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ar- v » .
TO THE MOST NOELE
The marquis OF S A I, I S B U R Y,
LORD CHAMBERLAIN OF HIS MAJESTY'j HOUSHOLD, &c. tt.
THIS VOLUME,
eONTAlNING ALL THAT IS YET KNOWN OF THE
SETTLEMENT at S Y D N E Y - C O V E,
IS MOST RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED, BV
HIS LORDSHIP's
MUCH OBLIGED, AND MOST FAITHFUL
n e v f- m c e r 45,
i/Sj.
HUMBLE SERVANT,
JOHN S T O C K D A I. E.





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anecdotes
o F
GOVERNOR PHILLIP.
A TxTHUR PHII.LIP is one of thofe officers, who, like Drake, Dampier, and Cook, has railed himfelf by his merit and his fervices, to diftinčtioii and command. His father was Jacob Phillij>, a native of Frankfort, in Germany, who having fettled in England, maintained his family and educated his fon by teaching the languages. His mother was Elizabeth Breach, who married for her firft hufband, Captain Herbert of the navy, a kinfman of Lord Pembroke. Of her marriage with Jacob Phillip, was her fon, Arthur, born in the parifli of Allhallows, Bread-ftreet, within the city of London, on the iith of Odlobcr, 1738.
Ijcing defigned for a feafaring life, he was very jiro-pcrly fent to the fchool of Greenwich, where he received

an
4	ANECDOTES OF
an education fuitablc to his early propenfities. At the age of fixtecn, he began his maritime career, under the deceafed Captain Michael Evcret of the navy, at the commencement of hoftilitiesj in 1755: a.nd at the fame time that he learned the rudiments of his profefTion under that able ofFicer, lie partook with him in the early misfortunes, and fubfequent glories of the feven years war. Whatever opulence Phillii) acquired from the capture of the Ilavannah, certain it is, that, at the age of twenty-three, he there was made a Lieutenant into the Stirling-caftle, on the 7th of June, 1761, by Sir George Pococke, an excellent judge of naval accom-plifliments.
But of nautical exploits, however they may raife marine ofhccrs, there muft be an end. Peace, with its bleflings, was reftored in 1763. And PhilUp now found leifure to marry ; and to fettle at LyndhurfV^ in the New Foreft, where he amufed himfelf with farming, and like other country gentlemen, difcharged aiTiduouÜy thofc provincial offices, which, however \ui-important, occupy refpe^lably the owners of lantl, who, in this ifland, require no office to make them important.
But Tailors, like their own elemenr, arc feldom at reft. Thofe occupations, which pleafed Phillip while
they
GOVERNOR PHILLIP.	5
they were new, no longer plcafed him when they became familiar. And he hartcncd to offer his fltill and his Services to Portugal when it engaged in warfare with Spain. His offer was readily accepted, becaiife fuch fkill and fer-vices were neceffary amidll an arduous ftruggle \vith a too powerful opponent And, fucli was his condu6l and fach his fuccefs, that when the recent interference of France, in 1778, made it his duty to fight for his king, and to defend his country, the Portugueze court regretted his departure, but applauded Iiis motive.
His return was doubtlefs approved by thofe who^ knowing his value, could advance his rank : For he was made niafter and commander into the Bafilifk firefliip, on the 2d of September, 1779. But in her he had little opportunity of difplaying his zeal, or of adding to his fame. This ftep, however, led him up to a higher fituation; and he was made poft-captain into the Ariadne frigate, on tlie 13th of November, 1781, when he was upwards of three and forty. This is the great cpoch in the lives of our naval officers, becaule it is from this that they date their rank, hi the Ariadne, he had little time for acftive adventures, or for gainful prizes, being appointed to the Europe of fixty-foiu" guns, on the 23d of Dcccmber, 1781. During the memorable year 1782,. Phillip promoted its enterprizes, and fiiared in its glories. And in January, 1783, he failed with a reinforcement
ment to the Eaft Indies, where fuperior bravery contended agaiaft fuperior force, till the policy of our negotiators put an end to unequal hoftiiities by a necef-fary peace.
The aftivity, or the zeal of Phillip, was now turned to more peaceful obje£ls. And when it was determined to form a fettlement on that part of New Holland, denominated New South Wales, he was thought of as a proper officer to condučt an enterprize, which required profeflional knowledge, and habitual prudence. His equipment, bis voyage, and his fettlement, in the other hemifpbere, will be found in the following volume. When the time fnall arrive that the European fettlers on Sydney Cove demand their hiftorian, thefe authentic anecdotes of their priftine legiilator will be fought for as curious, and confidered as important.
errata.
page I, line ij, for enttrf rises, read tutttfrifes. 13. 1. penult, for CB^ ß/'yt "i bundrtd. Ibid. 1. ult. for Penryn, read Pcnrlya. 75, 1.7, for furjirixt, read furfrije. S7, I. J4, after 17, dele th. 96, I. 13, for into, read in.
14J, I. 10, for Kangmrx, read Kanguns. The orthography of a word derived only from oral found is In fome degree arbitrary j but it ought to be confiftfnt. The plates, by miftake, have Kan^'^om. 185^ U I4i for if ivere	read if it were,
103, 1. 3, for Jcim, read Tbmai. 113, 1. 10, iwfour, rcad/srfjr. aig, 1.13, bis, ioxMncauhy, rtiä Macaulny, 131, I. 15, forParW, read Pehi. 15z, Margin, for May, read June, i 5 3, Ditto.
255, Margin, iorjuly, read ^am. »56, Ditto,
231, 1. 18, for Tdia, read Tebu, 241, I. 5, for read ivbtm. »46, I, 25, for -veer'd, read near'd. N. B. Some of the early impreffions of the plates have erroneoufly Ifulfint Offoffum for Vulfine Opojfum. After a few were work'd off the fault was perceived, and £orr<fted.

ADVERTISEMENT,
U E arrangement of materials in this volume being in fome rcfpe^ls Icfs jierfečl than might be witlied, it is neceffary that fomething fliould be iaid to obviate any impiUation of ncgligence. The truth will be the heft, and, as it ought, the only apology. The official papers of Governor Phillip, which were liberally communicated by Government, formed at firft our principal foi;rce of intelligence. Thefe, from their nature, could contain but little inforrnation on fubjeds of natural hiftory, and many other points, conccrning which the ciiriofity of every reader would naturally be cxcitcd. The efforts of the publiÜier to give ßitisfadion to the public in thefe rcfpe£ls produced a gradual influx of materials; and the fucceffivc arrival of tlifferent vef-fels from the hidian Teas, occafioncd additions to the work, which made it neceflary to engrave new ])iates.
- A	While,
ADVERTISEMENT.
While, therefore, the completion of the hook was anxioiiily prcfl'ed by many who were eager to pof-fefs it, that defuable point has conftantly been deferred by the communications of thofe who were ftudioiis to render it more vaUiahle ; and the word Fmis, has feemed to fly from \is, like Italy before the wandering Trojans. From the combination of thefe circumftances it has urifen, that every feparate part has been hurried on in the execution ; and yet, in the finifliing of the w^hole, more time has elapfed, than would have been necef-fary to complete a much more ample volume. The defeats that proceed from thefe caufes, it is hoped, the reader will forgive, and accept with complacency a volume in which, it is confidently hoped, nothing material has been omitted that is connečled with its principal ohječl, the formation of a fettlement promifing both glory and advantage to this country ; in which feveral important difcoveries are announced ; no fmall acceflion is made to tlie ftores of natural hiftory; and interefting notices are communicated of countries viJfited before, and perfons in whofe fate the pviblic has long felt an interelL
The pubUflier thinks it his duty, in this place, to return thanks to the following noblemen and gentlemen, for their kind affiftance and free communications. The 5	Marfpiis
A D v E R TISE M E N T.	iii
Marquis of Sali(l)ury, Vifcount Sydney, J.ord Hood, Sir Jofeph Banks, Bart. Mr. Rofe, Mr. Nepean, Mr. Stephens, Sir Charles Middleton, Sir Andrew Sn?.ne Flammond, Mr. Dalrymi:>le, and Mr. Chalmers : bill:, to Mr. Latham particularly, the moft grateful acknowledgements are due, for having furniihed many drawings and accurate defcriptions, which ftamj) a value on the nalural hiftory contained in this work, and muft for ever render it an object of attention to all lovers of that fcience: and to Lieutenant Shortland, Lieutenant Watts, and Captain Marfliall, of the Scarborough tranfport, the public owe whatever important difcoveries and ufeful knowledge may be found in their journals, which they communicated with a difintereftednefs that the publifiicr will be always happy to acknowledge.
A 2	Account
ACCOUNT
OF THE
vignette.
HE elegant vignette in the title-page, was engraved from a medallion whieh the ingenious Mr. Wedge-wood caufed to be modelled from a fmall piece of clay brought from Sydney Cove. The clay proves to be of a fine texture, and will be found very ufeful for the manu-fadlory of earthern ware. The defign is allegorical; it reprefents Hope encouraging Art and Labour, under the influence of Peace, to purfue the employments neceflary to give fecurity and happinefs to an infant fettlement. The following verfes upon the fame fubjedt, and in allufion to the medallion, were written by the author of T'he Botanic Garden^ and will fpeak more powerfully for them-lelves than any encomium we could beftow.
VISI T
VISIT OF HOPE
To SYDNEY-COVE, Near BOTANY-BAY.
w HERE Sydney Cove her lucid liüfoni fvvells, Courts her young navies, anJ i.he florai repels; Iliah on a rock arnid the trouhkd air i-IOPE ftood Iliblime, and wav'd her golden hiiir ^ Calm'd with her rely fmile the tofii^ig docp, And with i\vcct :icccnts chirni'd the wiiuls to ileep ; I'd each wild plain Ihe irrfitch'd her fnowy hand, IIigli-waving wood, and fca-encircled Ttrand. " Hear me," ihe cried, " tiling Realms ! record
" Time's opening fcenes, ai)d Truth's unerrijig word__
T/jere fl:iiill broid ftreets their fliUely walls extend, " The circLis widen, and the crefcent bend ; " Theret ray'd from cities o'er the oultur'd land,
" Shall bright canals, and folid roads expand.-
" There the proud arch, Coloflus-like, bcrtride " Yon glittering ftreams, and bound the chafing tide; " EmbelliiOi'd villas crown the laiidfcape-fccne,
" Farms vVuVP with gold, and orchards blufli between.-
" I'herc fliail fpires, and domc-capt towers afcend, " And piers and quays their nialTy flriiftures blend; " While with each breeze approaching veffcls glide,
" And northern treafures dance on every tide !"-
Then ceas d the nymph-tumultuous echoes roar,
And Joy's loud voice was heard from fhore to fliore-
Her graceful Iteps defcending prefs'd the plain.
And Peace, and Art, and Labour, join'd her train,
i f, w
View of the Fleet and Establishment fent out 'voith Governor PHILLIP to New South Wales.
Captain Arthur Phillip of the Navy, Governor and Commander in Chief of the territory of New South Wales, and of his Majeßfsßjips and vejfels employed on that coaß.
Major Robert Rofs,	Lieutenant Governor,
Richard Johnfon,	Chaplain.
Andrew Miller,	Commijfary.
David Collins,	Judge Advocate,
John Long,	Adjutant,
James Furzer,	fluarter-Maßer.
George Alexander, Provoß Martial,
John White,	Surgeon.
Thomas Arndell,	Aßßant Ditto.
William Balmain,	Ditto Ditto,
His Majefty's fhip Sirius, Captain Arthvir Phillip. Captain John Hunter.
His Majefty's armed tender Supply, Lieutenant H. L. Eall.
* This gentltinan did not go,
SiK
Six tranfports carrying the convicfts.
Alexander 2lo men convids.	womenconvitSls. Scarborough 21 o ditto.
Fricndihip 80 ditto,	24
Charlotte 100 ditto.	'24
Prince of Wales -	- 100
Lady Penrhyn -	- 102
Each tranfport had a detachment of marines on board.
Three ftore fliips: The Golden Grove, Fifliburn, and Borrowdale; With provifions, implements for hufbandry, cloathing,,
See. for the convičts.
Lieutenant John Shortland, agent for the tranfports.. The garrifon is formed from the marines..
Diftribution of the Detachment of Marines for New South Wales, with the Number embarked on board of each of the Transports upon that Service.
Ships Names.
Lady Ptnrhyn,
Scarborough,
Friendftiip,
Charlotte, Alexardir, Prince of Wales,
Names of Officers.
Captain Campbell f-icut G. Johtifton Lieut. William Collins
C apt.-! in Shea LicutciKint Kdlow Li-.uicjiant Morrilbn
Captain Litut. Meredith Lieutenant Clarke Lieutenant Faddy
Captain Tench [.ieutejciit CrLiTwell Lieulciiant I'oulden
Lieutenant J. Johtifton Lieutenaiu ihiiirp
Lieutenant Davy Licutrnanc Tinimins Provoft Marti.il
Total of (lie detachment

