HACQUETIA 9/2 • 2010, 177-183
DOI: 10.2478/v10028-010-0009-8
REVISION OF HISTORICAL AND CURRENT DISTRIBUTION OF PHOLIURUS PAnn^OKICUS (HOST.) TRIN. IN SLOVAKIA
Pavol ELiAŠ jun.1, Daniel D^TE2, V^t GRULICH^ & Robert ŠUVADA^
Abstract
Historical and current occurrence of the obligate halophyte Pholiurus pannonicus was studied in Slovakia during the period 2003-2009. The species had been occurring in the Podunajska nižina Lowland and the Vycho-doslovenska nižina Lowland; 30 localities were found in total. Recently the number of localities has decreased markedly and the species was confirmed only in the Podunajska nižina Lowland. We documented only seven localities during the study. Therefore, we confirmed that Pholiurus pannonicus belongs to the critically endangered plants of Slovak flora.
Key words: Pholiurus pannonicus, halophytes, distribution, Slovakia. Izvleček
Preučili smo pojavljanje obligatne halofitske vrste Pholiurus pannonicus v Podunajski nižini in Vychodosloven-ski nižini v letih od 2003 do 2009. Vrsta se je pojavljala. Našli smo 30 rastišč. V zadnjem času se je število rastišč močno zmanjšalo in jih najdemo samo še v Podunajski nižini. Med raziskavo smo dokumentirali le sedem nahajališč. Vrsta Pholiurus pannonicus zato sodi med kritično ogorožene vrste flore Slovaške. Ključne besede: Pholiurus pannonicus, halofiti, razširjenost, Slovaška.
1. INTRODUCTION	and Romania. In some Central European countries (Poland, Czech Republic) and in Australia
Pholiurus pannonicus (Host) Trin. (Poaceae, Fig-	Ph. pannonicus was found as an alien species oc-
ure 1) belongs to the group of vanishing obligate	cupying waste and ruderal areas out of saline soils
halophytic plants in Central Europe. It is included	(Rehorek & Maglocky 1999, Clayton et al. 2006).
in the Red Lists of endangered taxa in Austria and	The species prefers solonetz soils and occu-
Slovakia (Niklfeld & Schratt-Ehrendorfer 1999,	pies especially shallow depressions and narrow
Ferakova et al. 2001). This species occurs from cen-	ditches in alkali steppes, which are submerged
tral and south-eastern Europe to Siberia, former	for a relatively long time. On those micro-habi-
Soviet Middle Asia, the Caucasus and Western	tats the community of Pholiuro pannonici-Plan-
Asia. A small isolated distribution area was also	taginetum tenuiflorae Wendelberger 1943 [syn.
found in west and north-west Spain (Conert 1998,	Plantagini tenuiflorae-Pholiuretum pannonici (Soo
Figure 2). In Central Europe it is spread from the	1933) Wendelberger 1943; Puccinellietum limosae
Pannonian Lowland and countries of former Yu-	plantaginetosum tenuiflorae Soo 1933] usually has
goslavia (Croatia, Serbia, Macedonia) to Ukraine	been created in the Pannonian Lowland. The
1	Department of Botany, Slovak University of Agriculture, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, SK-949 76 Nitra, Slovakia, pelias@afnet. uniag.sk
2	Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 14, SK-845 23, Bratislava, Slovakia, daniel.dite@ savba.sk
3	Institute of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, CZ-61137 Brno, Czech Republic, grulich@sci.muni.cz
4	Administration of the Slovensky kras National Park, Hamosiho 188, SK-049 51, Brzotin, Slovakia, robert.suvada@ sopsr.sk
A
B
C
Figure 1: Pholiurus pannonicus: A - habit of the plant, B - leaf-sheath with the ligula, C - inflorescence in detail (orig. P. Čepček).
Slika 1: Pholiurus pannonicus: A - izgled rastline, B - listna nožnica z listno kožico, C - socvetje (orig. P. Čepček).
Figure 2: Distribution area of Pholiurus pannonicus (after Conert 1998). Slika 2: Razširjenost vrste Pholiurus pannonicus (po Conert 1998).
community is still widely dispersed in some parts of Hungary (e.g. the Hortobagy National Park), but in adjacent countries it is not so common. It has been found to be very rare in Austria around the Neusiedler See, where the community reaches the western border of range (Wendelberger 1950, Mucina 1993). Distribution in Romania is very scattered; Popescu (2005) mentioned occurrence of the community only from the districts Oltenia, Dobrogea and Muntenia. The association was recorded in northern Serbia as well, (the Vojvodina region, Slavnic 1948, Kneževic 1994, Ivezic et al. 1995). In Slovakia, the association occurred only in the Podunajska n^žina Lowland and Vy-chodoslovenska n^žina Lowland (Vicherek 1973), but it is presently extinct (D^te et al. ined.).
