Acrocephalus 22 (106-IO7): 6<) - JI, 200I Polo`aj alohtonih vrst v slovenski avifavni Position of introduced species in the Slovene avifauna Seznam favne je osnova za vsakr{ne zoolo{ke favnisti~ne in ekolo{ke raziskave v neki dr`avi ali na nekem obmo~ju. Na~elo je preprosto: najprej moramo vedeti, kaj na obmo~ju biva, da se temu lahko podrobneje posvetimo. Seznam nosi kopico pomembnih informacij, od najosnovnej{ih, to je registra vrst, do bolj kompleksnih, kot so raziskanost in vrstna pestrost. Seznam pa je lahko tudi podlaga za nadaljnja razmi{ljanja na temo favne in z njo povezanih podro~ij. Ob pregledovanju v pri~ujo~i {tevilki objavljenega najnovej{ega seznama slovenske avifavne (Bo`i~ 2001) se nehote zastavlja vpra{anje o polo`aju alohtonih, torej tujerodnih vrst ali eksotov pri nas. Te so v seznamu pome{ane med kategorijama C in E, deloma tudi A, B in D. V dana{njem seznamu je 13 vrst, ki jim lahko pripi{emo nesporno alohtonost v evropskem prostoru, preostale 4 vrste so sicer avtohtone evropske gnezdilke, vendar je njihovo poreklo v Sloveniji zanesljivo alohtono. Za dodatnih 8 vrst, avtohtonih evropskih gnezdilk, pa ni jasno, ali so osebki, opazovani v Sloveniji, izvirali iz naravnih ali umetno vzrejenih populacij. Kaj pomenijo alohtone vrste v sklopu slovenske avifavne? Alohtonih vrst nikakor ne smemo obravnavati kot pove~evanje biodiverzitete ptic v Sloveniji, ~eravno se to v praksi zares godi, pa~ pa kot posebno obliko polucije. V najbolj skrajnih primerih vodijo nespametne ali naklju~ne naselitve potencialno invazivnih tujerodnih vrst v lokalno izumiranje avtohtone favne in tudi flore, kar se je pripetilo na prenekaterih tropskih otokih. Vpliv eksotov na izumiranje poteka prek plenilstva, tekmovalnosti, vnosa bolezni in hibridizacije (Sutherland 2000). Tudi v Evropi je to pere~ problem. Med pticami naj nam bo za primer beloglavka Oxyura leucocephala, globalno ogro`ena in v Evropi avtohtona vrsta. V Veliki Britanji so zaradi razli~nih vzgibov naselili ameri{ko vrsto beloli~no trdorepko Oxyura jamaicensis. Raca je o~itno uspe{no zasedla prazno ekolo{ko ni{o in se danes {iri {e drugod po Evropi. Ob {irjenju je beloli~na trdorepka pri{la v stik z avtohtono populacijo beloglavk v [paniji. Posledice, ki jih ni nih~e pri~akoval, so bile katastrofalne. Izkazalo se je, da reprodukcijska prepreka med vrstama ni dovolj mo~na, da bi onemogo~ila hibridizacijo (Hughes 1997). Posledica je izgubljanje vrstne identitete beloglavke in njeno izumiranje. Tovrstna polucija seveda ni omejena le na interakcije znotraj ene taksonomske skupine, zlasti ne, ko govorimo o mehanizmih plenjenja, tekmovanja med vrstami in vnosa bolezni, pa~ pa se vplivi med seboj prepletajo podobno, kot se to dogaja v naravnih ekosistemih. Ornitologi lahko k bolj{emu poznavanju te problematike prispevamo z evidentiranjem alohtonih vrst ptic, kar bo dobrodo{lo orodje naravovarstvenih razsikavah pri iskanju vzrokov ogro`anja in ohranjanja prenekaterih avtohtonih vrst. Pri pregledovanju seznama kmalu ugotovimo, da sicer mednarodno uveljavljena kategorizacija ni dovolj za razumevanje problema tujerodnosti v slovenski avifavni. Problem alohtonih vrst se je pokazal kot pere~ v rastlinskem svetu, zato so botaniki izdelali vrsto izrazov, ki opredeljujejo status, poreklo in druge zna~ilnosti alohtonih vrst (Jogan 2000). Dobra opredelitev je pomembna za naravovarstveno vrednotenje. Kot eno izmed mo`nosti predstavljam svoj 69 Uvodnik / Editorial pogled tak{ne kategorizacije za ptice. V osnovi so alohtone vrste z vidika na{e avifavne dveh kategorij: gnezdilke in negnezdilke. S slovenskega vidika so gnezdilke (a) namerno vne{ene, (b) nenamerno vne{ene in (c) pritepene gnezdilke. Namerno vne{ene gnezdilke so vse tiste, ki jih je ~lovek namenoma naseljeval v naravno okolje, ve~inoma za potrebe {portnega lova, in s~asoma jim je uspelo razviti prosto`ive~e ter v naravi gnezde~e populacije. Primer iz slovenske avifavne je fazan Phasianus colchicus, ki v naravi sicer gnezdi, vendar obstoj populacije ni mogo~ brez pomo~i ~loveka. Pri fazanu v Sloveniji je vnos novih ptic v naravno okolje bolj ali manj stalen. Te ptice so razli~nega izvora, zato se danes v Sloveniji pojavlja kar nekaj razli~nih podvrst in oblik, ki se med sabo tudi kri`ajo, npr. P. c. colchicus, P. c. torquatus, P. c. mongolicus in oblika P. c. forma tenebrosus (lastni podatki). Nenamerno vne{ene gnezdilke so tiste, pri katerih ~lovek njihove naselitve v naravno okolje ni na~rtoval. To so tiste vrste, ki jim je iz pobeglih farmskih ali parkovnih osebkov uspelo razviti prosto`ive~o gnezde~o populacijo. Najbolj znan je primer doma~ega goloba Columba livia forma domestica, pri nas alohtone oblike skalnega goloba Columba livia, ki ji je uspelo razviti mo~no gnezde~o populacijo, a je pri ornitolo{kih popisih v Sloveniji ostala neopa`ena ([orgo 2000). Hibridizacija, ki je v tem primeru znotrajvrstna, je pripeljala do me{anih populacij skalnega in doma~ega goloba. Verjetno je, da danes v Sloveniji nimamo ve~ gensko ~iste populacije skalnega goloba. Drug primer pobeglih ptic je labod grbec Cygnus olor, za katerega domnevajo, da je ve~ina danes gnezde~e evropske populacije pravzaprav me{anica divjih in pobeglih parkovnih ptic (Wieloch et al. 1997). V skupino pritepenih gnezdilk lahko sodijo vse tiste alohtone namerno ali nenamerno vne{ene vrste, ki jim je v Evropi uspelo razviti dovolj mo~ne in invazivne naturalizirane populacije, sposobne naravnega {irjenja iz svojih naselitvenih `ari{~ tudi drugam. V Slovenijo so te vrste pri{le po naravni poti, ~eprav je njihovo poreklo v Evropi alohtono. Teh vrst ni veliko, edini znani primer v Sloveniji pa je aleksander Pisttacula krameri, ki naj bi pri nas domnevno oblikoval majhno gnezde~o populacijo kratkega veka (Geister 1995). Negnezdilke so z vidika ogro`anja avtohtone avifavne manj pomembne, vendar so potencialna nevarnost v primeru gnezdenja in vdora v avtohtone ekosisteme z vzpostavljanjem biotskih interakcij z avtohtonimi vrstami. Negnezde~e eksote lahko obravnavamo kot (a) neuspe{no namerno naseljene vrste, (b) pritepenke in (c) ube`nice. Naseljevanje vrst za potrebe {portnega lova ni bilo vselej uspe{no, zato lahko te vrste obravnavamo kot neuspe{no namerno naseljene negnezdilke. Med kopico takih vrst sodi tudi {panska kotorna Alectoris rufa, pri kateri je poskus naselitve po dana{njem vedenju spodletel. Pritepenke so vrste, ki imajo v Evropi naturalizirane alohtone populacije in se pri nas pojavljajo le kot negnezdilke, saj gnezditev do sedaj v Sloveniji {e ni bila potrjena (npr. beloli~na trdorepka). Velikokrat je te`ko razlikovati med pritepenkami in ube`nicami, npr. pri racah rodu mandarink Aix, saj ni jasno, ali so opazovane ptice pobegle parkovne `ivali ali osebki iz naturaliziranih evropskih populacij. In naposled so tu {e ube`nice (npr. kitajski slav~ek Leiothrix lutea), katerih osebki, so pobegle `ivali iz umetno vzrejenih populacij in se v tujem naravnem okolju pojavljajo ve~inoma le kraj{i ~as z redko ve~ kot enim osebkom. Ravno ube`nice so tista skupina alohtonih vrst, ki jo ornitologi najbolj zanemarjajo. Seznam avifavne zajema 7 ube`nic, ~eprav jih je glede na razli~ne neobjavljene vire precej ve~. Pri opazovanju takih vrst so terenski ornitologi vedno v precepu, ali je opazovanje ube`nice sploh pomembno. Poglejmo si primer rastlin, kjer botaniki vsako vrsto, najdeno zunaj umetnih rasti{~, evidentirajo v seznamu rastlin Slovenije, pa ~eprav se ta vrsta v naravi pojavlja le prehodno - efemerofit 70 Acrocephalus 22 (106-IO7): 6<) - JI, 200I (Trpin & Vre{ 1995, Jogan ustno). Leta 1991 je bil objavljen pregled favne sesalcev Slovenije, kjer so bile navedene tudi vse bolj ali manj prilo`nostno pobegle vrste, med njimi tudi nutrija Myocastor coypus (Kry{tufek 1991). [ele v zadnjih desetihih letih so se na Ljubljanskem barju in obali iz pobeglih `ivali razvile prosto`ive~e populacije nutrij (Kry{tufek & Jan`ekovi~ 1999) – dokaz, da bele`enje ube`nic le ni tako jalovo delo. Registriranje ube`nic je torej pomembno s stali{~a evidentiranja prvega pojava vrste v naravi in njenega kasnej{ega razvitja prosto`ive~e populacije. Vse vrste seveda nimajo potenciala, da vzpostavijo samostojno prosto`ive~o populacijo, ki je sposobna invazije in vdora v naravne ekosisteme. Kry{tufek (1999) navaja nekaj zna~ilnosti invazivnih alohtonih vrst (navedene so le zna~ilnosti, ki naj bi veljale tudi za ptice): velik razmno`evalni potencial in kratek generacijski ~as, dolga `ivljenjska doba, velika disperzijska mo~, obse`en areal, generalisti v prehranjevanju in izbiri habitata ter vrste zgodnjih sukcesij. Poleg tega se lahko ube`nice tako ali druga~e ume{~ajo, sicer v manj{i meri, tudi v naravne sisteme. Kot primer vzemimo skob~evko Melopsittacus undulatus, ki je bila najdena med ostanki plena ~uka Athene noctua v Se~oveljskih solinah (Rubini~ ustno). Tu se pojavi problem razmejitve, kaj je ube`nica in kaj ne. Ali je doma~a koko{ Gallus gallus domesticus ube`nica ali ne, ~e jo najdemo kot plen kragulja Accipiter gentilis? Botaniki uvr{~ajo med t.i. efemerofite vse vrste, najdene zunaj umetnih rasti{~. Za ptice bi moralo veljati podobno, vendar pa je spri~o velike mobilnosti ptic te`e lo~iti naravno okolje od umetnega. Tu se moramo seveda zanesti na zdravo presojo opazovalca in vseh, ki po njem povzemajo podatek. Sicer pa, na zaupanju in zdravi presoji v ornitologiji temeljijo tako ali tako tudi vse druge registracije ptic, mar ne? Al Vrezec Literatura Bo`i~, L. (2001): Seznam ugotovljenih ptic Slovenije s pregledom redkih vrst. Acrocephalus 22 (106-107): 115-120. Geister, I. (1995): Ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. DZS, Ljubljana. Hughes, B. (1997): Ruddy Duck Oxyura jamaicensis. In: Hagemeijer, W.J. & M.J. Blair (eds.): The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds. T & AD Poyser, London. Jogan, N. (2000): Neofiti - rastline pritepenke. Proteus 63 (1): 31-36. Kry{tufek, B. (1991): Sesalci Slovenije. Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije, Ljubljana. Kry{tufek, B. (1999): Osnove varstvene biologije. TZS, Ljubljana. Kry{tufek, B. & F. Jan`ekovi~ (1999): Klju~ za dolo~anje vreten~arjev Slovenije. DZS, Ljubljana. Sutherland, W.J. (2000): The Conservation Handbook: Research, Management and Policy. Blackwell Science Ltd., Oxford. [orgo, A. (2000): Doma~i golob Columba livia forma domestica - divja ptica, ki je ornitologi ne popisujejo. Acrocephalus 21 (102-103): 217-218. Trpin, D. & B. Vre{ (1995): Register flore Slovenije, praprotnice in cvetnice. Zbirka ZRC 7, ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana. Wieloch, M., S. Mathiasson & L. Saari (1997): Mute Swan Cygnus olor. In: Hagemeijer, W.J. & M.J. Blair (eds.): The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds. T & AD Poyser, London. 7I Acrocephalus 22 (106-107): 73 -- 79, 2001 Individuality in the Northern Bald Ibis or Waldrapp Ibis Geronticus eremita – key features for a complex social system Individualnost klav`arja Geronticus eremita - poglavitne zna~ilnosti zapletene socialne strukture teh ptic 1 1, 2 Karin Pegoraro & Manfred Föger 1 BLU, Consulting Engineers for Biology and Landscape Ecology; Defreggerstr. 20, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria, e-mail: tb_biologie@hotmail.com 2 Department of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A- 6020 Innsbruck, Austria The authors of the article studied some factors of individual distinctiveness in the Northern Bald Ibis or Waldrapp Ibis Geronticus eremita. Grey head patterns are the most striking optical signs showing individual differences. Beside visual signals, acoustic communication shows a high intraspecific variation. A thorough analysis of the “croop”-call reveals strong evidence for age, sexual and individual variation. In addition, the variation within one type of vocalization may transmit various messages about the motivational state of the signaller. Key words: Northern Bald Ibis, Waldrapp, Geronticus eremita, individual recognition, behaviour Klju~ne besede: klav`ar, Geronticus eremita, osebnostna razpoznava, vedenje 1. Introduction 2. Methods The communication system of the Waldrapp Ibis 2.1. The study populations Geronticus eremita consists of visual and auditory displays. The highly social species utters few The results derive mainly from ten years of intensive vocalization types in many different contexts (Thaler observations of the Waldrapp Ibis colony of the et al. 1981, Pegoraro 1992, 1996, Pegoraro & Föger Alpenzoo Innsbruck (Tyrol/Austria). All individuals of 1995). Analyses of vocal sequences may improve our this breeding group are of Moroccan origin. Further understanding of mechanisms for maintaining social studies in aviaries were done in different zoological structures within and between colonies. Within gardens in Switzerland and in Bireçik, SE-Turkey. breeding groups, specific individual behaviour patterns Additional work was undertaken in the field in Bireçik should exist. In particular, optical and/or acoustic cues (1984) and in Morocco (1986 – 1994). for recognition of breeding partners and other group members are necessary for undisturbed reproduction 2.2. Head patterns (Saunders 1983). In Waldrapp Ibises the dark grey patterns on the naked heads are the most important Between 1984 and 1999, the head markings of 24 birds optical cues (Pegoraro & Malin 1990). of the Alpenzoo colony were continuously documented. In this paper we discuss results of the long-term Photographs of each individual were taken at least once studies concerning the importance of individual a year to establish a detailed cartography of the patterns. distinctiveness. Some functions of the birds´ calls With this database it was possible to analyse the for social behaviour, acoustic distinctiveness and importance of this feature for individual distinctiveness individual recognition are presented. Additionally, as well as constancy over the study period. Additional optical features are documented and the potential of pictures originate from Zurich Zoo, Switzerland and further investigations is discussed. Bireçik, Turkey. 73 K. Pegoraro & M. Föger: Individuality in the Northern Bald Ibis or Waldrapp Ibis Geronticus eremita – key features for a complex social system 2.3. Recording and analysing techniques of vocal signals The vocal inventory of twelve individuals was recorded at the Alpenzoo Innsbruck during a four-year observation period. Additional records were taken at the Zurich Zoo. The calls were recorded using a Nagra III tape recorder (tape speed: 19 cm/s) and a Grampian DP4/X microphone attached to a 60 cm parabolic reflector. Sonagrams of 1400 recordings of good quality were made at the Max-Planck-Institut für Verhaltensphysiologie, Vogelwarte Radolfzell at Radolfzell-Möggingen, Germany on a Kay Elemetrics sonagraph 6061 B with a filter width of 300 Hz (wide) at a frequency range of 80 to 8000 Hz, linear scale. Sonagrams were overlaid with a transparent grid to measure twelve parameters. These parameters were selected according to Bailey & Baker 1982, McGregor & Krebs 1982, Sparling 1983 and Zann 1984. The measurements of frequency and time parameters allowed an accuracy of 0.5 mm (1 mm = 83.3 Hz, 1 mm = 8.2 ms). 2.4. Statistical analysis of vocal signals The measurements of nine acoustic parameters of the „croop“-call were used for the statistical analyses (see Pegoraro & Föger 1995). We used ANOVA to test for differences between individuals, sexes, age groups and calls uttered in two different social contexts – greeting and threat behaviour. Stepwise discriminate analysis was used to examine which variables are most important to discriminate individual calls (Fletcher et al. 1978, Smith et al. 1982). This multivariate procedure allows the elimination of unimportant variables using Wilks’ Lambda and F-value to determine significance levels. Discriminant analysis was used to calculate a similarity matrix of the individual calls´ mean values, which were assigned to the most probable bird calling. A description of further criteria, advantages and disadvantages of statistical methods used here and their application in sonagram analysis are given by Lachenbruch (1975), Sparling & Williams (1978) and Martindale (1980). 3. Results 3.1. Head patterns The dark head patterns of Waldrapp Ibises do not exist in first-year juveniles. During the first year the head is covered with a short and dense plumage of grey feathers with white edges. The neck-ruff is hardly developed at this age. The head remains at least partly feathered throughout the second year of life. The timing of the loss of these feathers differs individually. On bare parts of skin the dark head pattern appears simultaneously. The principal pattern of the head markings is now recognizable (e.g. degree of darkness or brightness) and begins to develop. When fully developed, these markings are individually different (Figure 1). Some heads are very bright nearly lacking darker parts, others are almost completely black. All transitions between these extremes are possible. Like in other species (e.g. Bateson 1977) even a human observer is able to distinguish the birds individually with the help of these optical features (Pegoraro 1996). The presentation Figure 1: Four different head markings of adult Waldrapp Ibises Slika 1: [tirje razli~ni klav`arjevi naglavni vzorci 74 Acrocephalus 22 (106-IO7): 73 - 79, 200I Figure 2: Greeting posture and sonagram of typical “croop”- Figure 3: Excitation posture and sonogram of „groo“-calls calls uttered in this context uttered in this context Slika 2: Pozdravna dr`a in sonogram tipi~nega “krupovskega” ogla{anja v tem kontekstu Slika 3: Dr`a razburjene ptice in sonogramam “grumovskega” ogla{anja v tem kontekstu of these markings to conspecifics is an important part of the typical greeting ceremony of Waldrapp Ibises (see Figure 2). Graphical comparisons indicate that head patterns may be inherited as parents and their offspring show similar primary patterns. To obtain more information on this question, further investigations using statistical analyses are needed. Another question we are currently studying is, if additional messages for conspecifics (e.g. fitness parameters) are also transmitted with the head markings. 3.2. Acoustic signals The vocal inventory of the Waldrapp Ibis consists mainly of simple calls. As it is often the case in social bird species (Nottebohm 1975), they have a rather small repertoire of vocalizations. Adult birds use just three main types of calls, which can generally be derived from the vocalizations of juvenile birds. When artificially incubated and hand-reared (isolated from adult conspecifics), the ibises develop normal vocalizations (Pegoraro & Thaler 1993). This finding is contradictory to learning of calls by tradition; their patterns must be to a high degree genetically determined (Konishi 1963). In addition, instrumental bill noises occur. All acoustic signals are performed by both sexes and all vocalizations, except the excitation call, are used more often by males than females. During pair contacts the birds produce a sort of “grumbling”, composed of one to several short syllables with strong frequency and amplitude modulation. The monosyllabic “groo” represents an unspecific excitation call (Figure 3). It consists of one to three elements. In most cases the basic frequency range is dominant and the frequencies between 1200 and 3500 Hz are often missing. Although these calls show high intraindividual variation they are highly individual according to different features (e.g. mean frequency range, modulation and number of frequency bands). A thorough analysis was done for the most frequent vocalization of Waldrapp Ibises, the monosyllabic “croop”-call (Pegoraro & Föger 1995). It consists of several elements. Its mean duration is 180.08 ms (± 58.03; n = 289) in male and 168.93 ms (± 87.13; n = 101) in female. In most cases it rises rapidly, followed by a slower decline (Figure 2). 75 K. Pegoraro & M. Föger: Individuality in the Northern Bald Ibis or Waldrapp Ibis Geronticus eremita – key features for a complex social system Frequency bands of single elements usually decline, rarely increase and are shaped like a bar, banner, roof, arch, wave, or a flattened, sometimes inverted V or U. Considerable rhythmic frequency modulation often causes a scratched appearance to the sonagram. As it has been demonstrated in calls of other nonpasserine birds (e.g. Sparling 1983, Bretagnolle 1989), the Waldrapp Ibises’ “croop”-calls are uttered in the coarse of different displays and in different social contexts (Pegoraro 1996). They accompany greeting ceremonies as well as threat displays, respectively. During greeting, nest advertisement and copulation “croop”-calls are repeated. Greeting and threat displays have been described by many authors (e.g. Wackernagel 1964, Bauer & Glutz von Blotzheim 1966, Cramp & Simmons 1977, Hirsch 1979, Oliver et al. 1979, Thaler et al. 1981, Sahin 1983A, 1983B, Pegoraro & Thaler 1985, Sahin 1990). The results of an ANOVA analysis show that only duration differs significantly between these social contexts (F-value = 3.92, p < 0.05). On average threat calls last 24.6 ms longer than during greeting. The birds greet during pair, family as well as group contacts. The latter displays are characterized by sweeping head movements and very loud vocalizations allowing communication over long distances. Pair partners greet each other during any approach, nest relief, allopreening and presentation of nesting material. The function of calls uttered in these contexts are the synchronization and bonding of the breeding partners (Pegoraro & Thaler 1985). For analyses of individuality of “croop”-calls, only greeting calls were used for further computation. Male and female calls are clearly distinguishable. The analysed parameters, except for two, proved to be significant. 81.6 % of the calls were classified correctly by discriminant analysis. ANOVA results showed differences in all parameters between two young females and ten adult individuals (including adult females). Minimum frequency range and mean frequency range of young birds are lower than those of older females. These characteristics are actually typical of adult males. On average the duration of the calls of young females is longer than those of older Waldrapp Ibises of both sexes. The higher value of duration coincides with greeting movements which appear exaggerated. The number of frequency bands visible in sonagrams is higher, corresponding to the loudness the calls on the one hand and the shape of frequency bands on the other. A first simple subjective indication for the individuality of the vocal repertoire is the possibility of discriminating of calling individuals by humans. 76 We were able to recognize the greeting calls of different individuals (see Saunders & Wooller 1988). For example, one individual sounded very quiet, low in frequency, often “croaking”; the calls of another bird were remarkable for their loudness, clipped manner and abrupt ending. The same characteristics are detectable in the sonagrams. For control, an independent person was asked to sort 38 sonagrams from six individuals selected at random according to their similarity: 36 of these were assigned correctly. Calling the partner to the nest over of long distances could also indicate individual recognition by voice. However, this might only be a case of acoustic or optic nest locating (Tschanz 1968). Furthermore, in the case of visual contact, optical features of the partners might be involved. The results of playback experiments with fledglings vs. parents provide further indications for individual recognition (cf. Pegoraro & Föger 1995). Young birds showed - except in two cases - strong reactions only to playbacks of the calls of their own parents (n = 48). On the basis of this results we performed multivariate analysis of our data to examine all important parameters and their possible significance for individual recognition. The ANOVAs for each variable reveal highly significant interindividual differences, four acoustic features providing the best cues for individual recognition (Pegoraro & Föger 1995). Using these four variables, a high percentage (up to 86 %) of the Waldrapp Ibises in our sample could be identified correctly. This proportion is very similar to those reported for other nonpasserine birds (e.g. Beightol & Samuel 1973, Eakle et al. 1989). 4. Discussion and conclusions 4.1. Optical distinctiveness The most apparent optical features of adult Waldrapp Ibises are their grey head markings. As they are presented to conspecifics during different social displays, there should be some message in these markings. On the one hand they could serve as a cue or signal for individual recognition. On the other hand they possibly include further information (e.g. fitness, family membership) playing an important role in sexual selection (Moller 1993). Additionally, other morphological features could be involved in the visual identification system of the species. Some body measurements, such as the length of the tarsometatarsus and body diameter, vary considerably between individuals and allow Acrocephalus 22 (106-IO7): 73 - 79, 200I an experienced human observer to discriminate between some birds without seeing further features. A combination of the shape of the head, mimics and the distribution of skin wrinkles on the bare parts of the head is also useful for individual recognition as it is the case of human face recognition. 