189 Grassland vegetation of Hodrušská hornatina highland in Central Slovakia Abstract This paper is focused on the grassland communities in Hodrušská hornatina highland, Central Slovakia. We studied grasslands at 153 sites during the vegetation periods of 2013–2015 and recorded 303 species of vascular plants in the studied localities. The species richness ranged from 16 to 66 taxa per relevé. Data analysis (TWINSPAN, DCA) grouped the relevés into eight clusters. These clusters include five associations from three alliances: Holcetum lanati (Deschampsion cespitosae), Pastinaco sativae-Arrhenatherum elatioris, Alchemillo- Arrhenatheretum elatioris, Anthoxantho odorati-Agrostietum tenuis (all from Arrhenatherion elatioris) and Onobrychido viciifoliae-Brometum erecti (Bromion erecti). The other three clusters represent the transitional and successional stages of the communities listed above. A brief description of syntaxa is given. At some sites, the threatened, rare or protected taxa of Slovakia occurred as well, one from each of the categories of Critically Endangered and Vulnerable, nine species of the Nearly Threatened and six species from the category of Least Concerned. Izvleček V članku obravnavamo travniške združbe na hribovju Hodrušská hornatina na osrednjem Slovaškem. V obdobju 2013–2015 smo preučili travišča na 153 lokacijah in zabležili 303 vrste rastlin. Vrstna pestrost je bila med 16 in 66 taksonov na vegetacijski popis. Analiza podatkov (TWINSPAN, DCA) je pokazala združevanje popisov v osem klastrov. Ti šopi vključujejo pet asociacij iz treh zvez: Holcetum lanati (Deschampsion cespitosae), Pastinaco sativae- Arrhenatherum elatioris, Alchemillo-Arrhenatheretum elatioris, Anthoxantho odorati- Agrostietum tenuis (vsi iz zveze Arrhenatherion elatioris) in Onobrychido viciifoliae- Brometum erecti (Bromion erecti). Ostali trije klastri predstavljajo prehodne in sukcesijske stadije zgoraj omenjenih združb. Predstavili smo kratek opis združb. Na določenih lokacijah uspevajo tudi ogrožene, redke ali zaščitene rastlinske vrste. Ena spada v kategorijo skrajno ogrožene in ranljive vrste, devet med potencialno ogrožene vrste in šest med najmanj ogrožene vrste. Key words: grasslands, ordination, Slovakia, species richness, syntaxonomy, Štiavnické vrchy Mts., threatened species. Ključne besede: travišča, ordinacija, Slovaška, vrstna pestrost, sintaksonomija, gorovje Štiavnické vrchy, ogrožene vrste. Received: 31. 3. 2016 Revision received: 13. 2. 2017 Accepted: 22. 2. 2017 1 Institute of Landscape Ecology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, branch Nitra, Akademická 2, POB 22, 949 10 Nitra, Slovakia. E-mail: alexandra.klimantova@gmail.com Alexandra Klimantová1 DOI: 10.1515/hacq-2017-000316/2 • 2017, 189–212 Brought to you by | National & University Library Ljubljana Authenticated Download Date | 1/18/18 10:26 AM 16/2 • 2017, 189–212 190 Alexandra Klimantová Grassland vegetation of Hodrušská hornatina highland in Central Slovakia Introduction Since the beginning of the 20th century, when the research on European meadows started (e.g. Braun-Blanquet 1930), a large number of surveys on grasslands across Eu- rope have been carried out. Species-rich grassland com- munities were described, for example, in the north of Scandinavia (Dierssen 1996), and Estonia (Kull & Zobel 1991, Kukk & Kull 1997, Sammul et al. 2003), in Cen- tral Europe in the Alps (Mucina et al. 1993, Tasse & Tap- peiner 2002), in the Czech Republic and Slovakia (Chytrý et al. 2007, Janišova et al. 2007), in Hungary (Borhidi & Sánta 1999, Botta-Dukát et al. 2005, Borhidi et al. 2012), and in the south of the Balkans (Aćić et al. 2015), in Bul- garia (Velev & Vassilev 2014) or Croatia (Stančić 2008). Slovakia is a small country in Central Europe with rath- er diverse relief, climate and geology. Its geographic posi- tion determines a rich flora. The majority of the country falls into the Western Carpathian region, but the Eastern Carpathian and Pannonian regions are also present. Fol- lowing the phytogeographic division suggested by Futák (1966), the bordering of the two regions (Carpathian and Pannonian) allows the intersection of the Pannonian and Carpathian vegetation components. Natural grasslands have developed here only in the ecologically extreme habitats (Hájková et al. 2001), and local grasslands are closely connected with human activities. Several hundred years of human agricultural activities resulted in the rise of very valuable habitats with secondary plant communi- ties (Novák 2008). In comparison with other communi- ties, the grasslands of the European temperate zone are noted for their rich flora and high diversity (Pärtel et al. 1996, Šeffer et al. 2002). Many of them are also listed as the habitats of European importance, in Annex I, of the Habitats Directive (Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and wild fauna and flora). In Slovakia, the grassland area significantly ex- panded during the 18th and 19th centuries alongside the expansion of agriculture (Ružičková & Kalivoda 2007). In 1920, more than one million hectares of grassland was registered in Slovakia. However, due the changing politi- cal situation, their area has been consistently declining in the last decades (Galvánek & Viestová 2006, Ružičkové & Kalivoda 2007, Novák 2009, Ružičková et al. 2011). Unmanaged areas usually successionally change towards scrub and forest vegetation (Moog et al. 2002). A large number of publications have focused on grassland re- search in Slovakia. Among the first were the studies by Futák (1943, 1947), Jurko (1951) and Májovský (1953). Many studies focused on classification and syntaxonomy of grasslands (Jurko 1974, Michálková, Janišová et al. 2008, Janišová et al. 2010a, b, Hegedüšová et al. 2011). The synthesis of phytosociological data from Slovakia was completed in the fifth volume of the Vegetation of Slova- kia (Hegedüšová Vantarová & Škodová 2014), devoted to grassland vegetation. Slovak grasslands are generally quite well-known, and some case studies were published also from Central Slova- kia, including the Štiavnické vrchy mountains (Ružičková 1986, Ružičková & Halada 2005, Banásová et al. 2006, Hegedüšová & Ružičková 2007). In spite of this knowl- edge, there is no comprehensive study from the area of Hodrušská hornatina highland (western part of Štiavnické vrchy mountains in Central Slovakia). The aim of this study is (i) to complete the information on the syntaxa of grassland vegetation in Hodrušská hor- natina highland, (ii) assess the variability of plant commu- nities and (iii) highlight the presence of threatened species. Study Area The study area is situated in the western part of the Štiavnické vrchy mountains in Central Slovakia (Figure 1). The area of Hodrušská hornatina highland is more than 35,136 ha. The study area is part of the largest volcanic mountain range of the Western Carpathians (Miklós & Izakovičová 2006). The lowest point of the area is 232 m a.s.l. and the highest is 939 m a.s.l., so the verti- cal dissection is 707 m. The bedrock of the area is mainly formed by andesite, granite, and limestone in some parts. The prevailing soil type in the territory of Hodrušská hor- natina highland is cambisol. The rendzinas are mostly asso- ciated with the limestone bedrock (Miklós & Hrnčiarová (eds.) 2002). Fluvisols are the dominant soil type along rivers and springs (Kunca et al. 2005). The studied area belongs to the moderately warm climate region with average temperatures from 6 °C to 10 °C. Summers are relatively short and dry, with average temperatures of the hottest month between 15 °C and 19 °C. On the other side, average temperatures of the coldest month are be- tween -1 °C and -5 °C. The annual precipitation is 700– 900 mm (SHMÚ 2015). The majority of the territory is covered in forests; mixed oak-hornbeam forests (Carpin- ion betuli) and beech forests (Fagion sylvaticae) dominate. Methods In our research we focused on semi-natural grasslands developed and maintained by human activity. We set the sample plots to cover most of the grasslands in the study area. They included meadows with intensive and extensive management, pastures, orchards, and even Brought to you by | National & University Library Ljubljana Authenticated Download Date | 1/18/18 10:26 AM 16/2 • 2017, 189–212 191 Alexandra Klimantová Grassland vegetation of Hodrušská hornatina highland in Central Slovakia abandoned grasslands. A  total of 153 phytosociological relevés were made across the study area. The survey was carried out within three vegetation periods (2013–2015), according to the Zürich-Montpellier methodological ap- proach (Braun-Blanquet 1964). The sample plots were squares, with the area of 25 m2 each, which is recom- mended for grasslands (Chytrý & Otýpková 2003). The nine-element ordination scale (van der Maarel 1979) was used for the estimation of species abundance. The relevés were entered into the Turboveg database man- agement program (Hennekens & Schaminée 2001). The numerical classification was performed by TWINSPAN classification (Hill 1979), carried out using the software JUICE (Tichý 2002). We have used the crispness of clas- sification to determine the optimal number of clusters (Botta-Dukát et al. 2005). Based on the highest Actual Average Crispness Value, the data were divided into eight groups. Diagnostic species for the clusters in the data set were determined by calculation of species fidelity to each cluster, using the phi coefficient in JUICE (Chytrý et al. 2002). The threshold fidelity value for diagnostic species was set to phi = 0.20. Non-significant fidelity values were excluded using Fisher’s exact test (P < 0.001). For the in- terpretation of position and relations between the com- munities, a Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) was carried out in CANOCO 4.5 for Windows package (ter Braak & Šmilauer 2002). For environmental charac- terization of vegetation groups, the Ellenberg indicator values for soil reaction, moisture, nutrient content, tem- perature, and continentality, were used (Ellenberg et al. 1992). Some environmental data (altitude, slope, aspect and applied management) were also collected in the field. The heat index was calculated according to the formula: heat index = cos (aspect - 225°) x tg (slope) (Parker 1988). The management was encoded as intensively managed, extensively managed, and abandoned. These data were plotted onto the DCA ordination diagram as supplemen- tary environmental variables. For the nomenclature of vascular plants, the list of Marhold & Hindák (1998) was used. A list of vegetation units of Slovakia (Hegedüšová Vantarová & Škodová 2014) was used for the nomencla- ture of grassland communities. The threatened species were assessed according to the recent Red list of ferns and flowering plants of Slovakia (Eliáš et al. 2015). Figure 1: Location of the study area in the Slovak Republic. Black points show the location of relevé plots. Slika 1: Lokacija preučevanega območja na Slovaškem. Črne točke predstavljajo lokacije popisnih ploskev. Brought to you by | National & University Library Ljubljana Authenticated Download Date | 1/18/18 10:26 AM 16/2 • 2017, 189–212 192 Alexandra Klimantová Grassland vegetation of Hodrušská hornatina highland in Central Slovakia Results In total, we sampled 153 phytosociological relevés in Hodrušská hornatina highland and recorded 303 spe- cies of vascular plants. The species richness ranged from 16 to 66 taxa per relevé (on average 41.8 species). Us- ing TWINSPAN, we classified the relevés into eight clusters. We were able to distinguish two classes Molinio- Arrhenatheretea R. Tx. 1937 and Festuco-Brometea Br.