The paper is aimed at clarifying the historical and present distribution of Pholiurus pannonicus in Slovakia.
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
The study was carried out during the period 2003-2009 in the Podunajska n^žina Lowland and Vychodoslovenska n^žina Lowland. The historical data concerning the distribution of the species were achieved from herbaria BP, BRA, BRNU, BRNM, LTM, MMI, MZ, NI, KO, OLM, PMK, PR, PRC, SAV, SLO and ZV. The active floristic survey was carried out to confirm recent localities of the species. Herbarium specimens collected during this research are stored in herbarium NI. Herbarium abbreviations are according to Holmgren et al. (1990) and Vozarova & Sutory (2001). Results of this study are presented on the point map. The map was designed by program ArcGis, version 9.2. Coordinates of historical localities were taken from Google Earth. Coordinates of recent localities were obtained during field research using GPS equipment Garmin CS 60. The abbreviations of works published before 1956 are cited following Futak & Domin (1960), and the nomenclature of flowering plants follows Marhold & Hindak (1998). Phytogeographical divisions follow Futak (1980).
3. RESULTS
Our results showed that large changes in land use have caused the disappearance of up to 70 % of the sites of the species in Slovakia (Figure 3).
IE 10
before 1975
1975-2000
2000 onwards
Figure 3: Decline trend in the number of Pholiurus pannonicus sites in Slovakia.
Slika 3: Upadanje števila nahajališč vrste Pholiurus pannonicus na Slovaškem.
Pholiurus pannonicus is now nearly extinct in this area. However, before 1975, the species was found at 30 sites in two main areas: the Podunajska n^žina Lowland and the Vychodoslovenska n^žina Lowland (Figure 3, 4). We also found questionable data from this period. Hrabetova (1952 BRNU) collected a herbarium voucher on the locality of Šturovo, but there is no suitable habitat in the close surroundings of this town. Surely it was only an inaccurate localization of some saline sites situated north from the town of Šturovo (in the vicinity of Nana, Kamenny Most or Kamen^n).
Intensive land reclamation has caused a decrease in the number of localities since the 1970s. Therefore, the existence of 13 sites was documented during the period 1975-2000 in both lowland regions. Recently (after 2000), the species has been found on seven sites only in the Podunajska n^žina Lowland. Occurrence of the species in the Vychodoslovenska n^žina Lowland was not confirmed, since all former localities were destroyed by land reclamation that caused the soil desalination. It should be noted that the plants are subtle and inconspicuous and they can be easily overlooked in the field. It is therefore possible that a few of the localities in south-west Slovakia could be re-found in the future. Below is the list of sites of existing populations:
Vel'ke Kosihy, Mostova Nature Reserve
Occurrence of P. pannonicus was restricted to a few square metres in the south-east part of the Nature Reserve in 2008. The small scale population included only a few tens of individuals. It has survived in ruts of the rural road.
Figure 4: Distribution of Pholiurus pannonicus in Slovakia: A - Podunajska nižina Lowland, B - Vychodoslovenska nižina Lowland, o - before 1975, » - 1975-2000, • - after 2000 (orig. R. Šuvada).
Slika 4: Razširjenost vrste Pholiurus pannonicus na Slovaškem: A - Podunajska nižina, Vzhodnoslovaška nižina, o - pred letom 1975, » - med letoma 1975 in 2000, • - po letu 2000 (orig. R. Šuvada).
Tvrdošovce, NW from the railway station
The second largest population in Slovakia, Pholiurus pannonicus occupied two small micro-sites in a deep rut of the rural road in 2008. The total area was not larger than 10 m2 and the population size was around 100 individuals. In 2009, several hundred plants were recorded in the same place as well as in shallow depressions of a rural road ca 100 metres south-east. The total area of the population was around 50-100 m2. It is obvious that the size of populations is closely related to suitable habitat conditions.
Močenok, Siky farmstead
The species occurred in a fragment of the Pho-liuro pannonici-Plantaginetum tenuiflorae community, which was developed in a small shallow depression at the edge of a Lucerne field in May 2005. In the next year the site was ploughed and the species has not been confirmed here from this time. It is possible, that the species could appear again in favourable conditions.
Hajske, Michalova jama site
The locality is very close to the previous one and was confirmed in 2002 (Sadovsky 2003). The species was growing in small depressions in degraded saline habitat among arable land and a stand of Phragmites communis. The population contained about some tens of individuals.
