Glasnik SED 22 (1982) 2
37
song-records for identification}. In tin* same time systematic field-work was started, from ¡955 on intensified by the help of the first transportable tape-recorders and extended to all the Slovene ethnic territory, including the Slovene minorities in Italy, Hungary, and Austria. This work is still continuing every year and has brought till now a very rich harvest of some 22.000 musical items (songs and instrumental music) besides new insights, discoveries and the exactness made possible by tape-recording of music.
One of the principal aims of the Institute at all this work was to prepare the edition of a new corpus of Slovene folk -songs, this rime with hundreds or thousands of tunes, with new variants of song-text txpesor even with new types, \ and to present so a more complete picture of Slovene folk-singing than was attainable by Karl Strekelj at the beginning of this century in his excellent corpus (in four volumes) of songs collected in the I9!lt century, but - to his own regret — with very few tunes. Till now two volumes of the new corpus Slovenske Ijudske pesirii were published (tv/l, ¡98)), Jor the third volume the manuscript is almost finished and now | work has already begun on two next in this series that will complete the first big part of the corpus with narrative songs.
Beside this project and the annual field-work much oilier research was done bv the members of the section in the last decades and the results published in many learned articles, papers or books. So are by Dr. Zmaga K inner treatises on some ballads, a detailed Slovene-Cerman Type- index of Slovene narrative songs, a monograph on folk-music amid the | people of a large valley in southern Slovenia, an anthologv of Slovene folk-songs with tunes* a book on Slovene _ folk instruments and musicians, and such a study for the H.nidbuch der europaischeit Volksmusikinstnimente fin print). By Julijan St raj iiar, a practical violinist too, are some papers on instrumental music, especially on the rather ancient I dance music in the valley of Resia (in Italy). By Mirko Raj no vs. a specialist in ethnoclioreology. are ¡earned articles on ; some dance types, and recently a hook on the main traditional dance-types on the Slovene ethnic territory*. Marko ! Terse ¡(lav, magister in slavistic studies, is very active tooj he wrote many articles on different topics, mostly on problems of oral literature. Dr, Valens Vodtisek. Head of this section (former Director of the above mentioned Institute), began with treatises on songs with specific metrical verse-structures and the correlation between them and the corresponding : tunes His later research was on different tonal strara in the Slovene folk-music.
Marko TERSEGLA V and Valens VODVSUK
* = book with a longer summary in English
NEW BOOKS
MOJCA RA VNIK, Galjevica (The Way of Life of Slovenes in the 20*" Century. Monographiei). Partiianska knjiga, Ljubljana ¡981 (published in ¡982). A publication of Znanstveni inititut Filozofske fakultete, Ljubljana. Published by Partizanska knjiga, Ljubljana ¡981. 260 pages, appendix with illustrations, in paper cover.
Slovene ethnology is enriched by a very interesting book on urban ethnology, the topic which has been so far dealt with in a more moderate way than it should deserve. The book was written by Mojca Ravnik who holds an M. A. in ethnology and is an instructor at the Department of Ethnology at the Faculty of Arts in Ljubljana. The present publication is the first of the future series of monographic^ of selected localities, settlements and social communities which are characteristical for the way of life on Slovene ethnic territory in this century.
The. hook has comprised a research of a Ljubljana suburban working-class settlement Galjevica which developed during the time of the housing shortage between World War I an II. The research follows cultural changes in the life of the Galjevica inhabitants from the begining up to the present time.