-Bl. et R. Tx. ex Soó 1947. Nine relevés were assigned to the association Holcetum lanati Issler 1936, 37 relevés were classified as Pastinaco sativae-Arrhenatheretum elatioris Pas- sarge 1964, 33 relevés as Alchemillo-Arrhenatheretum elati- oris Sougnez et Limbourg 1963, 30 relevés as Anthoxantho odorati-Agrostietum tenuis Sillinger 1933 and five relevés as Onobrychido viciifoliae-Brometum erecti T.Müller 1966. The relevés that could not be assigned to associations due their transitional character were classified to the alliance level (Arrhenatherion elatioris Luquet 1926 and Bromion erecti Koch 1926). A subsequent Detrended Correspond- ence Analysis (DCA) has confirmed this classification (Figure 2). The total inertia in the DCA was 5.71; eigen- values were 0.249 (axis 1) and 0.167 (axis 2). The first axis explained 4.4 % of the variance of species data, the second axis 2.9 %. The first axis was positively correlated with light (correlation coefficient 0.4200) and negatively corre- lated with nutrient content and moisture (correlation co- efficient -0.8980 and -0.8134). This fact suggests that the main gradient in our dataset is related to light, nutrient content and moisture. The kind of applied management proved to be rather important. The abandonment was positively correlated with the first axis (0.3427), inten- sive type of management (-0.4392) and mown grasslands (-0.2024) were negatively correlated with it. Most of the relevés were concentrated in the central part of the DCA diagram. This fact is explained by the small differences in species composition between mesophilic associations within the alliance Arrhenatherion elatioris (Anthoxantho odorati-Agrostietum tenuis, Alchemillo-Arrhenatheretum elatioris, Pastinaco sativae-Arrhenatheretum elatioris) and all their transitional and successional phases. Relevés from intensified meadows of the association Pastinaco sativae- Arrhenatheretum elatioris were clearly separated in the left part of the graph, following the nutrient content gradi- ent. Wetter association Holcetum lanati were also situated more in the left part of the graph. Relevés of dry grasslands from the alliance Bromion erecti were, on the other side, in the right part. The second axis was positively correlated with soil reaction (0.6529), temperature (0.4780) and continentality (0.3967). Some outliers might be caused by differences in species composition due to management type, succession changes, or changes in water regime at the site. Our syntaxonomical scheme follows the concept for grassland vegetation in Slovakia (Hegedüšová Van- tarová & Škodová 2014). Figure 2: Detrended Correspondence analysis (DCA) ordination diagram of phytosociological relevés based on average Ellenberg indicator values and environmental factors. Syntaxa are marked as follows: 1 Holcetum lanati, 2 Pastinaco sativae-Arrhenatheretum elatioris – intensive meadows, 3 Pastinaco sativae-Arrhenatheretum elatioris, 4 Alchemillo-Arrhenatheretum elatioris, 5 Arrhenatherion elatioris, 6 Anth- oxantho odorati-Agrostietum tenuis, 7 Brometalia erecti, 8 Onobrychido viciifoliae-Brometum erecti. Slika 2: Ordinacijski diagram korespondenčne analize z odstranjenim trendom (DCA) fitocenoloških popisov in povprečnih Ellenbergovih indikatorskih vrednosti in okoljskih dejavnikov. Sintaksoni so označeni kot: 1 Holcetum lanati, 2 Pastinaco sativae-Arrhenatheretum elatioris – intensive meadows, 3 Pastinaco sativae-Arrhenatheretum elatioris, 4 Alchemillo-Arrhenatheretum elatioris, 5 Arrhenatherion elatioris, 6 Anth- oxantho odorati-Agrostietum tenuis, 7 Brometalia erecti, 8 Onobrychido viciifoliae-Brometum erecti. The hierarchical system of syntaxa Molinio-Arrhenatheretea R. Tx. 1937 Molinion caeruleae Koch 1926 Deschampsion cespitosae Horvatić 1930 Holcetum lanati Issler 1936 Arrhenatheretalia R. Tx. 1931 Arrhenatherion elatioris Luquet 1926 Pastinaco sativae-Arrhenatheretum elatioris Passarge 1964 Alchemillo-Arrhenatheretum elatioris Sougnez et Limbourg 1963 Anthoxantho odorati-Agrostietum tenuis Sillinger 1933 Festuco-Brometea Br.-Bl. et R. Tx. ex Soó 1947 Brometalia erecti Br.-Bl. 1936 Bromion erecti Koch 1926 Onobrychido viciifoliae-Brometum erecti T. Müller 1966 Brought to you by | National & University Library Ljubljana Authenticated Download Date | 1/18/18 10:26 AM 16/2 • 2017, 189–212 193 Alexandra Klimantová Grassland vegetation of Hodrušská hornatina highland in Central Slovakia Cyanus segetum was found in two meadows, but merely on the very edge of the parcel. The communities of the fourth group were among the most species-rich communities in our territory. The aver- age number of species was 45, hence 66 species per relevé was the highest number. These communities were classi- fied to the association Alchemillo-Arrhenatherion elatioris. A high abundance of the typical species of the alliance Arrhenatherion elatioris is characteristic for this vegetation type. Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca pratensis, Festuca rubra and Poa pratensis were typically present. In early spring, Primula veris dominated in the vegetation. During summer, the colourful aspect was formed mainly by herbs Tragopogon orientalis, Salvia prat- ensis, Dianthus carthusianorum, Leucanthemum vulgare, Crepis biennis and Campanula patula. In the hierarchical system of syntaxa, this association is transitional between Pastinaco sativae-Arrhenatheretum elatioris and Anthoxan- tho odorati-Agrostietum tenuis. Mesophilous meadows from the fifth group were mainly located in orchards, sites along streams, and on moderate slopes with deeper soil. Due to a sufficiency of nutrients and moisture, the vegetation was tall and dense, grasses prevailed – Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glom- erata, Trisetum flavescens, Festuca pratensis, Poa pratensis. However, Arrhenatherum elatius dominated. The average number of species was 42. In many cases the vegetation of this group could be classified as transitional stages be- tween the associations Pastinaco sativae-Arrhenatheretum elatioris and Alchemillo-Arrhenatherion elatioris. Some of the communities within this group were closely related to the association Poo-Trisetetum flavescentis. Most of the sites, however, were abandoned, so the vegetation was at a higher stage of succession with the presence of shrub and tree species. The association Anthoxantho odorati-Agrostietum ten- uis represents rich, once-mowed meadows or extensive- ly used pastures, with 44 species per relevé on average, which also assign them to the grassland communities with high species diversity. They mostly occurred in the near vicinity of rural settlements on slight slopes at higher altitude. Relevés of this type of vegetation were negatively correlated to nutrient content. The vegetation consists of middle high or low grasses Festuca rubra, Briza media, from graminoids Luzula campestris and Luzula luzuloides. Presence of the species of the alliance Violion caninae was typical for this association. Species Viola canina, Luzula campestris, Polygala vulgaris, Veronica officinalis and Nar- dus stricta had higher frequency of occurrence. Five of the recorded meadows were abandoned. Due to the lack of management at these places, the ingrowths of high grass- es such as Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata and The association Holcetum lanati included plant com- munities dominated by grass species Poa pratensis, Alope- curus pratensis, Festuca pratensis and Holcus lanatus. The total coverage of the herb layer mostly reached 100 %. The association was recorded at altitudes between 238 and 387 m a.s.l. The average number of species per relevé was 35. The spring aspect was formed of herbs Cardamine pratensis, and the early summer aspect of Ranunculus ac- ris and Lychnis flos-cuculi. Lysimachia nummularia and Plantago lanceolata formed the undergrowth. The gradi- ent of moisture is correlated with relevés of this associa- tion. This vegetation mostly occurs on river alluviums. Higher water supply in spring and desiccation during summer is typical for this community. Transition to- wards the mesophilous alliance of Arrhenatherion ela- tioris was common during spring periods with water absence. Species as Campanula patula, Crepis biennis, Equisetum arvense, Leontodon hispidus, Leucanthemum vulgare, Pastinaca sativa and Veronica chamaedrys were of higher constancy in these relevés. The second and third group represent the association of Pastinaco sativae-Arrhenatheretum elatioris. The gradi- ent of soil nutrient content and moisture are correlated with the association, especially the second group asso- ciated with high values. Species-poor meadows of the second group were intensively managed. In consequence of the high nutrition content, coming from fertilization, high grasses such as Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glom- erata, Festuca pratensis and Poa pratensis predominated. The number of species fluctuated from 26 to 37 species, 32 on average. Knautia arvensis and Crepis biennis were the species with higher constancy. The undergrowth was mainly composed of shade-tolerant species Achillea millefolium, Trifolium pratense, Trifolium repens and the species of Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia. Some ruderal spe- cies occurred as well (Cirsium arvense, Potentilla reptans). The grasslands of the third group had higher species rich- ness, on average 39 species