Surany, Okoman farmstead
The third largest local population in Slovakia had covered an area ca 10 m2 and contained several hundreds of individuals in 2004. The species was growing in some shallow depressions and the vegetation cover represented the last fragments of Pholiuro pannonici-Plantaginetum tenuiflorae in Slovakia. Human disturbance (mainly land reclamations), however, is leading to rapid degradation processes on the site. We found only a few Pholiurus plants in remains of native communities in 2008. Most of those communities were replaced by vegetation with dominance of Festuca pseudovina.
Komarno, part Nova Straž, fragment of a depression east from the village
The largest Slovak population, on locality which was ploughed and drained out in the 1970s. Then the locality was abandoned to its fate and covered by secondary saline vegetation. The occurrence of P pannonicus was restricted to the lowest part of the site in 2003 and the species occupied an areaof ca 300 m2. This depression was covered by a secondary plant community with dominance of Tripolium pannonicum. Population of the species was relatively large and included a few thousand individuals. The same situation was confirmed in 2009.
Kamen^n, the Kamen^nske slanisko Nature Reserve
The species occurrence was restricted to an area of only 1 m2, in a small pit surrounded by degraded vegetation with dominance of Festuca pseudovina and Galatellapunctata. The number of individuals was not more than 30. If the necessary steps are not performed in the near future (e.g. excavation of deep grooves to maintain the micro-sites with fluctuating water level), the species will entirely disappear from the site.
4. discussion
Pholiurus pannonicus is considered as a phytogeo-graphically important border element of the Slovak flora (Rehorek & Maglocky 1999). The species was first documented by Sandor Feichtinger (herbarium voucher from year 1861 deposed in BP, see Appendix). Detailed distribution of the species has not yet been published, although three older works have minimally carried much valuable data. Krist (1940) elaborated distribution of the species in the Podunajska n^žina Lowland. He found 22 localities between the towns of Nitra and Nove Zamky and in the surroundings of Komarno, but did not not any localities of saline habitats around Šturovo. Approximately fifty years later Dostal (1989) and Dostal & Červenka (1992) pointed out the distribution of P. pannoni-cus correctly, but very briefly. The most recent work was performed by Rehorek & Maglocky (1999). They attempted to describe detailed species distribution, but their data were also incomplete. The authors did not mention historical localities, and recent sites were described only generally. Some data were also published in several phytosociological and floristic studies (e.g.
Vicherek 1964, Vicherek 1973, Svobodova 1989, Rehorek & Svobodova 1992, Bogoly 1994 etc.).
Our results showed that the species was relatively frequent in the past; we have found 30 localities in total at present (see Figure 4). This number of localities corresponds with data given by Krist (1940). The saline habitats were well-preserved by traditional use (grazing, mowing) and markedly disturbed only locally, for example by soil mining for brick production (Klika & Vlach 1937, Krist 1940, Šmarda 1952, Krippelova 1964).
The relatively positive situation had changed in the 1970s. The rapid decrease of Pholiurus sites started due to land reclamation, afforestation and transformation of saline habitats to arable land (Sadovsky et al. 2004b, Feher 2007). Similar changes in land use resulted in extinction of the species in NW Hungary near Gyor (Schmidt 2007) and in north-west Austria (Kästner & Fischer 2008). In Slovakia, the number of localities also decreased markedly. Only 13 sites were confirmed in the period 1975-2000. Occurrence of Pholiurus pannonicus was restricted to secondary habitats, where the species has survived usually in wet tracks of rural roads and small depressions (Svobodova 1989, Svobodova & Rehorek 1992). A current survey of saline habitat fragments has brought similar cheerless results - only seven localities have been found since 2000 and occurrence of P. pannonicus was not confirmed on the Vychodoslovenska n^žina Lowland. That means a ca 70 % reduction of occurrence in the species in Slovakia. Therefore, the inclusion of Pholiurus pannonicus to critically endangered species of Slovak flora was correct (Ferakova et al. 2001).
We suppose that the survival of the species in Slovakia will depend on active human preservation. Fortunately, the species can be easily cultivated in ex situ conditions (Rehorek & Maglocky 1999), which could be used for support of the natural populations.
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are indebted to Marek Sadovsky (Ül'any nad Žitavou) for help with field research and Zuzana Melečkova (Institute of Botany, Bratislava) for language revision. We are grateful also to Peter Čepček for illustrations. This paper was supported by the Slovak Grant Agency for Science "VEGA" (grants No. 1/0672/08 and 2/0030/09) and by the Czech Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (grants MSM0021622416 and LC06073).
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7. APPENDIX:
List of localities of Pholiurus pannonicus in Slovakia (localities were arranged in direction west - east).
