Documenta Praehistorica XLIV (2017) Radiocarbon chronology of the Neolithic-Eneolithic period in the Karelian Republic (Russia) Aleksey Tarasov1, Kerkko Nordqvist2, Teemu Mökkönen2 and Tatyana Khoroshun1 1 Department of Archaeology, Institute of Linguistics, Literature and History of the Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Karelian Republic, Petrozavodsk, RU taleksej@drevlanka.ru; tattya@list.ru 2 Archaeology, University of Oulu, Oulu, FI kerkko.nordqvist@gmail.com; teemu.mokkonen@gmail.com ABSTRACT - This article discusses a radiocarbon-based chronology for the Neolithic-Eneolithic period in the present-day Republic of Karelia (Russian Federation). The main goal is to present all currently available radiocarbon datings, including the previously published dates, as well as the ones recently obtained by the authors. In total, there are 194 dates from 77 sites covering the period from the 6th to the 2nd millennium cal BC. Besides providing an up-to-date list of datings, the article also evaluates their reliability and utility in building a local chronology. Despite several shortcomings, the new AMS-supported chronology enables the study of past cultural dynamics in much greater detail than previously and allows its better integration into the wider north-east European chronological framework. KEY WORDS - Neolithic; Eneolithic; radiocarbon chronology; pottery; Karelian Republic Radiokarbonska kronologija neolitika - eneolitika v Republiki Kareliji (Rusija) IZVLEČEK - V članku razpravljamo o radiokarbonski kronologiji obdobij neolitika-eneolitika v današnji Republiki Kareliji (Ruska federacija). Predstaviti želimo vse razpoložljive datume, tako tiste že objavljene kot tudi najnovejše datume, ki smo jih pridobili avtorji. Skupno je sedaj na voljo 194 datumov iz 77 najdišč, ki pokrivajo čas od 6. do 2. tisočletja pr. n. št. Poleg novega seznama vseh ra-diokarbonskih datumov ocenjujemo v članku tudi zanesljivost in koristnost le-teh za oblikovanje lokalne kronologije. Kljub številnim pomanjkljivostim omogoča nova kronologija, ki temelji na AMS ra-diokarbonskih datumih, veliko bolj natančne študije preteklih kulturnih dinamik, kot je bilo to možno v preteklosti, ter omogoča boljšo integracijo v kronološke okvirje na širšem območju severovzhodne Evrope. KLJUČNE BESEDE - neolitik; eneolitik; radiokarbonska kronologija; lončenina; Republika Karelija Introduction Aims This paper presents all radiocarbon dates obtained from the Neolithic and Eneolithic sites (see below) in the present-day Karelian Republic, Russian Federation, and outlines the chronological position of the main groups of archaeological material (i.e. pottery types) known in this territory between the 6th and 2nd millennia cal BC. The current paper is a combination of two articles recently published in Russian: the first one providing a discussion of datings available prior to 2016 (Tarasov, Khoroshun 2016) and the second one presenting an AMS-based chronology 98 DOI: io.43i2/dp.44.7 Radiocarbon chronology of the Neolithic-Eneolithic period in the Karelian Republic (Russia) for the Karelian Neolithic through introduction of 41 new dates (Nordqvist,, Mokkonen 2017a; see also Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2016a; 2016b). Most of the previous discussions of radiocarbon dates from Karelia have been in Russian (Kochkurkina 1991; German 2002; 2012; Kosmenko 2003; Loba-nova 2004; Vitenkova 2009; Piezonka 2011; Mel'ni-kov, German 2013; Khoroshun 2015; but see Kosmenko 2004; Piezonka 2008; 2015; Zhulnikov et al. 2012). An overview of the chronology and perio-disation of Karelia published in 1991 comprised a total of 112 conventional radiocarbon determinations from the Mesolithic Stone Age to the Early Middle Ages (Kochkurkina 1991), and a special publication devoted to the Neolithic chronology of eastern Europe discussed Karelia some 10 years later and contained 72 dates listed as Neolithic (Timofeev et al. 2004; see also Kosmenko 2004). These publications are now out of date, since quite a few AMS dates have been produced in recent years (e.g., Lobanova 2004; Piezonka 2008; Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2017a). At the moment, 170 radiocarbon datings with a more or less clear connection to the Neolithic and Eneolithic periods have been ob- Map 1. Location of sites with radiocarbon dates in the territory of Karelian Republic (Russian Federation: 1 Uya III; 2 Pegrema I-III, IX, Palay-guba II, X; 3 Sulgu II, Lakshozero II, Kudoma X; 4 Vozhmarikha 1, 4,19, 21, 26, Bukol'nikov 1, Vorob'i 4; 5 Panozero I; 6 Kalmozero II; 7 Shetti-ma I; 8 Sheltozero V, X-XII; 9 Orov-navolok V, VII, XI, XVI, Chernaya Guba III-IV, IX, Myan'gora I; 10 Cher-naya Rechka I, II, IIa, XII, Kladovets IV, Va, IX, Kladovets (cemetery); 11 Yerpin Pudas I, Zalavruga I, IV, Zo-lotets VI, X, XI, XX, Besovy Sledki, Besovy Sledki II; 12 Vigaynavolok I-II; 13 Sukhaya Vodla I; 14 Voyna-volok XXIV, XXVII, XXIX, Kochna-volok II, Povenchanka XV; 15 Fofa-novo XIII; 16 Berezovo XVIII, Tungu-da III, XIV, XV, XVII; 17 Meyeri II; 18 Kudomguba VII; 19 Chelmuzhska-ya Kosa XXI; 20 Kostomuksha II; 21 Pinguba II; 22 Suna XII; 23 Keret' XXII; 24 Pervomayskaya I; 25 Sum-ozero XV; 26 Koyrinoya 2, 3; 27 Kur-kieki 52 (Kuuppala Kalmistomaki), Kurkieki 33 (Kylliaisenlahti W-2) (map created by A. Tarasov). tained from Karelia; in addition, 24 datings have been presented in this context, even if their connection to the periods in question remains equivocal (see below). Recently-obtained AMS dates have considerably refined the Neolithic chronology in Karelia. This paper is an attempt to compile all the available data and discuss the present state of affairs. The purpose is not to present the final word on the topic, as the number and quality of dates in many cases is still low and there are many ambiguities and problems, as will be shown below. Even if the main focus is on presenting the Karelian material, the chronology is also compared with corresponding chronologies in neighbouring regions, particularly Finland. The dates that form the basis of this paper are listed in the tables. Table 1 presents the dates which ge- 99 Aleksey Tarasov, Kerkko Nordqvist, Teemu Mokkonen and Tatyana Khoroshun nerally correspond with archaeological materials present at the sites. In cases where a sample's connection with particular archaeological materials is unequivocal (e.g., crusts on pottery shards), only this pottery type is mentioned (column 'Typological connection') even if the site contained material from other phases, too. However, if such a clear connection cannot be established, all assemblages present at the site are listed. Table 2 presents dates that do not correspond with any archaeological materials found at these sites. It includes Neolithic/Enolithic dates from sites with no finds from this period or datings from sites with Neolithic/Eneolithic material, but with significantly deviatory (younger) ages. The dates given in Table 2 are not included in the discussion below. The geographical locations of the sites are marked on Map 1. All dates have been calibrated with OxCal v. 4.2 (Bronk Ramsey 2009) and the calibration curve IntCal13 (Reimer et al. 2013); in the text, they are given either as median values or with 2a standard deviation. Periodisation The Neolithic finds of Karelia have been traditionally divided into temporal units - archaeological cultures - primarily on the basis of pottery (see Kochkur-kina 1991; Kochkurkina, Kosmenko 1996). These types coincide with ceramic types recognised in neighbouring territories, especially Finland, although the periodisation schemes used in these areas are quite different, mainly due to differing research traditions (also Nordqvist 2013; Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2017c). According to the periodisation applied to Karelia, the Early Neolithic is represented by Sper-rings and Saraisniemi 1 Wares, the mid-part of the period by Pit-Comb Ware, and the Late Neolithic by Comb-Pit Ware. The subsequent phases with Rhomb-Pit Ware and ceramics with asbestos and organic tempers are traditionally considered to belong already to another period, the Eneolithic, which has been separated because of small-scale exploitation of native copper originating on the western shores of Lake Onega. The separation of the Eneolithic introduces some inconsistencies into the periodisation. As will be shown later, sites with Comb-Pit and Rhomb-Pit Wares were, in fact, largely coeval and share fairly similar material cultures and cultural images. Nevertheless, only sites with Rhomb-Pit Ware are traditionally regarded as Eneolithic, whereas sites with Comb-Pit Ware are still Neolithic, as no copper items have been found at 'pure' Comb-Pit Ware sites in Karelia. However, individual