173 Arheološki vestnik 71, 2020, 173–192; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3986/AV.71.04
New finds of the Jezerine-type fibulae from Poland
Nove najdbe fibul vrste Jezerine iz Poljske 
Marcin WOŹNIAK
Izvleček
Med arheološkimi izkopavanji na najdišču Kleszewo, enem izmed grobišč przeworske kulture na območju vzhodne 
Mazovije na vzhodu Poljske, so bile v dveh grobovih iz konca poznega predrimskega obdobja odkrite tri fibule vrste 
Jezerine. Vse tri so atipične oblike s trikotnim lokom in v enem primeru z rebrom na spodnjem delu loka. Primerjave 
jim lahko iščemo v severovzhodni Italiji in južni Panoniji (današnji Slovenija in Hrvaška). Najdbe tovrstnih fibul na 
območjih severno od Karpatov lahko povezujemo s stiki na dolge razdalje, domnevno v zvezi s trgovino z jantarjem.
Ključne besede: Poljska; Kleszewo; poznolatensko obdobje; zgodnjerimsko obdobje; przeworska kultura; rimski 
importi; jantarna pot; fibule vrste Jezerine
Abstract
Three Jezerine-type fibulae were found in two graves from the end of the Late Pre-Roman Period during archaeolo-
gical excavations at the cemetery in Kleszewo in eastern Poland. These are atypical forms with triangular bows and, in 
one instance, a rib on the lower side of a bow. Parallels to these forms can most often be found in north-eastern Italy 
and southern Pannonia (modern Slovenia, Croatia). The presence of such Jezerine-type fibulae in the territory north of 
the Carpathians may be associated with far-reaching links, presumably with the amber trade.
Keywords: Poland; Kleszewo; Late La Tène Period; Early Roman Period; Przeworsk Culture; Roman imports; Amber 
route; Jezerine fibulae
The cemetery in Kleszewo (pow. Pułtusk, PL) 
in eastern Masovia (Fig. 1) is one of the largest 
and longest utilised necropoles of Late Antiquity 
in the territory of modern Poland. In the course 
of years-long excavations,
1
 almost 550 graves of 
1
  T ext prepared as a part of the project “Kleszewo – the 
largest cemetery of the Przeworsk and Wielbark Cultures 
in Masovia and Podlachia. Monographic study of the cem-
etery” , financed by the National Science Centre following 
the Decision DEC-2013/09/N/HS3/02882.
the Przeworsk and Wielbark Cultures dating from 
the Phase A2
 
of the Late Pre-Roman to the Early 
Migration Periods (2
nd
 c. BC–4
th
/5
th
 c. AD) have 
been discovered there. Objects of foreign prov-
enance have been recovered from many features, 
testifying to the relations between the local popu-
lation and the outside world. Among them, three 
Jezerine-type fibulae (cf. Adam, Feugère 1982; 
Demetz 1999, 99–106) found in two Przeworsk 
Culture graves hold special significance. The 
first (Fig. 2: 1) was found in a grave (no. I/1961 

174 Marcin WOŹNIAK
hereinafter) discovered by accident and destroyed 
during gravel extraction in the area of the site.
2
 
Two more specimens (Fig. 3: 1,2) were recovered 
from Grave 1047 during archaeological excavation. 
Jezerine-type fibulae discussed were accompanied 
by fibulae of local origin, which indicates their 
relation to the regional chronology. The fibula 
from Grave I/1961 (Fig. 2: 2) corresponds to type 
2 
 Grave contents were treconstructed based on archival 
material, descriptions on the majority of artifacts and (to a 
lesser degree) information from literature (see Niewęgłowski 
1972, 238, in which a Jezerine fibula was described as a 
Nauheim type). What is the most important for further 
considerations is the fact that both fibulae were found 
together inside a cremation urn (Fig. 2: 3). Other objects 
(Fig. 2: 4–10) can be attributed to the same assemblage if 
not with certainty then with a high degree of probability. 
It should be emphasised that all artefacts that could have 
constituted the contents of the grave share similar chronology.
N-a after Thomas V ölling (1995, 200, Fig. 24), and 
the somewhat worse preserved specimen (Fig. 3: 
3) from Grave 1047 probably represents type M-a 
(Völling 1995, 193–197, Fig. 24). In the context of 
the Przeworsk Culture, both these types act as the 
primary chronological marker for the Phase A3 of 
the Late Pre-Roman Period, concurrent with phase 
LT D2 of central European chronology of the La 
Tène Culture (Dąbrowska 1988, 35–36, 44–45; 
ead. 2008, 30–31, Fig. 8; Bochnak 2014, 21–22).
JEZERINE-TYPE FIBULAE
Fibulae from Kleszewo were made of brass (Tab. 
1).
3
 All the exemplars have flat bows tapering 
towards the foot. The fibulae from Grave 1047 
(Fig. 3: 1,2) have an oblong, diagonally incised 
rib along the middle of the bow. The fibula from 
Grave I/1961 (Fig. 2: 1) also has a rib on the bow, 
but it is smooth and placed on the lower side of the 
bow. None of the fibulae survived with their feet.
Jezerine-type fibulae were products of Roman 
provenance with origins in the traditions of Celtic 
craftsmanship. They are primarily recorded in Ro-
man Empire territories extending between present-
day Catalonia and the Italy (Adam, Feugère 1982, 
149–150, Fig. 13; Erice Lacabe 1995, 71–75, Pl. 
11: 88–92; Demetz 1999, 102–103, Maps 29–31; 
Baitinger, Rasbach 2018, 51, Fig. 6). They are 
3
  The analysis of the elemental composition of fibulae 
were performed by using the XRF spectrometer (all speci-
mens) and, in two cases, laser ablation-inductively coupled 
plasma-mass spectroscopy (LA-ICP-MS). Measurement were 
taken from surface/patina layer (XRF) and corrosion-free 
core (LA-ICP-MS) of examined obcjects. I would thank 
Mirosław Sawczak from Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery 
of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Gdańsk (XRF) and 
Barbara Wagner from Faculty of Chemistry of University 
of Warsaw (LA-ICP-MS) for performed of analysis.
Fig. 1: Location of cemetery at Kleszewo, pow. Pułtusk 
(Poland). 
Sl. 1: Lokacija grobišča Kleszewo, okrožje Pułtusk (Poljska).
Fibula Method of measurement Cu Zn Sn Ag Fe Pb
1047.1
XRF spectrometry (surface) 86,29 8,99 0,99 0,12 0,55 2,65
LA-ICP-MS (core) 81,67 17,25 0,48 0,01 0,12 0,44
1047.2
XRF spectrometry (surface) 89,31 5,9 1,63 0,06 1,04 1,74
LA-ICP-MS (core) 86,65 12,04 0,43 0,01 0,07 0,77
I/1961.1
XRF spectrometry  (surface) 88,01 10,23 0,85 0,01 0,65 0,1
LA-ICP-MS (core) lack of analysis
Tab. 1: Approximate results of the analysis of chemical composition of fibulae from Kleszewo.
Tab. 1: Približni rezultati analiz kemične sestave fibul z najdišča Kleszewo.

