We already know Peter and the beginning of his story. It is only a click away. Original title: To je Slovenija – naše prvo desetletje v EU Authors: Zala Primožič, Andreja Kozmelj, Irena Svetin, Ida Repovž-Grabnar Drawings by: Peter Polončič Ruparčič Translated by Boris Panič The publication is available at www.stat.si//eng/pub.asp Information provided by the Information Centre: phone: +386 1 241 64 04 e-mail: info.stat@gov.si CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 311.312(497.4)"2004/2014"(0.034.2) THIS is Slovenia [Elektronski vir] : our first decade in the EU / [authors Zala Primožič ... [et al.] ; drawings by Peter Polončič Ruparčič ; translated by Boris Panič]. - El. knjiga. - Ljubljana : Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, 2014 Prevod dela: To je Slovenija ISBN 978-961-239-303-8 (pdf) 1. Primožič, Zala 274325248 Issued, published and printed by the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Litostrojska cesta 54 – © SURS – Use and publication of data is allowed provided the source is acknowledged – Printed in 220 copies– ISBN 978-961-239-303-8 This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU 3 BE 1957 FOREWORD FR 1957 On 1 May 2014 Slovenia celebrated the tenth anniversary of its accession to the European Union. As a DE 1957 new Member State, Slovenia quickly adjusted to the EU system and was in the first half of 2008 the first IT 1957 of the ten countries that became Member States in 2004 to hold the Presidency of the Council of the European Union. In 2007 Slovenia joined the European Monetary Union. LU 1957 What can statistical data tell us about the quality of people’s life, the development of the society and the NL 1957 state of the economy in this decade? Are we better or worse off after joining the EU? This publication tries DK 1973 to answer these and similar questions through statistical data and indicators. The position of people in Slovenia, the state of the environment in Slovenia and the economic condition of Slovenia in 2004 are IE 1973 compared to ten years later, i.e. with latest data available during the preparation of the publication. For UK 1973 extensive presentation of the situation in Slovenia among other EU Member States and for comparison EL 1981 between them, we added data from some key areas for each of these countries. PT 1986 To present Slovenia‘s development in the past ten years, we used traditional statistical indicators that help us present an objective picture of the observed phenomena. The concept and extent of the publication ES 1986 do not allow us to include in this presentation the life of every individual population group and all aspects AT 1995 of our lives in all their diversity. The valuation of the situation and trends is left to other experts. FI 1995 And who is Peter? He is a statistically quite significant young person in Slovenia, who, however, cannot always be found in statistical averages because his story is true. There are no individual, real lives in SE 1995 statistics, because by definition statistics provides and disseminates aggregate data on mass phenomena, CY 2004 and every one of us helps create the statistical story of Slovenia. CZ 2004 EE 2004 HU 2004 LV 2004 LT 2004 Genovefa Ružić MT 2004 Director-General PL 2004 o the EU SK 2004 SI 2004 cession t BG 2007 RO 2007 Year of ac HR 2013 This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU 5 CONTENTS WHERE AND HOW WE TRAVEL ...................................................................................................................................................... 7 HOW MUCH DO WE STILL FARM? ................................................................................................................................................. 11 EVER MORE EDUCATED .................................................................................................................................................................... 15 WORK – A RIGHT OR A PRIVILEGE? ............................................................................................................................................... 19 TAKING CARE OF THE ENVIRONMENT ......................................................................................................................................... 23 HOW MANY OF US WORK, HOW DO WE LIVE? ......................................................................................................................... 29 ECONOMY AND WELL-BEING ......................................................................................................................................................... 33 WHAT DO WE DO WHEN WE DON’T WORK? ............................................................................................................................. 39 THIRD PERIOD OF LIFE ...................................................................................................................................................................... 43 SHOULD I STAY OR SHOULD I GO? ............................................................................................................................................... 47 A BOY OR A GIRL? ............................................................................................................................................................................... 51 WHERE AND HOW WE TRAVEL When we last saw Peter he was at the seaside. Before departure he had a lot of problems selecting a holiday destination, since despite occasional student work he did not have much money. Then his brother Tomaž invited him to join him and his friends on a mobile home trip along the Adriatic coast. They intended to repeat the unforgettable trip they had made some years ago. Peter gladly accepted the invitation. Savings would definitely suffice; and, it would most definitely be fun. He was curious to see what had changed since 2004 when they had first made the trip. What has changed since then for an average Slovene tourist? Let’s see what the data indicate. 8 WHERE AND HOW WE TRAVEL This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU t FI 89.8 A comparison of life in Slovenia in 2004 and today, Croatia was the most frequent ostaur in 2014, is possible with several indicators; one of destination country of private trips NL 84.1 the well-established indicators is tourism travels of ce: E abroad in 2004 (65% of private trips) Slovenian population. A detailed comparison of data LU 78.6 Sour and also in 2012 (63% of private trips). for both years shows that significant differences in DK 77.41) this area were not detected, except for the type of accommodation and expenses. DE 77.2 In 2012 (data for 2013 are not available yet), residents of CY 75.71) On 52% of private trips in 2012 tourists stayed in rented Slovenia aged 15 years or more went on approximately accommodations: in hotels and similar establishments AT 75.3 4.5 million tourism trips; almost 90% of trips were (21% of private trips), in campsites (10% of private trips) private. 64% of residents of Slovenia aged 15 years or CZ 75.0 and in other rented accommodation establishments, more went on at least one private trip. 61% of private such as private rooms, holiday dwellings, etc. (21% of FE 72.2 trips were shorter (1-3 overnight stays) and 39% of private trips). private trips were longer (at least 4 overnight stays). The IE 70.8 average private trip involved 4.3 nights (in Slovenia 2.7 On 48% of private trips tourists stayed in non-rented accommodations: at friends and relatives (27% of UK 65.5 nights and abroad 5.8 nights). private trips) and in own secondary homes (21% of SI 63.6 What is the reason for taking a private trip? The private trips). In 2004, this ratio was almost reversed: main reason for 78% of private trips was leisure time on 46% of private trips tourists stayed in rented EU28 60.71) (holidays, travels), while the main reason for 22% of accommodations and on 54% of private trips tourists EE 60.6 private trips was to visit relatives and friends. stayed in non-rented accommodations. SK 54.4 A little more than half (51%) of private trips in 2012 took place abroad. Croatia was by far the most visited ate trip (%), EU28, 2012 ES 52.6 country on private trips abroad (63% of private trips LT 51.9 abroad), followed by Bosnia and Herzegovina (6%), In 2012, the majority of tourists stayed Italy (5%) and Austria (4%). These countries were also in rented accommodations (52% of HR 51.3 the most frequent destination countries of trips in 2004. private trips), while in 2004 the majority MT 49.3 of tourists stayed in non-rented t least one priv In both years, in 2004 and in 2012, most of the tourists accommodations (54% of private trips). BE 49.2 went on the private trip in July and most of the trips t on a were made by private road vehicles (cars, campervans, en IT 49.0 motorbikes). t w PL 47.9 e tha LV 45.2 HU 37.7 PT 36.7 te. EL 33.1 RO 21.4 tion aged 15 or mor BG 18.9 ta 1) Estima Popula SE … ... no da This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU WHERE AND HOW WE TRAVEL 9 Tourists on private trips in 2012 spent on average EUR 44 per day: 641,000 or 36% of residents of Slovenia aged 15 years or more did on private trips in Slovenia on average EUR 33 per day and on not go on any private trips in 2012. Among reasons for not going private trips abroad on average EUR 49 per day. In the structure (they could state multiple reasons) almost a half (49%) stated of expenditure on private trips on average the highest share was financial reasons, almost a third (31%) health reasons, 17% lack of represented by expenditure for accommodation (37%), followed by time due to work or study, while 16% did not feel the need to go. expenditure for transport (27%), expenditure for food and drinks in For 2004 only data on people not attending longer private trips are restaurants and cafes (17%) and expenditure for other services and available. In 2004, 44% of the Slovenian population aged 15 or over shopping (19%). In 2004, tourists on private trips spent on average did not go on any longer private trip. Of those 41% stated financial SIT 7,905 per day (SIT 5,566 on private trips in Slovenia and SIT reasons as the main obstacle, 23% stated lack of spare time, 17% 8,987 on private trips abroad). If we convert Slovenian tolars at the stated health reasons, 13% said that they didn’t feel the need to fixed exchange rate of SIT 239.64 per euro, we can estimate that the leave their homes and 3% were visiting a secondary home or going average daily expenditure on private trips in 2004 was on average on day-trips. EUR 33 per day (EUR 23 on private trips in Slovenia and EUR 38 on private trips abroad). Travel intensity and characteristics of private trips, Slovenia 2004 2012 Average daily expenditure of tourists on private trips (EUR), Slovenia, 2012 Share of people who went on at least one longer private trip (%) 56.5 52.0 Short private trips as a share of all private trips (%) 61.5 61.4 Share of private trips abroad (%) 53.8 51.3 Share of private trips the purpose of which was spending leisure time (%) 85.6 78.3 Share of private trips in July (%) 20.1 19.2 Share of private trips during which tourists lived in free accommodation (%) 53.6 47.9 Average daily expenditure on private trips (EUR) 33.0 43.9 Source: SURS Source: SURS 10 WHERE AND HOW WE TRAVEL This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU t LV 102 Data on tourism travels of domestic population What is the situation elsewhere in Europe? The most ostaur suggest that the characteristics of private trips in 2012 popular tourist destinations in Europe in 2013 were HU 103 compared to 2004 did not change significantly. What France (405 million overnight stays), Spain (387 million ce: E impact did Slovenia’s accession to the European Union overnight stays), Italy (363 million overnight stays), RO 103 Sour have on foreign tourist arrivals? Did they come to Germany (355 million overnight stays) and the United PT 112 Slovenia more often? Did they stay longer than before Kingdom (320 million overnight stays). These five 1 May 2004? The data suggest so. The number of tourist countries jointly recorded 70% of all overnight stays in CZ 116 arrivals and overnight stays increased in recent years. the EU28. In 2012, the highest numbers of tourist arrivals and BG 132 overnight stays ever were recorded; almost 3.3 million EE 167 tourist arrivals and more than 9.5 million nights were registered in tourist accommodations (domestic and ES 175 foreign tourists combined). 