s- o
12 J 1 O I
12J12
26
36
34
30

'54 6
160
Kmbarked.
I'ortfmouth.
Ditto.
Pivmouth.
Dittc
Woolwich.
put on board his Ma jefty'sftip Sirius,af fupcTnumeraries,
Forty women, wive, to the Mari'nes, permitted to go out with the G.rrifon.
L
I
T
OF THE
SUBSCRIBERS.
A.
Andrews, James Tettit, Efq. f.a.s.
ApOcy, Vifcoimt, M. P. Aubrey, Sir John, Burt, M. P. Allen, Robert, Efq. Aylesford, Earl of
A'Covirt, William Pierce Aflic^ Efq. M.P.
Alderfcy, William, Efq. Andrews, Sir Jofcph, Bart. Adclington, Right Mon. I-lenry, Speaker
of the Houfc of Commons Arden, John, Efq. Arden Hall Addington. John lliley, Efq. M.P. Arden, Sir Richard Pepper, M. P.
Mafter of the Roils Aiifon, George, Eiq. M, P.
Adams, Mr. James Blake Arnold, George, E,fq. Allley, Sir Edward, Bart. M. P. Annefley, Hon. Richard Appleyard, Mr. 6 copies Allen, Thomas, Efq. Afliton, Nicholas, Efq, Aifley, Scephen, Efq, Kenfington
B.
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Barwcllj Thomas Smithj Efq.
BarktTj Francis, Eiq.
1-Sontlc, R. Wilbnliain^r.lq. M. P.
Bili'etr, Mjuricc, F.lq.
Banks, Sir Jofeph, Bart.
Bolton, Duke of
IJiJtlcT, Rev. Mr.
Black, Captain Alexander
l^ofvillc, Will,am, Kfq.
Puickinghain, Marquis of
Barwcll, Richard, Kfq. M. P.
Bland, General
Beaufort, ].)ukc of
Ikarcroft, Edward, Efq. M. P.
Bach, Maiqais of
Black, Mr. 4 copics
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Clarke, Edward, Efq. Cambridge
D.
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Donowell, Mr. architeft Dalrymple, Alexander, Efq. Dayrell, Edmund, Kfq. Davies, Mr. bookfclicrj 6 copies Debrett, Mr. bookfelier, 6 copies Dalling, Sir John, Bart. Dartmouth, Earl of De FreirCj Chevalier, 2 copies Da ere, Lord
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E.
Effingham, Earl of EfiTex, Earl of Eaft, Gilbert, Efq; Eliotr, Lord
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Edwards, Mr. bookfeller, Halifax
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E.
Fairford, Lord
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G.
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H.
Hopctoiin, Earl of llawke. Lord
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Humphries, Captain James
Flannay, John, Efq.
Herman, Francis Anthony, Efq.
Hanrotj Mr.
Hamilton, Duke of
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Hannay, Sir Samuel, Bart. M.P.
Hill, Mr. bookfeller, 12 copies
Eliighes, Mr.
Hobart, Major, M. P.
Howard de Waiden, L.ord
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Hawkins, Chriftopher, Efq. M. P.
Hinüber, Mr.
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K.
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I.
I.ewifliam, Lord
Lambert, J. Efq.
Law, Edward, Efq.
Lane, Mr. baokfel er, 2 copies
Lane, Mrs.
Luveden, Edward Loveden, Efq. M. P. , El'q. Aldermafton
Long,
Latrobe, Mr. Benjamin Henry
Lucas, Mr. William
Lovaitie, Lord
Long, Samuel, Efq.
Lee, Mr. James, Hammerfmith
Loiigmate, Mr.
Efq.
Lindergrccn, Andrew, LeinÜer, Duke of Lodge, John, Efq. Lifter, 1 homas, Efq. M. P. Long, Sir James Tylney, Bart. M. P. Le Mefiirier, Paul, Efq. M. P. Lowndes, Mr. bookfclier, 6 copies Longman, Mr. bookfeller, ao copies Law, Mr. bookfeller, 20 copies Jackfon, William, jun. Efq. Exeter Lackingcon, Mr. buokfeJltr, 25 copies
E
Johnfton, Peter, Efq. Jenkyns, Mr. Irwin,.-jEfq-
Le Fleming, Sir Michael, Bart. M. P. Latham, John, Efq. M. D. Lacham, John, jun. Efq. Latham, MifsAnn Langfton, John, Efq. M. P. Luttrell, Lady Elizabeth Lewifliam, Vifcount, M.P. Little, Richard, Efq. Kenfington Lewis, Mr. bookfeller, 6 copies
M
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Marfliall, Lieutenant S. E,
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Murray, Mr. bookfeller, i8 copics
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Morfliead, Sir John, Bart. M. P.' Muncafter, Lord, M.P. Marfli, Samuel, Efq. Marfham, Charles, Efq. Melbourne, Lady Montolieu, Lewis, Efq.
N
Nepean, Evan, Efq.
Norton, Mr. James, bookfeller, Briftolj
6 copies Nares, Rev. Mr.
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O
Orchard, Paul, Efq. M. P. Ogilvie and Speare, bookfellers, 9 copies
Otridge, Mr. bookfeller, 18 copies
Portlocl:, Capt. Nathaniel, R. N. Pye, W:Uter, Efq. Potenger, Thomas, Efq. Pratcent, Mr. engraver Pitt, Right Hon. William, M. P. Pocock, Sir Ifaac, Bart. Reading Peachey, John, Efq. M. P. Perm, Granville, Efq. Pochin, William, Efq. M. P. Phiney, Mr. bookfeller, 6 copies Prefton, Mr.
Parkyns, Thomas Boothby, Efq. M. P.
F. R. S. andF. A. S. Pennant, Thomas, Efq. Pieman, Thonnas, Elq. Loxford Hall Pye, Henry James, Elq. M. P. Piitland, William, Efq. Peachey, Sir James, Bart. Popham, Home, Efq. Pollock, W. Efq. Pierfc, Henry, Efq. M. P. Pery, Rev. John
Prince and Cook, bookfcllers, Oxford,
6 copies Patterfon, Captain Phillips, Mr. bookfeller, 6 copies Peat and Newcomb, bookfellers, Stamford
Pearfon and Rollafonj bookfellers, Birmingham
Payne and Son, bookfellers, 12 copies Petrie, William, Efq. Plampin, Lieutenant, R. N. Phipps, Hon. Henry, M. P. Pitt, William Morton, Efq. M. P. Popham, William, Efq. M. P.
R
Rivers, Lord Richards, Mr. Ramfay, Capt. John Rofe, George, Efq. M. W Robinfon, "William, Efq. Rolle, John, Efq. M. P. Rawftorne, Lieut. Col. Robinfons, Meffts. bookfellers, 200 copies
Richardfon, Mr. bookfeller, 20 copies
Rome, George, Efq.
Roberts, Mr.
Ramsford, Nicholas, Efq.
Rous, Sir John, Bart. M. P.
Rodney, James, Efq. Rivington and Sons, bookfellers, 20 copies
Robfon and Clarke, bookfellers, copies
Salifbiirr, Marquis of, 2 copics Salifbiiry, Marc lionefs of St. Albans, Duke of Stanley, Thomas, Efq. M. P. Sturt, Charles, Efq. M. P. Speke, Mrs. Swale, John, Efq. Smyth, John, Efq, Saville, Hon. Henry Scott, Major, M. P. Shuckburgh, Sir George, Bart. M. P. Stephens, Philip, Efq. M. P. Skipwith, Sir Thomas George, Bart, Sykes, Sir Francis, Bart. M. P-. St. John, Sr. Andrew, Efq. Stanley, John, Efq. M.P. Shore, Samuel, Efq. Sitwelj, Francis, Efq. Spooner, Charles, Efq. Smith, Sir John, Bart. Smart, Baptift, Efq. Sydney, Vifcoiint, two copies Spence, Mr. George Scott, Thomas, Efq. M.P. Sotheron, William, Efq. M. P. Strahan, Mr. bookfeller, 6 copies Steele, Mr. bookfeller, 6 copies Scatcherd and Whittaker, bookfellers, 6 copies
Sewell, Mr. bookfeller, 6 copies S pens, V/a Iter, Efq. Silvefter, Mr. John, archircft (Smith and Gardner, bookfellers St, John, the Hon. Mifs Barbara
A LIST OF TKE SUBSCRIBERS.
Simmons and Kerby, bookfellersj Canterbury
Swinney, Mr. bookfellerj Birmingli.im Smart and Cowflade, bookfellers,
Reading Steele, Thomas, Efq. M, P. Seeker, George, Efq. Swain, Rev. John Hadlcy Scov/cn, James, Efq. Staunton, G. T. Efq. Sumner, John, Efq. Society, the Phiiofophical, Derby Stockdale, Mr. Jeremiah Selkirk, Lord
Sumner, George, Efq. M. P. Stanley, John Thomas, Efq. Stalker, Mr. bookfeller, 12 copies Southern, Mr. bookfeller, 3 copies
T
Townfend, Hon. John Thomas, M. P. Thomfon, Rev. Doctor, Kenfiiigton Temple, Grenviile, Efq. Tullock, Mr.
Turnor, John, Efq. Gray's-inn
Tatterfall, Mr.jun.
Townley, Charles, Efq.
Todd, Mr. bookfeller, York, 6 copies
Tutte, Rev. Mr.
Townfon, Lieutenant
Thorkelin, Dr. G. J.
Teflyman, Mr. bookfeller, York
Trewman, Mr. bookfeller, Exeter
Trotman, Fiennes, Efq. M. P.
Thorold, Sir John, Bart. M. P.
Temple, Sir John, Bart.
Thornton, Mr. bookfeller, 6 copies
V
Vanfitcart, George, Efq. M. P, Vanfittart, Nicholas, Eliq. Vernor, Mr. bookfeller, 18 copies
W.
Weymouth, Lord
Warren, Sir John Borlafe, Bart.
Wolfe, Arthur, Efq. Attorney-General,
Ireland Wailh, John, Efq. Wentwoith, Lord Willis, H. N. Efq. Wright, Mr. Woodford, Col. John Wray, Sir Cecil, Bart. Willis, Rev. Thomas Vv'olfe, Lewis, Efq. Watts, Lieutenant John, R.N. Watts, Mr. D. P. Wilton, George, Efq. Wale, G. Efq. Watts, Mr. Thomas Warren, Sir George, M. P. Walter, Mr. bookfeller, 12 copies Webber, Mr. John Walker, James, Efq. Watfon, Serjeant
Welch, Mr. Jofeph White and Son, bookfellers, i a copies Ware and Son, bookfellers, Whitehaven Woodmafon, Mr. Williamfon, Captain Wright, Mr. Thomas Walcot, John, Efq. Wood, Mr. bookfeller, Shrcwfburv
Wilfon, Mr.
Wcttorij Mr. bookfeller, Chertfey Wenman, Mr. bookfeller, 3 copies Wigglefwortli, Jolin^ Elq. Wedgewooti, Jofiah, Efq. Wheeler, Mr. G. Wanftead Wilkie, Mr. bookfeller, 6 copics Whieldon, Mr. bookfeller, 12 copies ■Williams, Mr. bookfeller^ 6 copies "W alker, Mr. bookfeller, 3 copies Wynne, Mr. bookfeller^ 6 copies
Yorke, Hon. Philip, M. P. Yorke, Charles, Ef^. Young, Sir Wm. Bart. M. P. Yorke, the Hon. Mrs. Sydney-Farm Young, Williann, F/q. Yonge, Right tlon. Sir George, Bart. M. P.
Younge, Major William, Little Darn-ford Place.
I
of the
late S.
I. H KAD of Governor Phillip,	— Frontifpiecc.
2. View of Eotany Bay, —	to face page 46
3. Yellow Gum Plant,	60
4, View in Port Jackfon,	62
5. Cafpian Tern,	77
6. Natives of Botany Bay,	82
7, Chart of Norfolk Illand,	87
8. Lieutenant King,	96
9. lint in New South Wales,	102
10. The Kanguroo,	106
11. View in New South Wales,	T19
12. Sketch of Sydney Cove,	123
13, Axe, Bafket, and Sword,	136
3	14. Plan
14. Plan of Port Jackfon, -	to	face page 142
I «;. Spotted Opoffum, -	-	-	147
16.	Vulpine Opofllim -	-	-	150
17.	Flying Squirrel, -	-	-	151
18.	Blue-belliecl Parrot, -	-	-	152
19.	Tabuan Parrot, -	-	-	153
20.	Pcnnantian Parrot, -	-	-	154
21.	Pacific Parrakeet, -	-	-	1 ^^
22.	Sacred Kings-fiflier, -	-	-	156
23.	Male Superb Warbler,	-	-	j tjy
24.	Female ditto, - -	-	_	j ^^
25.	Norfolk Ifland Petrel, -	-	-	i^t
26.	Bronze-winged Pigeon,	-	_
27.	White-fronted Heron,	-	_
a8. Wattled Bee-enter, -	-	-	164
29.	Pfittaceous Hornbill, -	-	-	i^r
30.	Skeleton of the Head of the Kanguroo and
	Vulpine OpofTum,	168
31-	Map and View of Lord Howe Ißand,	180
	Ball's Pyramid,	181
33-	Lieutenant Sliortland,	183
34-	Chart of the Track of the Alexander,	187
35-	Shortland's Chart of New Georgia,	202
36.	Curtis's Ifles,	228
37.	Macaulay's Ifles,	229
3B.	Track of the Scarborough,	249
39-	A Canoe, &c. Mulgrave's Range,	256
	9	40. Ban-
40.	Bankian Cockatoo,	to face page 267
41.	Refl Shouklered Parrakeet,	269
42.	New Holland Goat-fucker,	270
43-	New Holland Caffowary,	271
44.	White Gallinule,	
45-	Dog of New South Wales,	274
46. Martin Cat,		276
47.	Kanguroo Rat,	^ - 277
48.	Laccd Lizard,	- - 279
49.	]5ag-throated Baliftes,	281
50.	Fifli of New South Wales,	282
51-	Port Jackfon Shark,	283
52.	Watt's Shark,	285
53-	Great brown Kingsfifher,	287
54-	Black flying Opoflum,	297
55-	Vignette in title page.—For an	explanation fee the
	Prcfacc.	
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER I.
Page
PUBLIC utility of 'voyages—Peculiar ciramßances of this— New Holland properly a co7itinent—ReafoJis for fixing our feitlement there—T^ranfportation to America^ its origin^ (id-vantages^ and ceffation—Experiments made—The prefejit plan adopted—-Difadvantages of other expedients^	1
CHAPTER n.
Preparation of the fieet ordered to Botajiy Bay—Particulars of its arrangement—Departure andpaffage to the Canary IßeSy 11
a	G I I A F-
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER III.
Page
Rcafom for touching at the Canary Ißcs—Precautiom for pre-ferving Health—Their admirable Succefs—Some Account of the Canaries—Fahles refpečling them—Attempt of a ConviSi to efcape—Departure,	-	-	-	18
Keport of the Marines and Convičls under mcdical treatment^ Junej^, J787,	-	-	- 25
CHAPTER IV.
Attempt to put in at Port Praya~~ReHnquiß:)ed—Weather— Sail for Rio de Janeiro—Reafins for touching at a South American port—The Fleet pajjes the Line—Arrives at Rio de "Janeiro—Account of that Place—Tranfačlions there— Departure,	-	-	-	-	26
CHAPTER V.
Prof[^erous paffage from Rio to the Cape—Account of the Harbours there—The Cape of Good Hope not the moß Southern point—Height of Table Mountain ami others— Supinenrfs of the F.uropean nations in negkSling to occupy the Cape—Live fiock laid in—Departure—Separation of the feet—Arrival of tie Supply at Botany Bay, -
CHAP-
CONTENTS.-CHAPTER VI.
Page
Flrß intervieu!) -with the natives—the bay examined—arrival of the ivhole ßeet—Fort Jackfon sxamined—fecond intcrxien) tvit/j the natives—and third—Governor Phillip returns to Botany Bc^—and gives orders for the evacuation of it,
CHAPTER VII.
Removal from Botany Bay—Arrival of two French ßips— Account of them—Preparations for encampment—Difficulties—Scurvy breaks out—Account of the red and yellow gum trees,	-	-	-	-	53
CHAPTER VIII.
Defcription of Fort Jackfon and the adjacent country—The Governor s commißon read—his Speech—his humane refolu-t ions refpečling the Natives—difficulties in ereSHng huts and other buildings—departure of Lieutenant- King to Norfolk Ißand,	_	_	-	-	-	62
Inßru£lions for P. G. King, Efq\ Superintendant and Commandant of the Settlement ^NorfolkIsland,
A 2	C H A P-
ir	CONTENTS.
C II A P T E R IX.
Page
A Criminal Court held—Broken Bay explored by Governor Phillip—Iniervie-ivs ivith the Natives—Peculiarities remarked—Friendly behaviour and extraordinary courage cf an old man^	- -	75
C H A P T E IX.
Departure of the French ßips—Death of M. Le Receveur— Return of the Supply from Norfolk Jßand—Defcription of that Place—Lord Houae Ißand difcovered,	*	86
Particulars of the life of P. G, King, Efq-,	- - 95
CHAPTER XL
Three of the tranfforts cleared—T'wo exciirfwns made into the country^ on the fifteenth of Aprils and on the twenty-fecond— Huts of the natives—Sculpture, and other particulars,	97
Defcription of the Kanguroo	-	-	-	104
Dimenfons of the fluffed Ka?iguroo, in the poßejßon of Mr.
Stockdale^ -	-	-	-	-	106
Account of the live ßock in the fettlement at Port Jackfon, May It 17885	r	-	-	110
CHAP-
CONTENTS. CHAPTER XII.
Page
The Supply returns from Lord Howe Ißand—Some convičis ß{Jaulted by the natives—cxcurfion of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay by Land—interview 'With many natives—the fourth of June celebrated—fame account of the climate^ 111 Return of Sick, Gfc, June ^o^ 1788,	-	-	120
CHAPTER XIIL
Particular defcription of Sydney Cove—Of tie buildings aSlu-ally erečied—and of the inteiided toivn—A fettlement made at the head of the harbour,	-	~	-	122
CHAPTER XIV.
Fißj violently feized by the natives—Another expedition of the Governor—Further account of the manners and manufactures of the native inhabitants of Neiv South Wales—Dißculty cf obtaining any intercmrfe^	-	-	- 132
"Remarks and Direčtions for failing into Port Jackson, by
Cß/)/. J. Hunter,	Sirius, -	- - 142
Height of map and fpring tides, at fidl \nd change of the moon,	-	-	-	-	-	143
C H A P.
C FI A P T E R XV,
Page
Scf)!^ Specimens of Animals from New South Wales; defcription of The [potted Opoffum; Vulpine Opoffum ; Norfolk Ißand Flying-Squirrel. Blue Bellied Peirrot Tabuan Parrot; Pennant i an Parrot; Pacific Parra-keet; Sacred King s-fiß^er ; Superb Warbler, male ; Superb Warblerf female j Cafpian 'Tern; Norfolk Ißand Petrel 5 Bronze-winged Pigeon; White-fronted I-Ieron ; Wattled Bee-Eater; Pfittaceous Horfibiil; dimenfons of a large Kangurog.	-	-	-	- 144
G H A P T E R XVI.
Papers relative to the fettlement at Port Jackfon__General
return of marines.—Return of oßcers.—Artificers belonging to the Marine Detachment,—Lifi of officers and privates defirous of remaining in the country.—Return of provi-fmis.—Return of Sick.	-	-	-	169
C II A P-
CHAPTER XVII.
Page
Nautical dire£iiom.^ and other detached remarks^ by Lieutenant Ball, concerning Rio de Janeiro^ Norfolk Ißand, Ball's Pyramid, and Lord Howe Ißand,	-	j 77
CHAPTER XVIII.
C.oncife account of Lieutenant Shortland^His various fervices — Appointed agent to the tranfports fent to New South Wales—Ordered by Governor Phillip to England, by Ba-tavia—Journal of bis voyage—New difcoveries,	i 83
CHAP T E R XIX.
Appearance of the fcurvj—T'he boa's land at one cf the Peieiu Ißands—Account of the Natives ivho were feen, and con-jeBiires concerning them—Dißicßcs—T.'be Fricndßnp cleared and funk^Miferable condition cf the Alexander when ß}e reached Batavi a.—Ccncluficn,	-	206
G II A P-
G H A P T E K XX.
Page
Lieutenant IVnttsi Narrative of the Return of the Lady Fenrhyn Tranfport; cojitainhig an Account of the Death of Omai, and other intereßing Particulars at OtaheitCy	222
CHAPTER XXI.
The Scarborough leaves Port fackfon—'touches at Lord Howe Ißand—foins the Charlotte—Fall in uoith a large Shoal—Difcover a number of Ißand s—Short account of the Inhabitants-^Canoes deJcribed—Ornaments—Dif-coner Lord Mulgrave''s Ißands—Arrival at I'inian—Sick people fent on ß)ore—Departure from Tinian—Arrival in Macao Roads,	-	-	_	_	249
G II A P T E R XXIL
Supplemental Account of Animals from New South Wales, con~ tainifig, Defcriptions of the Bankian Cockatoo Red-ßadd-ered Parrakect; Creßed Goat Sucker; New Holland Caßo-ivary. White GalVmide-, Dog from Netv South Wales Spotted Martin Kanguroo Rat; Laced Lizard; Port Jackfon Shark; Bag throatedBalißes-, Unknown Fißo frc?n New South
Wales ■
Page
Wales ; Watts's Shark; Great Brown Kingsfijher,—Additional Account of the Kanguroo—Anecdote of Captain Cook and Otoo, by Mr. Webber.—Dr. Blane's Account of the good Ejjecfs of the Telloiv Gum.—Botany Bay Plants.'—Lieut. Watts's Account of the Weather at Botany Bay and Port Jackfin.—Concliifion.	—	—	—	267
CONTENTS
OF THE
APPENDIX.
Page
Table I. Route of the Alexander, Lieutenant Shortland^
from the Cape of Good Hope to Botany Bay,	i
II, Route of the Supply i Lieut. Bally after parting
with the Alexander, to Botany Bay,	viii
III. Route of the Supply, Lieut. Ball, from Port
Jackfon to ISiOrfolk Ißandy - »	xiii
Table
Page
Table IV. Route of the Supply fro??; Norfolk Ißand to Port
JackfoUy	-	-	-	xvi
V.	Route of the Supply from Port Jackfofi to Lord
Howe Ißand, and from thence to Fort Jack/on,	-	xvlii
VI.	Route of the Alexander, Lieut. Short land, from
Port Jackfin to Batavia^	-	-	xxi
VI[. Route of the Lady Penrhyn^ Capt. Sever^ from
Port Jackfin to Otaheite^	-	- xxxiii
VIII. Route of the Lady Penrhyn^ Cnpt. Sever, Jrom
Otahcite to China,	-	- _ xxxviii
IX. Route of the Scarborough, Capt, Marßmll^ from
Port Jackfon to China,	-	-	xliii
Liß of the Convičls ßnt to New South Waks^ - -	I v
A
VOYAGE
to
NEW SOUTH WALES.
CHAPTER I.
Public utility oj -voyages—Peculiar circtmfiances of this—Ne'w HoU latid properly a continent-—Reafom fir ßxing our fettlemcnt there —Tranjportation to Affierica^ its origin^ advantages, and cef-Jation—Eicperifnents made—The prefent plan adopted—Difad-■vantages of other expedie?iis,
T^ ROM voyages undertaken cxprefsly for the purpofe c rr a p.
of difcovery, the piibhc naturally looks for infor- ^—.J—^ mation of various kinds; and it is a fa6t which we cannot but contemplate with plcafurc, that by the excellent publications fubfequent to fuch enterprizes, very conficlerable additions have been made, during the prefent reign, to our general knowledge of the
B	globe,
C M A 1*. I.
globe, of the various tribes by ^vhich it is peopled, aiul ' of the animuls and vegetables to which it gives fupport.
All expedition occafioaed by motives of legiilativc policy, carrietl ou by public authority, and concluded by a fixed eiVablillimeiu in a country very remote, not only excites an unufual inLereft concerning the fate of thofe fent out, but promifes to lead us to fomc i)oints of knowledge which, by the former mode, however judici-oully employed, could not have been attained. A tran-fient vifit to the coaft of a great continent cannot, in the natiire of things, produce a complete information re-fpetSling its inhabitants, produčtions, foil, or climate : ail which when contemplated by refident obfervers, in every poffi-ble circumftance of variation, though they fliould be viewed with lefs philofophical acutenefs, mulT: yet grathially becomc more fully known : Errors, fometimes infeparablc from halty obfervation, will then be corre£lcd by infallible experience; and many objeds will i)refent themfelves to view, which before had efcaped notice, or liad happened to be fo fituatcd that they coukl not be obferved.
The full difcovery of the extent of New Holland, by our illuftrious navigator, Gapt.Cook, has formed a lingular cpocha in geography ; a doubt having arifen from it, whether to a land of fuch magnitude the name of illand or that of continent may more properly be applied. To this quef-
6	tion
tion it may be anfwcrecl, that though the etymology of cti^av. the word iÜanc]/"'- and of others fynoiiymous to it, points out only a land furroundcd by the lea, or by any water, (in which fenfe the term is applicabic even to the largell portions of the habitable globe) yet it is ccrtain that, in the iiihal acceptation, an iiland is conceived to fignify a land of only moderate extent, furroiinded by the fea.t To define at what point of magnitvide pre-cifely, a country fo fituated fliall begin to be a continent» could not anAver any purpofc of utility; but the l)ell and clcarcft rule for removing the doubt appears to be the following : yVs long as the peculiar advantages of aii infulnr fituation can be enjoyed Ijy the inhabitants of fuch a country, let it have the title of an iiland; when it exceeds thofe limits let it be conlulered as a continent. Now the firrt and principal advantage of an iiland, is that of being capable of a convenient union under one government, and of deriving thence a fecurity from all external attacks, except by lea. In lands of very great magnitude Aich an union is difficult, if not impracticable, and a dirtinCtion founded on this circum-
* hifula, from which iflanJ is derived, is formed from /« ßdo, i>i the fia ; and i^o-iir, the corrcfpoiiding word in Greek, is iifually deduccd from t/w to fiuhit, as appearing;, and probably having been originally fuppoi'cd to fwiin in the fca,
t Thus when Dionvfius Periegetes coiiGders the whole ancient world as furrounded by the fea, he calls it »^srof ilTriipiTto mt Immenfe sflanfl; on which Eufta-thius remarks, that the addition of the epiihct bnmcnß was ncceflary, otherwife the cxpreflion would have been low and inadequate.
B 2	fiance,
C H A P. ftance, is therefore fufficieiit for convenience at leaft, '—J—■ if - not for fpcculative accuracy. If we fuppofe this extent to be fomething about one thoufantl miles each way, without, however, afFečling much rigour in the limitation, the claim of New Holland to be called a continent, will be indifputable : greateft extent of that vaft country being, from Eafl to Weft, about two thoufand four hundred EngliQi miles, and, from North to South, not lefs than two thouflind three lumdred.t
To New South Wales Enghnd has the claim which a tacit confent has generally made decifive among the European States, that of prior difcovery. The whole of that Eaftern coaft, except the very Southern point, having been untouched by any navigator, till it was explored by Captain Cook, This confideration, added to the more favourable accounts given of this fide of the continent til an of the other, was fufficient to decide the choice of
We t!o not here coiifiJcr whether a country be actually uriitctl under one govcrnmsnt, but whether from its fize it might be fo conveniently. If we might tlcrive tritrof from «»w, or i«iw to inhabit-^ the etymological diftinftioii would be complete on thefe principles. Anifland being one	habitation of men ; and a.
continent land continued from one ftate to another. The former derivation might be rendered fpecious by remarking how fingularly Homer and others ufe "Scro; with if they had a natural connediion. See 11. B.626. and, Sophoc. Ajax. 601.
I In or near the latitude of 30° South, New Holland extends full 40 degrees of longitude, which, under that paralld, may be eftimated at 60 Englifii miles to a degree. The extent from York Caps to South Cape is full 33 degrees of latitude^, ■vvliicli arc calculated of courfe at: 69I Engliüi miles each.
8	the
the Britifli government, in appointing a place for the ^ p* banifliment of a certain clafs of criminals.	-—'
The caufe of the determination to fend out in this manner the convičts imder fentence of tranfportation, was, as is well known, the neceffary ceffation of their removal to America; and the inconveniences experienced ill the other modes of deftinatiou adopted after that period.
Virginia, greatly in want, at its firft fettlement, of lahotireis to clear away the impenetrable forefts which impeded all cultivation, was willing, from very early times, to receive as fervants, thofe Englifh criminals whom our Courts of Law deemed not fuffi-ciently guilty for capital punifliment.- The planters hired their fervices during a limited term; and they were latterly fent out under the care of contradors, who were obliged to prove, by certificates, that they had difpofed of them, according to the intention of the
law.
* Banifliment was firft onlereJ as a puniftimcnt for rogues asiJ vagrants, by- ' ftatute 39 Eliz. ch. 4. Sec Blackft. Com. IV. chap. 31, lint no place was there fpecifieil. The [iraflicc of traiifporting criminals to America is faid to h.ivc commenced in the reign of Jamesi j the year 1619 being the memorable cpoch of its origin: but that dcftination is firft cxprcfsly mentioned in i8 Car. Ii. ch, 2.—■ The tranfport traffic was firft regulated by fiatutc 4 George I. ch, 11. and the-caufescxprtlied in the preamble tobe, the failure oftiicfe who undertook to tranfpoit themfelves, and the great waut of fervants in his Majcity's plantations. Subfe-•^uent Acts enforced further regulalipns.
The
C H^A p. 'rhe benefits of this regulation were various. The '—•—' colonics received by it, at lui eafy rate, an aiTiftancc very neceffary; and the mother country was relieved from the burthen of Tubječls, who at home were not only ufe-lefs but ficrnicious : befides which, the mercantile returns, on this accovint alone, are reported to have arifen, in latter times, to a very coniiderable amount/'^- The individuals themfelvcs, doubtlefs, in fbmc inftanccs, proved incorrigi* ble; but it happened alio, not very unfrequently, that, during the period of their legal fcrvitude, they became reconcilcd to a life of honeft induliry, were altogether reformed in their iTianners, and riling gradually by-laudable efforts, to fitiiations of advantage, independence, and eftimation, contributed honourably to the population and profperity of their new country.t
By the contell in America, and the fubfequent lepara-lion of the thirteen Colonies, this traffic was of courfe dcih-oycd. Other expedients, well known to the public, have fince been tried; ibme of which proved highly objectionable ;§ and all have been found to want fome of
* It is faid, forty tlioufancl pouiiJs per annum, about two thoufanJ convl^ls being fold for twenty pounils each.
t The Abbü Raynal has given his full teftimorsy to the policy of this fpecies of b.iiiiniineiit, in the four teenth Book of his Iliflory, near the begiimiiig.
^ Pai'ticulariy, the tranfporting of criminals to the coaft of Africa, where what was meant as aji alleviation üf punifliment too frequently ended in death.
the
N E W s o U T n v/ A L E s.	7
Ihe principal advantages e::ipericncetl from the ufual ^ mode of tranfportation.—The deliberations lipon this	^
fubječl, which more than once employed the attention of Parliament, produced at length the plan of which this volume dif])lays the firl"t relult. On December 6, 1786^ the proper orders were ilTued by his Majelty in Council, and an A£t cltabliHiing a Court of Judicature in the place of fettlement, and making fuch other regulations as the occafion required, received the fančlion of the whole legiilature early in the year 1787.
To expatiate upon the princijiles of penal law is foreign to the purpofe of this work, but thus much is evident to the plaineft apprehenfion, that tlie obječls moll to he deüred in it are the reftridion of the number of capital inflidions, as far as is conüftent with the lecurity of fociety ; and the employment: of every method that can be deviled for rendering the guilty perfons fer-viceable to the public, and juil: to thcmfclves; for corrccfting their moral depravity, inducing luiliits of indulb'v, and arming them in future againft the temptations by which they have been once cnfnared.
For effečfuating thefe beneficial purpofes, well regulated penitentiary houfes feem, in fpeculation, to aflbrd the faireft opportunity; and a plan of this kind, formed by the united efforts of Judge Blackftone, Mr.
Eden,
C H^A ['. i^aeii, and Mr. Ilowarti; was adopted by Parliament in '—'—' the year 1779. DifTiciilties however occurred which prevented the execution of this defign: a circun:iftancc which will be foniething the lefs regretted when it fliall be confidered, that it is perhaps the fate of this theory, in common with many others of a very pleafing nature, to be more attraČlive in contemplation than eflicacious in real pračlice. A perfeil delign, carried on by imperfect agents, is liable to lofe the chief part of its excellence ; and the beft di-gefted plan of confinement muft in execution be committed, chicHy, to men not much enlightened, very little armed againft corruption, and conftantly expofed to the danger of it. The vigilance which in the infancy of fiich inftitutions effeilually watches over the condučt of thefe public fervants, will always in a little time be relaxed; and it will readily be conceived that a large penitentiary houfe, very corruptly governed, would be, of all afTociations, one of the moft pernicious to thofc confined, and moft dangerous to the peace of fociety.
In fome countries, malefactors not capitally convičted, are fentenccd to the gallies or the mines; punifhments often more cruel than death, and here, on many accounts, impračticable. In other places they are employed in i)ublic works, under the care of overfeors. This method has licen partially tried in England on the Thames, but has l)ceLi found by no m.eans to produce the benefits expected
pečled from it. There is, therefore, little temptation to c n a p. piuTiie it to a further extent. The employment of cri-	'
minals in works carried on under the public eye, is perhaps too repugnant to the feelings of Engliflimen ever to be tolerated. Reafon, indeed, acqniefces in the melancholy necclTity of pnnifliing, but chains and badges of lervitude arc unpleafing objects, and compafRon will always revolt at the fight of ačtual infličlion. Convi£ls fo employed would cither by an ill placed charity be rewarded, or the people, undergoing a changc of chara6lcr far from defirable, would in time grow callous to thole impreßions which naturally imi^el them to give relief.
It remains therefore, that we adhere as much as pof-fible to the pradlice approved by long experience, of employing the fervices of fuch criminals in remote and rifing fcttlements. For this purpofe the ertablifliment on the eaftern coaft of New Holland has been projected, and carried on with every precaution to render it as bcnc-ficial as polfdjlc. That fome difliciiltics will arife in the commencement of fuch an undertaking mnft be expected ; but it is required by no moral obligation that convidls fliould be conveyed to a place of perfečt convenience and fecurity; and though the voluntary emigrants and honourable fervants of the ilate, muft in fome mea-
G	fure,
lO	A v o Y A G E T o
C H^A P, fure, bc involved for a time in the fame difatlvantages, '—'—' yet to have refifted difficulties is often finally an advantage rather than an evil; and there are probably few perfons fo circunaftaiiced who will repine at moderate hardüiips, when they refle6l that by undergoing them they are rendering an cflential and an honourable fervicc to their country»
chapter
C II A P T E H 11.
Preparation of the ßeet onkred to Botany Bay.—Particulars of tts arrangement.—Departure and pajfage to the Canary Ißcs.
II E fqiiadron ileftined to carry into excciitioii the c pt a p.
above defign, began to affcmble at its appointed >——>
rendezvous, the Mother Bank, withhi the I fie of Wight,
about the i6th of March, 1787. This fmall fleet con-March leth,
.	'787.
fiftcd of the following iliips: His Majefty's frigate Sirius^ Captain John Hunter, and his Majefty's armed tender Supply^ commanded by Lieutenant II. L. IJall. Three ftore-fliips, the Golden Grove, Fifljburn, and Borrow-dale, for carrying provifions antl ftores for two years; including inftraments of hufbandry, clothing for the troops and convicts, and other necefTaries ; and laftiy, fix tranfports, the Scarborough, and Lady Fenrhyti, from Portfmouth; the Friendßjip, and Charlotte, from Plymouth ; the Prince of Wales, and the Alexander, from Woolwich. Thefe were to carry the convicls, with a detachment of Marines in each, proportioned to the nature of the fervice ; the largeft where refiftance moft to be expefteJ, namely, in thofe fliips v/hich carried the
C 2	grcateft
CHAT. II.
greateft number of male convičls. Altogether they ' forinecl a little fquadron of eleven fail.
They only who know the nature of fiich equipments, snd confidcr the particular neceffity in the prefent inftance for a variety of articles not ufually provided, can judge properly of the time required for furnifliing out this fleet. Such perfons v/ill doubtlefs be the leaft furprized at being told that nearly two montiis had elapfcd before the fliips were enabled to quit this ftation, and proceed upon their voyage : and tliat even then fome few articles were cither unprepared, or, through mifapprehen-fion, neglccled. The former circumftance took place refpečling fome part of the cloathing for the female convičts, which, being unfiniflred, was obliged to be left behind ; the latter, with refpeil to the ammunition of the marines, which was furniflicd only for immediate fervice, inftead of being, as the Commodore apprehended, completed at their firft embarkation : an omif-fion which, in the courfe of the voyage, was eafily fujiplied.
This neceffary interval was very ufefully employed, in making the convids fully fenfible of the nature of their fituation; in pointing out to them the advantages they would derive from good conduct, and the certainty of fevere and immediate puniÜiment in cafe of turbulence
Icnce or mutiny. Ufcful rerul^itions were at the fame ^"
"	n.
time eftablidied for the effedlual governing of thefe '—"—' people; and fuch meafures were taken as could not fail to reader abortive any plan they might be defperate enough to form for refilling authority, feizing any of the tranfports, or cffečling, at any favourable period, an efcape. We have, however, the teftimony of thofe who commanded, that thch" behaviour, while the Ihips remained in port", was regular, humble, and in all refpe6ls fuitablc to their fituation : fuch as could cxcite neither fufpicion nor alarm, nor require the exertion of any kind of fevcrity.
When the fleet was at length prepared for failing, the complement of convičls and marines on board the tranfports was thus arranged. The Friendßjip carried a Captain and forty-four marines, fubalterns and privates, with feventy-feven male and twenty female conviL^is. The Charlotte, a Captain and forty-three men, with eighty-eight male and tw^cnty female convičl:s. In the Alexander, were two Lieutenants and thirty-five marines, with two hundred and thirteen convids, all male. In the Scarhoroiigh^ a Captain and tliirty-three marines^ with male convičls only, two hundred and eiglit in number. The Prince of Wales tranfport had two Lieutenants and thirty marines, with only fifty convicls, all female. And the Lad^ Penryn, a Captain, two Lieutenants»
CHAP, nants, and only three privates, \vith one hundred and* '—'—' two female convidts. Ten marines, of different denominations, were alfo fent as fupeiniimcraries on board the Sirius. The whole complement of marines, including officers, amounted to two huuilred and twelve; belides which, twenty-eight women, wives of marines, carrying with them feventeen children, vrere permitted to accompany their hufhands. The number of convicts . was feven hundred and feventy-eight, of whom, five hundred and fifty-eight were men. Two, however, on board the Alexander, received a full pardon before the departure of the fleet, and confequently remained in England,
May^^tb, Governor Phillip, on his arrival at the ftation, hoifled his flag on board the Sirius, as Gommodore of the fquadron: and the embarkation being completed, and • the time requiring his departure, at day break on the I 3th of May, he gave the fignal to weigh anchor. To the diflancc of about an hundred leagues cl<5ar of the channel, his Majeity's frigate Hyena, of twenty-four guns, was ordered to attend the fleet, in order to bring intelligence of its paflage through that moft difficult part cf tlie voyage ; with any difpatches which it might be requifite for the Governor to fend home.
On
Oil the 20th of May, the (liips being then in latitude ^ 47° 57', and longitude 12" 14' weft of London, the ^^^ Hyena returned. She brought, however, no exa£t ac-coiint of the Hate of the tranfports; for the Tea at that time ran fo high, that the Governor found it difll-cult even to fit to write, and quite impradicablc to fend on board the fcvcral Ihips for exadt reports of their fituation, and of the behaviour of the convičls. All, however, had not been perfectly tranquil; the con-vids in the Scarborough, confiding probably in their numbers, had formed a plan for gaining pofleffion of that fliip, which the officers had happily dete(51ed and fruftrated. This information was received from them juft before the Hyena failed, and the Governor had ordered two of the rineleaders on board the Sirius for punilhment. Thefe men, after receiving a proper chaüifement, were feparated from their party by being removed into another fliip, the Prince of Wales. No other attempt of this kind was made during the Voyage.
Wc may now confider the adventurers in this fmall fleet as finally detachcd, for the prefent, from their native country ; looking forward, doubtlels with very various emotions, to that unknown region, which, for a time at leaft, they were deftincd to inhabit. If we
would
L IIA P. ^vould iiululgc a fpccAilative curiofity, concerning the
'—■—' tendency of fnch an cnierprize, there are few topics \vlnch would afford an ampler fcope for conječlurc. The fanguinc might form cxpcftations of extraordinary c0nfc(}ucncc3, antl be juftificd, in fonie degree, by the rcflcvftion, that from fmallcr, and not more refpedlable beginnings, powcrfvil empires have frequently arifen. The phlegmatic and apprehcnfive mJght magnify to ihemfclves the difliculties of the undertaking, and prog-nofticate, from vurioas cnufcs, the total failure of it. Both, perhaps, woiild be wrong. The opinion nearefl to the right was probably formed by the Governor him-felf, and fuch others among the leaders of the expedition, as from native courage, felt themfelves fuperior to all difficulties likely to occur; and by native good fenfe were fccnred from the fedudtion of romantic reveries. To all it muft appear a ftriking proof of the flourifti-ing ftate of navigation in the prefent age, and a fin-gular illuftration of its vaft progrefs fmce the early nautical elforts of mankind; that whereas the ancients coafted with timidity along the Ihorcs of the Alediterra-nean, and thought it a great effort to run acrofs the narrow fea which feparates Crete from Egypt, Great Britain, without hefitation, fends out a fleet to plant a lettlement near the antipodes.
5	-	The
NEW SOUTH WA^LES.	17
The high lea which had impeded the intercovirfe be- ^ tween the fliiiis, as thev were out ot the rcach of rocks '—
'	J^inejd,
and Ihoak, was not, in other refpecfls, an unfavourable '/S;-circumftancc. On the whole, therefore, the \v'eather was reckoned fine, and the paiTage very profperous from Spit-head to Santa Cruz, in the Ifle of TencrlfFe, where the fleet anchored on the 3d of June.
D	C II A P TER
CHAPTER III,
Reqfons for touching at the Canary Ißes—Precautiom for frefer ving Health-—Their admirable Succefs—Some Account of the Canaries —F able i refpcciing them—Attempt of a Cojiviä to efcape—Departure.
C J^^A P.	H E chief object proiX)fed by Governor Phillip in
^—.-jJ	touching at Teneriffe, was the obtaining a frefli
' ^787- fupply of water and vegetables. It was advifeable alfo at this period to give the people fuch advantages and refrelhments, for the fake of health, as this place would readily fupply, but which can only be obtained on fliore. In this, and every port, the crews, foldiers, and convicts, M cre indulged with frefli meat, fruit, vegetables, and every thing which could conduce to preferve them from the complaints formerly inevitable in long voyages. The allowance was, to the marines, a pound of bread, a pound of beef, and a pint of wine per man, daily : the conviils had three quarters of a pound of beef, and of bread, but no wine. The fruits obtained hero were only figs and mulberries, but thefe were plentiful and excellent. How fuccefsfully precautions of every kind,
tend-
tending to this great end, were employed thronghoiit
the voyage, the reports of the' luimber of lick and ' - '
dead will fufficiently evince.
Captain Cook had very fully fliown, how favourable fuch expeditions might be made to the health of thofe engaged in them; and Governor Phillip was happy enough to confirm the opinion, that the fucccfs of his great predeceffor, in this eflential point, was not in any degree the efFcdl of chance, but arofe from that care and attention of which he has himianely given us the detail; and which, in fimilar circumftances, may generally be expeded to produce the fame refult. If the number of convicts who died between the time of embarkation and the arrival of the fleet at this place, fliould feem inconfiftent with this affertion, it nixift be confulered that the deaths were confined entirely to that clafs of people, many of whom were advanced in years, or labouring under difcafes contracflcd in prifon or elie-where, while they were yet on fliore.
. A week was pafled at this place, during which time the weather" was very moderate, the thermometer not exceeding 70° of Fahrenheit's fcale. The barometer ftoodat about 30 inches.
D 3	The
CHAi'. The Governor of the Canaries, at this time, was the Marquis dc Biancifort, by birth a Sicilian. lie was reildeiit as vifual at Santa Cruz, and paid to Governor Phillip, and the otiier officers, a polite attention and rcfpečt equally honourable to all parties. The port of Santa Cru^t though not remarkably fine, is yet the belt in the Canaries, and the ufual place at which veüels touch for refrefliment ; the relKlence of the Governor General is therefore fixed always in Teneriffe, for the fake of a more frequent intercourfe with Europe : in preference to the great Canary I fie, which contains the Metropolitan church, and the palace of tlie Bifliop, The Marquis de Brancifort has lately eftabhfiied fonie ufeful manufačlures in Tenerilfe.
To enter into much detail concerning the Canary Iilands, which lie exactly in the courfc of every fl-iip that fails from Europe to the Cape, and confc-quently have been defcribed in almort every book of voyages, muil be fuperfluoiis. A few general notices conccrning them may, perhaps, not be unacceptable. They arc in number about fourteen, of which the princip: !, and only can.fiderable are, Canary, teneriffe, Forlaventure^ V alma, l-errö^ Comer a, La72cerQtta. Their diftance from the coall: of Africa is from about forty to cigbry leagues, l^he circumference of TenerifFe is not above one liundred and twenty miles, but that of Ca-9	nary,
nary, or as it is iifualiy called, the Great Canary, is one hundred and fifty. Tlicy have been poHefied and colo- —' nizcd by Spain from the bcginniDg of the 15th century.
There is no reafon to doubt that thcfc are the iilands
fii-htlv known to the ancients under the name of ■ f f'
Forttmate; though the miftakc of Ptolemy con-ccrning their hUitude has led one of the commentators on Solinus to contend, that this title belongs rather to the Jflands of Cape Verd. Pliny mcn'iions Canaria^ and accounts for that name from the number of largo dogs M'hich the illand containeil; a circumftance which fome modern voyagers, perhaps with little accuracy, repeat as having occafloned the fame name to 1>e given by the Spaniards. Klvaria^ fnoken of by the fame authtjr, is evidently Teneriffe, ami fynonymous, if \vc are rightly informed, to the modern name Oinbrlon, or iHiwialia, is fuppufed to be Ferro; where the drynefs of the foil has at all times compelled the inhabitants to depend for water on the rains..
If the ancients made thefe iilands the region of fable, and their poets decorated them with imaginary charms to fupply the want of real knowledge, tb.e moderns cannot wholly be exempted from a finhlar imputation. Travellers have delighted to fpcak of the Peak of Tene-
* Occafionccl by the perpetual fiiows wiih	the Peak is covcrcd. Teuer
is liiiJ to tr.can fr.ow, and itte or ijfe a msiiiiinin, in tliC lanj^^-iajc cf thu iHaiiJ.
riffe,
^^^^ higheft mountain in the ancient world, —' whereas, by the bcft accounts, Mont Blanc exceeds it * by 5523 feet, or near a mile of perpendicular altitude. The lüe of Ferro, having no fuch mountain to diftin-guilli it, was celebrated for a ccntury or two on tLc credit of a miracvilous tree, fingle in its kind, enveloped in perpetual mifts, and diftilling fuffxcient water for the ample fupply of the ifland t. But this wonder, though vouched by feveral voyagers, and by fome as cyc-witneJTes, va-niflied at the approach of fober enquiry, nor coukl a fingle native be found hardy enough to affert its exiftence. The truth is, that the Canary Ifles, though a valuable
The height of Mont Blanc, on a mean of the befl: accoiints,-is /5,673 Englifli feet from the level of the fea, TcnerifFe 12,150.
t Clippertsn fpeaks of it as a faftj llarrWi Voyages^ Vol. T. p. 187. Alandcl-ßae pretetulcd to have fecn it, ibid. p. 806. Baudrand was tlic firft who by careful enquiry dcteiSJcd (he fidlion. An account of this imaginary tree, curious from being To circumflantialj is here given from a French book of geography, of fonie crcJit ill other refpcfls. " Mais ce qu'iUy-a tie plus digne de remarciuc, eft cet arbrc niervcillcux qui fournit d'eau toute I'illc, tant pour les hommes que pour les betes. Cct arbre, que Ics habitans appellent Caroi^ Gar$i\ ou Arhre Saint, unique en foil cfpt'tc, eft gros, et large de branches; fon tronc a environ douze pieds t'e tour; fes fcuilles font 11 n peu plus groftcs que cclles des iioicrs, ct toujours vertcs ; il porte im fruit, fcmhiable ä un gland, qui a un noiau d'un goat aromatique, doux et piquant. Cet arbrc eft pcrpötueüemcnt convert rJ'un nuage, qui DiumetElc partout, en forte que I'eau en diftille goutte a goutte par ics branches et par !es feuilles, cri telle qiinntitc qu'on en peut emplir trcnte tonncaiix par jo;;r. Cettc eau eft ex~ trenicment fraicbc, clairc, fort bonne a boirc, ct fort fame. Elle tombe <Ians deuK haHii.s de pierre que !es infulaircs out batis pour la recevoir. La nuagc qui couvre cet arbre ne fe diffipc pas ; fculement dans les grandes chaleurs de Fete il fe diminue un peu; mais cn echange !a nier envoie une vapeur cpaiflc, qui fe jette fur I'arbrc, ct qui fupplce a ce iranquemcnt." Du Boh Qzagx. I'art. iii. ch. 17. Can all this have arilcn from Pliny's arborcscx quibus aqux exprlnwntur ?
4	poiTefiion
N E \V SOU T II WAL E S.	23
poITeffion to Spain, and an cxccllent refoiirce to voyagers of all nations, contain no wonders, cxccpt what ' " ' belong naturally to volcanic mountains fuch as the Peak, which, though it always threatens, has not now been noxious for more than eighty years
The capital of TcnerifFe is Laguna^ or more properly San Chrißoval de la Laguna, St. Chrißopber of the Lake^ fo callcd from its fituation near a lake. Both this and Santa Cruz are built of ftone, but the appcarance of the latter is more pleafnig than that of Laguna. They are diftant from each other about four miles. The capital of the Great Canary, and properly of the whole government, is the City of Palms : But that place has been for fome time the centre of ecclefiaftical government only. The cuftom of reckoning the firft meridian as pafling through thcfe iiles was begun by Ptolemy; and perhaps it is ftill to be wlQicd that the Frcnch regulations on that fubječl were generally adopted.
Our fnips were at length preparing to depart, when on June 9th,
17S7.
the evening of the 9th of June, a conviil belonging to the Alexander, having been employed on deck, found means to cut away the boat, and make a temporary efcape; but he was miffed and loon retaken. It is not probable that he had
^ See Captain Glaftl's elaborntc account of the Canaries, and Captain Cook's laft Voyage.
formed
^	^^^y tlcfinite plan of clcnpe ; the means of ab-
"—fconding muft have been accidentally oirbretl, and fiid-^''1787.''''	embraced; and for making fuch an attempt,
the vague hope of liberty, without any certain profpect, would naturally afford fufficient temptation.
By the loth of June the fiiips had completed their -water, and early the next morning, the Governor gave the fignal for weighing anchor, and the fleet purfued its courfe.
Uctwrt
N E W SOUTH WALES.
'■5
Report of the marines and convids under medical
treatment, given in to Governor Phillij), June 4th, v—^ 1787.
Charlotte, —	Marines	4
	Convicts	16
Alexaiider, —^	Marines	a
	Convi6ts	
Scarborough, —	Marine	I
	Convičls	9
Friendßjip^ —	Convičts	13
Lady Penrhyn,	Convičls	11
Prince of Wales,	Marines	2
	Convičls	7
Total	Marines	9
	Convičls	7a
Convičts dead fince the firft embarkation Children of convičts
21 3
Of thefe only fifteen, and one child, had died fincc the departure from Spithead.
C II A P-
CHAPTER IV.
Attempt to put in at Port Fraya—Üxlinqiiißed—Weather—Sail for Rio dfi Janeiro—Keafons for touching at a South American port— ^he Fleet p aß s the Line—Arrives at Rio de Janeiro—Account of that Place—Tranfačliom there—Departure.
CHAP, X Vegetables not having been fo plfcntiful at ' Santa Cruz as to afford a fufficient fupply, it was the intention of Governor Phillip to anchor for about twenty-four hours in the Bay of Port Praya. The iflancls on this fide of the Atlantic, fecm as if cx-prefsly placed to facilitate the navigation to and from the Gape of Goocl Hope; by offering txj vcfTels, without any material variation from their courfe, admirable ftations for fupply and refreflimentu About latitude 40^ north, the Azores; in 33» the Matleiras^ between 29 and 27, the Canaries; and between 18 and 16, the Iflands of Gape Verd, fiiccelRvely oflfer themfelves to the voyager, affording abundantly every fpecies of accommodation his circumftances can require. On the Southern fide of the Equator, a good harbour and. abundance of turtles give fome confequence even to the
iittlo
little barren ifland of Afcenfion ; niid St. Helena, by the induftry of the Englifli fettlers, has become the feat of v—^ plenty and of elegance. Without the afliftance derived, in going or returning, from fomc of thefe places, the interval of near forty degrees on each fide of the line, in a fea expofed to violent heat, and fubjedl to tedious calms, would be fufficit^nt to difcourage even the navigators of Ihe eighteenth century.
On the 18th of June, the fleet came in fight of the June.sth,
17S7.
Cape Verd lilands, and was directed by fignal to fleer for St. Jago. But the want of favourable wind, and the oppofition of a ftrong current making it probable that all the fliips would not be able to get into the Bay, the Governor thought it befl to change his plan. The fig--nal for anchoring was hauled down, and the fliips were diretSted to continue their firft courfe; a circumftance of much difappointment to many individuals on board, who, as is natural in long voyages, were eager on «very occafion to enjoy tlie refrefliments of the iliore. As an additional incitement to fuch wiflies, the weather had now become hot; the thermometer flood at 8 2% which, though not an immoderate heat for a tropical dimate, is fuflicient to produce conliderable annoyance. But, unmoved by any confideration except that of expedience, Governor Phillip perfifled in conducing his fliips
E a	to
^	to theii' next intended llation, the harbour of Rio de
'—-—' Janeiro.
It may a|)peai' perhaps, on a llight confuleration, rather extraordinary, that vefiels bound to the Cape of Good Hope flioviid find it expedient to touch at a harbour of South America. To run aero Is the Atlantic, and take as a part of their coune, that coaft, the very exifence of which was unknown to the Hrft navigators of thefe feas, feems a very circuitous method of performing the voyage. A little examination will remove this apparent difficulty. The calms lb frequent on the African fule, are of them-lelves a fufficient caufe to induce a navigator to keep a very \velterly courfe; and even the illands at which it is fo often convenient to touch will carry him Mithin a few degrees of the South American coail.—The returning tracks of Captain Gooks's three voyages all run within a very fmall fpace of the 45th degree of weft longitude, which is even ten degrees farther to the weft than the extremity of Cape St. Roquc : and that courfe appears to have been taken voluntarily, withovit any extraordinary inducement. But in the latitudes to which Governor Phillip's fquadron had now arrived, the old and new continent approach fo near to each other, that in avoiding the one it becomes neceffirry to run within a very moderate diftance of the oppolite land.
hi
In the paffiigc from the Cape Verd Ißands, the fleet fuffered for fomc time the inconvenience of great heat, -——' attended by heavy rains. The heat, however, did not at ^iny time excccd the point ah^eady fpecified,-"'' and the precautions unremittingly obfcrved in all the flii^js happily continued efEcacious in preventing any violent fick-nefs. Nor did the opprellion of the hot weather continue fo long as in thefe latitudes might have been expelled ; for before they reachcd the equator the temperature had becomc much more moderate.
On July 5, 1787, being then in long. 16° 10 weft juiy jtii, from Greenwich, the Botany Bay fleet paffed from the Northern into the Southern ITemifphere. About three weeks more of very favourable and jileafant weather conveyed them to Rio dc Taneiro. On the cth of Aug. jth ana*. Auguit they anchored off the harbour, and on the evening of the 6th were at their ftation within it. The land of Cape Frit) had been difcovered feme day3 before, but a deficiency of wind from that tmic a little flackened their courfe.
Rio de Janeiro^ or January River, fo called becaufe difcovered by Dias de Soliš on the feaft of St. Januarius,
* 51. It is not uimfual in England, to have the thermometer, for a Jay or two in a fummcr, at Bi".
(Sept.
t-'H^AP. (Sept. iq) 1525, is not in f.id a river, though its name '—^—' denotes that it was then fuppolcd to he fo : it is an arm of the fea, into Nvhich a coiiiiderable number of fmall rivers defcends.
The city of Rio de Janeiro, called by fome writers St. Sebaftian, fiom the name of its tutelar patron, is fituate{l on the weft fide of this bay, within lefs than a degree of the tropic of Capricorn, and about 43'' welt of Greenwich. It is at prefcnt the capital of all Brafd, and has been fc^r fome time the refidence of the Viceroy, Thefe diltindlions it obtained in preference to St. Salvador, which was formerly the capital, by means of the diamond mines difcovered in its vicinity, in the year 1730. The place increafing rapidly by the wealth thus brought to it, was fortified and put under the care of a governor in 1738. The jiort is one of the fineft in the world, very narrow at the entrance, and within capacioiis enough to contain more fliips than ever were aflembled at one ftation. It has foundings from twenty to one hundred and twenty fathoms. A hill lliaped like a fugar loaf, fituated on the weft fide, marks the proper bearing for entering the harbour: the fituation of which is fully ixiinted out at the diftance of two leagues and a half by fome fmall iflands, one of which, called Rodomla^ ■is very high, and in form not unlike a haycock. The
mouth
N E W s o U T H \V A L E s.	31
mouth of the harbour is defended by forts, particularly c ha p. tw o, called Santa Cruz and Lozia \ and the ufual an- '— chorage within it is before the city* north of a fmaU ifli<ind named I>qs Cobras.
There are in this port eftablifhed fees^ which are paid by all nicrchant fliips, Portugnefe as well as itrangers: 3/. 1 2J". each on entering, the bay^ the fame on going out, and 5J. ^d, a day while they remain at anchor. The cnirance fee was demanded for the tranfports in this expedition, but when Governor Phillip had alledged that they were loaded with King's ftores, the payment was no more infifted upon. Neverthelefs,. the Captain of the Port gave his attendance, with his boat^s crew, to alii 11 the fliips in coming in, there being at that time only a light air,, hardly fufficient to carry them ^ip tlie bay.
In the narrative of Captain Cook's Voyage in 1768, "We find, on his arrival at this place, great appearance of f^ifpicion on. the part of the Viceroy, harfli prohibitions of landing, even to the gentlemen employed in philofo-phical rcfearches, and fome proceedings rather of a violent nature. The reception given by the prefent Viceroy to Governor PhiUip and his officers was very different ; it was pohte and flattering to a great degree, and free from every tindure of jealous caution.
3	.	i>on
Don Lavis tie Farconccihs, the reigning Viccroy, belongs to one of the noblcft f;imihes in Portugal; is brother to the Marquis of CaJlcUo Methor^ nnd to the Count of Pombeiro. Governor Phillip, v.ho fcrvccl for fomc years ns a Captain in the Portiiguefe navy, and is defervcdly much honoiirctl by that nation, was not porfonallv unknown to the Viceroy, though known in a way which, in a Icfs liberal mintl, might liavc produced very different difpoiition?. There had been fome difl'erence bc-t\veen them, on a public account, in this port, when Governor Phillip commanded the Europe : cach party had ačled merely for the honour of the nation to which he belonged, and the Viccroy, with the true fpirit of a man of honour, far from refenting a conduct fo fimilar to his own, feemed now to make it his objeČt to obliterate every recollection of offence. As foon as he was fully informed of the nature of Governor Phillip's commiflion, he gave it out in orders to the garriion that the fame honours ihould be paid to that oflicer as to himfelf. This diftindion the Governor modetily wilhcd to decline, but was not permitted. His officers were all iiUroduced to the Viceroy, and were, as well as himfelf, received with every polhble mark of attention to them, and regard for their country. They v/ere allowed to v hit all parts of the city, and even to make excurfions as tar as five miles into the country, entirely unattended : ail indulgence very unufunl to ftrangers, and confidering B	what
what we read of the jedoufy of the Portuguefe Govern- ^ ment rcfpeding its diamond mines, the more extra- '—-—' ordinary.
Provifions were here fo cheap, that notwithftanding the allowance of meat was fixed by Governor Phillip at twenty ounces a day, the men were vi6tualled completely, rice, frefli vegetables, and firing included, at three-pence threc-farthings a head. Wine was not at this iealbn tobe had, except from the retail dealers, lefs was therefore luirchafed than w^oiild other wife have been taken. Rum, however, was laid in ; and all fuch feeds and plants procured as were thought likely to flourilh on the coatt of New South Wales, particularly coffee, indigo, cotton, and the cochincal fig.^'- As a fubilitute for bread, if it fliould become fcarce, one hundred facks of caffada were pur-chafed at a very advantageous price.
Caflada, the bread of thoufunds in the tropical climates, affords one of thofe inftanccs in which the ingenuity of man might be faid to triumph over the intentions of nature, were it not evidently the defigii of Providence that we Ihould in all ways exert our invention and fagacity to the iitmoft, for our own fecnrity and fup-port. It is the root of a lliruh called CaJJada^ or Cajava Jairopha, and in its crude ilatc is highly poifonous. By
* Cacius Cochiniliferi of Linna;us.,
F	wafliing,
]V.
c H^ P. walhing, preflbre, and evaporation, it is deprived of all its noxious qualities, and being formed into cakes becomes a falubrious and not an unpalatable fubftitute for bread.
By the indulgence of the Viceroy, the deficiency in the military ftores obferved at the departure of the tranfports from England, was made up by a fupply pur-chafed from the Royal arfenal; nor was any affiftance withheld which either the place afforded, or the ftores of government could furniOi.
The circumftances, which in this place moll aftonifli a ftranger, and particularly a Proteftant, are, the great abundance of images difperfed throughout the city, and the devotion paid to them. They are placed at the corner of almoft every ftreet,, and arc never paffed without a re-fpe6lful falutation ; but at night they are conftantly fur-rounded by their refpeftive votaries, who offer up their prayers aloud, and make the air refound in all quarters with the notes of their hymns. The ftridlnefs of manners in the inhabitants is not faid to be at all equivalent to the warmth of this devotion ; but in all countries and climates it is found much eaficr to perform external ads of reputed piety, than to acquire the internal habits fo much more elTential. It muft be owned, however, that our people did not find the ladies fo indulgent as fome voyagers have reprefcuted them,.
It
NEWSOUTHWALES.	35
It was near a month before Governor Phillip could ^ ^v'^
17S7.
furnifli his fliips with every thing which it was ne- "" ceflary they flioiild now procure. At length, on the 4th of September he weighed anchor, and as he palTed September 4, the fort, received from the Viceroy the laft compliment it Was in his power to pay, being faluted with twenty-one guns. The falute was returned by an equal number from the Sirius; and thus ended an intercourfe honourable to both nations, and particularly to the principal officer employed in the fcrvice of each.
Fa	C H A p.
CHAPTER V.
Profpcrcus paßlige from Rio to the Cape—Account of the Harbours there—"The Cape of Good Hope not the moß Southern point—Height ' of T'able Mountain and others—Supinenefs cf the European nations in negleEting io occupy the Cape—Live ßock laid i?i—De^ farturc—Separation of thefeet—Arrival of the Supply at Botany Bay.
^ v^^	Profperous courfe by lea, like a ftate of profound
"—'—'	peace and tranquility in civil fociety, though moll
ScjMUTiKr 4, ^^ly^j^fjjggfj^^g fQ thofe who enjoy it, is unfavourable to
the piirpofes of narration. The ftriking fads which the writer exerts himfelf to record, and the reader is eager to pernfc, arife only from difficult fituations : uniform profperity is defcribed in very fev/ words. Of this acceptable but unproduflivc kind was the paffage of the Botany Bay fleet from Rio de Janeiro to the Cape of Good Hope; uniformly favourable, and not marked by any extraordinary incidents. This run, from about lat. 2 2° fouth, long. 43 weft of London, to lat. 34' fouth, long. IS"" caft of London, a dirtance of about four thouiand 51;	'	miles,
miles, was performea in thirty-nine days: for having chap. left Rio on the 4th of September, on the 13th of Odo- '— her the fliips came to anchor in Table Bay. Here they were to take their final refreQiment, and lay in every kind of ilock with which they were not already provided. In this period no additional lives had been loft, except that of a fingle convitSl: belonging to the Charlotte tranfport, \vho fell accidentally into the fca, and could not by any efforts be recovered.
Table Bay, on the north-weft fide of the Cai>c of Good Hope, is named from the Table Mountain, a promontory of confiderable elevation, at the foot of which, and almoft in the centre of the Bay, ftands Cape Town, the principal Dntch fcttlement in this territory. This Bay cannot properly be called a port, being by no means a ftatioQ of fecurity; it is cxpofed to all the violence of the winds which fet into it from the fea ; and is far from fufTiciently fecured from tbofe which blow from the land. The gnfts which defcend from the fummit of Table Mountain arc fuflicient to force fnips from their anchors, and even violently to annoy pcrfons on the fliore, by deftroying any tents or other temporary edifices which may be erečled, and raifing clouds of fine duft, which produce very troubkfcme effefls.. A gale of this kind, from the footh-eafl, blew for three days fuc-ccOively when Capt. Cook lay here in his firft voyage, at ^vhich time, he informs us, the Refohition was the only
Ihip
C H^A P. j;hip in the harbour that had not dragged her anchors*
* V-' Theftorms from the fca are ftill more formidable; fo much
fo, that Ihips have frequently been driven by them from their anchorage, and wrecked at the head of the Bay» But thefe accidents happen chiefly in the quaade moujjbn^ or winter months, from May 14 to the fame day of Auguft; during which time few lliips venture to anchor here. Our fleet, arriving later, lay perfedlly unraolefted as long as it was necefiary for it to I'emain in this ftation.
Falfe Bay, on the fouth-eaft fide of the Cape, is more fecure than Table Bay, during the prevalence of the north-weft winds, but ftill lefs fo in ftrong gales from the fouth-eaft. It is however lefs frequented, being twenty-four miles of very heavy road diftant from Cape Town, whence almoft all neccfTaries muftbe procured. The moft flieltered part of Falfe Bay is a recefs on the %veft fidcj called Simon's Bay.
The Cape of Good Hope, though popularly called, and perhaps pretty generally efteemed fo, is not in truth the moft. fouthern point of Africa. The land which proječls furtheft to the fouth is a point to the eaft of it, called by the Englifli Cape Lagullus \ a name corrupted from the original Portugueze das Agulbas, which, as well as the French appellation des Aiguilles^ is defcriptive of its form, and would rightly be tranflated Needle Cape, Three eminences, divided by very narrow paffes, and appearing
newsouthwales.
ing in a cliftant view like three fummits of. the fiame ^ h^a p. mountain, ftancl at the head of Table Bay.—They are' however of cUfFerent heights, by which difference, as well as by that of their fliape, they may be diftinguiflied. Table Mountain is fo called from its appearance, as it terminates in a flat horizontal furface, from which the face of the rock defcends almoft perpendicularly. This mountain rifes to about 3567 feet above the level of the fea. Devil's Head, called alfo Charles mountain, is fituated to the eaft of fhe former, and is not above 3368 feet in height; and on the weft fide of Table Mountain, Lion s Head, whofe name is alfo meant to be defcriptive, docs not exceed 2764 feet. In the neighbourhood of the latter lies Conßantia, a diftii(5l confifting of two farms, wherein the famous M'ines of that name are produced.
Our voyagers found provifions lefs plentiful and lefs reafonable in price at Cape Town than they had been taught to expedl. Board and lodging, which are to be had only in private houfes, ftood the ofl^cers in two rix-dollars a day, which is near nine Aiillings fterling. This town, the only place in the whole colony to which that title can be applied with propriety, is of no great extent; it does not m any part exceetl two miles: and the country, colonized here by the Dutch, is in general fo unfavour--
able to cuhivation, that it is not without fome allonifli-ncient that we find them able to raife provifions from it in fufiicient abundance to fupply themfelves, and
the.
^	the fliips of fo man"}^ nntions which conftantly refort
V »
^^—' to the Cape.
When we con fide r the vaft advantages derived by the Dutch colonifts from this traffic, and the ahnoft indif-penfible ncceffity by which navigators of all nations arc driven to feek refrefliment there, it cannot but appear extraordinary, that from the difcovery of the Cape in 1493, by Barthelemi Diaz, to the year 1650, when, at the fuggcflion of John Van Riebeck, tlie firft Dutch colony was fent, a fpot fo very favourable to commerce and navigation fliould have remained unoccupied by Europeans. Perhaps all the perfeverance of the Dutch character was neceffary even to fuggefl: the idea of maintaining an eflablifliment in a foil fo burnt by the fun, and fo little difpofed to repay the toil of the cultivator. The example and fuccefs of this people mUy ferve, however, as an ufeful inftrudlion to all who in great undertakings arc deterred by trifling obftacles; and who, rather than contend with difuculties, are inclined to relinquifli the moft evident advantages.
But though the country near the Cape had not charms enough to render it as pleafnig as that which furrounds Rio de Janeiro, yet the Governor, Mynheer Van Graafte, was not far behind the Viceroy of Brazil in attention to the Englifli officers. They were admitted to his table,
where
\vherc they were elegantly entertained, aiul had reaibn to ^ be pleafcd in all refpeils with his behaviour and difpo- '—'—' fition. Yet the minds of his people were not at this time in a tranquil ftate; the accounts from Holland w ere fuch as occafioned much uneafinel's, an<I great preparations were making at the fort, from appreheufion of a rupture with fome other power.^
In the courfe of a month, the live flock and other provifions were procured ; and the fxiips, having on i)oard not lefs than five hundred animals of different kinds, but chiefly poultry, put on an appearance which uatu-1 ally enough excited the idea of Noah's ark. This fup-ply, confidering that the country had prcviouüy fuf-fercd from a dearth, was very confidcrable ; but it was purchaled of couj-fe at a higher expence confiderably than it would have been in a time of greater plenty.
On the i 2th of November the fleet fct fliil, and wasiatii novcm. for many days much dclayeil liy. ftrong winds from the fouth-call. On the 25th, being then only 80 leagues 0.1 Novem, to the eaihvard of the Cape, Governor Phillip left the Sirius and went on board the Supply tender; in hopes, by leaving the convoy, to gain fuflicient time for examining the country round liotany Bay, fo as to fix on the fituation moft eligible for the colony, before the tranfports fliould arrive. At the fame time he ordered
G	the
C iT^A P. the ngcnts for the tranlports, who were in the Alex"——' anclei", to feparate themfelves from the convoy with that fnip, the Scarborough and FnendHiip, which, as they were better failors tlian the refl', might reafoniibly "be cxpeCled fooner: in which cafe, by the labour of the convids they had on board, much might be done in maki "g the ncceffary preparations for landing the provifions and ilorcs.
Major Rofs, the Commandant of Marines, now left thcr Sirius, and went on board the Scarborough, that he miglit accompany that part of the detachment which probably would be landed firft. Captain Hunter, in the Sirius, was to follow with the ftore-iliips, and the remainder of the tranfports; and he had the necefTary inürudtions for his future proceedings, in cafe the Supply had met with, any accidcnt. Lieutenant Gidley King, fince appointed Commandant of Norfolk liland, accompanied Governor Phitli[) in the Supply,
3aJanuary, From this time to the 3d of January, 1788, the winds were as favourable as could be willied, blowing generally in very ftrcng gales from the north-well, well, and fouth-wcft. Once only the wind had Ihifted to the caft, but continued in that direcT:ion not more than a few hours. Thus affifted, the Supply, which failed but very indifferently, and turned out, from what ihc had
fuifercd

fufferecl in the voyage, tobe hardly a fafc conveyance, performed in fifty-one days a voyage of more than feven ^—' thou fand miles. On the day abovcmentioned flic was Mithin fight of the coaft of New South Wales. But the winds then became variable, and a current, which at times fct very ftrongly to the fouthward, fo much impeded her coxirfe, that it was not till the i8th that ilie arrived at Botany Bay.
G 2	C II A 1'-
CHAPTER VI,
Firß interview with the natives—the hay examined—arrival of the whole ßect—Fort Jackfon examined—fccond internie'-^v 'with the natives—and third—Governor Phillip returns to Botany Bay— and gives orders for the evacuation of it.
C H A ?, A the very firft landing of Governor Phillip ou
VI
■ / >	the lliorc of Botany Bay, an interview with the
i^ativcs took place. They were all armed, hnt on feeing the Governor approach with figns of friendfliip, alone and unarmed, they readily returned his confidence by laying down their weapons. They were perfectly devoid of cloathing,, yet feemed fond of ornaments, putting the beads and red baize that were given them, on their heads or necks, and appearing pleafed to wear them. The prefcnts offered by their new vifitors were all readily accepted, nor did any kind of difagreement arife while the fliips remained in Botany Bay. This very pleafing effedl was produced in no fmall degree by the peribnal addrefs, as well as by the great care and attention of tlie Governor. Nor were the orders which
enforced
n e w s o U T H W A L E s.	4S
enforced a condua fo humane, more honourable to the c ha p. perfons from whom they originated, than the punčlual '—^ execution of them was to the officers fent out: it was evident that their wiflies coincided with their duty ; and that a funguinary temper was no longer to difgrace the European fettlers in countries newly difcovercd.
The next carc after landing was the examination of the bay itfelf, from which it appeared that, though exten five, it did not afford a flielter from the cafterly winds: and that, in confequence of its fliallownefs, fliips even of a moderate draught, would alsvays be obliged to anchor with the entrance of the bay open, where they mull be expofed to a heavy fea, that rolls in whenever it blows hard from the eaftward.
Several runs of frefli water were found in different parts of the bay, but there did not appear to be any Situation to which there was not fomc very ftrong ob-jedlion. In the northern part of it is a fmall creek, ^vhich runs a coniulerable way into the country, but it has water only for a boat, the fides of it arc frequently overüowed, and the low lands near it are a per feit fwamp. The wcftern branch of tbe bay is continued to a great extent, but the ofiiccrs fcnt to examine it could not find there any fupply of fiofli water, exempt ii^ very fmall drains.	i
Point
Point Sutherland ofi'ered the moft eligible fituation, having a run of good \\'ater, though not in very great abundance. But to this part of the harbour the üiips could not approach, and the ground near it, even in the higher parts, was in general damp and fpungy. Smaller numbers might indeed in feveral .fjiots have found a comfortable refidence, but no place M as found in the whole circuit of Botany Bay which fcemed at all calculated for the reception of fo large a fettlement. While this examination Mas carried on, the whole fleet had arrived. The Supply had not fo much outfaiied the other fliips as to give Governor Phillip the advantage he had expected in point of time. On the 19th of January, the Alexander, Scarborough, and Friendfliip, call anchor in Botany Bay; and on the 20th, the Sinus, M ith the remainder of the convoyThefe fliips had all continued very healthy ; they had not, however, yet arrived at their final ftation.
The opcnncfs of this bay, and the dampnefs of the foil, by wViich the people Moukl probalily be rendered tuihealthy, had already determined the Governor to fcek another fituation. He refolved, therefore, to examine Port Jackfon, a bay mentioned by Captain Cook as immediately to the north of this. There he hoped to fintl,
■* The annexed view of 13otany Bay, reprc-fents the Supply, &c. at anchor, and the Sirius willi htr convoy coming Into ihi: bay.
not

•ss



^ it ,
ii: - • \ ■ . - • . -

-ar.
■ • ' /p -t. -i »- • ^V	•	. . -J ...