175 New finds of the Jezerine-type fibulae from Poland
also numerous in the eastern Alpine region and 
on the western side of the Balkan Peninsula, 
where they might also have been manufactured 
(Gostenčnik 2003; Glogović, Menđušić 2007; 
Sedlmayer 2009, 17; Petkovič 2010, 38, 41; Drnić 
2013, 47–51; Drnić, Tonc 2014, 192–196). Sev-
eral specimens were found near the oppidum 
in Bratislava (Čambal et al. 2015, 232, 234, Fig. 
6: 22–28; 8: 5; Čambal 2017, 93–95, Fig. 5, Map 
5), in the area occupied by the Púchov Culture 
(Pieta 1982, 32–34; Łuczkiewicz 2012, 113), and 
in the regions inhabited by the Dacians (Rustoiu 
1997, 51, Fig. 48; Rustoiu, Gheorghiu 2010). An 
exceptional concentration of Jezerine-type fibulae 
was recorded in the area to the north of the Car-
pathian Mountains, the south-eastern part of the 
Baltic region in particular (see below). Fibulae of 
this type are found extremely rarely outside the 
areas listed above (recently Baitinger, Rasbach 
2018, Fig. 6).
Fig. 2: Kleszewo. Inventory (1–3) and possible inventory (4–10) of Grave I/1961. 1 brass; 2,4–6 iron; 3,7–10 ceramics. 
Scale 1,2,4–6 = 1:2; all the rest = 1:4. 
Sl. 2: Kleszewo. Grobni pridatki (1–3) in domnevni grobni pridatki (4–10) iz groba I/1961. 1 medenina; 2,4–6 železo; 
3,7–10 keramika. M. 1,2,4–6 = 1:2; ostalo = 1:4.

176 Marcin WOŹNIAK
Fig. 3: Kleszewo, Grave 1047. 1,2 brass; 3 iron; 4–8 clay. Scale 1–3 = 1:2; all the rest = 1:4. 
Sl. 3: Kleszewo, grob 1047. 1,2 medenina; 3 železo; 4–8 glina. M. 1–3 = 1:2; ostalo = 1:4.

177 New finds of the Jezerine-type fibulae from Poland
Demetz (1999, 99–101) divided Jezerine fibulae 
into three types and several subtypes based on the 
morphology of the bow. His classification is an 
extension of the division proposed by Adam and 
Feugère (1982, 129–133). Type I comprises fibulae 
with smooth, rectangular bows, while Type II consists 
of fibulae with rectangular bows with ribs. Type III 
comprises fibulae with bows other than rectangular.
The specimens from Grave 1047 (Fig. 3: 1,2) 
from Kleszewo belong to this last type. Classifi-
cation of fibula from Grave I/1961 (Fig. 2: 1) is 
more difficult, because the triangular shape of the 
bow is not so clear. Fibulae identified with Type 
III come from a few known sites only (Fig. 4), 
almost all of which are located in northern Italy. 
The majority of the exemplars are only partially 
Fig. 4: Distribution of the Jezerine type fibulae. Type III (1); Type II with ribs on the lower side of the bow (2); unclassified (3). 
Sl. 4: Razprostranjenost fibul vrste Jezerine. Fibule tipa III (1); tip II z rebri na spodnji strani loka (2); preostale fibule 
vrste Jezerine (3). (Adapted and supplemented after / Dopolnjeno in prirejeno po: Baitinger, Rasbach 2018)

178 Marcin WOŹNIAK
preserved, which makes their classification more 
difficult. In the case in which the foot and the 
tin ring at the base of the bow are not present, 
it is very difficult to identify them unequivocally 
as either Jezerine III or Nauheim type. Examples 
of Jezerine III type fibulae with triangular bows 
are known from Pressana-Sant’ Agata (prov. di 
Verona, IT) (Fig. 5: 1; – Salzani 1990, 188, Fig. 1: 
4; Salzani 2002) and Sevegliano (prov. di Udine, 
IT) (Fig. 5: 2; Seidel, Lavarone 2008, 102, Fig. 136). 
It is possible that the badly preserved specimens 
from Doss Zelor (prov. di Trento, IT) (Fig. 5: 3; – 
Leonardi, Mengotti, Panciera 1991, 201, Fig. 229: 
20) and Este-Baratella (prov. di Padova, IT) (Fig. 
5: 4; – Meller 2002, 58, Pl. 18: 219), also belong 
to this type, however, the authors of the publica-
tions presenting material from these sites identify 
them as Nauheim type. I know of only one fibula 
with a triangular bow found outside the area of 
northern Italy that could possibly represent type 
Jezerine III. It comes from a settlement of the 
Púchov Culture in Púchov (okres Púchov, SK) 
(Fig. 5: 5; – Beninger 1937, 87, Pl. 16: 147). Fibulae 
type Jezerine III with ellipsoidal bows come from 
northern Italy: Strassoldo (prov. di Udine, IT) 
(Fig. 5: 6; – Seidel, Lavarone 2008, 102, Fig. 138), 
and, perhaps, Gropello Cairoli (prov. di Pavia, IT) 
Grave VIII (Fig. 5: 7; – Fortunati Zuccàla 1980, 
22–23, Fig. 11: 5b; Demetz 1999, 251).
4
The fibulae from Grave I/1961 (Fig. 2: 1) are 
small in number (ca. 20 examples), and part of 
peculiar group of Jezerine-type fibulae consisting 
of specimens with a rib or ribs placed on the lower 
side of the bow (Fig. 6). Such items are met mainly 
in north-eastern Italy and southern Pannonia (Fig. 
4; 6: 1–14). Apart from the fibula from Kleszewo, 
I know of only three specimens from outside the 
abovementioned regions. Two were found in the 
vicinity of the oppidum in Bratislava (Fig. 6: 15,16), 
and one more in Kruklanki (pow. Giżycko) (Fig. 
8: 1) in north-eastern Poland.
Jezerine fibulae (Types I and II) production 
began around half of 1
st
 century BC and been 
continued (in case of Type I, perhaps) in the Au-
gustan Period. The chronology of fibulae belonging 
to Type III is not clear; it probably did not extend 
4
  This fibula is sometimes identified as type Nauheim 
with the foot in the type of Jezerine/Gorica fibulae (Božič 
2008, 136).
Fig. 5: Fibulae of the Jezerine III type. Scale = 1:2.
Sl. 5: Fibule tipa Jezerine III. M. = 1:2.
(After / Po: Beninger 1937 [5]; Fortunati Zuccála 1980 [7]; Leonardi, Mengotti, Panciera 1991 [3]; Meller 2002 [4]; 
Salzani 1990 [1]; Seidel, Lavarone 2008 [2,6])
1 – Pressana-Sant’ Agata (Verona, IT); 2 – Sevegliano (Udine, IT); 3 – Doss Zelor (Trento, IT); 4 – Este-Baratella (Padova, 
IT); 5 – Púchov (Púchov, SK); 6 – Strassoldo (Udine, IT); 7 – Gropello Cairoli, Grave / grob VIII (Pavia, IT)