2012 was the record year France was the most popular tourist destination in 2012. SI 189 mostly because of foreign tourists; they generated almost 2.2 million arrivals and almost 5.8 million LT 193 overnight stays. Following the decline in 2008 and 2009, the number of arrivals and overnight stays of foreign HR 193 tourists is increasing steadily (arrivals and overnight And who travels the most in Europe? In 2012, 90% of DK 239 stays of foreign tourists are monitored according to the Finns, 84% of Dutch and 79% of Luxembourgers went new methodology since 2008). However, the number on at least one private trip. Bulgarians (19%), Romanians CY 295 of domestic tourist arrivals and overnight stays remains (21%) and Greeks (33%) travelled a lot less. Slovenians about the same or is even in decline. (64%) ranked above the EU28 average of just over 61%. FI 310 NL 332 Tourist arrivals and overnight stays (in 1,000), Slovenia SK 359 IT 414 DE 430 IE 486 AT 554 BE 554 ate trips (EUR), EU28, 2012 MT 608 LU 715 e on priv EL … FR … enditurxp PL … age e SE … ta verA UK … ... no da Source: SURS HOW MUCH DO WE STILL FARM? Holidays at the seaside passed quickly and Peter returned to Ljubljana. A few months later his everyday routine was broken by a chance meeting with Špela at an open market in Ljubljana. On an ingeniously designed market stall she was selling produce from her family’s organic farm. There was plenty of demand, since there are only few such farms in Slovenia. It was love at first sight (doesn’t that happen only in films?). From then on Peter frequently spent his free time in Gorenjska, helping to the best of his ability on the family farm. All work was done by family members, so it was never finished. But Peter enjoyed it immensely. 12 HOW MUCH DO WE STILL FARM? This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU RO 31.5 Agricultural holdings in Slovenia have changed slightly Structure of utilised agricultural area on agricultural in number and in scope since Slovenia's accession to holdings (%), Slovenia, 2013 IT 13.2 the EU: from 2004 to 2010, their number decreased by more than 2,500 but the remaining holdings PL 12.3 became slightly larger. An agricultural holding in 2010 ES 8.1 cultivated on average approximately 3,000 m2 (0.3 ha) more arable land, 2,000 m2 (0.2 ha) more permanent EL 5.9 grassland, orchards and olive groves and as much HU 4.7 vineyards as in 2003, when Slovenia was about to join the EU. All major livestock branches declined in this FR 4.2 period, mainly pig breeding. BG 3.0 According to the latest available data (provisional PT 2.5 data for 2013) an average agricultural holding in Slovenia had 6.5 hectares of utilised agricultural DE 2.4 area and bred 5.5 livestock units. There were about HR 1.9 73,000 agricultural holdings (agricultural enterprises and cooperatives and family farms) in Slovenia in LT 1.6 2013. All together they owned more than 888,000 1) Common pastures are included. UK 1.5 hectares of land, of which approximately 56% was agricultural land (utilised agricultural area and fallow Source: SURS AT 1.2 or abandoned agricultural land), about 42% was forest and 2% was barren land. About 462,500 cattle (about 16,000 fewer than in 2003), IE 1.1 about 287,900 pigs (about 320,000 fewer than in 2003) The largest part of the total utilised agricultural area LV 0.7 and about 4,952,500 poultry (about 181,000 fewer consisted of permanent grassland (58%), the second than in 2003) were bred on agricultural holdings in SI 0.6 largest part was arable land (36%) and the third 2013. In addition, agricultural holdings bred (to a lesser permanent crops (6%). All the time, before Slovenia NL 0.6 extent) also sheep, horses and other animals for human joined the EU and even today, the prevailing crop on consumption. SE 0.6 arable land was stubble cereals; in 2013 they were grown on around 56% of all arable land; approximately FI 0.5 on 32% of arable land green fodder was grown. BE 0.4 In recent years, the number of pigs fell DK 0.3 sharply: in 2013 agricultural holdings had almost 287,900 pigs, ten years CY 0.3 before 607,900 pigs. al holdings (%), EU27, 2010 SK 0.2 CZ 0.2 EE 0.2 t ostaur e of agricultur MT 0.1 ce: E Shar LU 0.0 Sour This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU HOW MUCH DO WE STILL FARM? 13 In 2012, agricultural holdings in Slovenia satisfied with its own crop According to 2010 data (then agriculture censuses were held and animal production a little more than 70% of the Slovenian in most EU Member States), agricultural holdings in Slovenia population needs for cereals, around 83% of the needs for meat, represent 0.6% of all agricultural holdings in the EU28. At the about 92% of the needs for eggs, only 34% of the needs for mentioned censuses there were about 12 million agricultural vegetables and only about 55% of the needs for potatoes. holdings in the EU28, of which almost a third in Romania. In terms One of the most important branches of Slovenian agriculture is the of size, an average agricultural holding in Slovenia was more than production of cow's milk. Milk production was all this time (2003- a half smaller than an average agricultural holding in the EU28 as 2012) higher than population needs, although the production of a whole. cow's milk after Slovenia joined the EU declined by about 6% (from around 661,700 tonnes in 2003 to around 620,900 tonnes in 2012). Self-sufficiency rate in supply balance sheets of cereals, potato, vegetables and meat, Slovenia Sources: SURS, KIS 14 HOW MUCH DO WE STILL FARM? This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU Organic farming is becoming increasingly important CZ 152 In 2012, the structure of utilised agricultural area with for agriculture in Slovenia; in recent years, the number organic farming was as follows: the largest share was UK 90 of farms with organic production method increased represented by olive groves (21% of all olive groves), substantially. In 2004 there were about 1,600 such farms followed by permanent grassland (11% of the total) SK 78 and in 2012 almost 2,700. The utilised agricultural area and orchards (also 11% of the total). Arable land with DK 63 used for organic production and the number of animals organic farming represented just over 2% of all arable in organic farming are also increasing. In 2012, 35,000 land cultivated by agricultural holdings in Slovenia. LU 60 hectares of utilised agricultural area were intended DE 56 for organic production (52% more than in 2004); and almost 130,000 of all animals were in organic farming. FR 54 In 2012, utilised agricultural area with EE 48 organic farming represented just over Utilised agricultural area with organic farming (ha), 7% of the total utilized agricultural area. SE 43 Slovenia FI 36 2004 2012 IE 36 Arable land and kitchen gardens 1,722 3,787 The largest share of utilized agricultural area with of which vegetables and BE 32 organic farming was recorded in Austria, almost 19% of strawberries 82 184 the total utilized agricultural area. In Slovenia, there was NL 26 Permanent grassland 20,908 29,814 just over 7% of utilized agricultural area under organic ES 24 Orchards 336 988 farming in the total in that time. This farming was the least common in Bulgaria and Malta; in each of these LV 22 Vineyards 49 324 countries less than 1% of the total utilised agricultural AT 19 Olive groves 5 185 area was intended for organic farming. Nurseries 0 2 EU28 14 Source: MKO al holding (ha), EU28, 2010 LT 14 BG 12 PT 12 er agricultur PL 10 ea p HU 8 al ar IT 8 SI 6 HR 6 EL 5 RO 3 t ostaur age utilised agricultur CY 3 ce: E verA MT 1 Sour EVER MORE EDUCATED In the second year of studies, Peter found that studying economics would most probably offer him greater employment opportunities than studying environmental protection. So, he transferred to Bologna studies at the Faculty of Economics, course Management. After ten years, in October 2012 he proudly received his B.Sc. degree in front of his parents, brother, grandmother and girlfriend. Upon graduation, his parents admitted they had been worried he would never graduate, since he exceeded the average duration of studies a long time ago. 16 EVER MORE EDUCATED This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU t IE 51.1 Are young people today interested in different study The educational attainment of the population has ostaur fields than they were ten years ago? Not really. Most changed in the last ten years. In 2013 almost 20% of CY 49.9 students still prefer social studies to other fields of the population aged 15 or more had tertiary education. ce: E study. In 2012, 40% of all tertiary education graduates Half a percent of the population had a PhD degree. Ten LU 49.6 Sour graduated from social sciences, business or law. years ago the share of tertiary educated population was LT 48.6 Women still prevail in social sciences, education, arts much lower; 13% of the population according to the and humanities; two out of three graduates in those 2002 population census. About a half of the population SE 47.9 fields in 2012 were women. Men are interested in social had upper secondary education in 2002 and in 2013. UK 47.1 sciences as well, but a lot of them also find interest in And a third of the population in 2002 had basic technically and technologically oriented programs and education or less. That share declined by 2013 to 27%. FI 45.8 in construction. BE 43.9 FR 43.6 DK 43.0 Tertiary education graduates by fields of education (KLASIUS-P) and sex, Slovenia, 2012 NL 42.21) ES 40.1 SI 39.2 EE 39.1 PL 39.1 LV 37.2 EU28 35.7 DE 32.0 EL 30.9 ation (%), EU28, 2012 HU 29.9 y educ PT 27.2 tiar BG 26.9 er Source: SURS AT 26.3 CZ 25.6 HR 23.7 SK 23.7 ta. MT 22.4 tion aged 30-34 with t RO 21.8 Popula IT 21.7 Provisional da1) This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU EVER MORE EDUCATED 17 There are significant differences between younger and older There is a difference in education attained between men and women generations regarding educational attainment. Younger population as well. In 2013 the share of tertiary educated women (22%) was is better educated than older generations. In 2013 more than higher than the share of tertiary educated men (17%). However, the a third of people aged 30 to 39 had tertiary education and 10% share of women with basic education or less (32%) was also higher had basic education or less. More than 90% of young people aged than the share of men with basic education or less (23%). The level 20 to 24 had at least upper secondary education. Looking at the of highest education attained decreased slowly with age in the male elderly population (aged 60 years or more) we find 