• .......
^ Vit-. -t''




-.-iS-.


not only a better harbour, but a fitter place for the eftabliüimein of his new government. But that no ' ^ time might be loft, in cafc of a difappointment in thefe particulars, the ground near Point Sutherland was ordered immediately to be dcared, and preparations to be made for landing, under the dire^ion of the Lieutenant Governor.
Thefe arrangements having been fettled, Governor Phillip prepared to proceed to the examination of Port Jackfon: and as the time of his abfence, had he gone in the Supply, muft have been very uncertain, he went round with three boats ; taking with him Captain Hunter and feveral other officers, that by examining feveral parts of the harbour at once the greater difpatch might be made. On the 2 2d of January they fct out J^^^'^y. lipon this expedition, and early in the afternoon arrived üt Port Jackfon, which is dillant about three leagues. Here all regret arifrnt^ from the former difappointmeuts
O	O
^vas at once obliterated ; and Governor Phillip had the fitisfadion to find one of the fmeft harbours in the ^vorkl, in which a thouland fail of the li[ie miglit ride in pcrfea fecurity.
'Phe different coves of this harbour were examined Mith a^U poffible expedition, and the preference was
given to one which had the ftneft Ipring of water, and 9
C H A r. in which fliips can anchor fo clofe to the fliore, that at
1—--' ^ fjyi^ii expence quays may be confl-ructed at \vhich
the largcft veifels may unload. This cove is about half a mile in length, and a quarter of a mile acrofs at the entrance. In honour of Lord Sydney, the Governor diftinguiflied it by the name of Sydney Core.
On the arrival of the boats at Port J'ackfon, a fecond party of the natives made its appearance near the place of landing. Thefe alfo were armed with lances, and at firft were very vociferous ; but the fame gentle means ufed towards the others eafily perfuaded thefe alfo to difcard their fufpicions, and to accept whatfoevcr was offered. One man in particular, who appeared to be the chief of this tribe, fliewed very fingular marks both of confidcnce in his new friends, and of determined rcfo-liUion. Under the guidance of Governor Phillij), to whom he voluntarily intruftcd himfelf, he went to a part of the beach where the men belonging to the boats were then boiling their meat ; when he approached the marines, who were drawn up near that place, and faW that by proceeding he fliould be feparated from his com-])anions, who remained with feveral of the officers at fome diftance, he flopped, and with great ürmnefs, feemed by words and gertures to threaten revenge if any advantage fnould be taken of his fituation. He then went on with perfect calmiiefs to examine what ^^'as
boiling
NEW south W ALES.	49
boiling in the pot, ami by the manner in which he ex- chap. preflcd his admiration, made it evident that he intended to profit by what he flvw. Governor Phillip contrived to make him tinderftand that large Ihclls might conveniently be nfed for the fame piirpofc, and it is probable
that bv thele hints, added to his own obfervation, he
■f '
will be enabled to introduce the ait of boiling among his countrymen. Hitherto they appear to have known no other way of drefhng food than broiling. Their methods of kindling fire arc probably very inipcrfcd and laborious, for it is obferved that they ufually keep it burning, aud arc very rarely Icen without' either a fire adlually made, or a piece of lighted wootl, which they carry with them froni placc to placc, and even in their canoes.'^^- The r^erpctual Hres, which in fome countiies ft)rmcd a part of the national religion, had perhaps no other origin than a fmiilar inability to produce it at pleafure ; and if we fuppofc the original ilame to have been kindled by lii^htnin^^, the naion of its coming down from beaven will be found to deviate very little from the
truth.
In paiTing near a point of land in this harbour, the boats were pcrceivcd by a number of the natives, twenty of whom waded into the water unarmed, received what
*■ In IJavvkfw. Voy. vol. iii. p. fucility, iic, which account is ihc more corrcct, time will probab'y tlKiW.
11	^vas

CHAP, -vvas offered them, and examined the boat with a
ciiriofity which impreflcd a higher idea of them than any former accounts of their manners had fuggeftcd. This confidence, and manly behaviour, induced Governor Phillip, who w^as highly plcafed with it, to give the place the name of Manly Cove. The fame people afterwards joined the party at the place where they had landed to dine. They wgvq then armed, two of them with fliields and fwords, the reft w^ith lances only. The fwords w^ere made of wood, fmall in the gripe, and aj)-parently lefs formidable than a good ftick. One of thefe men had a kind of white clay rubbed upon the upper part of his face, fo as to have the appearance of a mafic. This ornament, if it can be called fuch, is not common among them, and is probably aiTamed only on particular occafions, or as a diilimftion to a few individuals. One woman had been feen on the rocks as the boats paffed, with her face, neck and brearts thus painted, and to our people appeared the moft difgufting figure imaginable ; her own countrymen were perhaps delighted by the beauty of the effečl.
During the preparation for dinner the curiofity of thefe vifitors rendered them very troublefome, but an innoccnt contrivance altogether removed the inconvenience. Governor Phillip drew a circle round the place where the EngliÜi were, and without much difficulty 5	made
made the natives underftancl that they were not to i^afs ^ that line; after which they fat clown in perfed quietnefs. "—-—' Another ^iroof how tra^able thefo people are, when no infult or injury is offered, and when proper means arc to influence the fmiplicity of their minds.
On the 24th of Jamiary, Governor Phillip having fuf-January i^tu, üciently explored Port Jackfon, and found it in all re-fpeas highly calculated to receive fuch u fettlenient as he was appointed to cftahlifli, returned to Botany Bay. On his arrival there, the reports made to him, both of the ground which the people were clearing, and of tlie upper parts of the Bay, which in this interval had been more particularly examined, were in the greateft degree \infavourablc. It was impofliblc after this to hefitate concerning the choice of a fituation; and orders were accordingly iffucd for the removal of the whole fleet to I'ort Jackfon.
That Botany Bay llioidd have appeared to Captain Cook in a more advantageous light than to Governor Phillip, is not by any means extraordinary. Their ob-jeas were very different; the one required only flielter and rcfrcünnent for a fniall vcfiel, and during but a fixort time : the other had great numbers to provide for, and was necefTitated to find a place wherein fliips of very confi-
II 2.	derable

C i^A P. flerable burthen might approach the fliore with eafe, and *—•—' lie at all tin:ies in perfe<5l fecurity. The appearance of the place is pifturefque and pleafingj and the ample har-vefl: it afforded, of botanical acquifitions, made it intereft-ing to the philofophical gentlemen engaged in that expedition ; but fomething more eflential than beauty of appearance, and more neceflary than philofophical riches, muft be fought in a place where the permanent refideace of multitudes is to be eltabliflied.
CHAP-
CHAPTER VIL
Rmci^al from Botany Bay—Arrival of two French Jhips—Account of them—Preparations for encampment—Dißicult'mScurvy
breaks out—AcQQunt of the red and yellow gam trees.
Preparations for a general removal were now c h^ap.
made with all convenient expedition : but on the ^—,—» morning of the 2 4th the greateft ^ftonifliment was fpread throughout the fleet by the appearance of two fliips, under French colours. In this remote region vifitors from Europe were very little ey.pcdled, and their arrival, while the caufe of it remained \-inknt)wn, produced ui Ibme minds a temporary apprehenfion, accompanicd by a multiplicity of conječliircs, many of them fufficiently ridiculous. Governor Phillip was the firft to recollect that two Ihips had been fent out fomc time before from France for the purpofe of difcovery, and rightly concluded thefe to be the fame. But as the oppolition of the v/ind, and a ftrong current prevented them at prefcnt from working into the harbour, and even drove thcn-i
out of fight again to the fouth, he did not tViink proper
to
C i^A P. to dehy his departure for the fake of making further '—- ' enquiry.
January zjtii. On the 35 th of January therefore, feven days after the arrival of the Supply, Governor Phillip quitted Botany Bay in the fame üüp, and failed to Port Jackfon. The reft of the fleet, under convoy of the Sirius, was ordered to follow, as foon as the abatement of the wind, which then blew a ftrong gale, Hiould facilitate its working out of the Bay. The Supply was fcarcely out of fight when the French fiiips again appeared off the mouth of the harbour, and a boat was immediately fent to them, with offers of every kind of information and affiffance their fituation could require. It was now learnt that thefe were, as the Governor had fuppofed, the BouJJole and the Aßrolabe^ on a voyage of difcovery, under the condučt t)f Monfieur La Peroufe.
January 26rh, Oil the aöthj the tranfports and ftore fliips, attended 17fi)>.
by the Sirius, finally evacuated Botany r>ay ; and in a very fliort time they were all affemblcd in Sydney Cove, the place now deftined for their port, and for the reception of the new fettlement. The French Ihips had come to anchor in Botany Bay juft before the departure of the Sirius; and during the intercourfe which then took place, M. la Peroufe had expreffed a fh'ong defire of having fome letters conveyed to Europe. Governor
Phillip
new SOUTH W A L E S.	- S5
Phillip was no fooner informed of this, thaii he difpatchcd ^ nil officer to him with full information of the time ^\'hen it was probable our fliips would fliil, and with affuranccs that his letters fliould be punftually trs.iifmittcd. By this officer the following intelligence was brought back concerning the voyage of the Aürolabe and Bouffole.
Thefe vcffcls had failed from France in June 1785. They had touchcd at the llle of Santa Catharina on the coaft of Brafil, from thence had gone by the extremity of South America into the Pacific Occan, where they had run along by the coafts of Chili and California. They had afterwards vifited Eafter I Hand, Nootka Sound, Cook's Pviver, Kamfchatka, Manilla, the Ifles des Navigatciirs, Sandwich and the Friendly lÜands. M. la Pcroufe had iiho anchored off Norfolk Iflantl, but could not land, on account of the furf. hi this long voyage he had not loll: any of his people by ficknefs ; but two boats crews had unfortunately periflied in a furf on the north-wctt coaft of America; and at Mafuna, one of the lües des Navigateurs, M. L-Anglc, Captain of the Aftrolahc, had met with a l^\te ft ill more unfortunate. That officcr had gone afliorc with two long boats for the purpofc of filling fome water calks. His party amounted to forty men, and the natives, from whom the French had received abundance of refrefliments, and with whom they had heen uniformly on the bcft terms, did not on their land-
^ vn	I'-iiy figns of a change of difpofition. Malice
——' un])rovokecl, and treachery without a motive, feem in-coniirtent even with the manners of lavages ; the French ofllcers therefbre, confiding in this unbroken ftate of amity, had fuffercd their boats to lie aground. But whether it were that the friendly behaviour of the natives had proccedetl only from fear, or that foine unknown offence had been given, they feized the moment when the men were bufied in getting out the boats, to make an attack equally furious ami \inexpc6letl. The affauk was made with flones, of which prodigious numbers were thrown with extraordinary force and accuracy of direčlion. To this treachery M. 1.'Angle fell a facrifice, and with him twelve of his party, olBcers and men, the long-boats \vere deftroyed, and the remainder of thofe who had gone afl:iorc cfcaped with difEculty in their fmall boats. The fliips in the mean time were under lai], and having paffed a point of land that intercepted the view, knew nothing of this melancholy and unaccountable affray till the boats returned. This fatal rcfult from too implicit a coniidence, may, perhaps very properly, increale the caution of Europeans in their commerce with favages, but ought not to excite fufpi-cion. The refentments of fuch people are fudden and fa'nguinary, and, where the intercourfe of language is wanting, may eafily be awakened by milapprehenfion : but-it feems poflible to treat them with fufiicient marks 8	of
of confidence, without abandoning the guards of prii- ^vil^' dence. OiTence is often given by the men, while the ^^—' officers are moft ftudious to preferve harmony, and againft the tranfports of rage which arife on fuch occa-fions, it is ahvays necefTary to be prepared. Perhaps, alfo, a degree of awe fiiould ahvays be kept up, even to preferve their friendiliip. It has been uniformly remarked by our people, that defencelefs ftragglers are generally ill-treated by the natives of New South Wales, while towards parties armed and on their guard, they behave in the moft amicable manner.
The debarkation was now made at Sydney Cove, and the work of clearing the ground for the encampment, as well as for the ftorehoufes and other buildings, was begun without lofs of time. But the labour which attended this necefTary operation was greater than can eafily be imagined by thofe who were not fpeclators of it. The coaft, as well as the neighbouring country in general, is covered with wood; and though in this fpot ^he trees ftood more apart, and were lefs incumbered "»vith underwood than in many other places, yet their i^agniiude was fuch as to render not only the felling, but the removal of them afterwards, a tafk of no fmall tiifficuky. By the habitual indolence of the convids, and the vvant of proper overfeers to keep them to their duty,
I	their
A v o Y A G E T o C IIA P. their labour v-as rendered leis efficient than it might
VII.
—^—have been. In the evening of the 26th the colours were difplayed on Üiore, and the Governor, with feveral of his principal officers and others, aflembled round the flag-ftaff', drank the king's health, and fuccefs to the fettlement, with all that difplay of form which on fuch occafions is efteemed propitious, becaufe it enlivens the fpirits, and fills the imagination with pleafing prefages. From this time to the end of the firft week in February all was hurry and exertion. They who gave orders and they who received thcni were equally occupied; nor is it eafy to conceive a bufier fcene than this part of the coaft exhibited during the continuance of thefe lirft efforts towards eftabUQiment. The plan of the encampment was quickly formed, and places were marked out for every different purpoie, fo as to introduce, as much as pofhble, ftrict order and regularity. The materials and frame work to conftru(^l a Üight temporary habitation for the Governor, had been brought out from England ready formed : thefe \vere landed and put together with as much expedition as the circumftances w^ould allow, Hofpital tents were alfo without tlelay erected, for which there was foon but too much occafion. hi the paffige from the Cape there had been but little fick,nefs, nor had many died even among the convi^s ; but foon after landing, a dyfentery prevailed, which in feveral inftances 5	proved
N E W ' s o U T M W A I. F. S.	5->
provetl fatal, and the fcurvy began to rage with a virulence which kept the hofpital tents generally fupplicd ^vith patients. For thofe affliaed with this diforder, the advantage of lifli or other frefli i^rovifions could but rarely be procured ; nor were efculent vegetables often obtained in faflident plenty to produce any material iilleviation of the complaint, hi the dyfentery, the red gum of the tree which principally abounds on this coall, was found a very powerful remedy. The yellow gum has been difeovcred to poffefs the fame property, but in an inferior degree.
The tree which yields the former kind of gum is very confiderable in fizc, and grows to a great height before it puts out any branches. The red gum is ufually compared to that called Janguis draconis^ but differs from it by being pcrfeftly foluble in water, whereas the other, being more properly a refin, will not diflolve exccpt in spirits of wine. It may be drawn fron\ the tree V)y tapping, or taken out of the veins of the wood when th'y, in which it is copiouÜy diftributed. The leaves arc long and narrow, not unlike thofe of a willow. The Wood is heavy and fme grained, but being much intcrfeaed by the channels containing the gum, fplits and warps in fuch a manner as foon to bccome entirely ufelefs; efpecially when worked up, as necellity
1 2 .
C HA r. at firtt occaüoned it to be, without having been properly '—-V—• leafoned.
The yellow gum as it is callcd, is ftridlly a refin, not being at all foluble in water; in appearance it ftrongly refembles gamboge, but has not the property of ftaining. The plant that produces it is low and fmall, with long graffy leaves; but the fručlification of it flioots out in a lingular manner from the centre of the leaves, on a lingle ftraight ftem, to the height of twelve or fourteen feet. Of this ftem, which is flrong and light, like fome of the reed clafs, the natives ufually make their fpears; fomctimes pointing them with a piece of the fame fubftance made fliarp, but more frequently with bone. The reiin is generally dug up out of the Toil under the tree, not collefted from it, and may perhaps be that which Tafman calls " gum lac of the ground." The form of this plant is very exadly delineated in the annexed plate, and its proportion to other trees may be colleded from the plate, entitled, A View in New South Wales, in which many of this fpccies are introduced.
The month of February was uüiered in by a very violent ftorm of thunder and rain. The lightning ftruck and fliivered a tree, under which a Ihed had been I	erečted





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K
. v

erečletl for fome flieep, and five of thofe animals were ^ ^^^ at the fame time unfortunately cieftroycd by it. The '—^^ encampment ftill went on with great alacrity, fo that in the beginning of this month the work of building public ftorehoufcs was tuidertaken; and unremitting diligence began, though very gradually, to triumph over the obftacles which the nature of the place pre-fented.
CHAPTER
C H A P T E U VUI.
Defcnption of Fort Jackfon and the adjaccnt country—Tbc Gcvcr-nor s commijjmt read—his Speech—his humane refohitmn refpcSl-ing the Natives—dißcultics in ercBing huts and other buildings— departure of Lieutenant Kin^ to Norfolk IJhnd.
^vuV"	JACKSON was not vifitcd or explored by
<—^ -S- Captain Cook; it was feeii only at the tliilancc of between two or three miles from the coaft: had any good fortune condnčled him into that harbour, he would have found it much more worthy of his attention as a feaman, than that in which he paffcd a week. Governor Phillip himfelf pronounces it to be a harbour, in extent and fecurity, fuperior to any he has ever feen : and the moft experienced navigators who were with him fully concur in that opinion. From an entrance not more than two miles acrofs, l^ort Jackfon gradually extends into a noble and capacious bafon ; having foundings fufTicient for the largeft veffels, and fpace to accommodate, in perfečt fecurity, any number that could be aflembled. It runs chiefly in a weftern direaion,
about


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about thirteen miles into the country, and contains not lefs than an hundred fmall coves, formed by narrow necks of land, whofe proječlions afford admirable flielter from all winds. Sydney Cove lies on the South fide of the harbour, between five and fix miles from the entrance. The necks of land that form the coves arc moftly covercd with timber, yet fo rocky that it is not eafy to comprehend how the trees could have found fufficient nourilliment to bring them to fo confiderable a magnitude ; but the foil between the rocks is very good, -ind into thofe fpaces the principal roots have found their way. The foil in other parts of the coaft immediately about Port Jackfon is of various qualities. That neck of land which divides the fouth end of the harbour from the fea is chicfly fand. Between Sydney Cove and Botany Bay the firft fpace is occupied by a wood, in itmie parts a mile and a half, in others three miles ^crofs ; beyond that, is a kind of heath, poor, landy, and of fwamps. As far as the eye can reach to the '^veftward, the country is one continued wood. The I'le.-i.d of the bay in Port Jackfon, leemed at hrft to offer fome advantages of ground, but as it is partly left dry at low Water, and as the winds are much obftru6ted there by the woods and by the windings of the channel, it was deemed that it mull probably be unhealthful, till the country can be clcarcd.
There
CHAP, There arc leveral parts of the harbour in which the
VIII.
^—..—' trees flaiHl at a greater diiiance from cach other than
Sydney Cove ; fome of thefc which have finali runs of water, and a promifing foil, Governor Phiiiip purpoi^-^ to cultivate as foon as hands could be fpared ; but th" advantage of being able to land the ftorcs and pro vifions with fo much cafe, unavoidably determined bis choice of a place for tlie principal fettlcmcnt. Had i^^ been attempted to reiiiove thofe necefTaries only one mil^ from the fpot where they were landed, the undertaking probably would have been fruitlefs ; fo many were the obflaclcs to land carriage. At the head of Sydney Covc> therefore, Governor Phillip had fixed the feat of his government; but intent upon providing the beil antl earlieft accommodation for thofe who w^erc to be en' camped with him ; and wholly occupicd by the continual neceirity of giving dircflions, he hati not yet found leifurc for affuming regularly his powers an'J title of Governor. At length the hurry of the ßrl^ preparations gave way to tliis more tranquil bufinefs.
Feb. 7th, The 7th of February, 1788, was the memorable day
i 'j'88»
which eftabliflietl a regular form of Government on tb-coaft of New South Wales. For obvious reafons, all pofTible folemnity w^as given to the proceedings necefiary on this occafion. On a fpace previoufly cleared, the whole colony was affembled ; the military drawn up, anil
undei'
underarms; the convifts {tationecl apart; and near the
V IIJ^
perfon of the Governor, thofc who were to hol<l the '—■—' principal ofliccs nnckr him. The Royal CommifTioa was th.cn read by Mr. D. Collins, the Judge Advocate. By this inllrument Arthv.r Philiip was coiiftituted and appointed Captain General and Governor in Chief in and over the territory, callcd New South \Vales ; extending from the northern cape, or extrcjnity of the coail, called Cape York, in the latitude of ten degrees, thirty-feven minutes fouth, to the fouthern extremity of the faid territory of New South Wales, or South Cape, in the latitude of forty-three degrees, thirty-nine minutes fouth, and of all the country inland to the weftward, as far as the one hundred and thirty-fifth degree of eaft longitude, reckoning from the meridian of Greenwich, including all the iflands adjacent in the Pacific Ocean, within the latitudes aforefaidof 10°. 37'. fouth, and 43°. 39'. fouth, and of all towns, garrifons, caftles, forts, and all other fortifications, or other military w"orks wdiich mr.y be hereafter erefted lipon the üxid territory, or any of the fiiid iflands. The ačl of Parliament eftahlidiing the courts of judicature was next read ; and laftly, the patents under the great feal, em-pov/ering the proper perfons to convene and hold thofc courts whenever the exigency Ihould require. The Office of Lieutenant Governor was conferred on Major Hofs, of the Marines. A triple difcharge of mufquetry concluded this part of the ceremony; after which
K	Governor
C H A^P. Governor Phillip advanced, and addreffing firft the
'—'—' private foldiers, thanked them for their fteady good condučl on every oecafion : an honour which was repeated to them in the next general orders. lie then turned to the convi(fts, and diftinilly explained to them the nature of their prefent fitUation. The greater jiart, he bade them recoiled, had ah'eady forfeited their lives to the jufticc of their country: yet, by the lenity of its laws, they were now fo placcd that, by induftry and good behaviour, they nnight in time regain the advantages and ellimation in fociety of which they had deprived themfelves. They not only had every encouragement to make that effort, but were removed almoft entirely from every temptation to guilt. There was little in this infant community which one man conld plunder from another, and any difhoneft attempts in fo fmall a fociety would almoft infallibly be difcovered. To per-fons detected in fuch crimes, he could not promife any mcrcy; nor indeed to any who, under their circuni-ftances, fliould prefum.e to offend ngainft the peace and good order of the fettlement. What mercy could do for them they had already experienced; nor could any good be now expeaed from thofe whom neither paft warnings, nor the peculiarities of their prefent fituation could preferve from guilt. Againft offenders, therefore, the rigour of the law w ould certainly be put in force: while they whofe behaviour Ihould in any degree pro-
^	mife
mife reformation, might always depend upon encouragement fully proportioned to their deferts. He particularly noticed the illegal intercourfe between the fexcs as an offence which encoviraged a general profligacy of manners, and was in feveral ways injurious to focicty. To prevent this, he ftrongly recommended maniage, and promifed every kind of countenance and alTiftancc to thofe who, by entering into that Hate, fliould mani-feft their willingnefs to conform to the laws and religion. Governor Phillip concluded his addreft, by declaring his earneft defire to promote the happinefs of all who were under his government, and to render the fettlement in New South Wales advantageous and honourabe to his country.
This fpeech, which was received with univerfal acclamations, terminated the ceremonial peculiar to the day. Nor was it altogether without its proper effečl: For w'e are informed, that in the courfe of the cnfuing week fourteen marriages took placc among the convids. The alTembly was now difperfed, and the Governor proceeded to reviev/ the troops on the ground cleared for a parade: after which, he gave a dinner to the officers, ^nd the firft evening of his government was concluded propitioufly, in good order and innocent fcftivity, amidft the repetition of wilhes for its profperity.
A rifing government could not eafily be committed to hotter hands. Governor Phillip appears to have every
K. 2.	reqiiifitc
C WAP. requifite to cnfure the fuccefs of the undertaking in-'—trufted to him, as far as the qualities of one man can enfure it. Intelligent, aftive, perfevering with firm-ncfs to make his authority refpeded, and mildnefs to render it pleafing, he was determined, if poflible, to bring even the native inhabitants of New South Wales into a voluntary fubječtion ; or at leaft to eftahliili with them a rtri(5l amity and alliance. Induced alfo by motives of humanity, it was his determination from his firft landing, to treat them with the utmoil: kindnefs : and he was firmly refolved, that, whatever differences might arife, nothing lefs than the moft abfolute necef-/ity Ihould ever comi>el him to fire upon them, hi this refolution, by good fortune, and by his own great addrefs, he has happily been enabletl to perfevere. liut notwüthüanding this, his intentions of eflabliÜiing a friendly intercourfe have hitherto been frallrated. M. De la Peyroufe,-^'- while he remained in Botany Bay, had fome quarrel \vith the inhabitants, which unfortunately obliged him to ufe his fire-arms againft them : this affair, joined to the ill behaviour of fome of the convicts, wdio in fpite of all prohibitions, and at the rifquc of all confequenees, have wandered out among them, has produced a fiiynefs on their parts which it has not yet been poßible to remove, though the properell means have been taken to regain their confidence. Their
* Tili.-; is tlierinht form of that ofTiccr's name; it was printed othcrwife in a lormcr pfiligc by miflake.
(lifiikc
diflike to the Europeans is probably increafed by difco- ^vi/J,^' vering that they intent! to remain among them, and '—■ ' that they interfere with them in fome of their beft fiüiing places, which doubtlefs are, in their circum-ftances, obječl;s of very great importance. Some of the convias who have ftragglcd into the woods have been killed, and others dangcroully wounded by the natives, but there is great rcafon to fuppofe that in thefe cafes the convids have ufually been the aggreffors.
As the month of February advanced heavy rains began to fall, which pointed out the neceflity of procuring flielter for the people as foon as polHble. To have expedited this \vork in the degree which was defirable a great number of artificers would have been required, l^ut this advantage could not be had. Only fixteen carpenters conld be hired from all the ßiins ; among the con-'^'icls no more tlian twelve were of this profelTion, and of them feveral were lick. Thefe therefore together formed ^Hit a fmall party, in proportion to the work which was to done. One hundred convids were added as labourers; ^«t with every effort, it was found impoilible to complete cither the barracks for the men, or the huts for the oßicers, as foon as Vv'as de fired. As late as the middle of May thefe were yet unfniillied, as well as the hofpital,andtheftorchoufe for thofe provifions which were not landed at firft. The Governor himfelf at that time
was
C ii^A V. was ftill lodged in his temporary houle of canvas, which '-v—' was not perfedly impervious either to wind or weather.
February On the 14th of Fcbriiar^ a party was fent cat in the 1733.	r
Supply, to lettle on a fmall ifland to the north-weft ot
New Zealand, in latitude 29° fouth, and longitude 168°« 10'. eaft from London, which v/as difcovered and much commended by Captain Cook, and by him named Norfolk Ifland, in honour of the noble family to which that title belongs. To the office of fuperintendant and commandant of this ifland, and the fettlcment to be made upon it, Governor Phillip appointed Philip Gidley King, fecond lieutenant of his Majefty's fliip Sirius, an officer much efteemed by him as of great merit in his profellion; and highly fpoken of in his letters as a man, whofe perfeverance in that or any other fervicc might fully be depended on. As it ^vas known that there were no inhabitants on Norfolk Illand, there was fcnt with Lieut. King only a fmall detachment, con filling of one fubaltern officer, and fix marines, a very promifing young man who was a midfliipman, a fur^ geon,'^ two men who underftood the cultivation and dreffing of flax, with nine men and fix women convičts-That the nature of this fettlement may be fully imder-flood, a copy of the inftrudlions delivered to Mr. King at his departure is fubjoined to this chapter.
* The furgeon's name is Jamifon, whofe inteliigent letters to Lewis Wolft» Efq; were kindly lent to the publilher, and have aftoidcd much ufcful information.
Instructions
Instructions for Philip Gidley Kix'g, Efq\ Super- c hap. intendant and Commandant of the Settlement of Nor- ' v ' folk Island.
With thefc inftruaions you will receive my Com-rnilTion, appointing you to fupcrintentl and command the fcttlemcnt to be formed in Norfolk Ifiand, and to obey all fuch orders as you fliall from time to time receive from me, his Majefty's Governor ia Chief, and Captain General of the territory of New South Wales and its dependencies, or from the Lieutenant-Governor in my abfcncc.
You are therefore to proceed in his Majefty's armed tender Supply, whofe commander has my orders to receive you, with the men and women, ft ores and provisions neceflliry for forming the intended fettlement; and your landing on Norfolk Ifland you are to take upon you the execution of the truft repofed in you, caufing i^^y commiffion, appointing you fuperiatendant over the. fettlement, to be publicly read.
After having taken the neceffary meafures for fecur-jng yourfelf and people, and for the prefervation of the ftores and provifions, you are immediately to proceed to tl^e cultivation of the Flax Plant, which you will fiird
growing
^vni^'	ipontaneouily on the iüaud : as likewife to the
^v—' cultivation of cotton, corn, and other plants, with the feeds of which you arc furniflicd, and which you are to regard as public Ifock, and of the increafe of which you are to fend me an account, that I may know what quantity may be drawn from the illantl for public iilc, or what fnpplies it may be neceflary to fend hereafter. K is left to your difcrction to life fuch part of the corn that is raifed as may be founcl necefFary; but this you arc to do with the grcateft oeconcnTiy ; and as the corn, flax, cotton, and other grains are the property of the Crown, and as fuch are to be accounted for, you arc to keep an ejtadl account of the increafe, and you will in future receive direčlions for the difpoüil thereof.
You arc to inform yourfelf of the nature of the foih what proportion of land you find proper for the cultivation of corn, flax, and cotton, as likewife what quantity of cattle may be bred on the ifland, and the number of people you judge neccITary for the above purpofe. You will likewife obferve what are the prevailing winds in the different feafons of the year, the beft anchorage according to the feafon, the rife and fall of the tides, likewife when the dry and rainy feafons begin and end.
You will be furniÜied with a four oared boat, and you nre not on any confidcration to build, or to pernnt-5	the
the buikUng of any vcflcl or boat whatever that is decked; or of any boat or veffel that is not decked, whofe length —^ ' of keel exceeds twenty feet: and if by any accident any veüel or boat that exceeds twenty feet keel fliould be driven on the ifland, you are immediately to caufe fuch boat or veflel to be fcuttled, or otherwife rendered unfer-viceable, letting her remain in that fituation until yo\i rcceive further direčtions from me.
You will be furniflied with fix months provifions, within which time you will receive an additional fupply, but as you will be able to procure fifh and vegetables, you arc to endeavour to make the provifions you receivc ferve as long as pofTible.
The conviä:s being the fervants of the Crown, till the time for which they are fentenced is expired, their I'^bour is to be for the public; and you are to take particular notice of their general good or bad behaviour, that they may hereafter be emi>loyed or rewarded according to their different merits.
You arc to caufe the Prayers of the Church of England to be read with all due folemnity every Sunday, and you are to inforce a due obfervance of religion and good order, tranfmitting to mc, as often as ojiportunity offers,
L	^
^ viti'' ^ ^^^^^ account of your particular rituation and tranf-ačlions.
You are not to permit any intercourfe or trade with any Hiips or veflels that may flop at the iflaud, whether EngUfli or of any other nation, unlefs fuch üiips or veflels fliould be in diftrefs, in which cafe you are to afford them fuch alliilance as may be in your power.
Given under my hand, at Head Quarters in Port Jackfon, New South Wales, this 12th day of February, 1788.
(Signed)
ARTHUR PHILLIP.
CHAP-
C H A	E 11 tx.
^ Criminal Court hdd—Erohn Bay explored by Coventor PhillipInterviews with the Natives—Peculiarities remarked—Friendly Ichavimir and extraordinary courage of an old man.
^OVERNOR PHILLIP foon found with great regret, c h^a p.
though doubtlefs without much lurprize, that in	'
the community committed to his care the ftričl enforcement of the faoČlions of law was peculiarly neccffary. 1'hcrc were in it many individuals whom neither lenity touch, nor rigour terrify; who, with ali fenfe of Social duty, appeared to have loll all value for life itfcU, ^nd with the fame wantonnefs expofed themfelves to the ^^arts of the favages, and to the fevcre punifiimenis ^^'^ich, however rcludamly, every focicty muft infiia ^^■hen milder methods have bc.cn tried without fucceis. 'I'owards the latter end of February a criminal court was convened, in which fix of the convicHis received fentence death. One, who was the head of the gang, was executed the fame day ; of the reft, one was pardoned; i^he other four were reprieved, and afterwards exiled to
L a
a fmall
CH^AP. a filiali iOaiitl within the bay, where they were kept on '——' bread and water. Thele men liad frequently robbed the iliores, and the other convi6ls. He who fufFered, and two others, had been deteded m ftealing from the ftores the very day that they had received a week's provifion ; at a time when their allowance, as fettled by the Navy Board, was the fame as that of the foldiers, fpirituous liquors excepted. So inveterate were their habits of diflioneily, that even the apjiarent want of a motive could not reprcfs them.
On the 2d of March Governor Phillip went with a long boat and cutter to examine the broken land, mentioned by Captain Cook, about eight miles to the northward of Port Jackfon, and by him named Broken Bay. This bay proved to be very extenfive. The firft night they llept in the boats, within a rocky point in the north-weft part of the bay, as the natives, though fricntlly, appeared to be numerous ; and the next day, after pafTing a bar thaf had only water for fmall vefTels, they entered a very exteulive branch, from which the ebb tide came out fo ftrong that the boats could not row againft it in the ftream ai:id here was deep water. This opening appeared to. end in feveral fmall branches, and in a large lagoon which could not then be examined, as there was not time to feek a channel for the boats among the banks of fand and mud. Moft of the land in th<i 9	upper
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CASPIAN T.KRE',

^iin^er pan of this branch was low and full of Iwamps. c h^a^ Pt^Vicans and various other birds were here feeu in great	'
luimbcrs. Among the reit an uncommon kind, called tben the Hooded Gull, and fuppoicd to be a non dcfcript; l>ut it appears from a drawing lent to England, a plate iVom which is here infcrted, to be of that fpecies called l>y Air. Latham the Cajpian rem, and is defcribed hj Inm as the fecond variety of that fpecies.
Leaving this north-weft branch they proceeded acrofs-tbc bay, and went into the ibuth-weft branch. This is-alfo very extenfive ; and from it runs a fecond opening to the weft ward, affording flielter for almoft any number fiups. In this part, as far as could then be cxa-^^ined, there is water for veftcls of the greateft burthen, t^^c foundings being at the entrance fevcn fathoms, and ^^^ going up ftill niore. Continual rains prevented them ^'■^ona taking a furvey. The land here was found much liigher than at Port Jackfon, more rocky, and equally ^«vered with timber. Large trees were feen growing ^^en on the fummits of the mountains, which appeared ^ccemble only to birds. Immediately round the he:.d. ^^nd that forms the fouthern entrance into the bay, there is a third branch, which Governor Philiip thought the fineft piece of water he had- ever feen; and which there-
* Latham's Synopfis of liliJ?, vol. vl. p.
fere
c n A r, ft)re lie thought %voitnv to be honoured with the name
IX.
'—V—' of Pitt IVater. This, as \Yell as the Ibiith-weft branch? is of fufTicient extent to contain all the navy of Great Britain. But on a narrow bar which runs acrofs the cntrancc it has only eighteen feet depth at low water* Within the bar there are from feven to fifteen fathoms. The land is not lb high in this part as in the fouth-weft branch, and there are fome good fituations where the land might be cultivated. Small fprings of water were feen in moit of the covesPand three cafcades falling from heights, which the rains at that time rendered inac-celliblc.
In this exciuTion fomc interviews with the natives took place. When the party lirft landed in Sroken Bay feveral w^omen came down to the beach with the men. One of thefe, a young woman, was very talkative and remarkably cheerful. This was a fingular inftance, for in general they are obferved on this coaft to be much lefs cheerful than the men, and apparently under great awe and lub-jedlion. They certainly are not treated with much ten-dernefs, and it is thought that they are employed chiefly in the canoes, in which women have frec^uently been feen with very young children at the breaft. The lively young lady, when flie joined the party the fecond day in her canoe, flood up and gave a fong which was far
from
ffom tinpleafing. The men very readily gave their ch^ap. afliftance to the Englifli in making a fire, and behaved	^
in the moft friendly manner. In a bay where Governor I'tnllip and his company landed to draw the feine, a number of the natives again camc to them. It was now firft obferved by the Governor that the women in general liad loft two joints from the little finger of the left hand. As thefe appeared to be all married women, he at firft t^onjeaured this privation to be a part of the marriage ceremony; bnt going afterwards into a hut where were feveral women and children, he few a girl of five or fix years of age whofe left hand was thus mutilated ; and the feme time an old woman, and another who appeared to have had children, on both of whom all the fingers were perfea., Several inftances were afterguards obferved of women with child, and of others that ^erc evidently wives, who had not loft the two joints, ^nd of children from whom they had been cut. Whatever be the occafion of this mutilation, it is performed females only; and confidering the imperfeaion of their inftruments, muft be a very painful operation, Nothing has been feen in the pofleftlon of thefe peopl(> ^l^at is at all calculated for peribrming fach an amputa-^^n, except a fliell fixed to a ftiort ftick, and ulcd generally for pointing their fpears, or for feparating tlie
^yfters from the rocks. More fingers, than one are never
cut
So	AVOYA GETO
cut; and fufFereci.-^'-
CHAP, cut; and in every infhance it is the fame finger that has
The men are diftinguiflied in a different manner: their fingers are not mutilated, but moft of them, as other voyagers have obferved, want the right front tooth in the upper jaw. Governor Phillip having remarked this, pointed out to them that he had himfelf loi^ one of his front teeth, which occafioned a general clamour; and it was thought he derived fome merit in their opinion from this circumftance. The perforation of the cartilage that divides the noftrils, and the ftrange disfiguring ornament of a long bone or fiick thruft through it, was now obferved, as defcribed by Captain Cook ; and the jfiime appellation of fp}'it-faily-M-^, was ludicroufly applied to it by the failors. But feveral very old men were feen in this excurfion who had not loft the tooth, nor had theii' xiofcs prepared to receive that grotefque appendage: probably, therefore, thefe are marks of diftindtion: ambition mufi have its badges, and where cloaths are not worn, the body itfelf muft be compelled to bear them.
* In Pattci'ron's Travels in Afi'ica, lately publifhed, we are told, that he met with a tribe of Hottentots near Orange River, all of whom had loil: the firft joint of the little finger: the reafon they gave for cutting it off was, that it was a cure for a particular ficknefs to winch they were fuhjeÖ when young. Fourth Journt^i p. 117. It would be a curious coincitlencc of cuftoms fhould it be difcovcred that the natives of New Holland do it for any fimilar reafoii.
Whether
Whether the fears raifccl upon the fluu were of this c ij a kind, or as Captain Cook undcrftood by their figns, marks of forrow for deceafed friends, conkl not now be learnt. They arc of a very fingular nature : fometimes the ildn is raifed from the ficÜi for feveral niches, appearing as if it were filled with wind, and forming a round furface of more than a quarter of an inch dra-"neter. Their bodies arc fcarred in various parts, particularly about the breaft and arms, and frequently on the inftep. Nor docs the head always efcape ; one iTf^rin ill particular, putting afide the hair on the forepart «f tiis head, Avowed a fear, and then pointing to one on the foot, and to others on different parts of the body, feemed to intimate that he thought himfelf much honoured by having thefe marks upon him from head to foot- The women did not appear equally forward to produce the mutilated finger; nor was it always polTible to afeertain whether they had loft the joints or not. ^or though they made no attempt to fecrete themfclves, ^lor feemed impreßed with any idea that one part of ^he body moi-e requires concealment than another, yet there was a lliynefs and timidity among them which frequently kept them at a diftance. They never would approach fo readily as the men, and fometimes would t^ot even land from their canoes, but made figns that ^vhat was offered Hiould be given to the men. We arc "ot yet enough acquainted with the manners of the
M
C ha p. people to decide whether this referve proceeds from
IX»
"—' the fears of the women, or from the jealovify of their hulhandb, by whom they are evidently kept in great fub-ordination.
One of their modes of fifliing was now obferved: their hooks are made of the infide of a Qiell refembling mother of pearl. When a fitli which has taken the bait is fuppofed to be too llrong to be landed with the line, the canoe is i^addled to Ihore, and w^hile one man gently draws the fiüi along, another ftands prepared to ftrike it with a fpear : in this attempt they feldom fail. In the plate which reprefents this ačlion, the engraver has inadvertently left the bodies of the figures rather too white; in other refpeds it is very accurate.
When the fonthern branch of Broken Bay was firft vilited, the getting roiind the headland that feparates the branches, was attended with fome difTiCviitv. on accovint of very heavy fqualls of wind, accompanied with rain. An. attempt was made to land, where there proved not to be failicicnt water for the boat. DiU'ing this tranla£lion, an old man and a youth were Handing on the rocks where the boat was trying to approach. Having feen ho\V much our men had laboured to get under land, they were very folicitous to point out the deepeft water. Afterwards they brought fire, and feemed willing to render any fervice in their power. Two of the officers
6	fuffered
H
M
M
iiifFered thcmfclvcs to be conduded by the old man to ^ "/
IX*
^ cave at feme diftance, but declined going in, though '—^—' l^e invited them by all the figns he could invent. This ^^'as rather unfortunate, as the rain was falling verv ■violently, and the cave was found next day fufficiently large to have ftieltered the whole party. The old man ^^rtainly took great pains to make this underftood, but motive of his earneftnefs unluckily was miftaken, his vifitors fuftered for their fufpicions. He after-"^vards affifted in clearing away the buflies, and making Pi'eparations Vor the party to llecp on fliore, and next rnorning was rewarded with prefents for his very friendly tiehaviour. Two days afterwards, when Governor Phillip returned to the fame fpot, the old man met him with a fiance and a fong of joy. Iiis fon was with him, and Several of the natives; a hatchet was given them and other prefents ; and as the Governor was to return next ^lay to Port Jackfon, it was lioped that the fricndlhip ^hus begun, and fo fludioufly cultivated, would have continued firm. But as foon as it was dark, tlxe old man a fpade, and was caught with it in his hand. Go-"^ernor Phillip thought it neceflary, on this occalion, to ^^^ew fome tokens of difpleafure, and therefore when delinquent approached, he gave him two or three flaps on the flioulder, and then puOicd hin^ away, ^l^e lame time pointing to the fpade. This gentle •■^laftifenient at once deftroyed their friendiliin. The
M 2	oltl
^ ^jf	immediately feizetl a fpear, and coming clofe
V—' up to the Governor, poized it, and fcemed dcterminetl to Itrike. But feeing that his threats were difregarded, (for his antagonift cliofe rather to rifk the effedls of his anger than to fire upon him) or perhaps dilTuaded by fomething the other natives faid, in a few moments he dropped the fpear and went away. It was irapoffihle not to be Ih'iick with the courage difplayed by him on this occafion, for Governor Phillip at the time was not alone, but had fcveral ofTiccrs and men about him. From this and other fimilur events, pcrfonal lirnvery appears to be a quality in which the natives of New South Wales are not by any means deficient. The oUl man returned the next morning with many other natives, but, in order to convince him of his fault, he was lefs noticed than his companions, who were prefented with hatchets and various other articles.
March 91!., It was uow the nth of March, and Governor Phillip returned to Port Jackfon : having gained fome ufeful knowledge of the country, and maintained an inter-courfe with the natives ^vitho^;t departing from his favourite plan of treating them with the utmoft kind-nefs. He had endeavoured at the fame time to gain their confidence, if poffible, and fecure their friendfliip-If thefe humane endeavours were afterwards rendered fruitlefs by the \vanton profligacy of fome depraved
indivi-
individuals, however he might regret it, he could have ^J^^ 110 reafoa to reproach himfelt".	' "
The rain, M'hich was almoft conftant, prevented the Governor from returning by land, which otherwife he nieant to have done, for the fake of exploring a part of t^e country which appeared to be good and free from timber.
CHAP-
CHAPTER X.
Departure of the French fiips—Death of M. Le Rcceveur—Return of the Supply from Norfolk Ißand—Defcription of that Flacc-^ Howe Ißand difco'vered.
CHAP. /^N the loth of March, the French fhips failed from ^^ Botany Bay. M. De la Peyrovife during his ft^iy March loth, there had fet up two long boats, the frames of which he had brought with him from Europe. There had not been much intercourfe between the French and Englifl^ in this interval: botli being too bufdy employed to wafte their time in parties of pleafure. Captain Clo-nard had waited on Governor Phillip with the letters which were to be forwarded to the French ambalTador; and a few of the Englifli officers had gone over by lan^l about the fame time to pay a vifit in Botany Bay ; both parties were of courfe received with politenefs and hoi' pitality. Some few of the convids contrived to abfcondj and endeavoured to get admitted into the French Ihip^' but were, with great propriety, rejcded. Thofe vefli^l®
returned
•••


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NEW SOUTH \V A I, E S.	87
oward «lUüther voyage.
returned towards the north, where they were to make c" a P'
x*
During the ftay of M. De la Peyroufe in Botany Bay, Father Le Receveur, who had come out in the Aftro-labe as a naturalift, died. His death \vas occafioned by wounds which he received in the unfortunate rencounter at the Navigator's I (lands. A flight monument was ere£lcd to his memory, witli the following infcription.
Hie jacet Lf. Recevf.udj E. F. F. Minimis Gnllise Sacerdos, Pliyficus in circiimnavigatione Mundi, Duce De La Peyrouse, Ob. 17th Feb. 1788.
The monument being foon after dellroyed by the ^^atives, Governor Phillip caiifed the infcription to be engraved on copper, and afhxed to a neighbouring tree. Be la Peyroufe had paid a fimihir tribute of relpečt the memory of Claptain Gierke, at the harbour of Peter and Paul in Kamtfchatka.
On the Kjthof this month. Lieutenant Ball arrived March igth. the Supply from Norfolk Ifland. He had made that ^^laud on the 29th of February, but was five days off coaft before a place could be found at hich it was P^ffible to land the Üores and provifions. So completely
■ tks.
C H^A P. pletcly do the rocks furround the ifland, that it was not cafy to find a place even to land a man. At length, however, they fuccecded, having difcovered at the fouth-wefl end, a fmall opening in a reef that runs acrofs a bay. Here the people, provifions and ftores were all put on fliore in perfečl fafety. The Comn:iandant wrote in liig^^ fpirits at the promifing apj^earance of his new territory? and lubfequent accounts have proved, that the opinion h^^ then formed was not erroneous. He defcribetl Norfolk llland as one entire wood, or rather as a garden overrun with the nohleft i^ines, in ftraightnefs, lize, aii'^ magnitude, far fuperior to any he had ever feen. Nothing can exceed the fertility of its foil. Wherever it has been fince examined, a rich black mould has been found to the depth of five or fix feet: and the grain and garden feeds which have been fown, fuch onl)' excepted as were damaged in the carriage, or by the weevil, have vegetated with the utmoft luxuriance. To prevent repetitions, it may perhaps be beft to unite ii^ this place the accounts which have been received ot this illand, though many of them will eafily be perceived to be greatly pofterior to this firft return of th^ Supply.
Norfolk lüand is about feven leagues in circumfc rence, and if not originally formed, like many other fmall illands, by the eruption of volcanic matter from tl^'^
4	bell
N E w SOU r II w ALES.	89
of the fea, mull cloubtkfs have contained a volcano. cH^at. This condufion is formed from the vaft quantity of '—^ pumice ftone which is flattered in all parts of it, and ^lixed with the foil. The crater, or at leaft forae traces «f its former exiftence, will probably be found at the i'ummit of a fmall mountain, which rifes near the middle of the ifland. To this mountain the Commandant has given the name of Mount Pitt. The ifland is exceedingly well watered. At, or near Mount Pitt, rifes a ftrong and copious Ib-eam, which flowing through a very fine valley, divides itfelf into feveral branches, each of which retains fufiicient force to be ufed in turning mills : and in various parts of the illand excellent fprings liave been difcovered.
The climate is pure, falubrious, and delightful, preserved from oppreffivc heats by conflant breezes from the and of fo mild a temperature throughout the winter, that vegetation continues there without interruption, '^ne crop fucceeding another. Rcfrefhing Ihowers from to time maintain perpetual verdure; not indeed of S'^^fs, for none has yet been feen upon the i (land, but the trees, Ihrubs, and other vcgctal>les v/hich in all P'Uts grow abundantly. On the leaves of thcfc, and of iiiaie kinds in particular, the flieep, hogs, aiul goats, only live, but thrive and fatten very niuch. To ^lic faUibrity of the air every individual in this little
tst	colony
po	avoyageto
C H^A p. colony can bear ample tcftimony, from the uninterrupted —' flate of good health which has been in general enjoyed.
When our fettlers landed, there was not a fingle acre clear of wood in the illand, and the trees were fo bound together by that kind of creeping jfhrub called fupple jack, interwoven in all direčtions, as to render it very difTicuk to penetrate far among them. The Commandant, fmall as his numbers were at firft, by indefatigable adivity foon caufed a fpace to be cleared fufficient for the reqiiifite accommodations, and for the produclioii of efculent vegetables of all kinds in the greateft abundance. When the laft accounts arrived, three acrcs of barley were in a very thriving ft ate, and ground was prepared to receive rice and Indian corn, hi the wheat there had been a difappointment, the grain that was fown having been fo much injured by the weevil, as to he unfit for vegetation. But the people were all at that time in commodious houfes ; and, according to the declarations of Mr. King himfelf, in his letters to Governor Phillip, there was not a doubt that this colony would be in a fituation to fupport itfelf entirely without aihttanccj-in lefs than four years: and with very little in the intermediate time. Even two years would be more thart fufficient for this purpofe, could a proper fupply of black cattle be fent.
Fim
new S O U T PI WA L E S.	91
Fiüi are caught in great plenty, and in tlic proper feafon very fine turtle. The woods are inhabited	' ^y iunumerable tribes of birds, many of them very gay if» plumage. The moft ufeful are pigeons, which arc Very numerous, and a bird not unlike the Guinea fowl, except in colour, (being chiefly white,) both of which ^ere at firft fo tame as to fuffer themfelves to be taken W hand. Of plants that afford vegetables for the tabic, the chief are cabbage palm, the wild plantain, the fern ^I'ee, a kind of wild fpinage, and a tree which pro-^i^Kes a diminutive fruit, bearing fome refemblance to a currant. This, it is hoped, by tranfplanting and carc, , vail be much improved in fize and flavour.
But the produdions which give the greateft importance to Norfolk llland are the pines and the llax plant, former rifmg to a fii'.e and perfection unknown in other places, and promifmg the moft valuable fupply oi' ^^^fts and fpars for our navy in the Eaft Indies; the latter not Icfs eftimable for the purpofes of making fail-cloth, •^^^fuage, and even the üncft manufactures; growing ^^^ great plenty, and with fuch luxuriance as to attain tbe height of eight ieetß The pines mcafure frequently
one
* The Oax plant is thus Jefcvlkd in Captain Cook's firft voyr.ge, vo!. Iii. p. ^^ found at New Zealaiid. " Tlicrc is, liowe-'cr, a plant that ferves ihe iiihabi-iufleaj „f	to the Ijme purpoCes in
countries. Of this plant theie arc two lorts; the leaves oF both rcfemble
N a
thofe
CHAP, one hiindred and fixty, or even one hundred and eighty feet in height, and are fometimes nine or ten feet in diameter at the bottom of the trunk. Tliey rife to about eighty feet without a branch; tlie wood is faid to be of the heft quality, ahiioft as light as that of the beft Norway marts; and the turpentine obtained from it is remarkable for purity and whitenefs. The fern tree is found alfo of a great height for its fpecies, meafuring from fevcnty to eighty feet, and affords cxccllent food for the flieep antl other fmall cattle. A plant producing pepper, and fup-pofed to be the true oriental pepper, has been difcovered lately in the ifland, growing in great plenty ; and fpeci-mens have been feat to England, in order to afcertain this important point.
The chief difad van tage experienced by thofe who arc fent to Norfolk llland, is the want of a good landing place. The bay which has been ufed for this purpofe is
thofc of flags, but tiie fiowcrs arc fmallcr and their clufters more numerous ; in oiiC kind they are yellow, and in the other a deep red. Of the leaves of thefe plants» with very little preparation, they make all their common apparel ; and of thefe they aSfo make their firings, lines, and cordagc for every purpofe, which are fc* much ftronger than any thing we can make with hemp, that they will not bear a comparifon. From the fame plant, by another preparation, they draw long flender fibres which fliinelike filk, and are as white as fnow ; of thefe, which arc alio fur-prizinj^ly ftrong, the finer clothes are made; and of the leaves, without any other preparation than fplitting them into proper breadths and tying the ftrips together, they make their fiftiing nets; fomc of which, as I have before remarked, are of ai> enormous fizc." It is added, that it is found in every kind of foil. It is perennial, and has a bulbous root. Some of the roots have lately been fent to England.
incJofed
it'iclored by a reef of coral rock, through which there is ^ "v^
A.
^ pafTage only for a boat ; and tlurlng the tide of flood, ^vhen the wind is weftcrly, the landing is rather dan-S^rous. In one of the debarkations a midfliipman, ^^'ho Was ordered to lie within the reef, that he might ^^tcnd the boats coming to fJiore, imprudently fuffered own boat to drive into the furf, and was loft, with four men. He had l)ecn once before overfet in confe-'l^^ence of a fimilar inattention, and then had loft one ^an. On the coaft of the lüand are feveral fmall bays, ^nd there are ftill hopes that a better landing place may ^^ diltovered ; but the necelTity of employing all the in Iheltering themfelves and the ftores from ^hc feather, or in clearing ground for various purpofes, has ^l^herto prevented Mr. King from fending out any per-to complete the examination. Should this enquiry Pi'ove unfuccefsful, it is propofed to attempt the blowUp of one or two fmall rocks, by which the reef
Is
tendered dangerous. If this expedient alfo lliould the evil mvift be borne with patience. In fammer ^^^ lauding will generally be fufficiently fecure ; and fea-who have feen the bay of Riga, in the Baltic, de-that it will at all times be fafer for a fliip to load mafts and fpars at Norfolk Ifland, than in that \vhcre fo many fliips are freighted yearly.
Rats