per relevé. Some of them were orchards, meadows, and extensively used or abandoned meadows. Within the third group, we distinguished two variants of the above mentioned association – one variant with Geranium pratense and one, more frequent variant, with Anthriscus sylvestris. The first variant was character- ised by species such as Centaurea elatior, Crepis biennis, Filipendula vulgaris, Geranium pratense, Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia, Trifolium repens, and Trisetum flavescens. It occupied sites in cold hollows, on river banks, and on deep soils with higher nutrient and water content. On the other hand the second variant was connected with warmer, occasionally ploughed sites. The constant spe- cies were Anthriscus sylvestris, Plantago lanceolata, and Veronica chamaedrys. From the vulnerable species, only Brought to you by | National & University Library Ljubljana Authenticated Download Date | 1/18/18 10:26 AM 16/2 • 2017, 189–212 194 Alexandra Klimantová Grassland vegetation of Hodrušská hornatina highland in Central Slovakia Brachypodium pinnatum was very common. Threatened and protected species are often present in this association. In our case, nine of the relevés from this group contained rare species – Aquilegia vulgaris, Convallaria majalis, Crepis praemorsa, Dactylorhiza fuchsii, Dactylorhiza sam- bucina, Gymnadenia conopsea and Orchis morio. Communities of the alliance Bromion erecti were rela- tively species-rich (on average 43 species per relevé). In comparison to the rest of the data set, this unit included the vegetation of warm and dry stands. At some of the sites, the vegetation consisted of two layers: tall grasses (Avenella flexuos, Avenula pubescens, Brachypodium pinna- tum, Arrhenatherum elatius), short caespitose grasses and graminoid species (Carex caryophyllea, Carex montana and Carex pilulifera). Xerophilic species (Anthyllis vulneraria, Potentilla alba, Teucrium chamaedrys, Potentilla rupestris), mesophilic (Leucanthemum vulgare) and hygrophilic herbs (Betonica officinalis) were present as well. Commu- nities of this group were close to the association Brachy- podio pinnati-Molinietum arundinaceae. At some sites we could distinguish a variant with Potentilla erecta with con- stant species Anthoxanthum odoratum, Briza media, Hy- pericum perforatum, Potentilla erecta, Thlaspi monatnum, and Orchis morio. At acid soil, we recorded transitions towards the association of Campanulo rotundifoliae-Di- anthetum deltoidis (alliance Violion caninae) with species Veronica officinalis, Viola canina, Potentilla erecta, Nardus stricta. High grasses dominated at locations without any management. Self-seeded trees (Acer campestre, Carpinus betulus, Crataegus monogyna) and species of warm herb fringe communities (Geranium sanguineum, Trifolium alpestre, Trifolium montanum and the threatened Lychnis coronaria) penetrated into the vegetation. In some cases, transitional forms towards the associations of Ranunculo bulbosi-Arrhenatheretum elatioris and Onobrychido viciifo- liae-Brometum erecti could be recognised. Grassland communities represented by the strongly dominant Bromus erectus, situated on dry or mesic sites, were classified as the association Onobrychido viciifoli- ae-Brometum erecti from the alliance of Bromion erecti. Some other subdominant grasses such as Avenula pube- scens, Dactylis glomerata, Festuca rubra occurred in higher constancy. Regularly managed sites were especially rich in flowering plants. The number of species ranged be- tween 37 and 60 (48 species on average). Beside the typical thermophilous species Dianthus carthusianorum, Pimpinella saxifraga, Ranunculus bulbosus, Salvia praten- sis, Sanguisorba minor, Securigera varia, Teucrium chamae- drys, some mesophilous species were also present (Linum catharticum, Tragopogon orientalis, Veronica chamaedrys). In two cases, we can consider the mesophilic variant of the association with Leucanthemum vulgare, which differs in the presence of the species from alliance Arrhenaterion elatioris (e.g. Acetosa pratensis, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Campanula patula, Crepis biennis, Leucanthemum vulgare, Tragopogon orientalis, Trifolium pratense, Trisetum flaves- cens). In addition, orchids also frequently occurred here (Dactylorhiza sambucina, Gymnadenia conopsea). The threatened, rare and protected taxa of Slovakia oc- curred at some sites as well. The most endangered spe- cies recorded at our sites were Orobanche elatior (Criti- cally Endangered CR) and Thlaspi montanum (Vulnerable VU). We recorded six less vulnerable species belonging to the category Least Concern (LC; Aquilegia vulgaris, Cen- taurium erythraea, Convallaria majalis, Cyanus segetum, Gymnadenia conopsea, Lychnis coronaria) and nine species of the category Near Threatened (NT; Anemone sylvestris, Crepis praemorsa, Lilium bulbiferum, Dactylorhiza fuhcsii, Dactylorhiza majalis, Dactylorhiza sambucina, Orchis mo- rio, Potentilla rupestris, Saxifraga granulata). Nine of the above mentioned threatened species are protected by law in the Slovak Republic – Gymnadenia conopsea, Lychnis coronaria, Lilium bulbiferum, Dactylorhiza fuhcsii, Dac- tylorhiza majalis, Dactylorhiza sambucina, Orchis morio, Potentilla rupestris and Thlaspi montanum. Discussion and conclusions Grasslands in the temperate zone of Europe, in com- parison to other communities, are noted for their rich flora and high diversity (Pärtel et al. 1996, Šeffer et al. 2002). Among the communities with the highest spe- cies diversity are those of the Czech Republic and Slo- vakia, especially in the Biele Karpaty mountains, with 103 species per 24 m2 (Klimeš 1997) or even 105 species per 16 m2 in the National Nature Reserve of Čertoryje (Merunková et al. 2012). Chytrý et al. (2015) and Vadel (2015) claim the Slovenský raj National Park to have the species richest grassland communities. Due to the fact that the above mentioned areas are mainly situated on limestone bedrock, we expected lower species richness in Hodrušská hornatina highland because of the geologi- cal substrate that is mostly andezite. This was confirmed as we have recorded lower species richness – it ranged from 16 to 66 taxa per 25 m2. However, some of our sites were situated on limestone bedrock, where the number of species reached 60 or even 66 species. Ružičková & Halada (2005) also found species-rich orchard meadows in Štiavnické vrchy mountains. But they were mainly of the other associations; Poo-Trisetetum flavescentis with the average number of 41 species (36–50) and the asso- ciation Ranunculo bulbosi-Arrhenateretum elatioris, with 47 species on average (39–58). Some mesophilous mead- Brought to you by | National & University Library Ljubljana Authenticated Download Date | 1/18/18 10:26 AM 16/2 • 2017, 189–212 195 Alexandra Klimantová Grassland vegetation of Hodrušská hornatina highland in Central Slovakia ows from the alliance Arrhenatherion elatioris (the fifth group of our relevés) were closely related to these two associations. Out of 153 phytosociological relevés, we determined five associations and two groups of higher syntaxa: Molinio-Arrhenatheretea and Festuco-Brometea classes. Holcetum lanati occurs probably in the whole of temper- ate Europe, but its distribution has not been very well documented yet (Stančić 2008). From Central Slovakia, Kováčová (1976) states its occurrence on the alluvium of the Krupinica river. The majority of our relevés include communities from the alliance Arrhenatherion elatioris. This alliance is widely distributed over whole Europe, from the north – Scandinavia (Dierssen 1996), through Central Europe to the south – the Balkans (Stančić 2008, Velev et al. 2011, Velev & Vassilev 2014). In Slovakia, these communities are very frequent in uplands and sub- mountain regions (Janišová et al. 2007). In our research area, the association Pastinaco sativae-Arrhenatheretum elatioris was the most common. According to Hájková et al. (2014), it can be found almost in the whole area of Slovakia, but mainly in uplands and the inner basins of the Slovak Carpathians because the lowland locali- ties were ploughed up or intensified. There are also some unpublished records of Ružičková from the Štiavnické vrchy mountains (Hájková et al. 2014). The association Alchemillo-Arrhenatheretum elatioris is mainly distributed on the volcanic or limestone bedrock of the central and western parts of Slovakia, including the Štiavnické vrchy mountains (Ružičková & Halada 2005, Banásová et al. 2006). The association Anthoxantho odorati-Agrostietum tenuis is not a rare community either. It occurs on shal- lower and more acidic soil, almost in the whole Carpath- ian region of Slovakia (Janišová et al. 2010b). Ružičková (1986) and Ružičková & Halada (2005) stated its occur- rence in the Štiavnické vrchy mountains. The western part of Central Europe (France, Great Britain, Denmark, even the south of Sweden) is a centre of the occurrence of Bromion erecti (Chytrý et al., 2007). Communities of this alliance in the subcontinental climate are known from the Czech Republic (Chytrý et al. 2007), Hungary (Borhidi & Sánta 1999) and Slovakia (Hegedüšová Vantarová & Škodová 2014). According to Janišová et al. (2010b), the associations of this alliance represent the most frequent semi-dry grasslands in Central Slovakia. In the past, these communities were regularly mown. The two associa- tions within this alliance do not differ much. This type of vegetation represents the transition stage towards the association of Ranunculo bulbosi-Arrhenatheretum elatioris (Škodová 2007). Ružičková & Halada (2005) stated that Onobrychido viciifoliae-Brometum erecti occurred also in the Štiavnické vrchy mountains. According to the actual Red List of plant species of Slo- vakia (Eliáš et al. 2015) we identified 17 species listed in IUCN categories. The critically endangered Orobanche elatior is a taxon with not enough data on its occurrence within Slovakia (Eliáš et al. 2015). However, in older lit- erature, it is considered as a rare taxon in the studied area, mainly in the south-east of the territory (Hlavaček 1985). At grasslands in Hodrušská hornatina highland, Orchis morio was the most frequent of threatened species. Salenka (2012) and Slezák et al. (2012) also reported this species from several locations in the territory (e.g. Vyhne village). The occurrence of thermophilic species Lychnis coronaria is stated from warmer parts of our studied area (Hlavaček 1985, Tóthová 2014). Species Aquilegia vul- garis, Dactylorhiza