12% of tertiary population, while in the case of women that decrease was much educated people and 43% of people with basic education or less. faster. In 2013, 46% of women aged 30 to 34 were tertiary educated and only 7% of them had basic education or less. The share of women older than 64 years of age with basic education or less was almost Educational structure of population aged 30-39 and population 60%, while only 8% of them had tertiary education. aged 60+ (%), Slovenia Such a rapid increase in educational attainment of (younger) women should not be a surprise. In 2012, 57% of all women aged 19 to 24 were enrolled in tertiary education (and only 40% of men at the same age). The number of tertiary education students increased in the last twenty years and exceeded 100,000 five years ago. However, due to smaller generations that number has recently been decreasing. Educational structure of men and women (%), Slovenia Source: SURS As regards the share of population aged 30 to 34 with tertiary education, with 39% Slovenia ranked above the EU average of 36% in 2012. The highest shares of tertiary educated population (around 50%) in this age group are recorded in Ireland, Cyprus, Luxembourg and Lithuania. Source: SURS 18 EVER MORE EDUCATED This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU t In the 2012/13 school year, 91.8% of young people aged As regards the youngest, the situation is different; HR 4.2 osta 15 to 18 were enrolled in upper secondary education, the number of preschool children is rising. Ten years ur SI 4.4 mainly in technical and general upper secondary ago 55,000 children were enrolled in kindergartens, ce: E education. Due to smaller generations of children, the i.e. two thirds of all children aged 1 to 5. In 2012/13, SK 5.3 Sour number of students in upper secondary education and 18,000 children more were enrolled in kindergartens, CZ 5.5 the number of pupils in elementary schools is falling. i.e. three quarters of all children aged 1 to 5. The main PL 5.7 In the 2004/05 school year there were more than reason for the higher number of children is changes in 100,000 upper secondary education students and the legislation. From 2008 until 2012 the kindergarten LT 6.5 174,000 elementary school pupils. Those figures was free of charge for all the siblings of a child SE 7.5 decreased to 78,200 and 162,000, respectively, in enrolled in the kindergarten and since 2013 the cost 2012/13. In classrooms in elementary schools there for them is 30% of the regular price. The capacities of AT 7.6 were 19 pupils on average. kindergartens have increased as well; in 2004/05 there were 752 kindergartens with 3,232 class units and in LU 8.1 2012/13 there were more than 900 kindergartens with NL 8.81) 4,861 class units. FI 8.9 Share of population of typical age enrolled in the 2012/13 school year and the number of people enrolled in DK 9.1 formal education in 2012/13 and 2004/05 school years, Slovenia IE 9.7 EE 10.5 DE 10.6 LV 10.6 EL 11.4 CY 11.4 HU 11.5 FR 11.6 BE 12.0 BG 12.5 EU28 12.71) UK 13.6 RO 17.4 vers (%), EU28, 2012 IT 17.6 ta. ol lea PT 20.8 Source: SURS MT 22.6 ly scho Ear ES 24.9 Provisional da1) WORK – A RIGHT OR A PRIVILEGE? "If you have a good education, you will have a good job and a nice life”, Peter often heard people say to encourage him to study when he was still in upper secondary school. But the situation in Slovenia has changed a lot since then. The conditions on Slovenia’s labour market have recently become much more difficult. Young people in particular feel this, since it is increasingly difficult for them to become players on the labour market. By the end of 2012 Peter still had not found a job, so in early 2013 he registered at the Employment Service of Slovenia as one of over 120,000 job seekers. No, this figure – 120,000 – was not something he wanted to imagine. 20 WORK — A RIGHT OR A PRIVILEGE? This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU AT 4.9 Examining the labour market in independent Slovenia, In 2004, when Slovenia joined the EU, the situation two periods can be distinguished: from independence on the labour market was slightly better: there were DE 5.2 up to 2008 and from 2008 onwards, when the Slovenian approximately 93,000 registered unemployed persons economy and thus the labour market were strongly and also the unemployment rate was lower (10.6%). LU 5.7 affected by the economic crisis. During the search for a job, the educational attainment MT 6.8 On average about 120,000 unemployed persons were level plays a very important role. The table below shows NL 6.8 registered at the Employment Service of Slovenia in fewer registered unemployed persons among persons 2013. The registered unemployment rate was 13.1%. with tertiary educational level relatively (and absolutely) CZ 7.0 Almost a third of the unemployed persons were in comparison with those having completed basic DK 7.2 aged 50 years or more. Many among them have education. The situation among persons with upper taken advantage of the opportunity offered by the secondary education was almost the same: among FI 7.2 Slovenian legislation and before retiring registered persons aged 15 years or more, there were 55% persons RO 7.3 themselves at the Employment Service of Slovenia, who have completed one of the upper secondary which helped them to end their active working life schools, while the share of unemployed persons with SE 7.5 earlier. the upper secondary educational level was 56%. UK 7.9 EE 8.2 BE 8.7 Population aged 15+ and registered unemployed persons by educational attainment level (%), Slovenia, 2013 FR 9.5 Population aged 15+ Registered unemployed persons ter 2013 SI 9.5 Total 100.0 100.0 quar HU 9.9 basic education or less 22.7 29.7 rd PO 9.9 upper secondary education 54.9 56.1 EU28 10.6 tertiary education 22.4 14.2 LT 11.1 Source: SURS IT 11.4 LV 12.0 BG 12.1 IE 13.3 ersons aged 15-64 (%), EU28, 3 SK 14.1 or p PT 16.3 ate ft r CY 16.4 t ymen HR 16.9 osta ES 26.1 ur ce: E Unemplo EL 27.2 Sour This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU WORK — A RIGHT OR A PRIVILEGE? 21 At the end of 2013, the highest number of unemployed persons of 2013 was lower than the average across the EU, although in this registered at the Employment Service of Slovenia was recorded period it increased by approximately three percentage points; in in municipality Ljubljana: 16,531. Since Ljubljana is the most 2004 it was 6.5%, while in the third quarter of 2013 it was 9.6% densely populated municipality in Slovenia it makes more sense to (at the same time the average in the EU28 was 9.3% and 10.6%, compare the municipalities by the registered unemployment rate: respectively). the unemployment rate was the highest in the border municipality What can we see from the Labour Force Survey about young of Dobrovnik/Dobronak; 26.3%. In the same period in as many as people elsewhere in Europe? In the third quarter of 2013, the ILO 11 Slovenian municipalities the unemployment rate was above unemployment rate among young Europeans (aged 15 to 24 years) 20%. The unemployment rate was the lowest in Žiri: 5.6%. was the lowest in Germany, 8.7%, and the highest in Greece, 57.2%. In 2004, the situation was slightly different: the ILO unemployment rate among young people was the lowest in Denmark (7.8%) and Registered unemployment rate in Slovenia and some selected municipalities (%), December 2013 the highest in Poland (40.1%). The unemployment rate among young people in Germany at that time was 13.0% and thus the seventh highest among EU Member States. During that period the situation in Greece worsened; at that time the ILO unemployment rate among young persons was 26.5%; with this figure Greece took the last place among EU Member States, but on the other hand it was more than 30 percentage points lower than at the end of 2013. ILO unemployment rate, 15-64 years, Slovenia Source: SURS In addition to the registered unemployment rate, an interesting labour market indicator is also the ILO unemployment rate. The ILO unemployment rate among young people in Slovenia aged 15 to 24 years was in 2004 and also at the end of 2013 lower than the average across the EU: in 2004 it was 16.2%, in the fourth quarter of 2013 it was 18.9%. Among those in the age group 15-64 years, too, the unemployment rate in 2004 and also in the third quarter Source: SURS TAKING CARE OF THE ENVIRONMENT In the spring of 2013 Peter finally got a job. For its project Treating Industrial Waste Water, which was substantially co-financed by the European Commission, an NGO needed someone to assess the project from an economic perspective. Peter signed a one-year contract and thus became one of the 122,000 people with temporary jobs. Peter found the theme of the project very interesting, because he could use what he learned studying ecology and, of course, his fresh economic knowledge. But when he got to know the rich set of environmental indicators produced by official statistics, it was clear to him that industrial pollution puts the greatest pressure on the environment, even though he could not help feeling that some people behave as savages when it comes to nature. 24 TAKING CARE OF THE ENVIRONMENT This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU ) MT 3 Quality of life - our well-being, health, housing Which activities are most harmful to the environment? conditions - in many ways depends on the • The majority of air emissions came from the energy CY 9 microenvironment in which we live and which sector, namely from consumption of fossil fuels surrounds us, and is increasingly influenced by various LV 12 in transport and from energy production: 80% in factors in the wider area. Broader, more objective 2004 and 82% in 2011. 10% of emissions came from LU 12 information about the quality of the environment agriculture in both years, from industrial processes in in Slovenia can be obtained when our country is SI 20 2004 about 6% and around 5% in 2011, air emissions ce: EEA (EEA_table_GMG.pdf compared with other countries, as environmental from waste amounted to about 3%. EE 21 Sour issues and problems are common. • Composition of air emissions hasn’t changed LT 22 Individual environmental indicators show that the state significantly in recent years; greenhouse gas of the environment in Slovenia improved in many ways emissions contained 80% of carbon dioxide, about SK 45 since 2004: 10% of methane and 6% of nitrous oxide. DK 56 • In 2012 the number of days with exceeded daily • Quality of drinking water in this period improved: the concentration of PM particles in Slovenia was lower share of non-compliant water samples in big supply IE 58 10 than in 2004, except in Murska Sobota and Trbovlje. areas contaminated with the bacterium Escherichia SE 61 • In the case of air quality, which is measured by coli decreased by more than three times. the amount of emitted greenhouse gases, the BG 66 Kyoto Protocol targets have not yet been reached. Air emissions, Slovenia HU 66 According to the Protocol the emissions should have decreased by 8% by 2012 compared to 1986 2004 2012 FI 67 base year values: in 2004 the emission values were Carbon dioxide emissions as a share of total greenhouse gas 82.1 82.9 PT 70 exceeded by 7.3% and in 2011 (latest available data) by 4.8%. Reduction of emission values was emissions (%) AT 83 not distributed evenly in the past decade. On Methane emissions as a share EL 115 the contrary, until 2008 the amount of emitted of total greenhouse gas emissions (%) 10.7 10.1 greenhouse gases even increased; only in 2009 it (million t), EU27, 2011 BE 120 began to decrease. Nitrous