Distr. 6. Podunajska n^žina Lowland: Bratislava, part Vajnory, margin of football playground N from the Čierna Voda settlement (Trävn^ček 1988 OL; Trävn^ček 1996). - Okolična na Ostrove, Ekelsky dvor farmstead - Okolična na Ostrove (both data Šmarda 1951 BRNM). - Vel'ke Kosihy, saline meadows near village (Dvorak 1963 BRA, PR). - Vel'ke Kosihy, NE = Vel'ke Kosihy, the Mostove Nature Reserve (Vicherek 1973; Grulich 1987 MMI; Eliaš jun., D^te et Šuvada
2008	NI). - Zlatna na Ostrove, E (Weber 1934 BRA, PR, Valenta 1938 BRA; Kavka 1950 BRA, PR; Šourek 1950 PR; Černoch 1956 BRNM). -Zlatna na Ostrove, Pavel farmstead (Krist 1940). - Komarno, part Nova Straž (Krist 1938 BRNU; Weber 1934 PR; Krist 1940; Dvorak 1966 OLM; Eliaš jun., D^te et Sadovsky 2003 NI; Eliaš jun.
2009	NI). - Hajske, W from the village (Vicherek 1973). - Hajske, S from the village (Krist 1937 BRNU; Valenta 1937 BRA; Krist 1940; Grulich 1988 MMI). = Hajske, Michalova jama (Sadovsky 2003: 252). - Hajske, Mešterik farmstead (Weber 1935 BRA). - Močenok, Siky farmstead (Krist 1937 BRNU; Valenta 1937 BRA; Krist 1940; Grulich 1988 MMI; Svobodova & Rehorek 1992; Eliaš jun. 2005 NI) = Močenok, W from the village (Vicherek 1973) = Šala, Siky farmstead (Weber 1935 PR). - Velka Dolina, Čierny Vršok farmstead (Grulich 1988 MMI). - Rastislavice, S from the village (Vicherek 1973) = Komjatice, Ružovy dvor farmstead (Grulich 1988 MMI). - Dolny Jatov, S from the village (Vicherek 1973). = Jatov, S mar-
gin of the village (Grulich 1988 MMI). - Jatov, E from the railway stop (Grulich 1988 MMI).
-	Tvrdošovce (Scheffer 1923 BRA, BRNU; Weber 1935 PR - the site is probably identical with some of next ones). - Tvrdošovce, near railway station (Krist 1940). = Tvrdošovce NW (Krist 1936 BRNU; Grulich 1988 MMI; Svobodova 1989; Chytry 1994 BRNU; Eliaš jun. 2008 NI).
-	Tvrdošovce, the Raczove jazierko pool (Grulich 1988 MMI). - Tvrdošovce, Bačala farmstead (Krist 1936 BRA, BRNM, BRNU, NI, OLM, PR, PRC, ZV; Krist 1940). - Palarikovo, salt pastures near railway station (Krist 1940; Dvorak 1952 BRA, BRNM; Součkova 1952 BRNM; Dostal 1968 PR). - Palarikovo, Velke Čiky farmstead (Grulich 1988 MMI). - Palarikovo, Male Čiky farmstead (Weber 1935 BRA, PR; Grulich 1988 MMI). - Šurany, Čiastka gamekeeper's house (Krist 1940; Grulich 1988 MMI). - Šurany, Okoman farmstead (Weber 1935 BRA, PR; Grulich 1987, 1988 MMI; Svobodova 1989; Rehorek et Maglocky 1999; Eliaš jun. et Sadovsky 2004 NI; Eliaš jun., D^te et Šuvada 2008 NI). - Kamen^n, site Also retek = Kamen^n, S = the Kamen^nske slanisko Nature Reserve (Feichtinger 1861 BP; Domin et Jirasek 1936 PRC, Vicherek 1973, Svo-bodova 1989; Rehorek et Maglocky 1999; Eliaš jun. 2008 NI). - Kamenny Most, Cistiny Nature Reserve (Feichtinger 1861 BP, SLO; Feichtinger 1899: 366; Domin 1933v: 247; Vicherek 1973; Z^la et Svobodova 1986 NI; Svobodova 1989). - Nana (Feichtinger 1899: 366; Domin 1933v: 247).
Distr. 8. Vychodoslovenska n^žina Lowland: Malčice, 2 km E from the village (Vicherek 1963 BRNU; Vicherek 1964: 556, 1973). = Malčice, rural road near the Kopčianske slanisko Nature Reserve (Nevrly 1975 BRNU, PR). = Zempl^nske Kopčany, Kopčianske slanisko Nature Reserve (Humenansky 1984; Grulich 1988 MMI; Bogoly 1994). - Velke Raškovce, 1.5 km NW from the village (Kühn 1962 BRNU; Vicherek 1963 BRNU; Vicherek 1964: 556; Križo 1968 BRA; Vicherek 1973).
Doubtful data (not mapped): Šturovo (Hrabetova 1952 BRNU).
Received 1. 12. 2009 Revision received 4. 5. 2010 Accepted 18. 5. 2010