4.2. Function of calls The paucity of vocal signals does not necessarily mean that social interactions are rare (Nottebohm 1975). The vocal inventory of the highly social Waldrapp Ibis consists of only few calls. Within each type of calls there is a certain range of variation to each call within one specific individual’s repertoire, and each variation may convey different information according to the motivation of the bird and its social situation. The potential number of information which could be transmitted with a specific system of signals in general exceeds the number of signals. The situation during calling, the identity of the calling individual and the reaction to the signal by other members of the group allow conclusions regarding the function of the vocalization. It is possible that differing structures of certain frequency bands of the calls contain information about the emotional and physiological state of the bird, its intention for action and/or the type of relationship among group members (Zahavi 1982, Armstrong 1992, Pegoraro & Föger 1995). Additionally mixed calls and transitional forms of calls increase the possibility of transmition of different messages with this specific signal. Waldrapp Ibises utter “croop”-calls during greeting ceremonies as well as threat displays. Although some transitions may be included, statistical analysis allows easy discrimination between the acoustic structure of the calls used in these differing contexts. So two types of “croop”-calls exist in the species. A similar differentiation seems to be reliable for other calls. Waldrapp Ibises show no sexual dimorphism in morphology neither very striking differences in behaviour or patterns between sexes. Hence the sex of an individual could be encoded in its vocalizations. Our results support the hypothesis that the calls uttered during greeting ceremonies may serve for sexual recognition. Furthermore, greeting calls provide information on the age of the calling individual. This seems to be important in the case of young birds breeding for the first time. As young ibises show rather clumsy courtship behaviour (Pegoraro & Thaler 1985), it could be of advantage for them to be recognizable as inexperienced birds. The “normal” reaction of older birds to such behaviour is aggression. Recognizing of the young age of a potential partner may appease the older, experienced birds. Up to the end of the second year of life the feathering of the head of Waldrapp Ibises decreases gradually (Pegoraro & Malin 1990). In the third year, when they reach sexual maturity, they are no longer sufficiently characterized by optical cues. For this reason it could be important that acoustic features prevent the delay of pair formation. Group-living in birds is generally associated with strong selection pressure for individual recognition (Falls 1982). If members of a group know each other, costly agonistic behaviour can be minimized. Additionally, acoustic individual recognition may function as an isolating mechanism for breeding partners against neighbours. The multivariate analyses of adult Waldrapp Ibis, greeting calls using nine frequency and temporal parameters indicate that these parameters form a suitable acoustic bases for individual recognition. The statistical analyses have shown that, in spite of high intra-individual variability, the calls of individual birds are relatively constant and that some special features of calls do not change individually. Frequency parameters associated with amplitude as well as phase parameters lead to a very complex pattern very likely to be a source of great variability. Multiple features may be involved in individual recognition, and if some are missing or masked, others may partially compensate for the loss (Robisson 1990). The parameters included in our analyses, as in many others (e.g. Goldstein 1978, Sparling & Williams 1978, Martindale 1980, Smith et al. 1982, Lequette & Jouventin 1991), are not able to describe all characteristics of vocal signals. The sonagrams’ shapes of single individuals vary considerably. Therefore we suppose that shape includes additional information, but this remains to be tested. For this purpose, besides qualitative methods, statistical analysing techniques to minimize observer bias, like the experiments and procedures suggested by Chabot (1988), are necessary. Although the greeting call allows the identification of individuals, it should be taken into consideration that the whole repertoire of a single bird might share a specific common quality, like in human voices (Weary et al. 1990). So for individual recognition, Waldrapp Ibises could be able to learn individual voice characteristics and use them to classify all vocal signals of adult conspecifics. Acknowledgements: We are grateful to E. Thaler for her help. M. Martys and H. Pechlaner kindly supported the research at the Alpenzoo Innsbruck/ 77 K. Pegoraro & M. Föger: Individuality in the Northern Bald Ibis or Waldrapp Ibis Geronticus eremita – key features for a complex social system Tyrol as well as in Turkey and Morocco. We thank P. Weilenmann for permission to work in Zurich Zoo. G. Thielcke and B. Leisler generously allowed access to the sonagraph of the MPI Radolfzell. The Austrian Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung provided the Nagra tape recorder plus microphone. 5. Povzetek Avtorja ~lanka sta preu~evala nekatere faktorje individualnih zna~ilnosti klav`arja Geronticus eremita. Sivi vzorci na goli glavi so najizrazitej{a opti~na znamenja, ki govorijo o individualnih razlikah pri teh pticah. Klav`arjeva akusti~na komunikacija ka`e, poleg vizualnih znamenj, na velike razlike med posamezniki. Temeljita analiza njegovega ogla{anja (“krup”) razodeva njegovo starost, spol in druge osebnostne razlike. Poleg tega lahko razlike znotraj enega tipa vokalizacije dajejo razli~na sporo~ila o njegovem motivacijskem stanju. 6. References Armstrong, T.A. (1992): Categorization of notes used by female red-winged blackbirds in composite vocalizations. Condor 94: 210-223. Baily, E.D. & J.A. Baker (1982): Recognition characteristics in covey dialects of the bobwhite quail. Condor 84: 317-320. Bateson, P.P.G. (1977): Testing an observer´s ability to identify individual animals. Animal Behaviour 25: 247-248. Bauer, K.M. & U.N. Glutz von Blotzheim (1966): Geronticus eremita (Linné 1758) - Waldrapp. Handbuch der Vögel Mitteleuropas, Bd. 1. Akad. Verlagsges., Frankfurt/Main. 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Garten N.F. 55: 113-123. Pegoraro, K. & E. Thaler (1993): Postembryonalentwicklung und Jugendphase des Waldrapps Geronticus eremita (L.). Ökol. Vögel 15: 155-192. Robisson, P. (1990): The importance of the temporal pattern of syllables and the syllable structure of display calls for individual recognition in the genus Aptenodytes. Behavioural Processes 22: 157-163. Sahin, R. (1983A): Beitrag zum Fortpflanzungsverhalten der freilebenden Waldrappe (Geronticus eremita L.) in der Türkei. 2. Mitteilung: Paarung. Ökol. Vögel 5: 63-72. Sahin, R. (1983B): Beitrag zum Fortpflanzungsverhalten der freilebenden Waldrappe (Geronticus eremita L.) in der Türkei. 3. Mitteilung: Eiablage, Brüten und Acrocephalus 22 (106-107): 73 -- 79, 2001 Schlüpfen. Ökol. Vögel 5: 255-262. Sahin, R. (1990): Werdegang und Bedeutung des Kopfnickens beim Waldrapp (Geronticus eremita). J. Orn. 131: 445-451. Saunders, D.A. (1983): Vocal repertoire and individual vocal recognition in the short-billed white-tailed black cockatoo, Calyptorhynchus funereus latirostris Carnaby. Aust. Wildl. Res. 10: 527-536. Saunders, D.A. & R.D. Wooller (1988). Consistent individuality of voice in birds as a management tool. Emu 88: 25-32. Smith, H.J., J.D. Newman, H.J. Hoffman & K. Fetterly (1982). Statistical discrimination among vocalization of individual squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Folia primatol. 37: 267-279. Sparling, D.W. (1983): Quantitative analysis of prairie grouse vocalization. Condor 85, 30-42. Sparling, D.W. & J.D Williams (1978): Multivariate analysis of avian vocalization. J. theor. Biol. 74: 83-107. Thaler, E., E. Ettel & S. Job (1981): Zur Sozialstruktur des Waldrapps Geronticus eremita - Beobachtungen an der Brutkolonie des Alpenzoos Innsbruck. J. Orn. 122: 109-128. Tschanz, B. (1968): Trottellummen. Die Entstehung der persönlichen Beziehung zwischen Jungvogel und Eltern. Z. Tierpsychol., Beih. 4, P. Parey, Berlin/Hamburg. Wackernagel, H. (1964): Brutbiologische Beobachtungen am Waldrapp, Geronticus eremita (L.), im Zoologischen Garten Basel. Orn. Beob. 61: 49-56. Weary, D.M., K.J. Norris & J.B. Falls (1990): Song features birds use to identify individuals. Auk 107: 623-625. Zahavi, A. (1982): The pattern of vocal signals and the information they convey. Behav. 80: 1-8. Zann, R. (1984): Structural variation in the zebra finch distance call. Z. Tierpsychol. 66: 328-345. Arrived / Prispelo: 30.12.2000 Accepted / Sprejeto: 11.11.2001 Acrocephalus 22 (106-107): 81 - 87, 2001 Notes on recent discoveries regarding the presence of the Northern Bald Ibis Geronticus eremita in the Upper Adriatic Region Zapiski o nedavnih odkritjih znamenj o pojavljanju klav`arja Geronticus eremita v obmo~ju gornjega Jadrana 12 Fabio Perco & Paul Tout 1 Fabio Perco, Sgonico – Gabrovizza n. 38, I-34010 Trieste, Italy 2 Paul Tout, UWCAD, Duino 29, I-34013 Duino (Trieste), Italy The authors outline the evidence in the literature, systematics, local folklore and other sources such as the fresco in the church of Hrastovlje in the Karst in western Slovenia to support the appearance of the Northern Bald Ibis Geronticus eremita on a list of birds of the Upper Adriatic Region prepared by Baron @iga Zois writing around the beginning of the nineteenth century and discuss the possibility that the species was widespread in the Alps and northern Italy until relatively recently. The paper also outlines possible misnomers of currently-occurring species which might at one time in fact have referred to the Northern Bald Ibis and hypothesize on possible reasons for the species’ extinction in the face of direct human persecution (the taking of young for food, direct persecution of ugly and frightening birds), climate (“The Little Ice Age”) and habitat changes (loss of open grasslands). They draw attention to the fact that the habitat of the area in question is, today, utterly different to that which supported the Bald Ibis in the middle of the last millennium and that losses in human-created and -maintained open grassland habitats, which are evolving into woodland and scrub through vegetational succession, are still causing local extinctions of bird species in the Alps and Karst to this day. Key words: Northern Bald Ibis, Geronticus eremita, Northern Adriatic, Hrastovlje, climate change, vegetational succession, historical ornithology Klju~ne besede: klav`ar, Geronticus eremita, severni Jadran, Hrastovlje, klimatske spremembe, vegetacijska sukcesija, zgodovinska ornitologija 1. Introduction The recently discovered and published bird checklist of Slovenia, written around the beginning of the nineteenth century by Baron @iga Zois, put a new light on any existing information on the former presence of Northern Bald Ibis Geronticus eremita in the Upper Adriatic region ([tumberger 1999, Jan~ar 1999). The fact that a local name was attributed to this species - “klav`ar” (similar to the German term “Klausrapp” reported by Gesner 1555) - suggests that it was well known, at least to the compiler of the list; a fact of major importance, if we consider that the possible date of extinction was considered to be far earlier by th the majority of the authors: “before the end of 18 th century” (Rothschild et al. 1897), the 17 century (Bauer & Glutz von Blotzheim 1966, Cramp & Simmons 1977). Former indications for the existence of this species in the Northern Adriatic Region are essentially two and they are summarized as follows: ---- Conrad Gesner (1555), who first described the species under the Latin name Corvus sylvaticus, lists the towns of Pola (or Pula) in Istria and Graz in Styria (in Austria), amongst the then known breeding sites. He lists also many other sites in the Alps, in Austria and Switzerland, including “Lago Maggiore” (Lacus Verbanus), in Italy. This allows us to imagine that the species was a regular visitor to many suitable sites in central Europe and the Upper Adriatic area in the period under consideration. ---- Ulisse Adrovandi (or “Aldrovandus”, who printed 81 F. Perco & P. Tout: Notes on recent discoveries regarding the presence of the Northern Bald Ibis Geronticus eremita in the Upper Adriatic region his three volumes between 1599 and 1603 in Bologna) in his “Ornithologia, sive Avium historia”, publishes a nice “Phalacrocorax ex illirio missus” (see Acrocephalus 20, p 70) which is, without any doubt, a detailed reproduction of an adult Bald Ibis. In this second case a possible confusion was favoured by the fact that “Phalacrocorax”, a word at present internationally used to refer to birds of the cormorant genus, means exactly, if translated from the ancient Greek: “bald crow” or “bald-raven”, as a result of the junction of the two words “falacros” (bald) and “corax” (crow or raven). A very appropriate appellative for Bald Ibis indeed. E. Arrigoni degli Oddi, the principal Italian ornithologist working at the beginning of the th 20 century, following the point of view of many other distinguished ornithologists of the past, was, however, very sceptical of this record. He attributed it to the Mediterranean Shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis desmarestii, a well-known breeding species along the cliffs of the Eastern Adriatic coasts (Arrigoni 1902). This opinion is anyway strongly contradicted by the fact that Gesner himself, making reference to Turnerus, Aristoteles and Plinius, pointed out first that: “Sunt qui phalacrocoracem hanc avem interpretentur, quoniam & magnitudine & colore conrefert: & calvelcit, ut vidi cum adultior est.” “ There are some who call this bird a Phalacrocorax, as colour and dimensions coincide and it becomes bald, as I saw, when becoming adult”. Figure 1: The faint image of a possible Bald Ibis on the northern wall of the Hrastovlje church: it was painted in the year 1490 by Johannes de Kastua Slika 1: Medla podoba verjetnega klav`arja, ki ga je leta 1490 naslikal Janez iz Kastva na severni steni cerkve v Hrastovljah Figure 2: The “logo” of local warden at Hrastovlje: Bald Ibis? Slika 2: “Logotip” hrastoveljskega ~uvaja: klav`ar? We can surmise therefore that, at least for some people, the real “Phalacrocorax” could, in the past, be the object of this article. As a result of its decline and a lack of communication between the first biologists, the name perhaps passed on later to other species, still common and very widely distributed. Several examples of this are well known and documented such as the calling of Grey Herons Ardea cinerea “Cranes” Grus grus in the west of Ireland where the latter became extinct as a breeding species around 1600. 2. The Hrastovlje “fresco” Quite recently a friend of ours and a keen ornithologist, Paolo Utmar from Trieste, knowing our interest regarding the topic, told us about the existence of a very old painting which perhaps illustrates a Bald Ibis surviving in an old church near the village of Hrastovlje, in the vicinity of Trieste on the Slovene Karst plateau. As soon as possible we visited this site with my friend and we can confirm that image can be, with some degree of caution, attributed to the species (Figure 1, Colour appendix – Figure 1). The image of the bird is part of a vast fresco by “Johannes de Kastua”, a well known local artist of the epoch, and was completed in the year 1490 (Zadnikar 1995). The 82 Acrocephalus 22 (106-IO7): 8l - 87, 200I work is a very complex representation of biblical and evangelical themes, including a “macabre dance”, and completely covers the walls of the small church. The image of the bird, which attracted the attention of my friend being chosen as a “logo” by the local warden (Figure 2), has a bluish plumage and a short raised tail of the same colour, which in former times would have been significantly darker. It has also a long reddish downcurved bill and relatively short red legs, with long toes. The bird is just a detail of a broad scene representing the travel and adoration of the Magi, as usually depicted along the north-facing walls of these kind of small churches (Figures 3 & 4), this wall being normally free of windows and an ideal area to reproduce a vast landscape (Zadnikar 1995). The bird, without much regard for proportions, is between two men, one with bow and arrow, the other with a raised club. If the identity of this bird is accepted as a Northern Bald Ibis, we must argue the painter was probably referring to an immature specimen, as the head appears still covered by feathers without a crest and does not look “bald” at all. As for further possible indications that the painted bird is actually a Geronticus eremita it should be borne in mind that the author of the work was from Kastua or Kastav, a still existing village not far from Rijeka (Fiume), where many well known “church painters” of the epoch came from (Zadnikar 1995). This village is situated near the Kvarner Gulf, leading to Pula, the town along whose cliffs Gesner reported the existence th of breeding colonies of this species during the 16 century, a few decades after Johannes’ artwork. Figure 3: The ancient church of Hrastovlje (photo: F. Perco) Slika 3: Starodavna hrastoveljska cerkev (foto: F. Perco) Gesner’s words (1555) described the traditional taking of Bald Ibis fledglings from nests along southern cliffs of the Istrian Peninsula as follows: “Circa lacum Verbanum corvus marinus dicitur, alibi in Italia corvus sylvaticus, ut in Illiria circa promontorium Polae, ubi homine per funem demisso per rupes nidis eximuntur….” On the Lago Maggiore it is called “Sea-crow”, elsewhere in Italy “Wood-crow”, as in Illyria, near the Pola promontory, where a man is lowered down on a rope to take it out of its nests… Gesner also states that it was quite common to catch the young from the nests and instead of eating them as a “delicacy”, the reason for which they were caught, that some of them were raised in a semi–wild state. Therefore young or immature birds of this species would have been a rather familiar sight and this can explain why specimens without long crests or bald faces were usually portrayed, as it is seen in the Hrastovlje fresco. It may be interesting to stress that such ancient efforts at domestication are at the root of quite modern efforts for the reintroduction of the species with “hand rearing” method, as experienced first by Ellen Thaler and Karin Pegoraro and, more recently, by Kurt Kotrschal and colleagues in Austria (Pegoraro & Föger 1999, Thaler et al. 1992, kotrschal 1999, 2001 & pers. comm.). Figure 4: The wide cliffs near Hrastovlje Church along the upper Ri`ana Valley, a possible ancient breeding site for the Bald Ibis? (photo: B. [tumberger) Slika 4: Obse`na ostenja pri hrastoveljski cerkvi v gornji Ri`anski dolini – verjetno nekdanje, klav`arjevo gnedi{~e klav`arja? (foto: B. [tumberger) 83 F. Perco & P. Tout: Notes on recent discoveries regarding the presence of the Northern Bald Ibis Geronticus eremita in the Upper Adriatic region 3. The reasons for extinction in Europe The majority of works regarding this species tend to explain its extinction from the Alps and the rest of Europe as a direct consequence of human predation linked to climatic changes, such as the so-called “Litlle Ice Age”, at its most intense in Europe between 1550 and 1750, and in many cases this might be true (Bauer & Glutz 1966, Burton 1995, Cramp & Simmons 1982, Collar & Stuart 1985, Del Hoyo 1989, Elliott & Saragatal 1992). Extremely cold and prolonged winters would have had an adverse effect on many southern species whose presence in the Alpine region was possible, one would imagine as a result of the influence of human beings and their animals (i.e. sheep, cattle, horses etc.; see below) on habitats. From another perspective it should be pointed out that the few existing reports and studies covering the Northern Bald Ibis in the wild quite often stress the relative confidence and tameness of this bird, whose colonies, when not persecuted, used to be sited within or near towns, more or less in the same manner as the White Stork, although Bald Ibis used to breed in holes and crevices of walls and rock faces. As happened with storks this confidence with man resulted in both its luck and misfortune, according to human culture in different sites and periods. Since ancient times, the Bald Ibis was considered a “holy” species by many peoples, much praised (along with other related ibises) for its “struggle against vermin”. In the Islamic tradition, Bald Ibis (or “Abu Mengel”) is nothing but the biblical “crow”, sent first by Noah from the ark and for this or other reasons very highly regarded and sometimes actively protected in a variety of countries in the Middle East. It should also be noted that Abu Mengel is praised in Kurdish and Islamic tales as the indicator of the way to the Mecca, whilst the “crow” or the “Ibis”, depending to the source, can be both considered “impure, uneatable and untouchable”. Along with the Sacred Ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus and before it (as reported by Collar & Stuart 1985) this bird was object of veneration in ancient Egypt, and its mummies were preserved in the tombs as well (Udo Hirsh pers. comm., Del Hoyo 1989). It is possible that in Europe, particularly in areas dominated by Christian cultures, this “bad looking” bird was sometimes considered by ignorant people as something of a nuisance, as were other animals living in, or on, old buildings, or just an opportunity for an unusual meal. 84 In Italian literature there are many references to the so-called “Upupa”, which cannot be the attractive Hoopoe Upupa epops of today (which it must be said has a mournful song and unpleasant stinking and filthy nesting habits). The Hoopoe of Italian literature is ugly, nocturnal and a “portent of bad luck”. This “Upupa” can easily be identified as Linnaeus’s “Upupa eremita” that features in the first editions of his “Systema naturae” (1758). This is without doubt the Northern Bald Ibis (“Upupa viridis, capite flavo, cervice jubata” Linnaeus 1758”). Ugo Foscolo, living during the nineteenth century, in one of his poems, which are well known in Italy (“I sepolcri” or “The graves”), refers to the Hoopoe as a nocturnal bird, clearly considering it somewhat similar to an owl. Asked by at least two different critics (Arrivabene and Ugoni) who knew the real Hoopoe bird as a “solar” diurnal species, he answered he had the information from an “Ornithologia” as belonging to the Class “Lucifugae”. This epistular discussion is reported in details by Bacchi dalla Lega (1958). Many other Italian poets and writers evidently thought along the same lines e.g. G. Parini in his “Notte”; Sestini in his “Pia dei Tolomei” (III, 53); Gregorovius (1872, “Ricordi storici e pittorici d’Italia”, in Bacchi dalla Lega 1958) or S. Cammarano, the author of the “libretto” in Giuseppe Verdi’s opera “Il Trovatore”, where “the Witch” is said to transform herself sometimes into a Hoopoe, sometimes into an Owl or a Crow. In the twelfth edition of the same work (1766) Linnaeus , as already noted by Rothschild et al. (1897), Figure 5: Extant open grasslands on the Karst plateau: habitat for declining species like Alectoris graeca, Anthus campestris, Emberiza hortulana, and many others Slika 5: Obstoje~a odprta travi{~a na kra{ki planoti: bivali{~e vse redkej{ih vrst, kot so Alectoris graeca, Anthus campestris, Emberiza hortulana in mnoge druge Acrocephalus 22 (106-IO7): 8l - 87, 200I corrected himself calling the species again, as Gesner did: “Corvus eremita”. The somewhat frightening aspect of this black-plumaged, “long-haired” red-cheeked bald bird, quite plausibly nourished the widespread popular belief in witches, as the undesired inhabitants of old churches, monasteries etc. For this reason we would tentatively suggest a possible connection between the Northern Bald Ibis and the myth of “aquane”, “sagane” and “agane”, in Italy . It refers to the name of a number of rocky and precipitous places existing in the Alps and Appennines, generally sited near waterfalls or water courses (aqua is water in Latin), which quite often represent suitable breeding places for the Bald Ibis. During the inquisition period, popular superstition and the widespread witch persecution might have accelerated the Bald Ibis’s fate although any firm evidence for this is lacking. If this was the case in or around towns, along coasts, rivers or lake cliffs, its striking resemblance to cormorants and shags, once widely persecuted as responsible for fish damage, is very notable when the ibises are in flight. Perhaps this could explain its rapid disappearance from another relevant part of its possible historical Mediterranean range. Further indications about the common confusion between different species can be found in a lesser known script by Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519) in which a sentence occurs discussing the presence of the so-called “Maragoni” (“Marangone” is Cormorant or Shag in Italian language) in the “very high and inhospitable mountains” of the “Val di Chiavenna”, near the lake of Como. As this site is not far from the Gesner’s “Lacus verbanus”, the authors consider it highly probable that da Vinci could, yet again, be referring to the Bald Ibis (“Codice Atlantico; carta n. 214”; Ettore Grimaldi in litteris, 1991). But all this is probably not enough to explain the species’ extinction and a parallel ecological reason must be found. Contrary to its main German name “Waldrapp” (a “wood-crow”), the Bald Ibis is typically a bird of very open and mostly dry land. Gesner (1582) reported that: “…it nests on high cliffs, or old ruined towers and castles, which places also caused it to be called the Stone-Raven (Steinrapp), or elsewhere in Bavaria and Styria “Klausrapp”, from the rocks and narrow caves and holes in which it builds its nest.” (The translation from the German is by Rothschild et al. 1897) Recent studies and observations carried out in Morocco clearly show the species’ dependence