oxide emissions as a 1) t share of total greenhouse gas 5.9 5.7 RO 123 emissions (%) alen CZ 134 Source: SURS y. equiv NL 194 estr O 2 or ES 351 , in C PL 399 FR 486 IT 489 , land use change and f UK 553 DE 917 cluding land use reenhouse gas emissionsG EU27 4,550 1) Ex This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU TAKING CARE OF THE ENVIRONMENT 25 The essence of sustainable development is to maintain the long- As transport is a big pollutant of the environment, the illustrative term balance between the needs of mankind and the capacities data and indicators below present large pressures put on the of the natural environment. Key factors in reaching this goal are environment by transport: modesty and awareness of the limitations of available resources • The number of passenger cars increased over the observed - water and food. Presented here for illustration are selected period: in 2004 there were 441 passenger cars per 1,000 environmental indicators for 2004 and 2012, describing the state population and 492 in 2012. of the environment and our relation to the environment and future • generations: At the same time the number of passenger-kilometres travelled • in road public scheduled transport decreased: in 2004, 1,000 Final energy consumption decreased from 2.5 toe per capita in million passenger-kilometres were travelled, but only 583 2004 to 2.1 toe per capita in 2012. million in 2012. • Share of renewable energy in final energy consumption increased from 8.8% in 2004 to 12.8% in 2012. • Consumption of water per capita from the public water supply decreased by about 2 m3 to 43.4 m3 in 2012 compared to 2004. In 2012, most passenger cars per 1,000 population • In 2012, an average of 327 kg of municipal waste per capita were registered in the Goriška statistical region were generated, of which 2.4 kg of hazardous waste, compared (577) and the fewest in the Zasavska statistical to 417 kg of municipal waste and 0.5 kg of hazardous waste in region (470). 2004. • Less waste is landfilled on municipal landfills due to recent improvements in separate waste collection and waste recovery. What state of our planet shall we pass on to our children? The In 2012, 388,000 tons of waste were landfilled compared to intergenerational cooperation in the environmental field is 727,000 tons in 2004. presented by the following statistics and indicators: • Energy intensity, measured as energy supply compared to GDP, Municipal waste per person, Slovenia decreased from 330 to 294 toe/million EUR between 2004 and 2012, meaning that we utilize our energy resources better. 2004 2012 • Consumption of plant nutrients per hectare of utilized agricultural area decreased from 129.4 kg/ha in 2004 to total 95.9 kg/ha in 2012: municipal 417 327 • Consumption of nitrogen decreased from 61.7 kg/ha to waste (kg) 54.8 kg/ha. • Consumption of phosphorus plant nutrient (P O ) decreased 2 5 from 29.8 kg/ha to 18.5 kg/ha. hazardous • waste (kg) 0.5 2.4 Consumption of potassium plant nutrient (K O) decreased 2 from 37.9 kg/ha to 22.5 kg/ha. Source: SURS 26 TAKING CARE OF THE ENVIRONMENT This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU t AT 65.5 • As regards waste water treatment, the situation in Interestingly, in 2004 the highest share of this ostaur Slovenia has slightly deteriorated since 2004: in expenditure was allocated to wastewater management, SE 60.0 2004, 128 million m3 of waste water were generated. around 36%, compared to 26% in 2012. In 2012 the ce: E Before the discharge - mostly into surface waters - highest share, 53%, was allocated to protection of air PT 47.6 Sour 74% of waste water was treated. In 2012, 201 million and climate. LV 44.9e) m3 of waste water were generated, but only 58% of waste water was treated prior to release into the DK 38.7 environment. Slovenia’s water resources HR 35.5 • Waste treatment improved in the observed period. Recently waste generation was cut in half: in RO 33.6 2004, 6.8 million tons were generated, but only 2,500 km of rivers ES 33.5 4.4 million tons in 2012. The majority was generated in manufacturing and service activities: ten years SI 31.4 ago 84% and in 2012 85%. FI 29.5 • The amount of waste generated in manufacturing IT 27.6 and service activities decreased by about the same percent as the total amount of all waste generated, 60.8 km2 of standing DE 23.6 which is good, but unfortunately at the same waters onsumption (%), EU28, 2012 EU28 23.5 time the amount of hazardous industrial waste y c increased: from around 109,000 tons in 2004 to tricit SK 20.1 almost 116,000 tons in 2012. IE 19.6 • Also encouraging is the increase in waste recovery: in 2004, 3.6 million tons were recovered compared oss elec EL 17.3e sea to 5.3 million tons in 2012. BG 17.0 e of gr FR 16.6 Are we aware of all the wealth of our forests? They cover more than 58% of Slovenia’s territory; among other EE 15.8 things they are very important for the conservation 3,530 million m3 CZ 11.6 of biodiversity. In Slovenia one can still encounter the of renewable ces as a shar three major European predators – brown bear, wolf groundwater BE 11.1 and lynx – which is rare in other European countries. gy sour LT 10.9 Slovenia spent around EUR 4.2 million in 2004 for conservation of biodiversity, but only EUR 474,000 Source: ARSO UK 10.8 in 2012. Environmental protection expenditure is on PL 10.7 the rise. In 2004 gross investment for environmental able enerw protection amounted to EUR 192 million and in 2012 NL 10.5 ene to EUR 394 million. HU 6.1e om r y fr CY 4.9 LU 4.6 te tricit Elec MT 1.1e e estima This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU TAKING CARE OF THE ENVIRONMENT 27 As regards water sources, Slovenia is one of the richest European Water supplied from the public water supply, Slovenia countries: 34 billion m3 of water runs in Slovenian rivers and 2004 2012 streams. The total amount of water per capita exceeds the European average by around four times. Water is mainly supplied through the public water supply. The total length of the entire households 86.7 84.9 public water supply network is close to 22,000 km, having almost million m3 488,000 user connections. In 2012 around 169 million m3 of water was extracted from water sources and in 2004 162 million m3. The largest quantities of water from the public water supply were used activities 35.1 30.6 by households: 53% in 2004 and around 50% in 2012. The use of million m3 water supplied to manufacturing and service activities decreased from 21% in 2004 to 18% in 2012. Water loss in the public water supply increased significantly in the loss 36.4 49.5 million m3 observed period, from 36 million m3 to 49 million m3, which is an increase by 30% and represents 30% water loss in the network. Source: SURS HOW MANY OF US WORK, HOW DO WE LIVE? In June 2013 Peter met Gašper, a childhood friend. They had not met for a long time as Gašper does not have a regular job. In the summer he works as a skipper for a Croatian enterprise located in Dubrovnik, driving tourists on a sailboat. It pays well, and tips given by satisfied clients greatly improve his earnings. He has more time in the winter, when he’s mostly at home. Gašper lives such an atypical life that it is difficult to cover it by usual statistics, so detailed data on it are not published. We do know, however, that an increasing number of young people is following in his footsteps and that they have to be satisfied with temporary jobs, even outside Slovenia. 30 HOW MANY OF US WORK, HOW DO WE LIVE? This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU NL 49.2 The Slovenian labour market has changed significantly amounted to slightly less than SIT 268,000 and in 2013 over the last ten years and it requires more and more to EUR 1,523. If we convert Slovenian tolars into euros UK 25.9 flexibility from the employed persons. Increasingly taking into account the exchange rate of SIT 239.64 fewer employed persons have a traditional form of per euro, the very rough estimate would be that the DE 25.7 employment: full-time job for an indefinite period. In Slovenian monthly gross earnings in the last ten years SE 25.0 2004, 97,000 employees had temporary jobs, while at increased by more than EUR 400 or by about a third. the end of 2013 their number increased to 122,000. AT 24.9 There were also more employed persons who were DK 24.8 employed part-time: their number increased from Average monthly gross earnings in 88,000 to 95,000 in the period from 2004 to the end BE 24.7 Slovenia amounted to EUR 1,523 in of 2013. Given the fact that the number of employed 2013. IE 23.5 persons in 2004 was greater than in the fourth quarter of 2013, the relative increase was even more prominent: EU28 19.2 the share of part-timers (of all employed persons) in However, the comparison is not appropriate, because LU 18.5 2004 was 9.3%, while at the end of 2013 it was 10.4%. part of the increase was neutralised by inflation; earnings FR 17.7 indeed slightly increased at the beginning of the economic crisis, mainly due to lay-off workers from less IT 16.8 In 2004, 97,000 employed persons successful companies. Companies with low added value ES 14.6 had fixed-term contracts, while at the per employee are usually the ones dismissing workers, end of 2013 their number increased to and dismissed workers usually have a low educational FI 14.1 122,000. attainment level and thus they receive earnings that MT 13.2 are below the average. The increase in average earnings during the economic recession is therefore not such an PT 11.0 For the majority of employed persons, earnings are the unusual phenomenon as it may appear. CY 9.7 main motive to be employed. Payment depends on Instead of a direct comparison of earnings, a comparison EE 9.2 several factors: the post, educational attainment good of minutes of work required to earn the amount for management of the employer, the ability to adapt to which we can buy a certain product or pay a certain RO 9.1 the current economic situation, the economic situation service might be more informative. From the chart we t-time (%), EU28, 2012 SI 9.0 in the country, etc. It is well known that earnings rates can see that for most of the selected products we needed vary, so a comparison of earnings over a long period to work less time in 2012 than in 2004. This could be due LV 8.9 usually does not make sense. Such a comparison is to lower price of the goods, due to increase in earnings, king par LT 8.9 even more difficult when there is a change of currency. or it might be both. or In 2004, average monthly gross earnings in Slovenia EL 7.6 PL 7.2 ersons w HU 6.6 yed p HR 6.3 CZ 5.0 t ostaur e of emplo SK 4.0 ce: E Shar BG 2.2 Sour This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU HOW MANY OF US WORK, HOW DO WE LIVE? 31 Working time needed to buy selected goods, difference between 2004 and 2012 (min.), Slovenia Source: SURS In addition to the objective measurement of income, the subjective The at-risk-of-poverty rate in Slovenia in 2012 was 13.5% and with opinions of the individuals about their financial position are also this figure Slovenia was among six EU Member States with the meaningful. In 2012, 31% of households in Slovenia declared lowest values of this indicator. In 2012, the rate was the lowest in it was difficult or very difficult to survive with their income; 36% the Czech Republic, 9.6%, and the highest in Greece, 23.1%, while of households could live through a month with minor problems, the EU average was 16.9%. In Slovenia, the at-risk of-poverty rate while 33% of them had an income with which it was (quite) easy to in the period from 2004 to 2012 increased by 1.2 percentage live through a month.. 