sambucina, Gymnadenia conopsea and Saxifraga granulata could be classified as more abundant in Hodrušská hornatina highlands (Futák et al. 1982, Bertová et al. 1985, Salenka 2012, Slezák et al. 2012). The highest number of threatened species (15 species) was found in the association Anthoxantho odorati-Agrosti- etum tenuis. Also according to Uhliarová et al. (2014), threatened and protected species are often present in this association. We can also claim this association as the most vulnerable. Because of its occurrence on sites with higher altitude, it is most likely to be abandoned. Dry grasslands of the alliance of Bromion erecti have to face many threats, either. First of all, the abandonment causes successional changes in species composition as well as expansion of tall grasses and shrub. For maintaining the vegetation type in proper condition we would recommend the rotation of regular pasture and mowing. Although the area of Hodrušská hornatina highland is mostly covered by forest vegetation, many valuable semi-natural grasslands can be found here. There are meadows, pastures and also orchard meadows, which are typical for the historical cultural landscape in Slovakia. Grasslands are very important to people for different rea- sons (agriculture, landscape-aesthetic value, recreation). Some of them are important in maintaining the vulner- able and threatened species. The floristic and vegetation composition is a result of a complex influence of many environment variables (Škodová et al. 2011) as well as of the site history, age, and traditional type of manage- ment practices (Pärtel et al. 1996, Hájková et al. 2011). The structure and the species composition depend on the ecological conditions, particularly the light, nutrient con- tent and water regime. As our research showed, suitable management is an especially important factor in main- taining grassland communities. However, people are consistently losing their interest in farming. Every year, there are more and more abandoned meadows, which are gradually changing towards forests. There are still some Brought to you by | National & University Library Ljubljana Authenticated Download Date | 1/18/18 10:26 AM 16/2 • 2017, 189–212 196 Alexandra Klimantová Grassland vegetation of Hodrušská hornatina highland in Central Slovakia meadows with traditional agricultural management, but we think the situation with their long-term maintenance is not very promising. It is necessary to continue with the management activities or find alternatives to traditional farming and utilization of meadows. Acknowledgement The author is grateful to the Slovak Grant Agency VEGA, project No. 2/0117/13 for financial support. References Aćić, S., Šilc, U., Petrović, M., Tomović, G. & Dajić Stevanović, Z. 2015: Classification, ecology and biodiversity of Central Balkan dry grasslands. Tuexenia 35: 329–353. 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Equisetum arvense 5648.6 40 6 . . . . . Lychnis flos-cuculi 6737.1 80 28 11 3 7 . . Association Pastinaco sativae-Arrhenatheretum elatioris-intensive meadows Symphytum officinale . 6073.1 3 . . . . . Cirsium oleraceum . 4060.7 . . . . . . Rumex obtusifolius . 4060.7 . . . . . . Stellaria media . 4060.7 . . . . . . Carduus personata . 4060.7 . . . . . . Plantag omajor 56 8052.5 16 4 3 . . 20 Association Pastinaco sativae-Arrhenatheretum elatioris Veronica chamaedrys 89 40 9721.6 78 64 73 67 60 Association Alchemillo-Arrhenatheretum elatioris Vicia hirsuta . . 25 4435.8 21 3 8 . Lathyrus pratensis 22 40 50 6330.3 36 7 . . Centaurea phrygia . . 12 3730.1 3 7 33 . Association Alchemillo-Arrhenatheretum elatioris Primula veris 11 . 9 7 3932.5 27 . Salvia pratensis 11 . 16 63 7626.6 13 50 100 Plantago media 44 . 9 48 6124.9 23 17 40 Dianthus carthusianorum . . 16 48 8224.0 80 75 100 Association Anthoxantho odorati-Agrostietum tenuis Hieracium cymosum . . 3 4 15 5054.2 . . Potentilla erecta 22 . 3 11 18 6747.3 25 . Genista tinctoria . . . . 18 4043.4 8 . Polygala vulgaris . . 3 7 21 7041.7 25 60 Table 1: Shortened synoptic table of studied plant communities. Tabela 1: Skrajšana sinoptična tabela preučevanih rastlinskih združb Brought to you by | National & University Library Ljubljana Authenticated Download Date | 1/18/18 10:26 AM 16/2 • 2017, 189–212 199 Alexandra Klimantová Grassland vegetation of Hodrušská hornatina highland in Central Slovakia Group No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 No. of relevés 9 5 32 27 33 30 12 5 Hypochaeris radicata 11 . 6 . 15 3334.5 . . Viola canina 22 . 16 15 24 6034.2 42 . Thymus pulegioides . . 9 30 39 7333.2 67 40 Briza media 11 . 19 33 64 8332.8 75 40 Hieracium pilosella . . . 15 15 5332.8 50 20 Luzula campestris 56 . 59 63 67 9729.6 83 40 Veronica serpyllifolia 22 . 9 7 9 3328.9 . . Cruciata glabra 56 . 47 70 52 8327.4 50 20 Veronica officinalis . . . 11 3 3323.6 33 20 Alliance Bromion erecti Geranium sanguineum . . 3 4 6 7 6759.5 20 Avenella flexuosa . . . 4 . . 4258.8 . Campanula persicifolia . . . 4 9 3 4250.3 . Trifolium alpestre 11 . 16 7 18 20 7550.3 20 Silene nutans s.lat. . . . 4 9 10 4246.7 . Brachypodium pinnatum . . 3 . 6 7 4240.9 20 Association Onobrychido viciifoliae- Brometum erecti Bromus erectus . 20 9 . 3 . 25 10076.4 Campanula rapunculoides . . . 7 . . . 6070.2 Linum catharticum . . 3 4 12 10 8 8069.8 Medicago falcata . . 3 7 . . . 6068.2 Securigera varia . . . 4 . . 8 6067.3 Primula elatior . . 9 15 3 3 25 8063.5 Ranunculus bulbosus 11 . 19 4 12 27 42 10062.5 Medicago lupulina . 20 19 . 15 3 8 8060.5 Sanguisorba minor . . 3 11 18 3 33 8059.6 Avenula pubescens . . 16 30 3 3 92 10057.2 Brought to you by | National & University Library Ljubljana Authenticated Download Date | 1/18/18 10:26 AM 16/2 • 2017, 189–212 200 Alexandra Klimantová Grassland vegetation of Hodrušská hornatina highland in Central Slovakia Table 2: Relevés of the association Holcetum lanati Issler 1936. Tabela 2: Popisi asociacije Holcetum lanati Issler 1936. No. of relevés 118 20 93 69 91 104 4 103 1 Character species Cardamine pratensis + + + . 1 + . + . Ranunculus acris 2 1 2 2 1 2 . 2 + Lychnis flos-cuculi + . 1 1 1 + . + . Lysimachia nummularia 1 . . 2 . 1 . + . Equisetum arvense . + + + . . . 1 + Plantago major 1 + . . . 1 r . + Plantago lanceolata + 1 1 . + + + 1 1 Rumex acetosa 1 + 1 2 + + . 1 + Veronica chamaedrys 1 1 . + + + + + + Poa pratensis 2 . 1 + . 3 + 2 + Other species Alopecurus pratensis 2 . 2 2 2 1 . 1 1 Ranunculus repens 2 1 . 2 + + + . 1 Festuca pratensis s.str. 1 + . 1 1 1 + . + Trifolium repens 1 + . 1 . 2 + + 1 Achillea millefolium + . . + 1 + 1 + 1 Cerastium holosteoides + + . + + 1 . + + Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia 1 . r . + 1 + 1 + Trifolium pratense 2 1 2 . . 1 + 1 1 Anthoxanthum odoratum 1 . 2 2 . + + + . Campanula patula . r 1 + . 1 . + + Centaurea jacea + + . . 1 . + 1 2 Carex pallescens . 2 . 2 2 + + . . Cruciata glabra . 2 . 1 + . + + . Galium mollugo agg. . . 1 + + . . 1 + Luzula campestris . + 1 . 1 + . + . No. of relevés 118 20 93 69 91 104 4 103 1 Leucanthemum vulgare . + + . + + . + . Dactylis glomerata 2 . . . + . + 1 + Carex muricata agg. . 2 . 1 . + + . . Leontodon autumnalis . . . . . 2 1 + r Plantago media . . . . . r + 1 r Leontodon hispidus . . 1 . . . 1 1 + Lotus corniculatus + . . . . . 1 + + Holcus lanatus 2 2 . . . . . . + Myosotis arvensis . . . + + + . . . Agrostis capillaris . . . + . . + . + Poa compressa + . . . 2 1 . . . Cynosurus cristatus . . . . 1 2 + . . Trifolium campestre + . + . + . . . . Potentilla reptans + . + . + . . . . Agrimonia eupatoria . . . . + . 1 . + Vicia tetrasperma . . 1 . + . + . . Glechoma hederacea 1 . . . . + . . + Stellaria graminea + + . . . + . . . Rumex acetosella s.lat. + + . . . + . . . Prunella vulgaris . . . . . + + . + Arrhenatherum elatius . . 1 . . . + . + Daucus carota . . + . . . + . + Knautia arvensis . . r . . . + . 1 Pimpinella saxifraga . + . . . . + 1 . Crepis biennis . . . . . . + 1 1 Trisetum flavescens 2 . 2 . . . . 2 . No. of relevés 98 2 3 102 101 Character species Carduus personata . 1 + . . Cirsium oleraceum . 1 r . . Plantago major 1 2 2 . + Rumex obtusifolius . 1 1 . . Stellaria media . . . + + Symphytum officinale . 1 1 . 1 Achillea millefolium 1 2 2 + 1 Alopecurus pratensis 2 1 1 2 + Dactylis glomerata 2 1 1 + 2 Poa pratensis 2 2 2 3 2 Ranunculus acris + + + 1 1 Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia 1 1 1 1 + Trifolium pratense 2 2 2 1 2 Other species Ranunculus repens + 2 2 + . Arrhenatherum elatius 1 1 1 + . Trifolium repens + 2 2 . 2 No. of relevés 98 2 3 102 101 Deschampsia cespitosa 1 2 2 . 2 Agrimonia eupatoria . 1 1 + 1 Plantago lanceolata 1 2 2 . + Lychnis flos-cuculi + + + . + Glechoma hederacea 1 2 2 . . Galium mollugo agg. . 1 1 2 . Anthriscus sylvestris . r r 1 . Centaurea jacea 1 . . 1 1 Trisetum flavescens 1 . . 1 + Daucus carota . 1 1 . + Veronica verna . + + . + Rumex acetosa 1 . + . . Veronica chamaedrys 1 . . 1 . Vicia sepium + . . + . Lathyrus pratensis . 2 2 . . Equisetum arvense . 1 2 . . Pimpinella saxifraga s.str. . 1 1 . . Table 3: Relevés of the association Pastinaco sativae-Arrhenatheretum elatioris Passarge 1964 - intensively used meadows. Tabela 3: Popisi asociacije Pastinaco sativae-Arrhenatheretum elatioris Passarge 1964 – intenzivno gospodarjena travišča. Brought to you by | National & University Library Ljubljana Authenticated Download Date | 1/18/18 10:26 AM 16/2 • 2017, 189–212 201 Alexandra Klimantová Grassland vegetation of Hodrušská hornatina highland in Central Slovakia Table 4: Relevés of the association Pastinaco sativae-Arrhenatheretum elatioris Passarge 1964. Tabela 4: Popisi asociacije Pastinaco sativae-Arrhenatheretum elatioris Passarge 1964. No. of relevés 40 54 59 60 13 39 12 10 5 31 10 0 79 11 3 97 14 0 30 96 13 8 13 9 15 2 85 12 0 38 13 6 34 19 11 5 11 2 11 4 12 3 11 0 11 6 Character species Veronica chamaedrys 1 + + + 1 1 + + 1 1 1 + 1 1 . 2 1 + 1 1 + 1 1 + 2 1 1 + 2 + 1 2 Achillea millefolium 1 + 1 + 2 . 1 1 . 1 + + + 1 + 2 1 1 + + + + 1 . 1 + + + + + + + Arrhenatherum elatius 2 . 2 . . 2 . + . + 2 1 2 . + 1 + 2 2 1 . 3 + 4 1 . 2 2 1 . 1 1 Alopecurus pratensis 1 2 2 2 2 1 + 2 . . 2 1 2 1 . 1 . 2 1 1 2 2 1 . 1 + . 2 2 + 1 1 Dactylis glomerata 1 + + 2 + 2 + + 2 + 2 + 1 2 + + . 1 1 . + 2 1 2 1 . + 2 + 1 1 1 Plantago lanceolata 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 1 + 1 . 1 + 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 . + + 1 + 2 1 + 1 Rumex acetosa + + + + 1 + r . + + 1 r + 1 + + 1 + + + + + + . + r . + 1 . . + Trifolium pratense 2 2 1 + 2 1 2 2 1 2 . 