copper objects (predominantly amorphous pieces) have been discovered in Comb-Pit Ware (i.e. Typical Comb Ware) contexts in Finland and northern Sweden (see Nordqvist, Herva 2013). To solve the problem, A. M. Zhul'nikov (1999) has suggested that only sites with asbestos- and organic-tempered pottery should be regarded as Eneolithic, as during this time the thermal treatment of copper (including melting and casting) became known; at sites with Rhomb-Pit Ware (and Typical Comb Ware) only evidence of cold hammering and annealing exists (Zhul'nikov 1999.66; see Ikaheimo, Paakkonen 2009; Ikaheimo, Nordqvist 2017 for Finland). Still, the total amount of copper items remained small and the metal did not change the general cultural image in any significant way. Therefore, the initial adoption of copper should be seen just as another example of a growing interest in the mineral world in general during the Neolithic, not a sign of a separate period (Nordqvist, Herva 2013.424; Herva et al. 2014; 2017). Because of the controversies associated with the Eneolithic period in Karelia, the dates connected with Rhomb-Pit Ware and asbestos- and organic-tempered pottery are included in this paper as well. In other words, the period covered, from the (later) 6th to the (earlier) 2nd millennia cal BC, is equivalent to the Neolithic and the Eneolithic (or the Neolithic and the earlier part of Early Metal Period) according to traditional Karelian periodisation (Fig. 1). Overview of Karelian radiocarbon data Context datings Most Karelian radiocarbon dates (114) are context dates, mostly processed on charcoal and originating in cultural layers and different features (pits, fireplaces, dwelling constructions) of settlement sites. The reliability of these dates is seriously questioned by the fact that the majority of settlement sites in Karelia are multi-component, non-stratified locations, which contain material from several habitation episodes whose typological dating may span several millennia. This situation is explained by the geological and hydrological settings and the Stone Age and Early Metal Period economy: the groups of fisher-hunter-gatherers preferred to settle near water, which in the Karelian situation meant living mainly on lake shore terraces. As the shorelines of the majority of Karelian lakes remained fairly stable during the Holocene, areas suitable for settling remained almost the same up to the present time. This is characteristic even of such a large lake as Lake Onega, where numerous regressions and transgres- TOO Radiocarbon chronology of the Neolithic-Eneolithic period in the Karelian Republic (Russia) sions took place, but affected parts of its coasts in different ways (e.g., Devyatova 1986; Saarnisto, Vuo-rela 2007). Due to mixed multi-component assemblages, as well as the rough excavation and documentation methods employed, especially earlier, in most cases it is not possible to establish an unequivocal connection between a charcoal sample and particular archaeological materials identified at a site. This is evident in the case of charcoals collected from the cultural layer, but even in the case of samples originating in fireplace-like or other features it is not possible to fully exclude the possibility of forest fires or other post-depositional contamination. The old-wood effect might also affect dates processed on charcoal from clear structures, such as dwelling remains. Because tree species and the origins (branch, trunk) of dated charcoals have not been determined, further estimating its presence and magnitude is not possible. As the log-based houses were made with stone tools, the timbers used to build them are unlikely to have been dry deadwood or thick live trunks with significant age. However, repairing and reuse may have introduced material of different ages into the houses and, again, later (natural) mixing cannot be ruled out. Thus, even if the dates from burnt constructions (walls) of dwellings are likely linked to human activities and even if they may be considered as the most reliable charcoal context dates, especially at single-component sites, they may yield widely varying ages. This is well illustrated by dwelling 1 at the Sumozero XV site (Zhul'ni-kov 2005.85-88): seven samples of charcoal and birch bark were taken from a burnt house construction (Tab. 1), but the determinations spread over Fig. 1. Simplified chronology of the leading Neolithic and Eneoli-thic ceramic types in Karelia (designed by A. Tarasov). half a millennium, at the minimum. All in all, the number of dates from dwellings is not very big: 35 dates in total (21 from burnt walls), most deriving from Late Neolithic/Eneolithic contexts. Datings of charred residues and burnt bones The introduction of the AMS technique has revolutionised dating and local chronologies in many fields. However, in Karelia the number of AMS dates has risen only in recent years (see Nordqvist, Mok-konen 2017a). At the moment, there are 60 AMS determinations related to pottery (44 charred residue/ food crust, 14 birchbark tar, one paint-like substance, one unknown) and seven dates of bone (six of them burnt). In addition, 13 dates of charred crusts established by conventional method exist. The dated samples are clearly of anthropogenic origin, and their archaeological context is usually unquestionable, although in the case of bones, the connection with specific archaeological phenomena may remain uncertain at multi-component sites. Also, sampling and laboratory-related issues, contamination by (younger) organics (which may affect all other types of samples as well), and the influence of the (freshwater) reservoir effect may reduce the accuracy of the dates. The reservoir effect has been intensively studied recently on the basis of archaeological and experimental materials (e.g., Fischer, Heinemeier 2003; Olsen et al. 2010; Philippsen, Heinemeier 2013; Kul-kova et al. 2015; Philippsen 2015). In Karelia, the existence of the freshwater reservoir effect was hypothesised in connection with Late Neolithic/Eneolithic asbestos- and organic-tempered wares, and it was proposed that the crust dates are mainly affected by the freshwater reservoir effect, as they tend to date somewhat older than charcoal dates (Zhulnikov et al. 2012). However, this tendency remains speculative, as the study contained almost no comparable AMS or conventional datings from the same sites, not to mention the same contexts (see also Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2017a). The differences between AMS dates and conventional dates connected with the same cultural phases vary from zero up to 500-600 14C-years or even more. It is not possible to say that AMS dates would always be 101 Aleksey Tarasov, Kerkko Nordqvist, Teemu Mokkonen and Tatyana Khoroshun older than context dates - it may also be the other way round - and the results also highlight the inconsistency of context dates at several locations. At many sites, AMS dates are spread over 50-200 14C-years: currently, it is not possible to decide whether this is due to prolonged or recurrent use of the locations, or to limitations in measurement accuracy, the properties of calibration curves, or reservoir effects. One way to control for the presence of the (freshwater) reservoir effect has been the study of bulk stable isotopes. Even if this provides a rather crude tool compared to the more sophisticated analyses of compound-specific values, they are nevertheless thought to allow some level of estimate of the components included in the dated samples. Unfortunately, isotopic data are scarce, and only 513C values have been published for the recently-obtained AMS dates: they range between -24%o and -30%o, the average being -27.5% (see Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2017a). In previous studies the boundary between residues of marine and terrestrial/freshwater origin is often set at -26% (Fischer, Heinemeier 2003. 460). As most Karelian dates have values below this, they could be expected to include terrestrial and/or freshwater components, also hinted at by the sites' location beside lakes and rivers. Still, the values are on average fairly moderate. The only dates with a marine component have been obtained from sites located in the White Sea area, but none of these give obviously divergent results. The magnitude of the (freshwater) reservoir effect in north-eastern Europe, low on natural limestone, has been considered fairly small (Pesonen et al. 2012. 