89% of Slovenian households could afford points; in 2004 it stood at 12.3%. The value of this indicator in 2012 meat or equivalent vegetarian meal at least every second day, 67% compared to 2004 increased in almost all categories of persons of Slovenian households could go on a week-long vacation, while with regard to their status of activity. Data from these two years are unexpected expenses in the amount of EUR 600 could be settled not directly comparable because of the different data sources, but only by slightly more than half of all households in Slovenia (51%). they clearly reveal the social situation in Slovenia. In 2012, 67% of households in Slovenia could afford one week-long vacation. 32 HOW MANY OF US WORK, HOW DO WE LIVE? This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU CZ 9.6 From the table it is obvious that the at-risk-of-poverty At-risk-of-poverty rate by activity status (%), Slovenia rate in the period from 2004 to 2012 increased the 2004 2012 NL 10.1 most among the unemployed persons: from 37.6% to 46.9%. The second biggest increase was among the Total 12.3 13.5 DK 13.1 self-employed persons, where the at-risk-of-poverty employed persons 5.3 6.5 SK 13.2 rate increased by 8 percentage points. The main reason for the increase in both groups was tightening of the self-employed 15.9 23.9 FI 13.2 labour market conditions; partly it was a contraction of unemployed 37.6 46.9 SI 13.5 rights for receiving the compensation for the period of unemployment and partly it was due to the increase in retired 17.3 17.0 HU 14.0 the number of self-employed persons. The Slovenian FR 14.1 government strived to increase the number of the self- Source: SURS employed persons; in order to increase their number SE 14.1 the government subsidized this form of employment for The at-risk-of-poverty-rate has also increased among several years. The number of the self-employed persons AT 14.4 the employed persons. The above-mentioned statement has been increasing primarily on the initiative of the that average earnings increase during the period of CY 14.7 employers, who made a new contract with their previous economic crises is correct, but it is also true that this employees. The new self-employed persons work for BE 15.0 usually happens after the company has exhausted the same employer, but under much less favourable all other options of survival: reduction of wages and LU 15.1 conditions. In this way the employers transferred the risk increasing the number of minimum wage recipients. of business to the self-employed persons. We estimate that this is the reason for the increase in MT 15.1 the risk of poverty among the employed persons. In DE 16.1 2004 there were approximately 20,000 minimum wage On average, there were 92,000 self- earners in Slovenia, while in 2013 their number more UK 16.2 employed persons in Slovenia in than doubled as it exceeded 50,000. EU28 17.0 2004; at the end of 2013 their number increased to 111,000. PO 17.1 EE 17.5 PT 17.9 tion aged 16+ (%), EU28, 2012 LT 18.6 opula LV 19.2 or p IT 19.4 ate f HR 20.5 ty r BG 21.2 over-p ES 22.2 t -of osta RO 22.6 ur ce: E t-riskA EL 23.1 Sour ECONOMY AND WELL-BEING So far Peter has not shown much interest in economic issues in Slovenia. But he noticed that even conversations with friends often end up with thoughts about how we live and whether people in other EU Member States live better, what are the prospects, etc. For Špela and him to be able to travel around the world – as they liked to daydream on Sunday mornings – Peter would need to have a more lucrative job; a farm does not offer particularly comfortable living. But how could he find such a job? 34 ECONOMY AND WELL-BEING This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU t LV 4.1 Adjustment to normative regulation of the European Annual GDP change (%), Slovenia ostaur Union started about ten years before Slovenia’s LT 3.3 accession on 1 May 2004. Market economy in Slovenia ce: E had already been set up by then. The last decade MT 2.4 Sour started with the four-year period of economic upturn UK 1.9 with high economic growth, but at the end of 2008 Slovenia slid into the financial and economic crisis. PL 1.6 Between 2004 and 2013 (for which provisional data are SE 1.5 available) gross domestic product (GDP) grew in real terms by 10.1% and real GDP per capita by 6.8%. HU 1.1 As regards the share in GDP, the structure of the BG 0.9 economy has not changed much in the last decade: SK 0.9 agriculture contributed just over 2%, the share of industry and construction declined from 30% to 27%, EE 0.8 the share of services increased from 55% to 57%, DK 0.4 while the share of net taxes on products grew by 1 percentage point to 13.5%. In 2004, Slovenia recorded DE 0.4 external trade deficit in the amount of EUR 351 million, Source: SURS BE 0.2 while in 2013 it recorded external trade surplus in the amount of EUR 2.4 billion. Slovenia’s exports increased FR 0.2 from 58% of GDP in 2004 to 78% of GDP in 2013. EU28 0.1 CZ -0.9 Enterprises by activity (NACE 2008), Slovenia HR -1.0 SI -1.1 PT -1.4 FI -1.4 IT -1.9 industry construction trade and services1) 2005 16,832 14,266 58,390 EL -3.9 Number of enterprises 20122) 18,961 18,373 82,358 CY -5.4 2005 22,657,808 4,895,018 32,211,891 IE … Turnover (EUR 1,000) ate (%), EU28, 2013 20122) 31,892,130 4,822,698 43,733,464 ES … 2005 246,769 66,592 264,277 owth r Number of employees LU … 20121) 211,171 62,245 300,518 NL … 1) Excluding financial and insurance activities. 2) Provisional data. AT … ta Source: SURS nnual GDP grA RO … ... no da This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU ECONOMY AND WELL-BEING 35 In 2004 the share of gross capital formation in GDP stood at 27.5% As regards trade in goods and services, i.e. exports and imports and was increasing until 2008. With the onset of the economic crisis expressed as a share of GDP, Slovenia’s economy is integrated into it fell to 22.1% in 2009 and continued to decline in the next few the international community. As regards market integration of years. In 2013, the share was 17.1% of GDP (a 33% fall compared goods, in 2004 Slovenia was 7th among EU27 and in 2012 8th. As to 2004). In the observed period final consumption was constantly regards market integration of services, Slovenia was 16th in 2004 growing in real terms, except in the last two years; in 2013 it was 9% and 14th in 2012. Slovenia exported most to other EU27 Member higher than in 2004. States (around 70%). Its exports to Europe represented around 90% Slovenia finished 2004 with a general government deficit of of total exports. 2.3% of GDP. In the next three years the deficit was reduced and Foreign direct investment in Slovenia stood at around 20% of GDP in 2007 there was hardly any. However, in 2008 the deficit grew in 2004 (23rd in the EU) and at around 33% in 2012 (24th in the EU). and continued to grow during the crisis years. In the last decade Slovenia’s investments abroad accounted for just over 8% of GDP a similar trend was recorded in general government debt: in 2004 in 2004 (18th in the EU) and around 16% in 2012 (19th in the EU). debt stood at around 27% of GDP, by 2008 it slightly declined, but Most foreign investors in Slovenia are from other EU Member States with the outbreak of the crisis it started to rise again; by 2013 it and Switzerland, while Slovenian investors invested mostly in other increased to almost 72% of GDP. countries on the territory of former Yugoslavia. In 2012 around 4% of non-financial enterprises in Slovenia were General government deficit and debt (% of GDP), Slovenia owned by foreign investors; they generated around 25% of turnover and around 20% of value added and employed around Deficit Debt 14% of people. 2004 -2.3 27.3 2005 -1.5 26.7 2006 -1.4 26.4 Slovenia’s exports and imports are primarily 2007 0.0 23.1 focused on European markets. In 2012, Slovenia 2008 -1.9 22.0 exported 69% of total exports to EU27 Member 2009 -6.3 35.2 States and imported from them 67% of total 2010 -5.9 38.7 imports. 2011 -6.4 47.1 2012 -4.0 54.4 According to various economic globalisation indicators Slovenia 2013 -14.7 71.7 ranked between 20th and 25th among EU27 Member States in 2012, i.e. among less internationally integrated EU Member States. Source: SURS 36 ECONOMY AND WELL-BEING This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU DE 0.1 Economic development of Slovenia in comparison with situation and employment – the main factors of social other EU Member States is presented also with GDP security and material well-being of people. In contrast EE -0.2 per capita in purchasing power standards. In 2004 GDP to the EU as a whole, Slovenia is characterised by rather per capita in purchasing power standards in Slovenia SE -0.2 equal income distribution among various income amounted to 87% of the EU28 average. Its value was groups: 20% of households with highest income had LU -0.6 approaching the EU28 average until 2008, when it 33.8% of disposable income in 2005 and 33.5% in 2012, stood at 91%. After 2008 it was in decline for two years. BG -0.8 while 20% of households with lowest income had 9.9% From 2010 on economic development of Slovenia has of disposable income in 2005 and 9.8% in 2012. Income LV -1.3 remained at 84% of the EU28 average. distribution did not change much between 2005 and FI -1.8 In the last decade, material well-being of households in 2012 and was relatively equal (the Gini coefficient Slovenia, measured by actual individual consumption declined from 23.8 to 23.7). The income quintile ratio HU -2.0 per capita in purchasing power standards, compared to also remained the same, i.e. 3.4, which means that AT -2.5 the EU average, was moving about the same as GDP per disposable income of people in the highest income capita in purchasing power standards. Actual individual quintile was just over 3-times higher than disposable IT -3.0 consumption is made up of goods and services actually income of people in the lowest income quintile. RO -3.0 consumed by individuals. Material well-being of Compared to other EU27 Member States this was the households in Slovenia was rising until 2008, when it lowest value. At the same time, in terms of the at-risk- LT -3.2 stood at 82% of the EU28 average. With the onset of the of-poverty threshold Slovenia was in the middle of MT -3.3 economic crisis the material well-being of households EU27 Member States; the median income in Slovenia is in Slovenia in comparison with average well-being of thus rather low. SI -3.8 households in the EU28 started to decline slightly. In 2012 it amounted to 79% of the EU28 average. ), EU28, 2012 EU28 -3.9 Material deprivation for at least three out of nine PL -3.9 deprivation items (%), Slovenia General government expenditure by function (% of BE -4.0 2005 2012 GDP), Slovenia t (% of BDP DK -4.1 Total 14.7 16.9 2004 2012 above the at-risk-of-poverty rate 11.3 12.6 NL -4.1 % GDP below the at-risk-of-poverty rate 38.9 44.1 vernmen CZ -4.4 Total expenditure 45.6 48.1 Public administration 5.7 5.8 Source: SURS al go SK -4.5 Environmental protection 0.9 0.7 FR -4.8 Health care 6.4 7.0 HR -5.0 Population below the at-risk-of-poverty threshold, Education 6.5 6.4 Slovenia UK -6.1 Social protection 16.9 18.9 2005 2012 CY -6.4 Source: SURS Share of people (%) 12.2 13.5 PT -6.4 Number of people 238,000 271,000 Material situation of people in Slovenia is described IE -8.2 t by data on money income, consumption, housing t surplus/deficit of the gener osta Source: SURS ur en EL -9.0 ce: E Curr ES -10.6 