C H^A P. Uats are the only quadrupeds which have been found
I---^—I fi^jg ifland; and from thefe, as well as from the ants,
it was feared the crops might fuffer ; but no great inconvenience has yet been experienced from them; and proper exertions leldom fail in a Ihort time to reduce the number of fach enemies, enough to make their depredations very inconliderable. On the whole, Norfolk Illand certainly delerves to be confidered as an acquifition of fome importance, antl is likely to anfwer even the moft fanguine expedlations. Some canoes have been found on the rocks, which were fuppofed to have been driven from New Zealand; but the appearance of a frefli cocoa nut and a imall piece of manufačlured wood, which fcemed to have been only a fmall time in the water, has lately fuggefted an idea that probably fome inhabited illand may lie at no great dillance. There has not been as yet any opportunity to determine whether this opinion be well founded or not.
A fmall illand, but entirely uninhabited, was difco-vered by Lieutenant Ball in his paflTage to Norfolk Illand. ■In his return he examined it, and found that the fliorc abounded with turtle, but there was no good anchorage, lie named it Lord Howe IJIand. It is in 36' fouth latitude, and 159' eaft longitude. Part of this ifland being very high may be feen at the diilance of fixteen leagues,
8	"und
X.
and a rock to the foiuh-eaft of it, may be difcerned even chap.
eighteen leagues. In latitude 29" 25' fouth, longi-u t^^de	eaft, a very dangerous reef has fincc been
feea. -fj^g ß^-p fi-on^ which it was obfervcd was then four leagues to the fouthward, and it could not at that tmie be afcertained hov^^ far it extends to the northward.
To expedite the cultivation of Norfolk Ifland a frelh ^^ctachmcnt was fent thither in Očlober, confifting of an officer and eight marines, with thirty con v ids, corifill:-^'^g of ten women and twenty men : Thus, there exifted on this iilet, when the laft accounts wcrctranfn^itted, forty-toar men ^nd fixteen women, who, having eighteen ^^onths provifions, lived comfortably on this fequeftercd ^Pot, under the prudent managemeiU of a yoiithful ruler, whofe bufy life the reader may wilh to know all the Particulars, which at prefcnt can be authentically told.
Philip Gidley King, who had the honour to condučt ^hc original fcttlers to Norfolk lOand, was born at Laun-^^fton in Cornwall, on the 23d of April, 1758. He is fon of Philip King, of that town, draper, who "Carried the daughter of John Gidley, of Exeter, attor-l^^y at law. Much as he owes to his parents, he indebted for his fcholaftic learning to Mr. Bailey ^^ ^^armouth. He derives, probably, fome advantages fiom making an early choice of his profelTion. At
the-
CHAP, the age of twelve, he went to the Eaft Indies on
'—^ board the Swallow frigate, Captain Shirley, by whom he was rated a midlhipman. From this ftation he returned to England, at the end of five years, with much knowledge of his bufinefs, and fome acquaintance with the world. In 1775, he entered upon real fervice; and has continvied in aftive employment from that period to this great epoch of his life. He went to Virginia ^vith Captain Bellew, in the Liverpool, during the year 1775; with whom he continued till the fliipwreck of that frigate in Delaware Bay. And having entered on board the Princefs Royal, in October 1778, he was made a Lieutenant by Admiral Byron, into the Renown, on the 26th of November following. He returned to England in the fubfequent year ; and ferved in the Channel on board the Kite cutter, and Ariadne frigate, till the beginning of 1783. With Captain Phillip he went to the Eaft Indies, as Jjentenant of the Europe, in January 1783; from M'hcnce he returned on the reftoration of complete j^eace, in May 1.784. In this fervice it was, that Phillip and King became acquainted with the merit of each other-And when the expedition to New South Wales was pro^ jeded, King was appointed Lieutenant of the Sirius, ou the 25th of oaobcr, 1786, at the fame time that PhilHp was nominated Commander of the voyage.
C n A V-
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v
G H A P T E R XI.
^^''ee of the tranfports cleared—Two excutfions made into the coim-0« the fifteenth of April, and on the iisentyfccond—Huts of the natives—Sadpture, and other particulars.
Qn the 25 th of March, the Charlotte, Lady Penrhyn, chap.
xi.
^nd Scarborough tranfports, having been cleared of —^—' their ftores, were difcharged from government fer-and left at liberty to proceed for China, whenever ^Vir commanders flionld think proper. The other ÜVips ^^ere of necelTity detained till the ftore-hotücs could be
finiüied.
The month of April was not diftinguiflied by any Events that defervc to be related, except two expeditions Oovernor PhilUp for the pnrpofe of exploring the Country. On the firft of thefe excurfions he fet out on
15th with provifions for foiu' days; attended by fe- Apniiydi, "^^ral officers, and a fmall party of marines.. They ^^nded at the head of a fmall cove, called Shell Gove, near ^Tae entrance of the harbour on the north fide. Pro-
O	ceeding
^ ^xf ^ cceding in this diredlioii they arrived at a large lake, •—"—' which they examined, thovigh not without great labour. It was fiirrouiidecl by a confidcrable extent of bog and marfliy ground, in wliich, in the courfe of their progrefs, they were frequently plunged up to the waift. On this lake they ürll obferved a black fwan, which fpccies, though proverbially rare in other jiarts of the world, is here by no means uncommon, being found on moft of the lakes. This was a very noble bird, larger than the common fwan, and equally beautiful in form. On being fliot at, it rofc and difcovered that its wings were edged with white : the bill was tinged with red.
In three days, with great difficulty, they paficd the fwamps and marflies which lie near the harbour. Nothing can more fully point out the great improvement which may be made by the indufrry of a civilized people in this country, than the circumftances of the fmall ftreams which defcend into Port Jacklbn. They all proceed from fwamps produced by the ftagna-tion of the water after rifing from the fprings. When, the obftacles which impede their courfe can be removed, and free channels opened through which they may flow, the adjacent ground will gradually be drained, and the ftreams themfelves v/ill become more ufeful; at the fame time habitable and falubrious fituations will be gained in.
S	places
Placcs where at prefent perpetual clamps prevail, and the ^ ^ir itfelf appears to ftagiiate.	' ^ '
On leaving thefe low grounds, they found them fuc-ceeded by a rocky and barren country. The hills were covered with flowering fl^rubs, but by means of various «Ijftacles the afcending and defcending was difficult, and ^^ many parts impracticable. At the diftance of about fifteen miles from the fea coaft Governor Phillip obtained ^ very fine view of the inland country and its mountains, to feveral of which he now gave names. The iT^olt northern of them he named Carmarthen Mills, the moft Ibuthern I.anfdown Hills; one w Inch lay between thefe was called Pachmond Hill. From tlic manner in ^vhich thefe mountains appeared to rife, it was thought ^ilmoft certain that a large river muft defcend from ^niong them. But it was now necefiary to return, with-making any further examination.
On the 2 ad another cxaurfion of the fame kind was April »d. Undertaken : (Governor Phillip landed with his party ^ear the head of the harbour. Here they found a good Country, biit in a fliort time arrived at a very clofe cover ; ^nd after paffing the chief part of the day in fruitlefs attempts to make their way through it, were obliged relinquiQr the attempt, and return. The next day,
O 3	^y
^ ^xt keeping clofe to the banks of n fmall creek for about four miles, they contrived to pafs the cover, and for the three fucceeding days continued their courfe to the weft-ward. The country through which they travelled was fingularly fine, level, or rifing in fmnll hills of a very plealing and pičlurefque appearance. The foil excellentj except in a few fmull fpots where it was llony. The trees growing at the diftance of from twenty to forty feet from each other, and in genera] entirely free from tinderwood, which was confined to the ftony and barren fpots. On the fifth day they afcended a fmall eminence, whence, for the firft time in this fecond expedition, they faw Carmarthen and Lanfdown Hills. The country round this hill was fo beautiful, that Governor phillip gave it the name of Belle-vue. They were flill apparently thirty miles from the mountains which it had been their obječt to reach, and not having found it pračlicable, with the tents, arms, and other necefiaries, to carry more than fix days provifions, were obliged to return. Even with this fniall ftock, the officers as well as men, had been under the necelfity of carrying heavy loads. Water for the ufe of the day was always taken; for though it happened in every infiiance that pools of water were found which had remained after the rains, yet this was a fupply on which they could not previouily (lepend. The extraordinary difficulty of penetratii^^ into tbis country had now been fully experienced; where
unexpedletl
^inexpcčled delays from deep ravines and other obftacles, c " ^ pr	XL
frequently force the traveller from his direčl courfc, and '—>—' ^aifle every conjefture concerning the time required for pafling a certain tratft. The utmoft extent of this excnrfion a diredt line had not been more than thirty miles, and it taken np hve days. The letnrn of the party was cffeaed with much more cafe ; the track was made, ^'^d the trees marked the whole way vdiere they had palTcd ; with thefe aiFiftances they reached their boats in ^ t^ay and a half.
It Was ftm tiie general opinion that the appearance of t^^ie country promifed the difcovery of a large river in '^l^at diftri(3-j whenever the line now taken could be fully PUrfued. Another expedition was therefore planned, in ^^'Inch it \Yas determined, if poflible, to reach either ^^anfdown or Carmarthen Hills : and the hope of fo ^■^^portant a difcovery as that of u river made every ^^^^ anxious to go, notwithftanding the great fatigue ^^'ith which tliefe undertakings were attended. But this as for the prefent unavoidably deferred. Go-^'ernor Phillip, who had not been perfedly well even at time of fetting out on the cxcmTion to Broken liay, then contraded a fevere pani in his fide, by Heeping ^'^^quently on the wet ground. This complaint had in ^^^ two laft journeys received fo much increafc, that he
found
xi'^^'	abfolutely neceffary to allow hiinfclf the rerpitc
'—'—' of a few weeks, before he again encountered fo much fatigue.
The country explored in this laft journey was fo good and fo fit for the purpofcs of cultivation, that the Governor refolved to fend a detachment to fettle there, as foon as a fufiicient number could be fpared from works of more immediate neceffity. But notwithftanding the goodnefs of the foil it is a matter of allonifhment how the natives, v/ho know not how to avail themfelves of its fertility, can fubfift in the inland country. On the coaft filli makes a confiderable p:irt of their food, but where that cannot be had, it feems hardly poffible that with their f^iears, the only miffile weapon yet obfervcd among them, they fliould be able to procurc any kind of animal food. With the alTiftancc of their guns the Englifli gentlemen could not obtain, in the lall fix days they were out, more than was halely fu(ficient for two meals. Yet, that thefe parts are frequented by the natives was undeniably proved by the temporary huts which M'cre feen in fcveral places. Ne?,r one of thefe huts the l)ones of a kanguroo were found, and fcveral trees were fecn on fire. A piece of a root refembling that of the fern tree was alfo picked up by Governor Phillip ; part of this root had been chewed, and fo recently that it was thought it could not have been left many minutes. It
feemed
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CHAP. XI.
feemcd evident by feveral marks, that the natives had only fled at the approach of the Englifli party, but fo efFedually did they conceal thcmfelves that not one was ieen.
The number of the natives in thefe inland parts muft, however, be very fmall. Whether thefe refule by choice where they muft encounter fo many difficulties, or whether they are driven from the fociety of thofe who inhabit the coaft, has not yet been difcovered. The huts feen here confifted of fingle picces of bark,, about eleven feet in length, and from four to fix in breadth, bent in the middle while freOi from the tree, and fet up fo as to forn:i an acute angle, not a little refembling cards fet up by children. In the plate inserted here, not only the huts, but fome of the fpears of the natives are introduced. It was conjetftured, that the chief ufe of thefe imperfea ftruaurcs might be^ to conceal them froin the animals for which they muft frequently be obliged to lie in wait. They may alfo afford flielter from a fliower of rain to oiie or two who fit or lie under them. The bark of many trees was obferved to be cut into notches, as if for the purpofe of climbing; and in feveral there were holes, apparently the retreat of fome animal, but enkd'ged by the natives for the purpofe of catching the inhabitant. The enlargement of thefe holes with their
ijnpcrfecft
CHAP, imperiecl inftruments, muft itfelf be a work of time, and xi.^
<—v^ mult require no little patience. In feme places, where the hole was rather too high to be reached from the ground, boughs of trees were laid to facilitate the afceiit. The animals that take refuge in thofe places are probably the fquirrel, the opoffum, or the kanguroo-rat. At the bottom of one of thefe trees, the ikin of a flying fquirrel was found.
In many places fires had lately been made; but in one only were feen any ihells of oyfters or mufcles, and there not more than half a dozen. Fifli-bones were not found at all, which feems to prove, that in their jour-nies inland thefe people do not carry with them any provifions of that kind. Kangaroos were frequently feen, but were fo ßiy that it was very dilFicult to flioot them. With refpecl to thefe animals, it is rather an extraordinary circumflancc, that, notwithftanding their great fliynefs, and notwithftanding they are daily fliot at, more of them are feen near the camp than in any other part of the country. The kanguroo, though it refem-bles the jerboa in the peculiarity of ufing only the hinder legs in progreflion, does not belong to that genus. The pouch of the female, in which the young are nurfed, is thought to connečl it rather with the opoffum tribe. This extraordinary formation, hitherto efteemed peculiar to that one genus, feems, however, in New
Holland
Molhm;! not to bc üifTicicntly charačlcriftic: it has been c ha p.
Al*
found both in the rat and tlic fquirrcl kind. The'—-v—' largelt kanguroo which has yet been fliot \vcighcd about one hundred and forty pounds. I^ut it has been difco-vcrcd that there arc two kinds, one of which feldom exceeds fixty pounds in weic^ht: thcfe live chiefly on the high grounds : their hair is of a rcddiOi caft, and the head is fliortcr than in the larger fort. Young kangu-roos which have been taken, have in a few days grown very tame, but none have lived more than two or three weeks. Yet it is Itill poliible that when their proper food üiall be better known, they may bc domefticated. Near Ibme water, in this journey, was found the dung of an animal that fed on grafs, which, it was fuppofcd, could not have been lefs than a horfe. A kanguroo, io much above the ufual fizc, would have been an extraordinary pbaDnomenon, though no larger animal has yet been feen, and the limits of grow th in that fpecies are not afcertaincd. The tail of the kanguroo, which is very large, is found to be r.fed as a weapon of offence, and has given fuch fevcrc blows to dogs as to oblige them to defift from purfuit. Its flefli is coarfe and lean, nor would it probably be ufed for food, where there was not a fcarcity of frefli provifions. The dif-proportion betw een the upper and lower parts of this animal is greater than has been fliown in any former
P
clellnentions ( inferted here.
CHAT. clellnentions of it, but is well exprefled ia the plate
The cUmenfions of a ftufied kangiiroo in the	poffef-fion of Mr. Nepean, are thefe,
Length from the point of the nofe to the end of	f_
the tail,	6 i
- of the tail, — —	21
-head, —> —	o 8
--fore legs, — —	x
o
--i.-hinder legs,	—	2 8
Circumference of the forepart, by the legs,	i i -:---lower parts, —• 32.
The middle toe of the hind feet is remarkably long, llrong, and fliarp.
The natives of New South Wales, though in fo rude and uncivilized a ftate as not even to have made an attempt towards clothing themfelves, notwlthllanding that at times they evidently fufter from the cold and wet, are not without notions of fculpture. In all thefe excurfions of Governor Phillip, and in the neighbourhood of Botany Bay and Port Jackfon, the figures of animals, of Hiiclds, and weapons, and even of men, have been feen carved upon the rocks, roughly indeed, but fafFiciently well to afcertain very fully what was the 5	the
yffleir^rll Jiilif'
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N E W SOU T ]I W A L E S.	107
the objed intended. Fidi were often reprefcntetl, and c h^a i'. in one placc tlic form of a large lizard was fkctclied out —'' with tolerable accuracy. On the top of one of the hills, the figure of a man in the attitude ufually alfumed by them when they begin to dance, was executed in a flill fuperior ftyle. That the arts of imitation and am^xfe-ment, fliould thus in any degree precede thofe of necef-fity, fccms an exception to the rules laid down by theory for the progrefs of invention. But perhaps it may better be confidered as a proof tliat the climate is never lb fevere as to make the provifion of covering or flielter a matter of abfolute neceflity. Had thefe men been expofed to a colder atmofphere, they would doubtlefs have had clothes and houfes, before they attempted to become fculptors.
In all the country hitherto explored, the jiartics liavc feldom gone a quarter of a mile witho\it feeing trees which had been on fire. As violent thunder florms are not uncommon on this coaft, it is p-oflibie that they may have been butnt by lightning, which the gum-tree is thought particularly to attrad ; but it is probable alfo that they may have been iet on iire by the natives. The gum-tree is highly combuliiblc, and it is a common pradlice with them to kirulle their fires at the root of one of thefe trees. When they
P 2	(Itüt
C ^xi^	^ jilacc they never extinj^uifli the fuc they have
' ^^ 'made, but leave it to burn out, or to communicatc its flames to the tree, as accidental circiimltances may determine.
Governor Phillip, on his return from this excurfion» had the mortification to find that live ewes and a lamb had been killed very near the camp, and in the middle of the day. I low this had happened was not known, but it was conjei5lvired that they mull have been killed by dogs belonging to the natives. The lofs of any part of the ftock of cattle was a ferious misfortune, fince it mufl: be a confiderablc time before it could be replaced. Fifli affords, in this i^lace, only an uncertain rcfourcc : on fome days great quantities are caught, though not fufficient to fave any material part of the provifions; but at times it is very Icarce. An account of the live ftock at this time in the fettlement is luhjoined to this chapter.
The three tranfports bound to Chinn, failed the 5th, 6th, and 8th of May ; and the Supply having been caulked, failed on the 6th to Lord Howe Illand for turtle, in hopes of giving fome check to the fcurvy, with which the people were ftill fo much aife*fled that near two hundred were incapable of work.
3	lü'om
NEW S O U T H WALE S.	109
From the great labour which attended the clearing of CHAP. ^he ground it proved to be impradlicable to low at prelent mcjre than eight or ten acres with wheat and barley: and it was apprehended that even this crop would fviffer from the depredations of ants and field mice. In the beginning of May it was fiippofed, as it had been once or twice before, that the rainy fcafon was fct in ; but in about a week the weather- became fine again.
* Btfides what wns fown by the Lieutonasit Governor ami other individuals, for the fupport of their own Oocli: to aJTift wliom, the labour of the convičls was QccafionalS^ lent.
All
An Account of the live Stock in the Settlement at Port Jackfon,
May ift, 1788.
C	To whom belonging.	flTJ f cn	g u M n cn	n Vi	ST	n 0 ^	3- n fi "V	Mg tn	0 (T? Ui	05)' tfi	1: CO	c' Q VI	C r5 C čT'	c n ?r	c' 5; V.	0 n' 2 c/:
fH							ram 1		boar I fows							
w	Government-	I	2		2	2	ewe$ 12	r								
							wethers		19							
Ü							3									
<							ewe									
	Governor.		I	3		2	I lamb		10		3	^ J	8	17	22	
							I									
0	Lieutenant Governor.							I	1	1		5	6	4	9	
>	Officers and men belonging to the detachment.					I		12	10	17	2	6	9	8	55	25
<	Staff.						11	5	7	J		2	6	6	36	62
	Other individuals.								I							
	Total 1	I	3	3	2	5	29	19	49	iS	5	18	29	35	122	87
< I—<
M-l
u
o
(Signed,)
Andrew Miller, Gommiffary.
CHAPTER XIIv
The Supply returns from Lord Howe Ißmd—Some convi5h aßaulted by the natives—excurßon of GoDcrmr Phillip to Botany Bay hy Lafid—ititerview with many natives—the fourth of fwic ccle-brated—fomc account of the climate.
O
N the 25th of May, the Supply tender returned chap, from Lord Howe Illand, but unfortunately without -—^ having been able to procure any turtle. She had met ^ith fqually weather, and had been obliged to cut away her beft bower anchor, but fuftcred no other damage. The three tranfports bound for China had all appeared off the illand while the Su]>ply remahied there.
About this time one of the convicts who, in fenrching for vegetables, had gone a tonfiderablc way from the camp, returned very dangeroully woisnded in the back. He faid, that another man who had gone out for the fame purpofe, had been carried otf by the natives in his fight, after having been wounded in the head. A fliirt
and
c ir A i\ and hat were afterwards found, botli pierccd with rpeais,
^ 1 1 4
'—V—' in one of tlic huts of the natives; but no intelligence :of the man could be gained. There could be little doubt that the convicts had been the aggreflbrs, though the man who returned ftrongly denied having given any kind of provocation.
3ötii May, On tlic thirtieth of May, two men who had been
1 * BS
' ' employed in collecting ruflics for thatch at fome diftancc ■from the camp, ^vere found dead. One of them had four fpears in his body, one of which had jnerccd entirely through it: the other had not any marks of violence v.pon him. In this cafe it was clearly proved that the firft injury had been offered by the unfortunate men, who paid fo dearly for their dißionefty and difobe-dience of orders ; for they had been feen with a canoe, which they had taken from one of the filhing places. Thefe events were much regretted by Governor Phillip, as tending entirely to the fruftration of the plan he had fo much at heart, of conciliating the affečtions of the natives, and e£tablifl:iing a friendly intercourfe with them.
As the rufli-cutters tools had been carried away, the Governor thought it might be poffible to difcover the natives who had been concerned in this unfortunate affray ; and to make them imderftand that the condua
of
N F. V7 SOU T.II W A I, ES.	,13
of their alTaihmts had been entirely unwarranted, and was very liighly difapproved. lie judged the attempt '——' to be at leaft worth making, as it feemed the only way to reilorc that confidence which mnft have been interrupted by this affair. The next day, therefore, he went out with a fmall party, confifting altogether of twelve perfons, and landed at the place where the men were killed. After traverling the country for more than twenty miles, they arrived at the north fliore of Botany Bay, vrithout huving met with one of the natives.
In this place, at length, they faw about t^venty canoes employed in fifliing: and when the fires were made, and the party encamped to pafs the night upon the bcach, it was fully expeded that fonie of thofe in the f^nocs vvould have joined them, but not one appeared. 1 he next morning, though fifty canoes were drawn up on the beach, not a fingle perfon could be found belonging to them. Governor Phillip had now determined to return to Port Jackfon; but as he went, keeping for fome time near the fea coafl:, he difcoverc<l a great number of the natives, apparently more than could belong to that diftrift, affembled at the mouth of a cave. The party was within teii yards of them before they were perceived, and the Governor had hardly time to make his people halt before numbers appeared in arms, The man who feemed to take the lead, as he
Q	advanced
C ha p. advanced made figns for the EngliÜi to retire, but when.
'—•—' he faw Governor Phillip approach alone, unarmed, and in a friendly manner, he gave his fpcar away and met him with perfect confidence. In lefs than three minutes the Englifli party found itfelf furrovinded by two hundred and twelve men ; but notliing occurred in this tranfaction which could in the leaft confirm the idea, that the natives were accuüomed to a6l with treachery, or inclined to take any cruel advantage of fuperiority in numbers. The moment the offered friendihip was accepted on their fide, they laid dov.'n their fpears and ftone hatchets, and joined the party in the mofl amicable manner. Numbers of women and children remained at a fmall diflance, fome of whom the men afterwards brought down to rcccive the little articles which were offered as prefents. Nothing was feen among thefe people which could at all prove that any of them had been engaged in the affray with the rufli-cutters; and the Governor parted with them on the moft friendly terms, but more convinced than ever of the necefTity of treating them with a proper degree of confidence, in order to prevent difagreement. Had he gone up with all his party, or had he even hefitated a moment before he advanced himfelf, making the fignals of fricndlhip, a lance would probably have been thrown, after which nothing could have prevented a rencounter, ^\'hich in fuch circuniftances muft have been fatal.
Here,
new s o U t h wal }■ s.	mi
Ilei-c was fccQ the fineft ftrcaiii of water that liacl chap. hitherto heesi clifcoveretl hi the country, but the cove into which it runs Ues very open to the Tea. When the natives faw that the Englifli were going forward towards the ncjit cove, one of them, an old man, made figns that he might be allowed to go firft. He did fo, and as foon as he had afcended the hill, called out, liolding up both his hands, (the ufualfignal of amity among thefe people) to fignify to the natives in the next cove that they who were advancing were friends. The Governor's party did not, however, defcend to that cove, but faw about forty men, fo that, unlefs they had afiembled themfelves on fome particular occalion, they muft be more numerous in that part than had been before imagined. Governor Phillip had calcvilated before, from the parties he had ieen, that in Botany Bay, Port Jackfon, Broken Bay, and all the intermediate country, the inhabitants could not exceed one thoufand five hundred. In crofTing the hills at this time between Botany Bay and Port Jackfon, fmoke was feen on the top of J^anfilown Hills, which feems to prove beyond a doubt, that the country is inhabited as far as thofe mountains, which are not lefs than fifty miles in;m the fca.
Further enquiries having given fome reafon to Jfup-pofe, that one of the natives had been niurdere<l, and feveral wounded, previoufly to the attack macle upon
g 3	the
C H A P. the lufli-ciittcrs, Governor Phillip on his retarn, pro-
I---,---' claimed the reward of emancipation to any convidl who
flioukl dilcovcr the aggrelTors. This flep, if it did not in this inrtance procure any information, fecmed likely to prevent fiich acts of violence in future.
No very good fortune had hitherto attended the live (lock belonging to the fettlement, but the heavieft blow was yet to come. About this time the two bulls and four cows, belonging to Government, and to the Governor, having been left for a time by the man who was appointed to attend them, ftrayed into the woods, and though they were traced to fome diftance, never could be rccovcred. This was a lofs which muft be for fome time irreparable.
The fourth of June was not fuiicrcd to pafs without due celebration. It was a day of remiflion from labour, and of general fefVivity throughout the fettlement. At fun-rife the Sirius and Supply fned each a falute of twenty-one guns, and again at one o'clock, when the marines on fliore alfo falutcd with three vollies. At fun-fct the liime honours were a third time repeated from the Ihips; large bonfires were lighted, and the whole camp afforded a fcene of joy. That there might not be any exception to the happincfs of this day, the four convi^rts \Nho had been reprieved from death,
and
and baniHiecl to aii ifland in the middle of tlie harbour, received a full pardon, and were fent for to bear '— their part in the general exnltation. The Governor, in his letters, with that humanity which fo ftrongly diftin-guiflies his character, fays, he trufts that on this day there was not a fingle heavy heart in this part of his Majefty's dominions. Iiis own houfe was the centre of conviviality to all who could be admitted to that fociety, nor was any thing neglcded which in fuch a fituation Gould mark a day of celcbrity, confiftently with propriety and good order. Perhaps no birth-day was ever celebrated in more places, or more remote from each other, than that of his Majefty on this day.
It was now, it feems, firft generally known, that the name of Cumberland County had been given by the Governor to this part of the territory. This name bad been fixed before the afiembling of the firft courts, for the lake of prcferving regularity in the form of the public a^ts, in which it is ufual to name the county. The l)ovindarics fixed for Cumberland County were, on the weft, Carmarthen and Ivanflown Mills: on the north, the northern parts of Broken Bay ; and to the Ibuthward, the fouthern parts of Botany Bay. Thus including completely ihefe three principal bays, and leaving the cliief place of fettlement at Sydney Cove nearly in tlie centre.
Om
XH^" ^^^	of June was a flight ßiock of an earth-
jiliirT^ quake, which did not laft more than two or three fc-Conds. Tt was felt by nioft people in the camp, and by the Governor hinifelf, who heanl at the fame time a noife from the fonthward, which he took at firfl: for the reix)rt of gnns fired at a great diftance.
j.m<i4tis On the 24th, a convičt who had abfconded on the 5th, having been guilty of a robbery, returned into the camp ahnoft liar ved. He had hoped to lublift in the woods, but found it impolTible. One of the natives gave him a fUh, and then made figns for him to go away. He faid, that afterwards he joined a party of the natives, who would have burnt him, but that with fome difficuhy he made his efcape; and he pretended to have feen the remains of a human body adlually lying on a fire, but little credit can be given to reports from fuch a quarter, lie was of opinion that the natives were at this time in great diftrefs for food, and faid, that he liad feen four of them dying in the woods, who made ligns for fome-thing to eat, as if they were perifliing through hunger. It is certain that very little fiÜi coiikl be caught at this time, and the convidt feemed defuous to fuggeft the notion that they fupplied their necelÜties occafionally with human flefli; but there feems to be no good foundation for fuch an opinion. This man was tried for his offence, pleaded guilty, and fuffered with another cnminal.
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It was now fufficiently afcertaiiied, that though the iicceflTity of fubfifting fo long chiefly upon fait provifions, '—^—' and of remaining encamped in very wet weather had produced the fcurvy, and other diforders common in fuch circumftances, the climate itfelf wherein this new fettlement is fixed is mild and llilubrious. Heavy rains had generally attended the changes of the moon during the winter montlis, but there had not been any time that could properly be called a rainy feafon. The clearing away of the woods will of courfe afiift the circulation of air, and continually increafe the healthfulnefs of the place. Violent ftorms of thunder and lightning fome-times happened, and Governor Phillip obferved the variation of his thermometer, in the fliade, to amount frequently to thirty-three degrees, between eight in the morning and two in the afternoon. The report of the furgeon at this time is fubjoincd.
A Return
CHAP.	^ Return of Sick, June 30, 1788.

Marines iick in the hofpital	_ - - 4
Convalefccnts in ditto > _ _ 2 Marines fick in camp	-	- - -18
Convalefccnts in ditto - - - 6 Wives and children of marines fick in ditto - 6
*
Total belonging to the battalion under medical | ^^ treatment	- - - - j -
Of marines dead from the time of embarkation to
landing - - - - -
Women ditto	-	- _ _ _	^
Children ditto ------	i
Marines dead fince landing - - - -	3
Women ditto ------	o
Cliildren ditto - - - - - -	2
Total dead from the time of embarkation to 1 the prefent date _ - - - j
8
ConviČls
NEW sour H VV A L E S.	121
Convicts iick in the hofpltal	- - - 20
AIIp
Gonvalefcents ia ditto , , -	^ —^—'
Convii51;s fick in camp - - - - 2.6 Convalcfcents in ditto - - - 16
Convičts ^infit for labour, from old age, in- | firmities, See.	- - _ _ i
Total of convičls under medical treatment - 66
} 36
Male convicts dead from the time of embarkation
to landing ----Female convitSts ditto	- - - - 4 Convicts children ditto - - _ _ ^
45
Male convicts dead lince landing - -	20
Female ditto	g
Convias children ditto _ _ - -	8
Total dead, from the time of embarkation to n
>	o T
the prefent date - - - - j
52
JOHN WHITE, Surgeon.
Cove, Pert Jackjon.
K	G H A P-
2.21
A V O Y A G K I Ü
CHAPTER Xllt.
Particular 'defcription of Sydney Cove—Of the buildifigs aSlually ereSled—and of the intended town—A fettkmmt made at the head of the harbour^
CHAP. '^HERE are few things more pleafing than the con-'—^t'—i	templation of order and ufeful arrangement, arifing
gradually out of tumult and confufion; and perhaps this fatisfačlion cannot any where be more fully enjoyed than where a fettlement of civilized people is fixing itfelf upon a newly difcovercd or favage coaft. The wild appearance of land entirely untouched by ciütivation, the clofe and perplexed growing of trees, interrupted now and then by barren fpots, bare rocks, or fpaces overgrown with weeds, flowers, flowering flirubs, or underwood, fcattered and intermingled in the moft promifcu-ous manner, arc the firft obječts that prefent them-felves; afterwards, the iri'egular placing of the firft tents which are pitched, or huts which are erecSled for immediate accommod-ation, wherever chance prefents a
5	fpot
SYDNEY COVE^ FORT JACKSON /'/jr'A'T V r/-
hilv 1788.—_J
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Ipot tolci-iibly free from obftacles, or more eafily cleared c h a p.
Alii»
than the reft, with the buftle of various hands bufily employed in a number of the moft incongruous works, increafes rather than diminiflies the diforder, and produces a confufion of cffed, which for a time appears inextricable, and feems to threaten an endlefs continuance of perplexity. But by degrees large fpaces are opened, plans are formed, lines marked, and a profpečl at leaft of future regularity is clearly difcerned, and is made the more ftriking by the recoUedion of the former confufion.
To this latter ftate the fettlement at Sydney Cove had now at length arrived, and is fo reprefented in the plan annexed. Lines are there traced out which diftinguifli the principal ftreet of an intended town, to be terminated by the Governor's houfe, the main guard, and the criminal court. In fome parts of this fpace temporary barracks at prefcnt ftand, but no permanent buildings will be fulFered to be placed, except in conformity to the plan laid down. Should the town be ftill further extended in future, the form of other ilreets is alfo traced in fuch a manner as to enfure a free circulation of air. The principal ftreets, according to this defign, will be two hundred feet wide ; the ground propofed for them to the fouthward is nearly level, and is altogether an excellent fituation for buildings. It is propofed by
R a	Governor
CHAP. Governor Phillip that when houfes are to be built here, XIII.	^	'
the grants of land fliall be made with fuch daufes as will
prevent the buikling of more than one houfe on one allotment, which is to confiil of fixty feet in front, and one hundred and fifty feet in depth. Thefe regulations will preferve a kind of uniformity in the buildings, prevent narrow ftreets, and exclude ninny inconveniences which a rapid increafe of inhabitants might otherwifc occafion hereafter. It has been alfo an objeil of the Governor's attention to place the public buildings in fitua-tions that will be eligible at all times, and particularly to give the florehoufes and hofjntal fufficient fiiace for future enlargement, fliould it be found neceflary.
The firft huts that were eretSled here were compofed of very pcrilhable materials, the foft wood of the calibage palm, being only deiigned to affoid immediate flielter. The necefTity of ufing the wood quite green made it alfo the lc!s likely to prove durable. The huts of the con-vičls were ftill more flight, being compofed only of upright jiolh, wattled with llight twigs, and plaiffercd up with (lay. Unrracks and huts were afterwards formed of materials rather more lafting. Buildings of ftone might eaflly have l>ccn raifcd, b.ad there been any means of procuring lime for mortar. The J^one which has been found is of three forts: A fine free ilone, reckoned cqvial in goodnefs to that of Portland ; an indifferent kind
of
of fand (tone, or fircftone ; and a fort Mhich appears to contain a mixture of iron. But neither chalk, nor any '—^ fpecies of lime-ftonc has yet been difcoverecl. In building a fmall houfe for the Governor on the caftern fide of the Cove, (markcil [ in the plan) lime was made of oyflcr fliclls, colkacd in tlie neighbouring covcs; but it cannot ])e cxpcčl:cd that Lme fliould be fupplied in this manner for many building«, or indeed for any of great extent. Till this tlifficulty liiall be removed by the difcovery of chalk or lime-ftone, the public buildings muft go on very ilowly, unlefs carc be taken to fend out thofe articles as ballall in all the fhips defined for Port Jackfon. In the mean time the materials can only be laid in clay, which makes it neceffary to give great thicknefs to the walls, and even then they arc not fo firm as might be willied. Ciood clay for bricks IS fouiul near Sydney Cove, and very goo<l bricks have been made. The wood, from tlie fpeciniens that have been received in England, appears to be good; it is heavy indeed, but fine grained, and apparently flrong, and free from knots. The impertečlions that were found in it at firrt arofo probably fr
om the Wallt oi previous fca-
foaing.
The hofpital Is placed on the weft: fide of the Cove, in a very healthful fituati{)n, entirely clear of the town ; an l is built in fach a manner as to laft for fome years. On
i,	tiiL'
^xiit	I'igli gniuiul between tlie liofpital and the town, if
"—«—' water can be found by finking wells, it is the Governor's intention to cret^l the barracks, furrounding them with proper works. Thefc were to have been begun as foon as the tranfports were cleared, and the men hutted, but the progrefs of ork as rendered fo flow by the want of an adequate number of able workmen, that it was neccffary to poiliponc that undertaking for a time. The ground marked out for a church lies Hill nearer to the town, fo that this edifice will form in part one Ilde of the principal parade. The defign which demanded the moil: immediate execution was that of a ftorehoufe, wdiich miglit be fecure from the danger of fire. In a country expofed to frequent Horms of thunder and lightning, it was rather an uneafy fituation to have all the provifions and other necelTaries lodged in wooden buildings, covered wdtli thatch of the moft combuftible kind. On the point of land that forms the weft fide of the Cove, and on an elevated fpot, a fmall obfervatory has been raifed under the dire(i?tion of Lieutenant Dawes, who was charged by the Board of Longitude with the care of obferving the expected comet. The longitude of this obfervatory is afcertained to be 159° 19'30" caft from Greenwich, and the latitude 32° 52' 30" fouth. A fmall houfe, built by the Lieutenant Governor for himfelf, forms at prefent the corner of the parade ; the principal ftreet will be carried on at right
angles
angles with the front of this building. Inftead of thatch, chap.
Axil«
they now ufc fliingles made from a tree in appearance —^—' like a fir, but producing a wood not unlike the Englifli oak. This, though more fecure than thatching, is not enough fo for ftorehoufes. For thefe, if flate-flone fiiould not be found, tiles muft be made of the clay which has been ufed for bricks. The principal farm is fituated in the next cove to the eaft of the town, and lefs than half a mile from it. When the plan was drawn it contained about nine acres laid down in corn of different kinds. Later accounts fpeak of iiK acres of wlieat, eight of barley, and fix of other grain, as raifed on the public account, and in a very promifnig way.
Sydney cove lies open to the north-eart, and is continued in a fouth-weft direction for near a thoufand yards, gradually decreafing from the breadth of about oile thoufand four hundred feet, till it terminates in a point, where it receives a fmall llireani of frcfli water. The anchorage extends about tv(:o thoufand feet up the cove, and has foundings in general of four fathoms near the lliore, and five, fix, or fcven, nearer the middle of the channel. It is perfe(rLly fecure in all winds ; and for a confiderable way up on both fides, Ihips can lie almoft clofe to the fliore: nor are there, in any part of it, rocks or fliallows to render the navigation dangerous. Such a fituation could not fail to appear defircablc to a difcerning
mans
^xiuwhole objcd it was t(j cftablifli a fettlcaieiit-, which —' he knew niiifl: for fomc time depend for fupport on the importation {)f the principal ncccflaries of life.
It is luppofed that metals of various kinds abound in the foil on which the town is placed. A convicV, who had formerly been ufcd to work in the StafFordlhirc lead mines, declared very pofitively, that the ground which they were now clearing, contains a large quantity of that ore : and copper is fujipofed to lie under fomc rocks which were blown up in finking a cellar for the public flock of fpirituous liquors. It is the opinion of the Governor himfelf that feveral metals are aflually contviiiicd in the earth hereabouts, and that mines may hereafter be worked to great advantage : but at prefent he ftrongly difcourages any fearch of this kind, very jiidi-cioully difccrning, that in the prefent fituation of his people, which requires fo many exertions of a very different nature, the difcovering of a mine would be the greatell evil that could beful the lettlcment. In Ibme places where they dug, in making wells, they found a fubftance which at firll was taken for a metal, but which proving perfedly refradlory in a very llrong and long continuetl heat, has fince been concluded to be black lead. The kind of pigment called by painters Spanifli brown, is found in great abundance, and the white clay with which the natives paint themfclves is
ftill
ftill in greater plenty. The Abbe le Rcccveiir was c ha p.
of opinion, that this day, if cleared from the fand,'-v—^
which might eaiily be leparated, M'ould make cxccllcnt porcelain.
The climate at Sydney Cove is confidered, on the whole, as equal to the fineft in Europe. The rains are not ever of long duration, and there are felilom any fogs : the foil, though in general light, and rather fandy in this part, is full as good as ufually is found fo near the fea-coaft. All the plants and fruit trees brought from Brufil and the Cape, which were not damaged in the paffage, thrive exceedingly; and vegetables have now become plentiful, both the European forts and fuch as are peculiar to this country. In the Governor's garden are excellent cauliflowers, 'and melons very fine of their kinds. The orange trees flourifli, and the fig trees and vines are improving i\{i\ more rapidly, in u climate fo favourable, the cultivation of the vine may doubtlcfs be carried to any degree of perfcčlion ; and fhould not other articles of commercc divert the attention of the fettlers from this point, the wines of New South Wales may, perhaps, hereafter be fought witli avidity, and become an indifpenfable part of the luxury of European tables.
S	'i")ie
CHAP. The rank grafs under the trees, unfortunately proved c—.—' fatal to all the üieep purchafed by Governor Phillip, on his own and on the public account. Thofe which private individuals kept clofe to their own tents, and fed entirely there, were prclcrved. Hogs and poultry not only thrive bnt increafe very faft; black cuttle ^vill doubtlcfs fuccced as well, and it will be eafy in future to fecure thcni from ftraying. The horfcs have not met with any accident.
The lall difpatchcs from Governor Phillip bring an account of his having fent a fmall detachment up to that ground at the upper end of Port Jackfon, which he dilcovered in one of his excurfions to be fo highly fit for cultivation. This party confifted of a captain, two lieutenants of marines, with twenty-five non-com-miflioned officers and privates: about fifty convičts were added as labourers. This fpot is very pleaflmt, and has been named by the Governor, Rofe-hilL The fxax-plant, which was feen at the firft arrival of our people, has not been found iincc in any great abundance. A nioft aniple fupply af this valuable article may, however, always be obtained from Norfolk llland. Governor Phillip, when he judged the feeds to be ripe, ortlered them to be colleČled, but at that time very few of the plants were found, and not any in the places where the greateft quantity had been feen. It is thought
a	that
N E W S t) U T II VV A I., E S.

that the natives pull iii) the plaut when it is in flower chap. to make their {liliiii.ri; lines.	■—,—>
o
On the whole, not with ftaiicling the difllcultics and <lifaclvantages at firft experienced, which, though great, Avere not more than mull: naturally be expedted to occur in fnch an undertaking; notwithftanding the ficknclTcs which from various caules prevailed for fome time among the jjeoplc, the fettlement at Sydney Cove wore a very jiromifing afpečl at the time when the laft accounts w^ere ient; and there can be no doubt that it will be found hereafter fully to anfwer every expectation which w^as formed \\'hen the defign was projedted. The fcantinels of the ftreams of frefli w^ater was thought at firft lui-favourable, but good fprings have fince been found by digging. The houfe built for Governor Phillip ftands about fifty-fix feet above high-water mark, and tlicrc, by linking a well about fifteen feet in the rock, an excellent fpring of pure water has been obtained.
S 2	- C I I A P-