665), but the topic has not been specifically studied. It was proposed recently that low alkalinity of water does not automatically mean that the freshwater reservoir offset would not be present, as other factors such as the depth of basins, prolonged ice coverage and glacial meltwaters may have contributed to the phenomenon (Philippsen 2015.160). In northern central Europe, southern Scandinavia and south-eastern Baltic, the estimates and measured results of the (freshwater) reservoir offset range from some centuries to thousands of years (e.g., Fischer, Heinemeier 2003.461; Olsen et al. 2010.640; Hartz et al. 2012. 1041; Philippsen, Heinemeier 2013.1098; Piliciau-skas, Heron 2015.539). Nevertheless, these results cannot be directly applied to Karelian material, as the magnitude is strongly dependent on the geographical location and geological and natural environment, as well as on the period in question (e.g., Kea-veney, Reimer 2012.1314; Philippsen 2015.160- 162). A possible range of error in Karelia is illustrated by an Early Neolithic (Saraisniemi 1) vessel from the Kalmozero II site (Tab. 1): two dates from samples taken from the outer and inner surfaces of the same shard produced an offset of two to three centuries (Piezonka 2008.69, Abb. 2; also Hartz et al. 2012.1043) Evaluation The material available is biased: datings concentrate in certain areas and pottery types. Another major problem is the large share of conventional charcoal dates with poor link with actual archaeological materials. The standard errors of these conventional 14C-ages are generally large and vary from 20 to 150 (even 600) years, with the average between 80-90 years. This causes wide distributions in calibrated ages, at times providing accuracy of a millennium only. Laboratory-related issues are more difficult to assess, but as almost all conventional datings (over 98% of the dates listed in Kochkurkina 1991 and Kosmenko 2003) originate from the same laboratory, i.e. Radiocarbon Laboratory of the Institute of Geology at the University of Tartu (see Liiva et al. 1975), they should be consistent. Nevertheless, the general quality of these datings can be expected to be fairly low by default, although no systematic evaluation of their reliability has been done (see e.g., Kuzmin, Tankerslay 1996; Pettitt et al. 2003; Seitso-nen et al. 2012). Similar uncertainties apply to crust dates obtained through the conventional method -re-dating of some shards with AMS showed that the unduly small samples used in the original dates made them unreliable and resulted in too young ages (Nordqvist, German 2017). AMS-dated samples from clear archaeological contexts and with generally smaller standard errors (30-70 years BP, average 40 years BP) are also not free of problems. The potential reservoir effect is an important topic and no modern or ancient materials are currently available that could be used to reliably verify the offset in different reservoirs in the territory of Karelia. As AMS dates cluster quite nicely in many cases, it may be proposed that they still point towards the most likely use periods of different pottery types, whereas conventional dates have the tendency to disperse over a much wider period. Nevertheless, the current low number of AMS dates alone cannot be expected to provide precise dating for every cultural type and period. With all this in mind, it can be stated that the chronology presented below operates within a margin 102 Radiocarbon chronology of the Neolithic-Eneolithic period in the Karelian Republic (Russia) of error of 100-200 years, and in some cases the offset may be even greater. Even if the initial and terminal dates of some pottery types must be considered tentative, the general tendencies are correct and the proposed timeframes are also generally accord with chronologies obtained in neighbouring areas. Radiocarbon chronology of the Karelian Republic Sperrings and Sdrdisniemi 1 Wares The oldest pottery in the Karelian Republic is Sperrings Ware, known also in Finland (where it is called older Early Comb Ware, style I:1, also Sperrings 1) (e.g., German 2011; Pesonen, Leskinen 2011). The earliest dates - charcoal from Uya III (6770+80 BP, TA-2352) and a burnt bone from Sulgu II (6670+ 35 BP, KIA-35900) - may be related to Mesolithic occupation at the sites and therefore reasonably questioned (Kosmenko 2003.32; German 2011.273274; Piezonka 2015.54). The charcoal date from Pe-grema IX (6510+150 BP, TA-1161) is usually referred to as the oldest certain date for Sperrings (Viten-kova 1996.78; German 2002.265, Tab. 1; Kosmenko 2003.32; Vereshchagina 2003.149), but it suffers from a large standard error. The earliest AMS dating also derives from Uya III (6225+40 BP, GrA-63566) (Fig. 2), and is compatible with datings from Finland and Karelian Isthmus, which place the beginning of Sperrings Ware there to around 5300-5200 cal BC (Pesonen et al. 2012.664, Tab. 2; Piezonka 2015. 198-199, Abb. 170; Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2016a. 204). All the remaining conventional dates for Sperrings Ware originate in mixed contexts containing also partly temporally overlapping Pit-Comb Ware (see below) and date between 5500-4400 cal BC (medians 5400-4600 cal BC). The majority of crust/tar dates group around 5200-4500 cal BC (medians 5200-4600 cal BC). The youngest date (5507+50 BP, KIA-35901) derives from a vessel slightly differing from the remaining Sperrings material at Vozhmarikha 26 (see Mel'nikov, German 2013.109). It is somewhat younger than the dates obtained in the surrounding areas, placing the end of Sperrings Ware at around 4400 cal BC (Pesonen et al. 2012. 664, Tab. 2; Seitsonen et al. 2012.110; Piezonka 2015.199, Abb. 170). Almost coeval with Sperrings is Saraisniemi 1 Ware, which is characteristic of the northern Karelian Republic, Finland and Norway (e.g., Torvinen 2000; German 2011; Skandfer 2011). At the moment only three AMS dates exist for this type in Karelia - two dates of one shard from Kalmozero II (6340+70 BP; KIA-35899A and 6080+45 BP; KIA-35899B; the former date may include the reservoir effect, see above) and one date from Besovy Sledki (5775+40 BP; GrA-63547) (Fig. 3). All context dates previously connected with Saraisniemi 1 Ware derive from Yerpin Pu-das I. They date between c. 5600-4000 cal BC (medians 5500-4100 cal BC) and may also be connected with other components present at the site, especially Pit-Comb Ware. Dates from Karelia do not differ significantly from the range given for Saraisniemi 1 Ware in other re- GrA-63546 Uya III (N51444/700) GrA-63587 Sheltozero V (If 803/-) Fig. 2. Sperrings Ware (designed by T. Mokkonen). 103 Aleksey Tarasov, Kerkko Nordqvist, Teemu Mokkonen and Tatyana Khoroshun gions, i.e. 5300-4500 cal BC (Pesonen et al. 2012. 664, Tab. 2; Piezonka 2015.208-209, Abb. 174; Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2016a.204)1 In the light of current dates, it seems plausible that there is no significant temporal difference between Sperrings (Early Comb) and Saraisniemi 1 Wares in the north; in fact, in some areas, Saraisniemi 1 Ware precedes Sperrings Ware (also Pesonen et al. 2012.670). This further corroborates the recently-presented idea that Saraisniemi 1 Ware is not just a late northern variant of Sperrings Ware (see Pesonen 1991.84; Vitenko-va 1996.81; Torvinen 2000.16; German 2006.234236; Pesonen, Leskinen 2011.300), but that these pottery types have different origins and development histories (Piezonka 2015.208-209). Furthermore, a few Finnish dates indicate that in some areas the use of Saraisniemi 1 Ware may have continued as late as the early 4th millennium cal BC (Torvinen 1999.238; Carpelan 2004.29; Piezonka 2015.244; Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2016a.204). Besides Sperrings and Saraisniemi 1 Wares, a few other pottery types dating to the 5th millennium cal BC have been reported from Karelia: younger Early Comb Ware style I:2 (also Sperrings 2; see German 1998, who calls this pottery 'Early Comb Ware') and Kaunissaari Ware (also discussed under the umbrella term of Early Asbestos Ware; see Pesonen 1996. 24). Both types have their predominant distribution areas in Finland, where they are considered to be mostly younger than Sperrings Ware and dated between 4500 and 3800 cal BC (Pesonen et al. 2012. 664, Tab. 2; Oinonen et al. 2014.4, Tab. 1; Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2016a.204-205). No dates exist for these types in Karelia and, in general, they occur there very rarely. Pit-Comb Ware The emergence of Pit-Comb Ware in Karelia is traditionally connected with the Lyalovo culture, widespread in central and north-western Russia in the 5th millennium cal BC, and probably especially with its later stage (Smirnov 1991; 1996; Gurina, Kray-nov 1996; Vitenkova 2016.128; Smol'yaninov 2013. 238). At the moment, the chronology of Pit-Comb Ware is based mainly on context dates, as only four AMS dates exist from Besovy Sledki and Besovy Sled-ki II in the White Sea region (Fig. 3). Three of these date to the second half of the 5th millennium cal BC, which has often been considered the main use period of this pottery type (Kosmenko 2003.32; Loba-nova 2004.254, 259), but the fourth one is younger (see below). According to Nadezda V. Lobanova (2004.256; 2009. 