Sour This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU ECONOMY AND WELL-BEING 37 The general price level for actual individual consumption in beverages in 2012 stood at 97% of the EU28 average. In Slovenia Slovenia recorded approximately the same trend as the GDP per the price level of oils and fats was significantly higher than the capita in purchasing power standards, with the difference that EU28 average (by 21%). Higher were also the price levels of bread prices in 2009 in Slovenia, i.e. already in times of the economic and cereals, milk, cheese and eggs, and fish, while the price levels crisis, reached 87% of the EU28 average and by 2012 they fell to in subgroups meat and fruit, vegetables and potatoes were lower 82%. A more detailed overview of the price level of food and non- than the EU28 average. alcoholic beverages (the households in Europe spend on average How many kilograms of meat or potatoes or how many litres of 18% of their final consumption expenditure on products from this petrol could be purchased with the average wage in 2004 and how group) indicates that the price level of food and non-alcoholic many in 2013? See the table below. How much of an individual consumer good can be purchased with an average monthly wage, Slovenia 2004 2013 boneless veal (kg) 55 66 fresh trout (kg) 143 134 eating potato (kg) 1,433 1,216 cigarettes, Extra 91 (package) 433 316 unleaded petrol, 95-octane (litre) 845 670 Source: SURS WHAT DO WE DO WHEN WE DON’T WORK? Free time is such a rare commodity that it is truly valuable! Peter and Špela have particular difficulties finding moments when they are both free of all commitments. When he was still a student, Peter regularly attended concerts in Kino Šiška. Now he and Špela increasingly resemble average people in Slovenia: they watch TV, they go to a theatre, even a museum, but most of all they like going to a cinema. They both like film festivals (autumn is dreary without LIFFe), and are particularly interested in Slovene film production. 40 WHAT DO WE DO WHEN WE DON’T WORK? This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU NL 95 How much free time do we have? Statistics says that Where and how do people in Slovenia spend their in 2010 people spent on leisure activities on average free time? We often visit museums, cinemas and LU 94 24 hours per typical week; this means almost three theatres. In 2012, there were 167 museums, museum and a half hours per day. Men spent slightly more time collections, exhibition grounds and galleries, 52 DK 93 (27 hours per week) than women (21 hours per week). cinemas and 47 theatres in Slovenia. Museums, SE 93 Most of the free time was recorded by persons aged museum collections, exhibition grounds and galleries 66+ (35 hours per week), while youth aged 16-25 spent were visited by 3.0 million people, movies in cinemas FI 89 on average 28 hours per week on leisure activities. The were seen by 2.6 million people and theatrical DE 88 least free time was recorded by persons aged 36-45 (18 performances were attended by 955,000 people. hours per week). Depending on the economic status, On average, every resident of Slovenia visited 1.7 UK 88 retired persons had the most free time (33 hours per museums, museum collections, exhibition grounds IE 82 week), while self-employed persons had the least free and galleries and saw approximately 1.3 movies. On time (17 hours per week). average 46% of the residents of Slovenia visited the FE 82 theatres as well. AT 81 Average number of hours of leisure time per week by BE 80 sex, Slovenia, 2010 In 2012 there were 47 theatres in EE 80 Slovenia, which held more than 5,600 EU28 79 performances. Theatrical performances were attended by 955,000 theatregoers. MT 79 SK 78 People in Slovenia also like to read. A quarter more units SI 76 of library material (i.e. book and non-book material) in public libraries were borrowed in 2011 than in 2004. CZ 73 There were also almost 10 million visits to public LV 72 libraries in the mentioned year, which in general means that every resident of Slovenia visited a public library PL 72 almost 5 times. Visitors borrowed nearly 25.6 million HU 71 books, which is on average more than 2.6 units of cess (%), EU28, 2013 library material per visit. ES 70 IT 69 Source: SURS nternet ac HR 65 CY 65 LT 65 PT 62 RO 58 t ostaur e of households with I EL 56 ce: E Shar BG 54 Sour This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU WHAT DO WE DO WHEN WE DON’T WORK? 41 One of the factors influencing leisure time use is the Internet. An households with broadband Internet connection by as much as 64 increasing number of Internet users use the Internet regularly (i.e. percentage points (from 10% to 74%). every day or almost every day). Users use the Internet for various The purpose of Internet use also changed a lot; differences between purposes, including entertainment (leisure): in the first quarter of 2004 and 2013 are shown in the chart below. 2004, 22% of persons aged 16 to 74 used the Internet regularly, but in the first quarter of 2013 the share was 58%. Younger Internet In terms of ICT equipment and use, Slovenia is comparable with users (aged up to 35 years) dominate among Internet users, but the EU28 average: in the first quarter of 2013, 76% of households the number of older users (over 55 years) is increasing: in the first in Slovenia had access to the Internet (the EU28 average was 79%), quarter of 2004 it was only 5%, but in the same period of 2013 74% of households had broadband Internet access (the EU28 already 40%. average was 76%), 69% of persons aged 16 to 74 years used the Internet at least once a week (the EU28 average was 72%) and 23% In recent years, the field of information and communication of persons in the same age group have never used the Internet (the technologies (ICT) has changed substantially: between the EU28 average was 21%). Internet shopping and online banking first quarter of 2004 and the first quarter of 2013 the share of were used to a lesser extent: at least one Internet purchase in the 12 households with computer increased by 14 percentage points months prior to the interview was made by 36% of persons aged 16 (from 62% to 76%), the share of households with Internet access to 74 years (the EU28 average was 47%), while online banking was by 29 percentage points (from 47% to 76%), and the share of used by 32% of these people (the EU28 average was 42%). Regular Internet users (people aged 16-74) by purpose of use (%), Slovenia, 1st quarter 2004 and 1st quarter 2013 Source: SURS 42 WHAT DO WE DO WHEN WE DON’T WORK? This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU Leisure time usually costs some money. How much DK 77 An average household spent almost EUR 1,700 on money did households spend on their leisure time recreation and culture in total in 2012, which is about UK 77 activities? In 2012 households spent EUR 42 on visits EUR 670 per household member or nearly 9% of total to cinemas, theatres and concerts (about EUR 17 more household expenditure. In 2004, the total amount was NL 73 than in 2004), EUR 12 on visits to museums, libraries lower (just over EUR 1,600 per household and EUR 600 SE 73 and galleries (almost EUR 8 more than in 2004) and EUR per household member), but it represented almost 10% 88 on buying books (EUR 26 more than in 2004). For of total household expenditure. LU 70 the Internet access households spent EUR 74 in 2012 or DE 68 EUR 12 more than in 2004 (this figure also includes use of the Internet for entertainment). FI 65 FE 59 AT 54 Average household expenditure for leisure activities (EUR) BE 48 EU28 47 IE 46 MT 46 SK 44 CZ 36 SI 36 ES 32 LV 32 PL 32 HU 28 HR 26 LT 26 Source: SURS EL 25 CY 25 PT 25 tion aged 16-74 buying online (%), EU28, 2013 EE 23 opula IT 20 t ostaur e of p BG 12 ce: E Shar RO 8 Sour THIRD PERIOD OF LIFE Despite being 76 years of age, Mrs Vilma, Peter’s grandmother, is vital, full of energy and very curious. Years ago her grandchildren made her become enthusiastic about computers and then she attended a free computer course for senior citizens. When her family bought her a new computer for her birthday, she created her Facebook profile. She says that instead of a TV the computer is now her window to the world. 44 THIRD PERIOD OF LIFE This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU SE 77.8 The EU population is ageing. The lower number of births What do these data mean for the labour market and and the longer life expectancy result in a higher share for the transition from work to retirement? One of DE 71.2 of older people. In the past fifty years life expectancy at the main features of the Slovenian labour market is a birth in Slovenia increased by more than ten years. In relatively low number of employed persons in the age DK 69.8 the next fifty years it is expected to increase by another group of 50-64 among all employed persons. What is UK 67.7 six or seven years. People aged 65 or more represent the reason for this? Mainly it is due to early retirement. more than one sixth of Slovenia’s population; fifty years Nevertheless, the retirement age is rising: in 2004, the NL 67.6 from now their share is expected to increase to a third. employment rate in the age group 55-64 was 29.0%, FI 67.0 The group of older people (aged 65 or more) already while at the end of 2013 it was almost 4 percentage includes the numerically very strong generation born points higher, 33.6%. EE 66.6 after World War II, the so-called baby boom generation. LV 63.6 After World War II by far the greatest number of births was recorded in the 1949-1953 period, about 34,000 CZ 62.8 per year (compared to fewer than 22,000 in 2012). So LT 62.6 in the next few years the number and share of older The retirement age is rising. people will increase significantly. AT 60.6 EU28 59.7 Population over 64 as a share of total population, IE 57.8 Slovenia When an individual leaves the labour market mainly FR 57.8 depends on his/her personal decision. Based on some 65 or more data one may conclude that the majority of Slovenians BG 57.2 2013 (%) 17.3 want to retire as soon as possible. Young people in ter 2013 Slovenia are also in favour of early retirement, because CY 57.0 20801) (%) 28.1 they believe that this is a way to open up employment quarrd LU 56.1 opportunities to them. Some countries deal with this 1) EUROPOP2013 population projections for Slovenia. problem with so-called gradual retirement, which PT 55.7 Source: SURS means that elderly employed people work progressively SK 55.2 fewer hours per week before final retirement. The scope In 2013, older people, i.e. aged 65+, represented 17.3% of such gradual retirement can be measured by the BE 55.0 of the total Slovenian population. Their number was share of elderly persons in employment (aged 50-64) IT 53.1 2.1 percentage points higher than in 2004. The share of working part time. Slovenia is among the countries with elderly population was in 2004 and in 2013 the lowest low shares; in the third quarter of 2013 it was 10.9%, ES 51.0 in Ireland and the highest in Italy. It increased in all EU more than 9 percentage points lower than the EU28 HU 50.9 Member States in the last decade; the most in Malta (by average (20.2%). 