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 . 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 2 Festuca pratensis + 1 . . . + . . + . . + . . . + . 1 3 . . 1 1 1 2 . 1 1 + 1 . + Festuca rubra + + 1 2 . . 2 1 + 2 . . + 2 + + + + + + . . 2 . 2 3 1 + . + + + Fragaria viridis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 2 . 3 . Poa pratensis 2 . . . + 1 + + + . . 1 . 1 . + . . . . 1 1 + + 1 + 1 . + 3 2 1 Rhinanthus minor . . . . 1 . 1 + 1 . . + r 1 . . . 1 + + + + . . . . + + . 3 . 1 Trifolium repens 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 . 2 1 . . 2 . 1 2 . . 1 2 . 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Trisetum flavescens . + 1 1 . . + . 1 1 + 1 2 + 1 2 . 2 1 . . 2 1 . 2 + 2 2 2 2 2 2 Ranunculus acris + + + 1 . + . . + + 1 + 2 1 + 2 2 . 1 . 1 r + . 2 . . 1 2 + . 2 Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia . + + 2 2 + 2 . + + . . . r . 2 + + . . . 1 + . 2 + . + 1 2 2 1 Lotus corniculatus + . + . . . 2 . . 2 1 2 1 1 1 . . + . r 1 + 1 . 2 + 2 + 2 . . 1 Leucanthemum vulgare + . + + . . . . + + + + + + + 1 1 + + . + . + . . . . + 1 + . 1 Campanula patula 1 . . + . . . . 2 + r + 1 r + + r + . . . + . . r 1 + r 1 + . 1 Luzula campestris . . + . + . + + 1 + + . + + + 1 1 . . + 1 + + . . . + . + . . + Pimpinella saxifraga + 2 + . . + 1 . + 2 . . . + + + + + . + 1 + . . + . + . . . . + Tragopogon orientalis + r + 2 r + . . . . . + . + . . . + + . . 1 r + + 1 . + . + + . Cerastium holosteoides . . + + 1 . + 2 1 + . . . + + 2 . . . + . . + . . + . + + + 2 + Myosotis arvensis + . + + . + 1 + + + . 1 1 . . . + + . 1 + . . . . . + + . r 1 . Avenula versicolor . 1 1 1 . + 2 . 1 1 + + 2 1 . 1 . . . + 2 . + . 2 1 . . . . 1 . Leontodon autumnalis . . . 2 . . 1 + 2 1 . 1 . . 1 1 . + + + . . 1 . 1 1 + . . 1 . 1 Ranunculus repens 1 2 + + 1 . + . + 2 + . . 1 + 2 1 . . 1 . . 2 2 . . . . . . . r Centaurea elatior + 1 + 2 . . . . . + . 1 2 . . + . . . . . . + . 2 . + . 1 + . . Leontodon hispidus . . 2 . + . . . . 1 + . . 1 . 1 1 . + . 2 2 . . . 2 + + 1 1 + 2 Anthoxanthum odoratum . . . . . . + + + . + + 1 2 2 . 2 1 . . 2 1 1 . . . 1 1 + . . 1 Lathyrus pratensis + + + 2 . . . . . . 1 . . . + + + . . 1 1 + + . 2 . + . + . . + Centaurea jacea r . . . . + . . + r 1 + 1 . + + 2 1 + . 2 . . . 2 . . + . . . . Cruciata glabra + . . . . + . . 1 + + . 1 . + . + . . 1 1 + 2 . 1 + + . . . . . Rumex acetosella 1 + + . . . . + . + . . + . . 1 . . . + . r + . . + + . + . . + Vicia sepium 2 . 2 2 1 2 . . . . . + . + . + + + . . . . + . . . + . . r + . Anthriscus sylvestris + 2 2 2 . 2 . . r r . . + . . r . . . . . . . . 1 . . + . . + 1 Knautia arvensis . . + r . r . . . . . + . . + . . + + . 2 . 2 . 1 r 1 . . . . + Galium verum . + . . + + + + . . 1 . . + . . . + . 1 1 + . . . . + . . . 1 . Crepis biennis . . . 2 1 . . . . . . 2 . . + 1 . r + . . . r . . . . . + 1 + 1 Veronica verna + . + . + . 1 2 1 1 . + . + . 1 . . . . + . . . . . . + . . . . Fragaria vesca + . + . + . 1 1 2 1 1 2 . . + 1 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . Vicia cracca 2 1 . . + 2 . . . . . . + . + . . . . . + + . . . . + 1 + . . . Brought to you by | National & University Library Ljubljana Authenticated Download Date | 1/18/18 10:26 AM 16/2 • 2017, 189–212 202 Alexandra Klimantová Grassland vegetation of Hodrušská hornatina highland in Central Slovakia N o. o f r el ev és 13 1 11 1 12 9 18 14 1 13 1 13 2 13 4 92 86 10 8 58 13 7 77 62 37 33 82 12 2 12 2 11 7 12 1 15 3 12 4 14 8 13 3 15 0 C ha ra ct er sp ec ie s C en ta ur ea p hr yg ia + . . . . . + + . . . . 1 . . . . . . + . 1 . 1 + + + La th yr us p ra te ns is + + 1 . . + + . + . + + . . 2 1 2 2 . + + + 1 . . . + Vi cia h irs ut a . . . 2 + + + + . . r . + + . + . . . . + . . + . + . Ac hi lle a m ill efo liu m + + + 1 + 1 + 1 1 1 + 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 + + + 1 1 + 1 1 Ar rh en at he ru m el at iu s 3 2 3 . 2 2 3 + 1 . + . 2 2 + + + + 1 . 2 3 + 2 2 1 2 D ac ty lis g lo m er at a 1 1 + . . + 1 . 1 + 2 1 + 2 + 1 1 + + + + . + + 1 + + Fe stu ca ru br a 2 2 2 3 3 2 1 2 1 + 2 1 + . + 2 1 2 . 2 1 + 2 + 3 1 + Pl an ta go la nc eo la ta 1 + . + . 1 . 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 + + 1 1 + 2 1 1 + 1 + + 1 Ru m ex a ce to sa + . + 1 + . + + + 1 + + + + + r r + + + 1 . + + . . + Tr ise tu m fl av esc en s + 1 . + . 1 2 2 2 2 2 + 1 1 2 1 2 + 1 2 2 2 . 2 2 2 1 Tr ifo liu m p ra te ns e + + . 1 . 1 1 1 + 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 . 1 + 1 1 An th ox an th um o do ra tu m 2 + 2 . . + . + 1 . + . 2 . . . . . 2 1 + 1 2 . + 3 3 Av en ul a pu be sce ns . . . . . 3 . 2 + . + . . . . . . . . + . 1 . . . 2 + Fr ag ar ia v iri di s . 2 3 . . 2 . . . . . . + . . . . . . + . . . . . . . Le on to do n hi sp id us + 1 . . . + + 1 1 . 2 1 2 + 2 2 + 2 . 2 2 . 2 1 + + 2 Ve ro ni ca ch am ae dr ys . + + 1 . . + 1 + + 2 2 1 . + + . 1 + + 1 + 1 1 + 1 . Pi m pi ne lla sa xi fra ga . + . . . + 1 + + + . + 1 + + + 1 + . r + + 1 + + 2 + Lo tu s c or ni cu la tu s . . . . + + 1 + . + 1 1 1 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 . + + + 1 + + Al op ec ur us p ra te ns is 2 2 2 1 + 1 2 + 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 . . 1 . 1 + . + 1 . . . Tr ag op og on o rie nt al is . + r . . + r . r r 1 2 1 + + 2 2 r . + 1 + r + . r . C ru cia ta g la br a . 1 . 2 . + + 1 . + . 2 + + + + 1 + + 1 2 2 . . . + + Le uc an th em um v ul ga re r . . . . . . + . . + 2 + 2 + 1 + . + + 1 + 1 + + + + Tr ifo liu m re pe ns . . . 1 . 1 . 1 . . + 2 2 . 1 1 1 1 + 2 2 . 1 + 1 1 1 Sa lv ia p ra te ns is + 1 2 . . . r . 1 1 . 2 1 2 . + . 2 . 1 2 1 r 1 . . + C en ta ur ea ja ce a + 1 r 2 . + . + . 1 + . 1 + . r r . . . + + r . + . 1 Lu zu la ca m pe str is + + + 2 . . . 1 . + 1 . + . . + + + + + + . 2 . . + 1 Kn au tia a rv en sis + r . 1 . . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 2 + r r 1 . 2 1 1 . . . r + St ell ar ia g ra m in ea . . . . . + 1 + . + . + + + + + + + + + + . . + + . + C am pa nu la p at ul a . + . r . . . + r . 1 1 + . + r . + + + 1 . . . + r + H yp er icu m p er fo ra tu m . . + + . + . . . + . 1 . . 1 + 1 r . . + + . + + + + Ta ra xa cu m se ct . R ud er al ia . r . + . + + . r + + . + + + r 1 1 + . + . . . . + . C er as tiu m h ol os te oi de s . . + . + + + + . . 1 . + . + + . + . + + + + + + . . G al iu m v er um 1 + 1 . . + + 1 1 + + . . . . . + . . + . . r + . . 1 Ta bl e 5: R el ev és o f t he a ss oc ia tio n Al ch em ill o- Ar rh en at he re tu m el at io ris S ou gn ez e t L im bo ur g 19 63 . Ta be la 5 : P op isi a so ci ac ije A lch em ill o- Ar rh en at he re tu m el at io ris S ou gn ez e t L im bo ur g 19 63 . Brought to you by | National & University Library Ljubljana Authenticated Download Date | 1/18/18 10:26 AM 16/2 • 2017, 189–212 203 Alexandra Klimantová Grassland vegetation of Hodrušská hornatina highland in Central Slovakia N o. o f r el ev és 13 1 11 1 12 9 18 14 1 13 1 13 2 13 4 92 86 10 8 58 13 7 77 62 37 33 82 12 2 12 2 11 7 12 1 15 3 12 4 14 8 13 3 15 0 Po a an gu sti fo lia + 1 + . + . . . . . 1 + + . + . . . . + + + + + . + . Fe stu ca p ra te ns is . + 1 . . 1 . + . . + 1 + . . . + 1 . 1 + 2 . 2 . . 1 Fi lip en du la v ul ga ris + + + . . . . . . . + . + + 1 2 . 1 2 + + . . . . . + Pl an ta go m ed ia r + . . . 1 . + + . + . + . . 1 . 2 . 2 + . . + . . + Ra nu nc ul us a cr is . + + . . . + 1 . . + r 1 + + . 1 + + 2 . . . . . . . D ia nt hu s c ar th us ia no ru m . . . . . + . + + . . + + + 2 + . 2 . + . . + + . 1 . Rh in an th us m in or . . . . . . . . 2 + 1 . 2 1 + 2 . + + 1 + + 2 . . . . Le on to do n au tu m na lis . . . r . . . 2 . . 2 1 1 1 2 2 . . . 2 2 . . . + . 1 Ra nu nc ul us re pe ns . . . . . + . + 1 . . + . + + 1 2 2 + . . . + . . + . Po a pr at en sis + . . + . . 1 + 1 2 . . . . . 1 + 1 1 . . 1 . . . . . Vi cia se pi um . . . . . . . + + . + + + . + + + + . . . + . + . . . Ra nu nc ul us p ol ya nt he m os . + . 1 . . . . . . 1 . + . . . . . . 1 . 1 r + + . + M yo so tis a rv en sis . + . . . . . + . + . + + . + + . + . + . + . . . . . Vi cia cr ac ca . . + . . . 1 . . + . + . 2 . . . . + . + . . . + + + Eu ph or bi a cy pa ris sia s . . r . . + + + + . . 1 . + . . . 1 . . . 1 . . . + . Ru m ex a ce to sel la . . . 2 . . . + + 1 . . . . . . + . . r . r + . + 1 . Br iz a m ed ia + 2 + . . . . . . . + . . + . 1 . . + 1 . + . . . . . Ro sa ca ni na s. la t. r r . . . + . r r . + . r . 1 . . . r . . . . . . . . Av en ul a ve rsi co lo r . . . + . . . . . . . 1 . . + 2 2 1 . . 1 . + . 2 . . Tr ifo liu m m on ta nu m . . . . . + . + . . . . + . . 1 1 + . + 1 . . . . . 2 D au cu s c ar ot a . . . . . + . . . . + . + + . . . . . + . . . + + + + Fr ag ar ia v esc a . . . . . . . . . + . 2 . 2 1 . 1 1 . . . 1 . + . . 2 C en ta ur ea el at io r . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 . 2 r 1 . 1 2 . 1 . + . . . . Th ym us p ul eg io id es . + . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . + + + . 1 . Ly ch ni s v isc ar ia . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . + . + . . + + 1 + . + . Al ch em ill a xa nt ho ch lo ra . + . + . . . . . . . . . . . + . 1 . r . + 1 . . . . G al iu m m ol lu go . + . . . . . 2 . . . + . 2 . . 2 . 1 . . . . . . + . An th ris cu s s ylv est ris . r . r . . . . . r . 1 . . . r + . . . r . . . . . . Vi ol a ar ve ns is . . . 1 + . . + . . . . . . + + + . + . . . . . . . . Vi cia te tra sp er m a . . . . . . . . + . r . . + + . 2 + . + . . . . . . . Ve ro ni ca v er na . . . . . . . . . + . 1 + . + + . + . . . . + . . . . C ar ex p al les ce ns . 1 2 . . . . . . + . . . 2 . + . . 2 . . . . . . . . C ra ta eg us m on og yn a . 1 . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . r . . . . r r r C ar ex m ur ica ta . . 2 . . . . . . . + . + . . . . . . . . + . + + . . C ol ch icu m a ut um na le . . r + . . . . . r . 2 . . . + . . . . . . . r . . . Tr ifo liu m ca m pe str e . . . + . . . 1 + . . . . . + + . . + . . . . . . . . Brought to you by | National & University Library Ljubljana Authenticated Download Date | 1/18/18 10:26 AM 16/2 • 2017, 189–212 204 Alexandra Klimantová Grassland vegetation of Hodrušská hornatina highland in Central Slovakia Ta bl e 6: R el ev és o f t he a lli an ce A rr he na th er io n ela tio ris L uq ue t 1 92 6. Ta be la 6 : P op isi zv ez e Ar rh en at he rio n ela tio ris L uq ue t 1 92 6. N o. o f r el ev és 76 70 78 80 83 75 74 36 46 81 84 55 57 41 64 28 29 32 13 5 42 16 87 61 35 7 14 15 17 44 6 48 43 11 C ha ra ct er sp ec ie s D ia nt hu s c ar th us ia no ru m + . + + + + + + + . . 1 2 + + + + + + . + + + + + 2 2 . + + + + . Pl an ta go m ed ia . . + 1 1 2 2 . . . . . + . . 2 2 3 . 2 2 + r 1 1 + + . 1 2 + . . Pr im ul a ve ris + . . . 