opomba: skupno število najdb na hišo lahko presega vsoto najdb za posamezne od gradbenih faz, saj del arheozoološkega gradiva ni bilo mogoče z zanesljivostjo navezati na katero od gradbenih faz. App. 4: Taxa abundance data at Most na Soči per house/construction phase. Data for Houses 1/2, 2/2, 3–8, 12/1, 15A/1&2, 22A/2 and 23/1 are shown in Table 5. Note: the total number of finds per house may exceed the sum of values given per individual construction phase, since part of the excavated material didn’t allow for a reliable attribution to one of the construction phases. Takson Taxon H 3/1&2 H 9 H 10 H 11 H 12/1&2 H 13 H 14/3 H 14/1–3 H 15/3 H 15A/3 H 15A/1–3 H 16 H 17 H 18 Bos taurus 18 1 15 6 81 7 85 436 31 15 71 76 4 1 Caprinae 37 24 7 281 2 70 506 37 13 67 102 2 Sus cf. domesticus 4 4 1 139 1 35 71 6 7 24 8 2 Canis familiaris 11 1 Equus caballus 2 1 Cervus elaphus 3 1 1 1 4 2 4 Capreolus capreolus Bos primigenius Sus cf. scrofa 1 2 2 10 Lepus europaeus 1 Martes martes Vulpes vulpes Ursus arctos Bos sp. Canis sp. 1 Σ Mammalia 75 1 43 15 504 10 191 1009 75 35 166 192 18 1 Gal us domesticus 1 Σ Aves 2 Indeterminatus 13 – 40 4 377 11 190 1159 31 16 176 262 14 – Takson Taxon H 19 H 20 H 22 H 22A/2 H 22A/1&2 H 23/2 H 23/1&2 H 24 H 25 H 26/1 H 26/2 H 26/1&2 H 27 H 29 Bos taurus 15 2 43 8 21 70 109 4 43 27 131 187 61 128 Caprinae 9 1 80 6 22 181 241 8 55 32 51 123 228 164 Sus cf. domesticus 5 1 20 1 5 12 19 3 8 18 8 30 12 32 Canis familiaris 2 Equus caballus 1 Cervus elaphus 2 1 2 1 1 3 6 Capreolus capreolus 1 Bos primigenius 1 Sus cf. scrofa 1 2 Lepus europaeus 1 Martes martes Vulpes vulpes Ursus arctos Bos sp. 1 Canis sp. Σ Mammalia 29 4 147 16 48 263 371 16 108 80 190 352 303 325 Gal us domesticus Σ Aves Indeterminatus 29 1 148 24 57 379 471 17 155 85 443 626 702 340 509 ŽIVALSKI OSTANKI IZ NASELBINE NA MOSTU NA SOČI ANIMAL REMAINS FROM ... MOST NA SOČI Takson Taxon H 30 H 31 H 32 H 33 Bos taurus 67 57 17 Caprinae 159 55 9 Sus cf. domesticus 21 12 8 Canis familiaris Equus caballus 2 Cervus elaphus 1 Capreolus capreolus Bos primigenius Sus cf. scrofa 2 Lepus europaeus 1 Martes martes 3 Vulpes vulpes Ursus arctos Bos sp. Canis sp. Σ Mammalia 250 130 34 Gal us domesticus Σ Aves Indeterminatus 284 280 13 1 510 SEZNAM AVTORJEV LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS László BARTOSIEWICZ Boštjan LAHARNAR Osteoarchaeological Research Laboratory Narodni muzej Slovenije Stockholm University Oddelek za arheologijo Lil a Frescativägen 7 Prešernova 20 S­10691 Stockholm SI­1000 Ljubljana laszlo.bartosiewicz@ofl.su.se bostjan.laharnar@nms.si Janez DULAR Jakob LAMUT Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU Univerza v Ljubljani Inštitut za arheologijo Naravoslovnotehniška fakulteta Novi trg 2 Oddelek za materiale in metalurgijo SI­1000 Ljubljana Aškerčeva 12 Janez.Dular@zrc­sazu.si SI­1000 Ljubljana jakob.lamut@omm.ntf.uni­lj.si Lucija GRAHEK Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU Sila MOTELLA DE CARLO Inštitut za arheologijo Laboratorio di Archeobiologia dei Musei Civici di Como Novi trg 2 Piazza Medaglie d’Oro 1 SI­1000 Ljubljana IT­22100 Como lgrahek@zrc­sazu.si sila.motel a@uninsubria.it Karina GRÖMER Gojka PAJAGIČ BREGAR Naturhistorisches Museum Wien Narodni muzej Slovenije Prähistorischen Abteilung Oddelek za konzervatorstvo in restavratorstvo Burgring 7 Prešernova 20 A­1010 Wien SI­1000 Ljubljana karina.groemer@nhm­wien.ac.at goja.pajagic@nms.si Aleksander HORVAT Drago SVOLJŠAK Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU Ledine 23 Paleontološki inštitut Ivana Rakovca SI­5000 Nova Gorica Novi trg 2 drago.svoljsak@siol.net SI­1000 Ljubljana ahorvat@zrc­sazu.si Žiga ŠMIT Univerza v Ljubljani Klara KOSTAJNŠEK Fakulteta za matematiko in fiziko Univerza v Ljubljani Jadranska 19 Naravoslovnotehniška fakulteta SI­1000 Ljubljana Oddelek za tekstilstvo, grafiko in oblikovanje in / and Snežniška ulica 5 Institut Jožef Stefan SI­1000 Ljubljana Jamova 39 klara.kostajnsek@ntf.uni­lj.si SI­1001 Ljubljana ziga.smit@fmf.uni­lj.si Adrijan KOŠIR Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU Sneža TECCO HVALA Paleontološki inštitut Ivana Rakovca Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU Novi trg 2 Inštitut za arheologijo SI­1000 Ljubljana Novi trg 2 adrijan@zrc­sazu.si SI­1000 Ljubljana tecco@zrc­sazu.si Tjaša TOLAR Borut TOŠKAN Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU Inštitut za arheologijo Inštitut za arheologijo Novi trg 2 Novi trg 2 SI­1000 Ljubljana SI­1000 Ljubljana tjasa.tolar@zrc­sazu.si borut.toskan@zrc­sazu.si Document Outline Most na Soči 2 Predgovor Preface Vsebina Contents Dular, Tecco Hvala: Most na Soči v železni dobi / Most na Soči in the Iron Age Dular:Kronološka slika / Chronology Svoljšak: Stavbarstvo / Architecture Laharnar: Kovinske n steklene najdbe / Metal and glass Finds Grahek: Naselbinska keramika / Pottery from the settlement Grahek, Košir: Analiza ... z mikroskopom / Microscopy analysis ... Šmit, Laharnar: Analiza bronastih surovcev ... / Analysis of raw bronze ... Lamut: Analiza železove žlindre / Analysis of ferrous slag ... Horvat: Petrološke analize ... / Petrology ... Motella de Carlo: Arheobotanične raziskave ... / Indagini archeobotaniche ... Tolar: Ostanki prehranskih rastlin ... / Edible plant remains ... Gromer et al.: Tekstilna najdba ... / Textile find ... Toškan, Bartosiewicz: Živalski ostanki ... / Animal remains ...