179 New finds of the Jezerine-type fibulae from Poland
Fig. 6: Examples of fibulae Jezerine II with rib on lower side of bow. Scale = 1:2.
Sl. 6: Fibule tipa Jezerine II z rebrom na spodnji strani loka. M. = 1:2.
(After / Po: Adam, Feugère 1982 [8]; Božič 2011 [11,12]; Čambal 2017 [15,16]; Drnić 2013 [4,6,7,10]; Knez 1992 
[5,9,13,14]; Seidel, Lavarone 2008 [1–3])
1 – Sevegliano (Udine, IT); 2 – Privano (Udine, IT); 3 – Tapogliano (Udine, IT); 4 – Vukovar (HR); 5, 9, 13, 14 – Novo 
Mesto (SLO); 6, 10 – Sisak (HR); 7 – Dalj (Osjek, HR); 8 – Idrija (SLO); 11, 12 – Tonovcov Grad (Kobarid, SLO); 15 – 
Bratislava-Staré Mesto (SK); 16 – Bratislava-Rača (SK)

180 Marcin WOŹNIAK
beyond the beginning of the Common Era (Demetz 
1999, 104–105). In the areas of central Europe 
and Balkans, Jezerine-type fibulae (all types) are 
usually dated to central European LT D2 phase (or 
concurrent phases), less frequently (mainly type 
II) to the beginning of the Roman Period (e.g., 
Pieta 1982, 34, 160, 162; Božič 2008, 144–147; 
Čambal, Budaj 2009, 206–207; Čambal 2017, 94).
In summary, the fibulae of the type Jezerine 
found in Kleszewo are probably products of the 
northern Italian workshops from the second half 
of the 1
st
 century BC. This is indicated by the dis-
semination of parallel specimens and, probably, 
also of the alloy of which they were made. Based 
on the analysis of the artefacts from the territory 
of present-day Slovenia, it has been suggested that 
the technology of manufacturing brass objects had 
not been known to the prehistoric societies in Eu-
rope, including inhabitants of the east Alpine and 
west Balkan regions immediately before they were 
incorporated into the Roman Empire. Therefore, 
brass fibulae of the Jezerine type found outside 
the borders of the Empire are recently regarded as 
Roman imports from northern Italy (Istenič 2010, 
142–146; Istenič 2012; Istenič, Šmit 2007; Istenič, 
Šmit 2014, 215–218; for the finds from modern 
Croatia and Slovenia see Drnič 2013, 54, 56). 
However, it must be emphasised here that fibulae 
made of copper alloys with low percentage content 
of zinc could have been produced from remelted 
Roman items also in non-Roman workshops (see 
Drnič 2013, 56).
JEZERINE FIBULAE NORTH
OF THE CARPATHIANS
As mentioned above, over a dozen Jezerine-
type fibulae were recorded in the regions to the 
north of the Carpathian Mountains, and in the 
south-eastern Baltic zone in particular. Some of 
them have already been mentioned in more or 
less detail (e.g., Nowakowski 2000, 212–213; Fig. 
1a–d; Żórawska 2001; Juga-Szymańska 2011, 41). 
Unfortunately, most of them were discovered in 
either the 19
th
 century or the first half of the 20
th
 
century, and were lost in the 1940s in the course 
of the war. Information about the latter specimens 
can be found in the pre-war literature or in sur-
viving private archives of archaeologists who had 
had access to museum collections before they were 
scattered during the war, and who had documented 
the artefacts of interest for their own needs. Only 
six specimens (including the fibulae from Kleszewo) 
were found during post-war excavations.
5
The northernmost finds come from the vicin-
ity of the estuary of the Neman River. A Type 
IIc Jezerine fibula was found in Šilutė (Šilutės 
apskritis, LT) (Fig. 7: 1; List no 4).
6
 The precise 
location from which two other (Fig. 7: 2,3; List 
nos 5, 6) specimens type IIc from this region were 
recovered is unknown. Archival data indicate that, 
similar to the abovementioned exemplar, they also 
come from the vicinity of Šilutė (Banytė-Rowell 
2015, 40–41).
7
 Another fibula of the Jezerine type 
IIc was found in the area near present-day Novaâ 
Derevnâ, (Černâhovskij rajon, RU) (Fig. 7: 4; List 
no 7), on the central Pregolya River. The archaeo-
logical context of this artefact is unknown. Other 
material obtained at this site is clearly younger and 
comes from the Late Roman Period (Nowakowski 
1996, 222; Jankuhn, Archive; cf. Hollack 1908, 37). 
Two
8
 more Jezerine-type fibulae were found at the 
5
  I would like to thank Sergej Jakimov and Svetlana 
Koval (Kaliningradskij oblastnoj istoriko-hudožestvennyj 
muzej in Kaliningrad, Russia); Heino Neumayer, Izabela 
Szter (Museum Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Berlin, Ger-
many); Volker Hilberg (Museum für Archäologie Schloss 
Gottorf in Schleswig, Germany), Ülle Tamla (Tallinna 
Ülikooli Arheoloogiline Teaduskogu in Tallin, Estonia), 
Grzegorz Stasiełowicz (Muzem Archeologiczno-Historyczne 
in Elbląg, Poland) and Anna Juga-Szymańska, Warsaw, 
Poland for sharing and allowing to publish the archival 
materials and artefacts.
6
  The entire (modern and former) administrative data, 
references to literature and/or museum collections are in 
the List below main text.
7
  These are the same fibulae as the ones placed by some 
researchers in the vicinity of Sovets’k (Kaliningradskaâ 
oblast’ , RU; former Tilsit, Ldkr. Tilsit-Ragnit, Ostpreussen).
8
  The identification of another specimen from Mas-
uria, i.e., the fibula from Grzybowo (pow. Giżycko; former 
Grzybowen, Kr. Lötzen), Grave 22, as the Jezerine type 
(e.g., Rieckhoff 1975, 97) is not very probable. This fibula 
is known from several brief mentions from the first quarter 
of the 20th century. Based on its construction (ribbony 
bow, narrow foot), German archaeologists connected it 
with the group of fibulae from the territory of former 
East Prussia province (i.e., the abovementioned fibulae 
from Šilutė and Kruklanki), which are now known as the 
Jezerine type (Bezzenberger 1909, 472; Ebert 1926, 81), 
or, alternatively, they considered it an analogue of a fibula 
(type Almgren 2a) from Grave 19 in Grzybowo (Peiser 1919, 
317; cf. Żabiński et al. 2016, 132, Fig. 17). According to 
Ebert (1926, 81), the presumed Jezerine-type fibula from 
Grave 22 was found together with a rectangular fire-flint 
and two rivets, which differs from the description of con-
tents of this grave in the publication of material from the 
cemetery in Grzybowo by Peiser (1919, 317). According 