CHAPTER XIV.
Pijh violently feized by the nathes—Another expedition of the Governor—Further account of the manners and manufaclures of the native iiihabitajits of New South Wales—DißcuUy of obtaining any intercourfe.
c fua p. N the ninth of July, an effort was made by a party ^^ of natives, which feems to indicate that they were July 91h, ftill diftreflcd for provifions, or that they very highly refent the iiicroachments made upon their fifliing places. A general order had been iffued to thofe fent out on fifliing parties, to give a part of what was caught to the natives if they ajiproached, however fmall the quantity taken might be; and by thefe means they had always been fent away apparently fatisfied. Rut on this day, about twenty of them, armed with fpears, came down to the fpot where our men were fifliing, an{l without any previous attempt to obtain their purpofe by fair means, violently feized the greateft part of the fifli which was in the feine. While this detachment performed this
ačl
aft of depredation, a much greater number ftood at a c h a p.
V1 \r
fmall diftance with their fpears poized, ready to have >_^^
thrown them if any refiftance had been made. But the cockfwain w^io commanded the fifhing party, very prudently fuffcred them to take away what they chofe, and they parted on good terms. This is the only inftancc in w^hich thefe people have attempted any unprovoked ad of violence, and to this they probably were driven by neceflity. Sincc this tranfadion, an officer has always been fent down the harbour with the boat.
Governor Phillip went out about this time with a fmall party, to examine the land between Port Jackfon and Broken Bay. Here were foiind many hundred acres of land, free from timber, and very fit for cultivation. Me proceeded as far as Pitt Water, and faw icveral of the natives, but none of them chofe to approach. When the party returned to the boats near the mouth of the harbour, about fixty of tliefe people, men, women, and children, were affembled there. Some hours were pafied with them in a peaceful and very friendly manner, but though in all this time they diico-vered no unealinels, they fcemed belt plealed wlicn their vifitors were preparing to depart. This has ahvays been the cafe, fince it has been known among tliem that our people intend to remain on the coafb. Many of the women were employed at this time in filhing, a
fervice

C JI A p. fcrvicc which is not uncommonly performed by them, the men being chiciiy occupied in making canoes, Ipears, fifli-gigs, and the other articles that contlitutc their fmall ftock of iiecefiary imjilements. Two w^omen were here obferved to be fcarred on the flioulders hke the men ; this was the lirft inn:ancc in which they had been feen fo marked.
The faik)rs who waited on the beach to take care of the boat faw about t\\''o hundred men aflembled in two parties, who after fome time thew themfelvcs up on ojipofite fides, and from each party men advanced lingly and threw their fpears, guarding themfelves at the fame time with their fniekls. This feemed at firft to be merely a kind of exercifc, for the women bekinging to both parties remained together on the beach ; afterwards it had a more ferious afpect, and the women are faid to have run up and down in great agitation uttering violent fliricks. But it w^as not perccived that any men were killed.
As it liad been fuppofed that many of the natives had left this part of the coaft, on account of the great fcarctty of fiüi, the different coves of the harbour were examined in one day. At this time, not more than fixty-feven canocs were counted, and about one hundred and thirty of the people were feen. But it was the feafon
in
m which they make their new c:inocSj and large parties c h^a p. were known to be in the woods for that purpofe.	—y—^
A few days after this examination, Governor Phillip himfelf w^ent again to explore the coaft between Port Jackfon and Botany Bay. In this journey few of the natives were feen, but new proofs w^ere obferved of their having been diüreffed for food. In the preceding fiimmer they would not eat either the fliark or the lling-ray, but now even coarfer meat was acceptable, and indeed any thing that could afford the Imalleft nouriüi-ment. A young whale had jurt been driven upon the coaft, which they were bufily employed in carrying away. All that were feen at this time had large pieces of it, which appeared to have been laid upon the fire only long enough tofcorch the outfide. In this ftate they always eat their fifli, never broiling it for more than a few minutes; they broil alfo the fern root, and another root, of which the plant is not yet known ; and they iifually eat together in families. Among the fruits nfed by them is a kind of wild fig; and they eat alfo the kernels of that fruit which refembles a pine-apple. The latter, when eaten by fome of the French feamen, occafioned violent retchings; pofTibly the natives may remove the noxious qualities, by fome procefs like thole employed upon the caffada. The winter months, in which fifli is very fcarce upon the coaft, are June, July,
Auguft,
1-6	A V O Y A G E T O
«J
C n A p. Angurt,and part of September. From the beaten paths that V—' are feen between Port Jackfon and Broken Bay, and in other parts, it is thought that the natives frequently changc their fitnation, but it has not been perccived that they make any regular migrations to the northward in the winter months, or to the fouth in fummer.
In confeqnence of the very extraordinary fliynefs of thefe people fince the arrival of our fettlement, little addition has been made to the knowledge of their manners attained by Captain Cook : but molt of his obfervations have been confirmed. The whole, indeed, that can be known of a people, among wdiom civilization and the arts of life have made fo Ihiall a progrefs, muft amount to very little. The affertion that they have no nets -••S is amongft the very few that have been found erroneous. Some fmall nets have been brought over, the manufadure of which is very curious. The twine of which they are made, aj^pears to be compofed of the fibres of the fiax plant, with very little preparation ; it .is very flrong, heavy, and fo admirably well twifted as to have the appearance of the beft whipcord. Governor Phillip mentions having had lines of their manufacture, which were made from the fur of fume
* Cook's firft voyage, Hawkcfworth, Vol. III. p. 233.—If it was only meant t!iat; they have no large nets for fiOiuig, like the feinr, as the New Zcalantlcrs have, the rcmarlv is ccrtaijily true,
animal,

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animal, and others that appeared to be of cotton. The ^"iv meflies of their nets are formed of large loops, very '—^—' artificially inferted into each other, but without any knots. At a fmall diftance they have exa6lly the appearance of our common nets, but when they are clofely examined the peculiar mode in which the loops are managed is very remarkable. Some ladies who have infpečled one of thefe nets lately imported, declare that it is formed exa6tly on the fame principle as the ground of point lace, except that it has only one turn of the thread, in-Head of two, in every loop. This net appears to have been ufed either as a landing net, or for the purpofe of carrying the fifli when taken. They have alfo fmall hoop nets, in which they catch lobfters, and fea cray-fifli. Their canoes and other implements are very ex-aaiy defcribed by Captain Cook.
The inhabitants of New South Wales have very few ornaments, except thofe which are imprefled upon the fkin itfelf, or laid on in the manner of paint. The men keep their beards fliort, it is thought by fcorching off the hair, and feveral of them at the firit arrival of our people feemed to take great delight in being fliaved. They fometimes hang in their hair the teeth of dogs, and other animals, the claws of lobfters, and feveral fmall bones, which they faften there by means of gum; but fuch ornaments have never been feen upon the
T	women.
^ XIv^	Though they have not made nny attempt to-
—' wards clothing themfclves, they are by no means in-lenfiblc of the cold, and appear very much to dilhkc the rain. During a fliower they have been oblervcd to cover their heads with pieces of bark, and to fliiver exceedingly. Governor Phillip was convinced by thefe circuniilances that clothing would be very acceptable to thcnv, if they could be induced to come enough among the Englifli to learn the ule of it. He has therefore applied for a fupply of frocks and Jackets to diftribute among tliem, which arc to be made long and loofc, and to ferve for either men or women»
The bodies of thefc people in general fmell ftrongly of oil, and the darknefs of their colour is much increafecl by dirt. Bvit though in thefe points they fliew fo little delicacy, they arc not without emotions of difgull, when they meet \\ith rtrong efRuvia to which their organs are unaccullomed. One of them, after having touched a piece of pork, held out his finger for his companions to fmell, with ftrong marks of diltafte. Bread and meat they feldom refufe to take, but generally throw it away loon after. Fifli they ahvays accept very eagerly.
Whether they ufe any particular rites of burial is not yet known, but from the following account it feems evident that they burn theii' dead. The ground having 6	been
been obferved to be raifed in fevcral places, like the
Ai V *
ruder kind of graves of the common people in our church yards, Governor Phillip caufed fome of thefe barrows to be opened. In one of them a jaw bone was found not quite confumed, but in general they contained only aOies, From the manner in which thefe allies were difpofed, it appeared that the body mult have been laid at length, raifed from the ground a few inches only, or juft enough to admit a fire under it; and having been confumed in this pofture, it muft then have been covered lightly over with mould. Fern is ufually fpread upon the furface, with a few ftones, to keep it from being difperfed by the wind, Thefe graves have not been found in very great numbers, nor ever near their huts.
When the lateft accouuts arrived from Port Jack-fon, the natives Hill avoided nil iiitcrcourfe witli our fettlement, whether from diilike or from contempt is not perfeftly clear : They think perhaps that we cannot teach them any thing of fulFicicnt value to make them amends for our encroachments upon their fifliiiig places. They feem to be among themfelves perfetftly honert, and often leave their fpears and other implements upon the beach, in full confidence of finding them untouched. But the convičls too frequently carry them off, and dil-pofe of them to vefibls coming to England, though at the
T 2	hazard
^xiv/" ^^^zard on one fiele of being profecutecl for theft, and on ' the other for purchafing ftolen goods. Injuries of this natiire they generally revenge on fiich ftragglers as they liappen to meet; and perhaps have already learnt to dif-tingiiiOi thefe freebooters, by their blue and yellow jackets, as they very early did the foldiers by their red clothes. Beyond thefe attacks they have not yet committed any open ačls of hoftility, except the feizing of the fifli in the inftance above related. They have not attempted to annoy the fettlers by fetting fire to the grafs, as they did when Captain Cook was on the coaft; nor have they, which is more important, fliown any de-fire to burn the crops of corn. So abfolutely indil-penfable to the welfare of the fettlement is the preferva-tion of the grain, that an attempt of this kind mnft ac all events be counteračled ; but in no other cafe will any harfii meafures l>e adopted, or any effort made to drive them to a greater diftance. Conciliation is the only plan intended to be purfued: But Governor Phillip, when he laft wrote, feemed to defpair of getting any of them to remain among his people, long enough for either to ac-(liiire the language of the other, except by conftraint. Hitherto he has been unwilling to take this method, but if it can be done in fueh a manner as not to create any general alarm among them, it will probably turn out to be the kindefl piece of violence that could be ufed. Whenever it fliall be pradicablc, by any means, to ex-8	plain
l)lain to them the friendly difpofition of Governor Phillip and his people towards them, and to make them un- '—-—' derftand, that the men from whom they receive occafional injuries, are already a difgraced clafs, and liable to fevere puniüiment for fuch proceedings, they will then perhaps acquire fufficient confidence in their new countrymen to . mix with them, to enrich themfelves with fome of their implements, and to learn and adopt feme of the moft ufeful and neceflary of their arts. It may, indeed, admit of a doubt whether many of the accommodations of civilized life, be not more than counterbalanced by the artificial wants to which they give birth; but it is undeniably certain that to teach the flilvering fa vage how to clothe his body, and to flielter himfelf completely from the cold and wet, and to put into the hands of men, reudy to perifli for one half of the year with hunger, the means of procuring conftant and abundant provifion, muft be to confer upon them benefits of the higheft valu« and importance.
According to the latefl advices from Governor Phillip, the Sirius failed for the Gape on the 2d of OcStobcr, 1788, to purchafe grain, flour, and other neceflliries. Live ftock was not to be procured by this fliip, as being lefs wanted in the prefent ftate of the fettlement, which had provifions in ftore for eighteen months, but not
gr:iii3i
CHAP, grain enough for feed, and for the fupport of cattle. The Fifl:iburn and Golden Grove ftorefliips failed in November for England ; the Supply was detained in Port Jackfon for occaüonal ufe. At this time the ojEficers were all in feparate houfes, and the whole detachment comfortably lodged, though the barracks were yet ua-finillied. Nothing more, that requires to be related, has vet been heard from the fettlement.
Remarks and Directions for sailing into PORT JACKSON, by Capt.J. Hunter, of the Sirius.
I N coming in with Port Jackfon, you will not immediately difcover where the harbour is : Steer right in for the outer points, for there is not any thing in the way but what fhows itfelf by the fea breaking on it, except a reef on the fouth fliore which runs off a fmall diftance only : when you are i>aft this reef and are a-breaft the next j>oint on the fame fide, you will open to the fouth-ward of you an extenfive branch of the harbour, into which you will fail; taking care to keep the fliore on
either
.insultioTj799.
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either fide well 011 board, for there is a reef which dries ^ h^a p.
at low water and lies very near the mid-channel, right '--v—'
off the firft fandy cove on the eaft fliore; this reef is pretty broad athwart, as well as up and down the channel, and flioals very gradually : The maiks for it are, the outer north point and inner fouth point touching, Green Point will then be on with a remarkable notch in the back land. To avoid it to the eaft ward, pafs the inner fouth head a cable's length from it, and when you open any part of the fandy beach of Camp Cove, haul fiiort in for it until you bring the inner north head and inner fouth head on with each other; that mark will carrv you up in five and fix fathom : But if you cannot weather the reef, tack and ftand into Camp Cove, which flioals gradually. If you pafs to the weftward of the reef, ftecr ia for Middle Cape, which is fteep too, then fteer up for the next point above it on the fame fide ; when you are that length, you may take what part of the channel you pleafe, or anchor where you Hke.
It flows Full and Change a quarter pafl eight.
It U s;z,ITi"«-
c n A p-
CHAPTER XV.
Some Specimens oj Animals from New South IVaks.
xv^ P- ^ I ^ HE great advantage of a fdentific eye over that of
1
^^^—'	the unlearned obferver, in viewing the produc-
tions of nature, cannot be more ftrongly exemplified than by the preCent ftate of the natural hiftory of Botany Bay, and its vicinity. The Englifli who firft vifued this part of the coaft, ftaid there only a week, hut having among them perfons deeply verfed in the ftudy of nature, protluced an account, to which the prefent fettlers, after a refidence of near eleven months when the laft difpatches were dated, have been able to add but very little of importance. The properties and relations of many obječts jre known to the pliilofopher at firft fight, his enquiries after novelty are conduced with fagacity, and when he cannot tlefcribe by name what he difcovers, as being yet unnamed, he can at leaft refer it to its proper clafs and genus. The obfervation of unflcilfui perfons is often detailed by trivial refemblances, while it
palTes
pafTes by the marks vrhich are really chara^eriftic. Go- ^ ^^J^) vernor Phillip, in one of his letters, remarkino- the pro- — iligious variety of vegetable iiroikiftions then before his eyes, laments, that among all the people with him there happens not to be one who has any tolerable knowledge of botany. This circumftance is perhaps lefs to be regretted than a deficiency in any other branch of natural kiiowledge. The rcfearches of fome gentlemen among the fnii voyagers were particularly direčlcd to botanical dilcoveries, and a work which is now preparing, in a ilyle of vmcommon accuracy and elegante by one of tlic moft illurtrious of them, will jiroljably difcover that there was little left undone, even in their lliort Hay, towards completing that branch of enqniry. Of quadrupeds the whole flock contained in the country np-pcjirs to be confined to a very few fpecies : Wolves have not been fecn, though the tracks of tlicm were fo frequently thought to be detc^ed on this coafi: by Captain Cook's party. Birds are numerous, but they belong in general to claffes already known 10 naturaliJb ; a few drawings however, and fpecimcns of botli, have -been fent over. Thefe, to gratify, as far as lioilible, the cu-riofity of thofc readers Vv^hofc attention is particularly di-redled to natural liiftory, have been engraved, and a fliort account of them is thrown together in this chaptcr. Of reptiles few have been feen that are at all curious. A large Lizard, of Jcincus kind, with the remarkable
U	peculiarity
j46	A v O Y A G K TO
c ha p. peculiarity of u finali fpine or horn ftanding near the: ^^ extremity of the tail, is faid to be among fome fpeci-inens fent over as private prcfents ; and alfo a kind of frog, whofe colour is blue; but thcfe do not in other refpečls differ materially from the ufual form of their refpedive fpecies. The ants are fully defcribed jii Captain Cook's firft voyage».
Quadrupeds
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CHAP.
Quadrupeds,	XV.
I'he Kangooroo has been particularly deferred already.
The Spotted Opossum,
The annexed plate reprefents a fmall animal of the opofTum kind, which has not before been delineated. It is perhaps the fame which is ilightly defcribed in Captain Cook's firft voyage as refembling a polecat, having the back fpotted with white; and is there faid to be called by the natives 'iluollfi The colour however is darker, being rather black than brown.
The Spotted Opqßmt, for fo it may properly be named, is in length from the nofe to the extremity of i^he tail about twenty-five inches, of which the tail itfelf takes up about nine or ten. The general colour of the animal is black, inclining to brown beneath ; the neck and body fpotted with irregular roundifla jjatches of \\^hitc; the ears arc pretty large, and ftand erečl;, the vifage is pointed, the muzzle furniflied with long {lender hairs; the fore, as well as hind legs, from the knees downward, almoft naked, änd a(h-coloured; on the fore feet are five claws, and on the hind, four and a thumb •witliout a claw ; the tail, for about an inch and an half from the root, covered with hairs of the fame length as
* Hawkcfw. iii. p. 22a,
;	-	Ü 2	thofe
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T43	a v o y a g E 1- o
C H^A. P.thofc on the body, from thence to the end with long
(---—I Qi^^g j^Qt xinhke tlKit of a fquirrel. The fpecimen from
which the above account was taken, is a female, and has fix teats placed in a circle, within the pouch.
Another animal of the opofTum kind has been fent alive to the Kev. Dr. Hamilton, Redor of St. Martin's, Weilminfter, and is now living in the -poffeiTion of Mr. J. tlunter. It appears to be of the fame fort as that mentioned in Captain Cook's firft voyage,and that alfo which was found near Adventure Bay, reprcfented in the eighth plate of Captain Cook's third voyage, and ihghtly defcribed in Vol. I. p. 109 of that work : l)ut it mull be owned, that neither its form nor cliaraclcr is very well exprefled in that plate.
The countcnance of this animal much refemblcs that of a fox, but its manners approach more nearly to thole of the fquirrel. When difpofed to ileep, or to remain ina(£live, it coils itfelf up into a round form; but when eating, or on the watch for any purpofe, fits up, throwing its tail behind it. hi this polture it ufes its fore feet to hold any thing, and to feed itfelf. \'(^hen irritated, it fits ftill more erečl; on the hind legs, or throws itfelf upon its back, making a loud and harih noife. It feeds only on vegetable fubftances.
* Ilawkefw. vol. iii. p. jga.
This
This fpccimen is a male. The fur is long, but dofe and thick ; of a mixed brown or greyilh colour on the back, under the belly and ncck, of a yellovviQi white. Its length is about eighteen inches, exclufivc of the taii, which is twelve inches long, and prehenfile. The face is three inches in length, broad above and very pointed at the muzzle, which is furniflicd with long whilkers. The eyes are very large, but not fierce. On the fore feet are five claws; on the hind, three and a thumb. The teeth are two in the front of the upper jaw, and two in the lower; the upper projedling beyond the under. the Kangooroo it is remarkable that there are four teeth in the upper jaw^, oppofed to two in the under. The tefticles arc contained in a pendulous fcro-tum, between the two thighs of the hind legs, as in the common opofllim. The affinity of almolt all the quadrupctls yet difcovered on this coall to the opoffiim kind, in the circumftance of the ixmch in which the female receives and fuckles her young, feems to open a field of inveftigation moft interefting to the naturalis : and the public will douhtlefs learn with picafure, that it is the intention of the moil able comparative unatomift of the age, to give a paper on this fubject to the Royal Society. It cannot, therefore, be neceffary at prefent to. purfue the enquiry any farther.
Vulpine
-i.
Vulpine O p o s s u m.
' ■ ' T H1 s is not iiiilike the common fox in llifipc, but confiderably inferior to it in refpečl to fize, being, from the point of the nofc to the fetting on of the tail, only twenty-fix inches; the tJiil itfelf fifteen inches : the tipper parts of the body are of a griily colour, arifing from a mixture of dafky and white hairs, M'ith rufous-yellow tinge; the head and fliouklers partaking moft of this laft colour: round the eyes blackifli: above the noftrils ten or twelve black whilkers, four inches or more in length : all the under parts of the body are of a tawny buff-colour, deepeft on the throat, where the bottom of the hairs are ruft-colour: the tail is of the col<3ur of the back for about one quarter of its length, from thence to the end, black : the toes on the fore feet nrp five in number, the inner one placed high up : on the hind feet four toes only: with a thumb, conlifiing of two joints, without a claw, j)laced high up at the bafe of the inner toe. The whole foot ferving the piirpofe of a hand, as obfervable in many of the opoffiuii genus. I'he legs are much fliorter in proportion than thofe of the common fox : the ears iibout one inch and an half in length : in the upper jaw are fix cutting teeth, and four grinders, with two fmall canine teeth placed at an equal diftancc between them : in the under jaw two long cutting teeth, not unlike thofe of a fquirrel, and four grinders to anfwer thofe in the upper jaw, but no canhie teeth.—A re])relentation of the mouth and teeth may befeeain one of the following plates.
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C ir A P.
XV,
Norfolk Island Flying-Scluirrkl,
Size of the American grey fquirrel, and the general colour of the upper parts very nearly rcfembling that animal; the under parts white : from the nofe to the tail runs a llrreak of dufky black, and another fprings on each fide of the head behind the nolh'ils, pairing over the eyes and lini(liing behind them : ears not rifing from the head : on each fide of the body is a broad flap or meml)rane, as in other flying fquirrels, \vhich is united to both the fore and hind legs, as ufual in many of this divifion: this membrane is bkick, fringed on the outer edge with white : the tail for two-thirds of the length, i« of uu elegant iifli culoui, paler than the body, from thence to the end dulky black : the toes on the fore legs are five in number; thofe of the hinder uncertain, as the legs behind were wanting : length from head to rumx' nine inches ; the tail is tea inches»^
BIRDS.
c I f a p.
xv.	bird
Order II. Pics-Genus V. Species XIV.
Var. B.
Blue Bellied Parrot.
Defcribed thus by Mr. Latham.
" Tlie length of this beautiful parrot is fifteen inches. The bill is reddiih : orbits black : head and throat dark blue, with a mixture of lighter blue feathers: back part of the head green ; towards the throat yellow green : back and wings green : prime quills dußcy, barred with yellow : In'Gnfl: red, mixed with yellow : bcily of a fine blue ; thighs green and yellow : tail cuneiform ; the t^vo middle feathers green ; the others the fame, but ijright yellow on the outer edges : legs duiky.
Inhabits Botany Bay in New Holland."
Latham's Syr.offis, vo!. i. p. 213.
To this account little need be added, except that in oiu^ prefent fpecimens the parts there faid to be blue are rather a bright lilac : the bill is a deep orange; and there are red fpots on the back between the wings, and a few near the vent feathers.
q	Tabuan

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C M A P. XV,
T A B u A N PARROT.
Order antl Genus the fame.
Species XVI.
A Variety.
The bird here reprefcated has been feeii by Mr. Latham, and was by him referred to this fpedcs; of which however it feems a very remarkable variety : The prevalent colour of the head, neck and breaft, being, in-ftead of a deep crimfon or purplilh red, as in his dc-fcription and plate, well as in fine fpedmen now in his own collečtion, a very bright fcarlet : the blue mark acrofs the Icnver part of the neck n-ppears the fame; but the blue feathers in the wings are entirely wanting ; ^nd the bill is not black.
See Latham's Syiiopfis, vol, i. p. 21^.
- The fpccimcn here delineated may be thus defcribed.
Length twenty-four inches : bill brown, the xippcr mandible tinged with red : the head, ncck, and all the under parts of the body a bright fcarlet ; the back and wings a fuie green. On the lower part of the neck, between that and the back, a crefcent of blue : the tall long and cuneiform, moft of its feathers deep blue : the legs aili coloured : on the upper part of the wings a narrow line of lighter green.
X	Pen--
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Pennantian Parrot.
Order and Genus the fume. Species, i 34.
Size of the fcarlet lory, length fixteen inches: the bill of a blueifli horn colour ; the general colour of the plumage fcarlet; the hale of the under mandible and the chin covered with rich blue feathers: the back black, the feathers edged with crimfon: wings blue, down the middle much paler than the reft : the quills and tail black, ihc feathers edged outwardly with blue, and three of the outer tail feathers, from the middle to the end, of a pale hoary blue : the tail is wedge fliaped, the middle feathers eight inches in length ; the outer-moft, or fliorteft, only four : the bottom of the thighs blue, legs dufky, claws black.
This beautiTul bird is not unfrequent about Port Jackfon^ and fecms to correfpond greatly -with the Pen-naniian Parrot, defcribed by Mr. Laiham in the fupple-mcnt to his General Synopfis of Birds, p. 61. differing in fo few particulars, as to make us fuppofe it to differ only in fcx from that fpecies.
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PACIFIC FAHILAKEET
NEW SOUTH WALE S.
Pacific Paro clu k t. Order and Geaus the fame.
Speeles LVI.
A new variety.
Mr. Latham's defcriptiüii is this:
Lkngth twelve inches, bill of a filvery blue; end black: in fome, the forehead and half the crown ; in others, the forehead only, of a deep crimfon: behind each eye a Ipot of the lame colour : on each fide of the vent a patch of the fame : the plumage in general of a dark green, palell on the under parts: the tail is cuneiform ; the two middle feathers are five inches and an half in length ; the outer ones two inches and an half; upper parts of it the fame green with the body ; beneath afli colour: the outer edge of the wings, as far as the middle of the quills, deep blue; the ends of the quills
dulky : legs brown : claws black,"
Latham's Synopfis, vol. 1. p, 252.
The variety here rcprefented has a brown bill, tinged with red at the end, and a cap of az^u'e blue at the back of the head, inteifperfed with a few fmall feathers of a yellowilh green ; the top of the wings is of a yellow hue, and there are no blue feathers in the wings.
X 2	T H B
^55
chap. XV.
The Sacred King's Fisher.
Order of Birds II. Pies.
Genus XXIIT.
. Species 12.
T h e following defcription is extra<5led from Mr. Latham's Synopfis of Birds, vol. ii. p. 623. The fpe-cimen here reprefented, being thp fame ns his fourth variety of that fpecies marked D.
" This in fize is rather lefs than a blackbird : the bill is black; the lower mandible yellowifii at the bafe: head, back, wings, and tail, blue tinged with green: the under parts of the body white, extending round the middle of the neck like a collar : legs blackilh."
To which account we may add, that the bill is very llrong at the bafe, and fliarp at the point; that the feathers immediately above the bill are tinged with yellow; and that the toes, as in moft of this fpecies, are tliree before and one behind.
Superb,

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CHAP
Superb Warbler, Male.	xv. '
Birds, Order III. Paflerine.
Genus XLI. Warbler.
Species 137.
A new variety,
«The length of this bcavitiful fpecies is five indies and a half: the bill black ; the feathers of the head are long, and ftand erečt like a full crcft; from the forehead to the crown they are of a bright blue; from thencc to the nape, black like velvet: through the eyes from the bill, a line of black ; beneath the eye fprings a tuft of the fame blue feathers; beneath thefe and on the chin, it is of a deep bUic almoft black, and feeling like velvet: on the ears is another patch of blue, and acrofs the hack part of the head a band of the fame, (in fome fpecimens, the patches of blue under the eye and on the ear unite together, and join with the band at the nape, as in the plate*^^) the whole giving the head a greater appearance of bulk than is natural : the hind part of the neck and upper parts of the body and tail, deep blue black; the under, pure white: wings, dufky ; fliafts of the quills chcfnut: the tail, two inches and a quarter long, and cuneiform ; the two outer feathers very fliort: legs dulky brown : claws black."
Latham's Synopfis, vol. iv, p. 501.
I^athairi's Synopfis, vol, iv. pi, 5^.
The
The difpofition of the blue is fovind to differ in moft '—^—' of the fpedmens. In the prefent variety, the whole head is enveloped in blue, which terminates in an irregularly waving line, and is continued below the eye in a broad band, edged in the fame manner, and running almoft to a }x)int, as low as the bottom of the neck on each fide ; but there is no band continued round the neck, which, both above and below, is of the deep blue like velvet, mentioned by Mr. Latham. Some feathers of u very bright orange lie immediately under that blue, and above the wings
* The Sprcimens from \^'hich Mr, Latham took his defcriptions were met with at Van Diemen's Lanti, the moft fouthcrn part of New Holland.
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Superb Warbler, Female.
When Mr. Latham's Synopfis was publiflied, the female of this Ipecies was entirely unknown; and it was conječilured by that author that the difpofition of the bhie might jioffibly mark the lexes. The female is now difcovered to be entirely deftitute of all the fine blue colours, both pale and dark, by which the male is adornetl, except that there is a very narrow circle of azure round each eye, apparently on the fkin only : all the upper feathers confift of fliades of brown, and the whole throat and belly is pure white. Except from the fliape and fize, this bird would not be fufpečled at firft fight to belong to the fame fpecies as the male; the epithet of fuperb ajiplies very ill to the female.
CHAP.
xv,
«—„—J
Caspian
c H A f. XV.
Caspian Tern.
Birds, Order IX. Webfooted.
I
Genus LXXXVIII. Speeles I.
Variety B.
The plate of tlüs bird is inferted at pag. 77. Mr. Latham's defcriptioii is as follows.
" Length nineteen or twenty inclies: bill three inches, ftout and of a pale yellow : noftrils pervious: the crown of the head black; the feathers longifli, and forming a kind of pen file creft at the nape ; the reft of the head, neck, and under parts of the body, white : back and wings pale cinereous grey : quills grey, with the ends dufky ; the inner webs, half way from the bafe, white : tail grey, forked ; the end half of the other feathers white; the laft is exceeded by the fnit an inch: legs black. Sup^xjfed to inhabit China; feen alfo, or very fimilar, from the Friendly llles; alfo found at Ilapaee, one of the SandAvich lilands."
Syn. Vol. vi. p. 351.
Norfolk


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ISJLA^Ij) FjETIRIEIL

Order IX. Wcb-footed.	c h a ?.
xv.
Genits XG.	'——>
Norfolk Island Petrel.
Length fixtceii inches, bill one inch and an half long, black, and very hooked at the tip : the head as far as the eyes, the chin and throat, waved, bro^v^ and ditfl^y white : the reft of the body on the iipiXT parts of a footy brown, the under of a deep afli colour; the inner part of the quills, efpecially next the bafc, very i)alc, nearly white, and the wings, when clofed, excced the tail by abont an inch : the tail is much rounded in ßiape, and confifls of twelve feathers, of the fame colour as the upper parts of the body : the legs are pale yellow, the outer toe black the whole length, the middle one half way from the tip, the webs alfo correfpond, the outer one being black, except juft at the bafe ; an<l the inner one black for about one third from the end : the claws black ; the fpur, which ferves in place of a back toe, is alfo black.
This inhabits Norfolk Ifland, and burrows in the fand like a rabbit, lying hid in the holes throughout the day, and coming out of evenings in queft of food. This bird appears to differ fo very little from the dark grey Petrel of Cook\ Foyagey vol. i. p. 258. that it is not improbable it may prove to be the i^ame fpecics. This is defcribed in the General Synopfis of Birds, vol. vi. p. 399. under the name of Grey Petrel \ as alfo another i]iecies, in p. 400. by the name of White-hreaßed Petrel, diifering only in
the breall from our fpecimen.
Y	R R o N z E-
CHAP.	Order IV. Columbine.
X V»
'—^—'	Genus XL VI.
B R o N z E - W I N G E D P I G E O N.
Size of a large dovc-houfe pigeon : general colour of the plumage afii-colonred, brown on the upper parts, the feathers margined with pale rufous ; the under parts pale a(h-colour, with very pale margins: the wing coverts are much the fame colour as the back, but the greater ones, or lower feries, have each of them a large oval fpot of bronze on the outer webs near the ends, forming together, when the wings are clofed, two bars of themoft brilliant and beautiful bronze, changing into red, copper, and green, in different reflections t)f light : feveral of the feathers alfo among the other coverts have the fame fpots on them, but are irregularly placed : the quills are brown, with the inner webs, from the middle to the bafe, pale rufous; as are the fides of the body and all the under wing coverts : the tail confiits of fixteen feathers; the two middle ones are brown, the others pale lead, or dove colour, with a bar of black near the tips : tlie bill is of a dull red : the forehead very pale, nearly white, pafling a little way under the eye : the chin and throat pale grey : the legs are red.
This bird inhabits Norfolk Ifland ; and is clearly a non-defcript fpccies.
4	Order
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Order VII. Ciovea-footecl.
Genus LXV.
white- fronted heron.
This is little more than half the fizc of the common Heron : length 28 inches : the general colour of the plumage is hluifli afli, inclining to lead colour : top of the head black, and a trifle crefted ; the forehead, fides of the head, chin, and throat white, palling downwards, and finifliing in a point about the middle of the neck before : on the lower part of the ncck the feathers arc long and loofe, and of a pale rufous cinnamon colour; all the under parts of the body alfo incline to this lall colour, but arc much paler : the quills and tail are dark lead colour, nearly black : on the back the feathers are long and narrow, and hang part of the way on the tail : the bill is four inches long, and black ; but the bafe half of the under mandible is yellowifli : the legs are formed as in other herons, of a yellowifli brown colour, and the claws are black.
This bird was fent from Port Jacklbn in New Holland, and as it has not been noticed by any author, we confidcr it as a new fpecies.
Y 2	Order
c H a r. xv.
I64	A voyage TO
^	Order IT. Pies.
Genus XXVI. ' t
Wattled B E E - E A T E R.
The fize of this Lircl is nearly that of a cuckow t: length fourteen inches and a half: the bill one inch long, and of nearly the fame flia])e and lize as in the Poe Bird ; the colour black : the general colour of the plumage is brown, paleft on the under parts; moft of the feathers are pointed in ihape, and have a (Ireak of white down the middle : the fore part of the head, as far as the eyes, is fmooth, but the reft of the head appears full, the feathers being longer; from the gape of the bill a broad ftreak of filvery white pafies under the eye, and beneath this, on each fide of the throat, hangs a pendulous w^attle, about half an inch in length, and of an orange colour ; the wings, when clofed, reach about one third on the tail, which is about half the length of the bird, and cuneiform in fliape : both the quills and tail feathers arc of a darker brown than the reif of bird, and have the tips white : the middle of the belly is yellow : the legs are of a pale brown, the hind toe very llout, and the outer toe connected to the middle one as far as the firft joint.
The above inhabits New Holland; it was received from Port Jacklbn, and is no doubt a non-dcfcript fpecies,
3	Order
.i Xx^Tl <trf
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Order II. Pics.	J^
Genus VHI.
psittaceous II or neil l.
The bird is about tlic fize of a crow : the totallength two feet three inchcs : the bill is large, ftout at tlie bafe, much curved at the jioint, and channelled on the fides ; the colour pale brown, inclining to yellow near the end : the noflrils arc quite at the bafe, and are furrounded with a red flvin, as is the eye alfo, on the upper part : the head, ncck, and under parts of the body arc pale blue-grey ; the upper parts of the body, ^ ings, and tail, afli colour; and moft of the feathers are tij^t with dufky black, forming bars of that colour acrofs the wings : the wings, when clofed, reach to near three-quarters of the length of the tail : the tail itfelf is long, and cuneiform, the two middle feathers meafuring eleven inchcs, and the outer one on each iide little more than leven ; a bar nf black croifes the whole near the end, and the tips of all the feathers are white : the legs arc fhort and fcaly, and the toes placed two forwards, and two backwanls, as in thofc of the toucan or parrot genus: the colour of legs and claws black.*
This
* Mr. Latham, who has been kind enough to give his feiuiment<! on this occa-fioii, is of opinion tliat this bird docs not Üi iäly belong to any of the inxftnt efhi-
blifhcd
CHAP.	This bird was killed nt Port Jackfon, and wc believe
XV
'—^	it to be hitherto noii-defcript.
bliflicd gcjicra. 'J'lic iiiakc indeed is altogcilicr that of an hnrnbil!, nad tlic edges of the mandible arc fmooth, but the toas ijciiig placed two forwards and two backwards, fcem to rank it with the Parrots or Toucans ; and it has been unlucky tiiat in the fpccinicri from which the defcriptlon was taken, the tongue was wanting, which inight in a great mcafurc have determined tlic point: but the inducement for pU'cing it with the hornbills lias had the greater weight, as not a fingtc fpecies of t!ie toiiciui tribe has yet been met with in thr.t part of tlic world.
Such
Such is the account of the birds of which drawings c h a p.
xv,
or fpecimens have been obtained from Port Jacklon or '—-v from Norfolk Ifland. Wild ducks, teal, quails, and other common fpecies are numerous in both plax'S, and the variety, as well as number of the Imall birds is confi-derable. Birds of the Caffowary or Emu kind have very fretjuently been feen ; but they are fo	and run lb
fwiftly, that only one has yet been killed. That bird was iliot near the camp, while Governor Phillip was ab-fent on his iirft expedition to Broken Bay, and was thought by him to differ materially both from the oftrich and caffowary ; the fkin was fent over, but at the tinie when this flieet was printed off, had not been ftufied, or put into form. Shoultl it, on examination, exhibit any remarkable peculiarities, we üiall endeavour to obtain a dcfcription of it, to fubjoin at the conclu-lion of this volume.
Since
CHAP. Since ftating the {Umenfions of the kanguroo, in page I o 6, Lord Sydney has received from Governor Phillip, a male of a much larger fize, which meafurcs as follows.

in.
Length from the point of the nofe to the end	f.
of the tail, ■— —	^ S
Length of the tail, — —	31
-head, — —	oil
---- fore legs, — —	20
—^--hind legs — ■—	3 7
Circumference of the fore part by the legs,	i 9
---lower parts------4 5
Round the thicker part of the tail, which gradually tapers to the end. — —	i i
The above is the largefl: kanguroo that has yet been leen, and there is every reafon to believe that even this had not nearly attained its full growth.
Lieutenant Shortland defcribes them as feeding in herds of about thirty or forty, and aülires us, that one is always obferved to be apparently upon the watch, at a dirtance from the reft.
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C H A p T E R XVI.
Papers relative to the Settlement at Fort Jackfon. N® I.
General Return of the four Companies of Marines, doing duty in the fettlen^ent of New South Wales.
Return of the O f f i c e r s.
Oöobenft, 1788.
Prefent
Abfent
Fit for duty Unfit for duty Adj.of Orders and Officer of Eng"-
'On command	—
With leave	—
Without leave	—
L In gaols	—
Wanting :o consplete	—
Total
2
= s C 3
1 I IZ 12
145
J5
S i6c
(Signed)
R. ROSS, Ma'or.
Alterations fince laft Return.
I oined the detachment Difcharged — Dead — — Embarked —
Proiiotcdto fS«jeants Lorpoiais Reduced	—
Drummers made privates Privates made drummers
O/Hcers Names.
Major Commandant Robert Rofs
Captains
Capta-n Lieutenants
/
Firft Lieutenants - <( ■
Second Lieutenants
Adj. Second Lieut. Qu.MafteriftLieut. Judge Advocate
inies Campbell ohn Shea ames Meredith Watkin Tench Geo. Johnftone John Crefwcll Robert Kellow John Pouldcn John Jolinftone James M. Shairp Thomas Davey Thomas Timins ■Ralph Clarke William Dawes M'iliiam Faddy John Long James Kurzer David Collins
Prtfe«.
u
Doin-ilut} ir HC3d Quarters.
iS'i O
Aliffnt.
M
co
o
C >
r

N. B. J.ihn Rofs, volunteer, doing duty without pay, September the ) jth, embarked on board of his Majelty's fblp Sirius one private, in lieu of cne private joiued the detachment from his Majeity'i ftiip Sirius, September the 1 jtli. Z
(Signed)
R, ROSS, Major.