1 . 2 . 2 . . . . . . 2 2 1 . 1 1 . . . 1 . . . 2 . 1 . 1 Sa lv ia p ra te ns is 2 . 2 + . 2 2 2 2 r 2 . + . 1 2 1 2 1 . 1 1 1 . 1 2 r . 1 1 r 2 . Ac hi lle a m ill efo liu m . . + 1 + + 1 . . + + 1 . 1 + 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 + 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 . 2 Ar rh en at he ru m el at iu s 1 . 2 1 2 1 . 2 2 2 2 . + . . 1 1 + 2 1 + + + + + + 2 1 2 1 2 2 + D ac ty lis g lo m er at a + + + + + + 1 + + 2 2 + 1 + 1 + + + + + + + 1 + . 1 + . + 1 + + . Le uc an th em um v ul ga re + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + 1 . + 1 1 . + . 1 + + . . Pl an ta go la nc eo la ta + + 1 1 + . . . 1 1 1 + 2 + 1 + 1 2 1 + 1 + 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 + . + Tr ifo liu m p ra te ns e 1 1 1 1 1 . + + . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 + + 1 1 2 1 2 + + . 2 1 1 1 1 Br om us h or de ac eu s + + + 2 2 1 + 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . Fe stu ca p ra te ns is + 3 + + 1 . . . + 1 2 2 . 1 1 + + 1 . 1 + . 2 + . . . . + + 1 1 . Fe stu ca ru br a . . . . 1 2 1 1 . . . 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 + . 2 2 3 3 1 2 2 2 1 + + 3 1 O th er sp ec ie s La th yr us p ra te ns is . 1 . 1 . . . + . . . + . . . . + + . . 1 + + 2 . . . . . . 1 + . Vi cia h irs ut a . . + + + . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . + Ru m ex a ce to sa + . . + r . + . + + 1 + . r . r r + + + + + + + + + r r + + r . + Tr ise tu m fl av esc en s + . 1 . 1 . 2 . . 1 1 2 + 1 + 1 1 1 2 1 1 + 1 . . . . . . . . . 1 An th ox an th um o do ra tu m + 1 . . . . . + . + + . . . . 1 + . 2 . . + . . + . . 1 + . + . 1 Ar rh en at he ru m el at iu s 1 . 2 1 2 1 . 2 2 2 2 . + . . 1 1 + 2 1 + + + + + + 2 1 2 1 2 2 + Lo tu s c or ni cu la tu s 2 2 2 2 + 1 + . . 1 1 . 1 + 2 2 2 2 + + 2 . 1 1 + . + . 1 + + . + Tr ifo liu m re pe ns 1 2 1 1 . + + + . . . 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 + + 2 . 2 1 . 1 + . 2 1 1 . + Le on to do n hi sp id us 2 . 2 1 1 . 1 . + 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 . 1 2 2 . . . + 1 . . . 1 Po a pr at en sis + . 1 + + . 2 . + . . . . 1 1 1 + + . . + 1 . 1 + + 1 1 1 1 1 + + Kn au tia a rv en sis + . + + + 2 . . . . + 1 2 + r 1 1 2 1 r . r 1 . . 1 1 . + 1 + . r Tr ag op og on o rie nt al is + . + + r + r . r + 2 + + + . . r r . r r + . r 1 r r r r . . . . Lu zu la ca m pe str is . + + + + . . . . + . 1 . + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + . . . . + Fr ag ar ia v esc a . . . 1 . . + + 1 2 . . . . + 2 2 2 . 1 2 + + . 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 + Fi lip en du la v ul ga ris 2 . + 2 + + 2 . 2 2 2 . r . . . 2 + + . 1 . + . + 1 2 . . 1 1 . r Br iz a m ed ia 1 1 1 1 1 + + + 1 + . . . . . 1 1 . 1 2 . . . . 1 . + . 1 + 1 1 + Pi m pi ne lla sa xi fra ga . . + + . . + + 1 . . + + + . + + + + . . + 2 1 2 + . 2 2 . + + . Ve ro ni ca ch am ae dr ys . . + . . . . . . + . 1 . + + + + 1 1 + 1 + + 1 + . + . + + + + + Al op ec ur us p ra te ns is . + 2 + + . . . + 2 . + + + . . + + . . + 1 1 1 2 + 1 . . + . . + Brought to you by | National & University Library Ljubljana Authenticated Download Date | 1/18/18 10:26 AM 16/2 • 2017, 189–212 205 Alexandra Klimantová Grassland vegetation of Hodrušská hornatina highland in Central Slovakia N o. o f r el ev és 76 70 78 80 83 75 74 36 46 81 84 55 57 41 64 28 29 32 13 5 42 16 87 61 35 7 14 15 17 44 6 48 43 11 C er as tiu m h ol os te oi de s + . + + + + + . . . . . 1 + 1 + + + . + + + + . . + 1 . . . . . 1 Av en ul a ve rsi co lo r 1 . . + + 1 2 1 . . . 2 2 + . 1 1 1 . 1 1 + + 1 . . . . . . . . + Rh in an th us m in or + . 2 + + 2 + . . . + + . . + 1 + . + . . 1 + . 2 + + . . . . . 2 Ra nu nc ul us re pe ns + . + + + + . + . 1 1 + 2 + . 1 1 2 . 1 . . + . . + . . 1 . . . . Ra nu nc ul us a cr is . . + + 1 + + . + 1 . + . . . + + + . + + r . + . . . . 1 + + . . M yo so tis a rv en sis . . . + . + . + + + . . . + . . + + + 1 + + . . 1 1 1 . + . + + . C ru cia ta g la br a . + + 1 + . + . . . + . . . . + 1 + . + . . . . + + . + + . + + 1 C am pa nu la p at ul a . + + + + . . r r + . + . + r + + . . + . . + . + . . . + . + . . Vi cia se pi um . + . + . . . 2 + . + . . + + . + . . + . . . 1 + 2 . + 1 + + + . Vi cia te tra sp er m a . . . . . + . . . . . 1 . + . + + + . 1 + . + + + + . + 2 . + 2 + Tr ifo liu m m on ta nu m 1 . 1 1 + + 2 . 1 . 1 + . . . . 1 . . + . . . . + 2 1 . . + . 2 . Ru m ex a ce to sel la . + . . + . . . . . + + 2 2 + + + + . . + . + . . + + . . . + . + G al iu m v er um . . + 1 1 . + . . 1 1 . . . + + . . 1 . . + . . 1 + 1 1 . 1 . . 1 Ve ro ni ca v er na . . + + . . + . . . . . 1 + + + + + . . + + + . 1 1 1 . . + . . . Vi ol a ar ve ns is . . . . + . + . 1 . . . 1 + + + + + . + + . . . . 1 1 . + + + . . Eu ph or bi a cy pa ris sia s . . . . . 1 . . + . . + + . . 2 2 . 2 + 1 1 . . + + 1 2 . . . + + Le on to do n au tu m na lis 1 . . . + . . . . . . 2 1 . 1 2 . + 1 . 1 . 2 . 1 + + . . . 1 + . Ly ch ni s v isc ar ia . . . . . . . + + . . 1 + . . . r + . + + . + . . . + + 2 + 1 + . H yp er icu m p er fo ra tu m . + + 1 + . . . + . 1 1 . + . + 1 . + + . . + . . . . . . 1 . . . Vi cia cr ac ca 2 . + 1 . + + 2 . + 1 . . 2 . . 1 . . . . . . . . . + . . 1 . + . Th ym us p ul eg io id es . + + + + + . . + . . . . . . + . . . . 2 + . . . . . + + . + . 1 Ta ra xa cu m se ct . R ud er al ia . . + + . . . . . . 1 + 1 r 2 1 . . . + . . 2 1 . 1 . . . . . . 2 Po te nt ill a ar ge nt ea . . + . . . . . . . . . 2 + + . + + . . 1 . . + + 1 1 + . + . . . C en ta ur ea ja ce a . . . + + . . . . 2 + + r . . . . + + r . 1 . + . . r . . . 1 . . C en ta ur ea el at io r 2 1 . 1 + . . . . 2 + + . + r . r . . . . . . 2 . . . . + . . . . C ol ch icu m a ut um na le . 2 2 r . . . . + 2 2 . . . . r . . . . . + . . 1 . r . . 2 . . . C ar ex p al les ce ns . + . + 2 2 . . . 2 . . . . . + + . + . . + . . . . . + . . . . . Tr ifo liu m ca m pe str e . . 2 2 + . . . . . . . + . . 2 2 . . + . + . + + . . . . . . . . Ag rim on ia eu pa to ria . . r + 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . + + . . . + + . . 1 . . 2 C en ta ur ea sc ab io sa . . r . + 1 2 2 . . + . . . . 1 2 1 . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . St ell ar ia g ra m in ea + + . + + . . . . . . . . + 1 . . . . . . + . . . . . . + . + . . C re pi s b ien ni s + . . + . . . . . + + . . . 2 . . . . r . . . . . . . . r . r + . Se cu rig er a va ria . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . + . + + 1 + + + . . . . . . . . . . + . D esc ha m ps ia ce sp ito sa . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 2 + + 1 + + 2 . Ag ro sti s c ap ill ar is + 1 . + + . . . . + + . . . 1 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Al ch em ill a xa nt ho ch lo ra + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 + . + 1 . . . . + . . . . . . 1 Brought to you by | National & University Library Ljubljana Authenticated Download Date | 1/18/18 10:26 AM 16/2 • 2017, 189–212 206 Alexandra Klimantová Grassland vegetation of Hodrušská hornatina highland in Central Slovakia N o. o f r el ev és 76 70 78 80 83 75 74 36 46 81 84 55 57 41 64 28 29 32 13 5 42 16 87 61 35 7 14 15 17 44 6 48 43 11 C ar ex m ur ica ta . . 1 + . . . . + 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + 1 . Ro sa ca ni na . . . r . . . . 1 r . . . . . . . . . 1 . r . . . . . . . 1 . 2 r Si len e v ul ga ris . . . . . + + . + . . . . . r . . . . + . . . . . . . . + . + + . Vi ol a ca ni na . . . . . . + . . . 1 . + . . . . 2 . . 1 . 2 . . . . . . . + . + Cy no su ru s c ris ta tu s 2 . . . + . . . . . . . . . . + 1 . + 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . + Pr un ell a vu lg ar is 1 . . . + + + . . + + . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Po lyg al a vu lg ar is . + . + + 1 . . . . . . . . . . + . + . . . . . r . . . . . . . . Tr ifo liu m a lp est re 2 . 2 . + . . . 2 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . Th esi um li no ph yll on + . . + . 2 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . + . . Po te nt ill a er ec ta . + . . . . + . + . . . 1 . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . + . . . G en ist a tin cto ria . . . + + . . . . . . 2 . . + . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . + . Sa ng ui so rb a m in or . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . + . . + . . . . + + + . . . . . Er op hi la v er na . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + . + + . . . . . + . . . . . . Sa ng ui so rb a offi cin al is . 2 . . . . + . . . . . . . . 2 + . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . H ier ac iu m cy m os um . . r r . . + . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . H yp oc ha er is ra di ca ta . . . 1 . . r . . r . . . 1 . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . M ed ica go lu pu lin a . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . 1 . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 + . Po te nt ill a re pt an s . . . . . + . . + . . . . . . 1 . 2 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . G al iu m m ol lu go a gg . . . . . . . + 2 . 1 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . H ier ac iu m p ilo sel la . . . . . . + . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . 2 . . . + . . 1 . . . . . D ia nt hu s d elt oi de s . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 + + r . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tr ifo liu m o ch ro leu co n 2 . . 1 1 . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G er an iu m p ra te ns e + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . 2 . . Fr ag ar ia v iri di s . . 2 . 2 + . . . . 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C on vo lv ul us a rv en sis . . + . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . Be to ni ca o ffi cin al is . . . + 2 . . . . . r . . . . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Li nu m ca th ar tic um . . . + . . + . . . . . . . . 1 . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D au cu s c ar ot a . . . . . . . . . + . . . . + . . . . r . . . . . . . . . . . . + H yp er icu m m ac ul at um . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . + 1 + . . . . . Aj ug a re pt an s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . 1 . + . . . . Po te nt ill a au re a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . 2 + + . . . . . H ier ac iu m b au hi ni i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r . . r . . . . . . r . . . . + . . Ra nu nc ul us p ol ya nt he m os . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . + . . . . + . . 1 C er as tiu m b ra ch yp et al um . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . . 1 + . . . . . . + Ra nu nc ul us b ul bo su s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + + + . . . . 1 Brought to you by | National & University Library Ljubljana Authenticated Download Date | 1/18/18 10:26 AM 16/2 • 2017, 189–212 207 Alexandra Klimantová Grassland vegetation of Hodrušská hornatina highland in Central Slovakia N o. o f r el ev és 73 56 47 12 8 27 71 51 50 21 72 24 11 9 22 23 45 15 1 25 68 66 63 65 9 99 8 53 67 10 9 49 95 52 C ha ra ct er sp ec ie s Br iz a m ed ia + + 1 1 2 2 2 + + 1 1 2 1 1 . + . . 1 1 . 1 . 1 + 2 2 + 1 2 C ru cia ta g la br a + + + 1 + 2 + + 2 2 + 1 2 1 . 2 . + + + . 1 . 1 1 + 2 + . 2 G en ist a tin cto ria 2 2 2 . . . + . . . . + . . + . . . + . . . + . . . + + 2 + H ier ac iu m cy m os um + + + . . . 2 + . 2 1 . r 2 . . . . . . + + + + . . . 2 + . H ier ac iu m p ilo sel la 1 . 1 . . . + 1 . + . r . . 2 + . + + . 2 + + + . . 1 1 . . H yp oc ha er is ra di ca ta . . . . . . . + . + 2 r r . 2 + . + 2 . 2 . . . . . . . . . Lu zu la ca m pe str is 1 1 1 1 + . + 1 + 1 + 1 1 + 1 + + + 1 2 1 + 1 1 + 1 1 1 2 1 Po lyg al a vu lg ar is + + + + + + + + + . + r + + . + . . + . . + . + + . + + . + Po te nt ill a er ec ta 2 + 2 + + 2 . . + 2 . + 2 2 . . + + + 3 . . . . 2 + 1 . + 2 Th ym us p ul eg io id es + + 1 1 + + + 2 . 2 . + 2 2 + + . . . + 2 . 1 . + . + + 1 + Ve ro ni ca o ffi cin al is . . . + . . . + . . 1 r 1 1 . . + 1 2 . . . . . . . + . . . Fe stu ca ru br a . + + 2 1 . 2 2 1 + 2 + 2 2 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 + 1 2 2 2 1 Pi m pi ne lla sa xi fra ga . 2 2 1 + 2 + 2 1 2 1 . . 1 1 2 r 2 + + + 1 . 1 + 2 + + + + Pl an ta go la nc eo la ta 2 . 1 2 2 2 + + 1 + + 2 1 + + 1 + + + . 1 2 + 2 + + 1 + 1 + Ar rh en at he ru m el at iu s 1 3 2 2 + + + + + 2 . + + . 2 1 . . . . . 2 2 2 . + + 1 . + Le on to do n au tu m na lis . . . + . . . . 1 . . 3 1 . . 1 + . . . . 1 . 1 . . 1 2 . . Lu zu la lu zu lo id es . + + + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 3 . . . . + O th er sp ec ie s An th ox an th um o do ra tu m 1 . 1 2 2 1 2 1 . 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 . + . 1 . 2 2 2 . + 2 2 2 + D ia nt hu s c ar th us ia no ru m + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + 1 . + + + . + + . + + . + + . . Le uc an th em um v ul ga re + . + . 1 2 + + 1 + 1 + 2 1 + 2 . + + . 2 + . + + 2 + . + + Ac hi lle a m ill efo liu m 2 1 1 . 1 2 + 1 2 . . + 1 . 1 1 + + . 1 1 2 1 2 + . 1 1 . 1 Tr ifo liu m p ra te ns e 1 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 + . 1 2 1 + . . . 1 . 1 + 1 + 2 . + Ru m ex a ce to sa + + + + + + + r 1 + . + r . + + . . r + r 1 . 1 + 2 + . . + Ve ro ni ca ch am ae dr ys . + . + 1 2 + + 1 . 1 + + + + . + . 1 + + 1 . 2 2 . + 1 . + Le on to do n hi sp id us 2 1 + . 2 . 1 2 2 . 2 2 1 2 1 . 1 + 1 . 1 + + . + . . 2 . + Tr ise tu m fl av esc en s 1 + . + 1 1 2 1 . 2 + 1 + . . . + + . . 1 1 . 2 2 + 1 1 . 2 C am pa nu la p at ul a + + r + . . + . r + r + r . r + . . + . . + r + + + + . . + Lo tu s c or ni cu la tu s + + . + 1 . + 1 + . . 2 . . 1 + 1 + 1 . . + + + + + . 2 . + Eu ph or bi a cy pa ris sia s . + 1 . 2 . + 1 2 2 + . . + . . . + + + + + + + . . + 1 1 + Vi ol a ca ni na 2 . 2 1 + + + . 2 + 1 . 1 . . 2 . + + 2 . . + . 2 . 1 . . + H yp er icu m p er fo ra tu m 1 1 . + + 2 + + . . + r . . + . 1 . . + + . + . . + r + . 1 Tr ifo liu m re pe ns 1 1 . . 1 . + 1 . + 1 1 . . 1 2 1 . 1 . . 1 . + + . 1 2 . 1 Ta bl e 7: R el ev és o f t he a ss oc ia tio n An th ox an th o od or at i-A gr os tie tu m te nu is Si lli ng er 1 93 3. Ta be la 7 : P op isi a so ci ac ije A nt ho xa nt ho o do ra ti- Ag ro sti et um te nu is Si lli ng er 1 93 3. Brought to you by | National & University Library Ljubljana Authenticated Download Date | 1/18/18 10:26 AM 16/2 • 2017, 189–212 208 Alexandra Klimantová Grassland vegetation of Hodrušská hornatina highland in Central Slovakia N o. o f r el ev és 73 56 47 12 8 27 71 51 50 21 72 24 11 9 22 23 45 15 1 25 68 66 63 65 9 99 8 53 67 10 9 49 95 52 Ru m ex a ce to sel la 2 . . . . . + + + . + + . . 2 . 2 + + + 1 1 . 1 1 . + . . + C en ta ur ea el at io r 2 1 . + 1 . . r . 2 r . 2 r 1 . r . . . . . 1 1 + 2 + . . . Ra nu nc ul us a cr is + . + + 1 + + . . + . 1 . . . + . . r . . + . + 2 2 + . . + Rh in an th us m in or + . . . . . + 1 . 2 . 1 + + 2 . . + + . + 1 . 2 . . . + + + Av en ul a ve rsi co lo r . 2 . . 2 . + 2 . . + . + . . . + . + 1 . 1 . 1 2 2 + 1 . 2 D ac ty lis g lo m er at a + + + 2 1 1 . . . 1 . + . . + . . . . . 1 1 . 1 + . + + . . St ell ar ia g ra m in ea + + + . . + . . + + . + . + . + . . . . . + . + + + . + . + Ro sa ca ni na . 2 . . r . 1 + . r . r . . + . . r r 2 . . r . . . + 1 1 1 Fr ag ar ia v esc a + 1 2 . 1 1 1 2 . . . . 2 1 . . . . . . . 2 . 2 + . . 2 2 . Ly ch ni s v isc ar ia + + + + + . + + . + . . . . 1 . . 2 . . . + . + + . . + . . Fi lip en du la v ul ga ris . 2 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 2 2 + 2 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . Al ch em ill a xa nt ho ch lo ra . . + . 2 + . + . . . + 1 + . . . + . . . 1 . 1 + + . + . 1 C er as tiu m h ol os te oi de s . . + . + + + . . + . + . . + + . . . . . 1 + 1 . + . + . + Ra nu nc ul us re pe ns . 1 . . 1 + + 1 . + . . . . 1 + . + + r . . . . . + . . . + G al iu m v er um . + . . . + + + . . + + . . . . 1 . 1 . 2 1 1 1 + . . . . . Po a pr at en sis . . . . . . + 1 . 1 . + . . + . + . . 2 . 2 1 2 . + . 2 . . Tr ifo liu m m on ta nu m . 1 . 1 2 1 1 . 2 1 1 . 1 2 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kn au tia a rv en sis . + . . + . + + . r + + r . . r . . . . . . . . . . + + . . Fe stu ca p ra te ns is . . . 1 + . . . . + . . . . . 1 . 1 2 2 2 . 2 . . 1 + . . . C ar ex p al les ce ns 2 2 . . 1 2 . . 1 . . 1 . . + . . . . + . . 2 . . . + . . . Ve ro ni ca se rp yll ifo lia + . + . 1 . + . + . . . . . + . . . . + . . . . + . . 1 . + M yo so tis a rv en sis . + . . + . . . . + + . . . + . + . . . . + + 1 . + . . . . D esc ha m ps ia ce sp ito sa 1 . . . . . . . + 1 . . . . 1 . . 2 1 . 1 . . . 1 . . . . + C ar lin a ac au lis r + . + . r . + . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . r . r . + . . . Brought to you by | National & University Library Ljubljana Authenticated Download Date | 1/18/18 10:26 AM 16/2 • 2017, 189–212 209 Alexandra Klimantová Grassland vegetation of Hodrušská hornatina highland in Central Slovakia No. of relevés 143 149 125 147 144 127 88 145 90 89 94 146 Character species Avenella flexuosa . . . + 1 + . 3 . . . 1 Avenula pubescens + 1 1 + 2 2 1 . 2 2 2 1 Brachypodium pinnatum . . 4 + . . 2 . . 2 . 2 Campanula persicifolia + . r . 1 r . . . . . + Geranium sanguineum 2 r 2 1 + + . . . 2 . 2 Silene nutans s.lat. + . r + + . . . . . . + Trifolium alpestre 1 + + 1 + + + . . + . 1 Anthoxanthum odoratum . 2 + 2 . + + 1 2 1 2 1 Arrhenatherum elatius 1 2 + 2 2 + . 2 1 2 2 2 Festuca rubra 2 3 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 . 1 1 Luzula campestris + . + + + + + 1 1 1 + . Pimpinella saxifraga 1 + . 1 + + + 1 + + + + Brachypodium pinnatum . . 4 + . . 2 . . 2 . 2 Other species Dianthus carthusianorum 1 + . + 1 + + + + . + . Briza media + . 1 1 2 + + + 1 . . 1 Euphorbia cyparissias + . + + + . + 1 1 . + 1 Lychnis viscaria + . + + + . + + + + . + Rumex acetosa + . + r + + + . + 1 + . Rosa canina s.lat. r . r r + r r + r . 1 . Plantago lanceolata . + + 1 . + . + + + + + Lotus corniculatus . + + + + + + + . + . + Achillea millefolium . . + + . + + + 1 1 1 + Hypericum perforatum + + 1 + + . . . + . 1 + Trisetum flavescens + + 1 + . + . 2 1 . . 2 Stellaria graminea + . + + + + . + . + . + Thymus pulegioides . + + + + . . + + . 1 + Leontodon hispidus . . 1 2 2 + 1 . 1 1 . 2 Trifolium montanum . . + 1 + + 1 . 1 1 . 2 Veronica chamaedrys . . + . + 1 + + . + + 1 Rumex acetosella s.lat. 2 + + . 2 + . 1 + . . . Fragaria vesca 2 . . . 1 . + 1 2 2 . 1 Galium verum 1 1 . . 1 . + . + + + . Agrostis capillaris 1 . + 2 1 1 . 1 . . . 1 Centaurea jacea . r . + + . 1 . 1 . 1 + Knautia arvensis . . + + r . 1 . . 1 r + Thesium linophyllon 1 . + + 2 + . . . . . 1 Hieracium pilosella + + . + 1 . . 1 . . . + Filipendula vulgaris . . 2 + . + 1 . . 1 . + Salvia pratensis . . + 1 . . 2 . 1 1 . + Cruciata glabra . . + + + 1 . + . . . 1 Trifolium pratense . . . + . . 1 . 1 1 1 + Poa angustifolia . + + . + + . + . . . . Vicia sepium . + . . . . + . 1 + + . Viola canina . . + . . 2 . + . 1 + . Ranunculus bulbosus . . + . . + . . 1 2 + . Leucanthemum vulgare . . r + . + . . 1 . . + Leontodon autumnalis . . . 1 1 + . . . . 1 1 Ranunculus repens . . . 1 . . + + r . . + Teucrium chamaedrys 2 . . + . . . + . . 1 . Potentilla argentea agg. 1 1 . . . . + . + . . . Table 8: Relevés of the alliance Bromion erecti Koch 1926. Tabela 8: Popisi zveze Bromion erecti Koch 1926. Brought to you by | National & University Library Ljubljana Authenticated Download Date | 1/18/18 10:26 AM 16/2 • 2017, 189–212 210 Alexandra Klimantová Grassland vegetation of Hodrušská hornatina highland in Central Slovakia No. of relevés 143 149 125 147 144 127 88 145 90 89 94 146 Hieracium bauhinii 1 . . + . . . . r . . + Carex caryophyllea + 1 + . . . + . . . . . Poa compressa + . . . + . + . . . 1 . Trifolium campestre . 1 + . . . . . + . . + Luzula multiflora s.lat. . 1 . . . + . + . . . + Sanguisorba minor . + 1 + . . . . 1 . . . Cerastium holosteoides . + + . . . . + . . . + Veronica officinalis . + r . . . . + . . . + Centaurea phrygia . r . . 1 . . + . . . + Alchemilla xanthochlora . . 1 1 . + . . . . . 1 Dactylis glomerata . . . 1 . + + . . . . + Hypochaeris maculata . . . + 2 r . . . . . + Carlina acaulis . . . + 1 r . . . . . + Tragopogon orientalis . . . + + . . . . . 1 + Phleum pratense 1 . + . + . . . . . . . Primula elatior . . 1 + . 1 . . . . . . Anthyllis vulneraria . . + 2 . + . . . . . . Potentilla erecta . . + . . 1 . . . . . + Trifolium repens . . . + + + . . . . . . Nardus stricta . . . + . 1 . 2 . . . . Polygala vulgaris . . . + . + . . . . . + Bromus erectus . . . + . . 2 . . 2 . . Trifolium ochroleucon . . . + . . + . . . . + Alopecurus pratensis . . . . . + + . 1 . . . Poa pratensis . . . . . . 1 . 2 1 . . Vicia tetrasperma . . . . . . + . + . + . Orchis morio . . . . . . . . 1 + . r No. of relevés 107 124 105 126 106 Character species Bromus erectus 3 + 3 + 3 Avenula pubescens 2 + + 2 1 Campanula rapunculoides + . . r + Linum catharticum . 1 + 1 + Medicago falcata . + + + . Medicago lupulina . + 1 1 1 Primula elatior 1 + r . 1 Ranunculus bulbosus r + 1 + 1 Sanguisorba minor . + + 2 r Securigera varia . + 1 . 