181 New finds of the Jezerine-type fibulae from Poland
cemeteries of the Western Balts cemeteries in the 
Masuria in north-eastern Poland. The first speci-
to the latter, these contents correspond to Grave 19 from 
the same site, from which the aforementioned fibula type 
Almgren 2a was recovered (recently Żabiński et al. 2016, 
132, Fig. 17). The state of the preservation of the fibula as 
described by Ebert (damaged spring and foot parts) also 
corresponds to the description of the exemplar from Grave 
19. Therefore, it seems that both Bezzenberger and Ebert 
when recounting a fibula resembling type Jezerine were in 
fact writing about the fibula type Almgren 2a from Grave 
19 after Peiser. The difference in feature numbering is not 
possible to explain at the moment. I offer my thanks to 
Anna Juga-Szymańska for drawing my attention to this issue.
men is a fibula type IIa with a rib on the lower side 
of the bow
9
 from Grave LVII in Kruklanki (pow. 
Giżycko, PL) (Fig. 8: 1; List no 8). This fibula is 
dated to the Phases A3–B1, with the beginning of 
the Roman Period being more likely (Nowakowski 
2001, 65; Iwanicki, Juga-Szymańska 2007, 56). The 
other specimen was uncovered in Nowy Zyzdrój 
(pow. Mrągowo, PL), Grave 2 (Fig. 8: 2; List no 9). 
9
  The fibula has been previously classified as type 
Ic, i.e., a specimen with a smooth, unadorned bow (e.g., 
Demetz 1999, 248). The presence of a rib is clearly indi-
cated in the drawing of the cross-section of the bow made 
by Herbert Jankuhn.
Fig. 7: Fibulae of the Jezerine type from the territories of modern Lithuania and Russia. Scale 1a,2c,4b = 1:2 (for 
1b,2a,2b,3,4a the original illustrations are reduced by half). 
Sl. 7: Fibule tipa Jezerine z območja današnje Litve in Rusije. M. 1a,2c,4b = 1:2 (za 1b,2a,2b,3,4a so originalne risbe, 
pomanjšane na polovico). (After / Po: Grenz, Archive [2a]; Jankuhn, Archive [1b,2b,3,4a]; Nowakowski 1996 [4b]).
1 – Šilutė (List: 4); 2 – vicinity of Šilutė (List: 5); 3 – vicinity of Šilutė (List: 6); 4 – Novâ Derevnâ (List: 7)

182 Marcin WOŹNIAK
It corresponds to Type IIc. The scarce contents 
of the grave make it impossible to precisely date 
this artefact.
Three Jezerine-type fibulae were recorded at the 
sites associated with the Oksywie and Wielbark 
Cultures situated along the lower course of the 
Vistula River.
10
 A type IIc fibula found in Grave 
34a in Lubieszewo (pow. Nowy Dwór Gdański, PL) 
(Fig. 8: 3; List no 10), can reasonably be attributed 
10 
 In the Late Pre-Roman Period, these areas were 
inhabited by the population of the Oksywie Culture, 
and during the Roman Period by the population of the 
Wielbark Culture. Apart from the Jezerine-type fibulae 
mentioned below, the fibulae from Graves 215 and 568 
from the cemetery in Grudziądz-Rządz (pow. Grudziądz, 
PL; formerly Rondsen, Kreis Graudenz), were incorrectly 
included in the same category (e.g., Dąbrowska 1988, 207; 
Poleska 2006, 151). These fibulae represent other forms 
(see Anger 1890, 45, Pl. 13: 17,18).
to the Oksywie Culture. It was accompanied by a 
type N iron fibula by Kostrzewski and a bronze 
bracelet with ball-shaped terminals (Jonakowski 
1996). These objects allow for dating the assemblage 
to the Phase A3 of the Late Pre-Roman Period. A 
fibula with a smooth external surface of the bow 
from Grave 245 in Stary Targ (pow. Sztum, PL) 
(Fig. 8: 4; List no 11), is much harder to interpret. 
It was found in a feature containing material with 
varying chronology, such as fibulae type Almgren 
68 and 162, and Wielbark Culture pottery from 
the Late Roman Period. It is stipulated that the 
Jezerine-type fibula might have come from the 
same feature as the fibula type Almgren 68, which 
had been destroyed by a burial from the Late Ro-
man Period (Żórawska 2001, 65–66; Żórawska 
2005, 123). This would date it to the late stage of 
the Phase B1. If this interpretation is correct, it 
would make this specimen one of the latest dating 
Fig. 8: Fibulae of the Jezerine type from the territories of modern Poland. Scale 1b,3,4,6,7 = 1:2 (for 1a,2,5 the original 
illustrations are reduced by half).
Sl. 8: Fibule vrste Jezerine z današnje Poljske. M. 1b,3,4,6,7 = 1:2 (za 1a,2,5 so originalne risbe, pomanjšane na polovico).
(After / po: Grygiel, Grygiel, Stasiak [6]; Jankuhn, Archive [1a]; Poleska 2006 [7]; Schmiedehelm, Archive [2,5]; v. Stadie 
1919 [1b]; Żórawska 2001 [4]) 
1 – Kruklanki (List: 8); 2 – Nowy Zyzdrój (List: 9); 3 – Lubieszewo (List: 10); 4 – Stary Targ (List: 11); 5 – Kałdus (List: 
12); 6 – Gola (List: 13); 7 – Kraków-Pleszów (List: 13)