IL
Artificers belonging to the Marine Detachment, employed from the 17th May to the 30th September, 1788, both Days inclufive.
Trades.
Number of com-piny.
Names.
Number of days employed
How and where employed.
Carpenters
Mafons J
Shinglers •<
Sawyers
File cutter Miner
54 6
59 br
35 11 30 j8
S 11
8 48 41 47 3«
41
27 26
42
2
56 15 51 24
35 SI
30
50
Charles Reynolds, Patrick: Connell, William Dowlan, Edward Dinger, Thomas Scott, Andrew Fifliburne, Jofeph Lewis, Robert Stephens, John Lewis, Ralph Hrough, John Brown, (1) Thomas Phillips, "ohn Folly, VTark Hurft, ohn Bates, Charles Brixey, Henry Wright, Benjamin Cufley, James Angel, John Roberts, William Hallam, John Brown, (2d) James Rogers, John Griffiths, William Strong, Richard Knight, Henry RolTor, Thomas Jacltfon, John Brannon,
Total number of days
112 ^
109	^
90 10 lOI
70 55^
QQ-i; i
110
86 ^ 100 27 107 68
44
29
23 611 614 59 4
97 i 59 i
45 884
351
3072 i
Commanding officer's houfe, barracks, &c. for the officers and men of the detachment.
)
Public works.
R. ROSS, Major.
These artificers were employed on the reprefentation c h^^p. of the Lieutenant-Governor to Governor Phillip, that it '——• was impoflible to erečt the barracks neceflary for the ofhcers and men of the detachment, without employing fach artificers for that purpofe as could be found among themfelves. It was at the fame time reprefented, that thcfc men could not properly be retained at fuch work, unlefs they were to be paid in the cuftomary manner of paying all troops employed on extra works for the public fervice : and more efpecially, as it was known that the artificers taken from the fl^iips of war and tranfports v/ere to be paid for all work done on fliore.
Governor Phillip agreed entirely as to the necefTity of employing the artificers, and with rcfpetfl to their pay, had no doubt that the matter muft be decided by cuftom : In confequence of whicli he ifTucd an order for that purpofe on the 17th of May, 1788.
Z a	The
C H A p. XVI.
' ^^	N^ III.
Tue Right Hon. the Lords Commiflioners of the Admiralty, in a letter, dated ihe 8th of Oftober, 1786, addrelFed to the commanding officers of each divilion of the marines, directed them to fignify to fuch marines as would make a voluntary tender of their fervice for Botany Bay, that they ihould at the expiration of their ftation of three years be entitled to their difcharge on their return to England, provided their good behaviour during this fervice fliouki have merited fuch marks of favour: Or that, if they preferred it, they fliould at the time of relief be difcharged in New South Wales, and permitted to fettle there. In confcquence of this, at the date of the following paper, the queftion was put by the Lieutenant Governor to all the officers and men, whether they chofe to remain in the country, either as foldiers or fettlers. Before this queftion was alked, Major Rofs applied to Governor Phillip to know what encouragement Government held out to thofe who flioukl wifh to remain in either capacity. To this apiilication it was anfwered by the Governor, that the proper in-ftrudlions and authorities for giving every reafonable encouragement to fuch of the military and others as fliould be defirous to remain in New South Wales, and for making grants of land, were to be fcnt from England as
foon.
foon as Government being fufficicntly informed of the chap. aaual ftate of the country, and the qiiahty of the foil, ^ at and near the fettlement, could determine what was the moft eligible mode of granting the lands.
Thofc documents having been received, the amplcft jiowers are now to be fent out to Governor Phillip, that he may make fiich grants and give fuch encouragement as may be proportioned to the merits of thofc who apply, and fatisfaftory to every individual.
The following lift exhibits the refult of the quef-tion put by the Lieutenant Governor to the officers and men of the marines, conccrning their delire to return,, or to remain in New South Wales.
List
List of fudi Officers, Non-commissioned Officers, Drummers, and Privates, as are defirous of reiTiaining in this Country, after the time when their Lordfliips the CommifiTioners of the Admu-aky intended to rcheve the Detachment, as exprefled in their L<;tter of the 8th Očlobci, 1788.
New South Walks, \fl OHsher, 1788.
Number of
Lompany.
Names and quality.
Defirous of remaining in this country.
53 5 26 56
Watkin Tcncb, Capt. Lieutenant, George Johnftone, Firft Lieutenant,
John Johnftorlp, dittri, James Maitland Shairp, lÜtto,
William Dawes, Second Lieutenant,
William Baker, Serjeant, George Flcmmiiig, private, Ifaac Tarr, ditto, James Manning,
as a foldier for one tour more of three years.
having been fo fliort a time in tliis country, cannot determine wlicther he would wilh to remain or not, as to fettling can fav nothing.
having bepii fo fbnrt .1 time in this country, cannot determine whether he would wilii to remain another tour or not, as to fettling can fay nothing, till he knows oii what terms, being fo iliort a time in the country, he cannot yet judge whether he would wiih to remain or not ajiother tour, as to fettling, until he knows the terms and nature of the grants, cannot determine, as a foldier for one tour more of three
years, as a foldier.
as a foldier for three years more, as a fetiler. as a füldicr.
All the officers, non-commiffioned officers, drummers, and private meii of the detachment, wbofc names are not expreflbd in the above lid, wifli to return to England, at the time propofcd by their Lordih i p's letter of the 8 th October, 1786, or as (bon after as their Lordlliips may find it convenient.
U, ROS S, Major.
N® IV.
An Account of Provifions remaining in his Majefty*a Stores, at Sydney Gove, New South Wales, 30th September, 1788.
Flour,	414,176 jDoimds,	is	62 weeks ration.
Rice,	5i>330 --— 15---
Beef,	127,608 --— 43--
Pork,	214,344 --— 128--
Peafe,	2j305 buQ^els,	— 58--
Butter,	15,450 pounds,	— 49--
Nuuilici Peifvjiib victualled. Men, 698. Women, 193. Children, 42*,
CHAP. XVI.
Provifions at Norfolk Illand, twenty months*
Number of Perfons vičtuallefL Men, 44»	Women, 16^
Andrew Miller, Commiflary^
Returrs
CHAT. xvi.
N^ V.
Return of Sick, September aytli, 1788.
Marines fick in hofpital -	-	4
--camp - -	-	21
Marine women and children in camp	-	5
Deaths fince laft return - - -	o
Total belonging to the battalion under medical"!
>• 30
treatment	-	^ - J
Male convičts lick	-	-	-	62
Female ditto and children - - -	31
Convidts unferviceable from old age, infirmities, &c.	- -	- -
I
Total of convids under medical treatment - 93
Male convičts dead fince the laft report of June 30 6 Female convičts ditto fmce ditto - _	4
Total convičls dead fince ditto - - 10
S3
CHAP-
CHAPTER XVir.
Nant i col dtreStions^ and other detached remarks^ by Lieutenant Bally concerning Rio de Janeiro, Norfolk Ißand, Ball Pyramid, and Lord Howe Ißand.
SOME notice has already been taken in the preceding chap.
XVII.
flieets of Rio de Janeiro, Norfolk: Ifle, and Lord'-v^—^
Howe Ille; but fince they were committed to the prefs, the following particulars relpcdting thofe places have very obligingly been communicatcd to the editor^ by Lieutenant Henry Lidgbird Ball. As thefe remarks are tlae refult of minute obfervation, they cannot fail of being iifeful an«.l intererting to the feafaring reader, which, it is prefamed, will be a fulTicient apology for giving them a place here.
There is no danger in going up the harbour to Rio de Janeiro but what may eafily be feen. The courfc up the
A a	liarbour
^ xVn	is north-well: "by north ; you anchor before the
town in feventeen fathoms water, over a muddy bottom; the middle of the town bearing weft by north, weil, or weft by fouth, about a mile and an half dillant from the watering place, and the Fort Saint Cruz bearing fouth-eait. No pilot is neceftiu-y ; the foundings a-breaft of St. Cruz Fort are twenty-two fathoms, and flioal gradually to feventeen fathoms, where the fliips moored a-breaft of the town. The tide flows two hours and thirty minutes at full and change, and rifes in general about eight feet, la going into the harbour, it is ne-ceffary to keep the ftarboard ftiore beft aboard, as the tide fets on the other fide, till you get nearly a-breaft of St. Cruz Fort, and in that fituation you muft be on your guard, if going in with the flood, as the palTagc is narrow : and there are whirlpools in many places, which will take all command from the rudder. Water is procured at a pipe, by which it is conveyed from a fountain fituatcd in the large fquare near the principal landing place, which is oppf)fite the palace. Tliis pipe is continued down to the waterfide, and you fill your caflcs in boats: the water is fo plentiful, that a fleet might be fupplied in a fliort time.
Bullocks, flieep, and Portugal wine, may be had here in plenty; there is alfo an excellent market for l)0ultry and vegetables every day ; in fliort, every re-8	freflimcnt
freflirncnt that is iicccffary for a fleet may be procured c h a p. in great abiinclaiicc, and very cheap.
The whole harbour, as well as the town, is defended by a number of ftrong fortifications; and as far as Lieutenant Bull had an opportunity of examining the harbour, the draft of it publiflied in the Eall hidia chart is very true, the foundings right, and the bearings very accurate.
Their trade is chiefly to Portugal, and coiififts of bullion, indigo, fugar, rum, tobacco, brazil wood, whale-oil, whale bone, fpermaceti, See. and of late years diamonds and many other valuable commodities.
' hi approaching Norfolk Illand there is no danger : I.ieut. Bail anchored in nineteen fathoms, over n bottom of coarfc fand and coral, the north-eafl: end of the ifland bearing weil fouth-wcll quarter weft; the eafiernmoft rocks ealt fouth-eail:, about a mile diftant from the neareil: üiorc : at this place C apt. Cook landed. Ships have anchored alfo at fouth entl of the iHe in twenty-two fathoms, the weftcrn-moft point of Phillip Hie fouth fouth-eail, the body of Nepcan's Iflc caft north-eaft half eaft, and the fouth point of Norfolk Illc north-eaft by eaft. They anchored again in eighteen fathoms, over a bottom of fand and coral, the weft point of Phillip Iflc bearing fouth, the
A- a a	caftcrnmoft
^xvii^' c.^flernmoft point of it fouth fouth-eaft hnlf eaft, and the '—'—' fouth point of Norfolk Ifle north-eaft. The pine trees on this iÜand are of an immenfe fize, meafiiring from twenty to twenty-feven and even thirty feet in girth, -and fo tall that it was not eafy to form any exact judgment of their height. This place affords vaft numbers of cabbagc trees, and amazing quantities of fifli may be procured on the banks that lie on the weft fide of the fmall iÜand; thofe they got on board the Supply were of the fnapper kind, and very good, yet they were caught in fuch abundance that many of the people were as much fatiated wit1\ them as the failors arc witli cod on the banks of Newfound/land.
The only plaees where it was found practicable to land was a-hreaif of their fuft flarion (which is the place de-fcribed by Captain Cocjk, and where the i)eople landed with the utmoft difficulty,) and at Sydney Bay on the fouth end of the ifle, the outer breaker off the wefternmoft point in fight bearing north-weft by weft half weft.
Lord T^ow^e Ifland was difcovered by Lieutenant Henry LidghLrd Ball, Commander of his Majefty's tender Supply, on the 17th February, 1788, and w^as fo named by him, in honour of the Right Honourable Lord IIowc. At the fame time he obferved a remarkably
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high pyramidical rock at a conficlcrable diftance from the jllancl, which has been named BaWs Pyramid; from a '—.—' correft drawing of this rock and others near it, the annexed engraving was taken.
There is nodanger in approachingT.ord Howe illand,the Supplv anchored there in thirteen fathoms, fand and coral; but there lies about four miles from the Ibuth-wefl part of the pyramid, a dangerous rock, which fliows itfelf a little above the furface of the water, and appears not to be larger than a boat. Lieutenant Ball had no opportunity of examining whether there is a fafe paflage between them or not. The iüand is in the form of a crefcenr, the coiwex fide towards the north-eiiil:. Two points at firft fnppofed to be feparate iüands, proved to be high mountains on its fouth-weit end, the fouthernmoll: of \vhich was named Mount Gower, and the other Mount Lidgbird ; between thefe mountains there is a very deep valley, which obtained the name of Erlkine Valley ; the fouth-eaft point was called Point King, and the north-wett point. Point Phillip. The land between thefe two points forms the concave fide of the iiland facing the fouth-well, and is lined with a fandy beach, which is guarded againft the fea by a reef of coral rock, at the diftance of half a mile from the beach, through whiclii there are feveral fmall openings for boats; but it is,tO' be regretted that the depth of w^ater within the reef noi
where
^xvn/' '^^'^^cre excccds four feet. They found no frelli water
'—on the iüand, but it aboiinds with cabbage-palms, mangrove and nianchineal trees, even vip to to the fummits of the mountains. No vegetables were to be feen. On the fliore there are plenty of ganets, and a land-fowl, of a dnilcy brown colour, with a bill about four inches long, and feet like thofe of a chicken ; thefe proved remarkably fat, and were very good food ; but v/e have no further account of them. There arc alfo many very large pigeons, and the white birds refembling the Guinea fowl, which were found at Norfolk Ifland, were feen here alio in great numbers. The bill of this bird is red, and very Ib'ong, thick, and lliarp-pointed. Innumerable quantities of exceeding fine turtle frequent this place in the fummer feafon, but at the approach of winter they all go to the northward. There was not the leaft difTi-culty in taking them. The failors Ukcwife caught plenty of fiHi with a hook and line.
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CHAPTER XVIII.
Concife account of Lieutenant Shortland—Wis variousfervices^Ap-pointtd agmt to the tranfports fent to Naw South IFales—Ordered by Governor Phillip to England, by Batavia—Journal of his voyage—N'eiv d iß over i es.
£ have been induced to fubjoin in this place a concifc account of Lieutenant Shortland, as well becaufc his experience as an officer has been great, as from the confideration that his journal has been deemed, by thofe who beft know its value, of very ferious importance.
Lieutenant John Shortland very early in life had a ftrong prediledlion for the Navy, and in 1755, at the age of fixteen, he entered into his Majefty's fervice, on. board the Anfon, a fixty gun fiiip, \vhich went out in the fleet under the command of Admiral Eofcawen. On the Banks of Newfoundland this fleet fell in with, and took the Alcide and Ly's, tryo French
fliipsjf
Scvni^' ^i^P^» of feventy-four guns. On his return from this
—' expedition, he went on board the Gulloden, a feventy-
four gun fliip, and was in the fleet under Admiral Byng,
off Minorca. Shortly afterwards, he went into the k
Hampton Court, commanded by Capt. I larvey, in which fliip he was prefent at the taking of the Foudroyant and Arpe. On his arrival in England, he went on board the Vanguard, Commodore Swanton, to the Welt hidies, in the fleet under Admiral Rodney, and was prefent at the reduction of Martiiiique, the Grenades, and the other illands which were then captured. hi 1763, he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant by Admiral Swanton; fuice which period he has always been employed in aftive and important fervices. During the late war, and for fome time afterwards, he was chiefly employed in going to and from America, exccpt in the year 1782, when he was appointed to command the tranfports with the 97th regiment on board, defined for the relief of Gibraltar, un{ler convoy of his Majerty's Ihips Cerberus and Apollo: he was not only fuccefsful in getting all the tranfports in fafe, but he alfo landed the men without any lofs.
On Lieutenant Shortland's return home from this ftr-vicc, in endeavouring to get through the Gut of Gibraltar in the night, he was chafed by a fquadron of Spaniih frigates, who took three of the tranfports in company, 9	but
but he was fo fortunate as to efcape in the Bctfcy traijf-port, and arrived fafe in England, without either lofs or —' damage. In the year 1786, he vras appointed Agent to the tranfports fent by Government to New South Wales, at which place be arrived in January, 178S. After remaining fix montlis at the new fettlement at Port Jack-fon, he was ordered to England by way of Batavia, by his Excellency Governor Phillip, who honoured him with ' the official difpatches for Government, and he arrived in. England 011 the atjtli of May, 1789.
This fummary recapitulation of Mr. Shortland's ferviccs fuflicicntly points out his merit and ability as an expe-' rienced feaman, without any further elogium ; which, it were were wanted, might be abundantly fupplied from the fubfequent account of his paffage from Port Jaciifon to Batavia.
The Alexander, the FriendOdp, the Prince of Wales^ anfl the Borrowdale, were got ready ^n the beginning of |uly, 1788, to fail for England, under the care and con-dučt of Lieutenant Shortland; at which time Governor Phillip took the opinions of the mafters of thofe tranf-
B b	ports
Sani''" r^^'^s concerning their route. The feafon was thought *—'—' to be too far advanced for them to attempt the fouthcni courfe, by Van Diemen's Land ; and the paflageby Cape Horn was objected to by the Governor. It was therefore agreed unanimoully that they fliould go to the northward, either through Endeavour Straits, or round New Oiiinea. Unfortunately the fliips were ill prepared to encounter the difficulties, which were to be expeded in every mode of return; their complement of men was fmall, only Hx to an hundretl tons, officers included • they were without a fiirgeon, and unprovided with thofe articles which have been found effential to the i)rercrva-tion of liealth in long voyages, Aich as bore-cole, four-crout, portable foup, and the other antifeptics recommended by the Royal Society, It cannot therefore be wondered, though it muft be deeply regretted, that the failors fliould have fuffered fo dreadfully from the fcurvy,, in the length of time necefiary for exploring a paffage through an unknown fca perplexed with iilands, where they were deflitute of affillance from charts, or obfei*va-tions of former navigators; and were not fortunate enough to obtain a fupply of falutary refreffiments.
Lieutenant Shortland, in the Alexander tranfport, failed out cf the harbour of Port Jackfon, on Mondav,
17S3.
July 14, T 7 88, directing his courfe to the eail-nortii-caf>j with intcnUon to touch at Lord Howe I Hand, and
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there to appoint each fliip a place of rendezvous in cafe "^.yj^j^* of reparation. This neceffary ftep, which ought to have been previoufly taken, had been prevented by the hurry of preparation ; the Alexander not having been able to join the other tranfports till the evening before their departure. Even then, the boat?, booms, and fpare anchors, were flowed loofe between decks, in a manner which muft have produced the moft dangerous co fe-quences, had the fliip been expof.-d in that condition to the heavy fea which it was likely flie would meet with off the fliore. To the very laft moment, therefore, the men and officers were moft bufily employed in providing again ft this danger; and as foon as the weather appeared tolerably favourable for working out of the harbour, Lieutenant Shortland made the fignal to the mafters of the other tranfports to get under way, without waiting for his ftiip. When the tranfports had cleared the harbour they w^ere obliged to carry a prefs of fail in order to get off the coaft, the veftels being-very ligbt, and a powerful fwell then fetting in upon the iliore. The wind was at the fame time ftrong from the füuth-eaft, and continued fo for two days, with the fame heavy fwell, which made it very difficult to keep the ftiips off fliore. At eight, A. M. on the 16th of J^'y July, the rocks off the entrance of Port Ste]>hens bore north-weft by weft diftant three leagues. licutenaut Shortland very much regretted that this place had nor
B b 2	been
^xvin'	^»-'^'"^cyed; had it been known to afford fafe an-
'—'—' chorage, it would have been much more prudent to put in there and wait for a change of wind, than to attempt keeping the fea in circumftances fo very -unfavourable, with fliips fo little calculated to run along a great extent of Icc fliore. This day the Prince of Wales being two or three miles to the leeward, the fignal was made for her to tack into the fleet. At nine in the evening the wind coming to the eaft-fouth-eaft. Lieutenant Shortland fired a gun, and made the fignal to veer fliip and fail on the other tack. At this time the Prince of Wales was about five miles on the lee bow of the Alexander, and the Borrowdale and Friendfliip clofe in company ; but by twelve at midnight the Friendüiip only was in fight. At two, the wind Üiifting again to the fouth-fouth-eaft, the fignal was once more made to veer fliip, and change the tack, as lying off eaft would clear the coaft; a llrong current fetting to the fouthward.
Lieutenant Shortland, having now loft fight of the Prince of Wales and Borrowdale, was fully determined to go to Lord Howe Illand to wait a day or tvro for them, expeding that they might probably touch there with fimilar intentions. On the T9th, therefore, he fteered a direčt courfe for that illand, with a ftrong gale at fouth-weft, but as this wind, which was exacTtly favourable to the intended courfe of the voyage, and made the anchoring
17S8.
choring place oflf Lord Howe Iflaiida lee fliore, continued T.invaried, and blew very hard on the 20th, it appeared '—-—' bell to relinquiai the defign of calling there. At two in ^^f^Jsl' * the afternoon, therefore, Lieutenant Shortland again altered his courfc and failed north-eaft by north. The Prince of Wales and Horrowdale tranfports, were fecn no more throiighovit the voyage, and it has fince been known that they took another courfc ; but the Friend-fliip continued clofe in comj)any with the Alexander. About noon this day, the men at the maft head difcovcrcd a very extenfivc üioal on the larboard beam, bearing from north by weft to jiortli by fouth, dii^ant between two and three leagues. It treaded north by eaft and fouth by weft, and was judged to be in length about three leagues and a half. The breadth could not be afcertained, for, while the fliip ran along it, the fand bank was feen to extend as far as the eye could difcern. It lies in latitude nf. 10, fouth, and in longitude 158°. 48'. eaft, and was named by Lieutenant Shortland, Middleton Shoals.
At ten in the morning, on Monday July 21, the I'fiJtiir.-mafter of the Fricndfliip went on board the Alexander, and Carteret's harbour in New Ireland, was appointed by Lieutenant Shortland as the place of rendezvous. The fame day, at half paft ftve in the afternoon, land was difcovered, bearing from fouth-weft by weft, to weft half fouth, at the diftance of about eight leagues. It trended
to
190	AVOYAGETO
^xvm'''	north-north-vvefl:, and was about fix or fevcu
'—"—' leagues in length, the land very high, with a remarkable peak, which bore fouth-fouth-weft. This illand was now named Sir Charles MiddletorCs Ißand: It lies in latitude 28". 10. fouth, and in longitude 159°. 50'. eaft. Lieutenant Shortland thinks it probable that the reef feen oil the preceding day may be conneiSled with this ifland, as it trended in a right direfiion for it; but it mult, in that cafe, be of very great extent. The ifland was ftill in fight on the morning of the 2 ad.
J4tiijüh-, On Thurfday July a4th, they had an accurate '' obfervation of the fun and moon to determine the longitude, and found the effetSl of a current to have been fo great as to fet the flaip tv/o degrees of longitude to the eaftward of the dead reckoning. The longitude of Sir Charles Middleton's Illand muft therefore be cor-re<5led by that obfervation, and placed confiderably further to the eaft. The latitude may be depended upon, as the bearing was obfervcd ^^•hen tlie fun was on the meridian.
-sthjuiy. Many land birds being feen on the 27th and 28th, when the lliip was by reckoning and obfervation near the north-weft end of New Caledonia, Lieutenant Short-kind very reafonably concluded that he mull have palfed
very
very dofe to that land, though it did not happen to be c n a p. difcerned : probably it is low at that extremity.
At noon, on Thurfday the 31ft, land was difcovcred, 3July, bearing from north half weft to eaft-north-eaft, and dif-taiit about five or fix leagues. As the üiip was now in latitude 10". 52'. fouth. Lieutenant Shortland at firll conje(5tured it might be Egmoiit Iflandj which was feen by Capt. Carteret, notwithftanding a confiderablc difFcrence in longitude, which might be accounted for from t the effea of currents, as they had been for fome time very ftrong. The longitude laid down by Captain Carteret was 164°. 49'. eaft ; that of the Alexander at this time about 161°. 11'. It proved however that the difference was real, and that this was another ifland. Lieutenant Shortland now kept a north-weft' courfe, in which dirc6lion the land trended. He ran along the' coaft about fix or feven leagues, and found it formed-into an Üland by two points, the fouth-eaft of which he called Cape Sydney, the north-weft, Cape Phillip. Having pafied this point, he continued- fteering in, a north-weft direction till about feven o'clock the lame afternoon, when the men who were reefing the top-fails for the night, difcovered land bearing exactly in the Ihip's courfe. On receiving this intelligence he immediately brought to, with the Ihip's head off frora the land, and gave, a llgnal for the Friendlhip to ■■
do '
t-" cio the lame. They lay to all niglit, and the next moni-
A V 1 LI,
in^v 'wcrc furprized with the figlit of a inoft mountainous i^feij. coali, bearing from north-eaft by caft to well-north-weil, about five or fix leagues diflant. This proved fufficiently that the land feen the preceding day could not be Eg-mont liland, and Lieutenant Shortland was inclined to think that this was united to it. At fix in the morning he bore away weft by north, and w^efl by north half north, as the lan<l trended, running along the fliore at live or fix leagues diftancc. The moli caltern point of this land he called Cape Ilenßow^ the moll wcftern which was then in light, Cape Hunter. Between thefe two points the land is very fingularly mountainous, the fum-mits of the mountains rifing among the clouds to a prodigious height. It may l)e known by one fummit more elevated than the refl:, which, from being difcovered on. the lirft of Augufl:, was named Mount Lammas, and is thought in height to equal, if not to exceed the Peak of Tcncriffe. This day the latitude was by obfervation 58'. fouth, and the longitude 160°. 21'. eart. More land Hill continued to open to the weft-north-weft, and the fame courfe was therefore kept at an equal diftance froni the fliore till three in the afternoon, when the water appearing fuddenly of a different colour, they brought to, and founded, but found no ground at ] 20 fathoms. At four, a part of the lantl which had the a]?pearancc of a harbour, bore north-north-eaft dif-6	tant
tant leveii leagues. The land fliU continued mountainous, '^j.yjJ'j and at fix oVlock bore from north-eail to north-well by '—^—' >vell:. The fiirtheft land then fight appeared to be at the diftance of about thirteen or fourteen leagues, and was named Cape Marßj. At half paft fix the fliips were brought to, and lay to for the night, the weather being very fquaily, with violent thunder, lightning, and rain.
Soon after five in the morning of Augull: the 2d, the Aogufii, flüps made again, and bore away weft by north, but the weather being hazy, no land was then in fight; many flying fiPa w^ere feen at this time. At eleven, there being a prof[)ea of clearer weather, Lieutenant Short-land endeavoured to make the land again. At noon the latitude was, by obfervation, 9°. 40'. fouth, and the longitude 158°. 42 . eaft. Lieutenant Shortland continued to ileer north-weft to difcover whether he had reached the utn"voft extent of the land, and at eight in tlie evening fpoke Lvj the Friendlhip, and told the mafter that he
intended to bring to at nine. At three in the morning, Atig»«
t 'j ti8.
on Sunday Auguft 3, land was difcovered bearing from north-north-eaft to norch-weft, on which the flaps ftood off again with a light air of wind. At fix, the land in fight appeared like feveral illands, and an endeavour was made to pafs between thcni to the north, but on approaching fufficiently near, it w^as difcovered that all thelb
C c	j[ioints
C n A P. points were joined together by a low neck of land covercd with trees. As the land rofc in nine roundifli points, which leamen call hummocks, this place was named Ni;ie Hummock Bay. At noon on this day, the fliip then Itanding to the fouth-weft, in latitude 8°. 55'. fouth, and longitude 158°. 14'. eart, the extreme points of ]and bore from eaft by north to weft, when Lieutenant Short-land named the weftern point Cape Nepean, and the eaftern Cape Pitt, The intermediate land may, he fays, eafily be known by the nine hummocks, and the exa^t refemblance they bear to iilands when feen from the dif-tance of five or fix leagues. They had now light airs and calm weather, but at two in the afternoon a breeze fprung vip from the eaftward, and at four Cape Ne^x^aa bore north-weft, half weft, diftant five or fix leagues. At fix the Alexander fliortened fail, and ftood off and on for the night under double reefed top-fliils, Lieutenant Shortland imagining that he had reached the utmoft extent of this land. At five, on Monday morning, the Auguft4, of Auguft, he made fail again, and at fix a bluff" ]X)int of the ifland bore north-north-weft, diftant five or fix leagues : this he called Point Pkajant, At noon the latitude was by obfervation 8°. 54'. fouth, the longitude I 54°. 44'. eaft. Point Pleafant then bore eaft by north ; at four, the moft weftern point of lantl in light, which was then fuppofed to be the extreme point of the illand,
but
but proved not to be fo, bore north-weft by north, tliftant chap. four or five leagues. From this miflake it was named ^—-v— Cape Deception,
Under the perfuafion that he had reached the extremity of the land, but defirous to afcertaiii that point, Lieutenant Shortland kept the fliips ftanding undw: an cafy fail all night. Some iflands lying dofe to Cape Deception, and feeming to form a good harbour, were called HammomPs Hies. At day light on the 5th of Aug-^ft Auguft, land was again dilcovered, bearing from eaft north-eaft to weft by north half north, and forming a very deep bay. This land appeared in fix hummocks, like illands, but was joined by a low neck of fand. Not knowing how far it might trend to the north-weft, I.ieutenant Shortland ftood out to the fouth. At eleven o'clock, the longitude was obferved to be 157" 30' eaft; and at noon the latitude was alfo determined by obfervation to be 8° 44' fouth. At the fame time, Cape Deception bore north-eaft four or five leagues dillant; and two remarkable hills, from their fimiliarity called fhe Two Brothers^ forming the moft weftern point then in view, bore north-weft half north, diftant ten leagues. At three in the afternoon, they bore away for the two Brothers, which at fix bore north-weft by north, diftant feven leagues. At eight, the fliips lay to for the night.
C c 2	A^
CHAP. At five o'clock in the morning of Wctlncfday, AugiUl xvin.	^ °
—' 6th, tliey made lail again to the north-wefl:; and at
^^ifsl''' eight difcerncd a rock which had exatftly the appearance
of a fliip under fail, with her top-gallant fails flying.
So Wrongly were all the Alexandcr'^s people prepofTeiTed
■with this imagination, that the private fignal was made,
linder the fuppofition that it might be cither the Bontrole
or Aftrolahe, or one of the two tranfports which had
parted from them on the coaft of New South Wales.
Nor was the miftake detected till they approached it
within three or fovir miles. This rock bore from the
Two Brothers fo.uth fouth-weft, diftant one league.
Between ten and eleven, fome canocs were feen with hidians in them, who came clofe up to the fliip without any vifd:)le appvchenfion. Ropes were thrown to them over the item, of which they took hold, and fuffered the ihip to tow them along ; in this fituation they willingly exchanged a kind of rings which they wore on their arms, fniiall rings of bone, and beads of their own manufačlure, for nails, beads, and other trifles, giving however a manifell preference to whatever was made of iron. Gimlets were moil acceptable, but they were alfo pleafed with nails, and pieces of iron hoops. They dealt very fairly, not betraying the leail defire to fteal or to defraud. But -though they fo readily fuffered thcmfelves to be towed after the fliip, they could
not
not bv any means be prevailed upon to go along fide, chap.
Ill
and wlienever an attempt was made to haul up a canoe <—^—< by one of the ropes, the men in it immediately difen-gaged thcmfelves from that rope, and took hold of another. At the lame time they appeared extremely dell-rous that our people Aiould anchor on the coaft, and go alhore with them ; and, by way of enticement, held up tlie rind of an orange or lemon, the feathers of tame fowls, and other things, iignifying that they might be procured on ihore. They prefcnted alio to Lieutenant Shortland, a fruit, which he conceived to be the breadfruit ; it was about the fize of a fmall cocoa-nut, brown on the oiitfide and white within, and contained a kind of foft pithy fubllance which ftuck between the teeth, and was rather troublefome to chew^, bclldes three or four kernels not unlike chefnuts, but very white. The leaves of the plantain Icrved the Indians to make boxes or fmall cafes, of which every man had one to contain, his fniall rings and beads. At noon a ]X)int of land which runs from the Two lirothers, and was nt)W named Cape Satisfačiion^ bore north north-call:; and the rock which had been miltaken for a Üiip was called the Eddy-flone^ and bore north by well, tliilant four leagues. The • Ktldyilione bears from Cape Satis fadion fouth ibuth-well:,. dillant two leagues. As the land from Cape Satisfaction began to trend northward, Lieutenant Shortland
again entertained hopes of iiading a paß age-
9	It
; H A ■ xvin.
c n A P. It imderftood from the natives that they called the
iiland from whicli they came, Simhoo; for whenever an attempt \vi\s made to jnit that qiieftion to them, they pointed to the land near Cape Satisfačlion, and uttered that word. Of thefe men, Taeutenant Shortland remarks, that they were remarkably ilovit and well built, from which appearancc he very Judicioully drew a favourable conclu-fion with rcfpetSt to the goodnefs and plenty of their food. Their fiiperiority over the New Hollanders in flzc and ftrength, he fays, was very ftriking. Their canoes, which contained from fix to fourteen men, fee med to be well put together, the bows and ftems very lofty, carved with various figures, and ftained with a kind of red paint; in a word, they were to all ap-])earance formed exailly upon the fame model and con-ilrudion as thofe of Otaheite. The ornaments worn by tlic inhabitants of Simboo were large rings of a white bone, one or more of which every man had upon his wrUt, and a fliell w^ith a feather, which was tied upon the head. Lieutenant Shortland was definnis to purchale one of their lances, but could not obtain it. About two in the afternoon his vifitors, finding perhaps that they had foIU)wcd the fliip as far as they could venture to trull thcmfclves, left him, and made immediately for the fliorc. From what was feen in the poflefllon of thefe people, there can be no doubt that their land produces cocoa-nuts, bread-fruit, bananas, and mofi: other
vegetables
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vegetables of the Society and Friendly Ifles. Nor was it c h a p.
xvin.
without the grcateft regret that Lieutenant Shortland declined the invitations of the natives, and proceeded without touching for refrefliments, which doubtlefs might have been obtained in plenty ; but the length and uncertainty of his palTage feemed to forbid the leaft delay; nor was it at this time forefeen how much fupe-rior to every other confideration the acquirement of a wholefome change of diet would be found. The bay from which thefe men had come he named Indian Bay. At three P. M. the longitude was, by lunar obfervation, 156° 55' eaft ; and at iix the furthell land in fight bore north, Cape Satisfačlion eaft by fouth half eaft, and the body of the land north-eaft, diifant five or fix leagues. The furtheft point of land north was named Cape Middkton.
After lying to in the night, the fhips made fail again at four in the morning of Auguft 7 th, and bore away Au£i,n n, to the north by weft. At five, they fiiw the land which they had left the preceding night, and fix or more fniall ifiands bearing from north-eaft to weft. Thefe were called the 'Treajury Ißes\ they are moderately high and feemed to be well clothcd with trees and herbage. At noon, the latitude was by obxervation 7° 24' fouth, the longitude 156° 30'eaft; and the north-weft extremity of the land then in fight, which was named C]ape
8	Allen ^
c^i^^AP.	bore eaft by fontli, diflant fix leagues: Cape
^—>—' Mkidleton, Ibuth-eafl-, diftant eight leagues. Off Cape Allen lies a imall illand, to \vhich the name of Wallis lüantl was given. At fix in the afternoon the extremes of the iflands in fight bore from north-eafl by caft to weft by north ; and the entrance between two ißands, which formed a paflage or ftrait, bore north by eaft, diftaiit five or fix leagues.
Tl\c Alexander and the Friendfliip had now run from the latitude of i 44'fouth, and longitude 161° 30' eaft, to the latitude of 7° 10' louth, and longitude 1:56' eail, the whole way nearly in fight of land. As, therefore, proceeding weftward, to the fouth of the next land, might have entangled them with New Guinea, lieutenant Shortland determined to try the paflage which was now before him ; and being very well convinced, before it was dark, that the way was clear, kept under a commanding fail all night. At ten o'clock in the evening, the Alexander w^as nearly a-breall: of the two jioints tliat form the paflage, and the foundings were very irregular, from ten to thirty fathoms, on a foft, fandy b(jt-tom : the anchors were therefore cleared, that they might immediately be dropped if it flioidd jirove necef-fary. At two in the morning of Augufl Ihe 8tb, a ' flrong rii>ple of a current was very plainly to be perceived ;
ceived ; and by five the fliip had nearly cleared the c h a p.
^	^	xviji.
flraits. She had then the following bearmgs: Gape ^—-—' Alexander, foiuh-eaft; fome illands and rocks that lie off the moft weftern iiland of thofe which form the ftraits, weft by fouth; and the remoteft point in fight to the north-weftward, north-weft by north, diftant fourteen or fifteen leagues. This point is remarkably high and forms the ccntre of a large body of land, between the firft and laft point of the ftraits on the weftern fide, which were called Cape Friendßipy antl Cape Le Cras,
. Thefe ftraits Lieutenant fihortland judged to be between four and five leagues in length, and about feven or eight miles broad, running in a north-w eft direčlion ; and, conceiving himfelf to be the firft navigator who had failed through them, he ventured to give them the name of Sbortiancfs Straits, On comparing his account with the narrative of M. Uougainville, which he had not then by him, there feems to be rea-fon to fufpeft that this is the fame paflage through which that navigator failed at the latter end of June, 1768 ; and that the ifland fuppofed to be called Simboo, is the fame which was then named Choifeul Iiland. To corroborate this fufpicion, M. Bougainville's defcription of the canoes and perfons of the natives agrees entirely, as far as it goes, with that given
1) d	i>y
C Pf A P	Shortland A fmall clitference iii longitude
affords the chief reafön for doubting the identity of the paffage, which, Hioiiid it be proved, will not detračl at all from the merit of the latter navigator, who proceeded entirely by his own attention and fagacity, in a fea unknown to himfelf and thofe who were with him, which, if not wholly unexplored, had not, however, been fur-veycd before with equal minutenefs of obfervation.
I^icutenant Shortland now congratulated himfelf on haviLig clcarcd this large tračl of land, which he had the greateil reafon to fuppofe united the wliole way from the place at which he firlt fell in with it; as in failing at a very moderate diftance from the coafb, he had made every effort in his power to finil a paflage to the northward. A place called by one of the French navigators, Port Surville, is probably a part of it, as well as Choifeul Bay, but the points feen and defcribed by the French difcoverers arc very few; and for the knowledge of the form and bearings of the reft of the coaft, throughout the whole extent of near three degrees of latitude, and full five of longitude, we are indebted entirely to the refearches of our own country* Some of tlic vcfTcls indeed were larger. " II y avoic viiigt-deux honimes dans la plus grande, dans les moyennes, huit ont tJix, deux ou trois dans Ics plus petitcs. Ct-f pirogues paroijßient bien fakes ; elks out I'avant if Panisre fort relivh^ hz. lis fortent des bracelets^ et des plot^ues au front et fur le col. J'ig^ore dc quelle ma-tiere, ellcm'a parii ctrc blanche." Boug. Chap, v, p, aö^j.,
^	man,
man, as we are for the beautiful delineation of the whole ^^^^ p.
coaft, to the care and ingenuity of his fon, Mr. John George Shortland. The only places in which Lieutenant Shortland fufpečted there might poflibly be a paflage which had efcaped his obfervation, was between Gape Phillip and Cape Ilcnüow, and again between the capes Marfli and Pitt. The afcertaining of thefe matters he leaves to other navigators, at the fame time recommending the route he took as the fafeft and nioft expeditious paflage within his knowledge from Port Jackfon to Cliina; Middlctoii Shoal, on the coaft of New South Wales, being the only placc of danger he had hitherto difcovered. Should any objedion be made to paffing through a ftrait, where a more open fea can be obtainctl, he would recommend the n:iuch wider channel between Egmont Ifland and Simboo, and not by any means the whole circuit to the eafl: of the New Ik-brides. To the whole of this land, confifting of the two principal iilands on each fide of tlie ftraits, and the Treafury Illes between them, Lieutenant Shortland gave the name of Nezv Georgia. There is, indeed, an iiland of Georgia, to the call of Staten I.ar.d, fo named by Captain Cook in 1775 •• between thefe, it feems to be a fuülcient diftiniTtion to call the one the Ifle of Georgia, and the other New Georgia. The land on the wefLcrn fide of Shortland's Straits, continued to be very higli, and extended as far as the eye couid reach ; from theic
i;) d a	circup.i-
AVOYAGETO C H A p. circumftances, and from the diredion in which it trended,
XVill.	'
v—- no doubt was entertained of its joining that which was called by Captain Carteret, Lord Anfon's Ifle. With refpedl to the charts here given of thefe difcoveries, Lieutenant Shortland, though he cannot, from the dif-tance at which they were taken, prefume to vouch for the laying down of every Tingle point, as if the coaft had undergone a regular furvey, undertakes to pro-niife, that they are fufEciently accurate for the direction of any future navigators; as he had, in the courfe of his progrefs along it, many opportunities of taking lunar obfervations.
Acguft 9, At fix in the afternoon of Saturday, Auguft 9th, the extreme point in fight of the high land to the weft ward of the paffage, bore fouth-weft by fouth, diftant twelve or fourteen leagues: and two iflands which the fliip had juft made, bore north-weft by north, diftant five or fix leagues. They are luppofed to lie in latitude 4° 50' ibuth, and longitude 156° ii'eaft. At day light 011 Auguft 10, Sunday Auguft loth, Lieutenant Shortland fet his fteer-ing fails, and bore away to the north-weft, in order to make more diftindly the iflands feen the i^receding evening. At fix in the morning, four were in fight, and bore fouth-weft, diftant fix leagues. It was at firft thought that they would prove to be the nine ifiands
feen
feen by Captain Carteret; but as neither the number chap. nor the longitude was fount! to correfpond, Lieutenant Shortland afterwards conduded they were not the fame; and determined, as the weather appeared fqually and imfettled, not to attempt purfuing the tračl of that officer through St. George's Channel, but to go round New Ireland.
C H A P-
C H A P T E R XIX.
'Appearance of the fairvy—The boats land at one of the Pelew Ißands—Account of the Natinjes who ivere feen, and conjcBures concerning them—Dißreffcs—The Friendßnp clearcd and funk—■ Mfe7'abk condition of the Alexander whenße reached Batavia.— Conclufm.
CHAP. T TITHERTQ no tlifFiciildes had been cncountcrctl . . ^ but fudi as ncccffarily attend the exjiloring of new coafts, wherein the anxiety is fully compcniated by the flitisfadtion of becoming a difcovercr: but a dreadful fcourge now hung over our navigators, the feverity of which cannot cafily be conceived, even by thofe -who have been placed in iimilar fcenes, fo much did it exceed in degree every thing of the fame kind that has been Auguaio, ufually experienced. It was about this time, the loth of Auguü, that the fcurvy began to make its ai:»pcarancc, which, for want of the proper remedies, incj'oare<l to a malignity that was dellručtive of many lives, rendered it ncceflhry to facriücc one of the Üiips, and finally
reduced
N E W S O U T IT W A L E S.	«07
tn
reduced the confolidated crews of both in the remaining trailfpoit to fuch a (late of weakiicfs, that without imme- "—.—' diatc aßiftancc they mull: have pcrilhed even in port, or would have been driven adrift again, from total ina])ility to take the ncceffary fteps for their own prefervation. On the thirteenth of Aun;iift, five feamen of the Alex- Ai,g,iT
I ■ KS,
ander were already on the fick lift, complaining of pains in the legs and breaft, with their gums fo Avelletl, and their teerh fo loofe that they could not without difficulty cat even ßüur or rice. The weather was now very variable, often fultrvj at other times fqually, with occafional lliowers. The faips were probably at no great dii^ance from fome land, as birds were frequently feen in great numbers; and on the 16th the FriendOhp made the Auguti 16, fignal for feeing land, but it could not be defcried from the Alexander. Sharks were alfo caught with the hook, and now and then fome floating \v'ood and vegetables were obferved. On this day the two tranfports palled the equator. On the 24th, Lieutenant Shortland found by obfervation, that a current had fet the lliip to the weft north-well or north-well by weft of her account, at the rate of eleven niiles a day fince the 13th, when the lad lunar obfervation had been taken.
The fcurvy gained ground rapidly in the Alexander, notwitlillanding the precautions of fmoking the fliip,. waflring with vinegar, and diftributing porter, i'pruce-
beer,.

CHAP, beer, and wine among the feamen. On the atl of Sep-
XIX«
'—-—• tember fix men and a boy, on the 5th eight, and ou ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ difabled by it from performing any duty. An increafe of this kind, in the midft of all the efforts that could be made to counterad the malignity of the diforder, gave bvit too certain a prognoftic of the ravages it was afterwards to make.
About noon on the loth of September, the looming of land was difcerned to the weft ward, which an hour after was dearly perceived, bearing weft north-wefi:, at the diftance of fix leagues. As the fliips were then in latitude about 6° 49' north, and longitude 135° 25' eaft, it is evident that this muft have been one of the Pelew Illands, lately fo much celebrated for their hofpitab]e reception of Captain Wilfon and his crew. As the account of that voyage was not then publiflied, and Lieutenant Shortland had no charts with him that noticed thefe iflands, he concluded that he was among the moft Ibuthern of the New Carolines; but finding his longitude, from accuiatc obfervation, to be more wefterly than the fituation of thofe iOands, he conceived their longitude to be laid down in the charts erroneouily. At fix in September T., the moming, September nth, a fmall illand not feen
1 S ■
before, bore weft fouth-weft, diftant five leagues; and the wind coming round to the fouth Ibuth-welt, Lieutenant Shortland bore away for the pafllige between the two illands. At nine, having entered the paflage, he
founded
foimded and found thirteen fathoms, with a fine fandv chap.
XIX.
bottom, and a ftrong current ietting through very '—^—' rapidly. Many cocoa-palms were feen on the üiorc, and excited an earned expedlation of procuring cffečlual rc-frcQiment for the fick : a boat from cach of the fliips was therefore manned and fent out. While the boats were founding- a-head, many Indians approached in their canoes, and by figns invited our i>eople to fliore, giving them to underftand that they might be fupplied with cocoa nuts and many other things; but when they attempted to land at a place which had the appearance of a Morai or burying-place, they would not fuffer it, infifting that they fliould proceed further one way or the other. In the mean time many perfons of both fexes fwam off from fliore, holding up bamboos * full of water, which they imagined the fliips to want. Mr. Sinclair, the Mafter of the Alexander, being in the boar, brought the following account of this expedition. " Finding I could not make them underftand that I wanted cocoa-nuts, and not water, I was refolved to land, and therefore put on Ihore as foon as I found a convenient place, amidit a concourfe of between three and four hundred people. 1 immediately fixed upon an old man, (whom, from an ornament of bone upon his arm, I concluded to l)c a chief) and made him a prefent of fome nails and beads, vvhi'Ji were accepted with evident plcafure, and immediately conci-
* BaiTibocs were ihc only water vcflcls in the Pclcw Idands. See IVUfi'h fliap.
XXV. p. 312.
E e	liated


c H A p, lifted his iTicndlhip. This was a fortunate fte]?, as he afterwards often fliowcd his authority by checking the moft infolcnt of his people when thev preffed forward and endeavoured to fteal whatever they could feizc. One feaman holding his cullafs rather carelefwly had it fnatchcd from him, and the thief had fo well watched his opportunity, that he was ahnoil out of fight before he was diinngiiilhed. Notwithlianding the offers of tlie natives in the canoes, I could not procure above thirty cocoa-nuts, and thofe green ; whether it was that the people did not comprehend my figns, or that they were not inclined to carry on the traffic. Thefe illanders were well limbed men, moderately tall, with long hair: many of them chewed the betel nut, and thefe were all fur-niflied with a fmall hollow ftick, apparently of ebony, out of which they ttruck a kind of powder like lime Their arms were a lance, and a kind of adze hung over the üiouldcr; fome men carrybig one, and others two. Thefe adzes v/ere of iron, and evidently of European manufačture. As the place where we landed was very rocky and unpleafant for walking, when I found myfelf iinluccefsful in the chief obječt for which I was fent out, 1 returned as expeditioufly as I could. In return for my prefents, the old chief gave one to me which was not equally acceptable. It was a mixture of fifli, yams, and
* This was the Chkam^ or cor.il, burnt to lime, always ufcd with the betel. Ke^ IVilßn's Aroinit, p. 27. The /freca is ihe nut, the leaves onlj' of betel ufcd. Thefe r.rc produced by different flants,
3	many
many other things, the odour of which, probably from ^yjx the ftalcncfs of the compofitjon, was very far from '—'—' being agreeable. When we firft landed, many of the natives repeated the word, Engiees-, as if to enquire whether we were of that nation, bnt when they underfrood that we were they fliook their heads and faid, Efpagriol: poffibly, therefore, the difcovcry of our nation might prevent them from being as coiirtcous on fliore as they had been in their canoes."
From feme of the above circiiiTiftances it is undeniably evident that thefe people have had intercourle with Europeans, and probably with the Spaniards ; and from the averfion which they cxpreffed to the Engltßy it feems not an unfair conjecture that this ifland might perhaps bewhere our countrymen had diftinguiilied themfelves five years before by the affiftance they gave to a hoftile ftate^- : but if fo, their knowledge of the Spaniards muft have been pofterior to the departure of the Englifli, who from the narrative muft liave been the firft Europeans feen there. Had the adventures of the Antelope's crew been then made known to the world, Lieutenant Shortland would with joy have
* It might, perhaps, he thought by fome readers, that if this had been the cafe ihcy would now have endeavoured to take revenge; but we find from Captain AVilfon's nai rative, that all animofit)' was dropped as foon as pcace had been efta-Wiihcd with the inhabitants of Pclew. See that work, Chap. xvi. p. 192.
e 2	ri'c-
CH AI*- prcfentcd himfelf before the beneficent Abba Thullc;
f A i A 4
and probably by obtaining a flock of frefli provifions and vegetables might have prcferved the lives of many of his companions, and prevented the fufFcrings of the rePi ; but he was not fortunate enough to know that lo propitious a retreat was within fo fmall a diilance.
His people were doomed to find their diHireffes augmented inflead of diminilhed. Towards the latter end of Scjitcmber, agues and intermittent fevers began to prevail among them; the proportion of thofe difabled by the icurvy was conftantly great, fomc deaths had happened, and the few men who Hill had liealth enough to carry tbiem with difhculty through the nccefiary duty, were i'ubjeft to the fwelling of the legs, and harraffcd by violent pains in the breaft. Hitherto the Friendüiip had been September 2 3, much more happily circumrtanced. On the 2 of Sei)-
1788.	J	1
tember üie was fpoken to, and had then only one man difabled by the fcurvy : but this advantage was of fliort duration, and the more rapid increafe of the malady made a fatal compenfation for the greater delay of its-commencement..
17S«.
Sfptombfr 27, On the 27th of September, about noon, the Alexander made the land of Mindanao. It bore from weil by north to north-well: by weft, diftant fourteen leagues. Part of it was remarkably high, and at this diftance appeared
NEW SOUTH WALES.
13
pearccl like a fcpnratc illancl, but on a nearer approach chap.
XIX.
was found to be all connečlcd. On the 30th, aljout four '—^—'
in the afternoon, Mummock liland boie \veft by fouth, ^'s!'"' half fouth, diftant fix or fevcn leagues. In all this fca a ftrong current conftantly fet the iliip conftdcrably to the fouth of her reckoning. On the third of Ov^tober the oaohcr j.r, \vind fell fuddcnly, and the Alexander being in great danger of driving with the current iijjon the fliorc of Karkalang or Sanguir I (land, was obliged to drop her anchor, which happily brought her up in four fathoms water, in the evening of the 17th, the Friendlhip ac- oaoberi7.. tually rtruck upon a reef on the coaft of Borneo, when the Alexander immediately call: anchor, and fent a boat to her afliftance; but at day light the next morning it appeared that die alfo lay fo encompaffed with fan<l-keys andilioals, that it was difilcult to difcern how flie had failed into that lituation, or what track file nuUt pnrfue to be extricated from it. The Friendfliip, however, fortunately got off from the reef without fufiaining any material damage : and in the morning of the nineteenth a nar- oaobcr row channel was found, through which the Alexander with difliculty failed out of her dangerous ftation. Attempts had been made to weigh anchor the preceding, day, but the wind failing, the forcc of the currents prevented it. The fliips were at this time not more than eight leagues from the coall: of Borneo.
The
C II A P. ilie fcnrvv had now broiip;ht both the crews to a XIX.	^	^
\--i^^yfl- pitiable fituatioii. The Alexander had loft eight of
her coniplemenr, and was reduced to two men hi a watch, only four feamen and two bo^'S being at all fit for duty : and tl\ough thefc were willing to do their heft, and further encouragcd by the promifc of double wages when they iTiould arrive at Batavia, their iitmoft exertions were inadequate to the necelRties of the fliip, which they were hardly able to put about; nor could they have weighed even a fraall anchor had the currents obliged them to bring to again. The FriendOiip had only five men not difabled, and was by no means well jirovided with provifions. In this melancholy ftate of both Hiips, the weftern monfoon being expected foon to ict in, it was indifpenfably neceffary to give \ip one for the fake of preferving the other. Upon this fubjeft the mailers confnlted, and after fome time came to an agreement. As the Fricndfliip was the fmaller veflel, and would be cleared more calily than the Alexander, having fewer ftores on hoartl, Mr. Walton, her maiier, confented that fl:ie fliould he evacuated and funk, on condition that he fliould be allowed half freight of the Alexander. In four days the Friendfliip had her crew and ilores tranf-ferred to the Alexander, after which Ihe was bored and turned adrift. The fliips company thus made out from both vefTcls was of no great ftrength, not amounting to half the proper complement of the Alexander, nor was
it
NEWSOUTHWALES, it more than, allowing for the further ravages of difeafe, chap.
•	XTX
was abfolutely ncccflary to work, that fliip to Batavia.
The following lirt contains the whole number of per-fons now on board the Alexander.
r-H
rt
<u <
(J <
■
(M
Belonging to the Alexander.
Lieutenant Shortland, Commander, Duncan Sinclair, Marter. W. A, Long, firft Mate. T. G. Shortland, fecond ditto. John Winter, Ant. Hedley, Edward Waters, John Lewis, Thomas Frazer, ^ ^ John White, J 'Charles Clay, James Stockell, ^ Seamen. Robert Ran Ton, j William Dixon, Boy.
Seamen.
From
c m a p. xix.
I—.—t
a
I-'rom the Friendship.
Francis Walton, Matter. Robert Laurence, firft Mate. J. Walton, fecond ditto. Robert Barnes, Boatfwain. William Hern, Steward, , William,Bruce, Cook. James Craven, | Lwilliani Allen, / John Philpot, Corp. Corn. Du Heg, R. Smith, ^ < Robert George, [ ^ Rich. Sandell, John Morris, Robert Cockran, Lieutenant Collins, a pafTenger.