58-59), who sees the first stage of Pit-Comb Ware as synchronous with Sperrings Ware, the oldest date that can be associated with Pit-Comb Ware comes from Chernaya Rechka I (6200+100 BP, TA-1634). In addition, there are also some other early context dates, but the connection between all these dates and Pit-Comb Ware contexts has been challenged (German 2002.264; Filatova 2012; see also Sidorov 1997.103-105). Accepting the early dates would also Fig. 3. Saraisniemi 1 Ware (upper left) and Pit-Comb Ware (designed by T. Mokkonen). 1 Also, older AMS dates have been presented for Saraisniemi 1 Ware from northern Norway (e.g., 6570±60 BP, TUa-3018 and 6330±50 BP, TUa-3021; Skandfer 2011.356, Tab. 12.1), but these are affected by the marine reservoir effect (see Pesonen et al. 2012.667-668; Piezonka 2015.208). 104 Radiocarbon chronology of the Neolithic-Eneolithic period in the Karelian Republic (Russia) mean that Pit-Comb Ware in Karelia would be contemporaneous with the appearance of Lyalovo culture in the Upper-Volga region, currently dated to the very late 6th millennium or to the turn of the 5th millennium cal BC (Zaretskaya, Kostyleva 2011. 180-182; Hartz et al. 2012.1045). Context dates connected with Pit-Comb Ware cover almost the whole of the 5th millennium cal BC, but due to the above-mentioned uncertainties, the initial date must be placed only roughly in the first half of the 5th millennium cal BC. Typologically, the final stage of Pit-Comb Ware has been seen to overlap with Comb-Pit and Rhomb-Pit Wares (Lobanova 2004.261; Khoroshun 2013.126-127), and a series of dates obtained from Vorob'i 4 showed that at least in some areas the use of Pit-Comb Ware continued during the first two or three centuries of the 4th millennium cal BC. In addition, there are dates which seem 'too young'. These include a crust date from Besovy Sledki II (4785+45 BP, GrA-64331). Typologically, this shard fits the characteristics of Pit-Comb Ware, but such a long continuation of use of this type seems very improbable (see also Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2017a for discussion). A coeval context date of charcoal exists from Chernaya Rechka I (4700+80 BP, TA-1633), but as there are two even much younger dates from the same site (with no corresponding archaeological material) it cannot be given much value. Finally, several crust dates produced by conventional methods from Vorob'i 4 are too young due to insufficient sample sizes (see Nordqvist, German 2017 for discussion). Comb-Pit and Rhomb-Pit Wares Comb-Pit Ware, corresponding to Typical Comb Ware of the eastern Baltic and Finland (Yanits 1959; Nord-qvist, Mokkonen 2015), and Rhomb-Pit Ware, which finds analogies elsewhere in north-western and central Russia (Smirnov 1991; Smol'yaninov 2009; Vi-tenkova 2016), followed Pit-Comb Ware in Karelia. Traditionally, they were seen as subsequent types also among themselves, but the introduction of more accurate dating has shown them to be more or less contemporary (Zhul'nikov 2005.25; Khoroshun 2013.117; Vitenkova 2016.118). Currently, their chronology is based on many AMS and context dates, although the latter often originate from sites with mixed complexes of Comb-Pit and Rhomb-Pit Wares and cannot be attributed to only one of them. Based on some dates and stratigraphical observations (site Chernaya Guba III) it has been proposed that the appearance of Comb-Pit Ware would be slightly older, but the available data are too vague to draw such conclusions. In fact, it is not even known if the two assemblages at the same sites indicate the repeated use of these locations by two different groups or if both types were used by the same population (Vitenkova 2016.121). Based on AMS dating, Comb-Pit Ware in Karelia dates to 4000-3600 cal BC (medians 4000-3700 cal BC) and Rhomb-Pit Ware 3900-3400 cal BC (medians 3800-3500 cal BC) (Figs. 4, 5). Most of the context dates fall between 4000-3100 cal BC (medians 3900-3300 cal BC), within which the main use period of these types belongs. Such dating also fits the results from Finland, where an extensive dating programme has defined the use period of Typical Comb Ware from 3900 up to 3400 cal BC (Pesonen 2004. 90; Oinonen et al. 2014; authors' unpublished data). Chronology of Rhomb-Pit-related pottery is poorly known outside Karelia, and the only available direct dating (made of ceramic matrix) suggests that it existed between 3600-3100 cal BC (Skorobogatov et al. 2016.247). However, there are context dates which date slightly older (Pegrema I, 5145+110 BP, TA-541 and Pegre-ma II, 5070+120 BP, TA-811) or even considerably younger (e.g., Pegrema I, 4200+50 BP, TA-493; Pegrema III, 4240+90 BP, TA-813).2 Even if they are at least partly related to other activities at these sites (e.g., Kosmenko 2003.25; Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2016b.232), it seems probable that, just as in some parts of Finland (Mokkonen 2008.123-124; also Seitsonen et al. 2012.111), Comb Ware tradition continued in Karelia in some form and in some areas until the early 3rd millennium cal BC. Still, for example, the date from Lakshezero II (3920+60 BP, TA-1520), presented also as the final date for Comb-Pit Ware, probably belongs to the later asbestos pottery-related use of this site (Vitenkova 2002.142). In addition to uncertain context dates, one AMS dating from Chernaya Guba III (6060+40 BP, GrA- 2 The young dates from Pegrema I and Pegrema III are problematic because they have been presented quite differently in different publications. The date of 4240+90 BP has also been given as 4200+90 BP, with index ID TA-813 or with no index ID; the date 4250+50 BP (TA-493) has also been published as 4200+50 BP. Moreover, the date TA-813 has been said to originate from both of these sites (see Zhuravlev 1977; 1979; 1984; 1991; Zhuravlev, Liiva 1980; Kochkurkina 1991; Vitenkova 2002; Timofeev et al. 2004). Aleksey Tarasov, Kerkko Nordqvist, Teemu Mokkonen and Tatyana Khoroshun 63539) is problematic, as it is almost a millennium older than expected. The reservoir effect cannot be ruled out (the 513C value is -27.84%o), and there is always the possibility of typological misinterpretation, even if in this case the dated shard fully fits the characteristics of Comb-Pit Ware. If the date is even tentatively connected with the Pit-Comb Ware, recovered in small amounts at this site (Vitenkova 2002.29), it would also be by far the oldest direct date of Pit-Comb Ware in Karelia. Furthermore, two conventional dates of pottery crust from Vozhmari-kha 21 may date to the end phase of Comb-Pit Ware use, but may also suffer from the same problems discussed in connection with the Pit-Comb Ware dates from Vorob'i 4. Finally, a date measured on birch bark found in a grave at Bukol'nikov 1 (4740+60 BP, LE-9391) has been connected with Comb-Pit Ware (Mel'nikov, German 2013.120), even if no Comb-Pit Ware was found at the site. The grave goods, e.g., amber jewellery and a bifacial flint point, may be seen to support this connection. However, the assemblage from the site includes mostly Pit-Comb Ware and some asbes- Fig. 4. Comb-Pit Ware (designed by T. Mokkonen). tos-tempered pottery of possibly Voynavolok type -within the temporal limits provided by the date, the burial could also be connected with the latter phase. Zalavruga, Voynavolok, Orovnavolok and Pa-layguba Wares Previously, all asbestos- and organic-tempered pottery in Karelia was discussed under the one heading of Asbestos or Classic Ware (Gurina 1961.161; Kos-menko 1992.131). Such a view does not permit the tracing of cultural dynamics during the 4th-2nd millennia cal BC, and since then four types of pottery have been separated from the material: Zalavruga, Voynavolok, Orovnavolok and Palayguba Wares (Zhul'nikov 1991; 1999; 2005). These types have varying distributions mainly in Karelia and find some parallels in the Finnish types of Kierikki and Polja. They have also contemporary analogues in the east, and generally the emergence of asbestos-and organic-tempered pottery in Karelia has been connected with the development of the Volosovo cultural entity in the Volga-Oka region (Zhul'nikov 1999.6-7 and references cited). The starting point of Volosovo in the Upper Volga region is dated to around 3600 cal BC (Kostyle-va, Utkin 2010.248-250). Asbestos- and organic-tempered wares are relatively well dated by AMS and context dates (including numerous dates from burnt dwelling constructions), although the dates are unevenly distributed among the pottery types. There are also notably many 