upon food from the existence of large extensions of “steppe” grassland, with the grass not higher than 2 cm on average (Bowden & Hirsch, pers. comm., Anonymous 1999, Collar & Stuart 1985). The bird is, or was, as a rule, linked with intensively-grazed or/and frequently burnt or/and mowed downlands, a type of human-maintained subclimax that became increasingly rare in the Alps and around the Northern Adriatic area, as a result of the abandonment of the traditional way of life by its human inhabitants, worsened still by both planned and natural reforestation (Figures 5 & 6). Similar subclimax habitats, maintained by grazing, and burning, are still found in the regions occupied by the Southern Bald Ibis Geronticus calvus which is a rather less threatened common species of many sites in South - eastern Africa (around 1250 breeding pairs estimated in 1984 by Brooke; 8-10.000 according to more recent counts – Birdlife International 2000), where the bird is advantaged by regularly burnt savanna or “karroo” highlands and where it breeds on cliffs, near water courses (particularly waterfalls), often associated with vultures and other cliff-nesting birds (Collar & Stuart 1985, Milstein & Wolf 1973, Pocock & Uys 1967, Siegfried 1971). This association with other cliff-nesting species begs the question whether such associations existed in the case of the Northern Bald Ibis. The Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus still breeds in good numbers not far from Pula on the islands of the Kvarner Archipelago. Pollen analysis of many places in Europe show that since ancient times large pre-Alpine and Alpine areas were covered by grassland or scrub, clearly Figure 6: “Steppe-like” open and over-grazed lands of Morocco in the Souss-Massa National Park near Agadir, one of the last foraging resorts for the 200 Bald Ibises surviving in the wild Slika 6: Pretirano popaseni, stepi podobni svet v maro{kem Narodnem parku Souss-Massa v bli`ini Agadirja, eno zadnjih prehranjevali{~ za 200 klav`arjev, ki jih je {e pre`ivelo na svetu 85 F. Perco & P. Tout: Notes on recent discoveries regarding the presence of the Northern Bald Ibis Geronticus eremita in the Upper Adriatic region related to human presence and activity. This human-maintained subclimax probably began declining very early in some areas as a result of plague, invasions or wars, all possible consequences of a worsening in climate. More recently the decline is an obvious consequence of a change in human land use and a different perspective on land management. This is the case for the Karst plateau as well, which until recent times consisted of wide open spaces (Crank et al. 1997, Plodding 1991). Such open areas which still occur at many sites have, however, been rapidly reduced in extent and are disappearing as they are invaded by scrub and bushes. Further declines will continue whilst conservation forestry prevails at the expense of the maintenance of large areas of grassland, endangering many characteristic wildlife species, once common in the area. 4. Conclusions Recent discoveries strongly support the idea that Northern Bald Ibis was a widespread, although generally localized, breeding species in the Upper Adriatic area, as reported by Gesner. This is backed up both by recently published checklist of Slovene bird names and an old painting located in the church of Hrastovlje near Trieste. If we accept such conclusions then the Northern Bald Ibis was probably one of the first species, an opening for which had been created by human customs and activities, to become extinct from the Alps and the Upper Adriatic area, primarily as a result of climatic, cultural and human land use changes; secondarily through targeted persecution and thirdly as a result of the loss of open, grazed and/ or frequently burnt grasslands in favour of higher and denser vegetation types. Whilst not making a case for heavy grazing and uncontrolled burning, such evidence indicates that this vegetational succession, if it occurs throughout an area, should be considered a serious loss from a naturalistic point of view as it has caused, and is still causing, the local extinction not just of the Northern Bald Ibis but of so many plant and animal species. The authors realise that too much of the information cited consists of simple literary indications and are not truly reliable. What has been attempted is a deductive palaeo-ecology of the Northern Bald Ibis from the available sources. For this reason we cannot conclude without stressing that further research is needed in the Upper Adriatic area with investigations to try to find fossil and subfossil remains of Bald Ibis breeding colonies, as has happened elsewhere in 86 Central Europe (Bauer & glutz 1966), together with searches of the literature for further clues. Acknowledgements: We are deeply indebted to Paolo Utmar, who first pointed out the Hrastovlje fresco to us, Peter Mundy, Alistair Robertson and other ornithologists who live in Africa and have sent us information and copies of scientific papers on the Southern Bald Ibis. 5. Povzetek Avtorja sta zbrala vrsto podatkov iz literature, sistematike, lokalnega narodopisja in drugih virov, kot na primer fresk v cerkvi v Hrastovljah na Krasu, da bi potrdila vklju~itev klav`arja Geronticus eremita na seznam ptic gornjega Jadrana, ki ga je v za~etku 19. stoletja pripravil baron @iga Zois, in razpravljata o mo`nosti, da je bila ta ptica {e do nedavna mo~no raz{irjena v alpskem svetu in severni Italiji. V ~lanku tudi navajata mogo~a napa~na imenovanja danes pojavljajo~ih se vrst, ki so se neko~ morda nana{ala na klav`arja, in razmi{ljata o mo`nih razlogih za izumrtje te vrste zaradi njenega neposrednega preganjanja s strani ~loveka (lov mladi~ev za hrano, neprizanesljivo preganjanje “grdih in stra{ljivih” odraslih osebkov), klime (“male ledene dobe”) in sprememb v klav`arjevem habitatu (izguba odprtih travi{~). Avtorja opozarjata, da je ta danes v obravnavanem obmo~ju povsem druga~en od tistega, v katerem je klav`ar `ivel sredi prej{njega tiso~letja, in da so izgube habitatov odprtih travi{~, ki jih je ustvaril in ohranjal ~lovek, a se z vegetacijsko sukcesijo spreminjajo v gozdove in grmi{~a, {e vedno razlog za lokalno izumiranje pti~jih vrst v Alpah in na Krasu. 6. References Aldrovandi, U. (1599 – 1603): Ornithologia, sive avium historia. Libri XX, t. 3. Bononiae, apud Franciscus de Franciscis, in folio. Anonymous (1999): International workshop on a startegy for the rehabilitation of the Northern Bald Ibis. Agadir 8 to 12 march 1999. Royaume de Maroc: Ministere de l’Agriculture. Arrigoni degli Oddi, E. (1902): Atlante Ornitologico – Uccelli Europei. Hoepli – Milano. Bacchi dalla Lega A. (1958): Cacce e costumi degli uccelli silvani. Ferriani ed. Milano. Bauer, K.M. & U.N. Glutz von Blotzheim (1966): Handbuch der Vögel Mitteleuropas. Ak. Verlagsgesellschaft – Frankfurt am Main. Acrocephalus 22 (106-IO7): 8l - 87, 200I BirdLife International (2000): Threatened birds of the world. Barcelona & Cambridge, UK. Lynx Editions and Birdlife International. Burton, J.F. (1995): Birds & Climate Change. Biddles Limited – Guildford – Surrey. Brooke, R.K. (1984): South Africa Red Data Book – Birds. S. Africa National Scientific Programmes report, No. 91. Collar, N.J., S.N. Stuart. (1985): Threatened birds of Africa and related islands. The ICBP/IUCN red data book. Part 1: 74-109. Cambridge ICBP/IUCN. Cramp, S. & Simmons, K.E.L. eds. (1977 – 1982): The birds of the Western Palearctic, Vol. I. Oxford University Press. New York. Del Hoyo, J. (1989): El mensajero de Noe al borde de la estincion. Quercus 43: 28-33. Del Hoyo, J. Elliott, A. & Saragatal, J. eds. (1992): Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol.1. Lynx edicions. Gesner, C. (1555): Historia animalium. III De Avibus. (First latin edition). (1582). Vogelbuch, 1617 (second latin edition). Jan~ar, T. (1999): Nomenclatura carniolica by Baron @ iga Zois – on 200th anniversary of his manuscript. Acrocephalus 20 (94-96): 71 – 86. Kranjc. A. ed. (1997): Kras; Slovene Classical Karst. Soil and Vegetation. Zalo`ba ZRC & In{titut za raziskovanje krasa ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana. Kotrschal, K. (1999): Zwischenbericht des Grünauer Waldrapp-Projektes. Jahresbericht der Konrad Lorenz Forschungsstelle 1998, unpublished. Kotrschal, K. (2001): Der steinige Weg aus der Arche: Das Gruenauer Waldrapp-Projekt in seinem 5 Jahr. Schoenauer Tiergarten Journal 3: 1-6. Milstein, P. Le S., S.W. Wolf. (1973): Status and conservation of the bald Ibis in Transvaal. Journal South. Afr. Wildlife Management Association., 3 (2): 79-83. Pegoraro, K. & M. Foeger (1999): Introduction of Waldrapp Ibis (Geronticus eremita) on the basis of ethological results. International workshop on a startegy for the rehabilitation of the Northern Bald Ibis. Agadir 8 to 12 March 1999. Unpublished. Pocock, T.N. & C.J. Uys (1967): The Bald Ibis in the North-Eastern Orange free state. Bokmakierie 19 (2): 28-31. Poldini, L. (1991): Atlante Corologico delle Piante Vascolari nel Friuli – Venezia Giulia. Inventario Floristico Regionale. Universita degli studi di Trieste; Regione Autonoma Friuli – Venezia Giulia. Rothschild, W., E. Hartert & O. Kleinschmidt (1897): “Comatibis eremita (Linn.), a european bird.” Novitates Zoologicae. IV: 371-380. Siegfried, W.R. (1971): The status of Bald Ibis of Southern Africa. Biological Conservation 3: 88-91. [tumberger, B. (1999): Bald Ibis message. Acrocephalus 20 (94-96): 69-70. Thaler, E., K. Pegoraro, S. Stabinger (1992): Familienbindung und Auswilderung des Waldrapps Geronticus eremita – ein Pilotversuch. J. Orn. 133: 173-180. Zadnikar, M. (1995): Hrastovlje; romanska arhitektura in gotske freske. Dru`ina, Ljubljana. Arrived / Prispelo: 14.2.2001 Accepted / Sprejeto: 11.11.2001 87 Acrocephalus 22 (106-IO7): 89 - IO3, 200I Gnezditvena biologija, fenologija in raz{irjenost bele {torklje Ciconia ciconia v Sloveniji Breeding biology, phenology and distribution of White Stork Ciconia ciconia in Slovenia Damijan Denac Gorki~eva 14, SI – 1000 Ljubljana, e-mail: katarina.senegacnik@guest.arnes.si In 1999, the Slovene White Stork population census was carried out again after 20 years. Information on White Stork’s phenology, position and age of nests and causes of death was gathered. In 1999, 239 White Stork’s nests were counted in Slovenia. 18 of them were empty (HO) and 18 of them were utilised for a short period by nest visitors (HB). For 3 nests, no data on their occupancy was obtained (HPx). 200 pairs occupied nests (HPa) and 153 of them fledged the young (HPm). Altogether, 365 young were fledged (JZG). The mean number of fledglings in relation to all nest occupying pairs was 1.83 (JZa) and in relation to pairs with fledglings 2.39 (JZm). The majority of pairs fledged 2 young. The number of nests on chimneys and trees decreased and the number of nests on poles increased compared to 1979. White Storks breed in the lowland parts of Slovenia, with the majority of nests located on the Pannonian plain. A negative correlation has been discovered between White Stork’s breeding densities and the proportion of woodland. In the regions with higher proportion of White Stork’s optimal feeding habitats (e.g. Kr{ka ravan), the breeding success was higher than in the regions with lower proportion of such sites (e.g. Murska ravan). The number of pairs occupying nests in Slovenia has increased by 19 % since 1979. Breeding success of pairs building new nests was smaller than that of pairs breeding in old nests. White Storks returned to their breeding sites at the end of March. Individuals that formed pairs earlier in the breeding season had higher breeding success than those forming pairs at a later time. Pairs with higher number of hatched young threw the young from the nest more frequently than those with lower number of hatched young. Key words: Ciconia ciconia, White Stork, census, Slovenia, breeding success, nest sites, age of nests, phenology, causes of death, comparison with previous censuses Klju~ne besede: Ciconia ciconia, bela {torklja, cenzus, Slovenija, gnezditveni uspeh, podlaga gnezd, starost gnezd, fenologija, vzroki smrti, primerjava s prej{njimi cenzusi 1. Uvod Prvi zapisi o beli {torklji Ciconia ciconia na obmo~ju Slovenije so iz 19. stoletja. Seidensacher (1864) jo za okolico Celja navaja kot selivko, Plaz (1892) pa za ^rnce pri Radgoni kot redko selivko. Reiser (1925) je zapisal, da je leta 1924 bela {torklja prvi~ gnezdila v Jakobskem dolu. Poneb{ek (1934) brez podatkov o lokacijah navaja, da {torklja pri nas gnezdi, prezimuje pa v ju`nej{ih krajih. O gnezdenju bele {torklje na Dolenjskem so podatki iz leta 1938 (Rudolf 1938 v Hudoklin 1991), vendar so nezanesljivi. V Sloveniji je prvi sistemati~no popisal populacijo bele {torklje [o{tar{i~ (1965). To je bil prvi kartografski popis ptic v Sloveniji (Geister 1995). Leta 1979 je populacijo bele {torklje v Sloveniji popisal Je` (1987). V obdobju zadnjih 20 let je bilo izvedenih nekaj popisov na manj{ih obmo~jih. V ob~ini Ptuj ga opravljajo od leta 1989 ([tumberger 1990, 1991, 89 D. Denac: Gnezditvena biologija, fenologija in raz{irjenost bele {torklje Ciconia ciconia v Sloveniji 1992 & ustno). Na Dolenjskem od leta 1989 redno spremljajo populacijo gnezde~ih {torkelj na Zavodu za varstvo naravne in kulturne dedi{~ine Novo mesto (Hudoklin ustno). Podatke o gnezdenju na Dolenjskem od leta 1975 do leta 1990 je zbral Hudoklin (1991). Leta 1994 je Belca (1995) opravila popis gnezde~ih belih {torkelj na Dravskem polju in raziskovala prehranjevalne habitate bele {torklje. V Pomurju so gnezde~o populacijo belih {torkelj popisali leta 1995 (Poredo{ 1996). O gnezdenju bele {torklje v Sloveniji so posebej objavljeni {e podatki z Ljubljanskega barja (Sovinc 1981, Sovinc & [ere 1994), Dravskega polja (Bra~ko 1984 & 1997, Sovinc & [ere 1994 & 1996), Prekmurja (Bra~ko 1990), okolice Celja (Gobec 1992, Sovinc & [ere 1994, Vrhovnik 1998), okolice Cerkni{kega jezera (Polak 1993), Dolenjske (Vogrin & Hudoklin 1993, Hudoklin 1996, Hudoklin & [ere 1996), obmo~ja ob reki Sotli (Trontelj & Vogrin 1993) in Bele krajine (Tome 1996). Leta 1934 je bil opravljen prvi mednarodni popis bele {torklje na ve~jem delu njenega gnezditvenega areala. Temu so sledili mednarodni popisi v letih 1958, 1974, 1984 ter 1994 in 1995. Peti mednarodni Tabela 1: Kratice in ustrezne definicije Table 1: Abbreviations and definitions Kratica/ Definicija/ Abbreviation Definition AH {tevilo popisanih gnezd HO {tevilo praznih gnezd HB {tevilo gnezd, ki so jih obiskovali posamezni osebki ali pari, a niso za~eli gnezditi HPa {tevilo parov, ki so zasedli gnezdo (HPa = HPm + HPo + HPx). Par {torkelj {tejemo za gnezde~i par le, ~e v prvi polovici gnezditvenega obdobja najmanj 4 tedne zaseda ali uporablja gnezdo, kar je v srednji Evropi okvirno med 14.4. in 15.6. ({tevilo gnezde~ih parov) HPm {tevilo parov s poletelimi mladi~i ({tevilo uspe{nih parov) HPo {tevilo parov brez poletelih mladi~ev ({tevilo neuspe{nih parov) HPx {tevilo parov, pri katerih ni podatkov o gnezditvenem uspehu JZG {tevilo poletelih mladi~ev v populaciji JZa povpre~no {tevilo poletelih mladi~ev parov, ki so zasedli gnezda (JZG:HPa) JZm povpre~no {tevilo poletelih mladi~ev parov s poletelimi mladi~i (JZG:HPm) 2 StD {tevilo gnezde~ih parov (HPa) na 100 km OPM odstotek poletelih mladi~ev - odstotek poletelih od vseh izvaljenih mladi~ev (OSM (%) = (npv/niv) * 100), pri ~emer je npv = {tevilo poletelih mladi~ev v populaciji (vzorcu) in niv = {tevilo izvaljenih mladi~ev v populaciji (vzorcu) popis populacije bele {torklje v letih 1994 in 1995 je bil opravljen v 32 dr`avah. Popisa ni bilo v Armeniji, Bosni in Hercegovini, Gr~iji, Makedoniji, Sloveniji in Tur~iji (Schulz 1999b). Na{ namen je bil po mednarodno uveljavljeni metodi (Schulz 1999a) ugotoviti, kak{na je gnezditvena raz{irjenost bele {torklje v Sloveniji leta 1999, {tevilo gnezde~ih parov, njihov gnezditveni uspeh, fenologija nekaterih gnezditvenih pojavov ter izbor podlage in starost gnezd. S primerjavo z rezultati popisov v letih 1965 in 1979 smo sku{ali ugotoviti razlike v raz{irjenosti, {tevilu gnezde~ih parov in v izbiri podlage gnezd ter poiskati vzroke zanje. 2. Metode Gnezditveni podatki so bili zbrani na tri na~ine: z neposrednim opazovanjem, intervjujem doma~inov in anketo. V vseh primerih so popisovalci podatke vpisovali v vnaprej pripravljeni obrazec. Neposredno opazovanje so opravili izku{eni ornitologi. Vsakemu je bilo dodeljeno delovno obmo~je, ki ga je moral preiskati v celoti, in pre{teti ter popisati vsa gnezda. Obmo~ja za izvedbo popisa 9° Acrocephalus 22 (106-IO7): 89 - IO3, 200I so sestavljala pribli`no 90 % povr{ine gnezditvenega areala bele {torklje v Sloveniji, ugotovljenega leta 1979 (Je` 1987). Gnezda na Gori~kem so bila popisana le z metodo ankete. Skladno z mednarodnimi priporo~ili za srednjo Evropo (Schulz 1999a) je bilo neposredno opazovanje opravljeno v mesecu juliju. V tem ~asu je v ve~ini primerov mo`no s tal pre{teti mladi~e v gnezdu. Prej so mladi~i premajhni, da bi jih lahko pre{teli na ta na~in. Kjer je bilo mogo~e, smo popisovalci ob gnezdu napravili intervjuje z doma~ini. S podatki doma~inov smo dopolnili lastna opazovanja. Podatke o {tevilu izvaljenih mladi~ev, starosti gnezd in datume prihodov prve in druge {torklje na gnezda smo ve~inoma dobili od doma~inov. Anketo smo izvedli med u~itelji biologije v vseh osnovnih {olah v Sloveniji in med vsemi ~lani Dru{tva za opazovanje in prou~evanje ptic Slovenije med akcijo »Ptica leta 1999«. V ta namen smo jim poslali obrazce z navodili za izpolnjevanje. Izpolnjene obrazce je vrnilo 125 popisovalcev. Nadmorsko vi{ino gnezd smo od~itali v Atlasu Slovenije (Kru{i~ 1994) in jo zaokro`ili na 10 m natan~no. V delu uporabljamo pojem populacija za skupine gnezde~ih osebkov na obmo~jih submakroregij in mezoregij (Fridl et al. 1998) v Sloveniji, na primer populacija na panonskih ravninah, populacija na Dravski ravni itd. V delu uporabljamo naravnogeografsko razdelitev Slovenije po Fridl et al. (1998). 2.1. Kratice in definicije Pri predstavitvi rezultatov smo za razli~ne parametre uporabili mednarodno poenotene kratice (Schulz 1999a). Parametre predstavljamo v tabeli 1 in v oklepaju navajamo besede, uporabljene v besedilu ~lanka. 3. Rezultati 3.1. Gnezditvena raz{irjenost Slika 1: Zasedena gnezda (HPa) bele {torklje Ciconia ciconia v Sloveniji leta 1999 (n = 200). Pika je zasedeno gnezdo (karta za podlago: Geografski in{titut ZRC SAZU). Figure 1: Occupied nests (HPa) of White Stork Ciconia ciconia in Slovenia in 1999 (n = 200). Every dot represents an occupied nest (map: Geografski in{titut ZRC SAZU). 9I D. Denac: Gnezditvena biologija, fenologija in raz{irjenost bele {torklje Ciconia ciconia v Sloveniji V Sloveniji bela {torklja gnezdi v panonskem, dinarskem in alpskem svetu (slika 1). V panonskem svetu gnezdi na Murski, Dravski in Kr{ki ravni, na Gori~kem, v Slovenskih in Dravinjskih goricah ter na Voglajnskem in Zgornjesotelskem gri~evju. Na obmo~ju dinarskega sveta gnezdi v Beli krajini, Novome{ki pokrajini, Dolenjskem podolju in Ljubljanskem barju. V alpskem svetu gnezdi na obmo~ju Savinjske in Savske ravni ter Pohorja. 3.2. Populacijski parametri bele {torklje v Sloveniji 3.2.1. Gnezditveni uspeh V Sloveniji smo leta 1999 pre{teli 239 gnezd belih {torkelj. Gnezda je zasedlo 200 parov (HPa), kar je 83,7 % vseh popisanih gnezd. Za 3 gnezda ni natan~nega podatka o zasedenosti. Med nezasedenimi gnezdi je bila na 18 gnezdih obiskovalka (HB) ali par obiskovalk, 18 gnezd je bilo praznih (HO). Najve~ parov je gnezdilo na obmo~ju panonskih, najmanj pa na obmo~ju alpskih ravnin. Najmanj{i dele` zasedenih gnezd (80,6 %) je bil na panonskih ravninah, in sicer na Murski ravni (78,9 %) (tabela 2). Od 200 gnezde~ih parov (HPa) je bilo 153 uspe{nih (HPm), kar pomeni 76,5 % parov, ki so Tabela 2: [tevilo gnezd, parov in gnezditvena gostota bele {torklje Ciconia ciconia v Sloveniji v letu 1999 (S – velikost 2 obmo~ja (km ), AH – {t. popisanih gnezd, HO – {t. praznih gnezd, % HO – HO/AH (%), HB – {t. obiskovalk, HPa – {t. gnezde~ih parov, % HPa – HPa/AH (%), HPm – {t. uspe{nih parov, % HPm – HPm/HPa (%), HPx – {t. parov, kjer uspeh ni 2 znan, StD – populacijska gostota (HPa/100km )). Table 2: The number of nests, pairs and breeding density of White Stork Ciconia ciconia in Slovenia in 1999 (S – area 2 surface (km ), AH – No. of nests, HO – No. of empty nests, % HO – HO/AH (%), HB – No of. nest visitors, HPa – No. of breeding pairs, % HPa – HPa/AH (%), HPm – No. of successful pairs, % HPm – HPm/HPa (%), HPx – No. of pairs with 2 unknown breeding success, StD – population density (HPa/100km )). Mezoregija / Mezoregion S AH HO %HO HB HPa %HPa HPm %HPm HPx StD Murska ravan 601 109 7 6,4 13 86 78,9 63 73,3 3 14,3 Dravska ravan 425 47 6 12,8 3 38 80,9 26 68,4 0 8,9 Kr{ka ravan 270 9 0 0 0 9 100,0 9 100,0 0 3,3 panonske ravnine 1.296 165 13 7,9 16 133 80,6 98 73,7 3 10,3 Goričko 492 9 0 0 0 9 100,0 8 88,9 0 1,8 Slovenske Gorice 1.034 31 3 9,7 1 27 87,1 25 92,6 0 2,6 Dravin. gorice 281 19 1 5,3 1 17 89,5 10 58,8 0 6,1 Vog. in Zgo. gri.* 293 2 0 0 0 2 100,0 2 100,0 0 0,7 panonska gri~evja 2.993 61 4 6,5 2 55 90,6 45 81,8 0 1,8 Bela krajina 388 5 0 0 0 5 100,0 4 80,0 0 1,3 Novome{ka pokrajina 259 1 0 0 0 1 100,0 1 100,0 0 0,4 Dolenjsko podolje 318 1 0 0 0 1 100,0 1 100,0 0 0,3 Ljubljansko barje 180 1 0 0 0 1 100,0 1 100,0 0 0,6 dinarska podolja in ravniki 1.896 8 0 0 0 8 100,0 7 87,5 0 0,4 Savinjska ravan 143 3 0 0 0 3 100,0 2 66,7 0 2,1 Savska ravan 678 1 0 0 0 1 100,0 1 100,0 0 0,2 alpske ravnine 819 4 0 0 0 4 100,0 3 75,0 0 0,5 Pohorje (alpska hribovja) 4.660 1 1 100 0 0 0,0 0 0,0 0 0 Skupaj / Total 20.272 239 18 7,5 18 200 83,7 153 76,5 3 1,0 * Voglajnsko in Zgornjesotelsko gričevje 92 Acrocephalus 22 (106-IO7): 89 - IO3, 200I zasedli gnezda. Najve~ji dele` uspe{nih parov (87,5 %) je bil na obmo~ju dinarskih podolij in ravnikov, najmanj{i (73,7 %) pa na panonskih ravninah. Na panonskih ravninah je bil najmanj{i (68,4 %) na Dravski ravni (tabela 2). Skupno {tevilo poletelih mladi~ev (JZG) v letu 1999 je bilo 365 (tabela 3). Pri najve~ parih (40,5%) sta iz gnezda poletela dva mladi~a (tabela 4). Povpre~no {tevilo poletelih mladi~ev, izra~unano na osnovi vseh parov, ki so zasedli gnezdo (JZa), je bilo 1,83; glede na tiste, ki so uspe{no speljali mladi~e (JZm), pa 2,39 (tabela 2). Najve~je povpre~no {tevilo poletelih mladi~ev (JZm = 3,44) so imeli pari, ki so gnezdili na Kr{ki ravni. Na obmo~ju panonskega gri~evja ter dinarskih podolij in ravnikov so med uspe{nimi pari (HPm) prevladovali pari s 3, na panonskih ravninah pa pari z 2 poletelima mladi~ema (tabela 4). Odstotek poletelih mladi~ev (OPM) je zna{al 72,7 % (tabela 3). Ve~ ko je imel par izvaljenih mladi~ev, ve~ jih je tudi poletelo (slika 2). Tabela 3: Gnezditvena uspe{nost bele {torklje Ciconia ciconia v Sloveniji v letu 1999 (JZG – N poletelih mladi~ev, JZa – povpre~no {t. poletelih mladi~ev vseh gnezde~ih parov, JZm – povpre~no {t. poletelih mladi~ev uspe{nih parov, nv – {tevilo gnezd z znanim {tevilom izvaljenih in poletelih mladi~ev, niv – {tevilo izvaljenih mladi~ev, nsv – {tevilo poletelih mladi~ev, piz – povpre~no {tevilo izvaljenih mladi~ev na gnezdu, OPM – odstotek poletelih mladi~ev (%)). Table 3: Breeding success of White Stork Ciconia ciconia in Slovenia in 1999 (JZG – No. of fledged young, JZa – average number of fledged young related to all breeding pairs, JZm – average number of fledged young related to successful pairs, nv – No. of nests with known number of hatched and fledged young, niv – No. of hatched young, nsv – No. of fledged young, piz – average number of hatched young per nest, OSM – percent of fledged young (%)). Mezoregija / Mezoregion JZG JZa±sd JZm±sd ni piz OPM (%) Murska ravan 138 1,60+1,24 2,19+0,90 33 84 51 2,5 60,7 Dravska ravan 60 1,58+1,35 2,31+0,97 26 77 59 3,0 76,6 Kr{ka ravan 31 3,44+1,33 3,44+1,33 2 10 8 5 80,0 panonske ravnine 229 1,72±1,35 2,34±1,01 61 171 118 2,8 69,0 Goričko 19 2,11+1,17 2,38+0,92 1 3 3 3 100,0 Slovenske gorice 65 2,41+1,01 2,60+0,76 11 35 28 3,2 80,0 Dravinjske gorice 25 1,47+1,37 2,50+0,71 7 18 15 2,6 83,3 Vog. in Zgo. gri.* 4 2,00+0,00 2,00+0,00 0 - - - - panonska gri~evja 113 2,05±1,19 2,51±0,76 19 56 46 2,9 82,1 Bela krajina 10 2,00+1,41 2,50+1,00 3 7 4 2,3 57,1 Novome{ka pokrajina 4 4,00 4,00 0 - - - - Dolenjsko podolje 1 1,00 1,00 1 1 1 1 100,0 Ljubljansko barje 2 2,00 2,00 0 - - - - dinarska podolja in ravniki 17 2,13±1,36 2,43±1,13 4 8 5 2,0 62,5 Savinjska ravan 3 1,00+1,00 1,50+0,71 2 4 3 2 75,0 Savska ravan 3 3,00 3,00 1 4 3 4 75,0 alpske ravnine 6 1,50+1,29 2,00+1,00 3 8 6 2,2 75,0 Pohorje (alpska hribovja) 0 0 0 0 - - - - Skupaj / Total 365 1,83±1,31 2,39±0,95 87 243 175 2,8 72,7 n ns V V * Voglajnsko in Zgornjesotelsko gričevje 93 D. Denac: Gnezditvena biologija, fenologija in raz{irjenost bele {torklje Ciconia ciconia v Sloveniji Tabela 4: [tevilo in odstotek parov bele {torklje Ciconia ciconia z razli~nim {tevilom poletelih mladi~ev (HPm) v Sloveniji leta 1999 Table 4: Number and percentage of White Stork Ciconia ciconia pairs with different numbers of fledged young (HPm) in Slovenia in 1999 Submakroregija/ Število poletelih mladičev/ Skupaj {t. parov/ Submacroregion No. of fledged young Total number of pairs 1 2 3 4 5 panonske ravnine HPm 19 43 24 8 4 98 % 19,4 43,9 24,5 8,2 4,1 panonska gri~evja HPm 4 17 21 3 0 45 % 8,9 37,8 46,7 6,7 0 dinarska podolja in ravniki HPm 2 1 3 1 0 7 % 28,6 14,3 42,9 14,3 0 alpske ravnine HPm 1 1 1 0 0 3 % 33,3 33,3 33,3 0 0 Skupaj / Total HPm 26 62 49 12 4 153 % 17,0 40,5 32,0 7,8 2,6 3.2.2. Nadmorska vi{ina gnezd 3.2.3. Podlaga gnezd Povpre~na nadmorska vi{ina gnezd (n = 239) je bila Podlaga gnezd bele {torklje je bila v 80 % drog (tabela 210 metrov (sd = 44, min = 140 m, max = 440 m). 