4.2 percentage points) and the least in Belgium (by 0.4 ersons aged 50-64 (%), EU28, 3 PL 50.8 of a percentage point). RO 50.7 ate of p SI 48.9 t r HR 46.3 t ymen osta MT 44.6 ur ce: E Emplo EL 43.7 Sour This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU THIRD PERIOD OF LIFE 45 In the last few years Slovenia has been trying to change its worked until they were able to; therefore, the boundary between pension system, because the current situation is not favourable. work and leisure was not exactly determined. Today, the elderly The pension system is not sufficiently adjusted to an increasingly spend their free time in different ways, more and more of them lower number of employed persons who generate revenue, to also use computers and the Internet. In the first quarter of 2013, the growing number of young people entering the labour market computers were used by 25% of people aged 65 to 74 years; most later and later and to increasingly higher numbers of the elderly of them also used the Internet. 15% of these persons used both a employed persons who still retire relatively early. In 2013 there were computer and the Internet every day or almost every day. 602,311 retired persons from compulsory insurance, which is more than 100,000 more than in 2004, when the figure was 497,826. In other words: the number of pension recipients increased by 20% in the last ten years. On the other hand, the number of insured According to recent data, 15% of elderly people persons remained almost unchanged in those years; in 2013 there who use a computer and the Internet use it every were 3,500 fewer insured persons than in 2004. The numerical day. relationship between the payers and the recipients is becoming increasingly unfavourable: in 2004, it was 1.7 employed person per one retired person, while in 2013 it was only 1.4. And what do the elderly like on the Internet? What do they use it Pension recipients and insured persons, Slovenia for? 18% of those who used the Internet in the first quarter of 2013 used it for reading online news, newspapers and magazines, 16% Pension recipients Insured persons for sending and receiving e-mail messages and 16% for searching 2004 497,826 836,669 information related to health. The shares of those who participated in online social networks and those who shopped online were also 2013 602,311 833,121 not negligible (6% and 4%, respectively). Source: ZPIZ Age may also bring inconveniences. It is often associated with social exclusion. For many people retirement means a break in everyday 16% of elderly people (among those using the contacts with other people; living in one-person households Internet every day) use the Internet on a daily and poor health can further isolate the elderly, which can lead to basis to search for information related to health. mental health problems and depression. In the past, elderly people SHOULD I STAY OR SHOULD I GO? Peter’s brother Tomaž lost his job six months ago. He used to work as a mechanical engineer in a small, high-potential firm developing steering systems. The firm bankrupt because its customers did not pay their bills. Tomaž was seeking a job in Slovenia for some time, but soon he got an opportunity to work in a similar, very successful firm. He and his wife Metka decided to try to create a better future for their family abroad. In mid-2013 they took their children Luka and Sara out of the kindergarten, Metka left her job at a school and they moved to a place near Stuttgart, Germany. 48 SHOULD I STAY OR SHOULD I GO? This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU t UK 498,0 People have been migrating since forever, but their One in four citizens of Slovenia who ostaur reasons for migration differed; from simple search emigrated from Slovenia in 2012 went DE 489,41) for food to political and economic reasons. In recent ce: E decades, when some countries experienced rapid to Germany. IT 350,8 Sour economic development, people were leaving their FR 327,4 homelands mostly hoping to find better employment. Of course, Slovenia is not exempt from the migration ES 304,1 flows. In this sense, it is still closely integrated with Most of the citizens of Slovenia who emigrated from Slovenia (62%) went to one of the EU Member States, PL 217,5 countries formed after the breakup of Yugoslavia and with other EU Member States. mostly to Germany and Austria (3,500). About 500 of RO 167,3 them went to Switzerland, 450 to North and Central In 2012, 14,400 residents of Slovenia emigrated from America, and just over 200 to Australia and Oceania. BE 147,4 Slovenia; 57% of them Slovene citizens and 43% foreign Almost every other emigrated citizen of Slovenia citizens. In 2004, 8,300 residents (6,100 fewer than in NL 124,6 was aged 25-45, i.e. in active years. 22% of emigrated 2012) emigrated; the number of foreign citizens among citizens of Slovenia had tertiary education or more, half EL 110,1 emigrants was about the same as in 2012 (just over of them had upper secondary education and 28% had 6,000). In 2012, 8,200 citizens of Slovenia emigrated from SE 103,1 basic education or less. Slovenia, i.e. 6,000 more than in 2004 and at the same AT 91,6 time the highest number in independent Slovenia. IE 54,4 Countries of emigration for Slovenia's population, 2012 DK 54,4 CZ 34,3 HU 33,7 FI 31,3 LU 20,5 LT 19,8 CY 17,5 SI 15,0 PT 14,6 ta. BG 14,12) LV 13,3 rovisional da HR 9,0 ts (1,000), EU28, 2012 MT 7,1 an SK 4,81) or 2011. 2) P Source: SURS ta f Immigr EE 2,6 Da1) This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU SHOULD I STAY OR SHOULD I GO? 49 In 2012, 70% of foreign citizens who emigrated from Slovenia Immigrated foreign citizens and citizens of Slovenia also differed had citizenship of one of the countries formed after the breakup a lot as regards their educational level: 22% of citizens of Slovenia of Yugoslavia. Because about the same percent of residents of who returned to Slovenia in 2012 had tertiary education or more, Slovenia who had foreign citizenship moved to other countries while the comparable share for foreign citizens was 11%. on the territory of former Yugoslavia, we think that they probably 60% of immigrants were citizens of other countries formed after returned home. The educational level of emigrated foreign citizens the breakup of Yugoslavia, most of them (just over 4,000) of Bosnia was lower than the educational level of emigrated citizens of and Herzegovina. Almost 2,000 immigrants had citizenships of one Slovenia. 8% of them had tertiary education or more, half of them of the other EU27 Member States. In 2004 fewer than 200 citizens had upper secondary education and the rest had basic education of these countries (and about the same number of Romanians and or less. Bulgarians) immigrated to Slovenia. As regards citizens of other EU Slovenia is not only a country of emigration. On the contrary, Member States, in 2012 most of the immigrants were citizens of every year many more people used to immigrate to Slovenia than Bulgaria and Italy. emigrate from it. Between 2007 and 2009 around 30,000 people immigrated every year. In the last few years the number declined; in 2012, 15,000 immigrants were recorded. Reasons why foreign citizens immigrated to Slovenia in 2012 Slovenia’s population that emigrated from Slovenia and immigrated to Slovenia by highest level of education (%), Slovenia, 2012 Immigrants Emigrants citizens of foreign citizens of foreign Slovenia citizens Slovenia citizens 24.4 36.1 basic or less 27.6 41.1 54.0 52.6 upper secondary 50.2 50.6 21.6 11.3 tertiary 22.2 8.3 Source: SURS People who immigrated to Slovenia were on average almost 33 years old. Immigrated foreign citizens were on average almost 32 years old, while immigrated citizens of Slovenia were almost 38 years old. The educational structure of immigrants was: just over a half with upper secondary education, a third with basic education Source: SURS or less and just over a tenth with tertiary education or more. 50 SHOULD I STAY OR SHOULD I GO? This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU t The reasons of foreign citizens for immigrating to Among immigrants, 2,740 were citizens of Slovenia who ES 446.6 osta Slovenia in 2012 depended to a large extent on the probably returned home. Because a lot fewer citizens ur UK 321.2 countries of citizenship. Most of the immigrants who of Slovenia immigrated (returned) to Slovenia than ce: E had citizenships of other EU Member States immigrated emigrated from it, their net migration was negative. FR 288.32) Sour to find employment (56%); fewer of them immigrated The difference between the number of emigrants and PL 275.6 to join their families (20%). Similar was true for citizens immigrants was the greatest in 2012; 5,450 people more of Croatia and Serbia, while citizens of Bosnia and emigrated than immigrated. For comparison, in 2004 DE 249.01) Herzegovina, Montenegro and Kosovo and citizens of only 700 people more emigrated than immigrated. other European and non-European countries mostly RO 170.2 Most of the citizens of Slovenia who immigrated to immigrated to join their families; only a small share of Slovenia in 2012 came from European countries; most EL 154.4 them immigrated to find employment. of them from other EU Member States, a quarter of NL 110.4 them from Germany and about the same share from other countries on the territory of former Yugoslavia. IT 106.2 IE 89.4 BE 74.7 PT 52.0 Citizens of Slovenia who emigrated from or immigrated to Slovenia, 2004−2012 AT 51.8 SE 51.7 CZ 46.1 DK 43.7 LT 41.1 LV 25.2 HU 22.9 CY 18.1 BG 16.62) SI 14.4 ta. FI 13.8 HR 12.9 rovisional da LU 10.4 Source: SURS EE 6.3 ts (1,000), EU28, 2012an MT 4.0 or 2011. 2) Pta f Emigr SK 2.0 Da1) A BOY OR A GIRL? Peter and Špela were married on the last Saturday in September 2013. Just like that. For the sake of romance. They made a comfortable home on the upper floor of Špela’s parents' house. They are expecting their first child in spring; it’s supposed to be a boy. They have not yet decided on a name. Špela has recently read that in the past year most new-born boys were given the names Luka and Nik. But Špela does not want their boy to have to experience what she had to experience in elementary school, when three of her school friends were also named Špela. They are looking for the first-born’s name in the first names database on SURS’s website. The choice is huge! 52 A BOY OR A GIRL? This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU t EE 59.7 For the first time in a decade, more than 7,000 marriages Among all families in Slovenia (567,347 in 2011), 63% ostaur were registered in Slovenia in 2012; the actual number were married couples with or without children and SI 56.8 ce: E was 7,057, i. e. 500 more than in 2004. Most couples 11% were unmarried partners. At the 2002 population were married in May, June and September, and the census, 74% of families were married couples with or BG 56.1 Sour fewest in January. Most grooms and brides were 25-40 without children and 7.6% were unmarried partners. FR 55.8 years old. 22 grooms and 112 brides were less than 20 For quite some time childbirth has no longer been the years old, and 10 grooms and 9 brides were 65 or more SE 54.3 obvious reason for parents to marry. In 2004 more than years old. Couples decide to marry later, so the mean half of children were born to married parents, while in BE 50.01) age of grooms and brides is rising: in 2004 grooms were 2012 the share of children born to unmarried parents on average 32 and a half years of age, and brides three DK 49.0 exceeded a half (57.6%). For first-borns the share was years younger, while in 2012 both grooms and brides even higher: at the birth of their first child two thirds of UK 47.3 were on average two years older. mothers were not married. In recent years more people have been married than NL 45.3 before, but if we compare them with the annual LV 44.6 number of marriages over a longer period we can see PT 42.8 that young people