'non- fitting' dates connected to sites with these pottery types or their use periods (see Table 2). The oldest date connected with asbestos- and organic-tempered pottery in Karelia is a tar date related to Voynavolok Ware (Pervomayskaya I, 4710+35 BP, GrA-63682) (Fig. 6). Generally, AMS dates for this type fall between 3600-2900 cal BC (medians 3500-3000 cal BC) and cluster into two groups between 3600-3400 cal BC and 34002900 cal BC. The first cluster corresponds neatly with older ideas of a short use period of io6 Radiocarbon chronology of the Neolithic-Eneolithic period in the Karelian Republic (Russia) Fig. 5. Rhomb-Pit Ware (designed by T. Mokkonen). this pottery type, just a few centuries in the mid-4th millennium cal BC (Zhul'nikov 1999.47, 76-78; also Zhul'nikov, Tarasov 2014.262). The second cluster is contemporary with the few available context dates from burnt dwelling constructions (3300-2600 cal BC, medians 3100-2900 cal BC). In other words, the beginning of Voynavolok Ware may be dated to the mid-4th millennium cal BC. Such dating is also supported by Finnish material, where Kierikki Ware is dated between 3600 and 2900 cal BC (Pesonen 2004.90, 92; Nord-qvist, Mokkonen 2017b; Mokkonen, Nordqvist in prep.). Like Voynavolok Ware, Kie-rikki Ware is seen as a descendant of the Comb Ware tradition, and some of the heterogeneous material classified as Kierikki bears considerable resemblance to Voynavolok Ware (Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2017b; Mokkonen, Nordqvist in prep.). Furthermore, some pottery labelled (erroneously) as Kierikki is actually pure Voynavolok type (pottery from Vuopaja; Zhulnikov et al. 2012.127; this is the oldest AMS-dated Voynavolok shard, 4805+85 BP, Ua-4364; Carpe-lan 2004). The end date of Voynavolok Ware should be placed in the first centuries of the 3rd millennium cal BC, at the latest. However, the youngest dates (Voynavolok XXVII, 4280+80 BP, GrA-63562 and Fofanovo XIII, 4470+60 BP, GrA-62484) derive from shards that also allow typological attribution to Orovnavo-lok Ware or represent a so-called 'transitional type' between these two (see Zhul'nikov, Tarasov 2014. 261; Tarasov 2015.250; also Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2017a for discussion). Respectively, the same reason, in addition to a possible freshwater reservoir effect, explains the overlap of Voynavolok type and the oldest dates connected with Orovnavolok Ware (Orovnavolok XVI, 4770+40 BP, Beta-117966; Fofa- Fig. 6. Voynavolok Ware (designed by T. Mokkonen). 107 Aleksey Tarasov, Kerkko Nordqvist, Teemu Mokkonen and Tatyana Khoroshun GrA-63557 and GrA-63558 Zalavruga I (N« 378/392) Fig. 7. Orovnavolok Ware and Palayguba Ware (bottom row) (designed by T. Mokkonen). novo XIII, 4585+35 BP, GrA-62059; Tunguda XV, 4570+35 BP, GrA-63583) (Fig. 7). This typological overlap is well-evidenced by material and dates from Fofanovo XIII, where, however, Voynavolok pottery has generally been recovered in lower stratigraphic layers than the Orovnavolok type (Zhul'nikov, Tarasov 2014; Tarasov 2015). The remaining AMS dates of Orovnavolok Ware fall between 3300-2700 cal BC (medians 3200-2900 cal BC) and are roughly congruent with the majority of context dates from dwelling constructions, 31002600 cal BC (medians 2800 cal BC). Still, there are a few dates some centuries younger, although it is highly implausible that at least the youngest date (Voynavolok XXIV, 3560+80 BP, TA-819) would anymore represent the use period of Orovnavolok Ware. In sum, the start of this type should be a bit later than Voynavolok Ware and probably dates to around 3400 cal BC, although the nature of the 'transitional type' remains ambivalent. The end date can probably be placed in the first half of the 3rd millen- nium cal BC, and no later than 2500 cal BC. Thus, in addition to Kierikki and Voynavolok Wares, it belongs to the same chronological horizon as Polja Ware of Finland, with which it also shares some typological and stylistic similarities (pure Orovnavolok Ware has been recognised in Finland on some occasions; Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2017b; Mokkonen, Nordqvist in prep. ; see also Zhul'nikov 2005.29). Polja Ware is dated by AMS dates to 3500-2500 cal BC, but including context datings, its end has been extended to c. 1900 cal BC (Pesonen 2004.90, 92; authors' unpublished data). Zalavruga Ware of the White Sea area has been considered a northern parallel to Voynavolok pottery (Zhul'nikov 2005.27). Its dating is based on a few crust/tar dates only, as all context dates derive from mixed sites and have no definite connection with this pottery (Fig. 8). AMS dates fall between 3500 and 2900 cal BC (medians 3400-2900 cal BC), whereas conventional dates date to 3700-1800 cal BC. In other words, the main use period of Zalavruga Ware is the second half of the 4th millennium cal BC. Fig. 8. Zalavruga Ware (designed by T. Mokkonen). io8 Radiocarbon chronology of the Neolithic-Eneolithic period in the Karelian Republic (Russia) It is largely contemporary with Voynavolok Ware, but also overlaps with Orovnavolok Ware, as also evidenced by coeval datings from the Zalavruga I site. Zalavruga Ware shares some features with Kie-rikki Ware and the organic-tempered Comb Ware of northern Finland, but their relationships remain unresolved (Zhul'nikov 2007.123; Nordqvist, Mokko-nen 2017b; Mokkonen, Nordqvist in prep.). The youngest type of Neolithic/Eneolithic asbestos-and organic-tempered potteries is Palayguba Ware. Currently, only two AMS datings exist for it (Shelto-zero XII, 3815+35 BP, GrA-63585 and 3725+35 BP, GrA-63586) (Fig. 7). In this case, context dates from dwellings suggest a somewhat earlier dating. The oldest derives from Kudomguba VII (4010+80 BP, TA-1893), but the most dates from clear Palayguba contexts date younger than 2600 cal BC and up to the first centuries of the 2nd millennium cal BC (2900-1700 cal BC, medians 2500-1900 cal BC). Thus, it seems to overlap little with Orovnavolok Ware, to which it has been also genetically connected, as well as with Corded Ware/Fat'yanovo cultures, which have been seen to influence it too (Zhul'nikov 1999). Temporally, Palayguba Ware is largely coeval also with Polja Ware, and the end date proposed for the latter, 1900/1800 cal BC, may well apply to most Palayguba pottery. However, there are even younger dates connected with Palayguba Ware (the youngest date is from Palayguba II, 3150+100 BP, TA-1007), although some of these may already belong to the context of subsequent Textile Ware present at some sites. No genetic relationship has been proposed between these two pottery types, and their overlap remains an open question. In Karelia, the oldest context dates connected with Textile Ware date to the turn of the 3rd and 2nd millennia cal BC or the first half of the 2nd millennium cal BC (Kelka III, 3520+80 BP, TA-2269 and 3100+70 BP, TA-2268; Zhul'nikov 1999.77). They are fairly consistent with the earliest AMS dates of Textile Ware from Finland, starting from the early 2nd millennium cal BC onwards (Lavento 2001.102, Fig. 6.11, 106). AMS dates for Textile Ware in Karelia fall between c. 1500-1300 cal BC (Kosmenko 2003). Final remarks The data presented in this paper are still limited in temporal and spatial coverage, and do not allow the study of regional and temporal differences in the distribution of various phenomena in detail. In an area as large as the Karelian Republic, it is not reasonable to assume that development (e.g., appearance or disappearance of a pottery type) would have been simultaneous or similar everywhere. Instead, there might have been large differences (for example, some pottery types may have existed for longer periods in certain areas), which can cause inconsistency in the data and 'deviatory' initial and terminal dates. Similarly, the data are too thin to provide reliable evidence of the temporal differences of some pottery types proposed on typological grounds, or to be used in statistical analyses defining certain event sequences. Also, potential sources of error - like the old wood and the (freshwater) reservoir effect - must be studied in the future, as this might also clarify the reason behind the differences between residue-based AMS and conventional charcoal dates. Despite the numerous problems and unanswered questions, the currently available radiocarbon dates enable the study of chronological sequences in Karelia in much greater detail than was possible even two or three years ago. Nowadays, it is also possible to correlate the Karelian chronology more or less precisely with the general north-east European chronological framework. All this creates a better foundation for understanding the cultural dynamics between the later 6th and the early 2nd millennia cal BC of north-western Russia. -ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS- This paper was partly produced with the support of a state contract within the current research project of the Department of Archaeology of the Institute of Linguistics, Literature and History of the Karelian Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences (state registration number #0225-2014-0014) (ATand TKh). The majority of Karelian AMS dates, as well as part of writing this paper (KN and TM), were funded by the project 'The use of materials and the Neolithisation of North-Eastern Europe (c. 6000-2000 BC)' (Academy of Finland & University of Oulu, 2013-17, project #269066). One previously unpublished date of burnt bone (Fofanovo XIII site) was obtained through financial support from the Russian Scientific Fund (grant #14-17-00766). The authors also wish to thank K. E. German (Petrozavodsk) for the possibility to include dates from the Vorob'i and Vozhmarikha sites in this article, as well as N. V. Lobanova (Petrozavodsk) for the use of two previously partially published dates from Orovnavolok XVI. 109 Aleksey Tarasov, Kerkko Nordqvist, Teemu Mokkonen and Tatyana Khoroshun References Bronk Ramsey C. 2009. Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates. Radiocarbon 51(1): 337-360. doi: 10.1017/S0033 822200033865 Carpelan C. 2004. Environment, archaeology and radiocarbon dates: Notes from the Inari region, northern Finnish Lapland. In M. Lavento (ed.), Early in the North: Volume 5: The Land. Iskos 13. The Finnish Antiquarian Society. The Archaeological Society of Finland. Helsinki: 17-45. Devyatova E. I. 1976. 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Jokkavaara: an Early ceramic settlement site in Rovaniemi, North Finland. In M. Huurre (ed.), Dig It All: Papers Dedicated to Ari Siiriäinen. The Finnish Antiquarian Society, The Archaeological Society of Finland. Helsinki: 225-240. Torvinen M. 2000. Säräisniemi I Ware. Fennoscandia Ar-chaeologica XVII: 3-35. http://www.sarks.fi/fa/faxvii.html Vereshchagina I. V. 2003. Poselenie Khepo-yarvi v yuzh-noy chasti Karel'skogo peresheyka. In V. I. Timofeev, G. V. Sinitsyna (eds.), Heolit - eneolityuga i neolit severa Vostochnoy Evropy. Institut istorii material'noy kul'tury Rossiyskaya Akademiya Nauk. Sankt-Peterburg: 140-151. (in Russian) Vitenkova I. F. 1986. Poselenie Lakshezero II s chistym kompleksom grebenchato-yamochnoy keramiki. In S. I. Kochkurkina (ed.), Novye dannye ob arkheologiches-kikh pamyatnikakh Karelii. Karel'skiy filial Akademii Nauk SSSR. Petrozavodsk: 119-138. (in Russian) 113 Aleksey Tarasov, Kerkko Nordqvist, Teemu Mokkonen and Tatyana Khoroshun 1996. Kul'tura sperrings. In M. G. Kosmenko, S. I. Ko-chkurkina (eds.), Arkheologiya Karelii. Karel'iskiy na-uchniy tsentr Rossiyskaya Akademiya Nauk. Petrozavodsk: 65-81. (in Russian) 2002. Pamyatnikipozdnego neolita na territorii Karelii. Karel'skiy nauchniy tsentr Rossiyskaya Akademiya Nauk. Petrozavodsk. (in Russian) 2009. Adaptatsiya naseleniya pozdnego neolita i eneo-lita k prirodnym usloviyam Karelii. In M. G. Kosmen-ko (ed.), Adaptatsiya kul'tury naseleniya Karelii k osobennostyam mestnoy prirodnoy sredy periodov mesolita - srednevekov'ya. Karel'iskiy nauchniy tsentr Rossiyskaya Akademiya Nauk. Petrozavodsk: 69-97. (in Russian) 2016. Kareliya v nachale epokhi metalla (pamyatniki s rombo-yamochnoy keramikoy). Karel'iskiy nauch-niy tsentr Rossiyskaya Akademiya Nauk. Petrozavodsk. (in Russian) Yanits L. Yu. 1959. Poseleniya epokhi neolita i rannego metalla vpriust'e r. Emayigi (Estonskaya SSR). Institut istorii Akademii Nauk ESSR. Tallin. (in Russian) Zaretskaya N. E., Kostyleva, E. L. 2011. Novye dannye po absolyutnoy khronologii l'yalovskoy kul'tury. Tverskoy arkheologicheskiy sbornik 8(1): 175-183. (in Russian) Zhul'nikov A. M. 1991. Problemy khronologii i periodiza-tsii pozdnego eneolita Karelii. In S. I. Kochkurkina (ed.), Khronologiya i periodizatsiya arkheologicheskikh pa-myatnikov Karelii. Karel'iskiy nauchniy tsentr Rossiyska-ya Akademiya Nauk. Petrozavodsk: 126-146. (in Russian) 1999. Eneolit Karelii. Karel'skiy nauchniy tsentr Ros-siyskaya Akademiya Nauk. Petrozavodsk. (in Russian) 2005. Poseleniya epokhi rannego metalla yugo-zapad-nogo Pribelomory'a. Paritet. Petrozavodsk. (in Russian) 2007. Pamyatniki s keramikoy typa Zalavruga I v Pribe-lomor'e i nekotorye voprosy izucheniya belomorskikh petroglifov. In L. G. Shayakhmetova (ed.), Kol'skiy sbor- nik. Institut istorii material'noy kul'tury Rossiyskaya Akademiya Nauk. Sankt-Peterburg: 102-137. (in Russian) Zhul'nikov A. M., Tarasov A. Yu. 2014. K voprosu o keramike 'perekhodnogo' typa (po materialam poseleniya Fo-fanovo XIII). In H. M. Abdullin, A. P. Derevyanko, N. A. Makarov and A. G. Sitdikov (eds.), Trudy IV(XX) Vseros-siyskogo arkheologicheskogo s'ezda v Kazani 2014 g: Tom 1. Institut Arkheologii AN RT, Kazanskiy (Privolzh-skiy) Federal'niy Universitet, Institut Arkheologii Rossiyskaya Akademiya Nauk, Institut Arkheologii i Etnografii SO Rossiyskaya Akademiya Nauk. Kazan: 259-260. (in Russian) Zhulnikov A., Tarasov A. and Kriiska A. 2012. Discrepancies between conventional and AMS dates of complexes with Asbestos and Porous Ware: Probable result of 'reservoir effect'. Fennoscandia Archaeologica XXIX: 79-86. http://www.sarks.fi/fa/faxxix.html Zhuravlev A. P. 1976. Raboty Karel'skogo muzeya. In Ar-kheologicheskie otkrytiya 1975 goda. Nauka. Moskva: 14-15. (in Russian) 1977. Eneolit Karelii. Unpublished candidate's dissertation. Karel'skiy filial Akademii Nauk SSSR. Petrozavodsk. (in Russian) 1979. Eneoliticheskiy etap v karelskoy arkheologiches-koy kul'ture i problema ego datirovki. Kratkie Soob-shcheniya Instituta Arkheologii 157: 82-86. (in Russian) 1984. Datirovka poseleniy mezolita - rannego metalla v Unitskoy Gube Onezhskogo ozera. Sovetskaya Arkheologiya 1984(4): 119-126. (in Russian) 1991. Pegrema (poseleniya epokhi eneolita). Karel's-kiy nauchniy tsentr Rossiyskaya Akademiya Nauk. Petrozavodsk. (in Russian) Zhuravlev A. P., Liiva A. A. 1980. O datirovke arkheologi-cheskikh pamyatnikov v Pegreme (Kareliya). Geokhrono-logiya chetvertichnogo perioda. Nauka. Moskva: 40-44. (in Russian) 114 Tab. 1. Neolithic-Eneolithic radiocarbon dates, which generally correspond with archaeological materials and contexts present at these sites. No. on Site n4c date (BP) Lab. Index Context/dated item Calibrated date Typological connection References map (cal BC; 20) 6jjo±So TA-2352 Charcoal from fireplace, depth :im 5837-5538 Kosmenko 2003 l Uya III 6225±40 6160±40 CrA-63566 CrA-63581 Crust on pottery Black paint on pottery 5304-5059 5217-5000 Mesolithic (?), Sperrings Nordqvist, Môkkônen 2016a Nordqvist, Môkkônen 2016a 5970±4° CrA-63546 Birch bark tar on pottery 4956-4729 Nordqvist, Môkkônen 2016a 6670±35 KIA-35900 Calcinated bone, elk or reindeer 5646-5527 Piezonka 2008 3 Sulgu II 6O85±30 KIA-36724 Birch bark tar of food crust on pottery 5202-4857 Sperrings Piezonka 2008 60i5±30 KIA-33925 Birch bark tar on pottery 4995-4810 Piezonka 2008 2 Pegrema IX 65i0±i50 TA-1161 Charcoal from fireplace, depth 0,6m 5730-5081 Sperrings Zhuravlev 1984 65i0±i20 TA-344 Unknown 5660-5227 Devyatova 1976 5990±i00 TA-799 Charcoal from fireplace 5210-4624 Devyatova 1976 11 Yerpin Pudas 1 586o±ioo 5825±8O 546o±8o TA-472 TA-413 TA-800 Unknown Unknown Charcoal from fireplace 4981-4493 4896-4490 4459-4057 Saraisniemi 1, Pit-Comb, Comb-Pit, asbestos-tempered Devyatova 7976 Devyatova 7976 Devyatova 7976 5240±50 TA-795 Charcoal from fireplace at the bottom of cultural layer 4231-3965 Devyatova 7976 8 Sheltozero XI 6480±70 5960±70 TA-1312 TA-1313 Charcoal from cultural layer, depth 0,75-0,93m Charcoal from cultural layer, depth 0,75-0,8m 5605-5316 5024-4691 Sperrings, Pit-Comb, Voynavolok Pesonen 1988 Pesonen 1988 8 Sheltozero X 6400±80 TA-1308 Charcoal from pit 5509-5218 Sperrings, Pit-Comb Kochkurkina 7997 27 Kurkieki 33 (Kylliâisen-lahti W-2) 6400±600 LE-6928 Charcoal from pit 6591-4045 Mesolithic, Sperrings, asbestos-tempered Seitsonen, Cerasimov 2008 7 Shettima 1 6400±I 50 TA-i 552 Charcoal from fireplace, depth 0,3-0,4m 5628-5024 Sperrings, Pit-Comb, small amount ofVoynavolok and Orovnavolok Pesonen 1988 6 Kalmozero II 6340±70 6o8o±45 KIA-35899A KIA-35899B Crust on pottery Crust on pottery 5478-5081 5207-4846 Saraisniemi 1 Saraisniemi 1 Piezonka 2008 Piezonka 2008 26 Koyrinoya 3 6262±40 6209±43 Hela-2827 Hela-2829 Calcinated bone, mammal Calcinated bone, beaver 5320-5076 5300-5051 Mesolithic, Sperrings Takala et al. 2016 Takala et al. 2016 6200±100 TA-i 634 Charcoal from fireplace 5373-4851 Lobanova 1988 5950±i00 TA-1648 Charcoal from fireplace 5201-4555 Lobanova 1988 lO Chernaya 58oo±ioo TA-i 550 Charcoal from fireplace, depth 0,6-0,85m 4929-4408 Pit-Comb, small amount Lobanova 1988 Rechka 1 5500±i00 