183 New finds of the Jezerine-type fibulae from Poland
examples of this form discovered in the territory 
of barbarian Europe.
11
 However, the connection 
between these two fibulae may be erroneous; it 
is possible that they are the so-called stray finds 
recovered from the secondary deposit in the fill of 
the burial pit from the Late Roman Period. Several 
instances such as this one, in which artefacts from 
features with clearly different chronologies were 
apparently found within one assemblage, are known 
from this site (Żórawska 2005, 112).
12
 The third 
Jezerine-type fibula from the lower Vistula region 
is a stray find from the cemetery of the Oksywie 
and Wielbark Cultures located at the foot of Saint 
Lawrence Mountain (Góra Świętego W awrzyńca) in 
Kałdus (pow. Chełmno, PL) (Fig. 8: 5; List no 12). 
This fibula was published more than a hundred 
years ago; however, the brief description and lack 
of illustrations were the reasons that this artefact 
had not been previously associated with the group 
of fibulae discussed herein. A sketch of this fibula 
drawn in the 1920s by an Estonian archaeologist, 
M. Schmiedehelm, allows us to unequivocally clas-
sify this object as Jezerine IIa type. Unfortunately, 
neither the chronology nor cultural association of 
this artefact can be established.
Four fibulae were recorded in the area of the 
Przeworsk Culture. Three, presented in this pa-
per, were found in Kleszewo. The fourth (a fibula 
of Type IIc) was recorded in a cemetery at Gola 
(pow. Jarocin, PL) (Fig. 8: 6; List no 13) in western 
Poland. It was found in well-furnished Grave 3 
with numerous items including 12 clay vessels, 
an iron buckle with a long, eight-shaped frame 
and a rectangular ferrule, a razor, a knife, and an 
ornamented spearhead (Grygiel, Grygiel, Stasiak 
2019, 150–158, Fig. 106–107). The object could be 
dated to the beginning of the Early Roman Period.
The last specimen known to me from the ter-
ritory north of the Carpathian Mountains was 
found in a cultural layer at the settlement site in 
Kraków-Pleszów, site 17 (pow. Kraków, PL) (Fig. 8: 
7; List no 14), inhabited by a multi-ethnic popula-
tion (Celtic and Przeworsk) defined as the Tyniec 
Group. This artefact was preserved in a very poor 
condition. If the interpretation of the artefact is 
11
  The late stage of the Phase B1 (B1b or B1b–c) in 
northern Poland is dated approx. to the years 30–70 CE 
(recently Schuster 2010, 222–223).
12
  Errors and omissions might have been caused by 
the very fast pace of the excavation. Over 430 graves were 
explored in the course of 17 days (August and September 
of 1937).
correct, then the characteristic profile of the bow 
fragment allows for associating it with group IIc.
In summary, I know of 14 examples of Jezerine-
type fibulae found in the areas to the north of the 
Carpathian Mountains. The majority of them were 
recorded in the area of the south-eastern Baltic 
region, between the lower course of the Vistula 
and the estuary of the Neman. Only 6 or 7 speci-
mens (if we count the fibula from Stary Targ) were 
found in the features that could be more precisely 
dated based on their other contents. Four of these 
fibulae (Kleszewo with 3 specimens; Lubieszewo) 
were found in assemblages dated to the late stage 
of the Late Pre-Roman Period (Phase A3). The 
other three (Gola, Kruklanki, Stary Targ) are 
most often associated with the beginning of the 
Roman Period.
* * *
The Jezerine fibulae found beyond the borders 
of the Empire are usually seen as an indication of 
relations between Imperium Romanum and the 
populations of barbarian Europe, usually but not 
exclusively, of an economic character (e.g., Pieta 
1982, 185; Rustoiu, Gheorghiu 2010, 449; Dizdar, 
T onc 2013, 66; Drnič 2013, 46–48). Some researchers 
suggest that the presence of these artefacts could 
be linked to the activities of the Roman army 
(e.g., Teichner, Schierl 2009, 308; Martin-Killcher 
2015, 263–264).
13
 This thesis is usually raised 
in context of the finds from the Danube region 
and the western Balkans and southern Pannonia 
(e.g., Adam, Feugère 1982, 151; Petkovič 2010, 36; 
Istenič 2015, 48–49), where at last decades of the 
1
st
 century BC and beginning of 1
st
 century AD 
numerous Roman military campaigns took place 
(see Šašel Kos 2018, 41–44). Other possible reasons, 
for example, raids (e.g., Rustoiu, Gheorghiu 2010, 
449), are mentioned less often. In the case of the 
territories north of the Carpathian Mountains, 
Jezerine-type fibulae are usually interpreted as 
13
  The Jezerine fibulae discovered in Sicily are inter-
preted in a similar way (Baitinger 2012, 385; Baitinger, 
Rasbach 2018, 51–52). It is assumed that the presence of 
these fibulae could be related to the movements of the 
troops and population at the end of the civil war (during 
the rule of Sextus Pompey), or the settling of veterans by 
Augustus. On the other hand, the high number of fibulae 
found there, e.g., in ancient Morgantina (prov. di Enna, IT) 
– about 60 specimens, and Monte Iato (prov. di Palermo, 
IT) – 18 specimens, may also indicate a local production 
of these items (Baitinger, Rasbach 2018, 52).

184 Marcin WOŹNIAK
evidence of commercial relations focused around 
the amber trade (Okulicz-Kozaryn, Nowakowski 
1996, 167–168; Nowakowski 2013, 128).
The dissemination of these fibulae between 
the Alpes and the Carpathians suggests that they 
came to the territory of modern Poland through 
the Celtic centres situated on the banks of the 
central Danube, and then through the lands of 
present-day Slovakia. The clear concentration of 
these artefacts (almost half of all the specimens 
found in Slovakia) registered in the vicinity of 
the oppidum in Bratislava and a similar number 
of exemplars scattered across the vast territory 
of the Púchov Culture (Fig. 4) may indicate far-
reaching relations between the population of the 
Polish lands and the Danube region through the 
Moravian Gate. The area of present-day Bratislava 
owes its exceptional position to, among others, its 
ideal location (at the junction of the Morava and 
the Danube), which enabled the control over the 
main transport routes in this part of Europe. Its 
unique importance is exhibited in, for example, 
local mintage, large number of imports, reposito-
ries of Roman amphorae, and stone architecture, 
possibly a testament to the presence of Roman 
artisans (e.g., Kolníková 1991; Pieta 1996, 186–190; 
Kysela, Olmer 2014; Musilová, Minaroviech 2016). 
The participation of the inhabitants of this par-
ticular area in the organisation of contacts along 
the so-called Amber Route may be supported 
by a Simmering-type coin (Fig. 9) discovered in 
Sieluń on the Narew River, approx. 30 km to the 
north-east of Kleszewo (Andrzejowski 2015). 
Coins of this type were minted at the oppidum in 
Bratislava from the 70s to the 40s BC, or perhaps 
even a bit later (Kolniková 1991, 84; ead. 1996, 
349; Fröhlich 2010, 6–7). The coin from Sieluń 
is one of only two specimens of this type found 
to the north of the Carpathian Mountains.
14
 The 
presence of such an ‘exotic’ numismat in the area 
of north-eastern Masovia, at the frontier of the 
Przeworsk Culture settlement at that time (see 
Dąbrowska 2008, 80–81, Map 2; Andrzejowski 
2015, 19), and along one of the branches of the 
Amber Route (see below), does not seem acciden-
tal. Possibility of close contacts between people 
Danube Region and territory of modern Poland 
is confirmed by a presence of mirrors of the type 
Zadowice (Dulęba 2018), Italic/Roman fibulae of 
types of Gorica and Almgren 238a acc. Demetz’s 
classification (Poleska 2006, 152, Fig. 20: 21) and 
Idrija-type (Maciałowicz 2010, 376–380, Fig. 9: 1). 
Apart from the latter, there are not registered
15
 in 
the area of the Púchov Culture (Fig. 10).
The presence of the Jezerine-type fibulae in the 
territories to the north of the Carpathian Mountains 
has long been associated with the activities along 
the Amber Route. Their peculiar spread allowed 
even for an attempt at reconstructing one of the 
terminal branches of this transport route leading 
through Masuria and to the estuary of the Neman 
River (Nowakowski 2009; Skvorzov 2012, 170, 
172; Chilińska-Früboes 2015, 106). These fibulae, 
presumably just as the majority of imports from 
the end of the Pre-Roman Period, came from the 
South thanks to the people of the Tyniec Group or 
through the territories that they inhabited (Poleska 
2006, 153, 258; Bochnak 2014, 192). Further to 
the north, the connections through the settlement 
clusters of the Przeworsk Culture in south-central 
Poland (intersection of the Prosna and the upper 
Warta Rivers) and in Kuyavia, or activities along 
the Vistula via eastern Masovia are indicated the 
most often here (Dąbrowska 1996; 2003; Bochnak 
2014, 192–193, with literature). The results of 
studies and archaeological discoveries in the last 
14 
 The other specimen was found in the vicinity of 
villages Gąski and Wierzbiczany (pow. Inowrocław, PL) 
in Kuyavia – information obtained from M. Rudnicki.
15
  The fibula found in the territory of the Púchov Cul-
ture in Žehra (okres Spiššká Nová Ves, SK) and indicated 
in the literature as type Gorica (Pieta, Soják 2004, 172, 
Fig. 1: 8; Soják 2010, 102), belong to the Jezerine type.
Fig. 9: Simmering-type coin from Sieluń (pow. Maków 
Maz., PL). Scale = 2:1. 
Sl. 9: Novec vrste Simmerling iz Sieluńa (okrožje Maków 
Maz., Poljska). M. = 2:1. 
(After / Po: Andrzejowski 2015)