The opening dwpter presents economical, social and political extensions of a housing shortage crisis and thus the conditions from which this settlement originated as an emergency refuge for numerous working-class families. The outline within which the author follows cultural changes is the observation of individual households, families. relatives and community. Her interpretation is supplemented by immediate statements of people living in the community. H should be mentioned that the combination of statistical data about households and families and the narrations of the people interviewed lead to the discovery of characteristical features of socialhfe in a working-class suburb in the past and today. It is significant that the basis for Cohabitation used to be mainly the solidarity among people who shared the same
Glasnik SED 22 <1982} 2
49
problems such as the search for work and for a place to live. Later on various social and economical changes altered this and solidarity included only the immediate family (small family). Sometimes the closeness shared by the inhabitants of Galjevica lightened bad housing conditions and made them seem more insignificant. Social life in which all the inhabitants could take an active part was more developed then, Later, when families started to close within themselves, H>e can observe that the material aspects of life became more important.
Throughout this whole time the inhabitants of Galjevica strongly identified themselves with the settlement. But their Immediate surroundings was - and still is different. The edge of a shack settlement has always been a conjunction and <jboarder of two different worlds gravitating apart and not towards each other. The settlement was considered to be something wojse" for its immediate as well as further surroundings. The reason for this was not only the fact that temporarily settled strangers lived here, but mainly various charactenstical features in their domestic life which also '^eluded distant relatives and coincidental acquaintances. These declinations from a normalized way of life challenged the ^approvement of others.
Mojca Ravnik established that in the past a significant feature of the settlement were immediate relations between the '"habitants who were socially equal, bound together and solidary. A fter World War 11 the features which made Galjevica an ideal autonomous housing settlement, disappeared one by one. Galjevica did not adapt to new circumstances. Today it 11 neglected urbanistically and also regarding its social services. The intensive interpersonal unity is disintegrating, people today are either lonely or closed within their immediate families. Family and kinship relations still present the sole channel through which the inhabitants of Galjevica demonstrate kindness, love and self-sacrifice. This is the sole outline Wiich assures them warmth and security. It became evident that these same statements hold true for both the family and the community as a whole and that members of those families which are more open towards the outside world are also closer to their families than those who shut themselves within their families. Thus the closeness at home does not ensure a succesfut internal functioning.
The author further ascertained that the development of social relations in Galjevica transforms life which is open towards community and domestic life and closed among jour walls. Parallel to this development the scene of domestic u"d social life is becoming more and more separated front nature. As far. as material culture is concerned, for example, this is most clearly evident in nutrition.
The span of needs which the inhabitants of Galjevica can satisfy within the settlement is contracting. All areas oft life ranging from architecture, interior decorating, nutrition and clothing to visits of different cultural events are marked by >lL'eds which can only be satisfied through; money. In this very respect Galjevica preserved a distinctive defensive, character 't namely aspires to a bourgeois prosperity to which it is close, but has not acquired it yet.
All charactenstical features of life in Galjevica are presented through life situations of individual people who themselves felt all of the cultural changes. Mojca Ravnik treats them within the outline of family communities which !ave u similar age structure. The author namely ascertained that in his communication with the surroundings an '"dividual is defined best by the openess of his family towards the outside world and its internal generational structure.
Material, social and spiritual culture of the Galjevica inhabitants, their values, moral norms, relationship between the Sc'tt lenient and Church, bet wen Galjevica and the city, etc., are described in detail in the following chapters:
Housing Conditions in Ljubljana After World War t Until the Origin of Galjevica. Galjevica Until World Wur II X(-'tHement, buildings and apartments, family communities and kinship relations, family life). Galjevica After World War ($<itttement, buildings and apartments, family communities, family life, social changes, social life) and Conclusion. 17dividual chapters are divided into subshupters. Numerous indexes illustrate numerical Conditions, family and age * ructures etc. Lucidity ami directness are attained through vivid statements of the Galjevica inhabitants. In order to ' hieve a better lucidity these statements are rimmed with special frames.
P finally ^ should he mentioned that in 1976 Nasko Kriznar made a half an hour long color sound film named 'aljevica (Mojca Ravnik started her research as early as 1974!); few research projects have been this fortunate. The film is 'excellent supplement to the hook because it presents the life stvle of Galjevica in a very original manner, together with the hook a special poster was published in order to notify the public.
Damjan O VSEC
I