5). Razlika v izbiri podlage gnezd je bila statisti~no zna~ilna; ?25 = 306,29, p < 0,001. Slika 2: Odvisnost povpre~nega {tevila poletelih mladi~ev (± sd) v gnezdu od {tevila izvaljenih mladi~ev bele {torklje Ciconia ciconia v Sloveniji leta 1999 (n = 87) Figure 2: Average number of fledged young (± sd) per nest related to number of hatched young in Slovenia in 1999 (n = 87) Slika 3: Vi{inska raz{irjenost gnezd bele {torklje Ciconia ciconia v Sloveniji leta 1999 (n = 239) Figure 3: Altitudinal distribution of White Stork Ciconia ciconia nests in Slovenia in 1999 (n = 239) 94 Acrocephalus 22 (106-IO7): 89 - IO3, 200I Tabela 5: Namestitev gnezd bele {torklje Ciconia ciconia v Sloveniji leta 1999 (a = dimnik, b = sleme strehe, c = drog s podstavkom za gnezdo, d = drog brez podstavka za gnezdo, e = drevo, f = drugo) Table 5: Nest site selection of White Stork Ciconia ciconia in Slovenia in 1999 (a = chimney, b = ridge of the roof, c = pole with nest support, d = pole without nest support, e = tree, f = other) Mezoregija / Mezoregion Skupaj / Total Murska ravan 18 Dravska ravan 5 Krška ravan 1 panonske ravnine 24 Goričko Slovenske Gorice 10 Dravinjske gorice 5 Zgornjesotelsko gr.* 1 panonska gri~evja 16 Bela krajina novomeška pokrajina dolenjsko podolje Ljubljansko barje 1 dinarska podolja in ravniki 1 Savinjska ravan Savska ravan 1 alpske ravnine 1 Pohorje (alpska hribovja) 1 Skupaj / Total 43 v / in % 18,2 * Voglajnsko in Zgornjesotelsko gričevje 63 27 27 13 3 4 93 44 6 3 13 8 7 6 1 - 27 17 3 1 1 - 124 64 - 108 - 46 I 9 1 163 - 9 - 31 I 19 - 2 1 61 - 5 - 1 - 1 - 7 - 3 - 1 - 4 - 1 2 236 0,8 53,0 26,7 0,4 0,8 100,0 3.2.4. Starost gnezd Najstarej{e gnezdo v Sloveniji je bilo staro 80 let. Name{~eno je na dimniku baro~nega gradu v Dornavi, drugo najstarej{e gnezdo, staro 75 let, pa na dimniku hi{e v Brezovcih. V Sloveniji so pari bele {torklje leta 1999 zgradili 21 novih gnezd (11 % gnezd od gnezd znane starosti, n = 190). Od tega jih je bilo najve~, 19, zgrajenih v panonskem svetu. V Sloveniji je bilo najve~ gnezd starih med 1 in 5 let (tabela 6). Gnezda, stara med 21 in 80 let, so bila le na obmo~ju Dravske in Murske ravni in Slovenskih Goric. Najstarej{a gnezda Kr{ke ravni in Dravinjskih goric so bila stara med 11 in 20 let, medtem ko je bila najve~ja ugotovljena starost gnezd na Savinjski ravni in Beli krajini med 6 in 10 let. Najstarej{a gnezda na obmo~ju Pohorja, Ljubljanskega barja, Novome{ke pokrajine in Gori~kega niso bila starej{a od 5 let. Najve~ nezasedenih gnezd je bilo starih med 11 in 20 let. 3.2.5. Fenologija V letu 1999 so se bele {torklje vrnile na gnezda v Sloveniji med 7.3. in 15.5. Najve~ se jih je vrnilo na gnezda med 27. in 31.3. (slika 4). Najve~, 49 %, drugih {torkelj (n = 49) se je vrnilo na gnezdo od 0 do 5 dni za prvo. Razlika v prihodu med prvimi in drugimi {torkljami je bila statisti~no zna~ilna; ?22 = 6,16, p = 0,046. 95 b d f a c e 1 4 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 D. Denac: Gnezditvena biologija, fenologija in raz{irjenost bele {torklje Ciconia ciconia v Sloveniji Tabela 6: Gnezda bele {torklje Ciconia ciconia po starostnih razredih v Sloveniji leta 1999 (n = 190) Table 6: Number of White Stork Ciconia ciconia nests according to age intervals in Slovenia in 1999 (n = 190) Submakroregija/ Let / Years Skupaj/ Submacroregion 0 1 - 5 6 - 10 11 - 20 21 - 80 Total panonske ravnine 14 panonska gri~evja 5 dinarska podolja in ravniki 1 alpske ravnine 1 alpska hribovja - 29 14 5 2 29 8 39 7 27 6 138 40 7 4 aj / Total 2J_ ;t 39 4^_ 33 T9" Slika 4: Frekvence prihodov belih {torkelj Ciconia ciconia s prezimovali{~ v Slovenijo leta 1999 (n = 117) Figure 4: Frequencies of White Stork Ciconia ciconia arrivals from winter quarters to Slovenia in 1999 (n = 117) 96 1 1 1 1 Acrocephalus 22 (106-IO7): 89 - IO3, 200I Slika 5: Gnezditvena gostota populacij bele {torklje Ciconia ciconia leta 1999 v mezoregijah glede na odstotek gozda. Upo{tevana so le obmo~ja z najmanj 4 gnezde~imi pari (mr = Murska ravan, dr = Dravska ravan, kr = Kr{ka ravan, sg = Slovenske Gorice, go = Gori~ko, bk = Bela krajina, dg = Dravinjske gorice). Figure 5: Population densities of White Stork Ciconia ciconia in mezoregions of Slovenia in 1999 related to percentage of woodland. Only areas with at least 4 breeding pairs are considered (mr = Murska ravan, dr = Dravska ravan, kr = Kr{ka ravan, sg = Slovenske Gorice, go = Gori~ko, bk = Bela krajina, dg = Dravinjske gorice). 3.3. Korelacija gnezditvene gostote bele {torklje in dele`a gozda ter naklona povr{ja Korelacija med gnezditveno gostoto bele {torklje in dele`om gozda (slika 5) je bila statisti~no zna~ilna; rSpearman = -0,788, N = 7, p = 0,035. Korelacija med gnezditveno gostoto bele {torklje in naklonom povr{ja (slika 6) ni bila statisti~no zna~ilna; rSpearman = -0,678, N = 7, p = 0,094. 3.4. Primerjava starosti gnezd z gnezditveno uspe{nostjo parov ter starosti s podlago gnezd Pri 18 parih (86%) od 21 parov, ki so leta 1999 zgradili gnezda ni poletel noben mladi~. Mladi~e so ve~krat uspe{no speljali pari na starej{ih gnezdih kot pari, ki so gnezdili na mlaj{ih gnezdih; ?24 = 40,06, p < 0,001. Na najstarej{ih gnezdih so vsi pari imeli vsaj enega poletelega mladi~a (slika 7). Med gnezdi so v povpre~ju najstarej{a tista na dimnikih, sledijo gnezda na drogovih s podstavkom in gnezda na drogovih brez podstavka (tabela 7). Slika 6: Gnezditvena gostota populacij bele {torklje Ciconia ciconia leta 1999 v mezoregijah glede na povpre~ni naklon povr{ja. Upo{tevana so le obmo~ja z najmanj 4 gnezde~imi pari (mr = Murska ravan, dr = Dravska ravan, kr = Kr{ka ravan, sg = Slovenske Gorice, go = Gori~ko, bk = Bela krajina, dg = Dravinjske gorice). Figure 6: Population densities of White Stork Ciconia ciconia in mezoregions of Slovenia in 1999 related to the terrain's inclination. Only areas with at least 4 breeding pairs are considered (mr = Murska ravan, dr = Dravska ravan, kr = Kr{ka ravan, sg = Slovenske Gorice, go = Gori~ko, bk = Bela krajina, dg = Dravinjske gorice). Slika 7: Dele` uspe{nih (HPm) in neuspe{nih parov (HPo) bele {torklje Ciconia ciconia na gnezdih razli~ne starosti v Sloveniji leta 1999 (n = 158) Figure 7: Proportion of successful (HPm) and unsuccessful (HPo) pairs of White Stork Ciconia ciconia according to nest age in Slovenia in 1999 (n = 158) 97 D. Denac: Gnezditvena biologija, fenologija in raz{irjenost bele {torklje Ciconia ciconia v Sloveniji Tabela 7: Namestitev gnezd bele {torklje Ciconia ciconia v Sloveniji leta 1999 po starostnih razredih (n = 190) Table 7: Nest site selection of White Stork Ciconia ciconia in Slovenia in 1999 according to age intervals (n = 190) Podlaga/ Nest site Starostni razredi / age intervals 1 - 5 6 - 10 11 - 20 21 - 80 Skupaj/ Total dimnik / chimney I 5 sleme strehe/ I i ridge of the roof drog s podstavkom/ 7 21 pole with nest support drog brez podstavka/ ii 2-4 pole without nest support drevo / tree i - drugo / other - - 25 27 16 14 34 2 94 57 1 2 3.5. Primerjava datumov prihoda {torkelj z gnezditveno uspe{nostjo 3.6. Primerjava rezultatov popisa leta 1999 z rezultati prej{njih popisov bele {torklje v Sloveniji Zgodnji pari so imeli v povpre~ju ve~ poletelih mla- 3.6.1. Populacijski parametri di~ev kot pozni pari (slika 8). V primerjavi s podatki iz leta 1965 ([o{tari~ 1966) Slika 8: Povpre~no {tevilo poletelih mladi~ev (JZm) uspe{nih parov (± sd) bele {torklje Ciconia ciconia glede na datum, ko je par zasedel gnezdo, Slovenija, 1999 (n = 39) Figure 8: Average number of fledged young (JZm) of successful pairs (± sd) of White Stork Ciconia ciconia related to the date on which a pair occupied a nest in Slovenia in 1999 (n = 39) 98 Slika 9: Primerjava podlage gnezd bele {torklje Ciconia ciconia v Sloveniji med leti 1965 ([O[TAR[I^ 1966; n = 162), 1979 (JE@ 1987; n = 169) in 1999 (n = 236) Figure 9: Comparison of nest site selection of White Stork Ciconia ciconia nests in Slovenia in 1965 ([O[TAR[I^ 1966; n = 162), 1979 (JE@ 1987; n = 169) and 1999 (n = 236) 0 5 7 8 11 3 1 1 Acrocephalus 22 (106-IO7): 89 - IO3, 200I je bilo {tevilo parov, ki so zasedli gnezda leta 1999, ve~je za 37 %, v primerjavi s podatki iz leta 1979 (Je` 1987) pa za 19 %. [tevila parov, ki so zasedli gnezda v letih 1965, 1979 in 1999, so se med seboj zna~ilno razlikovala; ?22 = 8,61, p = 0,035. Odstotek poletelih mladi~ev in povpre~no {tevilo poletelih mladi~ev sta bila v letu 1999 manj{a kot v letih 1965 in 1979 (tabela 8). Dele` gnezd na dimnikih in drevesih se je med letoma 1965 in 1999 zmanj{al, dele` gnezd na drogovih pa je bil leta 1999 ve~ji kot v letih 1979 in 1965; ?26 = 242,83, p < 0,001 (slika 9). Tabela 8: Primerjava {tevila parov, ki so zasedli gnezda (HPa), odstotka poletelih mladi~ev (OPM) in povpre~nega {tevila poletelih mladi~ev (JZa) bele {torklje Ciconia ciconia v Sloveniji v letih 1924 (REISER 1925), 1965 ([O[TARI^ 1966), 1979 (JE@ 1987) in 1999 Table 8: Comparison of number of pairs that occupied nests (HPa), percent of fledged young (OPM) and average number of fledged young (JZa) of White Stork Ciconia ciconia in Slovenia in 1924 (REISER 1925), 1965 ([O[TARI^ 1966), 1979 (JE@ 1987) and 1999 Leto / Year HPa 1924 2 1965 146 1979 168 1999 200 OPM (%) JZa 90 76 73 2,8 2,1 1,8 3.6.2. Obmo~je gnezditve Obmo~je gnezditve bele {torklje v Sloveniji se je med letoma 1965 ([o{tar{i~ 1965) in 1999 pove~alo. Med letoma 1965 ([o{tar{i~ 1965) in 1979 (Je` 1987) se je pove~alo z obmo~ja Murske ravni, Slovenskih Goric in Dravske ravni na Gori~ko (SV del), Dravinjske gorice, Voglajnsko in Zgornje-sotelsko gri~evje in Kr{ko ter Savinjsko ravan. V tem obdobju je za~ela bela {torklja gnezditi tudi na obmo~ju Notranjskega podolja (okolica Cerkni{kega jezera) (Polak 1993) in na Ljubljanskem barju. Med letoma 1979 in 1999 se je obmo~je gnezditve bele {torklje raz{irilo na zahodno Gori~ko, Belo krajino, Dolenjsko podolje, Savsko ravan in Pohorje, medtem ko je na Notranjskem podolju prenehala gnezditi. 3.7. Vzroki smrti {torkelj in uni~enja gnezda Pri 46 (53 %) od 87 parov bele {torklje, za katere imamo podatke o {tevilu izvaljenih in poletelih mladi~ev, je v gnezdu poginil vsaj en mladi~. Skupno je poginilo 68 mladi~ev od 243 (tabela 3). Iz gnezda so {torklje vrgle 33 mladi~ev. Pari z ve~ izvaljenimi mladi~i so pogosteje metali mladi~e iz gnezda; ?23= 9,76, p = 0,02 (slika 11). Iz 10 gnezd je {torklja vrgla jajca. Od petih odraslih belih {torkelj, ki so poginile v letu 1999, je dve ubila elektrika, dve sta poginili zaradi trka z `icami, eno je povozil avto. V letu 1999 sta bili uni~eni dve gnezdi. Eno je uni~il ~lovek, drugo je padlo na tla zaradi mo~nega vetra. Slika 10: Shematska predstavitev {irjenja gnezditvenega areala bele {torklje Ciconia ciconia v Sloveniji Figure 10: Schematic representation of spreading of the White Stork’s Ciconia ciconia breeding area in Slovenia Slika 11: Odvisnost metanja mladi~ev bele {torklje Ciconia ciconia iz gnezda od {tevila izvaljenih mladi~ev v gnezdu v Sloveniji leta 1999 (n = 61) Figure 11: Frequency of young White Storks Ciconia ciconia thrown out of the nest related to number of hatched young in the nest in Slovenia in 1999 (n=61) 99 D. Denac: Gnezditvena biologija, fenologija in raz{irjenost bele {torklje Ciconia ciconia v Sloveniji 4. Diskusija 4.1. Gnezditev 4.1.1. Gnezditvena raz{irjenost Najve~ parov bele {torklje je gnezdilo v panonskem svetu. Panonski svet ima od vseh slovenskih tipov pokrajin v povpre~ju najni`jo nadmorsko vi{ino (Perko & Adami~ 1998). Nizka nadmorska vi{ina je zna~ilna za gnezditvena obmo~ja bele {torklje v vsej srednji Evropi (Cramp 1994). V gri~evnatem delu Slovenije je raz{irjenost bele {torklje omejena na doline. Na izbor habitata bele {torklje vpliva gozdnatost povr{ja. Gnezditveni areal bele {torklje se je v Sloveniji najverjetneje pove~al zaradi priseljevanja novih osebkov v obdobju pove~anja svetovne populacije (Schulz 1999b). 4.1.2. Gnezditveni uspeh Kazalci gnezditvenega uspeha populacije bele {torklje so: {tevilo gnezde~ih parov (HPa), {tevilo parov s poletelimi mladi~i (HPm) in {tevilo poletelih mladi~ev (JZG, JZa, JZm). Med seboj so povezani, zato jih obravnavamo skupaj. [tevilo gnezde~ih parov ni zelo natan~en kazalec gnezditvenega uspeha, saj je po definiciji gnezde~i par tudi tisti, pri katerem samica ne le`e jajc. Ocena celotne evropske populacije bele {torklje je 166.000 parov (Schulz 1999b), dele` slovenske populacije glede na evropsko je pribli`no 0,001. Leto 1999 je bilo v Slovenji za belo {torkljo z vidika gnezditvenega uspeha neugodno. Povpre~no {tevilo poletelih mladi~ev ni doseglo vrednosti JZa = 2, ki jo Burnhauser (v Schulz 1999b) navaja kot najmanj{o za ohranjanje populacije. Glutz (1987) in Kaatz (1999) navajata, da ima velik vpliv na gnezditveni uspeh datum prihoda {torkelj s selitve v kraj gnezdenja. Kasneje ko se {torklje vrnejo na gnezdi{~a, manj{e je {tevilo poletelih mladi~ev. Tak{no zvezo smo ugotovili tudi pri nas. Neposreden razlog, ki vpliva na velikost legla samice, je njena te`a. La`ja je, manj{e leglo ima (Gill 1995). Ptice selektivno zasedajo gnezditveni prostor. Prvi prispeli osebki si lahko izberejo najugodnej{a mesta, tista z najve~ hrane. Tam samice hitro pridobijo na te`i, zato za~nejo hitro gnezditi in imajo velika legla. Kasnej{i osebki pridejo v prostor, kjer so najugodnej{a mesta `e zasedena. Zato se naselijo v obmo~jih z manj hrane, kar ima za posledico manj{o rast te`e samice in manj{a legla (Newton 1998). 100 V primerjavi s ^e{ko (Rejman 1999) ve~ina belih {torkelj v Slovenijo leta 1999 ni pri{la pozno, temve~ v obi~ajnem obdobju. Vzrok slabega gnezditvenega uspeha torej ni bil kasni prihod {torkelj v Slovenijo. Eden izmed mo`nih vzrokov slabega gnezditvenega uspeha je de`evno vreme v maju in juniju leta 1999. Leta 1999, ko je bil gnezditveni uspeh {torkelj JZa = 1,8, je bila povpre~na koli~ina padavin v maju in juniju za 5 klimatolo{kih postaj (Star{e, Gornja Radgona, Lendava, Murska Sobota) 254 mm, leta 1979, ko je bil gnezditveni uspeh {torkelj JZa = 2,1 (Je` 1987), pa 113 mm (Zupan~i~ 1995, 2000). Rejman (1999), Lovászi (1999), Va n der Have & Jonkers (1999) in Kaatz (1999) navajajo vremenske razmere med gnezdenjem kot klju~ni dejavnik, ki vpliva na {tevilo poletelih mladi~ev. Ugotovljena je negativna korelacija med koli~ino padavin v obdobju gnezdenja in {tevilom poletelih mladi~ev (Bert & Lorenzi 1999). Po koli~ini padavin med Kr{ko, Dravsko in Mursko ravnijo leta 1999 ni bilo bistvenih razlik (Zupan~i~ 2000). Na Murski in Dravski ravni, kjer je bil zelo nizek gnezditveni uspeh, njive tvorijo 50 oz. 40 %, travniki pa 20 % zemlji{kih kategorij. Na Kr{ki ravni, kjer je bil ugotovljen najvi{ji gnezditveni uspeh, njive tvorijo 30 % zemlji{kih kategorij, travniki pa 25 % (Perko & Adami~ 1998). Nizek gnezditveni uspeh na Murski in Dravski ravni je lahko v povezavi z majhnim dele`em optimalnih prehranjevalnih habitatov bele {torklje - travnikov na teh obmo~jih. Na Gori~kem, v Slovenskih Goricah in Dravinjskih goricah zaradi bolj razgibanega reliefa intenzivno poljedelstvo v tak{nem obsegu kot na Dravski in Murski ravni ni mo`no, zato je tam ve~ travnikov. Slednje je lahko razlog, da je bilo na obmo~ju panonskih gri~evij povpre~no {tevilo poletelih mladi~ev vi{je kot na obmo~ju panonskih ravnin. Na panonskih ravninah je poginilo tudi ve~ mladi~ev kot na panonskih gri~evjih. Na Dravski in Murski ravni je bilo najve~ praznih gnezd. Prazna gnezda so pogosto izraz dolgotrajnega nizkega gnezditvenega uspeha (majhnega {tevila poletelih mladi~ev), ker v tem primeru ni dovolj novih osebkov, da bi nadomestili poginule. Na Murski in Dravski ravni je bilo veliko novih gnezd, kjer so imeli pari zelo slab gnezditveni uspeh. V primeru, da so nova gnezda gradili mlaj{i, neizku{eni osebki, je lahko bil slab gnezditveni uspeh posledica njihove neizku{enosti (Cramp 1994). V primeru starej{ih, izku{enih osebkov pa je najverjetnej{i razlog za slab gnezditveni uspeh pomanjkanje hrane ali pa njena neustreznost. [torklje so v Sloveniji leta 1999 vrgle iz gnezd 33 mladi~ev, kar je 48,5 % poginulih mladi~ev. Met iz Acrocephalus 22 (106-IO7): 89 - IO3, 200I gnezda mnogi avtorji nepravilno ena~ijo z vzrokom smrti mladi~a. Zöllick (1987), Peterson et al. (1999) in Lovászi (1999) na primer navajajo, da je bil met mladi~ev iz gnezda v 14,5 % do 55,2 % primerov njihov vzrok smrti. [torklje vr`ejo mladi~e iz gnezda najpogosteje zato, ker so bolni ali oslabeli (Zöllick 1987). Pogostej{e izmetavanje mladi~ev iz gnezd z ve~ mladi~i je lahko posledica asinhrone izvalitve mladi-~ev ({torklja le`e jajca v intervalu 1-4 dni) in tekmovanja za hrano v gnezdu. Ob pomanjkanju hrane je najmlaj{i in naj{ibkej{i dobi najmanj, zato hitro oslabi in star{i ga izvr`ejo. Ve~ ko je mladi~ev, te`e pride naj{ibkej{i do hrane. Izmetavanje jajc iz gnezda je naklju~en pojav, ki se najpogosteje dogaja zaradi bojev med parom, ki je zasedel gnezdo, in vsiljivcem (Kaatz & Stachoviak 1987, Peterson et al. 1999). Pojav ni v neposredni povezavi s pomanjkanjem hrane. Samica lahko izvr`e iz gnezda tudi neoplojena jajca, ki jih je izvalila pred prihodom samca (Cramp 1994). 4.1.3. Podlaga gnezd Spremembe v izbiri podlage gnezd bele {torklje v Sloveniji so bile podobne kot v celotnem gnezditvenem arealu v Evropi (Guziak & Jakubiec 1999, Petrov et al. 1999, Ots 1999, Lovászi 1999, Samusenko 1999, Grishchenko 1999). Vzrok za spremembe v izbiri podlage gnezd v Sloveniji je podiranje ali obnavljanje starih stavb. Stare, velike dimnike, ki so zgoraj ravni in zaprti in imajo dimne odprtine ob strani, so zamenjali z novimi, o`jimi in zgoraj odprtimi. Vse manj velikih, starih dreves v vaseh je vzrok za manj{e {tevilo gnezd na drevesih. 4.2. Varstvo Gnezdenje na elektri~nih drogovih je za belo {torkljo nevarno zaradi mo`nosti elektri~nega udara ali trka z `icami. Nesre~e z daljnovodnimi `icami so med najpogostej{imi vzroki smrti odraslih belih {torkelj (Fiedler 1999). Gnezdo, ki je v stiku z elektri~nimi `icami, je ve~krat pod napetostjo (Bra~ko ustno) in zato nevarno tudi za mladi~e v gnezdu. Zaradi tak{nih gnezd pride velikokrat tudi do izpada elektri~ne energije. Problem je re{ljiv z namestitvijo podstavka za gnezdo, ki pa mora biti izdelan in name{~en kvalitetno (Perennou et al. 1996), saj so sedaj mnogi neprimerni in nevarni. Za prepre~evanje poginov zaradi elektri~nega udara je potrebno vsa gnezda na drogovih, ki se dotikajo `ic, dvigniti na ustrezne podstavke, `ice ob drogu pa izolirati. To je treba napraviti zunaj gnezditvene sezone, med septembrom in februarjem. Pri postavljanju novih daljnovodov bi morali upo{tevati priporo~ila za zmanj{evanje smrtnosti ptic, kot to po~nejo v Nem~iji (Fiedler 1999). Na gnezditveni uspeh bele {torklje vplivata razpolo`ljivost in primernost prehranjevalnih habitatov. Zaradi pove~evanja obsega intenzivnega poljedelstva in izsu{evanja mo~virij je bela {torklja na Danskem in Nizozemskem skoraj izumrla (Van der Have & Jonkers 1996, Skov 1999), saj so se mo~no zmanj{ale njene optimalne prehranjevalne povr{ine - travniki. Pogoj za ohranitev populacije bele {torklje v Sloveniji je ohranitev travnikov. Travniki v Sloveniji izginjajo zaradi spreminjanja v kmetijske povr{ine in opu{~anja ko{nje. 5. Sklepi --- Leta 1999 je v Sloveniji zasedlo gnezda 200 parov belih {torkelj, kar je za 19 % ve~ kot leta 1979 in za 37 % ve~ kot leta 1969. --- Gnezditveni uspeh je bil leta 1999 slab. --- Bela {torklja je po letu 1979 za~ela gnezditi na zahodnem Gori~kem, v Beli krajini, na Dolenjskem podolju, Savski ravni in Pohorju. --- Najve~je gostote gnezde~ih parov belih {torkelj so bile na obmo~jih z majhno pora{~enostjo z gozdom. --- V letih od 1979 do 1999 se je {tevilo gnezd na dimnikih in drevesih zmanj{alo. Gnezd na drevesih prakti~no ni bilo ve~, gnezd na dimnikih je bilo 18 %, najve~ pa je bilo gnezd na drogovih (79 %). --- Leta 1999 so bele {torklje pri{le v Slovenijo v obi~ajnem obdobju. --- Pari, ki so gnezdili na starej{ih gnezdih, so ve~krat speljali mladi~e kot pari, ki so gnezdili na mlaj{ih gnezdih. --- Pari, ki so pri{li prej na obmo~je gnezdenja, so imeli v povpre~ju ve~ poletelih mladi~ev kot pari, ki so na obmo~je gnezdenja pri{li kasneje. --- [torklje z ve~ mladi~i v gnezdu so pogosteje vrgle mladi~a iz gnezda kot {torklje z manj mladi~i. 6. Povzetek Po 20 letih je bil leta 1999 ponovno opravljen popis populacije bele {torklje na obmo~ju celotne Slovenije. Poleg popisa so bili zbrani fenolo{ki podatki, podatki o podlagi in starosti gnezd ter vzrokih smrti {torkelj. Leta 1999 je bilo v Sloveniji 239 gnezd belih {torkelj. [tevilo parov, ki so zasedli gnezda (HPa), je bilo v primerjavi z letom 1979 za 19 % ve~je. Gnezda je 101 D. Denac: Gnezditvena biologija, fenologija in raz{irjenost bele {torklje Ciconia ciconia v Sloveniji zasedlo 200 parov (Hpa) in 153 od teh jih je speljalo mladi~e (HPm). 18 gnezd je bilo praznih (HO), 18 so jih zasedle obiskovalke (HB), za 3 ni podatkov o zasedenosti (HPx). Skupaj je poletelo 365 mladi~ev (JZG), povpre~no {tevilo poletelih mladi~ev glede na pare, ki so zasedli gnezda (JZa), je bilo 1,83, glede na pare s poletelimi mladi~i (JZm) pa 2,39. Pri najve~ parih sta poletela po dva mladi~a. Nizek gnezditveni uspeh je najverjetneje povzro~ilo de`evno vreme. V predelih, kjer je dele` optimalnih prehranjevalnih habitatov bele {torklje ve~ji (Kr{ka ravan), je bil gnezditveni uspeh populacije ve~ji kot v predelih, kjer je ta dele` manj{i (Murska ravan). Ugotovljena je bila negativna korelacija med dele`em gozda in gnezditveno gostoto bele {torklje. V zadnjih dvajsetih letih je bela {torklja za~ela gnezditi na zahodnem Gori~kem, v Beli krajini, na Pohorju, v Savski ravni in Dolenjskem podolju. V tem ~asu se je {tevilo gnezde~ih parov pove~alo v Dravinjskih goricah, Savinjski ravni, Gori~kem in Kr{ki ravni. Gnezditveni uspeh parov, ki so gradili nova gnezda, je bil slab{i kot gnezditveni uspeh parov, ki so gnezdili v starih gnezdih. [torklje so se vrnile na gnezdi{~a ob koncu marca. Zgodnji pari so imeli bolj{i gnezditveni uspeh kot pozni pari. [tevilo gnezd na dimnikih in drevesih se je v Sloveniji zmanj{alo, {tevilo gnezd na drogovih pa pove~alo glede na leto 1979. Pri parih z ve~jim {tevilom izvaljenih mladi~ev je bil pojav metanja mladi~ev iz gnezda pogostej{i kot pri parih z manj{im {tevilom izvaljenih mladi~ev. Zahvala: Zahvaljujem se vsem, ki so s podatki pripomogli k nastanku tega dela. Za pomo~ bi se rad posebej zahvalil dr. Davorinu Tometu in dr. Tonetu Novaku. Za konstruktivne nasvete, ki so pripomogli k ve~ji kvaliteti dela, pa se zahvaljujem Borutu [tumbergerju in Luki Bo`i~u. Za kartografski prikaz podatkov se zahvaljujem Jo`etu Senega~niku, za podporo in pomo~ pri delu pa Katarini. 7. Literatura Belca, M. (1995): Bela {torklja Ciconia ciconia na Dravskem polju. Raziskovalna naloga, Prva gimnazija Maribor, Maribor. Bert, E. & C. Lorenzi (1999): The influence of weather conditions on the reproductive success of the White stork Ciconia ciconia in Piedmont/Italy. In: Schulz, H. (ed.) (1999): Weißstorch im Aufwind? - White stork on the up? Proceedings, Internat. Symp. on the White Stork, Hamburg 1996. NABU (Naturschutzbund Deutschland e.V.), Bonn: 437-442. Bra~ko, F. (1984): Zaznamovanje bele {torklje Ciconia 102 ciconia. Acrocephalus 5 (21): 42-43. Bra~ko, F. (1990): Poro~ila od koderkoli Mala Polana. Acrocephalus 11 (43-44): 36-37. Bra~ko, F. (1997): Ornitolo{ki atlas Drave od Maribora do Ptuja (1989-1992). Acrocephalus 18 (82): 57-97. 