185 New finds of the Jezerine-type fibulae from Poland
few years have highlighted the importance of the 
connections leading through central Poland.
16
 This 
is not surprising in light of the unique role played 
by these areas during the slightly earlier (Boch-
nak 2014, 192; Maciałowicz 2015, 287) as well as 
later periods (Wielowiejski 1996). At the end of 
the Pre-Roman and the beginning of the Roman 
Periods, local types of coins based on the minting 
system of the Boii were minted in this area (the 
vicinity of Kalisz and Inowrocław), which testifies 
to the presence of Celtic (Boii) groups among the 
Germanic population of the Przeworsk Culture 
16
  E.g., see new finds of the fibulae of type Almgren 
18 and Tierkopffibel Ia (Kurpiewski, Rakoczy 2015, 16, 25, 
Tabl. 1: 39.237; 39: 79.237; Olędzki, Ziąbka 2017).
(Rudnicki et al. 2009; Rudnicki 2012; Rudnicki, 
Dymowski 2015, 256–263). It is stipulated that 
these were small communities, which, together 
with the Germanic elite, headed the social lad-
der of the local settlement structures. They have 
also been credited as an important factor in the 
organisation of relations that may have been based 
on the amber trade. The far-reaching connections 
of these communities are evidenced not only in 
the so-called industrial imports but also in nu-
mismatic sources, for example, in addition to the 
local currency, coins minted in the Danube region 
including the second example of a Simmering-type 
coin in Poland were found in Kuyavia (Rudnicki, 
Dymowski 2015, 257 and personal information 
of Rudnicki). It is also possible that the influence 
Fig. 10: Distribution of Gorica and Almgren 238a (acc. Demetz) types fibulae and Zadowice-type mirrors. Grey area: 
approximate territory of the Pùchov Culture at the Late La Tène Period (after Pieta 2010).
Sl. 10: Razprostranjenost fibul vrste Gorica, Almgren 238a (po Demetzu) in ogledal vrste Zadowice. Sivo območje: pri-
bližno območje razprostranjenosti kulture Pùchov v poznolatenskem obdobju (po Pieta 2010).
(After / Po: Demetz 1999; Čambal 2017; Dulęba 2018, with modifications of author / z avtorjevimi prilagoditvami)

186 Marcin WOŹNIAK
of Kuyavia can be linked to some of the imports 
recorded at the sites of the Przeworsk Culture in 
eastern Masovia. In the case of this region, it is 
still the relations with the Tyniec Group that are 
indicated the most frequently in the context of the 
contacts along the Vistula (Dąbrowska 1996; 2008, 
116). This phenomenon is known as ‘the Vistula 
route’ or ‘the eastern branch of the Amber Road’ 
in Polish literature (lately Bochnak 2014, 192–193, 
see there for older sources). The period of the peak 
activity of the people of eastern Masovia associated 
with the far-reaching contacts mostly covered the 
end of the Late Pre-Roman Period (Phase A3). It is 
characterised primarily by the presence of relatively 
numerous fibulae type Almgren 18 and, to a lesser 
extent, also other forms of southern provenance. 
It was probably also through the Masovian settle-
ments that the products from the late La Tène or 
early Roman workshops found their way further 
north, into the amber-giving territories inhabited 
by the Baltic people (e.g., a fibula type Almgren 18a 
from Staświny (pow. Giżycko, PL) – Karczewski, 
Karczewska, Pluskowski 2015, 183, Tabl. IV: 1 – or 
the already mentioned Jezerine fibulae). The three 
new finds of Jezerine-type fibulae in Kleszewo, one 
of the eastern Masovian cemeteries of the Prze-
worsk Culture, fit into this picture perfectly. Their 
presence can perhaps be explained by the strategic 
location of the local settlement cluster near one 
of the main watercourses of Masovia: the Narew 
River. The river enabled easy transport between the 
vast areas of central-eastern and northern Poland 
and allowed the local population to profit from 
their participation in the interregional contacts.
Translation: Kinga Brzezińska
The Jezerine fibulae from territories north of Carpathians
1. Kleszewo (Fig. 2: 1)
Pow. Pułtusk, PL;
Grave: I/1961.
Type: III?, with the rib on the lower side of bow.
Collection: Muzeum Regionalne in Pułtusk, PL; no inv. 
MRP/A/7.
Literature: unpublished.
2. Kleszewo (Fig. 3: 1)
Pow. Pułtusk, PL;
Grave: 1047.
Type: III.
Collection: Muzeum Starożytnego Hutnictwa Mazowieckiego 
in Pruszków, PL; no inv. MSHM/A/771.
Literature: unpublished.
3. Kleszewo (Fig. 3: 2)
Pow. Pułtusk, PL;
Grave: 1047.
Type: III.
Collection: Muzeum Starożytnego Hutnictwa Mazowieckiego 
in Pruszków, PL; no inv. MSHM/A/771.
Literature: unpublished.
4. Šilutė (Fig. 7: 1)
Šilutės apskritis, LT (former Heydekrug, Ldk. Heydekrug, 
Ostpreussen);
Type: IIc.
Collection: Kaliningradskij Oblastnoj Istoriko-Hudožestvennyj 
Muzej in Kaliningrad, RU; no inv. KOIHM 17019.137. 
Until 1945 Prussia-Musem in Königsberg, Ostpreussen; 
no inv. II.99.489.
Literature: Heydeck 1900, 55, note 1; Bezzenberger 1909, 
472–473; Ebert 1926, 81; Nowakowski 2005, 7, Fig. 1e; 
Jankuhn, Archive.
5. Šilutė (vicinity) (Fig. 7: 2)
Šilutės apskritis, LT (vicinity of former Heydekrug, Ldk. 
Heydekrug, Ostpreußen);
Type: IIc.
Collection: Museum Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Berlin, 
DE, Prussia-Sammlung; no inv. PrD 580. Until 1945 
Prussia-Museum in Königsberg, Ostpreussen; no inv. 
II.83.7219a.
Literature: Heydeck 1900, 55, note 1; Bezzenberger 1909, 
472–473; Ebert 1926, 81; Nowakowski 2000, 213, Fig. 
1c; Grenz, Archive; Jankuhn, Archive.
6. Šilutė (vicinity) (Fig. 7: 3)
Šilutės apskritis, LT (vicinity of former Heydekrug, Ldk. 
Heydekrug, Ostpreußen);
Type: IIc.
Collection: unknown, until 1945 Prussia Museum in 
Königsberg, Ostpreußen; no inv. II.83.7219a.
Literature: Heydeck 1900, 55, note 1; Bezzenberger 1909, 
472–473; Ebert 1926, 81; Nowakowski 2000, 213, Fig. 
1d; id. 2005, 7, Fig. 1f; Jankuhn, Archive.
7. Novaâ Derevnâ (Fig. 7: 4)
Černâhovskij rajon, RU (former Gaitzuhnen, Kr. Inster-
burg, Ostpreußen);
Type: IIc.
Collection: Museum Vor- und Frühgeschichte in Berlin, 
DE; no inv. II.2023.
Literature: von Ledebur 1838, 3–4; Nowakowski 1995, 60, 
Pl. 15: 2; Nowakowski 2005, 7, Fig. 1d; Jankuhn, Archive.
LIST