TA-1651 Charcoal from fireplace, depth 0,5-0,8m 4544-4055 of Palayguba Lobanova 1988 4700±80 TA-i 633 Charcoal from fireplace, depth 0,3-0,5m 3652-3196 Kochkurkina 7997 3240±i00 TA-i 649 Charcoal from fireplace, depth 0,6-1,15m 1751-1266 Kochkurkina 7997 9 Orovnavolok V 5945±4° 5850±80 5720±6q GrA-63735 TA-2265 TA-2266 Birch bark tar on pottery Charcoal from fireplace, depth 0,4-0,55m Charcoal from fireplace, depth 0,5-0,6m 4932-4725 4931-4519 4716-4449 Sperrings Sperrings, Pit-Comb Nordqvist, Môkkônen 2016a Kosmenko 2003 Kosmenko 2003 No. on Site n4c date (BP) Lab. Index Context/dated item Calibrated date Typological connection References map (cal BC; 20) 10 Chernaya Rechka lla 5930+80 5420+100 TA-2353 TA-2203 Charcoal from cultural layer, depth 0,3-0,4m Charcoal from pit, depth 0,6-0,9m 5016-4604 4454-4001 Pit-Comb Kochkurkina 7997 Kochkurkina 7997 g Sheltozero V 5870+40 GrA-63587 Crust on pottery 4839-4617 Sperrings Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2016a 5°45±35 GrA-63588 Crust on pottery 3956-3715 Comb-Pit Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2017a 10 Kladovets Va 5850+80 TA-1450 Charcoal from 'ritual' pit in a burial, depth 0,25-0,35m 4931-4519 Pit-Comb Lobanova 1988 5 Panozero 1 5795+35 KIA-33924 Birch bark tar on pottery 4722-4548 Sperrings Piezonka 2008 5775+7° GrA-63547 Crust on pottery 4783-4465 Saraisniemi 1 Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2016a 11 Besovy Sledki II 5635+40 5410+40 GrA-63681 GrA-63548 Crust on pottery Crust on pottery 4542-4367 4348-4076 Pit-Comb Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2016a Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2016a 4785+45 GrA-64331 Crust on pottery 3653-3381 Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2016a 4 Bukol'nikov l 5600+25 4740+60 LE-8908 LE-9391 Charcoal from fireplace Birch bark from burial 4487-4361 3641-3372 Pit-Comb, asbestos-tempered Mel'nikov, German 2013 Mel'nikov, German 2013 4 Vozhmarikha 4 5560+45 LE-6604 Charcoal from fireplace 4487-4336 Pit-Comb, Comb-Pit Mel'nikov, German 2013 li Besovy Sledki 5550+40 GrA-63549 Crust on pottery 4458-4338 Pit-Comb Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2016a 4 Vozhmarikha 26 5507+50 KIA-35901 Crust on pottery 4456-4261 Sperrings Piezonka 2008 5360+70 GrA-68145 Crust on pottery 4341-4005 Nordqvist, German 201J 5136+120 SPb-1786 Crust on pottery 4238-3666 Nordqvist, German 201J 5135+45 GrA-67742 Crust on pottery 4040-3799 Nordqvist, German 201J 5115+120 SPb-1822 Crust on pottery 4231-3660 Nordqvist, German 201J 5100+120 SPb-1785 Crust on pottery 4229-3653 German 2016 5030+60 GrA-68144 Crust on pottery 3961-3700 German 2016 4 Vorob'i 4 5000+40 4948+110 GrA-67744 SPb-1775 Crust on pottery Crust on pottery 3945-3665 3976-3520 Pit-Comb German 2016 German 2016 4790+120 SPb-1783 Crust on pottery 3938-3138 German 2016 4779+11° SPb-1777 Crust on pottery 3904-3142 German 2016 4641+120 SPb-1781 Crust on pottery 3652-3025 German 2016 4632+150 SPb-1778 Crust on pottery 3691-2927 German 2016 4626+120 SPb-1782 Crust on pottery 3647-3021 German 2016 4427+150 SPb-1779 Crust on pottery 3621-2678 German 2016 lO Kladovets IX 5310+80 TA-2288 Charcoal beneath a dweliing 4327-3981 Pit-Comb, small amount of Orovnavolok Lobanova 2004 9 Orovnavolok VII 5260+70 TA-2267 Charcoal from cultural layer 4314-3958 Pit-Comb Lobanova 2004 5220+80 SPb-784 Charcoal from fireplace, depth 0,8m 4259-3804 Pit-Comb (singular fragments), Tarasov 2015 15 Fofanovo XIII 5150+80 SPb-783 Charcoal from fireplace, depth 0,7m 4229-3766 Voynavolok, Orovnavolok Tarasov 2015 4685+35 GrA-62060 Crust on pottery 3627-3369 Voynavolok Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2017a No. on Site n4C date (BP) Lab. Index Context/dated item Calibrated date Typological connection References map (cal BC; 20) 4585±35 GrA-62059 Crust on pottery 3501-3112 Orovnavolok Nordqvist, Môkkônen 2017a 4535±35 Poz-85971 Calcinated bone, indet fr, mammalia 3364-3102 Pit-Comb (singular fragments), Voynavolok, Orovnavolok This publication 15 Fofanovo XIII 4470±60 CrA-62484 Crust on pottery 3355-2934 Voynavolok Nordqvist, Môkkônen 2017a 4454+42 Hela-2812 Crust on pottery 3341-2937 Orovnavolok Zhulnikov et al. 2012 4025±35 GrA-63891 Bone, humerus sin diaphysis fr, beaver 2831-2468 Pit-Comb (singular fragments), Voynavolok, Orovnavolok This publication 5i60±i50 TA-421 Unknown 4325-3662 Savvateev et al. 7974 11 Zolotets VI 4620±60 4i50±80 TA-391 TA-793 Charcoal from cultural layer Charcoal from cultural layer, depth 0,2-0,45m 3629-3106 2901-2496 Comb-Pit, Rhomb-Pit, Zalavruga Savvateev et al. 7974 Devyatova 7976 3780±i50 TA-801 Charcoal from cultural layer, depth 0,1-0,3m 2624-1771 Devyatova 7976 6o6o±40 5155±35 GrA-63539 CrA-63538 Birch bark tar on pottery Crust on pottery 5195-4842 4042-3811 Comb-Pit Nordqvist, Môkkônen 2017a Nordqvist, Môkkônen 2017a 9 Chernaya Cuba III 4950±i00 TA-1890 Charcoal from fireplace in a dwelling 3968-3527 Pit-Comb, Comb-Pit, Rhomb-Pit Kochkurkina 7997 4925±35 4895±35 CrA-63540 CrA-63537 Birch bark tar on pottery Birch bark tar on pottery 3775-3646 3762-3637 Comb-Pit Nordqvist, Môkkônen 2017a Nordqvist, Môkkônen 2017a 5i45±no TA-541 Charcoal from pit 4236-3705 Zhuravlev 1984 498o±6o LE-1029 Charcoal from pit 3943-3653 Zhuravlev 1984 4825±35 CrA-63684 Birch bark tar on pottery 3694-3523 Nordqvist, Môkkônen 2016b 2 Pegrema 1 4780±50 TA-492 Charcoal from pit 3655-3378 Rhomb-Pit Zhuravlev 1984 4730±35 CrA-63686 Birch bark tar on pottery 3635-3377 Nordqvist, Môkkônen 2016b 4720±35 GrA-63733 Birch bark tar on pottery 3634-3375 Nordqvist, Môkkônen 2016b 4695±35 CrA-63734 Crust on pottery 3630-3370 Nordqvist, Môkkônen 2016b 5070±i20 TA-811 Charcoal from cultural layer 4227-3640 Zhuravlev 1984 2 Pegrema II 4750±i 20 TA-810 Charcoal from cultural layer 3794-3110 Sperrings, Pit-Comb, Rhomb-Pit Zhuravlev 1984 4550±9° TA-808 Charcoal from cultural layer 3618-2937 Zhuravlev 1984 2 Pegrema 1 / III 4240±90 4200±50 TA-813 TA-493 Charcoal from dwelling Charcoal from dwelling 3091-2575 2904-2631 Rhomb-Pit Zhuravlev 7976 Zhuravlev 7976 H Voynavolok XXIX 5°30±35 GrA-63560 Birch bark tar on pottery 3946-3713 Comb-Pit Nordqvist, Môkkônen 2017a 5080±70 Beta-i 17965 Charcoal from a lens close to entrance of a dwelling 4036-3707 Comb-Pit, Rhomb-Pit Lobanova 2004 4970±5° Beta-i 17964 Crust on pottery 3939-3650 Lobanova 2004 9 Orovnavolok XVI 4870±50 4840±50 Beta-117962 Beta-117963 Crust on pottery Crust on pottery 3771-3530 3748-3518 Rhomb-Pit Lobanova 2004 Lobanova 2004 4770±4° 4390±5° 4200±20 Beta-117966 Beta-117961 TA-828 Crust on pottery Crust on pottery Charcoal from the burnt wall of a dwelling 3644-3381 3325-2901 2891-2698 Orovnavolok (?) Orovnavolok Khoroshun 2013 Khoroshun 2013 Kochkurkina 7997 No. on map Site n4c date (BP) Lab. Index Context/dated item Calibrated date (cal BC; 20) Typological connection References 12 Vigaynavolok 1 4940±3° 4725±30 KIA-33930 KIA-33931 Crust on pottery Birch bark tar on pottery 3777-3654 3634-3377 Rhomb-Pit Khoroshun 2013 Khoroshun 2013 4 Vozhmarikha l 4900±i30 4420±60 LE-848 LE-9393 Charcoal from fireplace in a dwelling Unknown 3965-3376 3336-2911 Comb-Pit Mel'nikov, German 2013 Mel'nikov, German 2013 9 Chernaya Cuba IX 4840±80 4340±80 TA-2023 TA-2140 Charcoal from fireplace in a dwelling Charcoal from the wall of a dwelling 3793-3377 3336-2708 Pit-Comb, Comb-Pit, Rhomb-Pit Voynavolok Kochkurkina 1991 Kochkurkina 7997 13 Sukhaya Vodla 1 48IO±6O TA-1553 Charcoal from fireplace, depth 0,35-0,4m 3706-3379 Pit-Comb, Rhomb-Pit, small amount of Orovnavolok and Palayguba Pesonen 1988 11 Zalavruga 1 4775±7° 458O±35 4570±35 4495±35 4295±35 4285±35 4255±4° 40i0±70 TA-393 CrA-63559 CrA-63551 GrA-63555 CrA-63552 CrA-63557 CrA-63558 CIN-130 Charcoal from a washed fireplace Crust on pottery Crust on pottery Crust on pottery Crust on pottery Crust on pottery Crust on pottery Charcoal from fireplace 3694-3372 3499-3111 3496-3104 3352-3037 3012-2878 3013-2873 3007-2694 2861-2304 Rhomb-Pit, Zalavruga, Orovnavolok, Palayguba Zalavruga Orovnavolok Rhomb-Pit, Zalavruga, Orovnavolok, Palayguba Savvateev et al. 7974 Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2017a Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2017a Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2017a Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2017a Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2017a Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2017a Devyatova 1976 24 Pervomayskaya 1 47io±35 4685±35 46i5±35 46IO±35 GrA-63682 CrA-63592 CrA-63683 CrA-63590 Birch bark tar on pottery Crust on pottery Crust on pottery Crust on pottery 3632-3373 3627-3369 3517-3H4 3516-3136 Voynavolok Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2017a Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2017a Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2017a Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2017a 