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In: Schulz, H. ed. (1999): Weißstorch im Aufwind? - White stork on the up? Proceedings, Internat. Symp. on the White Stork, Hamburg 1996. NABU (Naturschutzbund Deutschland e.V.), Bonn: 189-197. Samusenko, I. (1999): Population developement, current population status and biology of the White stork in Belarus. In: Schulz, H. ed. (1999): Weißstorch im Aufwind? - White stork on the up? Proceedings, Internat. Symp. on the White Stork, Hamburg 1996. NABU (Naturschutzbund Deutschland e.V.), Bonn: 277-288. Schulz, H. (1999a): The 5th International White stork Census 1994/1995 - Preparation, realisation and methods. In: Schulz, H. ed. (1999): Weißstorch im Aufwind? - White stork on the up? Proceedings, Internat. Symp. on the White Stork, Hamburg 1996. NABU (Naturschutzbund Deutschland e.V.), Bonn: 39-48. Schulz, H. (1999b): The world population of the white stork Ciconia ciconia - Results of the 5th International White Stork Census 1994/95. In: Schulz, H. ed. (1999): Weißstorch im Aufwind? - White stork on the up? Proceedings, Internat. Symp. on the White Stork, Hamburg 1996. NABU (Naturschutzbund Deutschland e.V.), Bonn: 39-48. Seidensacher, E. (1864): Die Vögel von Cili. In: Mitteilungen des naturwissenschaftlichen Vereines für Steiermark. II Heft. Graz. Skov, H. (1999): The White stork Ciconia ciconia in Denmark. In: Schulz, H. e.d. (1999): Weißstorch im Auf-wind? -White stork on the up? Proceedings, Internat. Symp. on the White Stork, Hamburg 1996. NABU (Naturschutzbund Deutschland e.V.), Bonn: 111-131. Sovinc, A. (1981): Bela {torklja Ciconia ciconia gnezdi na Ljubljanjskem barju. Acrocephalus 2 (10): 57. Sovinc, A. & D. [ere (1994): Ornitolo{ka kronika za leto 1992. Acrocephalus 15 (64): 102-106. Sovinc, A. & D. [ere (1996): Ornitolo{ka kronika za leto 1993. Acrocephalus 17 (75/76): 97-100. [o{tar{i~, M. (1965): [torklje v slovenskem Podravju in Pomurju. Varstvo narave 4: 81-89. [tumberger, B. (1990): Popis gnezdi{~ bele {torklje Ciconia ciconia v ob~ini Ptuj v letu 1989. Acrocephalus 11 (43-44): 11-18. [tumberger, B. (1991): Bela {torklja v ob~ini Ptuj. Mavri~ni bojevnik 1 (4): 4-7. [tumberger, B. (1992): Bela {torklja Ciconia ciconia v ob~ini Ptuj. Mavri~ni bojevnik 2 (7): 17-21. Tome, D. (1996): Bela {torklja Ciconia ciconia. Acrocephalus 17 (74): 29. Trontelj, P. & M. Vogrin (1993): Ptice Jovsov in predlogi za njihovo varstvo. Acrocephalus 14 (61): 200-209. Van der Have, T.M. & D.A. Jonkers (1996): Seven misunderstandings about white storks Ciconia ciconia in the Netherlands. Limosa 69 (2): 47-50. Vogrin, M. & A. Hudoklin (1993): Ptice ob spodnjem toku reke Save. Acrocephalus 14 (61): 191-200. Vrhovnik, D. (1998): Bela {torklja Ciconia ciconia. Acrocephalus 19 (89): 114. Zöllick, H. (1987): Jugenverluste und ihre Ursache beim Weißstorch, Ciconia ciconia, 1984 im bezirk Rostock. Beitrage Vogelkunde 33: 276-280. Zupan~i~, B. ed. (1995): Klimatografija Slovenije, koli~ina padavin, obdobje 1961-1990. Hidrometeorolo{ki zavod RS, Ljubljana. Zupan~i~, B. ed. (2000): Meteorolo{ki letopis Slovenije 1999. Ministrstvo za okolje in prostor, Hidrometeorolo{ki zavod Republike Slovenije, Ljubljana. Prispelo / Arrived: 13.6.2001 Sprejeto / Accepted: 11.11.2001 IO3 Acrocephalus 22 (106-IO7): IOJ - I08, 200I The status of the Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca in Greece Status kraljevega orla Aquila heliaca v Gr~iji Anastasios Sakoulis P.O. Box 237, 73110 Chania, Greece, e-mail: tasos@maich.gr 1. Introduction The Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca is listed as vulnerable on the world scale (BirdLife 2000). It is a species of great conservation importance at the European level - SPEC 1 (Tucker & Heath 1994). In addition, it is listed in Appendix I of the Wild Birds Directive (79/409/EEC), as well as in Appendix II of the Bonn and Bern Conventions. In Greece, Imperial Eagle is listed as Threatened (Handrinos 1992), and until recently there were doubts as to whether the species still bred in the country (Handrinos 1992, Hallmann 1996a, Sakoulis et al. 1997). The species is nesting in the neighbouring countries (apart from Albania where its status is unknown): in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) there nest up to 10-15 pairs (Grubac pers. comm. 1996, Micevski pers. comm. 2001), in Yugoslavia 4-5 pairs (Puzovi} pers. comm. 2001), in Bulgaria approximately 20 pairs (Iankov 1996) and in Turkey 10-15 pairs (Heredia 1996). The Imperial Eagle population is decreasing in all three countries, as in most parts of Europe (Hallmann 1996a, Heredia 1996). The Imperial Eagle used to be more common in Greece. During the last century, the species nested in the lowland areas of northern and continental Greece, including Attiki, Akarnania and Thessaly regions (Reiser 1905). The species has also been observed in the Peloponnese, Evoia and on the Ionian islands, although nesting has not been confirmed. In the first decades of the 20th century, the Imperial Eagles were nesting on the edges of plains of central and northern Greece, favoured by traditional land use and especially livestock farming in lowland and semi-mountainous areas. This situation persisted up to the 40s during which, according to Makatsch (1950), 25 pairs were observed around the area of Thessaloniki alone, especially in the area of the triple delta of the Axios, Loudias and Aliakmonas rivers. The situation changed after World War II, following wetland drainage, agricultural intensification and gradual abandonment of livestock farming in the lower zone, resulting in the decline of the Imperial Eagle populations during the 60s (Voous 1960, Bijleveld 1974). During the 70s and 80s, the species nested mainly in Thrace and Macedonia. Following the systematic surveys during 1980-85, the Greek population was estimated at 6-10 pairs, and nesting was recorded only in Thrace (Hallmann 1986). In 1986, only two pairs remained (in the area of Evros) and the last confirmed nesting was recorded in Dadia Forest in 1990 (Hallmann 1996a, 1996b). In the end of June 1996, two adult and one juvenile Imperial Eagles were sighted by Th. Kominos and me during the fieldwork. Since then more data have come out indicating the return of the species in Greece. The aim of this article is to present the current status of the Imperial Eagle in Greece, as well as its main threats. 2. Material and methods Information on the population size and breeding distribution of the species in Greece relied on field work, and moreover on the few available bibliographical references and unpublished reports. A survey was conducted by the Hellenic Ornithological th Society (HOS) during early April and 15 July 1997 (Sakoulis et al. 1997), on sites where, in the past decade, adult Imperial Eagles had been sighted in the breeding season or where birds had nested. In addition, visits were made to areas with habitat suitable for the species. These areas are mainly found in the regions close to the borders with Albania, FYROM and Bulgaria. Greatest emphasis was placed on the area situated close to the Albanian borders, where in the end of June 1996 the two adults and one juvenile were observed. Later I revisited northern continental Greece, where in an attempt to confirm site occupancy I visited some of the species’ traditional areas. Observations were made also during the migration seasons in central and southern continental Greece and in Crete, in order to study the species’ migration in Greece. Fieldwork took place from early morning to sunset, although effective time ranged from three to eleven hours per day. Observations were made mainly from vantage points with good view over the sampling areas with the aid of 10x50 binoculars and 20-60x spotting scopes. Bird sightings were noted on 1:50,000 scale maps. 3. Results and Discussion 105 Kratki ~lanki / Short Articles The survey in 1997 (Sakoulis et al. 1997) and my later visits confirmed the presence of the pair of Imperial Eagles in the area situated close to the borders with Albania. During this survey, however, I did not manage to locate any other birds or pairs occupying territories in other parts of Greece. Later on, new reports came from northern Greece of two more pairs. At Dadia Forest Reserve, a new pair was formed in 1999, constituted by an adult and a subadult (Poirazidis 2001). Although until now a nest has not been found, the birds have been seen th carrying food in spring 2000, and on 27 July 2000 an adult was seen playing with a juvenile (Poirazidis 2001). Another pair has been also observed in Western Macedonia (Tsiakiris et al. 2000). Therefore, my estimate is that Greece is inhabited by at least 3 breeding pairs of Imperial Eagle. The Imperial Eagle is a migratory species and a great part of its European population winters in the Middle East (Heredia 1996). It is well documented that Greece is visited by individuals from northern countries, mostly juvenile birds, but some also winter in various large wetlands such as the Evros delta and other wetlands of Thrace, Lake Kerkini, Axios delta, Kalamas delta and the saline lagoons of Mesologgi, as well as smaller wetlands such as the Evrotas delta and Crete (Sakoulis et al. 1997). The species has also been recorded during migration (but always in small numbers) in the Peloponnese and on some islands (Handrinos & Akriotis 1997). However, in recent years more sightings of the Imperial Eagle have come from southern Greece and Crete, probably because of the increased number of birdwatchers there. Tw o Imperial Eagle individuals (a juvenile and an immature) were observed on Kythira island in January and February 1994, both of which remained on the island for at least 2 and 4 days respectively (Kominos 1995). Two juvenile birds overwintered in the Evrotas delta in January 1997 (Sakoulis et al. 1997). In mid-March 1999, a pair of Imperial Eagles was observed in a valley near Mt. Parnassos (Sterea Ellada) (pers. observ. together with G. Rousopoulos). Although the site was surveyed again during the following months, the birds were not seen, most probably because they had continued their trip to the north. In spring of 1999, 11 individuals were observed in a single day passing through Antikythira (Papazoglou 2000), an island between Peloponnisos (southern Greece) and Crete that serves as a bottleneck. After the first ascertained wintering of the Imperial Eagle in Crete in 1996 (Dretakis 1997), some more wintering sites have been established. Probably 106 3-6 birds wintered in 1998-99 on the island on mountain slopes and lowland hills, especially in the south (Drettakis pers. comm.). Two first-winter individuals also spent the winter of 2000-01 in southwestern Crete (pers. observ. together with P. Smith), and an adult was recorded on a mountainous site in western Crete during the winter of 1999-2000 and in November 2000 (pers. observ.). Moreover, during spring 2001, I observed (together with Paul Smith) at least 5 immature Imperial Eagles migrating in western Crete. In Greece, 10 Imperial Eagle individuals have been recaptured up to now, i.e. birds ringed in Slovakia and Hungary were found injured or dead in Greece (Poulopoulos 1997). This number is much greater than the total number of birds found in other countries. Danko (1996) reported that from the 315 Imperial Eagles ringed in the Carpathian basin up to June 1993, 19 were recovered (6%) up to the end of 1993. Of the 12 recovered birds from Slovakia, 4 were found in Greece (33%), while from the 4 recaptured birds from Hungary, 2 were found in Greece (50%). The rest thre birds were ringed at former Yugoslavia and were not recovered at Greece. The proportion of recaptures in Greece is very high (although the available sample is too small to draw accurate conclusions), and shows the significance of Greece for Imperial Eagle migration and overwintering as well as serious dangers they face in our country. According to the available data of the Greek Animal Hospital -EKPAZ (Poulopoulos 1997), a total of 10 recoveries have been hospitalised, of which 6 involve birds found in November - December of the year they were born, 2 birds were found in their 2nd or 3rd year, one in the spring of their 3rd year, and for one there is no available data since it was found in winter 1992 in a state of advanced disintegration. 3.1. Main threats in Greece 3.1.1. Habitat degradation Lowland areas, which used to comprise the Imperial Eagle’s habitat, were greatly influenced in Greece after World War II, since human activities gradually began to concentrate around them. Agricultural intensification and the gradual replacement of the rich traditional agricultural landscape with monocultures have led to the decline of populations of prey species (such as sousliks) and have contributed to the removal of many mature trees that were used by the species for nesting. However, it is possible that the dramatic reduction Acrocephalus 22 (106-IO7): IOJ - I08, 200I of lowland forests and wetland drainage have had the worst impact on the species. Interventions in forests which are used for nesting, such as logging of large mature trees, the destruction of lowland forests and disturbance by logging activities during the reproductive period have detrimental effects on the Imperial Eagle. In addition, intensive forest management causes an increase in forest road construction in previously isolated areas, which results in increased disturbance and illegal shooting (Hallmann 1996a, Danko 1994, Heredia 1996). 3.1.2. Illegal shooting Even though the Imperial Eagle is protected by law (Law no. 414985/1985 Ministry of Agriculture) it is often illegally shot together with other protected species (Danko 1994, Hallmann 1996a, 1996b, 1997, Poulopoulos 1997). A relatively extremely large number of injured Imperial Eagles are brought to EKPAZ (mostly shot), exhibiting the severity of the problem. 3.1.3. Poisoned baits Since Imperial Eagles also feed on carcasses, they are very susceptible to poisoned baits which are used to kill carnivorous mammals (Danko 1994, Hallmann 1996a, 1996b). There are good reasons to believe that the last pair to nest in Dadia forest was poisoned (Hallmann 1996a, 1996b, Skartsi et al. 2000). 3.1.4. Other possible threats Important threats in other countries also include death of Imperial Eagles caused by power lines and spring traps (Heredia 1996). It is uncertain, however, whether such incidents have taken place in Greece. The collection of eggs and individual birds, which is unfortunately common in other countries, is also a matter of great concern (Kurtz & Luquet 1996). In Greece, the extent of this problem is unknown, as no organised wardening exists. Moreover, there are no data available concerning electrocution and collision with power lines. 4. Conclusions I believe that the status of Imperial Eagle is defined, but not its population size. More research is thus necessary, especially in northern Greece where there are many remote sites with suitable habitat. The significance of Greece for Imperial Eagle migration and overwintering is evident. It is therefore of great importance for Greece to protect and suitably manage all those areas in which the Imperial Eagle is now present (breeding and main wintering sites), or has bred in the past, and that long-term conservation is secured by designating the site as a Special Protection Area (SPA), based on Directive 79/409/EEC. Summary In the early 1990s, there were doubts whether the Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca was still breeding in Greece, considering that the last confirmed nesting had been recorded in Dadia Forest in 1990. After the mid-1990s, new observations exhibit the presence of 3 breeding pairs in northern Greece, and at least in one case there are strong indications that breeding took place. Moreover, the observations of the species indicate that continental Greece and Crete are important for the migration of a significant part of the Imperial Eagle’s population. The main threats to Imperial Eagle in Greece are habitat degradation, shooting and excessive use of poisoned baits. Povzetek V zgodnjih devetdesetih letih prej{njega stoletja je obstajal precej{en dvom, da kraljevi orel Aquila heliaca v Gr~iji {e gnezdi, saj je bilo zadnje gnezdenje te ujede zabele`eno leta 1990, in sicer v gozdu Dadia. Toda v drugi polovici prej{njega desetletja je bilo zaslediti nova opa`anja o pojavljanju treh gnezde~ih parov v severni Gr~iji, in vsaj v enem primeru je vse kazalo na uspe{no gnezdenje teh ptic. Poleg tega so opa`anja potrdila, da sta celinska Gr~ija in Kreta pomembni za selitev precej{njega dela populacije kraljevega orla. Sicer pa ga v Gr~iji najbolj ogro`ajo degradacija habitata, streljanje in pretirana uporaba strupenih vab. 5. References Bijleveld, M., (1974): Birds of Prey in Europe. London. Birdlife International (2000): Threatened Birds of the World. Lynx Editions & BirdLife International, Barcelona and Cambridge. Cramp, S. & K.E.L. Simmons (1980): The Birds of the Western Palearctic: Vol II. Oxford. Danko, S. (1994): Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca. In: Tucker, G.M. & F.A. Heath (eds.): Birds in Europe: Their conservation status. Birdlife Conservation Series No. 3. BirdLife International, Cambridge. IO7 Kratki ~lanki / Short Articles Danko, S. (1996): Beringungsergebnisse am Kaiseradler Aquila heliaca im Nordwestern des Brutareals. In: Meyburg. B.U. & R.D. Chancellor (eds.): Eagle Studies. World Working Group on Birds of Prey, Berlin, London & Paris. Drettakis, M. (1996): The waterbirds in 4 wetlands of Crete: population and ecological data (in Greek). MSc. Thesis. Department of Biology, University of Crete, Iraklio. Hallmann, B.C.G. (1986): Raptor Surveys Greece 1980-85. Report IUCN/WWF Project 1921. Hallmann, B.C.G. (1989): Status and distribution of the genus Aquila in Greece. Biologia Gallo-hellenica 15:171-176. Hallmann, B.C.G. (1996a): Greece’s Birds of Prey, Eleventh hour for 10 species. WWF Hellas (unpubl. report). Hallmann, B.C.G. (1996b): The decline of the Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca in Greece. In: Meyburg, B.U. & R.D. Chancellor (eds.): Eagle Studies. World Working Group on Birds of Prey, Berlin, London & Paris. Handrinos, G. & T. Akriotis (1997): The Birds of Greece. Helm, London. Handrinos, G. (1992): Birds. In: The Red Data Book of Threatened Vertebrates of Greece. Hellenic Zoological Society & Hellenic Ornithological Society. Heredia, B. (1996): International Action Plan for the Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca. In: Borjia, H., L. Rose & M. Painter (eds.): Globally Threatened Birds of Europe: Action Plans. Council of Europe Publishing. Iankov, P. (1996): Preservation of the Globally Threatened Raptors in Bulgaria. In: Muntaner, J. & J. Mayol (eds.): Biology and Conservation of Mediterranean Raptors. SEO/Birdlife, Madrid. Proceedings of the VI Congress on Biology and Conservation of Mediterranean Raptors, Palma de Mallorca, 22-25 September 1994, Monografia 4. Kominos, T. (1995): Kythira, on the Road of Birds (in Greek). Kythirian Studies Society, Thessaloniki. Kurtz, C. & J.P. Luquet (1996): The traffic in Mediterranean birds of prey. In: Muntaner, J. & J. Mayol (eds.): Biology and conservation of Mediterranean Raptors. SEO/Birdlife, Madrid. Proceedings of the VI Congress on Biology and Conservation of Mediterranean Raptors, Palma de Mallorca, 22-25 September 1994, Monografia 4. Makatsch, W. (1950): Die Vogelwelt Macedoniens. Leipzig. Papazoglou, K. (2000): Tw o years Antikythira (in Greek). Oionos 13: 31. Poirazidis, K. (2001): Imperial Eagle nests again in Dadia (in Greek). Oionos 16: 6. Poulopoulos, I. (1997): Imperial Eagles (in Greek). Oionos 1: 22-23. Reiser, O. (1905): Materialen zu einer Omis Balcanica; III Griechenland und die Griechischen Inseln. Wien. Sakoulis, A., S. Bourdakis, B. Hallmann & H. Alivizatos (1997): The status of the Imperial Eagle Aquila heliaca in Greece. Report of the Hellenic Ornithological Society, Athens. io8 Skartsi, T., G. Dasiopoulou, F. Papazoglou & A. Sakoulis (2000): Campaign against the use of poisoned baits in Greece. Announcement in the International Congress “Illegal Use of Poison in Natural Environment”, 2-5 March, Alcudia, Mallorca, Spain. Tsiakiris, R., K. Stara, S. Bourdakis, & A. Petropoulou (2000): A pair of Imperial Eagles at Western Macedonia (in Greek). Oionos, 13: 6. Tucker, G.M. & F.A. Heath (1994): Birds in Europe: Their conservation status. BirdLife Conservation series No. 3. Birdlife International, Cambrige. Voous, K.H. (1960): Atlas of European Birds. Nelson, London. Arrived / Prispelo: 17.7.2001 Accepted / Sprejeto: 11.11.2001 Acrocephalus 22 (106-IO7): IO9 - 113, 200I Poro~ilo Nacionalne komisije za redkosti o opazovanjih redkih vrst ptic za obdobje 1997 - 2000 Slovenian Rarities Committee report on observation of rare bird species for the 1997-2000 period Luka Bo`i~ Pintarjeva 16, SI-2106 Maribor, e-mail: luka.bozic@siol.net Pri~ujo~e poro~ilo Nacionalne komisije za redkosti (KRED) obsega vsa opazovanja redkih vrst med 1.1.1997 in 31.12.2000. Pri nekaterih vrstah so izjemoma dodane {e dopolnitve iz prej{njih let, vendar le v primeru, ~e jih {e ni obravnavala komisija v prej{nji sestavi oziroma so poro~ila zanje prispela kasneje. Poro~ilo zajema le vrste, za katere je iz tega obdobja znano vsaj eno opazovanje, in ne vseh redkih vrst. Za popoln spisek redkih vrst in njihov status po izteku tega obdobja glej novi Seznam ugotovljenih ptic Slovenije s pregledom redkih vrst (Bo`i~ 2001). Poro~ilo je rezultat dela komisije v naslednji sestavi: Luka Bo`i~, Kajetan Kravos, Toma` Miheli~, Borut Rubini~ in Milan Vogrin. KRED obravnava vse vrste iz vseh kategorij (A, B, C, D in E), za katere je znanih manj kot deset podatkov. Poleg teh obravnava {e nekatere druge vrste, ki so v zadnjih letih zelo redke in so bile malokrat zabele`ene. Te vrste so: ledni slapnik Gavia immer, povodna trstnica Acrocephalus paludicola, konopelj{~ica Serinus citrinella, severni repnik Carduelis flavirostris in beloglavi strnad Emberiza leucocephalos. Za malega klinka~a Aquila pomarina, belohrbtega detla Dendrocopos leucotos in bledega vrtnika Hippolais pallida velja, da se obravnavajo opazovanja zunaj znanih obmo~ij potrjenega gnezdenja teh vrst. Pri njih {tevilke poleg oznake kategorije pomenijo {tevilo znanih podatkov zunaj teh obmo~ij. [tevilki v oklepaju poleg imena posamezne vrste ponazarjata njen status do vklju~no 31.12.1996 (Sovinc 1999), razen pri vrstah, pri katerih so bili narejeni popravki. Za vsako navedeno leto so podana nova opazovanja, skupaj s krajem in datumom opazovanja ter virom, ~e je bil podatek `e objavljen. V nasprotnem primeru je naveden {e avtor opazovanja. Prva {tevilka v oklepaju vselej pomeni, za katero opazovanje vrste gre, druga pa pomeni skupno {tevilo opazovanih osebkov. Ta na~in podajanja opazovanj redkih vrst je standardiziran po priporo~ilih zdru`enja evropskih komisij za redkosti (AERC – Association of European Rarities Committees). Veljaven status vrste do 31.12.2000 je poudarjen s krepkim tiskom. Dopolnitve bodo od tega poro~ila dalje objavljene vsako drugo leto v ~etrti {tevilki revije Acrocephalus. 1. Seznam za obdobje 1997-2000 sprejetih opazovanj redkih vrst Pritlikavi kormoran Phalacrocorax pygmaeus (8, 69) 1996: Se~oveljske soline, 16.3., 3 os., B. Rubini~ (9, 72); Se~oveljske soline, 5.10., 1 os. (10, 73), B. Rubini~. Od tega poro~ila dalje KRED pritlikavega kormorana ne obravnava ve~. Plevica Plegadis falcinellus (8, 13) 1997: Ormo{ki bazeni za odpadne vode, 5.5., 2 os. (9, 15) (Bo`i~ 1998). 1998: Lo{ka dolina, 24.9., 1 os. (10, 16) (Kebe 1999). Od tega poro~ila dalje KRED plevice ne obravnava ve~. Plamenec Phoenicopterus ruber (1, 1) 1999: zadr`evalnik Medvedce, 6.12., 1 os. (2, 2) (Ker~ek, v pripravi). Kratkokljuna gos Anser brachyrhynchus (1, 7) 1997: Ormo{ko jezero, 14.12., 1 os. (2, 8), B. [tumberger. Nevestica Aix sponsa (2, 2) V poro~ilih KRED se vrsta od leta 1991 dalje ni ve~ pojavljala. 1987: Spodnja Idrija, november, 1 os. (3, 3) (Gro{elj 1989). 1997: Maribor, 11.1.-2.2., 2 os. (4, 5) (Bra~ko 1998). 1999: Zrkovci, 11.12., 1 os. (5, 6) (Premzl & Toma`i~ 1999). Mandarinka Aix galericulata (1, 1) V poro~ilih KRED se vrsta od leta 1991 dalje ni ve~ pojavljala. 1992-93: od novembra do marca, 1 os. (2, 2) 109 Kratki ~lanki / Short Articles (Rijavec 1994). 1997: Pivka pred Postojnsko jamo, 11.1., 1 os. (3, 3) ([tumberger 1997). 1998: Pivka pri Postojnski jami, 17.1., 1 os. (4, 4) ([tumberger 1998). 1999: Maribor, 7.1., 1 os. (5, 5), L. Bo`i~; Zrkovci, 11.12., 1 os. (6, 6) (Premzl & Toma`i~ 1999). Beloli~na trdorepka Oxyura jamaicensis (0, 0) 1999: zadr`evalnik Medvedce, 20.-24.10., 1 os. (1, 1) - nova vrsta za Slovenijo, L. Bo`i~, J. Smole, B. [tumberger, M. Vogrin. Veliki klinka~ Aquila clanga (6, 6) V poro~ilu KRED za leto 1996 je navedenih 5 opazovanj v zadnjih 50 letih, vendar je bil en podatek po pomoti izpu{~en. 1982: Ormo{ko jezero, 19.3., 1 os. (10, 11), B. [tumberger. 1997: zadr`evalnik Medvedce, 22.3., 1 os. (7, 7); zadr`evalnik Medvedce, 28.12., 1 os. (8, 8) (Denac 1998). 1998: Ljubljansko barje, 5.-12.11., 2 os. (9, 10) (Trebu{ak, Rubini~ & Vrezec 1999). Od tega poro~ila dalje KRED velikega klinka~a ne obravnava ve~. Mali klinka~ Aquila pomarina (2, 3) Vrste poro~ilo KRED iz leta 1996 ne zajema. 1994: Prebukovje, 7.7., 1 os., (3, 4) (Vogrin 1994). 1998: Ljubljansko barje, 14.4., 1 os. (4, 5) (Vrezec 1999). Vrsta gnezdi v Krakovskem gozdu, zato poro~ila iz okolice tega obmo~ja niso obravnavana. Kraljevi orel Aquila heliaca (2, 2) V poro~ilu KRED iz leta 1996 je oznaka (3, 3), vendar je bil en podatek {tet dvakrat. 1996: Cerkni{ko jezero, 24.-25.3., 1 os. (3, 3), B. Rubini~. Kragulji orel Hieraaetus fasciatus (0, 0) 1997: Predjamski grad, 16.6., 1 os. (1, 1) -nova vrsta za Slovenijo (Scott, 1997). 1999: Vipava, 15.7., 1 os. (2, 2), T. Miheli~. Mali orel Hieraaetus pennatus (5, 6) Malega orla v poro~ilu KRED iz leta 1996 ni. 1999: Podsreda, 29.5., 1 os. (6, 7) (Miheli~ 2000). 1994: Cerkni{ko jezero, 9.9., 1 os. (1, 1) -nova vrsta za Slovenijo, B. Rubini~. Sokol plenilec Falco cherrug (4, 4) 2000: Ljubljansko barje, 5.11., 1. os. (5, 5), D. Denac, K. Denac 2000: Ljubljansko barje, 8.12., 1 os. (6, 6), D. Denac, K. Denac Rjava komatna tekica Glareola pratincola (8, 14) 1997: Ljubljansko barje, 7.5., 1 os. (9, 15) (Senega~nik 1997). Dular Charadrius morinellus (2, 12) 1998: Se~oveljske soline, 10.8., 1 os. (3, 13), B. Rubini~. 2000: Beltinci, 18.11., 1 os. (4, 14) (Bakan, v tisku) Sibirska prosenka Pluvialis fulva (0, 0) 2000: [kocjanski zatok, 26.8., 1 os. (1, 1) (Rubini~, v pripravi). Veliki prodnik Calidris canutus (9, 14) 1997: Se~oveljske soline, 14.9., 2 os. (10, 16) (Senega~nik 1997). Od tega poro~ila dalje KRED velikega prodnika ne obravnava ve~. Prekomorski prodnik Calidris melanotos (0, 0) 1999: Ormo{ki bazeni za odpadne vode, 25.9.-2.10., 1 os. (1, 1) - nova vrsta za Slovenijo ([tumberger 2000). Ploskokljunec Limicola falcinellus (3, 3) 1989: Ormo{ki bazeni, 12.5., 2 os. (4, 5) ([tumberger 1999). 1998: Ormo{ki bazeni, 18.5., 2 os. (5, 7) ([tumberger 1999); Ormo{ke lagune, 23.8.-3.9., 1 os. (6, 9), L. Bo`i~, B. [tumberger ([tumberger 1999). 1999: Ormo{ki bazeni, 26.-28.8., 1 os. (7, 10), L. Bo`i~, B. [tumberger ([tumberger 1999); Ormo{ki bazeni, 31.8.-5.9., 2 os. (8, 12) ([tumberger 1999) Ozkokljuni liskono`ec Phalaropus lobatus (6, 17) Oznaka (4, 15) v poro~ilu KRED je iz leta 1996, pri ~emer po pomoti nista bili upo{tevani dve opazovanji. ni sokol Falco biarmicus (0, 0) 1993: Se~oveljske soline, 16.-17.10., 1 os. (7, 18), Acrocephalus 22 (106-IO7): IO9 - 113, 200I L. Bo`i~, B. Rubini~, J. Smole. 1995: Ormo{ki bazeni, 1.9., 1 os. (8, 19) (Bo`i~ 1996). 1996: Ormo{ki bazeni, 26.8., 1 os. (9, 20) (Bo`i~ 1996) 1999: Ormo{ki bazeni, 22.7.-8.8., 1 os. (10, 21) (Bo`i~, v pripravi). Od tega zapisa dalje KRED ozkokljunega liskono`ca ne obravnava ve~. Lopatasta govna~ka Stercorarius pomarinus (2, 3) Oznaka (3, 4), podana v poro~ilu KRED iz leta 1996, ob izidu ni bila ve~ veljavna, saj je prvo opazovanje staro `e prek 60 let. 1999: Ljubljana, 28.9., 1 os. (3, 4) (Rubini~ & Vrezec 1999). Veliki galeb Larus marinus (3, 3) 1997: Ptujsko jezero, 11.1., 1 os. (4, 4), D. Denac. Ribji galeb Larus ichthyaetus (2, 3) Pravilna oznaka (2, 3) je za leto 1996, saj je v zimi leta 1996 {lo za razli~na opazovanja istih dveh osebkov. 1998: Ptujsko jezero, 6.-8.2., 1 os. (3, 4) ([tumberger 2000); Ormo{ki bazeni, 16.6., 1 os. (4, 5) ([tumberger 2000). ^rnonoga ~igra Gelochelidon nilotica (6, 7) 1997: Ptujsko jezero, 17.5., 1 os. (7, 8) (Bo`i~, v pripravi). Mo~virska uharica Asio flammeus (4, 5) 1997: Ljubljansko barje, 18.3., 1 os.-kadaver (5, 6) (Tome & Vrezec 1997). 