187 New finds of the Jezerine-type fibulae from Poland
8. Kruklanki (Fig. 8: 1)
Pow. Giżycko, PL (former Kruglanken, Kr. Angeburg, 
Ostpreußen);
Grave: LVII.
Type: IIa, with the rib on the lower side of bow.
Collection: unknown; until 1945 roku Prussia-Museum in 
Königsberg, Ostpreußen; no inv. V.498.9073.
Literature: Bezzenberger 1909, 472–473; von Stadie 1919, 
406, Fig. 181; Nowakowski 2013, 36, Pl. 27: 3; Jankuhn, 
Archive.
9. Nowy Zyzdrój (Fig. 8: 2)
Pow. Mrągowo, PL (former Neu Sysdroy, Kr. Sensburg, 
Ostpreußen);
Grave: 2.
Type: IIc.
Collection: unknown; until 1945 roku Prussia-Museum in 
Königsberg, Ostpreußen. Literature: Juga-Szymańska 
2011, 37, Fig. 3; Schmiedehelm, Archive 7,2.
10. Lubieszewo (Fig. 8: 3)
pow. Nowy Dwór Gdański, PL;
Grave: 34a.
Type: II.
Collection: Muzeum Historyczono-Archeologiczne in 
Elbląg, PL.
Literature: unpublished; cf. Żórawska 2001, 65; Jonakowski 
1996, 172.
11. Stary Targ (Fig. 8: 4)
pow. Sztum, PL (former Altmark, Kr. Stuhm, W estpreußen);
Grave: 245. 
Type: Ic or II, with rib/ribs on lower side of the bow.
Collection: unknown; until 1945 Heimatmuseum Marien-
werder in Marienwerder, Westpreußen.
Literature: Żórawska 2001; Żórawska 2005, 123, Pl. 29/245.
12. Kałdus (Góra św. Wawrzyńca) (Fig. 8: 5)
Pow. Chełmno, PL (former Kaldus – Lorenzberg, Kr. Kulm, 
Westpreußen);
Type: IIa.
Collection: unknown; until 1945 Westpreußisches Pro-
vinzial-Museum in Danzig; no inv. V.S. 6892a (acc. 
Schmiedehelm nor inv. 6862).
Literature: XX. Amtlicher Bericht über die Verwaltung der 
naturhistorischen, archäologischen und ethnologischen 
Sammlungen des Westpreussischen Provinzial-Museum 
für das Jahr 1899, Danzig, 1900, 43; Blume 1915, 133; 
Kostrzewski 1919, 79. Schmiedehelm, Archive 7.25.44.12.
13. Gola (Fig. 8: 6)
Pow. Jarocin, PL;
Grave: 3.
Type: IIc.
Collection: Muzeum Archeologiczne i Etnograficzne in 
Łódź, PL.
Literature: Grygiel, Grygiel, Stasiak 2019, 151, Fig. 107: 13.
14. Kraków-Pleszów (Fig. 8: 7)
Pow. Kraków, PL;
Type: IIc.
Collection: Muzeum Archeologiczne in Kraków, PL
Literature: Poleska 2006, 151, Fig. 20: 19.
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191 Nove najdbe fibul vrste Jezerine iz Poljske 
Med arheološkimi izkopavanji grobišča prze-
worske kulture v Kleszewu, okrožje Pułtusk (sl. 
1), na vzhodu Poljske (vzhodna Mazovija), so 
bile odkrite tri fibule vrste Jezerine. Ena je ležala 
v grobu I/1961 (kat. št. 1; sl. 2: 1), drugi dve pa v 
grobu 1047 (kat. št. 2 in 3; sl. 3: 1,2). Spremljale 
so jih lokalne vrste fibul (sl. 2: 2; 3: 3), ki so dati-
rane v stopnjo A3 poznega predrimskega obdobja, 
sočasno stopnji LT D2 v srednjeevropskem smislu.
Vse tri so bile izdelane iz medenine (tab. 1) in 
imajo ploski lok, ki se na prehodu proti nogi zoži. 
Fibuli iz gr. 1047 (sl. 3: 1,2) imata na sredini loka 
podolžno diagonalno narezano rebro. Rebro ima 
tudi primerek iz gr. I/1961 (sl. 2: 1), vendar je 
manj izraženo in umeščeno na spodnji del loka.
Primerka iz gr. 1047 spadata v tip III po Demetzu 
(1999), kamor uvrščamo fibule z nepravokotnimi 
loki. Tovrstne fibule so znane zgolj z nekaj naj-
dišč, skoraj vsa so v severni Italiji (sl. 4: znak 1; 
5). Ob dveh primerkih iz Kleszewa je bila edina 
tovrstna fibula na območju severno od Donave 
odkrita v naselbini púchovske kulture v Púchovu 
na Slovaškem. Fibula iz gr. I/1961 pripada majhni, 
svojevrstni skupini fibul vrste Jezerine z enim ali 
več rebri na spodnji strani loka (sl. 4: znak 2; 6). 
Tovrstne fibule se skoraj izključno pojavljajo na 
območju severovzhodne Italije in južne Panonije, 
dva primerka sta bila odkrita še v bližini bratis-
lavskega opiduma na Slovaškem ter en v kraju 
Kruklanki na Poljskem.
Onkraj meja imperija odkrite fibule tipa Jeze-
rine, izdelane iz medenine, lahko pojasnimo kot 
rimske importe, v primeru Slovenije in Hrvaške 
gre za importe iz severne Italije. 
Predstavljene fibule iz Kleszewa so − glede na 
razprostranjenost tovrstnih fibul in surovino −, 
verjetno izdelki severnoitalskih delavnic iz druge 
polovice prvega st. pr. n. št.
Na območjih severno od Karpatov je bilo od-
kritih vsaj 14 fibul vrste Jezerine. Trije primerki 
tipa IIc so bili odkriti v bližini današnjih Šilut v 
Litvi (kat. št. 4–6; sl. 7: 1–3), en primerek tipa IIc 
je bil odkrit v kraju Novaâ Derevnâ v Rusiji (kat. 
št. 7; sl. 7: 4), dva primerka na grobiščih kulture 
Bogaczewo na severovzhodnem Poljskem: prvi, 
tipa IIa z rebrom na spodnjem delu loka, je iz gr. 
LVII v Kruklankih (kat. št. 8; sl. 8: 1), drugi, tipa 
IIc pa iz gr. 2 v kraju Nowy Zyzdrój (kat. št. 9; sl. 
8: 2). Trije primerki so bili odkriti na najdiščih 
kultur Oksywie in/ali Wielbark ob spodnjem 
toku reke Visle na Poljskem: prvi v grobu 34a na 
najdišču Lubieszewo (kat. št. 10; tip II; sl. 8: 3), 
drugi v grobu 245 na najdišču Stary Targ (kat. št. 
11; tip I?; sl. 8: 4) in tretji na najdišču Kałdus (kat. 
št. 12; tip IIa; sl. 8: 5). Štiri fibule so bile odkrite 
na območju przeworske kulture na Poljskem: tri, 
predstavljene v uvodnem delu prispevka, na naj-
dišču Kleszewo; ena tipa IIc izvira iz nekropole v 
Goli (kat. št. 13; sl. 8: 6), en primerek tipa IIc (kat. 
št. 14; sl. 8: 7) pa iz naselbine Kraków-Pleszów, 
ki jo je poseljevala multietnična populacija (Kelti 
in pripadniki przeworske kulture), definirana kot 
skupina Tyniec.
Zgolj 6 ali 7 naštetih fibul je bilo odkritih v kon-
tekstih, ki dovoljujejo njihovo ožjo datacijo. Trije 
primerki iz Kleszewa in eden iz Lubieszewega so 
bili odkriti v zbirih, datiranih v stopnjo A3 poznega 
predrimskega obdobja (sočasna srednjeevropski 
stopnji LT D2), fibule iz Gole, Kruklankov in Sta-
rega Targa pa so datirane na začetek rimske dobe.
Fibule vrste Jezerine, odkrite na najdiščih onkraj 
meja rimskega imperija, so običajno interpretirane 
kot pokazatelj gospodarskih stikov med rimskim 
imperijem in prebivalci barbarika – v primeru 
območij severno od Karpatov v zvezi s trgovino 
z jantarjem. Nekateri raziskovalci so mnenja, da 
jih, v določenih primerih, lahko povezujemo z 
navzočnostjo rimske vojske.
Njihova prisotnost na ožini med Alpami in 
Karpati kaže, da so se na ozemlje današnje Poljske 
razširile iz keltskih naselbin ob srednjem Podo-
navju. Njihova zgoščenost v okolici bratislavskega 
opiduma in večje število primerkov, raztresenih na 
območju kulture Púchov, (sl. 4) morda kažeta na 
obstoj prometne povezave skozi Moravska vrata. 
Območje Bratislave namreč leži ob izlivu Morave 
v Donavo, na izjemni strateški lokaciji, ki je omo-
gočala nadzor nad glavnimi trgovskimi potmi v 
tem delu Evrope. Njegov pomen se kaže tudi v 
kovanju lastnih novcev, veliki količini uvoženih 
izdelkov, depozitih amfor in kamniti arhitekturi, 
ki morda kaže na prisotnost rimskih obrtnikov. Na 
trgovsko udejstvovanje prebivalcev tega območja 
vzdolž jantarne poti opozarja najdba novca vrste 
Nove najdbe fibul vrste Jezerine iz Poljske
Povzetek