Seamen.
Ot^obtT 19. On the 29th of Očtober, at five in the morning, a land wind fpringing up from the coaft of Borneo, within fix miles of which the Alexander had lain at anchor, Ihe got again under way, and at ten was abreaft of the point that fornis the entrance into the harbour of I'amanookan. At five in the afternoon Pulo Laoot bore from fouth-ibuth-weft to fouth-weil by fouth, diftant twelve or fourteen leagues ; but the wind being now foutherly, and the current ftrongly againft the veliel, flie did not get round tliis iÜand till November the 5th.
Wine
"Wine was conftaiitly fervcd in due proportions to the ^ " ^
XI Ap
fick and well, hut neither that, nor any other remedy <—-—' that conld be tried amended the condition of the people. Sicknefs continued to fi)read among them, inforaiich that in the beginning of November only one man befules the officers was able to go aloft. A fliort alarm by no means adtlcd to the comfort of their contlition : on the firft of NovemJwr ,, this month four large boats, three of which rowed eighteen oars, and the fourth not lefs than twelve or fourteen, bore down upon the fnip, apparently with hoflile intentions. When they approachcd within about a mile they lay to, as if to confult with each other, and then continued to row and fail after the Alexander. Lieutenant Shortland hoifted Englifli colours, which one of the boats anfwcred by hoilling Dutch, and another Portugueze colours. They continued in chafe till five in the afternoon, and it was imagined that their defign was to board and feizc the fliip in the night. During the purfuit the little ftrength that could be raifed was jiut in motion, all were ftationed at their quarters, and the car-roiiades and great guns put in order. When thefe preparations were made. Lieutenant Shortland determined to Ü10W his o^s n refolution, and to try that of his afiailants, by liring a fiiot in a direčt line over them. This was done accordingly, and fully anfwered the intention, for they immediately dcfilted from the purfuit, and made haftily for the fliore.
p f	Had
C XIX	^^^ Alexander been at this time a very fev/ clays
^ fail more diftant from Batavla, flie muft inevitably have been loft, not from any ftrefs of weather, or danger of coafts or fiioals, but merely from inability to condiičl her into port, as every man on board muft have been Nov. 17. totally difabled. On the 17th of November only one man was fit for work, befidcs the officers; a very little longer continuance would have reduced her to the condition of floating at the mercy of winds and waves, without any poffibility of afllfting, impeding, or dire(5ting her courfe. At lix that evening, the wind being too fcanty to carry her into the roads of Batavia, an effort was made by all indifcriminatcly who were able to Vv'ork, and anchor was caft between the iflands of Ley den and Alkmara; foon after a gun was fired, and a fignal made for Kov. !?. afTirtance. At two in the afternoon on the i 8th, as no affiftancc arrived, the ftill greater elfort of weighing anchor was tried, and the tafk performed with the iitmoft difficulty ; after which, landing in with the fea breeze, the fliip came again to anchor at five, in nine fathoms» The boat was now hoifted out, and fent to beg affirtance from the Dutch Commodore, the crew of the Alexander being fo much reduced as to be unable to furl their own fails. A party was immediately fent to affift, and fix of the Dutch feamen remained on board all night, left any blowing weather fliould come on. Never, perhaps, did any ßiip arrive in port more helplefs, without
being
being fliattercd by weather, from the mere efFeds of a chap.
XIX«
dreadful and invincible diforder.
At five in the morning of the 19th, the welcome fight Nov. ,9. appeared of a boat from the Dutch Commodore, which he had humanely laded with rcfrcfliments. She brought alfo a boatfwain's mate and twelve Teamen to alTifl: in refitting the ßiip for fca. The lick wex'c lent on the 20th to the hofpital, m here feveral of them died, being too far gone for any accommodation or llcill to recover. From the Bridgewater and Contraaor Eaft Indiamen, which lay in the road when the Alexander arrived ; and from the Raymond, Afia, and Duke of Montrofe, which came in a few days after; with the affiftance of a few men from the Dutch Commodore, a frefli crew was at length made up, in which only four of the original fea-men remained, the reft being either dead, or not enough recovered to return with the Alexander, when flic failed again on the 7th of December.	December;.
The remaining part of the voyage was attended with few circumftances worthy of notice, and was made in a track fufficiently known to all navigators to permit us to difpenfe with a minute defcription of it. At the Cape they met with Captain Hunter, in the Sirius, who, when the Alexander arrived, on the 18 th of February, 1789, had been in Table Bay fix weeks. From him Lieutenant
F f 2	Shortland
CHAP. Shortlaiid learned that the Borrowdale and the Prince of
XIX.
t—Wales tranfports, which had parted from him on the coafl: of New South Wales, had returned by the fouthern paflage, and had been heard of from Rio de Janeiro. In Table Bay the Alexander remained at anchor till the 16th of March, when flie failed again, and arrived off the Ifle of Wight on the 28th of May.
Thus concluded a voyage, the firft part of which was enlivened and rendered important by difcoveries; the next involved in gloom through the virulent attacks of diftemper, and the frequent inroads of death. Much was certainly performed, and very much was fuffered, but from the whole we are authorized to conclude, that the fet-tlement of our countrymen on the new foiithern continent, muft powerfully tend to the improvement of navigation, and the extenfion of geographical knowledge. Nor is it neceflary, that any ill-omened apprehenfions fhould be excited by the misfortunes of the Alexander and the Friendfliip. It may not happen again that fliips fliall quit Port Jackfon fo ill prepared with antidotes againft the malignant poifon of the fcurvy : nor, if they fliould, is it by any means certain that their vifitation will be equally fevere.
Latitudes
Latitudes and Longitudes of Capes, Headlands, Islands, and Shoals, according to the Track of the Alexander, under the Direflions of Lieutenant John Shortland, Agent for Tranfports.
c pi a p. xix.

Middleton Reef off the coaft of New South Wales
Sir Charles Middleton's Ifland, ofF ditto,	- -
Cnpe Sydney - - - .	.
Cape Hhillip - . - -	_
Cape Heiinow _ _ _	_
Cape Hunter - - _	_
Cape Marfti . - _	„
Cape Pitt - ^ .	_
Cape Nepean _ _ ^	_
Cape Deception - _ _	_
Hammond Ifles - _ _	_
Point Pleafant - - -	-
Indian Bay _ _ _	_
Cape Satisfaction - - -	-
The Eddyftone _ _ _	-
CapeMiddleton _ _ _	_
Cape Alien - - -	-
Cape Stephens ~ - -	_
Point Danger _ _ -	-
Cape Alexander _ _ -	.
Lord Hood Wand . _ -	-
Cape Friendfhip - - -	-
Shortland's Streights _ -	-
Cape Le Cras - - -	-
Cape Binmer _ - -	-
Treafury Iflands, from lat. 7. 30. fouth,	and ion 6. 38, and long. 156. 27.
The Four Ulands - - -	-
The pallage between the two fouthernmofl: of	the \
Paulos, or New Carolines . _	/ Cape St. Auguftin on the ifland Mindanao
Hummock. Ifiand, off ditto - .	-
Latitude,	Longitude.
" 1	0 /
zg 2.0 S.	158 48 E.
28 10	159 50
10 48	161 41
10 34-	161 25
10 00	161 12
9 42	160 37
9 21	159 30
« 55	159 03
8 51	158 JO
H 33	157 37
8 46	157 39
8 50	JS7 50
8 09	157 06
8 12	157 08
7 45	156 48
7 28	156 48
7 13	156 17
7 00	156 27
6 50	156 40
7 15	156 48
6 50	156 08
6 55	156 30
5 50	1^6 08
6 17	155 58
g. 156. oö.	eaft, to lat.
4 50	156 10
6 50 N.	135
6 13	126 26
5 -6	125 50
CHAP-
CHAPTER XX.
Lieutcnänt Waits s Ncirrative of the Return of the Lady Penrh\n Tranfport; containing an Account of the Death of Omni, and other intcreßing Particulars at Otaheite,
C i^A F. ry-^ H E Lady Penrhyn, Capt. Sever, left Port Jackfon
1
on the 5th of May, 1788. In the evemiig of the imagining they faw a fire on fliore, they founded, but found no bottom with ninety fathoms of line. By May 9. their obfervation at noon, on the 9th, they found a current had fet the veffcl eighty miles to the fouthward fince their leaving Port Jackfon. The fcurvy began already to make its appcarance amcrngil: them; one man was rendered unfit for duty, and feveral others complained very much. The weather in general was fqually, with thun-Mayi4. der, lightning, and rain. In the morning of the 14th they faw an illand bearing north-eaft, half north, 18 or 20 leagues diftant, which made in two detached hummocks : At feven in the afternoon, the illand feen in the
morning
morning was about nine leagues cliflant, on which they chap, brought to for the night, and next morning made fail —^^^ and flood for it. At noon they fpoke to the Supply, Lieu- TimrfdLJ^fj tenant Ball, who informed them that this iüand is named Lord Howe's Ifland. During the afternoon and night they flood ofl" and on, and at nine o'clock the next morning a boat was hoifted out, and Lieutenant Watts Friday 16-with a party went on fliorc in fearcli of turtle, but they could diftinguini no traces of any, though the different bays were very clofely explored : about noon, Mr. Watts returned on board. This difappointment did not deter them from making another effort, as fome turtle would have been a very valuable acquifition : accordingly Mr. Anftis went with a party in the pinnace to try his fuc-cels in the night. About noon the next day Mr. Anftis returned without having feen one turtle, but to make Saturday 17, fome amends, the party had met with great fuccefs in fifhing, having caught a fufUcient quantity to ferve the fliip's company three or four days.
Lord Howe's Ifland was difcovered by Lieutenant Ball on his pairage to Norfolk Ifland in the month of February, and on his return he flopt and lurveyed it; at that time he caught a quantity of fine green txirtles, of which there were great numbers : this induced Governor Phillip to fend the Supply a fecond time to this ifland, but fl^ie then was unfuccefsful, the weather probably being 2	ib
^	fo cold as to occafion the turtle to remove to the north-
A A* ■
iflaiicl is about two leagues in extent, and SaiurJay 17. j-^g ^^^^ dhcaioii of Horth 30° weft, and fouth 30° eaft;
the ibuth-eaft end making in two very high mounts, which may be feen at tlic diftancc of more than twenty leagues, and at firfl appear like two detached illes. About three leagues from thefe, and nearly in a fouth-eaft direction, is a remarkal)ly high and pointed rock,-'' which may be feen at leaft twelve leagues off; from this there are dangerous rocks extending three or four miles, both in a fouth-eaft and Ibuth-wcft Une ; thofe to the fouth-weft not fticwing themfelves above water : there are alfo rocks extending four or five miles off the north-weft and north-eaft ends of the ifland, which is of a moderate height. Both extremes are bluff, and there apx^ears to be much foul ground about them : within the north-weft point lies a rock with eleven fathoms water clofe to it, and there is a paffage between it and the ifland. The reef on the weft fide extends nearly to both extremes with breaks in it, through v/hich boats may pafs with fafety, but within the reef it is in general very flioaly. The ifland is tolerably broad at each end, and very narrow, with low land in the ccnter, forming two bays, that lliould the wind be from fouth-eaft to north-eaft, or fouth-weft to north-wxft, a fliip may always be fecure by running to the leeward of the ifland. There arc regular foundings on the weft lidc, but the ground
* Ball's Pyramid.
4-	is
N E W s o U T H W A L E s. is too hard for holding well, being coral rocks. The chap.
XX.
eaft fide they did not examine. The low narrow part has evidently been overflowed and the iÜand disjointed, for in the very center, as they walked acrofs, they faw large beds of coral rocks, and fliells in great abundance; and on the eaft fide, which feems in general to be the weather fide, the fea has thrown up a bank of fand, from twenty-five to thirty feet in height, which ferves as a barrier againft future inundations. The ifland has likewife every appearance of having undergone a volcanic revolution, as they found great quantities of burnt ftone ^nd pumice ftone ; and Mr. Anftis, who landed on the reef which flielters the weft bay, at dead low water, found the whole a burnt up mafs.
The inhabitants of this ifland were all of the feathered tribe, and the chief of thefe was the ganet, of whicli there were prodigious numbers, and it lliould feem that this is the time of their incubation, the females being all on their nefts; thefe are places fimply hollowed in the fand, there not being a fingle quadruped that could be found upon the ifland to difturb them. The people brought numbers of their eggs on board. Very large pigeons were alfo met with in great plenty ; likewife beautiful parrots and parroquets ; a new fpecies, apparently, of the coote, and alfo of the rail, and magpie; and a moft beau-tif vil fmall bird, brown, with a yellow breaft and yellow
G g	oa
Itb
voyage to

CHAT, on the wing; it feemed to be a fpecies of humming bird : there was alfo a black bird, like a üieerwater, with a hooked bill, which burrows in the ground. Numbers of ants were feen, which appeared the only infečt at this place, except the common earth worm. The foil is of a fandy nature, and frefli water extremely fcarce in thofe placcs which they had an opportunity of examining.
This illand is well covcred with wood, the chitf of which is the large and dwarf mangrove, the bamboo, and the cabbage^ tree. The different vegetables met with were fcurvy grafs, wild celery, fpinach, endive, and famphire.
From the mean of all their obfervations they found this ifiand to be fituated in 31°. 30'. 49". fouth latitude, and by comparing their lunar obfervations with thofe of Lieutenant ^Ball, they found its longitude to be 159''. 10'. 00". eaft of Greenwich.^ The mean Hate of the thermometer, during their fliort ftay, was 66". and the variation of the compafs, by many obfervations, was found to be 10''. eaft. In the afternoon the pinnace was hoirted in, and they made fail to the eaft ward with a-frefli breeze at fouth-weil. Nothing, material occurred till the SaturJ.iy ji. 31ft, whcn about tln-ee o'clock in the afternoon they faw -two iÜands, one betiring north-caff, half eart, fevcn . . ,	, . ..	leagues.
leagues, and the other eaft by foutb, about fix leagiics ^ ^^ diftant. Not having an opportunity of getting well in ^vith the land before night came on, they plied occa-fionally iinder an ealy fail, and at day-light next morn- SunJayi. ing made fail and bore up for it. On approaching the ibuthernmoft land, they found it to form two barren iiles, feparated by a channel about a quarter of a mile over, and apparently free from danger : the north ifland lies in a north half eaft dire6lion from thefe, and about five leagues diftant. At noon, the body of the north illand bore north-eaft by north three miles diftant: their latitude at that time was 30°. 11'. fouth, and the longitude by lunar obfervation 180°. 58'. 37". eaft. At one o'clock they bore round the weft end of the ifland, and hove to near the center of it, about a mile off lliore. They were in hopes, from the appearance of the ifland at a diftance, that they fliould have found it produčlive of fomething beneficial to the people, (the fcurvy gaining ground daily) but they were greatly difappointed; both the north and fouth fides are furrounded by rocks, over which tlie water flows, without the leaft opening for a boat; however, Capt. Sever ordered the fmall boat to be hoifted out, and went on fhore accompaniod by Mr. Anllis: they found great difficulty in landing, and, when npon the rocks, they had to mount a very dangerous precipice, in order to gain the level part of the ifland. This ifland forms very high at the weft end, and flopes
G g 2	gradually
^xx^^' gradually to the eaft end, where it terminates in a cliff
^r.TJsT' ^ moderate height: both fides have a range of thefe cliffs extending the whole length, which are chiefly confipofed of white fand. The whole of the ifland bears the ftrongeft marks of being a volcanic production, having great quantities of pumice ftone on it, and the rocks quite burnt up. The top of the land was covered with a coarfe kind of grafs, and the place affords great plenty of the wild mangrove. The extent of this ifland is about two miles and an half, nearly in the di-rečlion of eaft-Ibuth-eaft and weft-north-weft ; the foil, a mixture of mould and fand. The inhabitants are the brown gull, the light-grey bird, ganets, and a parroquet of the fame fpecies with thofe met with at Lord Howe's Ifland. The gentlemen could fcarcely walk a ftep without being up to the knee in holes: they faw a great number of rats and mice, and found many birds lying dead at the entrances of their burrows : they faw no appearance of frefli water, though from the gullies that were formed in various parts, the ifland muft certainly be fubjed to very heavy rains. This ifland was named Macaulef% Ifland, after G. M. Macauley, Efq; and the two iflands to the fouthward, Curtis'^ Ifles, after Timothy and William Curtis, Efqrs. At five in the afternoon, the Captain returning on board, the boat was hoifted in, and they made fail, ftanding to the eaftward with a moderate breeze at fouth-weft. Macauley's Ifland is litu-
ated


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ated in 30°. 09'. fouth latitude, and iSo\ 58'. 37'', eaft c h a p. loneitiide,	—^
June, 178».
The fcurvy now began to fpread very faft among the crew, and by the 6th, they had nine men Friday«, nnable to get out of their hammocks, and many others complained very much : fwelled gums, the flefli exceeding black and hard, a contraction of the finews, with a total debility ; were the general appearances. Wine was daily ferved out to them, and there was four-krout on on board, but the people refufed to cat it. From this to the 17 th they had little variety; by that time the people Tucfda/,7 were in a deplorable ftate, for with every perfon on board, the Captain included, they could only mufter ten men able to do duty, and fome of them were in a very weakly ftate: four-krout, which before had been re-fufed, now began to be fought after, an<l they had all the CaiJtain's frefli ftock, himfelf and officers living folely on fait provifions; and to add to their melancholy fituation the wind hung almoft conftantly in the eaftern board, fo that they could fcarcely make any progrefs. For feveral days they had very fqually iinfettled weather, attended with almoll conftant heavy rain, and frequent ftorms of thunder and lightning. On the 24th, being T.efday ^ then in 32°. 12'. loath, latitude, and 207°. 28'. eal1: longitude, the wind iliifted to the weftward, but the weather ftill continued fqually and unfettletl. On the 7th July, in 21 .57. fouth latitude, they fell in with ^^ 3	the
^ xx^	Ibnth-eaft trvidc wind, nntl as the people were in a
j'^iiTTr^s. weak condition, it was determined to make Otaheite as loon as poßible. At fix o'clock in the morning of the Wed, 9.	fj^gy Ofnabiirgh Ifiand, bearing north by eail,
half eali, four or live leagues diftant. At feven they bore up for Otaheite, and at ten o'clock that illnnd made its appearance, bearing weft by north ; by five in the afternoon they were abreaft of Oaitepcha Bay, and ten canoes prefently came alongfidc with bread-fruit, cocoa nuts, &c. Tiie Indians prefled them very much to come to an anchor there, but as they were not able to pur-chafe their anchor again when once let go, Mr. Watts advifcd the Captain to ftand on for Matavai ]?ay. During the night they wore occafionally, and at day-Hght in Thmft!ay 10. the nioming of the 10th ftood in for the land. At noon, Point Venus bore fouth-weft by fouth about three miles diftant. In ftanding into Matavai Bay the fliip got rather too dole on the Dolphin Bank, having only two und a half fathoms water for feveral cafts, over a hard bottom, but flic deepened at once to feventeen fiithoms, and they ftood over to the fouth fide of the bay, in hopes by making a board, to fetch the Refolution's old birth, which would have made the watering place very handy ; but the fliip milling ftays, they were obliged to let go the anchor, and content themfclvcs in their fitua-tion. They anchored at nine o'clock in eight fathoms water, over a foft bottom, Point Venus bearine^ noith-
^	O
north-eaft, and One Tree Hill foutli by eaft, half eaft, 5	diftant
NEW SOUTH WALE S.	ojt
diftant from ihore about half a mile. On approaching ^ JJ ^ p. the bay, they couki perceive a prodigious number of the ^—-—' natives on Point Venus, and round the beach, and feveral canoes put off from the üiore, the hidians waving pieces of white cloth and making figns for them to come into the bay. When anchored they had only three men in one watch, and two in the other bcfides the mates, and two of thefe ailing ; the reft of the crew were in a truly deplorable ftate.
Their firft care was naturally to procure fomc refrcdimcnts, and it was a pleafmg circumliance for them to fee the natives flock round the fliip, calling out " Tayo Tayo^' which fignifies friends; and " Patri no lutti;" Cook's J^ip ; and bringing in very great plenty cocoa nuts, bread-fruit, plantains and taro, and a fruit known by the name of the Otaheite aj^ple; they alfo brought fome hogs and fowls. All the Intiians ajj-pearcd glad to fee them, and difpofed of their various commodities on very moderate terms, and indeed their whole behaviour indicated the molt friendly intentions. Ill the evening, the Chief of Matavai came on board, and in him Lieutenant Watts recolleded an old friend : the Chief was greatly pleafed to fee Mr. Watts, as he was the only perfon in the ihip who had been here before, except the fte ward, who had been before the m aft in the Refolution ; therefore, when Mona (which was the chief's name) faw his old acquaintance, he explained to
his
CHAP, his companions who he was, and that he had been with V—' CHapr. Cook, and they fcemcd very giad to have fome of
Tnir ]
' '' ' ' their old vifitors again. Mr. Watts learnt from Mona, that O'too was ftill living, that he was always called Earee I'utli^ and then was abfent on a vifit to the eafl-ward, but cxpečl:ed to return in four or five days : At the fame time, he faid, meflengers had been fcnt to acquaint him of the fliip's arrival. He alfo informed Mr. Watts, that Maheine, the chief of Eimeo, to retaliate the mif-chief done him by Capt. Cook, had, after the departure of the RefoUition and Difcovery from the iflands, landed in the night at Oparrce, and deftroyed all the animals and fowls he could lay hold of, and that O'too was obliged to fly to the mountains. He likcwife intimated that the Attaliooroo men joined Maheine in this bufinefs. hi-deed, it occurred to Mr. Watts, that when here in the Refolution, Taha, the chief of that diftrid, threatened fomcthing of the kind in a quarrel with O'too, and probably fmothered his refentment only for a time, fearful of Capt. Cook revenging it, fliould it come to his
Früiayii. knowlcdgc. The next day, Oediddee agreeably fur-prifcd them w ith a vifit on board : he was greatly rejoiced to fee them, and enquired after all his friends in a very affeiElionate manner : He took great pleafurc in recounting his route in the Refolution, had treafured up in his memory the names of the feveral places he had been at in her, nor had he forgot his Englifli compliments. He informetl them that no üiip had been at the
iüands
illunfU llncc Gapt. Cook : therefore, they conceulcd his c ii a v.
xy
^leath, and Capt. Sever made Oediildce a prcfcjit, as ■—^ coming from Capt. Cook. Oediddee confirmed the rc-port of the cattle, Sic. being dertroyed by Maheine, and Hkcwife informed them that Omai, and the two New-Zealand boys had been dead a corifulerable time through illnefs, and that one horfc only was alive at Ilnaheine, but they coukl not learn any further particulars from him.
In the evening-of the 13th, a meiicnger camc on Sur.iby ij. board with a prelent from O'too of a fmall pig, a dog, ancl fome white cloth, and intimated that he would be at Matavai tJie next day. Early in the next morning MWay but few canoes camc off to the fliip, and the natives were ohfcrved afreml)ling on the fliore in protligioiis nun\bcrs : foon afterwards, a canoc came alongfide and informed them that O'too was on the l>eacli; on this, the Captain aiul Mr. Watts went on Ihore immediately, and found him furrounded by an amazing concourle of people, amongll whom were feveral women cutting their foreheads very much with the fliark's tooth, but what both I'urpiifcd and plealcd them very much, was, to fee a man carrying the portrait of Captain Cook, drawn by Wcljbcr in 1777- Notv/ithllanding fo niuch time ha.l clapfed fuice the picture was drawn, it had received no injury, and they were informed that O'too always car-
11 h	ricd
t; H A F. it with liim wherever he went. After the firft
XX-
'—-—' üihitations were over, Mr, Watts afked O'Iüü to ac-j;!i).iy38.	j^Tj-j-j	llijp, to which he readily agreed;
but pi-evioiifiy to his entering the b^at he ordered the portrait in, and when he got alongfidc the fiiip he ob-ferved the fame cercmony. When on board he appeared much pleafed, afked after his old friends, and was very particular in his enquiries after C apt. Cook. He vifited the fliip between decks, was aftoniflied to fee fo few people on board, and the gieatell: part of them in a debilitated Hate, and enquired if they had loll any men at iea. Me acquainted them with the revenge taken by the Eimeo people, and alked why they had not brought
out fome cattle, Sic. He alfo mentioned the death of
t
Omai, and the New Zealand boys, and added, that there had been a IkirmiQi between the men of Uliatea and' thofe of Huaheine, in which the former were victorious, and that a great part of Omai's property was carried to • ÜHatea. O'too was tonliderably improved in his perfon,. and v/as by much the beft made man of any that they liuv ; nor w^as he, as yet, disfigured by the baneful efFečls of the ava. He preferved his original chara(!l:er ill fupplying the fliip with provifions of every kind in the moft liberal manner; and when any of the natives who had come from a conliderable diftance, begged his interccfhon wdth them on board to take their hogs, otT their hands, 'which, on account of the few peojüe they
had,
had, they were often obliged, much again ft their in- c h^a p. cUnation, to rcfufe) he was very moderate : indeed, he "—^— generally loft the matter to thenifelves, and whenever he undertook to difpofe of another perfon's property was always well paitl for his trouble. During their ttay at Otaheite he daily paid them a vifit, and importuned the Captain very nuich to move the fliip into the Uefolution's old birth: where flie then lay, Hie was nearly in the fitua-tion of the Dolphin on her hrft anchoring ; and though at fome diftant;e from the watering place, yet, confiderhig the fmall number of people on board, and their v/eak Tituation, the Captain judged it prudent to remain where he was, as in cafe of neceflity he could put to fea inftantly.
O'too was always accompanied by a woman, whofe advice he alked upon every occafion; flie was by no means handfomc, neither did flie poflefs that dclicacv, or thofe engaging manners that fo much dhtinguini her countrywomen in general: ßie was of the Earree clafs, and feemcd to have great authority ; ljut whetlier or no üie was his v;ife they did not learn, though Mr. Watts w^as rather inclined to think they were n^arried, and he appeared to be greatly attached to her. The king and all the chiefs were very urgent for Captain Sever to go to Eimeo, and revenge their quarrel, and feveral of them offered to get a ftock of provifions and
n h 2	accom-
C H^A P- accompany hiiii; however, to this requcft he gave a refufiil. About three days before they quitted Matavai Bay, O'too brought the ring of an anchor on board, obferving it might be made into fmall hatchets : Mr. Watts upon examining it, recoileded that it certainly belonged to an anchor which Caj>tain Cook bought of Opooni, at IJola Kola, in 1777 : as there was no forge on board the I.ady Penrhyn, the ('aptain offered O'too three hatchets for it, which he readily took. When Captain Cook bought the anchor jull mentioned it wanted the ring and one of the palms, and at that time they knew that it had been carried from Otalieitc, and belonged to Monf. Bougainville : how O'too camc by the ring, Mr. Watts could not learn, but had he pof-fefled it when the Refolution was here, it is reafonable to fuppofe he would have brought it to Captain Cook, and the more fo as at that time the natives iifed to brincr
o
many large pieces of iron (which they had obtained from the Spaniards) to be either worked up or exchanged for trinkets. Tliough from the feafon of the year they had reafon to expcdt a fcarcity of vegetables, yet they were agreably furprifed to find them in the greatell: plenty and profufion ; hogs were multiplied amazingly, and from the proceedings of the natives, Mr. Watts w:is induced to think tlicy were delirous to thin them, as they brought none to barter but fows, and the gi-eateft part of them were with pig: fowls were obtained in
tolerable

N K W SOUTH \V ALES.	237
tolerable plenty, but they were all cocks, and old ; the c n a f.
^ x
natives likewife broueht eouts alongfule for laic, and
1 1 •	- V
Ibme of them brought cats and offered them in barter. Captain Sever purchalcd a fine male and milch goat ■vvith two kids.
Cocoa nuts are a never failing article at this place, and the bread-fruit, wliicli was fo fcarce when the Endeavour was here at the lame feafon of the year, was now exceedingly plentiful, and in high perfection, as was the Otaheite apple ; plantains, both ripe and green, and taro, the natives brovight in great quantities, but yams and fweet potatoes were very fcarce. They pur-chafed feven or eight dozen of punikins, and a quantity of chihpods, which were fomc of the produce of the Refolution's garden, and oae of the Indians brought Ibmc cubbagc leaves on board, but the cabbages, as well as fundry other vegetables, were gone to ruin for want of proper care and attention. The natives could not be enticed to eat any of the pumkins, and the chilipodi they faid poifoned them.
It already has been obferved, that no Üiip of any nation had vifited this illand fince Captain Cook, and from appearances, the iron which the natives obtained at that time w-.s pretty well exhaufled, as the only iron now feen was the blade of a table-knife ; neither did
they
CHAP, they bring any tools on board to be fliarpenecl, which
XX
,___^J_) certainly would hiive been the cafe had they been pof-
jui), I,es.	their avidity to obtain
hatchets, knives,	that every produce the ifland
afforded was purchafed at very reafonable rates, nor Vv'erc the tirft prices given, attempted to be altered during their Üay. Belides hatchets, knives, and nails, the natives w'cre very defirous to have gimlets, files, and fciffars ; they alfo alked for looking-glaffes, and white tranfparent beads, but of thefe latter articles they had none on board : red feathers, which had formerly been held in great eileem, were now of no valne ; they would ac-ccpt them as prefents indeed, but would not barter any one article for them.
As their fituation was not a very eligible one, Mr. Watts did not think it jmident to go any great diifance from the fliip, or even to be much on fl;iore, fo that he was prevented from gaining much information, or feeing into many matters that might have enabled him to judge whether the whole of their report refpedting Omai, aiul the lofs of his property, &c. was true or not; however, he was inclined to think that the cattle and all the animals were killed, except goats, as Oediddee, when he confirmed the revenge of the Eimeo i:>eople, never mentioned that any one animal was laved : goats, indeed, had been left on former voyages, and from increafe had 5	become
N K W SOU 'V n W A I, E S".	a^y-
become the property of many, but Maheinc's rcfcnt- ^Jx'^^'* meat, It feems, was levelled at O'too only.	'—■ '
July, 17S3.
Great numbers of the natives had been carricd off by the venereal difeafe, which they had caught from their connedions with the crcws of the Refolution and Dil-covery ; nor were the women lb free from this complaint as formerly, elpecially the loweft dais, the belter fort feemingly not wiQiing to hazard the catching fo terrible a diforder. The people having recovered in a moll alionifliing manner, and being now able to ailiil in the duties of the fliip, Captain Sever thought it advifeable to rvin down amongft the Society I lies, as they liatl got a plcntifi.il fnpply of provifions on board ; accordingly, they got under way before daylight in the morning of the 2,3d. The natives foon took the alarm, wdncrda_v 23, and the breeze flackening, they were foon crowded with villtors, none of whom came empty handed. Tlieir friends parted from them with great rcluflance, and the fiuldennefs of their departure feemed to difaj^point the natives greatly; indeed, they would not have left the place fo abruptly, had they not been apprehenfive that if their intention was known, the Indians would have flocked on board in too great numbers, and have been troublefomc. They had the fatisfaftion of leaving this liland in j-.erfeil amity with the natives, and it is but doing them juflice to fay, that during the time the Lady
Penrhyn
Pcnrhyii lay licrc, not one occafion offered to imlucc
A A.
—' them to fire a miifciiict. Oetluklce rc'rcttccl their de-
July, I;«;),	^	•='
parturc exceedingly, and importuned the Captain very much to take bini to üliatea, but O'too (whatever were his rcalbns) begged that he might by no means be taken from Otaheite ; the Captain promilcd he llioiild not, and taking leave of Oeditldee, jnit him into his canoe, on which lie llied tears in alnindance, laid he was very unhappy, and wl\cn htC put from the 111 in never once turned to look at her; Iiis fituation was much to be pitied, and he truly merited every friendihip that coukl be fliown him ; during ihc time they lay here, he was a conilant viiitor, and daily brought on board a fupply of ready drcil: provifions. O'too was one of the earlielt on board in the morning, and ditl not leave tiic fliip till they had cleared the reef; he cxprcficd great forrow r.c their departure, mentioned hf)\v much time h",tl clapled fmcc the Refülution and Difcovery were at Ota-heite, begged they would iiot be ib long abfent any more, and defired very much to have Ibme horles brought to him, more particularly than any other animal : jull: before he quitted the fnip, he alked for a few guns to be fired, with which the Cajitain complied. A bieeze now fprniging up, their friends took a lalt farewell; and they iVood to the iiortii-v/ell for Huaheine ; at noon, Point Venus was about five iuiles dillant.
It
It may, perhaps, be lamented, that Lieutenant Watts ua p. (whofe acquaintance with the Chiefs, and knowledge of their language, rendered him a proper perfon to make enquiries) Ihould not have been able to give a more full account of matters, at an iHand that has fo much engaged the public noticc ; but, when the fliort ftay of the fliip, and her fituatioii are confidered, it will be natural to imagine, that the officers found their time very fully employed : fuch particulars, however, as have been above related may be depended on as fads.
At noon on the 25th, they faw the iiland, Hiiaheine, Friday 25. bearing weft three-quarters north, fourteen leagues dif-tant : from this time they had very light winds, and thofe wefterly, which prevented their reaching the iiland before noon on the 26th; when the extremes of it bore Saturday from weft half north to fouth by weft half weft, oft' fliore three miles. They kept ftanding oft" and on, on the eaft fide (the wind continiiing in the weftern board) till the 29th, during which time the natives brought off plenty of refrefliments, but they were far more exorbitant in their demands than their neighbours.
hi the morning of the 29th, the wind veering to Tuefday 29. the fouth fouth-eaft, they ftood round the north end of
I i	the
^xx^" ^^^ iflaml, and brought to off Owharree harbour; the jIJPT^s	appeared perfcflly friencll)', and conftantly fun-
plied them with every article except bread-fruit, which they faid had failed that feafoa : they were very importunate for them to go into the harbour, but as Captain Sever did not intend to ftay more than a day or two, he did not think it worth the trouble.
In the evening, an elderly chief, who went l)y the name of Tuf//, and whom Mr. Watts rccollccSted to have frequently fcea with Captain Cook, came on board ; he confirmed the reports they had heard at Otaheitc, and told them, that after Omai had got p.erfedlly fettled, he found himfelf under the ncceßity of purchafing a great quantity of cloth, and other neceffarics, for himfelf and family, of which his neighbours took advantage, and made liim p^y extravagantly for every articlc he pur-chafed ; that he frequently vifltcd Uliatea, and never w^ent empty handed, fo that by thefe means he expended much of his trcafure: he died at his own houfe, as did the New Zealand boys, but in what order their deaths had happened, Tutti could not give information. Upon Omai's deceafe, the Uliatea men came over and attacked them for his property, alledging that as he was a native of their illand they had an undoubted right to it. Tutti faid they carried away a con-fiderable part of his remaining property, and particularly 2	his
N I'. V/ SOUTH W A L E S.	U3
Iiis mu%cts, the ftocks of which they broke, and ^ ha took the powder and buried it ia the fand : he added, that tlic conflia had been very fierce, and that great numbers were ilahi on both fides, nor were they friends even at this time. Three of the natives who came on board, had the os frontis fradured in a terrible manner, but they were then perfedly recovered of their wounds. The houfe that Captain Cook had built for Omal was ft ill in l)eing, and was covered by a very large one built after the country fafliion; it was taken poffef-fion of by the chief of the illand. With refpečt to the horfes, the marc had foaled, but died foon afterwards, as did the foal, the horfe was ftill living though of no benefit: thus were rendered fruitlefs the benevolent intentions of his Majcfty, and all the pains and trouble Captain Cook had been at in prefcrving the cattle, during a tedious paflage to thefe illands.
Having recruitcd their flock of jirovilions, and added a large quantity of yams and fugar cane, and the wind coming to the eaftward (which had not been the cafc more than four or five days fince their firft anchoring in Matavai Bay) they on the id of Auguft took leave SuturJ.iy 2. of their friends, and flood to the northwai'd until noon, when they fteercd north-weft. They carried away from thefe hofpitable iflands, fixty hogs, weighing from fevcnty to two hundred antl twenty pounds each, befides near fifty
1 i 2	fmall
A'ligXr^g nuts, green plantains, fugar cane, taro, and yams, and about eight dozen of pumkins ; the people were all pcrfeilly recovered, and from the plentiful ftock of provifions on board there was reafon to hope that they would not he any more alarmed for their fafety. At day light in tl\€ I'liday 8. Moming of the 8th, they faw a low flat Üland, bearing from eaft to north-eaft feven or eight miles diftant; It a])pcared to he well clt)thed with trees, but the weather at that time being fqually allowed them a very imper-feil view. Captain Sever named it Penrhyn^ Uland; it is fituated in 9°. 10'. Ibiith latitude, and	15'. eaft
Wciliicf. 20.
longitude. In the afternoon of the 20th, the Captain and fome others imagining they faw land, and the fnii fctting in a fog-bank, which prevented them afcertaining the reality, they ftiortened fail, and lay by for the night;
TiiurfiUiy 21-but at fivc o'clock the next morning no land being ia light, they made fail and ftood to the north-weft by weft, with a fine breeze at north-eaft. In the evening
Saturday 23. of thc 23d, being near the fituation of an illand and reef, as laid down in I.ord Anfon's chart, they brought to for the jnght. A number of ganets and other birds Sunday 14, were flying about the next day, but no land appeared in fight : their latitude at noon was 30'north, and 179" 18' eaft longitude.
Nothing
NEW S O LI T H WAL K S.	245
Nothing occurcd worthy of note till the 15th of Sep- chap.
XX.
tember, when -about noon they faw the ißand of Sayjian, '—-—
'	Septem, 17 88,
Ijcaring weft l-.ilf north, twelve leagues dittant. The Monday 15. i^cxt Clay at noon the foiith end of Tinian was about. TueWay .7. i'our leagues diftant: in the afternoon the fmall boat was hoüled out, and Mr. AnlVis went in her to found a fmall bay round the fouth point of Saypan; he returned at feven o'clock, having found from ten to twenty fa^ thorns water about a mile off fliore, but the ground hard. The next morning, Mr. Anftis went on ihore inThurfJay ig^ the hnall boat to endeavour to procure a bullock, great numbers of which were feen grazing on the illand Tinian. At fix in the afternoon, they flood round the fouth point of Tinian, but finding they could not fetch into the road, they brought to for the night. In the evening, Mr. A-nftis returned with the beft part of a young bullock. The next morning at daylight, they Friday made fail and ftood in for the road, and at nine o'clock came to anchor in eighteen fathoms, over a bottom of coral, about a mile and an half diftant from fliore. Soon after they anchored, a party were fent oil fliore. to hunt.
From this to the asth, they had light winds varyingTh.rfj.y from fouth to eaft, with frequent fliowers over the land, and the flies fo very troublefome that they found Captain
Byron's
CHAP. Byron's account of them pcrfedly jiift. On coming to
XX
an anchor, they obfervcd a buoy a little to the Ibutli-Scpam.1^88.	^ buov tü it, tlicy fwcpt or the anchor,
weighed it, and found it belonged to the Charlotte (Gilbert, mailer) one of the fliips from Port Jackfon bound to China ; there were two-thirds of n cable to it. The paity on lliore alfo found fome fpars, apparently erected for a tent, and three water cafks, one of which was full: it is moll likely the Charlotte was blown out of the road, and could not regain her ilation again. Obferving that their anchor was foul, on the 25th they hove it up to clear, and let it go again ; prefently afterwards, finding tlie riiip adrift, they founded, and had twenty-five fathoms, but as flie was at the edge of the bank, they hove the anchor up, and made a firetch to the fouth-ward, but did not again fctcli the bay till the evening FriJnyz(5. of the 26th. Thc two following days they had dark heavy weather with very hard fqualls, and almoft continual rain, the wind from north-ealT: to fouth-eaft. At Momiayig. day light ill the morning of thc 29th, the wind veered round to the fouth fouth-weft, and foon afterwards, a very fevere fiiual!, attended with heavy rain, fet the fliip adrift, antl the tide making ftrong to the north-weft v/ith a large hollow fea, they veered the reef very faft; however, the fquall fomething abating, and fortunately backing round to thc fouth fouth-eall, they got
their
their anchor up (which they othcrwifc would not have c p. hecn able to have cfTc^ctl) antl bore away to the north <—
'	Septem. 17 S8.
north-weft. At noon the body of Tinian bore eaft half foutb, about four leagues diftant.
During their ftay at Tinian, filling water took up the "Whole of their time, the well not affording more than three tons a day, fometimes only two tons: the water was rather brackidi, but othcrwifc not ill tafted. They found the fowls and hogs very fliy, and the cattlc had quite defcrted the fouth part of the ifland, owing, as Mas imagined, to the alarm the Charlotte's people had occafioned among them.
They obtained tw^o bulls, eight hogs, and about a dozen fowls; they alfo got bread fruit, but it was at fome dirtance up the country, and the generality of it not ripe : there w^as abundance of guavas but they were not in feafon ; limes and four oranges were alfo very plentiful. Cocoa-nut trees were in abundance, hut thofe \vithin a moderate diftance from the beach were cut down, fo that the diftance they had to go for any was attended with too much fatigue to compenfate for the advantages which could be derived from them, as they experienced from two or three attempts of the kind : the feafon in general fecmcd very backward. In
addition
CHAP, addition to the animals of this place, they found wild
X.X
■ cats, The country had cxadlly the fame appearance
Septem..78g,when Captains Byron and Wallis vifited it, but many of the pyramidical pillars had fallen down and were much decayed. The mean ftate of the thermometer during their ftay, was 87'. In their paf-fage from hence to China, no material circvimrtance -occurred, and on the 19th of October they anchored in Macao Roads.
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C U A P T E R XXI.
T£e Scarborough leaves Port Jack/on—Touches at Lord Bowes Ijland—Joins the Charlotte—Falls in ivith a large Shoal— Difcover a number of Ißands—Short account of the Inhabitants—Canoes deferibed—Ornaments—Dißover Lord Mul-grai'e's Ißands—Arrival at 'Tinian—Sick people fait on ßjore— Departure from 'Tinian—Arrival in Mocao Roads.
II E Scarborough tranfport> Captain MarÜiall, left c h a^ p.
Port Jackfon on the 6th of May 1788, and pro- j^^^jr;^ cceded towards China, being engaged to take in a cargo 'i'^t^fJ^y of teas at Canton for the Eafi; hidia Company. For fevcral days they had very iinfettled weather, with frequent fqualls and heavy rain, hi the afternoon of the t 6th, they üiw Lord Howe's llland, bearing caft by vfMy fouth feven leagues diftant; and the next day at noon, SaiurJiiy 17. they found the Supply brig, the Lady Penrhyn, and the Charlotte, ftanding off and oi\ under the iiland. By two o'clock the Scarborough was clofe in with the land, ^ut the weather not permitting them to go on fliore,
K k	the
C H^-^ P- the night was fpent ia ftanclhig off and on. Early the iviIT^s	morning. Captain Marfliall fent his boat with the
Sunday 1?. chief mate and fix men on Ihore at Lord Howe's Ifland, in expedation of procuring fome turtle, as the Supply, Lieutenant Ball, had caught a large quantity at this ifland in February: however, they were not able, after the moft diligent fearch, to meet with any turtle; but this excurfion was not altogether a fruitlefs one, for they brought off a quantity of fine birds, fuf-ficient to fcrve the fiiip's crcw three days; many of them were very fat, fomcwhat rcfembling a Guinea hen, and proved excellent food- Having procured fuch refrefli-ments as the illand afforded, they made fail at four o'clock, with the Charlotte in company^ and flood to the eaftward, with a moderate breeze at fouth-weft. At :ximrfaay 22. eight o'clock in the morning of the 2 2d, they faw Norfolk Ifland, bearing eall by fouth twelve leagues diftant. At two o'clock, they were within one mile of the land, and had foundings in fixteen fathoms water over a hard bottom: the Charlotte being a confiderable diftance a-ftern, Captain Marfliall lay to for her to come up,, and when fhe joined the Scarborough he ftood under an eafy fail to the diilance of fix leagues weftward of the ifland, and carried foundings from fixteen to twenty-five fathoms, the ground various; in fome places being foft, i;i otl^er parts a corally bottom,
and
antl fometimes coarfe white f^iiKl» intermixed with chap. - ,	J^xi.
broken ihells.	—^—'
May. i7£8.
After leaving Norfolk Ifland, they ftretched to the northward and eaftward, and at one o'clock on the twenty-fixth they faw a fmall illand bearing north north- Monday 26. caft eight or nine leagues diftant; when about four rniles from the illand, they founiled with fifty fathoms of line, but got no bottom. Towards evening, Captain Marfliall was dofe in with the ifland, and being defirous to examine it, he plied occafionally during the night. At day light the next morning, he was clofe to the Tucfdayi?. land, and found it to be a barren rock, not more than lialf a mile over in the broadeft part ; it is very high, and was entirely covercd with birds of various kinds, but there was no pofTibility of landing on account of a frightful furf that entirely furroundctl it. This rock was Teen firft by Captain Gilbert, of the Charlotte, in the forenoon of the 26th, and named by him, Matthezv's Jßand; it is fituated in 22' fouth latitude, and 170° 41' longitude, eaft of Greenwich.
On the	in 17° 13' fomh latitude, and 172" 43'Monday 30.
eaft longitude, they paffed feveral large trees, and a number of cocoa-nuts floating in the water, but no land was to be feen. Nothing occurred worthy of note till the 4th of June, when the water appearing coloured, they wsdncrday4.
K k 2	founded
^ xxi	^^^^^ ftruck the ground in fifteen fathoms watery
«—although no land was to be fecn : a man \vas then fcnt 'to the maft-head, who could plainly dilcern that the Hioal run to the wellward, on which Captain Alarfiiall altered his courfe and ftretched to the eaftward, carrying foundings from fifteen to thirty fathoms water, over a rocky bottom, and in many places they could fee the ground very . diitindlly. After running to the eaftward, about eiglit miles, they found no bottom with feventy fathoms of line, which occafioned the Ca])tain to tack and ftand to the fouthward. Vaft mimbers of birds of different kinds were flying to the weftward of the flioal, fo that there probably is an ifland near that fituation. The eaft part of this flioal is fituated in 173° 11' eaft longitude^ and the fouth part of it in 15° 50' fouth latitude, but how far it extends to the weftward and northward is very uncertain, though doubtlefs to a confiderable dif-tance, as the water had a white appearance from the maft head as far as the eye could reach. Being now entirely free from the flioal, they flood to the northward, with ä light eafterly breeze, and moderate weather. On the Monday 9. 9th, in 7" 59' fouth latitude, the wind flnfted to the weftward and continued in the weftern board till the ViiJay 13. 13th when it again changcd to the eaftward.
Wttlncf, 18, At fix o'clock in the morning of the loth they faw an iiland right a-head, bearing north half weft eight or 6	nine
NEW S O U T II W A L ]-: S.	25J
nine miles diftant: thev founded when about fix miles chap.
'	XXT
from the land, but got no bottom with fixty fathoms v—^ of line; at this time Captain MarQiall perceived feveral canoes with their fails fet, and two or three men in each canoe, coming towards the fliip, but they prefently put back again and made for the fliore. This illand is very low and level, and extends north-eaft, and fouth-weft, terminating at each end in a low, flat point, with an appcarance of a large bay in the middle; the Captain named it Hopper"s lßand\ it is fituated in 00^ 03' foiith latitude, and J'] 43' longitude cad from Greenwich.
At feven o'clock they favv another ifland fmaller than the former, lying about fix miles to the fouth-weft of Hopper's Hland, and nearly the fame hi ajipearance; this was named Hender'ville's Ißand, Towards noon, another ifland made its api)earance, which Captain Mar-lliall named Woodless Jßand^ fituated three miles to the north-weft of Henderville's Ifland. P^ive large canoes with fails fet put oif from Woodle's afland, and came towards the üiip, but when about four miles diftant, they turned back and flood for the üiore. The wind blowing off the land prevented them from getting in Mith the ßiore, fo as to enable them to give a particular defcription of thefe iüands; they feemed to abound with cocoa-nut, and a variety of other trees. At three
o'clock
C H A P. o'clock in the afternoon, the Scarborough being v/ithin XXI.
three miles of liendcrville's liland, they founded with June, f^gg. fathoms of hne, but got no ground. Several large fires were lighted up on the fliore, and the natives ailcm-bled in vait numbers on the beach, many of them jiointing at the (liip with looks of wonder and furprife; prefently afterwards, nineteen canoes, with five or fix men in each, came off from the fliore and made towards the fliip, on which Captain MarHiall lay to, in hopes they would come along fide; feveral of them came within a quarter of a mile of the fliip, and then taking down their fails, they ftopt to gaze at the velfel, b\it nothing would induce them to come alongfide ; however, as more canoes were feen coming from the ifland, Captain Marfliall determined to lay to till they all returned on fiiore, as there was a probability of his procuring fome refrefliments from them : two of the laft canoes made for the fliip Avithout the leaft hefitation; on this, the Captain ordered his people out of fight that the natives might not be intimidated. When the canocs were clofe to the fliip, the Indians began to talk, and made figns for them to bring the fhip nearer the ifland.
After talking with the natives fome time, the Captain fhewed them a few fmall nails, a quart bottle, and a looking-glafs, all of which they feemed very defirous to obtain; however, they could not be prevailed on to bring
their
their canoes along-fide, but three of them jumped out chap. and fwam to the fliip ; a rope was given them to take hold of, but they could net be perfuaded to come on July. 178S; hoard. On receiving their little prefents they laughed very heartily, and by way of exchange gave the Captain fome beads and teeth of beafts or animals, which they wore about their necks as ornaments : this cir-cumftance fcrves to fliow that they have fome idea of barter.
After making ITgns a fecond time for them to bring, the fliip nearer the ifland, they took their leave, and pre-fently afterwards all the canoes returning towards the Ihore, Captain MarQiall made fail and flood to the northward. The fituation of thefe iflands has already been mentioned, they lie in nearly a north-weft and fouth-eaft direction : Hopper's Illand appears to be about ten leagues in length, Ilendcrville'a Ifland fix leagues,, and Woodle's Illand the fame.
It is to be lamented that Captain Marfliall had not an opportunity of furveying thefe iflands more minutely, as there is fcarcely a doubt of their affording a variety of refrefliments; for though nothing of the kind was ^^en in the canoes, yet the natives were plump and; flelhy, and fcemed to live at their eafe: there is alfo aix
appeai-ancc

appearance of a moft excellent harbour at Hopper's Illand.
Hie inhabitants feem to be a fine fet of people; they are of a copper colour, ftout and well made ; their hair is long and black, with black eyes and eye brows, and they feem to have very fine teeth. The only ornaments feen amongtt them were necklaces made of beads intermixed with teeth, and many of them had their faces painted white.
If we may judge of thefe people from the conftruc-tion of their canoes, they certainly poflefs a confiderable fiiare of contrivance and ingenuity : many of them are large enough to contain fixteen or twenty people; they are narrow, and built to fail very faft, yet there is not the lealt danger of their overfetting, as they are fteadied with an out-rigger refembling a ladder on the weather fide, to one end of which a log of wood is faftened, cut fiiarp at each end in the form of a boat ; this not only fcrves to keep the canoe upright, but likewife holds her to windward. At the other end of the out-rigger, a flout rope is fixed, v.-hich leads up to the maft head and ferves as a Airoud ; and when the wind blows freOi, two or more men, according to the fize of the canoe, go out upon the latkler to keep lier upright.
Though