2000: Ljubljansko barje, 27.11., 1 os. (6, 7), T. Miheli~. Sirijski detel Dendrocopos syriacus (9, 9) 1997: Tr~ova, 11.1.-1.2., 3 os. (10, 12) (Bo`i~ 1997). Od tega zapisa dalje KRED sirijskega detla ne obravnava ve~. Belohrbti detel Dendrocopos leucotos (7, 7) Zgornja oznaka je pravilna, pri ~emer je bilo v poro~ilu KRED iz leta 1996 eno opazovanje {teto dvakrat, en podatek (Mlakar 1996) pa je bil izpu{~en. V poro~ilu KRED iz leta 1996 vrste ni. 1998: Veliko Kozje, 8.8., 1 os. (8, 8), D. Klenov{ek 1998: ^elovnik, 31.10., 1 os. (9, 9), D. Klenov{ek Vrsta gnezdi na Gorjancih in na ko~evskem obmo~ju, zato zapisi s teh obmo~ij niso obravnavani. Kratkoprsti {krjan~ek Calandrella brachydactyla (3, 31) 1994: Ljubljansko barje, 2.4., 1 os. (4, 32) (Trontelj, v pripravi) 2000: Koper, 26.4., 3 os. (5, 35) (Trontelj, v pripravi) Rde~a lastovka Hirundo daurica (5, 5) Vrsta je bila zaradi naklju~nega gnezdenja leta 1991 izlo~ena iz vseh poro~il KRED po tem letu. 1991: Dragonja, staro gnezdo (6, 5) ([ere 1992). 1993: Vrhnika, 1 os. (7, 6) (Lapanja 1996). 1995: Ptujsko jezero, 1 os. (8, 7) ([tumberger 2000). 1998: So~erga, 1 os. (9, 8) (Geister 1998); ^rni kal, 2 os. (10, 10) (Jan~ar 1999). Od tega poro~ila dalje KRED rde~e lastovke ne obravnava ve~. Plav{~ica Tarsiger cyanurus (0, 0) 2000: Hum, 23.11., 1 os. ujet (1, 1) - nova vrsta za Slovenijo, J. Mikuleti~, D. [ere. Sredozemski kup~ar Oenanthe hispanica (7, 8) 2000: Zapotok, 30.4., 1 os. (8, 9) (Jan~ar, v tisku) Bledi vrtnik Hippolais pallida (2, 2) Doslej je bila vrsta po pomoti izpu{~ena iz evidence redkih vrst. 1995, 1997, 1998: Miljski hrib pri Ankaranu, ve~ opazovanj in verjetna gnezditev na treh lokalitetah (Gjerke{ 1998). Vrsta gnezdi pri Ankaranu, zato opazovanj iz okolice tega obmo~ja ne obravnavamo ve~. Mali vrtnik Hippolais caligata (0, 0) 1999: Vrhnika, 16.9., 1 os. ujet (1, 1) - nova vrsta za Slovenijo, M. Gobec, D. [ere, R. Tekav~i~. Kralji~ica Phylloscopus proregulus (0, 0) 1999: Vnanje Gorice, 15.10., 1 os. ujet (1, 1) -nova vrsta za Slovenijo, R. Tekav~i~. Ro`nati {korec Sturnus roseus (6, 48) 1996: Vrhnika, 1.-2.6., 1 os. (7, 49) (Gro{elj 1999). Travni{ki vrabec Passer hispaniolensis (1, 1) 111 Kratki ~lanki / Short Articles 1997: Orehova vas, 29.9., 1 os. (2, 2) (Vogrin 1997). 1999: Bizeljsko, 29.5.-28.6., 1 os. (3, 3) (Vrezec & [tumberger 2000); Apa~e, 4.7., 1 os. (4, 4) (Vrezec & [tumberger 2000). Mali strnad Emberiza pusilla (7, 7) V poro~ilu KRED je oznaka (6, 6) iz leta 1996, vendar je bil en podatek spregledan (Gro{elj 1998). 1997: Vrhnika, 26.9., 1 os. (8, 8) (Bra~ko 1999). 1999: Godovi~, 22.3., 1 os. (9, 9) (Gro{elj 1999). 2. Zavrnjena poro~ila iz tega obdobja 2.1. Neobjavljena poro~ila Temna mlakarica Anas rubripes (2.-6.8.1998, Ormo{ki bazeni; 19.-23.8. 1999, Ptujsko jezero), veliki galeb Larus marinus (21.12.1996, Strunjan; 12.1.1997, Se~oveljske soline), mali orel Hieraaetus pennatus (5.10.2000, Sredi{~e ob Dravi), stepski lunj Circus macrourus (18.4.1991, Ljubljansko barje; 18.3.2000, Cerkni{ko jezero). 2.2. Objavljena poro~ila ^rnonoga ~igra Gelochelidon nilotica (Geister 1997), bodi~asta govna~ka Stercorarius parasiticus (Polak 1999), ~oketa Gallinago media (Fekonja 1999), mali orel Hieraaetus pennatus (Gro{elj 1999), ro`nati {korec Sturnus roseus (Prelov{ek 1999), mali orel Hieraaetus pennatus (Figelj 2000). Povzetek Poro~ilo Nacionalne komisije za redkosti zajema vsa znana opazovanja redkih vrst ptic (za katere je bilo do aktualnega opazovanja znanih manj kot deset podatkov) v obdobju med 1.1.1997 in 31.12. 2000. V tem ~asu je bilo ugotovljenih osem novih vrst za Slovenijo, celoten seznam pa vsebuje 71 novih podatkov o pojavljanju redkih vrst ptic. Starej{i podatki so bili upo{tevani le v primeru, ~e jih {e ni obravnavala Komisija za redkosti v prej{nji sestavi oziroma predhodno niso bili znani. Na~in podajanja podatkov in osnovnih informacij v zvezi z vsakim opazovanjem je tak{en, kot ga priporo~a Zdru`enje evropskih komisij za redkosti (AERC). Podana so tudi navodila, katere vrste s Seznama doslej ugotovljenih ptic Slovenije s pregledom redkih vrst obravnava Nacionalna komisija za redkosti. Objavljen je tudi seznam vseh zavrnjenih poro~il iz tega obdobja (13). Summary 112 The National Rarities Committee report comprises all known observations of rare species (for which less than 10 records until the current observation had been st known) during the period from January 1 1997 and st December 31 2000. Eight new bird species for Slovenia were recorded in this period, while the entire list includes 71 new data on the occurrence of rare species. Older data were taken into account only if they had not been dealt with by the previous National Rarities Committee or had not been previously known. The manner regarding the presentation of the data and various pieces of information on each observation is such as recommended by the Association of European Rarities Committees. The report also includes the instructions as to which species from the List of the so far established birds of Slovenia with a survey of rare species are dealt with by the National Rarities Committee, as well as a list of all rejected records made in this period (12). Literatura Bakan, B. (v tisku): Dular Charadrius morinellus. Acro-cephalus. Bo`i~, L. (1996): Ozkokljuni liskono`ec Phalaropus lobatus. Acrocephalus 17 (78-79): 164-165. Bo`i~, L. (1997): Sirijski detel Dendrocopos syriacus. Acrocephalus 18 (80-81): 44-45. Bo`i~, L. (1998): Plevica Plegadis falcinellus. Acrocephalus 19 (89): 114-116. Bo`i~, L. (2001): Seznam ugotovljenih ptic Slovenije s pregledom redkih vrst. Acrocephalus 22 (106-107). Bra~ko, F. (1998): Nevestica Aix sponsa. Acrocephalus 19 (89): 116-117. Bra~ko, F. (1999): Mali strnad Emberiza pusilla. Acro-cephalus 20 (97): 203-204. Bra~ko, F. (1998): Nevestica Aix sponsa. Acrocephalus 19 (89): 116-117. Bra~ko, F. (1999): Mali strnad Emberiza pusilla. Acro-cephalus 20 (97): 203-204. Denac, D. (1998): Komatna tekica Glareola pratincola. Acrocephalus 19 (86): 22-23. Denac, D. (1998): Veliki klinka~ Aquila clanga. Acro-cephalus 19 (89): 117-118. Fekonja, D. (1999): ^oketa Gallinago media. Acrocephalus 20 (92): 32. Figelj, J. (2000): Mali orel Hieraaetus pennatus. Acro-cephalus 21 (100): 165. Geister, I. (1997): ^rnonoga ~igra Gelochelidon nilotica. Acrocephalus 18 (83): 116. Geister, I. (1998): Rde~a lastovka Hirundo daurica. Acro-cephalus 19 (89): 119-120. Gjerke{, M. (1998): Bledi vrtnik Hippolais pallida v Istri. Annales 13: 91-94. Gro{elj, P. (1989): Ra~ka nevestica Aix sponsa. Acro-cephalus 10 (41-42): 59-60. Gro{elj, P. (1998): Mali strnad Emberiza pusilla. V: Ornitolo{ka kronika 1994, 1995. Acrocephalus 19 (87- Acrocephalus 22 (106-IO7): IO9 - 113, 200I 88): 80. Gro{elj, P. (1999): Mali orel Hieraaetus pennatus. Acro-cephalus 20 (93): 57. Gro{elj, P. (1999): Ro`nati {korec Sturnus roseus. Acro-cephalus 20 (93): 64. Gro{elj, P. (1999): Mali strnad Emberiza pusilla. Acro-cephalus 20 (92): 65. Jan~ar, T. (1999): Rde~a lastovka Hirundo daurica. Acro-cephalus 20 (92): 32-33. Jan~ar, T. (v tisku): Sredozemski kup~ar Oenanthe hispanica. Acrocephalus. Kebe, L. (1999): Plevica Plegadis falcinellus. Acrocephalus 20 (92): 31. Lapanja, B. (1996): Rde~a lastovka Hirundo daurica. V: Ornitolo{ka kronika za leto 1993. Acrocephalus 17 (75-76): 99. Miheli~, T. (2000): Mali orel Hieraaetus pennatus. Acro-cephalus 21 (100): 165. Mlakar, G. (1996): Belohrbti detel Dendrocopos leucotos. Acrocephalus 17 (75-76): 85-86. Polak, S. (1999): Bodi~asta govna~ka Stercorarius para-siticus. Acrocephalus 20 (92): 32. Prelov{ek, O. (1999): Ro`nati {korec Sturnus roseus. Acro-cephalus 20 (97): 203. Premzl, M. & A. Toma`i~ (1999): Nevestica Aix sponsa. Acrocephalus 20 (97): 194-195. Rijavec, M. (1994): Mandarinka Aix galericulata. Acro-cephalus 15 (64): 98. Rubini~, B. & A. Vrezec (1999): Pojavljanje lopataste govna~ke Stercorarius pomarinus v Sloveniji. Acro-cephalus 20 (97): 189-191. Scott, R.E. (1997): Opazovanje kraguljega orla Hieraaetus fasciatus junija 1997 pri Predjamskem gradu. Acro-cephalus 18 (83): 98-99. Senega~nik, K. (1997): Navadna komatna tekica Glareola pratincola. Acrocephalus 18 (83): 115. Senega~nik, K. (1997): Veliki prodnik Calidris canutus. Acrocephalus 18 (85): 186. [ere, D. (1992): Rde~kasta lastovka Hirundo daurica. Acro-cephalus 13 (51): 54-55. [tumberger, B. (1997): Rezultati {tetja vodnih ptic v januarju 1997 v Sloveniji. Acrocephalus 18 (80-81): 29-39. [tumberger, B. (1998): Rezultati {tetja vodnih ptic v januarju 1998 v Sloveniji. Acrocephalus 19 (87-88): 36-48. [tumberger, B. (1999): Ploskokljunec Limicola falcinellus. Acrocephalus 20 (97): 198-199. [tumberger, B. (2000): Prvo opazovanje prekomorskega prodnika Calidris melanotos v Sloveniji. Acrocephalus 21 (102-103): 269-270. [tumberger, B. (2000): Ribji galeb Larus ichthyaetus. Acro-cephalus 21 (102-103): 279-280. [tumberger, B. (2000): Rde~a lastovka Hirundo daurica. Acrocephalus 21 (102-103): 282. Tome, D. & A. Vrezec (1997): Mo~virska uharica Asio flammeus najdena na Ljubljanskem barju. Acrocephalus 18 (84): 143-147. Trebu{ak, M., B. Rubini~ & A. Vrezec (1999): Veliki klinka~ Aquila clanga na Ljubljanskem barju. Acro-cephalus 20 (97): 191-193. Vogrin, M. (1995): Ornitolo{ke raziskave. V: Mladinski raziskovalni tabor [martno 94. ZOTKS, Gibanje znanost mladini, Ljubljana. Vogrin, M. (1997): Spanish Sparrows Passer hispaniolensis. Birding World 10 (12). Vrezec, A. (1999): Mali klinka~ Aquila pomarina. Acro-cephalus 20 (93): 56. Vrezec, A. & B. [tumberger (2000): Prvi teritorialni travni{ki vrabci Passer hispaniolensis v Sloveniji. Acrocephalus 21 (100): 161-163. Prispelo / Arrived: 20.8.2001 Sprejeto / Accepted: 11.11.2001 II3 Acrocephalus 22 (106-IO7): IIJ - HO, 200I Seznam ugotovljenih ptic slovenije s pregledom redkih vrst A list of birds confirmed in Slovenia with an overview of rare species Luka Bo`i~ Pintarjeva 16, SI-2106 Maribor, Slovenija, e-mail: luka.bozic@siol.net Prvi Seznam doslej ugotovljenih ptic Slovenije s pregledom redkih vrst, ki je bil objavljen pred dvanajstimi leti (Komisija za redkosti 1989), navaja 353 vrst ptic, opa`enih v Sloveniji. Novi seznam vsebuje 387 vrst ptic. Med dodanimi vrstami jih je bilo 25 v tem obdobju prvi~ ugotovljenih na obmo~ju Slovenije: grivasta gos Branta bernicla (Kmecl & Ri`ner 1995), ~ipkasta raca Callonetta lucophrys (Geister 1996, Kozinc 1998), beloli~na trdorepka Oxyura jamaicensis, brkati ser Gypaetus barbatus (Genero 1995), kragulji orel Hieraaetus fasciatus (Scott 1997), ju`ni sokol Falco biarmicus, sibirska prosenka Pluvialis fulva, prekomorski prodnik Calidris melanotos ([tumberger 2000), mali rumenonogi martinec Tringa flavipes (Denac 1996), dolgorepa govna~ka Stercorarius longicaudus (Denac & Koro{ec 2000), ribji galeb Larus ichthyaetus (Bo`i~ 1997, [tumberger 2000), zalivski galeb Larus genei (Vogrin 1990, Jan~ar & Kmecl 1992), bengalska ~igra Sterna bengalensis (Denac 1995), ~rna njorka Cepphus grylle (Bo`i~ & [tumberger 1994), ~opasta kukavica Clamator glandarius (Bo`i~ 1993), bradata sova Strix nebulosa (Sovinc 1997, Mikuleti~ 2000), bledi hudournik Apus pallidus (Sovinc 1997), uhati {krjanec Eremophila alpestris (Trilar 1999), plav{~ica Tarsiger cyanurus, plevelna trstnica Acrocephalus agricola ([ere 1998), robidna trstnica Acrocephalus dumetorum ([ere 1991, Bra~ko 1997), mali vrtnik Hippolais caligata, kralji~ica Phylloscopus proregulus, mu{ja listnica Phylloscopus inornatus ([ere 1991, [ere & Gro{elj 1997) in mu{katni galeb~ek Lonchura punctulata (Kmecl & Ri`ner 1996). [est novih vrst ptic je bilo dodanih na podlagi razli~nih pisnih virov, ki v ~asu nastajanja prvega seznama {e niso bili na voljo oziroma njegovim avtorjem niso bili poznani. Te vrste so strako{ Hydrobates pelagicus (Gregori 1992), kraljevi orel Aquila heliaca (Gregori 1992), virginijski kolin Colinus virginianus (Hagemeijer & Blair 1997), tur{ka kotorna Alectoris chukar (Geister 1995), sredozemski galeb Larus audouinii (Kralj 1997) in skalni brglez Sitta neumayer (Matvejev & Vasi} 1973). Nadaljnje {tiri vrste so bile na prvem seznamu izpu{~ene po pomoti (ledni galeb Larus hyperboreus, triprsti galeb Rissa tridactyla, skob~ja sova Surnia ulula in bledi vrtnik Hippolais pallida), rumenonogi galeb Larus cachinnans pa je bil medtem spoznan kot samostojna vrsta, lo~ena od srebrnega galeba Larus argentatus (npr. [kornik 1993). Dve vrsti (kratkonogi skobec Accipiter brevipes in rjasta kanja Buteo rufinus) sta bili s seznama ~rtani po reviziji v preteklosti objavljenih podatkov (Gro{elj 1980, Geister 1982, [kornik 1984) Uporabljene kategorije na desni strani se nekoliko razlikujejo od tistih v seznamu iz leta 1989. Pri pripravi novega smo sledili priporo~ilom AERC (Zdru`enje Evropskih komisij za redkosti), ki predlaga uporabo naslednjih kategorij: A – katera koli prosto`ive~a vrsta ptice, ki je bila na ozemlju dr`ave registrirana vsaj enkrat po 1.1.1950 / species which has been recorded in an apparently wild state at least once since 1.1.1950, B – katera koli prosto`ive~a vrsta ptice, ki je bila na ozemlju dr`ave ugotovljena le med letoma 1800 in 1949 / species which has been recorded in an apparently wild state only between 1800 and 1949, C – namerno spu{~ena vrsta oziroma ube`nica, ki ima v dr`avi gnezde~o populacijo; sem spadajo tudi vrste iz C kategorije drugih dr`av / released or escaped species which has established a self-supporting breeding population in the own country; also birds coming from a category C population of another country (with the species not breeding in the own country), D – vrsta, katere poreklo ni zanesljivo ugotovljeno / every species unless it is almost certainly a genuine vagrant (in which case it enters cat. A), or almost certainly an escape from captivity (Cat. E), E – ube`nica (negnezde~a vrsta, ki nedvomno izvira iz ujetni{tva) / escapes from captivity. Novi seznam prikazuje stanje do vklju~no 31.12.2000. Vsi upo{tevani podatki so bili potrjeni s strani Nacionalne komisije za redkosti (KRED). Vrstam, za katere je bilo do tega datuma zbranih manj kot 10 podatkov, je dodano tudi {tevilo opazovanj. Pri kategorijah A, C, D in E {tevilka pomeni vsa znana 115 Kratki ~lanki / Short Articles in potrjena opazovanja po 1.1.1950. V seznam so bile vklju~ene le vrste, ugotovljene na obmo~ju Slovenije po letu 1800. Neobjavljeni podatki, upo{tevani pri oblikovanju seznama, so v arhivu KRED. 1. Rde~egrli slapnik Gavia stellata A 2. Polarni slapnik Gavia arctica A 3. Ledni slapnik Gavia immer A 4. Rumenokljuni slapnik Gavia adamsii A2 5. Mali ponirek Tachybaptus ruficollis A 6. ^opasti ponirek Podiceps cristatus A 7. Rjavovrati ponirek Podiceps grisegena A 8. Zlatouhi ponirek Podiceps auritus A 9. ^rnovrati ponirek Podiceps nigricollis A 10. Ledni viharnik Fulmarus glacialis B1 11. Sredozemski viharnik Puffinus yelkouan A 12. Strako{ Hydrobates pelagicus B 13. Kormoran Phalacrocorax carbo A 14. Vranjek Phalacrocorax aristotelis A 15. Pritlikavi kormoran Phalacrocorax pygmaeus A 16. Ro`nati pelikan Pelecanus onocrotalus D1 17. Bobnarica Botaurus stellaris A 18. ^apljica Ixobrychus minutus A 19. Kvaka~ Nycticorax nycticorax A 20. ^opasta ~aplja Ardeolla ralloides A 21. Mala bela ~aplja Egretta garzetta A 22. Velika bela ~aplja Egretta alba A 23. Siva ~aplja Ardea cinerea A 24. Rjava ~aplja Ardea purpurea A 25. ^rna {torklja Ciconia nigra A 26. Bela {torklja Ciconia ciconia A 27. Plevica Plegadis falcinellus A 28. @li~arka Platalea leucorodia A 29. Plamenec Phoenicopterus ruber D2 30. Labod grbec Cygnus olor A 31. ^rni labod Cygnus atratus E 32. Mali labod Cygnus columbianus A1 33. Labod pevec Cygnus cygnus A7 34. Njivska gos Anser fabalis A 35. Kratkokljuna gos Anser brachyrhynchus A2 36. Belo~ela gos Anser albifrons A 37. Siva gos Anser anser A 38. Kanadska gos Branta canadensis C3 39. Beloli~na gos Branta leucopsis D1 40. Grivasta gos Branta bernicla D1 41. Rjasta kozarka Tadorna ferruginea D3 42. Duplinska kozarka Tadorna tadorna A 43. ^ipkasta raca Callonetta lucophrys E2 44. Nevestica Aix sponsa C5 45. Mandarinka Aix galericulata C6 46. @vi`gavka Anas penelope A 47. Konopnica Anas strepera A 48. Kreheljc Anas crecca A 49. Mlakarica Anas platyrhynchos A 50. Dolgorepa raca Anas acuta A 51. Reglja Anas querquedula A 52. Raca `li~arica Anas clypeata A 53. Tatarska `vi`gavka Netta rufina A 54. Sivka Aythya ferina A 55. Kostanjevka Aythya nyroca A 56. ^opasta ~rnica Aythya fuligula A 57. Rjavka Aythya marila A 58. Gaga Somateria mollissima A 59. Zimska raca Clangula hyemalis A 60. ^rna raca Melanitta nigra A 61. Beloliska Melanitta fusca A 62. Zvonec Bucephala clangula A 63. Mali `agar Mergellus albellus A 64. Srednji `agar Mergus serrator A 65. Veliki `agar Mergus merganser A 66. Beloli~na trdorepka Oxyura jamaicensis C1 67. Sr{enar Pernis apivorus A 68. ^rni {karnik Milvus migrans A 69. Rjavi {karnik Milvus milvus A 70. Belorepec Haliaeetus albicilla A 71. Brkati ser Gypaetus barbatus C1 72. Egiptovski jastreb Neophron percnopterus B2 73. Beloglavi jastreb Gyps fulvus A 74. Rjavi jastreb Aegypius monachus B1 75. Ka~ar Circaetus gallicus A 76. Rjavi lunj Circus aeruginosus A 77. Pepelasti lunj Circus cyaneus A 78. Stepski lunj Circus macrourus B8 79. Mo~virski lunj Circus pygargus A 80. Kragulj Accipiter gentilis A 81. Skobec Accipiter nisus A 82. Kanja Buteo buteo A 83. Koconoga kanja Buteo lagopus A 84. Mali klinka~ Aquila pomarina A4 85. Veliki klinka~ Aquila clanga A 86. Kraljevi orel Aquila heliaca A3 87. Planinski orel Aquila chrysaetos A 88. Mali orel Hieraaetus pennatus A6 89. Kragulji orel Hieraaetus fasciatus A2 90. Ribji orel Pandion haliaetus A 91. Ju`na postovka Falco naumanni A 92. Postovka Falco tinnunculus A 93. Rde~enoga postovka Falco vespertinus A 94. Mali sokol Falco columbarius A 95. [krjan~ar Falco subbuteo A 96. Sredozemski sokol Falco eleonorae A2 97. Ju`ni sokol Falco biarmicus A1 98. Sokol plenilec Falco cherrug A6 99. Sokol selec Falco peregrinus A 100. Gozdni jereb Bonasa bonasia A ii6 Acrocephalus 22 (106-IO7): IIJ - HO, 200I 101. 102. IO3. IO4. IO5. 106. IO7. IO8. IO9. no. in. 112. 113. 114. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. 144. 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 152. 153. Belka Lagopus mutus A Ru{evec Tetrao tetrix A Divji petelin Tetrao urogallus A Virginijski kolin Colinus virginianus C Tur{ka kotorna Alectoris chukar C Kotorna Alectoris graeca A [panska kotorna Alectoris rufa C Jerebica Perdix perdix A Prepelica Coturnix coturnix A Fazan Phasianus colchicus C Moko` Rallus aquaticus A Grahasta tukalica Porzana porzana A Mala tukalica Porzana parva A Pritlikava tukalica Porzana pusilla A1 Kosec Crex crex A Zelenonoga tukalica Gallinula chloropus A Liska Fulica atra A @erjav Grus grus A Mala droplja Tetrax tetrax B4 Ovratni~arska droplja Chlamydotis undulata A1 Velika droplja Otis tarda A2 [koljkarica Haematopus ostralegus A Polojnik Himantopus himantopus A Sabljarka Recurvirostra avosetta A Prlivka Burhinus oedicnemus A3 Pu{~avski tekalec Cursorius cursor A1 Rjava komatna tekica Glareola pratincola A9 Mali de`evnik Charadrius dubius A Komatni de`evnik Charadrius hiaticula A Belo~eli de`evnik Charadrius alexandrinus A Dular Charadrius morinellus Sibirska prosenka Pluvialis fulva Zlata prosenka Pluvialis apricaria ^rna prosenka Pluvialis squatarola Stepska priba Vanellus gregarius Priba Vanellus vanellus Veliki prodnik Calidris canutus Pe{~enec Calidris alba Mali prodnik Calidris minuta A4 A1 A A A2 A A A A Temminckov prodnik Calidris temminckii A Prekomorski prodnik Calidris melanotos A1 Srpokljuni prodnik Calidris ferruginea A Spremenljivi prodnik Calidris alpina A Ploskokljunec Limicola falcinellus A8 Togotnik Philomachus pugnax A Pukle` Lymnocryptes minimus A Kozica Gallinago gallinago A ^oketa Gallinago media A9 Sloka Scolopax rusticola A ^rnorepi kljuna~ Limosa limosa A Progastorepi kljuna~ Limosa lapponica A Mali {kurh Numenius phaeopus A Tenkokljuni {kurh Numenius tenuirostris B1 Veliki {kurh Numenius arquata A ^rni martinec Tringa erythropus A Rde~enogi martinec Tringa totanus A Jezerski martinec Tringa stagnatilis A Zelenonogi martinec Tringa nebularia A Mali rumenonogi martinec Tringa flavipes A1 Pikasti martinec Tringa ochropus A Mo~virski martinec Tringa glareola A Mali martinec Actitis hypoleucos A Kamenjar Arenaria interpres A Ozkokljuni liskono`ec Phalaropus lobatus A Ploskokljuni liskono`ec Phalaropus fulicarius A1 Lopatasta govna~ka Stercorarius pomarinus A3 Bodi~asta govna~ka Stercorarius parasiticus A2 Dolgorepa govna~ka Stercorarius longicaudus A1 Velika govna~ka Catharacta skua Ribji galeb Larus ichthyaetus ^rnoglavi galeb Larus melanocephalus Mali galeb Larus minutus Re~ni galeb Larus ridibundus Zalivski galeb Larus genei Sredozemski galeb Larus audouinii Sivi galeb Larus canus Rjavi galeb Larus fuscus Srebrni galeb Larus argentatus Rumenonogi galeb Larus cachinnans Ledni galeb Larus hyperboreus Veliki galeb Larus marinus Triprsti galeb Rissa tridactyla 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. 185. 186. 187. 188. 189. 190. ^rna ~igra Chlidonias niger 191. Beloperuta ~igra Chlidonias leucopterus 192. Njorka Alca torda 193. ^rna njorka Cepphus grylle 194. Mormon Fratercula arctica 195. Kirgi{ka sad`a Syrrhaptes paradoxus 196. Skalni golob Columba livia 197. Duplar Columba oenas 198. Grivar Columba palumbus 199. Tur{ka grlica Streptopelia decaocto 200. Divja grlica Streptopelia turtur 201. Aleksander Psittacula krameri 202. ^opasta kukavica Clamator glandarius 203. Kukavica Cuculus canorus 204. Pegasta sova Tyto alba 205. Veliki skovik Otus scops ^rnonoga ~igra Gelochelidon nilotica Kaspijska ~igra Sterna caspia Bengalska ~igra Sterna bengalensis Kri~ava ~igra Sterna sandvicensis Navadna ~igra Sterna hirundo Mala ~igra Sterna albifrons Beloli~na ~igra Chlidonias hybridus A1 A4 A A A A2 B1 A A A A B1 A4 A A7 A A1 A A A A A A B1 A1 A1 B3 A A A A A C A1 A A A 117 Kratki ~lanki / Short Articles 206. Velika uharica Bubo bubo A 207. Sne`na sova Nyctea scandiaca B2 208. Skob~ja sova Surnia ulula B1 209. Mali skovik Glaucidium passerinum A 210. ^uk Athene noctua A 211. Lesna sova Strix aluco A 212. Koza~a Strix uralensis A 213. Bradata sova Strix nebulosa D1 214. Mala uharica Asio otus A 215. Mo~virska uharica Asio flammeus A6 216. Koconogi ~uk Aegolius funereus A 217. Podhujka Caprimulgus europaeus A 218. Planinski hudournik Tachymarptis melba A 219. Hudournik Apus apus A 220. Bledi hudournik Apus pallidus A1 221. Vodomec Alcedo atthis A 222. ^ebelar Merops apiaster A 223. Zlatovranka Coracias garrulus A 224. Smrdokavra Upupa epops A 225. Vijeglavka Jynx torquilla A 226. Pivka Picus canus A 227. Zelena `olna Picus viridis A 228. ^rna `olna Dryocopus martius A 229. Veliki detel Dendrocopos major A 230. Sirijski detel Dendrocopos syriacus A 231. Srednji detel Dendrocopos medius A 232. Belohrbti detel Dendrocopos leucotos A9 233. Mali detel Dendrocopos minor A 234. Triprsti detel Picoides tridactylus A 235. La{ki {krjanec Melanocorypha calandra A1 236. Kratkopr. {krjan~ek Calandrella brachydactyla A5 237. ^opasti {krjanec Galerida cristata A 238. Hribski {krjanec Lullula arborea A 239. Poljski {krjanec Alauda arvensis A 240. Uhati {krjanec Eremophila alpestris A1 241. Breguljka Riparia riparia A 242. Skalna lastovka Hirundo rupestris A 243. Kme~ka lastovka Hirundo rustica A 244. Rde~a lastovka Hirundo daurica A 245. Mestna lastovka Delichon urbica A 246. Rjava cipa Anthus campestris A 247. Drevesna cipa Anthus trivialis A 248. Travni{ka cipa Anthus pratensis A 249. Rde~egrla cipa Anthus cervinus A 250. Vriskarica Anthus spinoletta A 251. Rumena pastirica Motacilla flava A 252. Citronasta pastirica Motacilla citreola A1 253. Siva pastirica Motacilla cinerea A 254. Bela pastirica Motacilla alba A 255. Pegam Bombycilla garrulus A 256. Povodni kos Cinclus cinclus A 257. Str`ek Troglodytes troglodytes A 258. Siva pevka Prunella modularis A 259. Planinska pevka Prunella collaris A 260. Ta{~ica Erithacus rubecula A 261. Veliki slavec Luscinia luscinia A 262. Slavec Luscinia megarhynchos A 263. Modra ta{~ica Luscinia svecica A 264. Plav{~ica Tarsiger cyanurus D1 265. [marnica Phoenicurus ochruros A 266. Pogorel~ek Phoenicurus phoenicurus A 267. Repalj{~ica Saxicola rubetra A 268. Prosnik Saxicola torquata A 269. Kup~ar Oenanthe oenanthe A 270. Sredozemski kup~ar Oenanthe hispanica A8 271. Slegur Monticola saxatilis A 272. Pu{~avec Monticola solitarius A 273. Grahasti droznik Zoothera dauma A1 274. Komatar Turdus torquatus A 275. Kos Turdus merula A 276. Brinovka Turdus pilaris A 277. Cikovt Turdus philomelos A 278. Vinski drozg Turdus iliacus A 279. Carar Turdus viscivorus A 280. Svilnica Cettia cetti A 281. Br{kinka Cisticola juncidis A 282. Kobili~ar Locustella naevia A 283. Re~ni cvr~alec Locustella fluviatilis A 284. Trstni cvr~alec Locustella luscinioides A 285. Tamariskovka Acrocephalus melanopogon A 286. Povodna trstnica Acrocephalus paludicola A 287. Bi~ja trstnica Acrocephalus schoenobaenus A 288. Plevelna trstnica Acrocephalus agricola A5 289. Robidna trstnica Acrocephalus dumetorum A4 290. Mo~virska trstnica Acrocephalus palustris A 291. Srpi~na trstnica Acrocephalus scirpaceus A 292. Rakar Acrocephalus arundinaceus A 293. Bledi vrtnik Hippolais pallida A2 294. Mali vrtnik Hippolais caligata A1 295. Rumeni vrtnik Hippolais icterina A 296. Kratkoperuti vrtnik Hippolais polyglotta A 297. Ta{~i~na penica Sylvia cantillans A 298. @ametna penica Sylvia melanocephala A 299. Svetlooka penica Sylvia hortensis A2 300. Pisana penica Sylvia nisoria A 301. Mlinar~ek Sylvia curruca A 302. Rjava penica Sylvia communis A 303. Vrtna penica Sylvia borin A 304. ^rnoglavka Sylvia atricapilla A 305. Kralji~ica Phylloscopus proregulus A1 306. Mu{ja listnica Phylloscopus inornatus A5 307. Hribska listnica Phylloscopus bonelli A 308. Grmov{~ica Phylloscopus sibilatrix A 309. Vrbji kova~ek Phylloscopus collybita A 310. Severni kova~ek Phylloscopus trochilus A ii8 Acrocephalus 22 (106-IO7): IIJ - HO, 200I 311. Rumenoglavi kralji~ek Regulus regulus A 312. Rde~eglavi kralji~ek Regulus ignicapillus A 313. Sivi muhar Muscicapa striata A 314. Mali muhar Ficedula parva A 315. Belovrati muhar Ficedula albicollis A 316. ^rnoglavi muhar Ficedula hypoleuca A 317. Brkata sinica Panurus biarmicus A 318. Kitajski slav~ek Leiothrix lutea E2 319. Dolgorepka Aegithalos caudatus A 320. Mo~virska sinica Parus palustris A 321. @alobna sinica Parus lugubris A2 322. Gorska sinica Parus montanus A 323. ^opasta sinica Parus cristatus A 324. Meni{~ek Parus ater A 325. Plav~ek Parus caeruleus A 326. Velika sinica Parus major A 327. Brglez Sitta europaea A 328. Skalni brglez Sitta neumayer B 329. Skalni plezal~ek Tichodroma muraria A 330. Dolgoprsti plezal~ek Certhia familiaris A 331. Kratkoprsti plezal~ek Certhia brachydactyla A 332. Pla{ica Remiz pendulinus A 333. Kobilar Oriolus oriolus A 334. Rjavi srakoper Lanius collurio A 335. ^rno~eli srakoper Lanius minor A 336. Veliki srakoper Lanius excubitor A 337. Rjavoglavi srakoper Lanius senator A 338. [oja Garrulus glandarius A 339. Sraka Pica pica A 340. Krekovt Nucifraga caryocatactes A 341. Planinska kavka Pyrrhocorax graculus A 342. Planinska vrana Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax A1 343. Kavka Corvus monedula A 344. Poljska vrana Corvus frugilegus A 345. Vrana Corvus corone A 346. Krokar Corvus corax A 347. [korec Sturnus vulgaris A 348. Ro`nati {korec Sturnus roseus A7 349. Doma~i vrabec Passer domesticus A 350. Travni{ki vrabec Passer hispaniolensis A4 351. Poljski vrabec Passer montanus A 352. Zlati vrabec Passer luteus E1 353. Skalni vrabec Petronia petronia A1 354. Planinski vrabec Montifringilla nivalis A 355. Re~na astrilda Estrilda astrild E1 356. Mu{katni galeb~ek Lonchura punctulata E1 357. [~inkavec Fringilla coelebs A 358. Pino`a Fringilla montifringilla A 359. Gril~ek Serinus serinus A 360. Konopelj{~ica Serinus citrinella A 361. Zelenec Carduelis chloris A 362. Li{~ek Carduelis carduelis A 363. ^i`ek Carduelis spinus A 364. Repnik Carduelis cannabina A 365. Severni repnik Carduelis flavirostris A 366. Brezov~ek Carduelis flammea A 367. Beloperuti krivokljun Loxia leucoptera A2 368. Krivokljun Loxia curvirostra A 369. Veliki krivokljun Loxia pytyopsittacus B1 370. [krlatec Carpodacus erythrinus A 371. Smrekov kalin Pinicola enucleator B1 372. Kalin Pyrrhula pyrrhula A 373. Dlesk Coccothraustes coccothraustes A 374. Ostrogle` Calcarius lapponicus A5 375. Sne`ni strnad Plectrophenax nivalis A 376. Beloglavi strnad Emberiza leucocephalos A 377. Rumeni strnad Emberiza citrinella A 378. Plotni strnad Emberiza cirlus A 379. Skalni strnad Emberiza cia A 380. Vrtni strnad Emberiza hortulana A 381. Gozdni strnad Emberiza rustica A1 382. Mali strnad Emberiza pusilla A9 383. Kostanjevi strnad Emberiza rutila D1 384. Trstni strnad Emberiza schoeniclus A 385. ^rnoglavi strnad Emberiza melanocephala A 386. Veliki strnad Miliaria calandra A 387. Rde~eprsi kardinal Pheucticus ludovicianus E1 Povzetek Seznam doslej ugotovljenih ptic Slovenije s pregledom redkih vrst vsebuje 387 vrst ptic, zabele`enih na ozemlju Slovenije vsaj enkrat med letom 1800 in 31. 