less frequently decide to form a family by marrying than they used to. HU 42.3 CZ 41.8 Types of families in Slovenia, 2011 FI 40.9 AT 40.4 EU28 39.31) ES 37.4 LU 34.1 SK 34.0 IE 33.91) DE 33.9 RO 30.0 LT 27.7 o unmarried mothers (%), EU28, 2011 IT 23.4 orn t MT 23.0 en b PL 21.2 ta. CY 16.9 Source: SURS e of childr HR 14.0 rovisional da Shar EL 7.4 1) P This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU A BOY OR A GIRL? 53 The data on families are collected with population censuses. The Families by number of children and type of settlement in which last two censuses in Slovenia were conducted in 2002 and 2011. they live, Slovenia, 2011 These data show that the number of single-parent families is growing even faster than the number of families of unmarried partners (with or without children). Single-parent families represented 18% of all families in 2002 and 25% of all families in 2011. Most single-parent families are mothers with children; in 2011 almost 120,000. A third of mothers in these families were never married; they were mostly up to 43 years old. Those who were 43-60 years old were mostly divorced and those aged 60 or more were mostly widows. A quarter of families were without children; mostly older spouses or unmarried partners whose children had already moved out and created their own families. In less than a tenth of couples without children the wife/female partner was younger than 40 (i.e. of childbearing age). Three quarters of families in 2011 were with children. Speaking of children at the population census, we do not think of only underage individuals (younger than 18), but also of all children who after completing 18 years of age continue to live with their Source: SURS parents. In most of the families with children all children were over 18 years of age (209,000). In 180,000 families with children at least one child was under 18 years of age. The mean age The high mean age of children in families with children indicates of children in families with children was 18.6 years. In single- that after completing 18 years of age many children continue to parent families children were on average three years older, live with their parents for quite a number of years. At the 2011 while in families with unmarried parents children were much population census more than half of young people aged 25-29 younger; on average they were just over 10 years old. More than were living with their parents; 61.5% of men in this age group and half of families with children had only one child, and almost 500 44.0% of women in this age group. A tenth of men and a third of families with children had six or more children (mostly in rural women of this age had their own children and lived with them areas). (with or without the spouse/partner). 54 A BOY OR A GIRL? This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU The share of the population living in their primary SK 74.2 higher age the gender ratio is reversed: people living families after completing 30 years of age was much alone are mostly women and mostly widows. The HR 70.1 lower: 40% of men and 20% of women in the age number of men living alone falls rapidly after 65 years group 30-34. People aged 35-60 were mostly spouses of age. The main reason for this discrepancy is shorter EL 69.6 with children, and people aged 60+ mostly spouses life expectancy of men (on average women live six years without children (their children had moved out and MT 63.4 longer). created their own families). People over 80 mostly lived Young people are postponing having families and IT 63.0 alone, without families and partners (most of them children. The mean age of first-time mothers grew were widowed). The share of people living in collective BG 62.2 from 27.5 years in 2004 to almost 29 years in 2012. households (e.g. homes for the elderly) increases with Fewer teenage women and women in their early 20s HU 61.1 age; in 2011 almost one in five people aged 85+ lived in have children than they did ten years ago: the share of such a household. PT 60.9 women who became mothers before they completed In 2011, 266,500 people in Slovenia lived alone in one- 25 years of age was 19% in 2004 and 13% in 2012. On SI 60.3 person households. In 2002 the number was much the other hand, ever more frequently women decide lower: 150,000. It has to be taken into account that the to have children after completing 30 years of age: RO 59.6 number of these people grew significantly because the share of women who became mothers after they PL 56.1 one-person households included foreign nationals completed 35 years of age was less than 12% in 2004 living alone in worker dormitories. These were mostly and 17% in 2012. ES 55.6 men younger than 60 who actually lived alone. With CZ 48.6 LT 46.9 One-person households by age groups and sex, Slovenia, 2011 CY 44.7 ts (%), EU28, 2012 LV 40.1 en LU 38.9 AT 29.6 DE 28.6 EE 26.1 BE 24.7 UK 19.7 FR 17.4 eople (aged 25-29) living with par NL 16.9 oung p SE 6.7 t osta FI 5.4 ur e of y ce: E Source: SURS Shar DK 2.6 Sour This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU A BOY OR A GIRL? 55 How many women in Slovenia aged 15+ have at least one child? In education, 45% did not have any children or they had only one child. other words, how many women aged 15+ in Slovenia are mothers? The comparable share for women aged 30+ with basic education or The answer: three quarters in 2011, i.e. 663,000 women or 31,000 less was 26%. more than at the 2002 population census. How many women aged After independence the annual number of births in Slovenia started to 30+ are mothers? The answer: nine out of ten. fall; it was falling until 2004, when the trend reversed and the number Half of mothers had two children, 15% had three children and 6% had of births started to grow. In 2012 around 22,000 children were born in four or more children. About a third of mothers no longer lived with Slovenia, 4,000 more than in 2004. Among children born in 2012, 744 their children; they were mostly over 50 years old and their children were twins (372 births) and 18 were triplets (6 births). The boys-to-girls had already moved away. ratio was in favour of boys: 700 more boys than girls were born. At that In deciding to have children, an important factor for women is time natural increase (1.3 per 1,000 population) was recorded for the education. Those women who study longer have fewer children; and seventh consecutive year; more people were born than died. In the compared to those women who study less more of them do not have last two years its value was slightly lower. children at all. The educational structure of women aged at least 30 Boys named Luka, Nik, Jakob, Filip, Nejc and other boys born in 2012 years in 2011 and having three children or more shows that more can expect to live longer than boys born in 2004. Life expectancy than half of them had basic education or less and just over a tenth for boys born in 2012 is 77 years, almost three years longer than life of them had tertiary education. The educational structure of women expectancy of boys born in 2004. Girls named Lara, Eva, Sara, Ema, of the same age (30+) who had not yet had children was different: Neža and other girls born in 2012 can expect to live almost 83 years, more than a third of them had tertiary education and a fifth of them 1.6 years longer than girls born in 2004. Life expectancy continues to had basic education or less. Among women aged 30+ with tertiary increase; slightly more rapidly for boys than for girls. Women aged 30+ by number of children and highest level of education, Slovenia, 2011 Source: SURS 56 This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU Unless stated otherwise, all data in this publication refer to Slovenia. Data collection for this publication was concluded on 31 March 2014. The source of all data in this publication is the Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia, except where stated otherwise in text, tables or charts. STATISTICAL SIGN, UNITS OF ACTIVITY CODES, SKD 2008 (NACE) MEASUREMENT, ABBREVIATIONS A AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND FISHING … no data B MINING AND QUARRYING C MANUFACTURING % percent D ELECTRICITY, GAS, STEAM AND AIR CONDITIONING SUPPLY ha hectare E WATER SUPPLY, SEWERAGE, WASTE MANAGEMENT AND kg kilogram REMEDIATION ACTIVITIES l litre F CONSTRUCTION m3 cubic metre G WHOLESALE AND RETAIL TRADE, REPAIR OF MOTOR min. minute VEHICLES AND MOTORCYCLES toe tonne of oil equivalent H TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE P O phosphorus pentoxide I ACCOMMODATION AND FOOD SERVICE ACTIVITIES 2 5 K O potassium oxide J INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION 2 PM mixture of solid and liquid particles suspended in air K FINANCIAL AND INSURANCE ACTIVITIES 10 with aerodynamic diameter of 10 µm or less L REAL ESTATE ACTIVITIES M PROFESSIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL ACTIVITIES ARSO Slovenian Environment Agency GDP gross domestic product N ADMINISTRATIVE AND SUPPORT SERVICE ACTIVITIES EUR euro O PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND DEFENCE, COMPULSORY Eurostat Statistical Office of the European Union SOCIAL SECURITY ILO International Labour Organisation P EDUCATION KIS Agricultural Institute of Slovenia Q HUMAN HEALTH AND SOCIAL WORK ACTIVITIES KLASIUS-P Classification of fields of education activities/outcomes R ARTS, ENTERTAINMENT AND RECREATION MKO RS, Ministry of Agriculture and the Environment S OTHER SERVICE ACTIVITIES NGO non-governmental organisation T ACTIVITIES OF HOUSEHOLDS AS EMPLOYERS, SIT Slovenian tolar UNDIFFERENTIATED GOODS- AND SERVICES-PRODUCING SKD Standard Classification of Activities (NACE) ACTIVITIES OF HOUSEHOLDS FOR OWN USE SURS Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia U ACTIVITIES OF EXTRATERRITORIAL ORGANISATIONS AND ZPIZ Pension and Disability Insurance Institute of Slovenia BODIES This is Slovenia – our first decade in the EU 57 COUNTRY CODES EU European Union DK Denmark HU Hungary PL Poland EU27 27 EU Member States DE Germany IE Ireland PT Portugal EU28 28 EU Member States EE Estonia IT Italy RO Romania AT Austria EL Greece LT Lithuania SE Sweden BE Belgium ES Spain LU Luxemburg SI Slovenia BG Bulgaria FI Finland LV Latvia SK Slovakia CY Cyprus FR France MT Malta UK United Kingdom CZ Czech Republic HR Croatia NL Netherlands SOURCES - How Recession Reflects in the Labour Market Indicators. 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Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 3. 3. 2014 from the website: http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=5806 - Activity of museums, museum collections, galleries and exhibition grounds, Slovenia, 2012 – final data. (4. 4. 2014). First Release. Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 6. 4. 2014 from the website: http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=6172 - Usage of internet in households and by individuals, Slovenia, 2013 – final data. (7. 10. 2013). First Release. Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved on 7. 3. 2014 from the website: http://www.stat.si/eng/novica_prikazi.aspx?id=5795 - Statistical Yearbook. (2013). Ljubljana: Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Document Outline THIS IS SLOVENIA-OUR FIRST DECADE IN THE EU WHERE AND HOW WE TRAVEL? HOW MUCH DO WE STILL FARM? EVER MORE EDUCATED WORK — A RIGHT OR A PRIVILEGE? TAKING CARE OF THE ENVIRONMENT HOW MANY OF US WORK, HOW DO WE LIVE? ECONOMY AND WELL-BEING WHAT DO WE DO WHEN WE DON’T WORK? THIRD PERIOD OF LIFE SHOULD I STAY OR SHOULD I GO? A BOY OR A GIRL?