1 Dactylis glomerata + 1 + + + Dianthus carthusianorum + + + + + Festuca rubra 2 2 1 2 1 Plantago lanceolata + + 2 1 1 Salvia pratensis + + 1 2 2 Geranium sanguineum . 3 . . . Other species Poa angustifolia 1 + . + 1 Leontodon autumnalis + + + 1 . Carex caryophyllea + + . + + Table 9: Relevés of the association Onobrychido viciifoliae-Brometum erecti T.Müller 1966. Tabela 9: Popisi asociacije Onobrychido viciifoliae-Brometum erecti T.Müller 1966. No. of relevés 107 124 105 126 106 Rosa canina s.lat. + r r . r Pimpinella saxifraga s.str. + . + + + Tragopogon orientalis + . + + + Knautia arvensis + . r + + Centaurea scabiosa + . r + r Cerastium holosteoides . + 2 + 1 Lotus corniculatus . + 1 + 2 Trisetum flavescens . + + 1 + Vicia cracca 2 . . + 2 Arrhenatherum elatius 1 + . . + Prunus domestica 1 . + . r Polygala vulgaris + + . + . Euphorbia cyparissias + + . . + Trifolium montanum + + . . + Anthyllis vulneraria + . . 2 1 Leontodon hispidus . + r 2 . Trifolium repens . . 2 1 1 Trifolium pratense . . 2 2 2 Leucanthemum vulgare . . 1 + + Veronica chamaedrys . . + + + Brought to you by | National & University Library Ljubljana Authenticated Download Date | 1/18/18 10:26 AM 16/2 • 2017, 189–212 211 Alexandra Klimantová Grassland vegetation of Hodrušská hornatina highland in Central Slovakia Appendix Table 1: Original relevé number, coordinates, altitude /m/, aspect, slope, heath-index, cover of herb layer /%/, number of species: Association Holcetum lanati (Group No. 1). Sites: 1. N48°27’55” E18°43’43”, 238, -, 0°, 0.00, 70, 37; 4. N48°28’4” E18°45’57”, 251, NE, 10°, 0.59, 80, 38; 20. N48°27’16” E18°49’16”, 500, E, 10°, 0.59, 70, 33; 69. N48°29’43” E18°47’31”, 777, -, 0°, 0.00, 100, 31; 91. N48°22’21” E18°38’37”, 387, -, 0°, 0.00, 100, 42; 93. N48°25’44” E18°40’54”, 231, E, 1°, 1.42, 90, 25; 103. N48°30’30” E18°46’37”, 261, -, 0°, 0.00, 80, 38; 104. N48°30’4” E18°48’38”, 323, NEE, 10°, -0.59, 85, 42; 118. N48°30’4” E18°50’22”, 369, E, 5°, -3.09, 100, 33; Association Pastinaco sativae-Arrhenatheretum elatioris - intensi- fied meadows (Group No. 2). Sites: 2. N48°27’44” E18°43’46”, 233, -, 0°, 0.00, 95, 34; 3. N48°27’41” E18°43’43”, 235, -, 0°, 0.00, 100, 35; 98. N48°23’22” E18°38’50”, 278, -, 0°, 0.00, 85, 28; 101. N48°23’2” E18°38’11”, 277, -, 0°, 0.00, 80, 37; 102. N48°23’31” E18°38’29”, 369, -, 0°, 0.00, 85, 26; Association Pastinaco sativae-Arrhenatheretum elatioris (Group No. 3) Sites: 5. N48°28’7” E18°45’55”, 459, W, 15°, 0.75, 95, 48; 10. N48°28’10” E18°45’40”, 489, W, 10°, -0.57, 100, 31; 12. N48°28’14” E18°45’28”, 462, SE, 5°, -2.80, 95, 37; 13. N48°28’15” E18°45’21”, 438, -, 0°, 0.00, 85, 27; 19. N48°27’16” E18°49’10”, 476, E, 5°, -3.09, 80, 30; 30. N48°26’26” E18°47’30”, 608, NE, 10°, 0.59, 95, 56; 31. N48°26’22” E18°47’30”, 610, E, 15°, -0.78, 75, 42; 34. N48°26’14” E18°47’45”, 619, -, 0°, 0.00, 100, 31; 38. N48°26’10” E18°48’16”, 712, NW, 12°, 0.03, 95, 41; 39. N48°26’19” E18°48’17”, 623, S, 10°, -0.03, 100, 32; 40. N48°26’39” E18°48’2”, 596, S, 10°, -0.03, 95, 50; 54. N48°28’44” E18°49’47”, 772, NE, 25°, -0.12, 100, 36; 59. N48°26’9” E18°47’46”, 609, W, 5°, 2.95, 100, 44; 60. N48°26’3” E18°47’42”, 611, SE, 15°, -0.71, 100, 35; 79. N48°30’53” E18°47’30”, 391, SW, 5°, 2.95, 95, 54; 85. N48°20’1” E18°40’31”, 489, -, 0°, 0.00, 90, 34; 96. N48°25’41” E18°41’24”, 249, E, 1°, 1.42, 85, 36; 97. N48°25’54” E18°41’28”, 232, E, 1°, 1.42, 80, 35; 100. N48°23’23” E18°38’21”, 279, -, 0°, 0.00, 85, 33; 110. N48°32’2” E18°56’39”, 690, -, 0°, 0.00, 85, 40; 112. N48°32’29” E18°55’60”, 617, NW, 1°, -0.07, 90, 38; 113. N48°32’12” E18°56’20”, 690, NEE, 3°, 0.13, 95, 37; 114. N48°32’59” E18°57’17”, 653, SE, 3°, -0.12, 95, 43; 115. N48°32’52” E18°57’23”, 643, E, 5°, -3.09, 90, 46; 116. N48°33’23” E18°56’28”, 658, SSW, 3°, -0.01, 95, 44; 120. N48°31’5” E18°50’41”, 488, NE, 3°, -0.13, 100, 45; 123. N48°29’41” E18°51’51”, 735, N, 1°, 1.29, 100, 36; 136. N48°26’47” E18°51’50”, 312, NEE, 7°, -0.79, 90, 22; 138. N48°26’14” E18°50’42”, 472, SW, 1°, -1.36, 85, 38; 139. N48°26’49” E18°52’7”, 586, SW, 1°, -1.36, 85, 30; 140. N48°28’43” E18°52’16”, 583, S, 3°, 0.01, 90, 41; 152. N48°24’38” E18°45’19”, 806, NW, 1°, -0.07, 80, 45; Association Alchemillo - Arrhenatheretumelatioris (Group No. 4) Sites: 18. N48°27’19” E18°49’5”, 458, -, 0°, 0.00, 80, 28; 26. N48°26’28” E18°47’4”, 602, -, 0°, 0.00, 95, 53; 33. N48°26’12” E18°47’41”, 619, -, 0°, 0.00, 80, 51; 37. N48°25’59” E18°48’19”, 687, W, 15°, 0.75, 100, 41; 58. N48°25’55” E18°47’53”, 599, -, 0°, 0.00, 90, 43; 62. N48°29’17” E18°52’56”, 593, SW, 10°, -0.57, 85, 48; 77. N48°30’45” E18°47’56”, 370, SW, 5°, 2.95, 95, 39; 82. N48°23’40” E18°45’5”, 369, -, 0°, 0.00, 95, 42; 86. N48°20’1” E18°41’43”, 349, -, 0°, 0.00, 90, 42; 92. N48°25’39” E18°40’52”, 246, -, 0°, 0.00, 90, 38; 108. N48°30’2” E18°50’11”, 623, S, 5°, 0.15, 95, 51; 111. N48°32’16” E18°56’53”, 580, NNW, 7°, 0.03, 80, 49; 117. N48°33’40” E 19°0’8”, 471, S, 7°, -0.04, 85, 44; 121. N48°31’5” E18°50’45”, 512, S, 7°, -0.04, 90, 43; 122. N48°29’52” E18°51’56”, 527, NE, 1°, 1.42, 90, 54; 129. N48°34’25” E18°54’17”, 223, SW, 7°, -0.76, 100, 35; 130. N48°31’9” E18°51’1”, 250, SW, 1°, -1.36, 100, 34; 131. N48°31’15” E18°51’9”, 582, -, 0°, 0.00, 90, 44; 132. N48°29’58” E18°55’51”, 595, NW, 1°, -0.07, 100, 37; 133. N48°31’53” E18°51’50”, 648, NWW, 1°, 1.35, 75, 43; 134. N48°31’39” E18°52’51”, 679, SW, 1°, -1.36, 80, 54; 137. N48°26’31” E18°51’7”, 469, N, 5°, -2.80, 80, 53; 141. N48°28’60” E18°45’8”, 356, SSW, 30°, -0.34, 75, 16; 142. N48°28’42” E18°45’6”, 418, SWW, 20°, 1.96, 90, 46; 148. N48°27’41” E18°52’51”, 734, NNE, 3°, 0.12, 80, 38; 150. N48°28’28” E18°49’28”, 376, NE, 3°, -0.13, 90, 44; 153. N48°23’20” E18°38’37”, 793, -, 0°, 0.00, 95, 41; Alliance Arrhenatherion elatioris- succesion stages (Group No. 5) Sites: 6. N48°28’14” E18°46’2”, 475, W, 15°, 0.75, 100, 43; 7. N48°28’20” E18°46’9”, 497, NW, 10°, -0.03, 95, 45; 11. N48°28’11” E18°45’33”, 473, W, 5°, 2.95, 85, 41; 14. N48°28’19” E18°45’12”, 434, SW, 5°, 2.95, 80, 45; 15. N48°27’23” E18°47’26”, 417, S, 5°, 0.15, 90, 49; 16. N48°27’24” E18°48’22”, 461, E, 20°, 2.04, 75, 50; 17. N48°27’15” E18°49’1”, 433, W, 15°, 0.75, 95, 31; 28. N48°26’28” E18°47’15”, 617, SW, 5°, 2.95, 95, 63; 29. N48°26’28” E18°47’20”, 620, NE, 5°, -3.09, 95, 66; 32. N48°26’22” E18°47’33”, 604, -, 0°, 0.00, 75, 51; 35. N48°25’54” E18°48’0”, 620, NE, 10°, 0.59, 100, 31; 36. N48°26’2” E18°48’30”, 623, SW, 10°, -0.57, 95, 24; 41. N48°26’32” E18°48’9”, 563, -, 0°, 0.00, 80, 43; 42. N48°27’32” E18°46’12”, 536, NE, 20°, 2.04, 70, 51; 43. N48°28’10” E18°49’40”, 391, NW, 20°, -0.10, 100, 30; 44. N48°28’10” E18°49’30”, 606, NW, 20°, -0.10, 95, 48; 46. N48°28’7” E18°49’10”, 594, SE, 10°, 0.54, 80, 42; 48. N48°28’51” E18°49’34”, 506, SW, 25°, 0.12, 100, 49; 55. N48°25’48” E18°47’49”, 738, -, 0°, 0.00, 95, 35; 57. N48°25’51” E18°47’52”, 604, -, 0°, 0.00, 85, 35; 61. N48°28’47” E18°52’56”, 617, SW, 10°, -0.57, 95, 39; 64. N48°28’41” E18°52’54”, 816, -, 0°, 0.00, 80, 48; 70. N48°29’58” E18°47’2”, 687, N, 10°, 0.54, 95, 31; 74. N48°29’57” E18°48’2”, 402, -, 0°, 0.00, 80, 47; 75. N48°30’42” Brought to you by | National & University Library Ljubljana Authenticated Download Date | 1/18/18 10:26 AM 16/2 • 2017, 189–212 212 Alexandra Klimantová Grassland vegetation of Hodrušská hornatina highland in Central Slovakia E18°47’39”, 411, -, 0°, 0.00, 85, 42; 76. N48°30’34” E18°47’54”, 437, N, 5°, -2.80, 95, 41; 78. N48°30’58” E18°47’49”, 404, -, 0°, 0.00, 95, 53; 80. N48°30’15” E18°49’3”, 362, -, 0°, 0.00, 80, 62; 81. N48°30’11” E18°49’23”, 334, S, 5°, 0.15, 100, 42; 83. N48°23’54” E18°45’8”, 485, -, 0°, 0.00, 95, 60; 84. N48°24’7” E18°45’22”, 511, 0, 0°, 0.00, 100, 43; 87. N48°19’54” E18°41’39”, 322, SW, 5°, 2.95, 90, 47; 135. N48°26’51” E18°51’52”, 307, NW, 3°, 0.01, 80, 45; Association Anthoxantho odorati – Agrostietum tenuis (Group No. 6) Sites: 8. N48°28’19” E18°46’11”, 522, -, 0°, 0.00, 100, 53; 9. N48°28’8” E18°45’45”, 512, -, 0°, 0.00, 100, 54; 21. N48°27’19” E18°49’22”, 518, -, 0°, 0.00, 75, 38; 22. N48°27’18” E18°49’21”, 548, SW, 10°, -0.57, 95, 44; 23. N48°27’12” E18°49’33”, 544, SW, 10°, -0.57, 95, 42; 24. N48°27’12” E18°49’19”, 574, -, 0°, 0.00, 80, 40; 25. N48°26’24” E18°46’59”, 521, -, 0°, 0.00, 60, 32; 27. N48°26’32” E18°47’13”, 612, NE, 15°, -0.78, 85, 60; 45. N48°28’10” E18°49’16”, 603, -, 0°, 0.00, 70, 44; 47. N48°28’47” E18°49’37”, 536, -, 0°, 0.00, 80, 45; 49. N48°28’41” E18°49’14”, 737, W, 15°, 0.75, 95, 51; 50. N48°28’37” E18°48’48”, 766, W, 5°, 2.95, 85, 54; 51. N48°28’42” E18°50’4”, 729, W, 10°, -0.57, 95, 55; 52. N48°28’39” E18°50’17”, 696, NE, 15°, -0.78, 95, 41; 53. N48°28’49” E18°49’57”, 756, NE, 20°, 2.04, 100, 44; 56. N48°25’46” E18°47’45”, 683, SW, 15°, 0.75, 100, 55; 63. N48°28’52” E18°53’10”, 761, NE, 5°, -3.09, 80, 28; 65. N48°28’37” E18°52’44”, 773, S, 10°, -0.03, 75, 28; 66. N48°28’35” E18°52’45”, 782, -, 0°, 0.00, 75, 36; 67. N48°28’36” E18°52’55”, 748, N, 10°, 0.54, 90, 39; 68. N48°28’52” E18°51’23”, 750, N, 10°, 0.54, 80, 33; 71. N48°29’35” E18°46’52”, 414, NE, 5°, -3.09, 80, 46; 72. N48°30’2” E18°47’17”, 350, NW, 10°, -0.03, 75, 50; 73. N48°29’54” E18°48’10”, 413, -, 0°, 0.00, 95, 43; 95. N48°25’18” E18°41’28”, 323, SSW, 3°, -0.01, 90, 27; 99. N48°23’33” E18°38’50”, 360, S, 1°, -0.07, 95, 36; 109. N48°30’44” E18°55’19”, 626, -, 0°, 0.00, 95, 54; m119. N48°30’55” E18°51’10”, 620, -, 0°, 0.00, 85, 55; 128. N48°18’17” E18°35’40”, 686, NNW, 5°, -0.12, 80, 48; 151. N48°27’47” E18°43’39”, 266, NE, 5°, -3.09, 95, 33; Alliance Bromion erecti (Group No. 7) Sites: 88. N48°20’49” E18°42’5”, 476, -, 0°, 0.00, 100, 39; 89. N48°20’49” E18°41’55”, 452, -, 0°, 0.00, 95, 36; 90. N48°21’12” E18°42’44”, 452, -, 0°, 0.00, 90, 43; 94. N48°25’12” E18°41’32”, 294, SW, 5°, 2.95, 90, 30; 125. N48°29’42” E18°51’50”, 680, SW, 25°, 0.12, 90, 57; 127. N48°28’54” E18°51’46”, 743, SE, 3°, -0.12, 90, 52; 143. N48°29’41” E18°44’18”, 872, NWW, 3°, -0.12, 70, 34; 144. N48°25’40” E18°41’52”, 859, SW, 3°, 0.12, 75, 44; 145. N48°17’51” E18°38’26”, 837, W, 10°, -0.57, 85, 33; 146. N48°29’59” E18°55’32”, 795, SWW, 1°, 1.37, 80, 56; 147. N48°27’59” E18°52’58”, 784, NW, 5°, 0.15, 85, 59; 149. N48°30’13” E18°48’22”, 373, SWW, 3°, -0.13, 80, 33; Association Onobrychido viciifoliae-Brometum erecti (Group No. 8) Sites: 105. N48°30’7” E18°48’40”, 403, SW, 3°, 0.12, 100, 60; 106. N48°30’0” E18°49’9”, 427, SE, 5°, -2.80, 95, 53; 107. N48°30’1” E18°50’40”, 412, W, 17°, -3.05, 80, 37; 124. N48°29’30” E18°51’51”, 750, N, 25°, -0.11, 75, 47; 126. N48°29’2” E18°51’54”, 761, NNW, 5°, -0.12, 75, 42 Brought to you by | National & University Library Ljubljana Authenticated Download Date | 1/18/18 10:26 AM