12. 2000. V primerjavi s prvim tak{nim seznamom, objavljenim leta 1989, je dodanih 25 v tem obdobju prvi~ ugotovljenih vrst. Druge vrste so bile dodane na podlagi starih pisnih virov (10) in taksonomskih sprememb (1). Dve vrsti sta bili po reviziji umaknjeni s seznama. Vse novej{e podatke, uporabljene pri pisanju seznama, je potrdila Nacionalna komisija za redkosti. Vrstam, za katere je bilo doslej zbranih manj kot deset podatkov o njihovem pojavljanju, je dodano {tevilo znanih opazovanj. Kategorizacija podatkov je povzeta po priporo~ilih Zdru`enja evropskih komisij za redkosti (AERC). Summary The list of the birds so far identified in Slovenia with a survey of rare species includes 387 bird species recorded in Slovene territory at least once between 1800 and st December 31 2000. In comparison with the first such register published in 1989, the current list includes additional 25 species recorded for the very first time in this period, while other species were added on the basis of some old written sources (10) and taxonomic II9 Kratki ~lanki / Short Articles changes (1). Two species were taken off the list after a thorough revision was made. All recent data used in the making of the list were confirmed by the National Rarities Committee. The species for which less than 10 records on their occurrence have been collected so far, the number of all known observations were added. The data classification was made according to the recommendations by the Association of European Rarities Committees. Literatura Bo`i~, L. (1993): Prvo opazovanje ~opaste kukavice Clamator glandarius v Sloveniji. Acrocephalus 14 (58-59): 81-82. Bo`i~, L. (1997): Pojavljanje ribjega galeba Larus ichthyaetus v Sloveniji. Acrocephalus 18 (80-81): 6-13. Bo`i~, L. & B. [tumberger (1994): Prvo opazovanje ~rne njorke Cepphus grylle v Sloveniji. Acrocephalus 15 (64): 69-72. Bra~ko, F. (1997): Robidne trstnice Acrocephalus dumetorum ujete na Vrhniki. Acrocephalus 18 (83): 103-106. Denac, D. (1995): Prvo opazovanje bengalske ~igre Sterna bengalensis v Sloveniji. Acrocephalus 16 (73): 170-171. Denac, D. (1996): Prvo opazovanje malega rumenonogega martinca Tringa flavipes v Sloveniji. Acrocephalus 17 (75-76): 59-60. Denac, D. & L. Koro{ec (2000): Prvo opazovanje dolgorepe govna~ke Stercorarius longicaudus v Sloveniji. Acrocephalus 21 (102-103): 265-267. Geister, I. (1982): Rjasta kanja Buteo rufinus opazovana v Sloveniji. Acrocephalus 3 (11-12): 20-21. Geister, I. (1995): Ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. DZS, Ljubljana. Geister, I. (1996): ^ipkasta raca Callonetta leucophrys. Acrocephalus 17 (75-76): 87-88. Genero, F. (1995): Opazovanje brkatega sera Gypaetus barbatus v Triglavskem narodnem parku. Acrocephalus 16 (73): 171-173. Gregori, J. (1992): Pti~i v “Favni” Henrika Freyerja – ob 150. Obletnici njenega izida. Acrocephalus 13 (54): 130-137. Gregori, J. (1992): Pti~i hrastovega pragozda in bli`nje okolice v Krakovskem gozdu. Acrocephalus 13 (52): 66-75. Gro{elj, P. (1980): Kratkoprsti skobec Accipitev brevipes prvi~ v Sloveniji. Acrocephalus 1 (2): 33. Hagemeijer, W.J.M. & M.J. Blair (1997): The EBCC Atlas of European Breeding Birds. T & AD Poyser, London. Jan~ar, T. & P. Kmecl (1992): Zalivski galeb Larus genei. Acrocephalus 13 (51): 52-53. Kmecl, P. & K. Ri`ner (1995): Opazovanje grivaste gosi Branta bernicla na Ledavskem jezeru. Acrocephalus 16 (71): 95-98. Kmecl, P. & K. Ri`ner (1996): Mu{katni galeb~ek Lonchura punctulata. Acrocephalus 17 (75-76): 86-87. Komisija za redkosti (1989): Seznam dosedaj ugotovljenih ptic Slovenije s pregledom redkih vrst. Acrocephalus 10 (41-42): 75-80. Kozinc, B. (1998): ^ipkasta raca Callonetta leucophrys. V: Ornitolo{ka kronika 1994, 1995. Acrocephalus 19 (87-120 88): 79 in 86. Kralj, J. (1997): Ornitofauna Hrvatske tijekom posljednjih dvjesto godina. Larus 46: 1-112. Matvejev, S.D & V.F. Vasi} (1973): Catalogus faunae Jugoslaviae, IV/3, Aves. Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti, Ljubljana. Mikuleti~, J. (2000): Prvo opazovanje bradate sove Strix nebulosa v Sloveniji. Acrocephalus 21 (98-99): 75-83 Scott, R.E. (1997): Opazovanje kraguljega orla Hieraaetus fasciatus junija 1997 pri Predjamskem gradu. Acrocephalus 18 (83): 98-99. Sovinc, A. (1997): Redke vrste ptic v Sloveniji v letu 1995. Poro~ilo komisije za redkosti. Acrocephalus 18 (84): 151-156. [ere, D. (1991): Robidna trstnica Acrocephalus dumetorum – nova vrsta ornitofavne Slovenije. Acrocephalus 12 (48): 70-75. [ere, D. (1991): Mu{ja listnica Phylloscopus collybita, ugotovljena tudi v Sloveniji. Acrocephalus 12 (49): 114-120. [ere, D. (1998): Plevelna trstnica Acrocephalus agricola ugotovljena tudi v Sloveniji. Acrocephalus 19 (87-88): 49-52. [ere, D. & P. Gro{elj (1997): Novi podatki o mu{ji listnici Phylloscopus inornatus v Sloveniji. Acrocephalus 18 (84): 148-150. [kornik, I. (1993): Problem taksonomije vrst Puffinus puffinus in Larus cachinnans je razre{en. Acrocephalus 14 (58-59): 129. [tumberger, B. (2000): Prvo opazovanje prekomorskega prodnika Calidris melanotos v Sloveniji. Acrocephalus 21 (102-103): 269-270. [tumberger, B. (2000): Ribji galeb Larus ichthyaetus. Acrocephalus 21 (102-103): 279-280. Trilar, T. (1999): Prvo opazovanje uhatega {krjanca Eremophila alpestris v Sloveniji. Acrocephalus 20 (92): 3-5. Vogrin, M. (1990): Galebi na polju. Acrocephalus 11 (46): 103-104. Prispelo / Arrived: 19.8.2001 Sprejeto / Accepted: 11.11.2001 Acrocephalus 22 (106-IO7): 121 - 132, 200I Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice From the ornithological notebook Slovenija / Slovenia Čopasta čaplja Ardeola ralloides Squacco Heron — preening its feathers on a tree along the Krka river and a busy thoroughfare in the urban part of Novo mesto on June 24 2001 (SE Slovenia) V Novem mestu ob reki Krki je drevo, na katero pogosto sedajo sive čaplje. Mojo pozornost je 24.6.2001 pritegnila caplja nenavadne barve. Kakšnih 20 minut si je čistila perje in pri tem njenem opravilu je bilo še posebej lepo videti njeno čopko. Niso je motile ne mlakarice Anas platyrhynchos ne ponirki, ki so se veselo podili v neposredni bližini. Vsekakor zanimivo dejstvo, da se za slovenske razmere tako redka ptica zadržuje v neposredni bližini mesta in prometne poti. Dijana Mohar, Preglov trg 5, 1120 Ljubljana Črna štorklja Ciconia nigra Black Stork — feeding in the upper course of the Ložnica river on August 23 2000 and on March 22 2001; probably a new breeding site (Celje basin, C Slovenia) Med poletnimi počitnicami leta 2000 sem z dvema prijateljema iskal in popisoval divja odlagališča v Žalski občini. Pri eni izmed hiš smo se zapletli v pogovor, med katerim smo izvedeli, da naj bi bila ob zgornjem toku reke Ložnice leta 1996 gnezdila črna štorklja. Takoj naslednjega dne, 23.8.2000, smo se odpravili iskat ostanke gnezda, ki naj bi bili visoko v hrastovi krošnji. Gnezda žal nismo našli, zato pa smo našli nekaj drugega. V plitvem delu Ložnice, ki teče blizu jame Pekel v Podlogu, se je dvajset metrov od nas hranila črna štorklja. Dne 22.3.2001 naslednjega leta sem na tem mestu ponovno opazoval črno štorkljo. Ta na tem območju morda tudi gnezdi. Primož Sedminek, Podlog 33a, 3311 Šempeter v Savinjski dolini Reglja Anas querquedula Garganey — female with five (5) chicks at Gajševsko jezero on June 16 2001; a new breeding site (NE Slovenia) Po marčevski selitvi regelj so se na Gajševskem jezeru ustalili trije osebki: dva (2) samca in ena (1) samica. @e 4.4.2001 smo bili pri~e prav ihtavemu mikastenju in preganjanju dveh samcev, potem je ostal en par. S~asoma, v mesecu maju, je bil viden samo {e samec. Dne 16.6. se je pokazala samica s petimi (5) kak teden dni starimi mladi~i. Dne 26.6. so bili le {e {tirje (4), 30.6. in 4.7. pa samo {e trije (3). Reglja v Ornitolo{kem atlasu [Geister, I. (1995): Ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. DZS, Ljubljana] za Gaj{evce ni omenjena niti kot mo`na gnezdilka. Ana Klemen~i~, Ormo{ka c. 45, 9240 Ljutomer Veliki `agar Mergus merganser Goosander – female with thirteen (13) chicks on th June 20 2001 at Zbiljsko jezero (Sava River, N Slovenia) Dne 20.6.2001 sem na Zbiljskem jezeru na Savi opazovala samico velikega `agarja z mladi~i. Ob sebi je imela trinajst (13) mladi~ev in jih ves ~as klicala. Nekaj ~asa je dva od njih celo preva`ala na hrbtu. Na istem mestu sem jo opazovala `e leta 1999. Gnezditveni uspeh gnezditvene populacije velikih `agarjev na bli`njem Trbojskem jezeru za obdobje 1993-95 je nihal v povre~ju med 5,2 in 6,7 mladi~i na gnezdo [Cigli~, H. & I. Geister (1995): Spolna sestava in gnez-ditvena uspe{nost velikega `agarja Mergus merganser na Trbojskem jezeru. Acrocephalus 16 (73): 181-186], Trontelj [1992: Prispevek k poznavanju avifavne Zbiljskega in Trbojskega jezera na reki Savi. Acrocephalus 13 (50): 2-16] pa navaja dva primera samic s po {estimi (6) mladi~i. Dijana Mohar, Preglov trg 5, 1120 Ljubljana Rjavi lunj Circus aeroginosus Marsh Harrier – migrating male between Vipava and th Podnanos on March 11 2001 (W Slovenia) Dne 11.3.2001 sem s star{i od{el na kraj{i ornitolo{ki izlet v “mlake” med Vipavo in Podnanosom. [e preden smo pri{li tja, sem nekaj metrov od ceste zagledal rjavo ujedo s sivimi vzorci na perutih. Po pribli`no polurni hoji sem od dale~ zagledal lunju podobno ujedo. Jasno je bilo videti, da ima ptica siva letalna peresa in siv rep, rjav hrbet ter ~rne obrobe na letalnih peresih. V drse~em letu je letela nad poljem, kjer so voja{ka streli{~a. Zaradi mo~nega pokanja se je ptica umaknila v gozd, kjer je nisem ve~ videl. Opazovano ptico sem dolo~il za samca rjavega lunja. 121 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook Toma` Berce, Pre{ernova 9, 5294 Dornberk Veliki klinka~ Aquila clanga Spotted Eagle – probably a 3rd-year individual along the Medvedce impounding reservoir near Pragersko th on December 16 2000; third observation of this species at the same locality in the last four years (NE Slovenia) Dne 16.12.2000 sva z Jakobom Smoletom opazovala velikega klinka~a nad zadr`evalnikom Medvedce vzhodno od Pragerskega. Pozornost mi je vzbudila njegova zna~ilna silhueta z dolgimi in zelo {irokimi perutmi ter kratkim repom. Na sicer prete`no zelo temni ptici sva s teleskopom opazila tanko svetlo ~rto, ki jo oblikujejo konci velikih krovnih in primarnih krovnih peres. Na podlagi tega sklepava, da sva opazovala nekaj let staro in spolno nezrelo ptico, najverjetneje tretjeletni osebek. Veliki klinka~ se namre~ pregoli v popolno odraslo perje {ele v ~etrtem letu starosti [Gensbol, B. (1992): Birds of Prey of Britain and Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. Harper Collins Publishers, London]. Opazovani veliki klinka~ je odletel proti kak{en kilometer oddaljenemu osamljenemu gozdu sredi intenzivno obdelovanih polj, kjer se je spustil proti tlom. Kljub temu da sva ga tam iskala `e ~ez kak{ne pol ure, ga nisva ve~ videla. Zanimivo je, da je to `e tretje opazovanje te zelo redke vrste na zadr`evalniku v razmeroma kratkem obdobju [Denac, D. (1998): Veliki klinka~ Aquila clanga. Acrocephalus 19 (89): 117-118]. Veliki klinka~ je morda celo reden zimski gost na tej lokaliteti, ki je v zimskem ~asu dele`na premalo pozornosti ornitologov. Luka Bo`i~, Pintarjeva 16, 2106 Maribor Mali orel Hieraeetus pennatus Booted Eagle – dark form individual at Golec near th th Branik on May 26 2001 and at Predmeja on16 June 2001 (Vipava valley, W Slovenia) Dne 26.5.2001 sem se namenil raziskati hrib Golec nad Branikom na Krasu, ki zbuja pozornost kot edini goli hrib dale~ naokoli. Avto sem pustil pri naselju Lukovec in `e ~ez kake pol ure sem se zna{el sredi ~udovite kra{ke goli~ave pri nas izjemno redkega in izginjajo~ega habitata. Kar nekako pri~akoval sem pojo~e vrste: repnike Carduelis cannabina, vrtnega strnada Emberiza hortulana, poljske {krjance Alauda arvensis, ob robu v grmovju pa rjave penice Sylvia communis. Te m {tirim vrstam bi lahko rekli kar veliki kvartet kra{kih goli~av. Golec pa je zanimiv {e zaradi ne~esa drugega. Na njem nenehno piha veter in gol je ravno zaradi divje burje, ki je tukaj menda najhuj{a na vsem Krasu. Veter pa pridno izkori{~ajo ujede, `e ob prihodu sem spla{il par planinskih orlov Aquila chrysaetos, opazoval pa sem {e postovko Falco tinnunculus. Ujeda, ki sem jo najprej vzel za nenavadno 122 obarvano kanjo, pa mi je dala nekoliko ve~ dela. Vztrajno se je zadr`evala okoli hriba in se mi jo je posre~ilo dvakrat zalesti in ogledati. Habitus je imela kot kak sr{enar, ~eprav je bila barva bolj kanjina in tudi pribli`no tak{ne velikosti, morda nekoliko ve~ja. Rep je imela bistveno dalj{i, prav nenavaden pa je bil let nizko nad tlemi z nekoliko skr~enimi perutmi. Opazil sem tudi beli U na trtici, nad sicer enakomerno rjavim repom. Jasno sem videl tudi bele ramenske lise. Spodnja stran je bila nekoliko progasta in precej temna. Po teh znakih sem sklepal, da sem opazoval temno obliko malega orla. V kratkem ~asu sem se s to vrsto sre~al {e drugi~, 16. 6. 2001 prav tako nad Vipavsko dolino, in sicer na poti med Otlico in Predmejo. Tokrat sem ga videl od spodaj, opis habitusa je enak kot prej, pozoren pa sem bil tudi na svetla “okna” v notranjih jasno vidnih primarnih peresih. Naj pripomnem {e, da je primernega habitata v okolici Vipavske doline za malega orla obilo - gozdnatega gri~evja s ~istinami. Primo` Kmecl, Riharjeva 28 1000 Ljubljana Rde~enoga postostovka Falco vespertinus th st Red-footed Falcon - male on April 20 and 21 th th 2001 at Logarovci, and female on May 9 and 10 2001 at Branoslavci near Ljutomer; new data for the species’ spring migration (NE Slovenia) Dne 20.4. in 21.4.2001 je na elektri~nih `icah v Logarovcih posedal en (1) samec rde~enoge postovke. Enkrat se je spustil na polje po neko veliko `u`elko in jo potem na `ici pohrustal. Samica, ki smo jo opazovali 9.5. in 10.5. v Branoslovcih, je bila bolj pla{na. ^eprav sta kraja opazovanja imensko razli~na, ju {tejem skupaj, saj spadata v lijak “Gaj{evske transverzale”, kjer je mogo~e opazovati selivce vseh vrst – od velikih orlov do malih repalj{~ic. Ana Klemen~i~, Ormo{ka c. 45, 9240 Ljutomer Grahasta tukalica Porzana porzana Spotted Crake - adult at Ormo` waste water basins on th May 11 2001; the nesting bird probably prompted by the crackling sound of the damaged car transmission gear to leave its shelter and to jump on the road, where it pretended injury, and then “led” the car a number of times away from its nest (NE Slovenia). Tukalice iz rodu Porzana veljajo za skrivnostnega ptice, ki ve~ino ~asa pre`ivijo skrite med gostim mo~virskim rastlinjem. Nam pa se je odrasla grahasta tukalica pokazala {e v drugi lu~i. Dne 11.5.2001 smo se z avtomobilom ustavili med drugim in tretjim bazenom za odpadne vode pri Ormo`u. Ko smo se hoteli vrniti, pa se je za~el “puntati” Acrocephalus 22 (106-IO7): 121 - 132, 200I avtomobilski menjalnik – in sledil je obvezni cirkus, ki k temu sodi. Najbr` je ravno to “sumljivo vedenje” avtomobila na o~itno pravem mestu spodbodlo tukalico, da se je odlo~ila za akcijo. Sko~ila je iz go{~ave ob levi strani poti, se nekaj ~asa spreletavala pred avtomobilom, nato pa obstala kakih 7 metrov pred njim. Seveda smo se ji pri~eli po~asi bli`ati, pri~akujo~, da bo vsak hip pobegnila. Ona pa se je – kot da nas ne bi bilo tam – brezbri`no sprehajala po makadamu. Kon~no smo bili `e tako blizu, da smo ugasili motor. Tedaj smo opazili, da tukalica {epa na levo nogo. Ptica pa ni ~akala in je bliskovito {vignila izpred avtomobila – pa ne v kritje, temve~ ponovno nekaj metrov naprej na cesto – in nas tam ~akala. Podoben scenarij se je ponovil {e nekajkrat, dokler ni pri zadnjem bli`njem sre~anju non{alantno smuknila desno in poniknila v gostem kritju. Ana Klemen~i~, Ormo{ka c. 45, 9240 Ljutomer Polojnik Himantopus himantopus Black-winged Stilt – one at Ptujsko jezero on May th 19 2001 (E Slovenia) V soboto 19. 5. 2001 sem se udele`il ekskurzije DOPPS v krajinski park [turmovci. Po zaklju~ku opazovanja tamkaj{njih ptic smo se odpravili {e k bli`njemu Ptujskemu jezeru, kjer smo poleg re~nega Larus ridibundus in rumenonogega galeba L. cahinnans, navadne Sterna hirundo in ~rne ~igre Chlidonias niger, zelenonoge tukalice Gallinula chloropus in liske Fulica atra ipd. opazili tudi polojnika Himantopus himantopus, ki je bredel po vodi ob JZ (asfaltni) obali jezera in se hranil. Ko se mu je eden od udele`encev ekskurzije preve~ pribli`al, se je dvignil v zrak in zletel proti enemu izmed bli`njih oto~kov, pristal na blatnem obre`ju in se mirno hranil naprej Du{an Sova, Ul. Marije Mlinar 5, 1117 Ljubljana-Dravlje Mali de`evnik Charadrius dubius Little Ringed Plover – two (2) pairs breeding at a dump of poisonous remains of bauxite on heaps of gravel near Kidri~evo in 2000 and 2001 (Dravsko polje, E Slovenia) @e drugo leto zapored, lani 1.6.2000 in letos 3.7.2001, sem na nekdanjem odlagali{~u rde~ega blata, imenovanem Halda, JZ od Kidri~evega pri naselju Strni{~e opazoval gnezdenje malih de`evnikov. Ve~ji del odlagali{~a je bil pred leti pogozden, vendar je ve~ina dreves klavrno propadla – mimogrede, Ku~anova lipa {e vedno stoji - tako da povr{ino sedaj pove~ini prekriva trava. Del odlagali{~a je {e vedno aktiven. Nanj vozijo blato iz ptujske ~istilne naprave, sem pa se zliva odpadna voda, ki ostane po obdelavi glinice, tako da je opazovanje na tem obmo~ju resni~no “smrdljivo opravilo”. Naokrog je nekaj kupov gramoza, ki pa so pove~ini razmetani. Prav zato je nadvse zanimivo, da se je mali de`evnik odlo~il za gnezditev v tako onesna`enem okolju. Lani sem na tem mestu opazil dva (2) para, prav tako letos. Lani se je gnezditev uspe{no kon~ala, letos pa je bil rezultat verjetno ni~en: nekaj dni po mojem opazovanju so ta predel zravnali s stroji, tako da so gnezdi verjetno uni~ili. Odtlej malih de`evnikov ni bilo ve~ opaziti. Tadej Trstenjak, Ul. Borisa Kraigherja 18, 2325 Kidri~evo Dular Charadrius morinellus Dotterel – individual in winter plumage in the fields th near Beltinci (Prekmurje region) on November18 2000; confirmed by the Slovenian Rarities Committee as the fourth successive observation (NE Slovenia) V drugi polovici novembra, natan~neje 18.11.2000, ko je bilo vreme {e milostno toplo, sem se sprehajal po standardni poti ob potoku Doblu v okolici Beltincev. Ko sem tako {el ob bregu potoka, je iz struge poletel pti~ kosove velikosti in se v zraku ogla{al s “pi-pi-piv”. Let je spominjal na kak{nega martinca ali prodnika. Ker sem v strugi Dobla pogosto videval posami~ne kozice, sem pomislil, da gre ponovno zanjo. A sem se zmotil. Na sre~o pobre`nik ni zletel dale~. Posku{al sem ga ujeti v daljnogled, a je pristal predale~, tako da sem videl le rjavo kepo. Po~asi sem se mu pri~el bli`ati, ped za pedjo, in vsakih nekaj korakov pogledal skozi daljnogled v upanju, da bi morda `e prepoznal kak{no zna~ilnost. [ele ko sem se mu pribli`al na nekaj 10 metrov (pti~ je ves ~as ostal na istem mestu in po~epal kot kup~ar), sem lahko jasno videl njegove poteze. Debela, svetla nado~esna proga in rahlo nakazan komat na rjavkastem trebuhu sta bila jasna znaka, da sem prepoznal pomembnost svojega opazovanja. Pred mano je bil dular v zimskem perju. Ker sem imel ob~utek, da sem se mu preve~ pribli`al, sem se po~asi za~el oddaljevati, da ga ne bi po nepotrebnem vznemirjal. No, dular sploh ni bil nemiren, pomikal se je po nekaj metrov naprej. [ele ~ez ~as, pri prebiranju ornitolo{ke literature in podatkov o opazovanjih te vrste v Sloveniji [Rubini~ (1993): Dular Eudromias morinellus na Cerkni{kem jezeru. Acrocephalus 14 (60): 152-153], sem ugotovil, za ka{no redkost gre. Nacionalna komisija za redkosti (KRED) je opazovanje potrdila kot ~etrto po vrsti doslej. Branko Bakan, Ravenska 3, 9231 Beltinci Togotnik Philomachos pugnax Ruff – 1100 indviduals in a meadow with a depression th inundated with water on March 18 2001 at Cerkni{ko jezero (C Slovenia) Hladni in vetrovni 18.3.2001 smo izkoristili za dru`inski 123 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook izlet na Cerkniško jezero. Sprva ptic nismo nameravali šteti, kmalu pa se je izkazalo, da je to prav smiselno. Iz Levišč smo opazovali jate rac, med katerimi je bilo čez 100 dolgorepih Anas acuta in 2 duplinski kozarki Tadorna tadorna. V smeri Žerovnice pa so bile jate stotih pobrežnikov. Tam je bilo, kot smo kasneje prešteli, 1100 togotnikov Philomacus pugnax, 16 črnorepih kljunačev Limosa limosa in 1 veliki škurh Numenius arquata. To je bila največja jata togotnikov, kar smo jo doslej opazovali v Sloveniji. Večina togotnikov je bila še v zimskem perju, nekateri samci pa že v svatovskem. Med opazovanjem so se prehranjevali na travniku s kotanjo, zalito z vodo. Damijan, Katarina in Mitja Denac, Gorkičeva 14, 1000 Ljubljana Črnoglavi galeb Larus melanocephalus Mediterranean Gull – 780 individuals (some 90% adults, 10% 1 year and a single 2 year) resting in a dense group at Strunjan salt-pans on August 26 2001 (SW Slovenia) — the largest number of individuals of this species at a single locality in Slovenia so far Dne 26.8.2001 sem med vožnjo mimo Strunjanskih solin postal pozoren na veliko število galebov, ki so počivali zgoščeno v dveh solinskih bazenih, in se ustavil. Štetje jate črnoglavih galebov, med katerimi so bili tudi posamezni rečni galebi Larus ridibundus, se je ustavilo šele pri številki 780. Jato je sestavljalo okoli 90% odraslih osebkov v zimskem perju, preostali pa so bili mladostni osebki, oziroma ptice v golitvi iz mladostnega v prvoletno zimsko perje. Med njimi sem zasledil le enega galeba v drugoletnem zimskem perju, čeprav je povsem mogoče, da sem kakega tudi spregledal. Pregled meni znane literature o pojavljanju te vrste pri nas je potrdil domnevo, da gre za največje število na enem mestu opazovanih črnoglavih galebov v Sloveniji doslej [Polak, S. ur. (2000): Mednarodno pomembna območja za ptice v Sloveniji. Monografija DOPPS št. 1, Ljubljana]. Če upoštevam še posamezne galebe, ki so se spreletavali v bližini, lahko rečem, da se je tega dne pri Strunjanu zadrževalo vsaj 800 osebkov te vrste. Čas opazovanja se ujema s številčnim maksimumom, kot ga navaja Rubinič [Rubinič, B. (1995): Črnoglavi galeb Larus melanocephalus in njegov status na slovenski obali. Annales 7: 81-86]. Tistega dne je bilo zanimivo opraviti še štetje črnoglavih galebov v Sečoveljskih solinah, poleg Strunjanskih solin najpomembnejši lokaliteti za to vrsto pri nas. Skupno število bi verjetno preseglo tudi maksimum, ugotovljen za celotno območje slovenske obale 900-tih ptic. Opisano opazovanje samo potrjuje pomen omenjene lokalitete in celotne slovenske obale za to vrsto. Črnoglavi galeb je namreč vrsta, na podlagi katere so lahko Strunjanske in Sečoveljske soline uvrščene med Posebna zaščitena območja (SPA), namenjena pticam, ogroženim na ravni Evropske skupnosti. 