4 Vozhmarikha 21 4700±I 20 4487±IIO SPb-1784 SPb-1776 Crust on pottery Crust on pottery 3709-3096 3507-2901 Comb-Pit German 2016 German 2016 14 Voynavolok XXVII 4693±35 46O5±35 44i0±i50 4365±35 428o±8o Hela-2428 CrA-63565 TA-1748 CrA-63562 TA-i 726 Crust on pottery Crust on pottery Charcoal from the burnt wall of a dwelling Crust on pottery Charcoal from the burnt wall of a dwelling 3629-3370 3515-3128 3518-2666 3090-2903 3265-2620 Voynavolok Zhulnikov et al. 2012 Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2017a Pankrushev 1988 Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2017a Pankrushev 1988 27 Kurkieki 52 (Kuuppala Kalmistomaki) 4620±60 SU-2651 Charcoal from cultural layer 3629-3106 Sperrings, Pit-Comb, Comb-Pit, Late Comb, asbestos-tempered, Textile Saarnisto 2003 li Zolotets XX 46IO±35 CrA-63550 Birch bark tar on pottery 3516-3136 Zalavruga Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2017a 16 Berezovo XVII 46oo±ioo TA-2271 Charcoal from a layer buried under the embankment of a dwelling related to Orovnavolok 3634-3026 Comb-Pit, Rhomb-Pit, Zalavruga, Orovnavolok Zhul'nikov 1999 9 Chernaya Cuba IV 458o±6o TA-2024 Charcoal from fireplace in a dwelling 3517-3097 Pit-Comb, Comb-Pit, Rhomb-Pit Kochkurkina 1991 No. on Site n4C date (BP) Lab. Index Context/dated item Calibrated date Typological connection References map (cal BC; 20) 4570±35 GrA-63583 Crust on pottery 3496-3104 Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2017a 16 Tunguda XV 4515±35 GrA-63582 Crust on pottery 3357-3097 Orovnavolok Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2017a 4435±35 GrA-63584 Crust on pottery 3330-2926 Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2017a 11 Zalavruga IV 4430±80 38i0±50 3700±i00 TA-392 TA-794 TA-797 Unknown Charcoal from cultural layer Charcoal from cultural layer 3343-2914 2460-2064 2458-1784 Rhomb-Pit, Zalavruga, Orovnavolok, Palayguba Savvateev et al. 7974 Devyatova 7976 Devyatova 7976 16 Tunguda XVII 4370±60 3920±60 TA-2289 TA-2290 Charcoal from the burnt wall of a dwelling Charcoal from the burnt wall of a dwelling 3326-2888 2571-2208 Orovnavolok Zhul'nikov 7999 Zhul'nikov 7999 16 Tunguda III 4350±i00 4220±60 TA-2270 TA-2200 Charcoal from the burnt wall of a dwelling Charcoal from the burnt wall of a dwelling 3354-2697 2924-2620 Orovnavolok Zhul'nikov 7999 Kochkurkina 7997 16 TungudaXIV 4340±80 42io±6o TA-2019 TA-2018 Charcoal from the burnt wall of a dwelling Charcoal from the burnt wall of a dwelling 3336-2708 2917-2620 Orovnavolok Kochkurkina 7997 Kochkurkina 7997 4 Vozhmarikha 19 4330±i20 SPb-1780 Crust on pottery 3354-2631 Orovnavolok German 2016 17 Meyeri II 4300±i00 TA-1518 Charcoal from fireplace 3332-2624 Comb-Pit Kochkurkina 7997 4250±70 TA-820 Charcoal from dwelling 3080-2622 Zhuravlev 7977 14 Voynavolok XXIV 4200±80 TA-846 Charcoal from dwelling 3009-2500 Orovnavolok Zhuravlev 1984 356o±8o TA-819 Charcoal from the burnt wall of a dwelling 2135-1692 Zhuravlev 7977 18 Kudomguba VI1 40io±8o TA-1893 Charcoal from the wall of a dwelling 2865-2296 Palayguba Kochkurkina 7997 11 Zolotets XI 3990±60 TA-798 Charcoal from cultural layer, depth 0,2-0,4m 2837-2299 Orovnavolok Devyatova 7976 Chelmuzhskaya Kosa XXI 3980±90 TA-1783 Charcoal from the wall of a dwelling 2862-2207 Kochkurkina 7997 19 3750±i00 3540±80 TA-1947 TA-1948 Charcoal from the wall of a dwelling Charcoal from the floor of a dwelling 2466-1920 2132-1667 Palayguba Kochkurkina 7997 Kochkurkina 7997 3950±60 Beta-? Charcoal from the construction of a dwelling 2620-2213 Zhul'nikov 2005 3935±IO5 TUa-? Charcoal from the construction of a dwelling 2860-2136 Zhul'nikov 2005 3S75±55 TUa-? Charcoal from the construction of a dwelling 2485-2151 Zhul'nikov 2005 25 Sumozero XV 3750±60 Beta-? Charcoal from the construction of a dwelling 2400-1972 Palayguba Zhul'nikov 2005 3690±60 Beta-? Charcoal from the construction of a dwelling 2279-1916 Zhul'nikov 2005 3670±65 TUa-? Charcoal from the construction of a dwelling 2275-1886 Zhul'nikov 2005 3540±7° Beta-? Charcoal from the construction of a dwelling 2118-1690 Zhul'nikov 2005 10 Chernaya RechkaXII 3930±80 TA-1784 Charcoal from fireplace, depth 0,25-0,75m 2832-2147 Pit-Comb, small amount of Palayguba Kochkurkina 7997 3 Lakshezero II 3920±60 TA-1520 Charcoal from fireplace 2571-2208 Small amount of Sperrings, Comb-Pit and asbestos-tempered Vitenkova 1986 26 Koyrinoya 2 3870+33 Hela-2831 Calcinated bone, mammal 2466-2211 Orovnavolok Takala et al. 2016 8 Sheltozero XII 38i5±35 3725±35 GrA-63585 GrA-63586 Crust on pottery Crust on pottery 2452-2140 2275-2024 Palayguba Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2017a Nordqvist, Mokkonen 2017a No. on map Site n4c date (BP) Lab. Index Context/dated item Calibrated date (cal BC; 20) Typological connection References 3 Kudoma X 3530±80 TA-1258 Charcoal from cultural layer, depth 0,3-0,6m 2126-1661 Sperrings, Pit-Comb, Comb-Pit, Rhomb-Pit, Orovnavolok, Textile Pankrushev 1988 10 Kladovets IV 3400±60 TA-1410 Charcoal from fireplace, depth 1-1,lm 1881-1534 Mesolithic, Sperrings (singular fragments), Pit-Comb, Rhomb-Pit, asbestos-tempered (singular fragments) Pankrushev 1988 12 Vigaynavolok 11 3370±ii0 TA-? Charcoal from dwelling 1940-1430 Pit-Comb (singular fragments), Comb-Pit and Rhomb-Pit (singular fragments), Palayguba Zhuravlev 7977 11 Zolotets X 3300±60 TA-390 Unknown 1736-1447 Palayguba, Textile Savvateev et al. 7974 14 Kochnavolok II 3260±70 TA-831 Charcoal from dwelling 1731-1409 Palayguba Pankrushev 1988 2 Palayguba II 3i50±i00 TA-i 007 Charcoal from fireplace 1657-1128 Palayguba Zhuravlev 1984 Tab. 2. Radiocarbon dates from NeolithioEneolithic contexts with deviatory age, and dates with Neolithic-Eneolithic age, but no correspondence with archaeological materials found at these sites. These dates have been included in many previous works on Karelian chronology, even if their suitability for building a chronology is virtually non-existent. o" p o O o p r+ ro P No. on Site n4C date (BP) Lab. Index Context/dated item Calibrated date Typological connection References map (cal BC/AD; 20) 18 Kudomguba VII 6720±90 TA-i 724 Charcoal from a pit, depth 0,45m 5775-5483 Palayguba Kochkurkina 7997 1000±40 TA-1725 Charcoal from cultural layer AD 975-1155 Kochkurkina 7997 4 Vozhmarikha 1 6410±50 LE-7231 Charcoal from hearth in a dwelling 5476-5312 Mesolithic, Pit-Comb, Rhomb-Pit Mel'nikov, German 2013 6370±i40 LE-849 Charcoal from fireplace 5613-5008 Mel'nikov, German 2013 23 Keret' XXII 6i30±50 LE-8047 Charcoal from fireplace 5216-4941 Non-ceramic Tarasov 2008 9 Myan'gora 1 588o±8o TA-1079 Charcoal from cultural layer 4944-4545 Mesolithic Kochkurkina 7997 22 SunaXII 5i60±70 TA-1310 Charcoal from cultural layer and pit, depth 0,3-0,65m 4228-3785 Mesolithic Kochkurkina 7997 26 Koyrinoya 3 4884±37 Hela-2828 Calcinated bone, ringed seal 3763-3543 Mesolithic, Sperrings Takala et al. 2016 10 Kladovets (cemetery) 456o±8o TA-1785 Charcoal from a burial, depth 0,3m 3619-3020 Pit-Comb Kochkurkina 7997 21 Pinguba II 4400±60 TA-1409 Charcoal from fireplace 3332-2902 Medieval Pesonen 1988 8 Sheltozero X 4300±80 TA-1311 Charcoal from cultural layer, depth 0,4-0,9m 3322-2635 Sperrings, Pir-Comb Kochkurkina 7997 H Povenchanka XV 4270±60 TA-i 519 Charcoal from fireplace, depth 0,25-0,35m 3084-2669 Mesolithic Kochkurkina 7997 9 Orovnavolok XI 42i0±50 TA-929 Charcoal from cultural layer, depth 0,45m 2910-2632 Mesolithic Kochkurkina 7997 11 Zolotets XX 3670±80 TA-792 Turf from the site 2293-1781 Pit-Comb, Comb-Pit, Rhomb-Pit, Zalavruga Kochkurkina 7997 20 Kostomuksha II 36oo±8o TA-963 Charcoal from cultural layer, depth 0,4-0,5m 2197-1745 Mesolithic Kochkurkina 7997 10 Chern aya Rechka II 3430±80 TA-2202 Charcoal from fireplace, depth 0,8-1,15m 1938-1531 Sperrings (singular fragments), Pit-Comb Kochkurkina 7997 15 Fofanovo XIII 3288±70 3158±8o SPb-781 SPb-782 Charcoal from fireplace, depth 0,6m Charcoal from fireplace, depth 0,6m 1741-1426 1616-1226 Pit-Comb (singular fragments), Voynavolok, Orovnavolok Tarasov 2015 Tarasov 2015 9 Orovnavolok XVI 3060±70 3050±60 TA-827 TA-829 Charcoal from fireplace in a dwelling Charcoal from fireplace in a dwelling 1495-1116 1434-1126 Orovnavolok Pankrushev 1988 Pankrushev 1988 2 Palayguba X 2670±120 TA-1444 Charcoal from fireplace 1124-430 Orovnavolok Zhuravlev 1984 10 Chern aya Rechka 1 2o8o±6o TA-1650 Charcoal from fireplace, depth 0,5-0,75m 352 BC-AD 55 Pit-Comb, small amount of Palayguba Kochkurkina 7997 H Kochnavolok II 148o±6o TA-831 Charcoal from cultural layer, depth 0,45-0,55m AD 428-655 Palayguba Pankrushev 1988 2 Pegrema III ii50±70 TA-i 260 Charcoal from cultural layer, depth 0,45m AD 695-1017 Rhomb-Pit Kochkurkina 7997