192 Marcin WOŹNIAK
Simmering (sl. 9) v Sieluńu ob reki Narew, okrog 
30 km severovzhodno od Kleszewa. Na obstoj 
tesnih stikov med Podonavjem in ozemljem da-
našnje Poljske kažejo tudi najdbe ogledal vrste 
Zadowice, italskih fibul vrst Gorica, Almgren 
238a po Demetzu in Idrija, ki se, razen slednjih, 
ne pojavljajo na območju kulture Púchov (sl. 10).
Najdbe fibul vrste Jezerine na območjih severno 
od Karpatov so v preteklosti povezovali z jantarno 
potjo. Sledenje njihovemu postopnemu širjenju 
nam omogoča rekonstrukcijo poteka enega izmed 
končnih odsekov te poti, ki je skozi današnjo 
Mazurijo vodil do izliva reke Nemen. Kot večina 
uvoženih izdelkov iz predrimskega obdobja so na 
to območje prišle z juga, s posredovanjem pri-
padnikov kulturne skupine Tyniec. Prek naselbin 
przeworske kulture so se nato širile proti severu 
v Kujavijo (Kuyavia, severni del osrednje Poljske) 
in proti vzhodni Mazoviji.
Študije in nova arheološka odkritja so na novo 
osvetlili pomen trgovskih poti, ki so vodile skozi 
osrednjo Poljsko. Tu so med prevladujočo ger-
mansko populacijo przeworske kulture obstajale 
manjše keltske skupnosti, ki so bile pomemben člen 
v trgovini z jantarjem. Daljnosežne povezave se 
ne kažejo zgolj v importih, ampak tudi v novcih. 
Ob lokalnih kovih, ki so temeljili na denarnem 
sistemu Bojev, so bili na tem območju namreč 
odkriti tudi novci iz Podonavja – na območju 
Kujavije in Mazovije (v Sieluńu) sta bila odkrita 
novca vrste Simmerling. Predmete iz Kujavije 
morda lahko povežemo z nekaterimi importi z 
najdišč przeworske kulture iz vzhodne Mazovije, 
čeprav se zdi verjetneje, da so sem prišli po Visli, s 
posredovanjem kulturne skupine Tyniec (fenomen, 
ki ga poljska literatura navaja kot viselsko pot in/ali 
vzhodno vejo jantarne poti). Izdelki poznolatenskih 
in zgodnjerimskih obrtniških delavnic so tako s 
posredovanjem populacij na območju Mazovije 
dosegli baltsko območje.
Najdbe treh fibul vrste Jezerine v Kleszewu, 
enem izmed grobišč przeworske kulture na območju 
vzhodne Mazovije, se ujemajo s predstavljenimi 
dejstvi. Njihovo prisotnost lahko povezujemo s 
strateško lokacijo bližnje naselbine v neposred-
ni bližini reke Narew, enega glavnih mazovskih 
vodotokov, ki je omogočal transportne povezave 
med obsežnimi območji vzhodnega dela osrednje 
Poljske in njenim severnim delom ter posledično 
profite iz udeležbe v medregionalni trgovini.
Prevod: Tina Berden
Marcin Woźniak 
Dział Archeologii Mazowsza 
Muzeum Starożytnego Hutnictwa 
Mazowieckiego im. S. Woydy
Plac Jana Pawła II 2 
PL-05-800, Pruszków, woj. mazowieckie 
m.wozniak@mshm.pl
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0488-8935
Illustrations: Fig. 2 (drawing: P . Holub). – Fig. 3 (drawing: P . Holub). – Fig. 7 (photo: Maciałowicz [1a], Szter [2c]. – Fig. 8: (photo: 
P . Wlizło [3]).
Slikovno gradivo: Sl. 2 (risba: P . Holub). – Sl. 3 (risba: P . Holub). – Sl. 7 (foto: Maciałowicz [1a], Szter [2c]. – Fig. 8 (foto: P . Wlizło [3]).