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Tho\igh thefe canoes always fail on the fume fulc, ^ yet they are fo contrived as to ün\ one way as well as the other, and the Indians manage them with fuch dexterity that they put about much fooner than our boats. Every canoe has a fiil, which in general is very large; they appear to be made of raw-filk, neatly fewed together, and are cut in the form of our flioulder of mutton fail, with a yard at the fore-leach, and another at the foot, fo that when they want to put their canoe about, they only have to fliift their tack and bring it to leeward of the maft: in fliort, from what little Captain Marfliall faw of thefe people, they appeared to be lively, ingenious and expert.
After quitting thefe new difcovered Iflands, Captain Marfliall flood to the northward, M'ith a light breeze at eaft north-eall, and at five o'clock in the morning of the 20th, they faw an illand bearing eaft north-eafl", eight Friday lo. miles dillant; it appeared very low, and almoll level \vith the w^ater, fo that when only four miles diftant they could perceive nothing but trees. When Captain Mar-üiall got dofs in with the land, he found it to be a chain of iflands, extending from fouth-caft to north-weft for the diftance of more than thirty leagues. Having a favourable breeze, they run along the illands about three n:iiles from fliore, and feveral canoes with fiils fet, came after the fliip, but none of them would come near her.
L 1	Great
^ vJ^r"^' Great iiiim1)crs of the natives prefently afiembletl on the
A Al.
Jjl^^^g beach, in order to gratify their curiofity in looking at tiie fliip ; this induced Captain Marfliall to lay to in ex-pe£lation of the natives coming along-fide, but not one of them ventured near the fliip : at one time he had an intention of fending his boat on fliore in order to procure fome refrefliments, as many of his crew were laid up with the fcurvy; however, he prudently declined taking this ftep, as it certainly would have been hazarding too much to have fent a few men amongfl an ignorant multitude, with whofe temper and difpofition they were perfeč\ly unacquainted.
The centre of thefe iflands is iltuated in 50' north latitude, 173° 00' eaft longitude. They are very low, and yet it is rather remarkable, that on founding, when not more than a mile from the land, there was no bottom found with eighty fathoms of line. Within the iflands there appeared to be fome line harbours, and they probably afford a variety of refrefhments. The natives feemed to be nearly black, and their canoes were con-ftručted much in the fame manner as thofe already de-fcribed»
There being no profpečt of procuring any refrefliments from thefe people, Captain Marfliall made fail, Sunday 21. and at noon on the 2 2d they faw land in the diredioii
3	of
NEW SOU T H W ales.	259
of north by eaft, eight miies diftant; it appeared very c h^a p. low, fiat, and full of trees. By four o'clock, they were clofe in with the fouthernmoft land, and faw a great number of canoes failing clofe to the üiore, fome of which came towards the fliip, and two of them very near, but nothing would entice them to come along-fide. The people appeared much the fame as thofe at Hender-ville's Ifland, and their canoes were of a fimilar con-ftruaion ; one of them had a kind of vane at the maft head, which appeared to be made of the fame materials as their fail. In running along fliore, they found it to confift of fix different iüands, extending frona north by eaft to fouth by weft, to the length of fourteen or fifteen leagues; the centre of them is fituated in 5 8' north latitude, and 173° 00' eaft longitude. The fouthernmoft ifland, Captain Marftiall named AllerCs Ifland ; the fe-cond, Gi//e/pys Illand ; the third, Touching's Ifland ; the fourth, Clarke'% Ifland; the fifth, Smitb'^ Ifland; and the northernmoft, Scarborough Ifland. They ran along thefe iflands about three miles diftant from the land, and kept the lead conftantly going, but could get no bottom, which appeared rather extraordinary as the land is very low. There appears to be good anchorage between thefe iflands, and the water very fmooth, and they feem to abound with cocoa-nut and cabbage trees. By the time they were abreaft of Scarborough Ifland, it grew fo dark that they could not fee the land; luckily,
L 1 a	however,
CHAT. however, the Indians lighted two very large fires which
uJi^Jilj enabled them to get entirely clear of all the illands.
June, 17S8.
Monday 23. At fix o'clock in the afternoon of the	more land
m.ade its appearance, bearing north to north-weft, foiir leagues diftant, but night coming on, they tacked and lloüd to the foiithward.-
Tuefday 34. By two o'clock the next day, they were within two miles of the land, and found it to be a chain of iflands, extending from eafl to nearly weft for more than twenty-five leagues; and they perceived a reef from the eaftern-moft point of land, which ran at leaft three leagues into the fea. The Ihore on the north-weft fide of thefe illands is bold and fteep ; the Scarborough coaftcd along within a mile of the land, and frequently founded with an luindred fathoms of line, but could get no bottom; at the fame time they faw the water break near the fliore, and a vaft number of the natives v/ere collečled on the beach. About three o'clock, a fmall canoe with two men in her came off from the fliore, on which Captain Mariliall hove to, in order to give them an opportunity of coming up with the flii]), but when they were about one hundred yards from the velTel, they put back again as faft as pofiible, feemingly very much frightened : thefe men had fkins wrapped round their waifts, and their hair was ornamented with fliells and beads.
4	After
After they left the fiiip> Captain Marfliall made fail, being c 11 a p.
,	^ x.xi.
tlefiroiis to make the well ward part of the iilands if pof- '—»—'
fible before the night came on; but in this he was dif-appointed, as the wind grew light and baffling. Several large canoes now put off from the üiore with eight or ten men in each ; it already has been obferved that the Charlotte, Cai)tain Gilbert, was in company with the Scarborough ; at this time Die was fome diftance a-ftem, and the canocs all went along-fide her; feveral of them ^vent on board the Charlotte, and ran fore and aft, rtcal-ing every thing that lay in their way; one of them in particular, got hold of the pump-break, and attempted ^o jump over-board with it, but was flopped by one of the failors. They appeared to be very civilized, and all of them had coverings round the waill: their ornaments were necklaces made of beads, to which a crofs was fuf-pendetl, in the fame manner as thofc worn by the Spaniards.
Captain Marfliall diftinguiflied thefe iflands by the name of Lord Mulgrave^ Iilands, in honour of the Right Honourable Lord Mulgrave. The fonthernmoft of them is fituated in 5° 58' north latitude, and 172° 3' eaft longitude, and the northernmoft in	north latitude, and 171° 10' eaft longitude. At noon on the 35th, Wcdncr.25. they got round the wefternmoft ißand, and thought themfelves entirely clear of them all, as the day was
very
^	could be feen from the maft-
I—head ; at the fame time they had a lone fwcll: on this,
June, lytia.	'	<=>
Captain Marfliall flood on under an eafy fail durhig the night, but was very much furprifed at daylight the next Thurfday morning to fee land on the weather quarter, and a large ifland on the lee quarter, between which they muft have pafled in the night, and certainly very near that on their lee, though they founded every half hour, but never ftruck the ground. Lord Mvilgrave's Iflands abound with cocoa-nut-trees, and they could perceive remnants of oranges and various other forts of fruit, although the natives offered nothing of the fort to barter. Thefe iilanders had not any offenfive weapons whatever, fo that they probably are on very friendly terms with each other. With a light cafterly breeze, they kept their Friday 27. courfc to the northward, and at noon on the 27 th, in 7" 25' north latitude, and 171° ic eaft longitude, they faw land bearing from north by eaft to north north-well:. Having now a frelli breeze, Captain Marfliall run in with the land, and found it to be a duller of fmall illands lying eaft and weft of each other, but no appearance was feen of their being inhabited.
Sanininy2P. At noon on the a 8th, more iflands were feen, bearing from north to north-weft by weft, thi-ee or four leagues diftant, their latitude at that time was 8"" 02' north, and 170° 57' eaft longitude. The weather being very hazy,
with
with coiiftant rain, they wore, and ftood from the land ; c h^a p. however, the afternoon proving tolerably clear, they again ftood towards it, and by four o'clock were dole in with the wefternmoft ifland. Two large canoes were lying on a fandy beach, but they did not perceivc any inhabitants. At five o'clock they faw feveral more iflands, bearing north nortli-eaft, five or fix leagues diftant, During the night, Captain Marfliall ftood under an eafy iiul, and at day-light the next morning land was feen Sunday 29. a-head bearing north by eaft fix leagues, and fome land bearing eaft feventeen leagues diftant. Thefe iflands, like all they had yet fccn, were very low, and entirely covered with lofty trees; on founding, they got no ground with an hundred fathoms of line. Their latitude at noon was 8" 59' north, and 170" 24' eaft longitude.
At five in the afternoon, more iflands were feen, bearing north, five leagues diftant, but night coming on they wore and ftood to the fouthward. In the forenoon of the 30th, they ran between two iflands, about five Monjaj ^o, leagues diftant from each other, and furrounded by a number of breakers: by eleven o'clock they were entirely clear of all the land. Their obfervation at noon gave 9° 34' north latitude, and the longitude was 169" 2 2 eaft. Thefe laft iflands were fuppofed by Captain Mar-
fliall
CHAP, fliali to bc thofe which Lord Anfoii difcovered, and x5il.
'——' named Barbadoes Hlands.
June, 1788.
Having now a clear navigation, they profcctitcd their voyage without meeting with any thing worthy of notice
TimSy^i.^^^' the 31ft of July, when at fix clock in the morning they faw the illand of Say])an bearing weft by foiith fix leagues diftant. Having light bailing winds, they did not get in with the land till the approach of evening, fo that the night was fpent in ftanding off and on. At Auguo. day-light the next morning. Captain Marfliall fent his boat on fliorc, with the chief mate and four feamen, to procurc fome refrellimcnts, and look for anchorage. At two o'clock in the afternoon, the boats returned loaded with cocoa-nuts and cabbage, both, as the men reported, from tlie fame tree, but they could find no place for a veffel to anciior in, the water being very deep clofe to the land, with a rocky bottom, and fo heavy a furf that the boat di<l not land without great difficulty. Not meeting with a harbour at Sapan, the Captain determined to make the bert of his v/ay to Tinian, where he might come to anchor and get his fick people on fliore, having no lefs than fifteen men laid u]> with the fcurvy, and the reft of his crew were fo weak that they could fcarcely work the ftnp : the \\ind, however, was fo variable, that they did not reach the fouth-weft fide of that ifland till afternoon on the 4th, when they anchored in
twenty-
twenty-five fathoms water, antl foon afterwards the ^ ^^^^ Charlotte camc to anchor a fmall dirtancc from the
o ' •
Scarborough.
Early the next morning, Captain Marlliall fent his Tuefday j. fick people on fliore, with a tent, and a fiifficient quantity of provifions to ferve them five days. After landing the fick, and ere^ing their tent, the boats crcw Walked about the iüand, and faw a great number of cattle, hogs, and fowls, but they only caught a calf, one hog, and a fowl or two, and loaded the boat with cocoa-nuts, oranges, and limes. On the 6th, the chief mate Wedncf.6. "^vas fent on fliore to look for frefli water; he foon found out the well, mentioned in Lord Anfon's voyage, ^Hit it was quite dry, and there was not any frefli water to be met with within two miles of the landing place. The boat returned at noon, loaded with fruit of different forts. Toward evening the wind came round to fouth fouth-weft blowing very ftrong, which fent a heavy fea rolling into the bay, and occafioned the Scarborough to pitch very much. Tlie wind Hill blowing Ib-ongly into the bay, Captain Marlliall fent his boat on fliore on the 7 th, to bring off the fick people, which xhurfaa^^. they accompliflied with much danger and diflicuUy ; in the mean time, every thing was got ready for fea, the Captain being determined to get away the mordent the wind fnifted to fouth or fouth by eaft, fo
M m	that
AVOYAGETO CHAP, tliat they could clear the wert part of the illancl. Dur-
XXI.
ing the night, they had fo heavy a gale at Ibuth-welt ^"^"'^''^'^■that they expetSled every minute to be driven ou fhore ;
FiiJay s, fortunately, however, at day-break, the wind Ihifted to fouth foiith-eaft, on which they immediately cut the cable and ran clear of the land : Captain Gilbert cut both his cables and followed the Scarborough. Scarcc had they cleared the land before the wind again lliifted to fouth-fouth-weft, and blew a complete hurricane, fo that had the veffv'ls then been at anchor, they muft inevitably have been driven on fliore. Though Captain Marftiall's people were on land fo fliort a time, they found amazing benefit from it, their itrength gradually returned, and foon afterwards they were perfectly reftored to health.
Islo particular occurrence happened during their paf-fage from Tinian to China; they faw the Lema Iflands
X'ptfUlUCI .
SuiuJayv- jn the afternoon of the 7th of September, and camc to Mont!;;y 8. anchor in Macao Roads the followijig afternoon.
September
C II A P-

• ••.05- J-












AiaiUvru M'
JCi/vfl*
:B A'NKIAl^^ eOCKAT O O VAMETX.
C H A p T E E. XXII,
Supplemental Account of Animals, birds.
I
Order II. Pies.
Geaus V. Parrot.
No. 139. B a nkian Cockatoo,
This is about the lize of tlie great white cockatoo; the length twenty-two inches. The bill is exceedingly Üiort, and of a pale lead-colour. The head feathers are pretty long, fo as to enable the bird to eredl them into a creft at will: The colour of the head, neck, and binder parts of the body arc uviJky brown, inclining to olive, darkcfl on the belly : the feathers of the toj^ of the head and back part of the neck arc edged with olive ; the reft of the plumage on the upper part of the body, the wings, and tail, are of a gloffy black; the laft is pretty long and a little rounded at the end; the two middle feathers are wholly black ; the others of a line vermilion ill the middle for about one-third, otherwife black; the co lter edge of the exterior feather black the whole length. Legs black.
M m 2	This
CHAP.
xxii. *_——/
^ xxn ^^^^^	^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ South Wales, and is
*—'—' fuppofcd to be a variety, if not a different fex, from the liankian Cockatoo defcribcd in the General Synopfis of Birds, Supplement, p. 63. pi. 109. It varies, however, in not having the feathers of the head or thofe of the wing-coverts marked with buff-coloured fpots; nor is the red part of the tail crolTed with black bars, as in that bird.
With the above fpecimen was fent the head of another, which differed in having a mixture of yellow ill various purts of it. We have been informed,, that the red part of the tail in this laft is barred with black, not unlike that defcribed by Mr. Latham in the Synopfis. ^ From thefe circumftances, it may be pre-fumed, that this bird is fubječt to great variety.
Or


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IR E D S IHI OITI^ II5 E Ä 15 "FA"ß R .AJC ® J^: T

c h a p, xxii.
Order IL Pies, Genus V.
Red-shouldered Parrakeet,
This bird is about the fize of the Guinea Parrakeet, Total length ten inches and a half: the general colour of the plumage is green, inclining to yellow on the under parts : the top of the head, the outer edge of ^ the wing, ^nd fon:ie parts of the middle of the fame are deep blue : ^ill round the bafe of the bill crimfon, with a mixture of the fame on the fore part of the neck, but between the bill and eye is a mixture of yellow : the flioulders, and' under parts of the wings are blood red : two or three of the inner quills, and the'vent pale red : the greater quills dußcy, fringed outwardly with yellow: the tail is greatly wedged in fliape, the feathers at the bafe chefnut, towards the end dull blue: the bill and legs are brown.
This fpecies inhabits l^ew South Wales-, and we be--lieve it to be hitherto noa-defcript.
c ii a p.
XXII.	Order III. PafTenne.
Genus XLV.
Crested Goat-sucker.
This bird is fomewhat fmaller than our European fpccies, meafuring only nine inches and a half in length. The general colour of the jilumage on the upper parts is dark-brown, mottled and croifed \vith obfcure whitifli bars: the qviills arc plain brown, but five or fix of the outer ones marked with dufky white fpots on the outer webs: the tail is rounded in lhape, and marked with twelve narrow bars of aduflvy white, mottled with black, as are the various whitifli marks on the upper parts: the under parts of the body are more or lefs white; but the fore part of the neck and breaft are croffed with numerous dulky bars : the bill is black, but the gape and within yellow; the fides of the mouth furnillied with brifiles, as in other goat-fuckers ; befidcs which, at the bale of the bill arc ten or twelve erect üiff biiltles, thinly barbed on their fides, and ftanding jierfedly ujmght as a crcft, giving the bird a lingular appearance : the legs are weak, longer than in moft of the tribe, and of a pale yellow colour ; claws brown.
A I ■

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ttetv^ :h:©1li. arrh) c'ivss owart.
H:/ C'^. -i..-.
NEW south WAL E S.	:7t
Order VI. Struthioiis. (^cnus LIX. CafTowary.
N E W - II o L L A N D CASSOWARY.
This is a fpecies difTeriiig in many particulars tVonv that generally known, and is a much larger bird, landing liigher on its legs, and having the neck longer than in the common one. Total length feven feet two inchcs. The hill is not greatly different from that of the common Caf-fowary ; but the horny appendage, or helmet on the top of the head, in this fpecies is totally wanting : the whole of the head and neck is alfo covered with feathers, except the throat and fore part of the neck about half way, which are not fo well feathered as the refl:; whereas in the common Caffowary, the head and neck are bare anil carunciilated as in the turkey.
The plumage in general confifts of a mixture of brown and grey, and the feathers arc fomewhat curled or bent at the eiids in tlie natural Rate: the wings arc fo very il-iort as to Ijc totally ufelefs for fiiglit, and indeed, arc fcarcely to be dirtinguifluxl from the reft of the plumage, were it not for their Ihuuiing out a little. The long fpines which are feen in the wings of the common fort, are in this not obfervable,—nor is there any appearance 4.	of
c n A p. xxll.
of a tail. The legs are ftout, formed mnch as in the
A A11*
'—^—' Galcatecl Caflbwarj^ with the addition of their being jagged or fa wed the whole of their length at the back part.
This bird is not uncommon in New Holland^ as feveral of them have been feen about Botany Bay, and other parts. The one from which the plate was taken, was Ihot within two miles of the fettlement at Sydney Cove, and the drawing made on the fpot by Lievitenant Watts, The Ikin being fent over to England in fpirits, has been put into attitude, and is now the-property of Sir Jofeph Banks, to whom it was prefented by Lord Sydney. Although this bird cannot fly, it runs fo fwiftly, that a greyhound can fcarcely overtake it. The flefli is faid to be in tafte not unlike beef.
Order


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will T T. UAILLIXUir^iR ,
..'..a.	/T/ .^o^ž
NEW SOUTH \V ALES.	c^j
Order VII. Clovcii-footcd.
Genus LXXV.
White G A L L I N U L E.
This beautiful bird greatly refembles the purple Galliniile in fliape and make, but is much fuperior in fize, being as large as a dunghil fowl. The length from the end of the bill to that of the claws is two feet three inches : the hill ir very ft-oiif, nnd the colour of it, the whole of the top of the head, and the irides red ; the fides of the head round the eyes are reddifli, very thinly Iprinkled with white feathers ; tlie whole of the plumage without exception is M hite. The legs the colour of the bill.
This fpecies is pretty common on Lord Howe's I Hand, Norfolk Ifland, and other places, and is a very tame fpecies. The other fcx, fuppofcd to be the male, is faid to have fomc blue on the wings.
c H A p.
XXII. 1_
N u	Genus

C H A F,
xxiL	Genus XII. Canh.—Lin. S^ß, Nat,
V.,, ...__'
Genus XVII. Dog.—Pem, Hiß. ^ad.
Dog of New South Wales.
The height of this fpecies, Handing erečt, is rather ]efs than two feet: the length two feet and a half. The head is formed nnuch like that of a fox, the ears fhort and erečt, with whifkers from one to two inches in length on the muzzle. The general colour of the upper parts is pale bro\vn, flowing ligtiter towards the belly : the hind part of the fore legs, and the fore part of the hinder ones white, as are the feet of both : the tail is of a moderate length, fomewhat bufi:iy, but in a lefs degree than that of the fox : the teeth are much the fame as is ufual in the genus, as may be feen in the top of the plate where the animal is reprefented.
This fpecies inhabits New South Wales. The fpecimen from which the annexed plate was taken, (a female) is now alive inthepoflellion of the Marcblonejs of Salißury, Tat Hat-field'Houfe, and was font over as a prefent to Mr. Nepean^ from Governor Phillip. It has much of the manners of the dog, but is of a very favage nature, and not likely to change in this particular. It laps like other dogs, but neither barks nor growls if vexed and teized; inftead of
which,
dob- üt :s':kw sguth ^yai.^s


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•e
•irrr^vv
xxii.
which, it eredls the hairs of the whole body like briftles, chap. and I'ecms furious: it is very eager after its prey, and is fond of rabbits or chickens, raw, but will not touch drcfled meat. From its fiercenefs and agility it has greatly the advantage of other animals much fuperior in iize; for a very fine French fox-dog being put to it, in a moment it feized him by the loins, and would have foon put an end to his exiftence, had not help been at hand. With the utmoft eafe it is able to leap over the back of an afs, and was very near worrying one to death, having faftened on it, fo that the creature was not able to difengagc hinifelf without aliiftance; it has been alfo known to run down both deer and Iheep.
A fecond of thefe is in the pofleflion of Mr. Lafcelles^ of which we have received much the fame account m refpečl to its ferocity; whence it is fcarcely to be expelled that this elegant animal will ever bccome familiar.
N n 2	Cenus
CHAT. XXll,
Genus XV. Muftela.—Lin, Syß. Nat, Genus XXIII. Weefel.—Hi/I. ^ad,
Spotted Martin.
The fj)ccics is about the fize of a large polecat, and mcafurcs from the tip of the nofe to the fetting on of the tail eighteen inchcs; the tail itfelf being nearly the fame length. The vifage is pointed in fliape, and the whole make uf ilie uiihnnl ilocs not ill refemble that of the Fqßane. The general colour of the fur is black,
marked all over with irregular blotcbcs of white, the
/
tail not excepted, which has an elegant appcaranee, and tapers gradually to a point.
The fitviation of the teeth and jaws is much the fame as in the reft of the genus, as may be feen in the upper part of the plate.
Inhabits the neighbourhood of Port Jackfon.
Genus


l^CAK. T Ilüf r ^ T

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Genus XVII. DidelplVis.—Lin. NaL Genus XXII. Opoffiim.—Pemi. Hiß, ^md..
Kanguroo Rat.
The upper jaw of this fpecics hns two cutting teeth ill front, with three others on each fide of them, and at a diitance one falle grinder, fliarp at the edge, and channelled, or fluted, on the fides, and clofe tothefe, two true grinders : in the lower jaw are two long cutting teeth, formed like thofe of the fquirrel, with three grinders, correfponding with thofe in the upper jaw.
The general fliape of the body is not widely dilferenr from that of the Kangurooi both in refpe^t to the fliort-ncfs of the fore legs and the peculiar conftruftion of the hind ones ; but the vifage being itrongly fimilar to that of the rat, and the colour of the whole not ill refembling that animal, it has obtained the name of the Kanguroo Rat.
This is an inhabitant of New Holland^ and two of the fpecies are now to be feen alive at the curious exhibition of animals over Exeter Exchange. One of 1	thcfe,
c ii a p.
xxir.
CHAP, thefe, being a female, has brought forth young, one of '—,—^ which is reprefentecl in the fan:ie plate with the adult animal. On the upper part of the fame plate is figured the jaw of a full grown fubjea.
Fig. I. The Kanguroo Rat.
A young one of the fame. 3. Two views of the jaws, with the teeth.
Genus
y-^' -V
I. <.

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CHAP. XXII.
L______1
Genus CXXII. Lacerta,—L?«. S^. Nat.
The Laced Lizard.
This moft elegant fpecies is in length, from the nofe to the end of the tail, about forty inches : in the mouth are a few weak teeth, though rather fliarp, at about a quarter of an inch dillarice one from another : the tongue is long and forked: the general fhape is flender ; and the ground colour of the fkln, on the upper parts, a brownifh or bluilh black, whim-lically marked with golden yellow ; in fome parts this colour is beautifully mottled or freckled, like fome kinds of lace-work ; in others, ftriped in various direčtions, particularly on the legs, which feem as if Üriped acrofs with black and white: the under parts are yellow, crof-fed with fingle bars of black on the chin and throat, and double clouded ones on the belly : the toes are five in number on each foot, barred acrofs with black and yellow, as the legs, and each furniilied with a crooked black claw : the tail meafiires more in length than the whole of the body; towards the bafe, clouded and marked as the reft; but the further halt" banded with
9	black
C H A p. black and yellow, cach band three inches broad, the end
xxil
^-v—' running to n very flaarp point.
This beautiful Lizard is not uncommon at Port Jach-foUi where it is reputed a harmlefs fpecies. Individuals vary much one from another, in refpeči: to the length of the tail, as alfo in the colour of the markings; fome having thofe parts marked with a pure filvery white, which in the above defcribed are yellow.
Genus




i^g'i.'^iii'C^	I	—i..
A-

52

h e
m
r
h ©
H
<1
1 v
s.
CHAP. XXII.
Genus CXXXV. Baliftes.—Lin. Syfl, Nat.
Bag-throated Balistes.
The fize of the fifli figured in the plate is uncertain, as we have only obtained a drawing of it without any de-fcription.—It agrees in many things with others of the genus, and does not greatly differ from one figured in Willughbf^ Ictbyologia, Tab. I. I'l. but has the body longer in proportion. The erečt horn or fpine is placed over, and a little behind the eyes, as in Willughby's figure, attended with two fliorter ones direčlly behind the firft: the long fpine is quite llraight, fliarp at the point, and deeply fawed on the back part. Another fingularity prefents itfelf in this fpecies, which is, a deep pouch-like appendage beneath the throat, in fliape not unlike what called Hippocrates's fieeve, oi" rather a jelly bag.
This fifli is found pretty commonly on the coaft of New South Wales, and was callcd by the failors the Old Wife, having much refemblance in many things to the fpecies fo named. When Ikinneci, it was thought pretty good eating.
O o	A F i s h
CHAP.
XXII. V.—--r
A Fish of New South Wales.
Of this fLfh it can only be faid, that the ground colour is much the fame as that of our mackarel, marked •with feveral round, blue and white fpots; and that, in the plate, it is reprefented faithfully from a drawing by Daniel Butler fent from New South Wales, where it is in great plenty, and is thought to tafte much like a dolphin. As to the genus, it is difficult to fay with certainty to which it belongs, as it is deficient in the charačleriftics of thofe generali)' known ; it is therefore left to the reader to fettle this matter according to Iiis own opinion.
Genus
I


N CÄ
i
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d I
K
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Gen-as CXXXI. Sqiialus.—Lm. SjJI. Nat.
Port Jackson Shark.
Tke length of the fpecimen from which the drawing was taken, is two feet; and it is about five inches and an half over at the broadefc part, from thence tapering to the tail : the fkin is rough, and the colour, in general, brown, paleft on the under parts: over the eyes on each fide is a promineacc, or long ridge, of about three inches; under the middle of which the eyes are placed : the teeth arc very numerous^ there being at leafl ten or eleven rows; the forward teeth are fmall and fliarp, but as they are placed more backward, they become more blunt and larger, and feveral rov/3 are quite flat at top, forming a kind of bony palate, fomewhat like that of the Wolf-fiOa; differing, however, in fliape, being more inclined to fquare than round, w^hich they are in that fifli : the under jav.^ is furniflied much in the fame manner as the upper: the breathir.g holes are five in number, as is ufual in the genus: on the back are two fins, and before each ftands a Ibong fpine,. much as in the Prickly Hound, or Dog, fifli; it has alfo tw^o pečloral, and two ventral fins; but befides thefe, there is likewife an anal fin, placed at a middle diftance between the laft
O o 2	and
CHAP. XXII.
CHAP, and the tail: the tail itfelf, is as it were divided, the '—upper part much longer than the under.
At firft fight, the above might be taken for the Prickly Hound-ßß-i or Squalus Spinax of LinnauSj of which a good figure may be fecn in JVillugbby\ Icthyol. Tab. B. 5, f. I, but it differs, ßrß-, in having the prominent ridge over the eyes, of a great length ; fecondly^ in the formation of the teeth; thirdly^ in having an anal fin, of which the Prickly Hound is dcftitute; all thcfe circum-ilances concur to prove it a new fpccies.
This was taken at Port Jackfon^ but to what fize it may ufually arrive cannot be determined; perhaps not to a great one, as the teeth appear very complete. Some ftiarks, however, of an enormous fize have been feen and caught thereabouts, though of what fort cannot here be determined.
Genus


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ts
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CHAP. XXII.
Genus CXXXI. Squalns.—Lin. Syß,.
W at t s's Shark.
T HI s, we believe, is a fpecies which has hithertO' efcaped the refearches of our Ičlhyologifts. The length of the fpecimen is nineteen inches : the head is broad, and angular in lhape ; but the body rounded, and nearly-equal in its dimenfions for above half the length, when it fuddenly grows very fmall, and fo continues to the end of the tail: the colour of the body is brown in different fliades, and there are three rows of large pale fpots, of an irregular fliape, moil of them dark within; one row paffes down the middle, the others are on each fide; befides which there are others below them lefs con-fpicuous. The mouth is placed nearer the end of the head than in moft of the genus, and furnifhed in the front with nine fliarp crooked teeth, in three rows, and a great number of fmall ones on each fide. The eyes projed confiderably above the reft of the head, and are i:>laced on the upper part of it; the fpace between is hollowed or funk in : at the moft forward part of the head are two cartilaginous-appendages, jagged at the end, with four others, nearly ümilar, on each lide between the firft and the breathing holes: the peBoral fins are placed beneath thefe 9	laft I
C H A P. lafl; the abdominell about the middle of the bodv; and XXJI,	'
the anal^ more than half way between the laft and the
tail ; hefules which, the iinder part is finned from that
place to the end : on the upper part of the body are two
fins, both placed uncommonly far back, as in the figure.
This flfli was met with in Sydney Cove, Port Jack/on, by Lieute7tant Watts, and is fuppofed to Ije full as voracious as any of the genus, in proportion to its fize; for after having lain on the deck for two hours, feemingly quiet, on Mr, Watts's dog pafTing by, the fliark fprung upon it with all the ferocity imaginable, and feized it by the leg; nor could the dog have difengaged himfelf had not the people near at hand come to his afliftance.
Order

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mimv:s kotGvS ri^^iiKR
CHAP. XXII.
Ortler IL Pies.
Gciuis XXIII. Kingsfiflier.
Great brown Kings fish er.—Lath, Syn. ii^
p. 603, No. T.
The length of this fpccics is fiom fixtcen to eighteen inches : the hill, three inches and an half, or even more; the upper mandible is brown, and the under white, but brown at the bafe: the head is pretty full of feathers, fufficiently fo to form a creft when ercä:ed ; the colour whitifli, and moft of the feathers either tijiped or crofled with black : the neck and under jiarts of the body are much the fame in coloux', croffetl on the lides with duflcy lines : over the forehead the colour is dufky brown, almoil: black, pairing backwards in an irregular fliaped ftreak a good way behind the eye: the back, and major part of the wing, is black or dufky, but the middle of the wing is of a gloffy blue-green, as is alfo the lower part of the back and rump : the tail is barred with pale ruft-colour and black, inclining to purple, and towards the end whitifli: the legs are of a dulky yellow^, the claws are black,
a	Thefe
CHAP. Thefe birds vary much, the colours being more or lefs ■ ^ brilliant, and in fome of them the tail is wholly barred with white and black, and the legs brown or blackifli.
This fpecies inhabits various places in the South Seas^ being pretty common at New Guinea; but the fpeci-men from which our figure was taken, was fent from Port Jack/on in South Wales, where, likewife, it is not ■unfreqiiently met with. We believe it has not yet been figured in any Britifli work.
K A N-
CHAP. xxii.
K A N G U R O O.
This very curious animal being naturally an objcčt of particular cunofity, we are happy to be enabled, before this book is given to the world, to correčl fome errors which had crept into our account and reprefenta-tion of it. In page 149 it is ftated, that the Kanguroo has four teeth (by which were meant cutting teeth) in the upper jaw, oppofed to two in the under. The truth is, that there are fix oppofed to two, as may be perceived in the engraved reprefentation of the fkeleton of a Kanguroo's head, infer ted at page 168. The fame arrangement of teeth takes place in the OpolTum, de-fcribed in that page, which is there, llill more erroneoufly, faid to have only two cutting teeth oppofed to two. This latter miftake arofe from the difficulty of examining the mouth of the living animal. It is fince dead, and the teeth are found to be difpofed as now ftated, and as reprefented in the fcull of the Vulpine Opoffum, in the fame plate with that of the Kanguroo.,
But the moft important error is in the pofition of the Kanguroo, as reprefented in our plate at page 106. The true Handing pofture of the Kanguroo is exačtly the fame as that of the Kanguroo Rat, delineated at page
P p	111 \

CH^AP. 277; namely, with the rump feveral inches from the "—-—' ground, (in large fpcrimens, not lefs than eight) and refting entirely on the long laft joint of the hinder legs, the whole under fide of which is bare and callous like a hoof. Tliis miftake was occafioned merely by the adherence of the engraver to the drawing from which he worked ; v/hich, among others, came from Mr. White, the furgeon at Port Jackfon : too implicit reliance being placed on an authority which, in this refped, turnetl out <lelufivc.
With refpc6V to the reprefentations of the Kanguroo which have hitherto been publiflaed, it may be obferved, that nothing is wanting to that in Captain Cook's firft voyage, except the charader of the toes of the hinder legs, and in particular the diftinguifliing of a minute, •but very charaderiftic circumftance, in the inner claw of each, which is divided down the middle into two, as if fplit by fome fliarp inftrument. The fame remark is applical)le to the plate in Mr. Pennant's Hirtory of Quadrupeds, which appears to have been copied from the other. Mr. Pennant was the firfl avtthor who gave a fcicntific defcription of the Kanguroo, in his Iliftory of Quadrupeds, p. 306. No. 184. and of the New Holland Opoflii m, p. 310. No. 188.
Zimmerman, in his Zoologia Geographica^ p, 527, confounds the Kanguroo with the great Jerboa of
5	Africa,
Africa, clefcribed by AlLimantl, in his additions to c 11 a p.
xxii.
EufiTon; and by Mr. Pennant, Iliftory of Quadrupeds, p. 432, No. 293.
Our own plate of the Kangiiroo very accurately ex-preffes the form and character of that animal, and is deficient only in the pofitioii, which unfortunately was not remarked till the plate was worked off, and the book almoft ready for delivery.
V p 2
292	a voyage t o
CHAP. XXII.
_I
a'NECDOTE of Captain COOK
AND O ' T O O.
^/^S nothing can be devoid of intcreft which relates to a man fo juftly admired as Captain Cook, the reader will probably be pleafed to find here, though out of its proper place, an anecdote communicated by Mr. "Webber. It exhibits in a plcafing point of view the friendihip which fubfifted between that great navigator and the Otaheitenn chief O'too, a circumftance highly to the honour of both ; fince it difplays in them the power of difcerning real merit, though obfcured by diverfity of 'manners, and that of being able to imprefs a fteady attachment, where nothing more was to be expected than tranfient regard. Under every fpecies of difparity, good-nefs of heart fupplies both a medium of attračlion, and an indiflbluble bond of union.
Every reader muft have fecn with pleafurc the charming proof of O'too's tender and inviolable friendlliip for Captain Cook, which appears in page 233 of this work ; where he is defcribed as attended by a man carrvino; the
^	JO
portrait
tx)rtrait of that illuftrious Eiiglinimmi, without which he chap.
XXII.
never moves from one placc to another. That portrait, as Mr. Webber alTures us, was obtained in the following manner.
O'too, by the Captain's particular defire, fat to Mr. Webber, in order to furnid-i fuch a memorial of Iiis features, as might ferve for the fubjedt of a complete whole length pičture, on the return of the fliip to England. When the portrait was finiQied, and O'too was informed that no more fittings would be neceffiiry, he anxioufly enquired of Captain Cook, and Captain Gierke, what might be the particular meaning and purpofe of this painting. - lie was informed, that it would l^e kept by Captain Cook, as a perpetual memorial of his perfon, his friendfliip, and the many favours received from him. He feemcd pleafcd with the idea, and inlLintly replied, that, for the very fame rcafons, a pičlure of Captain Cook would be highly acceptable to him. This anfwer, fo iniexpedted, and exprefled with flrong tokens of real attachment, made both Captain Clerke and Mr. Webber his advocates; and Captain Cook, charmed with the natural fincerity of his manner, complied with his re-queft much more readily than on any other oecafion he would have granted futh a favour.
4	When
cii a r. When the portrait was finifhed it was framed, and
xxii.
with a box, lock) and key, by which it was fecured, was delivered to O'too ; who received it with incxpreffible fa-tisfadion. He readily, and, as the event has proved, moil faithfully promifed that he would preferve it always with the ittmoil care; and would fliow it to the commanders of fuch üiins as might in future touch at the Society Hlands. Who can fail to love a charadcr hice that of O'too, in which unalterable fteadinefs of affeč?tion is as confpicuous, as honeft and natural ardour ? Long may he enjoy his authority and his health ; and preferve the honourable memorial of his friend, without being afllidlcd by the knowledge of that mclancholy cataftrophe which terminated the carcer of his glory !
1,
With rcfpecl: to the yellow gum, or refin, nK-ntioncd in page 60, we are informed by Dr. Blanc, phylician to St. Thomas's Ilofpital, that lie has found it remarkal>ly efficacious in the cure of old fluxes ; and this not only in a few inftances, but in many obftinate cafes. Of the plants in general which have been brought from Botany Bay, and the adjacent country, no noticc has been taken in this work, as it would have led to fuch a detail as muft too confiderably have extended its limits. Many of them are now to lie feen in the highert pcrfečlion at the nurfcry gardens of that eminent and learned botaniil:,
Mr.
Mr. Lee, of Hammerfmith : who ftill retains enough of ^xxn?*' zeal for his favourite fcience, to regret that the difco- ' ^^^ ' very of thofe countries was not made at a period of his life, when he could have gone perfonally to reap the glorious harveft they afford.
The following account of the weather in Botany Bay and Port Jackfon, connmunicated by Lieutenant Watts, may perhaps he found important.
During the feven days we were in Botany Bay the weather was generally fine, and very warm. The thermometer on a mean flood at 78°. it never exceeded So'', and one day, which was thick and rainy, the wind blowing flrongly from the fouth, it fell to 63®. In Port Jackfon the weather was at firft much the fame, but afterwards, the days became very hot, and the nights conftantly brought on tremendous thunder, lightning, and rain. The thermometer, at eleven o'clock in the forenoon, was generally about 80°. but when the fea breezes fet in it ufually fell two or three degrees. One very fultry day was felt foon after the arrival of the fleet. The thermometer, on board, flood at 88°. and on fliore, though in the fliade, at 92°* On the 15th of March was a terrible fquall of wind, accompanied by thunder, lightning, and rain. The thermometer then
fell
CHAP, fell from 80® to 50'. and in other fqualls it frequently '—>—' fell r 5 or 20 degrees.
J
Such are the principal notices hitherto received from the new fettlemcnt on the fouthern continent, which, if from unavoidable circumftances, they are a little deficient in point of order, will, it is hoped, make ample amends by their novelty, importance, and authenticity.
APPENDIX.





Dl,a( k Fl.VING Gros st; M

Genus XVII. Didclphis. Lin, S)j}. Naf, *Geiuis XXII. Opoluim. Pefm. UiJL ^{ad.
BLACK flying OPOSSUM.
The following is, according to every appcarancc, a new animal of this genus. The length from the tip of the nofe, which is pointed in fliapc, to the root of the tail, is twenty inches ; of the tail itfelf twenty-two inches, at the bafe quite light, increafing gradually to black at the end : the width acrofs the loins fixteen inches: the ears are large and eredt: the coat or fur is of a much richer texture or more delicatc than the fea-otter of Cook's River : on the upper parts of the body, at firft fight, appearing of a glofTy black, but on a nicer infpec-tion, is really what the French call petit ^risj or minever, being mixed with grey; the under parts are w hite, and on cach hip may be obferved a tan-coloured fpot, nearly as big as a fhilling; at this part the fur is thinneft, but at the root of the tail it is fo rich and clofe that the hide cannot be felt through it. The fur is alfo continued to the claws : the membrane, which is expanded on each fide of tlie body, is fituated much as in the grey fpecies, though broader in proportion. The jaws are furniflied with teeth, placed as in fome others of this genus : in the
Q q	ujjpcr
C I t A P. XXII.
C ü^A P. upper jaw forwards rire four fmall cutting teeth, then '—-—' two caiiinc ones, and backwards live grinders: the under jaw has two long large cutting teeth, like the Vulpine Opoffum, [Sec Ikeleton on the plate at page r68.] live grinders, with no intermediate canine ones, the Jpacc being quite vacant. The fore legs have five toes on each foot, with a claw on each ; the hinder ones four toes, with tiav;s, (the three outfide ones without any feparation) and a thumb without a claw, enabling the animal to ufe the foot as a hand, as many of the opolTum tribe arc obferved to do. See the ikeleton of the foot in the annexed plate.
This beautiful quadruped inhabits Nezv South Wales. The fpecimcn from which the above account has been taken, is a male, and the property of Henry Conflantine l^owell^ Efq. of Shiplake, in Oxfordßire. The fur of it is fo beautiful, and of fo rare a texture, that fliould it hereafter be found in plenty, it might probably be thought a very valuable article of commcrce.
APPENDIX..