124 Luka Bo`i~, Pintarjeva 16, 2106 Maribor Lesna sova Strix aluco Tawny Owl – during the census carried out in spring 2001 on Mt. Bo~ (SE Slovenia) it was ascertained that owls of grey morph (4 owls) predominated over owls of rufous morph (1 owl) Leta 2001 sem popisoval lesne sove na Bo~u in se mimogrede odlo~il {e preveriti, ali na Bo~u zares gnezdi koza~a [Miheli~, T., A. Vrezec, M. Peru{ek & J. Svetli~i~ (2000): Koza~a Strix uralensis v Sloveniji. Acrocephalus 21 (98-99): 9-22]. Popisoval sem z metodo predvajanja posnetka, najve~ji del no~nega terena pa sem opravil 24.3. in 7.4.2001. Koza~, kljub primernemu gozdu na ju`nem pobo~ju Bo~a, kjer je mo~ {e najti velike in debele bukve Fagus sylvatica ter jelke Abies alba, ni bilo, zato pa je bil odziv lesnih sov toliko bolj obilen. Lesne sove so se zares burno odzivale, saj sem kar 5 osebkov od 15 izzvanih videl in si jih s pomo~jo svetilke tudi dobro ogledal. Pri tem sem si za vsak osebek zapisal, kak{ne barvne razli~ice je bil. Kon~ni rezultat so bile {tiri (4) sive in ena (1) rjava sova. Iz rezultata popisa sklepam, da sive lesne sove na Bo~u prevladujejo nad rjavimi. V splo{nem velja, da je rjava oblika lesne sove pogostej{a v SZ Evropi, medtem ko je siva oblika zna~ilnej{a za srednjo in ju`no Evropo. V raziskavah so pri{li do spoznanja, da na razmerje med rjavimi in sivimi lesnimi sovami v populaciji vplivajo predvsem vremenske razmere. Ve~jo smrtnost rjavih sov so ugotovili v hladnih in suhih letih, sivih pa v toplih in vla`nih letih. Razlog je verjetno v uspe{nosti prikrivanja mladi~ev v jesenski disperziji pred odraslimi lesnimi sovami z `e vzpostavljenimi teritoriji. Mladi~, ki se mu posre~i bolj prikriti in izmakniti teritorialnim odraslim sovam na njihovem s hrano obi~jano bogatej{em teritoriju, ima ve~je mo`nosti za pre`ivetje kot tisti, ki ga odrasle sove hitro pre`enejo iz svojega teritorija na s hrano manj bogata obmo~ja [Galeotti, P. & C. Cesaris (1996): Rufous and grey morphs in the Italian Tawny Owl: geographical and environmental influences. Journal of Avian Biology 27: 15-20]. Al Vrezec, Pra`akova 11, SI-1000 Ljubljana Koconogi ~uk Aegolius funereus Tengmalm’s Owl – 20 min. observation from a distance of 4 m on Mt. Grlo at 1516 m a.s.l. th above Vr{i~ on August 8 2000 (Julian Alps, NW Slovenia) Dne 3.8.2000 sva se z mo`em odlo~ila, da si ogledava najstarej{i macesen v Evropi (predvidena starost 1040 let) blizu Grla nad Vr{i~em. Pri ob~udovanju starega drevesa Acrocephalus 22 (106-IO7): 121 - 132, 200I sem v bli`ini opazila ~uka, ki naju je zvedavo opazoval. Bil je oddaljen 10 metrov. Sprva se mu nisem hotela pripli`ati, potem pa sem se le odlo~ila in se mu za~ela pribli`evati. Teren je gosto pora{~en. Kljub vsemu sem sem mu pribli`ala na vsega 4 metre in ~uk me je ves ~as opazoval. Po natan~nem ogledu sem ogotovila, da gre za koconogega ~uka. Uspelo mi ga je tudi fotografirati. Po 20 minutah opazovanja je ~uk {e vedno sedel na isti veji. Dijana Mohar, Preglov trg 5, 1000 Ljubljana Mali skovik Glaucidium passerinum Pygmy Owl – three (3) individuals in a solid fir-beech Abieti fagetum dinaricum forest at Goteni{ka gora th (900 m a.s.l.) on August 20 1999, and breeding in a hole of a trembling poplar Populus tremula some 3.5 m from the ground in a spruce Picea abies forest at th Livold (480 m a.s.l.) on May 17 2000 (Ko~evsko, S Slovenia) Malega skovika na Ko~evskem bolj poredko sre~am. V zadnjih letih vsega dvakrat. Prvi~ 20.8.1999, ko sem v sklenjenem jelovo-bukovem gozdu Goteni{ke gore na nadmorski vi{ini 900 metrov opazoval tri male skovike. Eden se je stalno ogla{al tako, kot bi druga dva prosil za hrano. Verjetno je bil poletenec, ~eprav je datum razmeroma pozen. Dne 17.5. naslednjega leta sva z Markom Trebu{akom na{la duplo velikega detla v trepetliki Populus tremula, kjer je gnezdil mali skovik. Trepetlika je v smrekovem gozdu v bli`ini naselja Livold v Ko~evski dolini na nadmorski vi{ini 480 m. Duplo je tri in pol metre od tal in obrnjeno proti vzhodu. Drevo stoji blizu gozdne ceste. Lokacijo sem {e dvakrat obiskal. Na predvajanje posnetka se je samec burno odzval in priletel v bli`ino. Pod duplom je bilo veliko perja kralji~kov Regulus sp. in plezal~kov Certhia sp. V letu 2001 mali skovik ni gnezdil v starem duplu. Na istem deblu, le meter vi{e od omenjenega dupla, je to leto veliki detel izdolbel novo duplo in speljal mladi~e. Lokacija gnezda je zelo nizka, {e posebej, ~e primerjamo podatke iz atlasa gnezdilk na{ih sosedov Avstrijcev, kjer je absolutna ve~ina malih skovikov ugotovljena med 800 in 1600 m nadmorske vi{ine [Dvorak, M., A. Ranner, H.M. Berg (1993): Atlas der Brutvögel Österreichs. Umweltbundesamt & ÖGV, Wien]. Miro Peru{ek, Jurjevica 2a, 1310 Ribnica Podhujka Caprimulgus europaeus European Nightjar – 3 territorial birds in a clear cut of Scotch Pine Pinus sylvestris at Kungota near Ptuj on rd July 3 2001; a new breeding site at Dravsko polje (E Slovenia) Uspešno popisovanje podhujk s posnetkom na DOPPS-ovem mladinskem ornitološkem taboru v Dornberku junija 2001 me je vzpodbudilo, da preverim status podhujke v gozdovih rdečega bora Pinus sylvestris na Dravskem polju. Z e pred tem sem domneval, da bi podhujke lahko gnezdile ob daljnovodih, ki potekajo čez gozd v bližini Kungote pri Ptuju. Tja sem se odpravil 3.7.2001. Nedolgo zatem, ko sem stopil iz avtomobila, sem zaslišal podhujkino brnenje, na razdalji manj kot 300 metrov pa sta se oglašala še dva (2) osebka. V nasprotju s popisovanjem na Primorskem so me podhujke tu večkrat obletele in pri tem s perutmi ustvarjale značilne tleskajoče zvoke, čeprav jih nisem izzival s posnetkom oglašanja. Nato sem obiskal še dve drugi lokaliteti, kjer pa podhujk ni bilo. V Ornitološkem atlasu [Geister, I. (1995): Ornitološki atlas Slovenije. DZS, Ljubljana] lahko preberemo, da se razširjenost podhujke v Sloveniji proti pričakovanju ne pokriva z razširjenostjo borovih gozdov. Dokaz za to bi lahko bili beli lisi na Dravskem polju in večjem delu Goričkega. Pričujoči podatek kaže, da to vsaj za eno območje ne drži. Preprosta razlaga bi lahko bila, da podhujka na tem območju živi že od nekdaj, le da je bila spregledana. Matjaž Kerček, Kungota pri Ptuju 44, 2325 Kidričevo Čebelar Merops apiaster European Bee-eater - 7 individuals flying above Gajševsko jezero in N-NE direction on May 19 2001 (NE Slovenia) Dne 19.5-2001 sva z možem na preizkušeni preži južno od jezera zaslišala oglašanje čebelarjev. Postajalo je vedno glasnejše in naposled sva jih le zagledala visoko v zraku. Bilo jih je sedem (7), razigrano so se spreletavali na vse strani in pri tem vendarle ohranjali glavno smer potovanja proti S — SV. Ana Klemenčič, Ormoška c. 45, 9240 Ljutomer Črna žolna Dryocopus martius Black Woodpecker — new wide hole made in 45 cm thick healthy beech Fagus sylvatica in a managed Dobrava forest during February 1 st and 14 2001; a month later the beech was cut down (Ljutomer, NE Slovenia) V mrzlem jutru 14.2.1997 sem se peljal s kolesom na obhod gozda v Dobravi. Z veseljem sem zagledal na bukvi Fagus sylvatica na novo izdolbeno duplo črne žolne, ki ga pred 14 dnevi še ni bilo. Duplo je bilo v 45 cm debelem drevesu 8 m visoko, ovalne oblike in obrnjeno proti vzhodu. Okoli 1 meter nad njim je bilo še eno, vendar še ne do konca 125 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook izdelano. Pod duplom so do 5 metrov stran od debla le`ale iveri, dolge do 6 cm, debele pa do 1 cm! @al je ~ez mesec od bukve ostal le {e {tor, kajti lastnik gozda jo je posekal. Na {toru ni bilo niti sledu o trohnobi v drevesu, kot sem najprej domneval. To pomeni, da sta si `olni izdolbli dupli v ~isto zdrav les in te`ko si predstavljam, kak{no mo~ in kak{no »trdo« glavo sta morali imeti. Na `alost v tem primeru zastonj. @eljko [alamun, Stara Nova vas 3b, 9242 Kri`evci pri Ljutomeru Breguljka Riparia riparia Sand Martin – colony in a sand bank of the Mura river with 107 holes (80 active) at Srednja Bistrica on th July 6 2001 (NE Slovenia) Dne 30.6.2001 sem pre{teval gnezda mestnih lastovk Delichon urbica pod mostom ~ez reko Muro med Razkri`jem in Srednjo Bistrico. Pogledal sem {e po reki navzgor in poleg mestnih in kme~kih lastovk Hirundo rustica opazil {e nekaj breguljk. Odpravil sem se po bregu in 200 m od mosta na levi strani Mure opazil pe{~eno steno s kolonijo breguljk. Pe{~ena in `e zara{~ajo~a se stena je dolga dobrih 50 m, visoka do 1,5 m. Na{tel sem 90 lukenj. Dne 6.7.2001 jih je bilo `e 104, po moji oceni vsaj 80 zasedenih. Breguljke so imele tudi nekoliko sre~e, saj je bila v ~asu gnezdenja gladina Mure nizka, tako da so se lahko speljali tudi mladi~i iz najni`jih lukenj. Gnezditev je zanimiva, ker iz regulirane notranje Mure v Sloveniji skoraj ni objavljenih podatkov. @eljko [alamun, Stara Nova vas 3b, 9242 Kri`evci pri Ljutomeru Skalna lastovka Hirundo rupestris Crag Martin – small group of Crag Martins catching th insects on January 15 2001 in the vicinity of the [empeter Hospital near Nova Gorica; second winter record for Slovenia after the first wintering of this species in 1999/2000 at Nova Gorica (W Slovenia) Dne 15.1.2001 je o~e opazoval skalne lastovke, ki so lovile `u`elke v bli`ini bolni{nice v [empetru pri Novi Gorici. Ko mi je to povedal ob vrnitvi domov, sem takoj vzel knjige v roke. O~e mi je lastovke opisal in pojasnil, da so bile bolj ~okate oblike in sive barve. Po teh podatkih je nedvomno {lo za skalne lastovke. Zvedel sem, da so jih nekaj tednov pred tem opazovali tudi v Novi Gorici. Gre za drugi zimski podatek o skalni lastovki po njenem prezimovanju v zimi 1999/2000 v Novi Gorici [Mikuleti~, J. & B. [tumberger (v tisku): Prezimovanje skalne lastovke v Hirundo rupestris v Sloveniji. Acrocephalus]. Toma` Berce, Pre{ernova 9, 5294 Dornberk 126 Acrocephalus 22 (106-IO7): 121 - 132, 200I Pegam Bombycilla garrulus th Bohemian Waxwing – from February 28 to th April 18 2001, a group of some 200 individuals frequenting the town of Maribor (NE Slovenia) Po dalj{em ~asu so v Maribor znova prileteli pegami. Prvi~ sem jih opazil 28. 2. 2001 na Poljanah. Jutro je bilo obla~no, pihal je mo~an JZ veter. Na{tel sem okrog 100 osebkov. Zadr`evali so se v jati in obirali plodove bele omele Viscum album, ki v gostih {opih pora{~a stara drevesa voja{ni{kega parka. Videval sem jih tudi v Mestnem parku in na beli omeli na topolih Populus sp. pri stadionu Ljudski vrt. Pegami so se ves ~as zadr`evali v jati po 100 - 200 osebkov, ali pa v manj{ih skupinah do 20 ptic in se klatili po okolici. Zanimive pri{leke sem v Mariboru opazoval {e ves marec do 18.4., ko so naposled od{li. Omeniti velja, da je bila zima 2000/01 izjemno mila in brez snega, bilo pa je veliko de`evnih dni. Pegami so se tudi tokrat pojavili zelo kasno, tako reko~ ob koncu zime. Podobni kasni zimski obiski so bili v letih 1989, 1990, 1992 in 1996 [Bo`i~ L., F. Bra~ko, I. Geister, P. Gro{elj, G. Mlakar, M. Peru{ek, A. Sovinc, D. [ere (1990): Pegam Bombycilla garrulus v Sloveniji v zimah 1988/89 in 1989/90. Acrocephalus 11(45):73-77]. Sicer pa so se pegami v ~asu mojega opazovanja v pasu od SV Slovenije do Dunaja pojavljali v velikem {tevilu; na Dunaju npr. jih je bilo na tiso~e [A. Ranner, pisno]. Franc Bra~ko, Gregor~i~eva 27, 2000 Maribor Sredozemski kup~ar Oenanthe hispanica Black-eared Wheatear – female with the characteristics th of O. h. hispanica observed on April 30 2001 in the gardens of the village of Zapotok (630 m a.s.l.) near Ig (C Slovenia) Dopoldne 30.4.2001 sem popisoval za atlas okrog Kure{~ka v Ob~ini Ig. Vzhodno od vasi Zapotok (630 m n.m.) sem opazoval kup~arja, ki je posedal po fi`olovkah in strehah kozolcev ter se spreletaval med gredami na robu vasi. Najprej nisem bil posebej pozoren, saj so kup~arji ta ~as {e obi~ajni na selitvi. Ko pa sem si ga vendarle podrobneje ogledal, sem presene~eno ugotovil, da ima temno grlo in da je po hrbtu rjav, kar ozna~uje sredozemskega kup~arja. Ker je ta vrsta v Sloveniji zelo redka prikazen le 7 opazovanj v zadnjih 50 letih [Bo`i~, L. (2001): Seznam dosedaj ugotovljenih ptic Slovenije s pregledom redkih vrst. Acrocephalus 22 (106-107)], sem se popoldne vrnil, oboro`en s teleskopom, priro~niki in fotoaparatom. Pti~ je bil {e kar tam, skoraj na istem mestu kot dopoldne. Fotografirati mi ga sicer ni uspelo, sem si ga pa dobro ogledal. Temno grlo, svetlo rjava zgornja stran in zna~ilno obarvani rep s skoraj do konca belima 3. in 4. repnim peresom so nedvoumno pri~ali, da gre res za sredozemskega kup~arja. Grlo in peruti, ki so bili zelo temni, ne pa povsem ~rni, so kazali na samico. Zataknilo pa se mi je pri dolo~itvi podvrste. Ptica je bila zgoraj tople svetlo rjave barve, po prsih in trebuhu pa zelo svetla, skoraj bela. Priro~niki, ki sem jih prelistaval, prikazujejo, da so samice zahodne podvrste O.h.hispanica svetlej{e od samic vzhodne podvrste O. h. melanoleuca. Poleg tega so slednje narisane bolj sivo rjavo, prve pa so toplej{ih barv. Ali torej zgoraj opisana znaka zadostujeta, da ptico pripi{em zahodni podvrsti? Toma` Jan~ar, Gorenje Blato 31, 1291 [kofljica Ta{~i~na penica Sylvia cantillans Subalpine Warbler – prolonged migration with a weekly stop in half a hectare large grove with rare tall trees and thickly planted young spruce Picea abies st th between April 21 and 28 2001 near the village of Slatnik (Ribnica valley, S Slovenia) Ob ogledu majhnega gozdnega ostanka dne 21. 4. 2001 v bli`ini vasi Slatnik (Ribni{ka dolina) sem opazil ta{~i~no penico. Gozdni ostanek je velik le slabega pol hektarja, precej dolg in {irok najve~ dvajset metrov z redkimi nadraslimi listavci gradna Quercus petraea, lipe Tilia platyphyllos, ~e{nje Prunus avium in velikega jesena Fraxinus excelsior ter gostim mladjem in go{~o smreke Picea abies. Ta{~i~na penica se je nemirno spreletavala na mladih smrekah in iskala hrano ter vseskozi dr`ala razdaljo okoli 7 metrov. Lastnik gozdi~a, ki je bil takrat z mano, jo je tam opazoval {e cel teden. Opazovali smo jo v ~asu selitve, ko mnogi osebki zaidejo iz obmo~ja raz{irjenosti. Miro Peru{ek, Jurjevica 2a, 1310 Ribnica Mlinar~ek Sylvia curruca Lesser Whitethroat – three (3) territorial males in Ro`na dolina during the breeding season of 2001 in the very centre of Ljubljana (C Slovenia) Med sprehodi po Ro`ni dolini v Ljubljani sem letos opazila in poslu{ala kar nekaj pevsko razpolo`enih samcev mlinar~ka, ki so nekje v bli`ini zelo verjetno tudi gnezdili: 15.5.2001 - trgovina Mici na A`betovi ulici, tega samca sem sli{ala peti tudi v juniju; 7.6. - Tivoli; 22.6. - Cesta pod Ro`nikom; ves junij pa je pel tudi samec na Cesti v Ro`no dolino. Mlinar~ki torej gnezdijo tudi v urbanih predelih in ne le v smrekovih gozdovih in visokogorskem ru{evju. Katarina Denac, Gorki~eva 14, 1000 Ljubljana 127 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook Vrbji kova~ek Phylloscopus collybita Common Chiffchaff – overwintering in groups of 2-4 individuals at several localities in the town of Maribor during the winter of 1998/99 (NE Slovenia) V zimi 1998/99 so na Lentu v Mariboru prezimovali vrbji kova~ki. Opazoval sem jih na vrbah `alujkah Salix sp., ki v enorednem drevoredu pora{~ajo breg Drave med starim mostom in sejmi{~em. Tu in tam sem jih videval tudi v nasadu okrasnih grmovnic ob dreveredu in manj{ih drevesih med znamenitimi starimi zgradbami Lenta. Prvi~ sem dva (2) osebka opazil 3.12.1998, ki sta se prehranjevala na vrbah. Dne 6. 12. 1998 sva skupaj z Lukom Bo`i~em na vrbah pri starem mostu opazovala kar {tiri (4) osebke, ki so iskali hrano med gostimi vejami. Ve~ina vrb je bila kljub zimi {e olistanih, z delno zelenimi ali rjavimi {e ne odpadlimi listi. Obi~ajno sem kova~ke videval po dva (2), v~asih tudi tri (3) osebke {e ves december in januar. Dne 30.1.1999 je pono~i pritisnil mraz z mo~nim severnim vetrom. Ob osmi uri zjutraj je vrbji kova~ek vidno premra`en skakljal po plo~niku na Glavnem trgu in iskal hrano na okrasnih grmovnicah v betonskih koritih. Po tem datumu jih tudi na Lentu nisem ve~ videl. Ali je v tem primeru {lo za eno izmed vzhodnih podvrst vrbjih kova~kov (npr. P. collybita tristis), ne morem trditi z vso gotovostjo. Vsi osebki so bili resda precej sivi, vendar zna~ilne in neizrazite svetle obrobe na velikih krovcih in poudarjene svetle nado~esne maroge ni bilo videti. Zanimivo, da so bili vrbji kova~ki dne 29.11.1998 opazovani ob bli`njem Bresterni{kem jezeru [Senega~nik, K. (2000): Vrbji kova~ek Phylloscopus collybita. Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice. Acrocephalus 21 (102-103): 284]. Dobro bi bilo vedeti, ali so bili v tej zimi opa`eni {e kje v notranjosti Slovenije. Franc Bra~ko, Gregor~i~eva 27, 2000 Maribor Kobilar Oriolus oriolus Golden Oriole – pair with two fledglings at Pla~e nd near Ajdov{~ina on July 2 2001 (Vipava valley, W Slovenia) V nedeljo dne 22.7.2001 zjutraj, ko sem se odpravila na sprehod, sem tik pod vasjo Pla~e pri Ajdov{~ini zasli{ala petje samca kobilarja, ki se mu je takoj zatem pridru`ilo glasno vre{~anje. [ele ob pogledu skozi daljnogled sem lahko opazila, zakaj tak{no razburjenje: na drevesu je sedel par kobilarjev z dvema mladi~ema. Zanimivo je bilo njihovo vedenje, kajti samec se je neprestano spreletaval z zgornjega drevesa na spodnje, {e zeleno obarvani mladi~i pa za njim. Samica je ves ~as sedela na drevesu in opazovala okolico. Malo ni`e sem opazila {e en par. [pela Ambro`i~, Pla~e 44, 5270 Ajdov{~ina 128 Črnočeli srakoper Lanius minor Lesser Grey Shrike — pair feeding their fledged young along the Kolpa river at Podzemlje on July 26 th 2001 (Bela krajina, S Slovenia) Člani ornitološke skupine na “Raziskovalnem taboru studentov biologije Semič 01” smo se 26.7.2001 po jutranjem terenu hladili ob Kolpi, nekaj 100 m južneje od kampa v Podzemlju. Dejan Bordjan se je kljub vročini odpravil raziskovat okolico in se vrnil z novico, da je v bližini črnočeli srakoper. Po podatkih Ornitološkega atlasa [Geister, I. (1995): Ornitološki atlas Slovenije. DZS, Ljubljana] naj bi črnočeli srakoperji sicer gnezdili v Beli krajini, vendar kdo ve, kaj vse se je spremenilo v tem času. In res, ob robu manjše parcele, popolnoma zaraščene z grmovjem in mladim drevjem, sta še vedno posedala dva črnočela srakoperja. Z vrhov trepetlik sta se občasno spustila na travnik po plen. Čez čas smo opazili, da hranita speljanega mladiča. Naslednjega dne smo prečesali območje ob Kolpi med Adlešiči in Metliko, vendar drugih črnočelih srakoperjev nismo našli. To morda niti ni tako presenetljivo, saj je pokrajina na odseku precej intenzivno obdelana. Razen ozkega pasu drevja ob reki prevladujejo koruzne njive in gnojeni travniki. Eva Vukelič, Laze 6, Dragomer, 1351 Brezovica pri Ljubljani Črnočeli srakoper Lanius minor Lesser Grey Shrike — adult perching on wire at Griblje on August 12 2001 (Bela krajina, S Slovenia) V lepem jutru po nevihti, ptičev je bilo vse polno naokoli, mi je ob pogledu na zanimivega ptiča na telefonski žici med Krasincem in Gribljami uspelo ustaviti družinsko popotovanje na Kolpo. Potem ko sem izostril daljnogled, sem se znašel iz oči v oči s črnočelim srakoperjem. Vrsta je pri nas zelo redka, pravzaprav na pragu izumrtja, kajti populacija po vsej Evropi pa upada, zato tudi ta objava, kljub temu da je podatek iz negnezditvenega obdobja. Da so srečanja s to vrsto pri nas bolj sporadična in naključna, mi je potrdil tudi hiter pregled ornitoloških beležnic revije Acrocephalus. Zdi pa se mi, da bi znal črnočelemu srakoperju ustrezati mozaični obkolpski habitat, posebno ob primerjavi z nedavnim podatkom iz gnezditvenega obdobja na Bizeljskem [Denac, K. (2000): Črnočeli srakoper Lanius minor. Iz ornitološke beležnice. Acrocephalus 21 (100): 167]. Kakšen rezultat bi dal podrobnejši pregled belokranjskega dela kolpske doline? Primož Kmecl, Riharjeva 28 1000 Ljubljana Acrocephalus 22 (106-IO7): 121 - 132, 200I Kobili~ar Locustella naevia & Rakar Acrocephalus arundinaceus Grasshopper Warbler & Great Reed Warbler – th singing Grasshopper Warbler male on May 7 2001 th and singing Great Reed Warbler male on May 10 in ornamental shrubbery of Tivoli Park in the centre of Ljubljana (C Slovenia) Dne 7.5.2001 sem precej presene~ena obstala na za~etku Tivolija, pri nadvozu nad Cesto 27. aprila. Dozdevalo se mi je namre~, da sli{im peti kobili~arja Locustella naevia. Ampak tukaj, sredi Ljubljane? Pa je bil! V nizkem okrasnem grmi~evju je neutrudno bren~al in se skrival ~love{kim o~em. Tivoli se je na skoraj povsem istem mestu ponovno izkazal dne 10.5. – tokrat je tod na ves glas `agal rakar Acrocephalus arundinaceus. Katarina Denac, Gorki~eva 14, 1000 Ljubljana Povodna trstnica Acrocephalus paludicola Aquatic Warbler – one in abandoned area of grassland and fields between Ozeljan and Aj{evica near Nova th Gorica on July 25 1998 (W Slovenia) [empas v Vipavski dolini je bil leta 1998 prizori{~e poletnega raziskovalnega tabora {tudentov biologije. Ornitolo{ka skupina je del svojega ~asa namenila tudi popisom ptic na opu{~enih njivskih in travni{kih povr{inah, na katerih se je narava vra~ala v kmetijsko opusto{eno dolino. Ena takih povr{in le`i med Ozeljanom in Aj{evico, vzdol` levega brega potoka Lijak. Na nekaj hektarjih neredno ko{enih vla`nih travnikov se je `e krepko razraslo visoko steblikovje, ob ve~jem melioracijskem kanalu pa gosto, a ne prav visoko trsti~je. V njem smo 25.7.1998 opazovali trstnico, ki sem jo zaradi izredno kontrastne risbe glave v prvem hipu imel za tamariskovko. Toda njena svetla vzdol`na temenska proga nam je izdala, da gre za povodno trstnico. Kasneje smo predel {e nekajkrat obiskali, skupaj z A. Bibi~em tudi postavili mre`e in povodno trstnico sku{ali privabiti s posnetkom, a ujeli sta se le dve srpi~ni A. scirpaceus. Opazovana povodna trstnica je bila skoraj zagotovo na selitvi, ~eprav velja za pri~akovano slovensko gnezdilko [Geister, I. (1993): Kaj pravijo zgodovinski in sodobni viri o nekaterih redkih in vpra{ljivih gnezdilkah Slovenije. Acrocephalus 14 (58-59): 83-96]. Peter Trontelj, Verov{kova 56, 1000 Ljubljana Skalni plezal~ek Tichodroma muraria Wallcreeper – one stopping for a couple of days th th (March 28 and 29 ) at a sand pit near Su{je in the Ko~evje-Ribnica area; the individual left as soon as the weather improved (S Slovenia) Bil je siv obla~en dan 28.3.2001, ko sem ob potoku Bistrica (Su{je) stikal za pticami. Dva lu~aja od reke je opu{~en peskokop povr{ine pol hektarja na golem gri~u, kjer na robu obi~ajno poje rumeni strnad, malo pro~ pa prosnik. Ko sem {el mimo peskokopa, mi je pozornost vzbudil velik pisan metulj, za kar pa se je hitro izkazalo, da je skalni plezal~ek. Sku{al sem se mu pribli`ati, vendar je odletel iz peskokopa. Vrnil sem se dve uri kasneje in br` ugotovil, da je med povratniki tudi skalni plezal~ek. Ostal je {e naslednjega dne, potem pa v lep{em vremenu od{el. Miro Peru{ek, Jurjevica 2a, 1310 Ribnica 129 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook Croatia / Hrvaška White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla Belorepec – spolno nezreli osebek je 28.1.1999 na ribnikih Podunavlje v Kopa~kem ritu na Hrva{kem uplenil veliko {koljko vrste Anodonta cygnea in jo z vi{ine 60 metrov spustil na led, da se je razbila; pri hranjenju z mesom iz razbite {koljke se mu je pridru`il {e drug spolno nezreli osebek. While watching the birds at Podunavlje fish-ponds in Kopa~ki rit (E Croatia) on January 28 1999, I observed two immature White-tailed Eagles squabbling for a fish. The day was cold, windy but sunny, and as there were not many birds on the ponds covered with ice, most of my attention was dedicated to these two eagles. One of them flew to the other side of the pond, getting hold of a large shellfish Anodonta cygnea. Flapping its wings, the eagle lifted for about 30 cm from the frozen pond’s surface, holding the shellfish with the claws of its right foot, but soon landed on the ice. This activity clearly attracted the attention of the other young eagle, who immediately chose to come nearer. The first eagle repeated the take off and the landing three or four times, but then rose high into the air holding the shellfish in its claws. When reaching some 60 metres he dropped it, letting it to break into pieces on the ice below. Then both eagles began to feed on the fleshy contents of the shellfish. Ivan~ica Jur~evi}, Sjenjak 44, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia Beloglavi jastreb Gyps fulvus Griffon Vulture – one (1) adult circling above Vrije{tica (NWW of Metkovi}) on April 26 2001 and looking for food along the slopes of the nearby hills (S Dalmatia, Croatia) V delti Neretve sva dne 26.4.2001 ob 16.30 uri s kolegi uzrla beloglavega jastreba. Ptica je priletela iz SZ smeri in kakih 20 minut kro`ila ter iskala hrano vzdol` pobo~ij hribov v okolici Vrije{tice (SZZ od Metkovi~a) v povpre~ju okoli 100 metrov visoko. Osebek je bil odrasel in je izginil proti severu. Svoj~as je bil beloglavi jastreb gnezdilec hercegovskega zaledja in opazovanja v delti Neretve so bila prav pogosta, tudi do 20 ptic hkrati [Rucner, D. (1998): Ptice hrvatske obale Jadrana. Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej, Ministarstvo razvitka i obnove, Zagreb]. ^eprav smo ptice v delti kartirali v {tirih skupinah, in to kar en teden, smo beloglavega jastreba videli samo enkrat! Da jastrebov v delti ni, smo zvedeli tudi od konzervatorke v ornitolo{ki zbirki Mestnega muzeja in doma~inov, ki so nas, zanimivo, na to opozorili sami. O tej vrsti od za~etka vojne (1991) iz Hercegovine ni podatkov o gnezditvi, verjetno pa je, da 130 gnezdijo {e naprej [J. Kralj, ustno]. In temu v prid govori tudi na{e opazovanje. Jakob Smole, Cafova ul. 8, SI-2000 Maribor & Borut [tumberger, SI-2282 Cirkulane 41, Slovenia Kragulj Accipiter gentilis Northern Goshawk – family (with 2 young) circling th over @alina (627 m a.s.l.) on October 6 2000 (Pelje{ac Peninsula, S Dalmatia) Dne 6.10.2000 sem bil na tridnevnem pohodu po severnem delu polotoka Pelje{ca. Na 627 m visoki @alini me je na razdalji le nekaj deset metrov objadrala srednje velika ujeda. Glede na velikost, fino pre~no progavost in na splo{no dokaj masiven videz sem v ujedi prepoznal kragulja. Vse skupaj bi dobilo etiketo be`nega in zanimivega podatka, ko se v tem trenutku opazovanemu kragulju ne bi bil priklju~il {e eden, in {e dva. To je pa `e zanimivej{e! In res, kot bi gledal obi~ajno zdolgo~aseno kro`enje kanj nad doma~imi holmi, so se slabih sto metrov dale~ nad nami mirno spreletavali kar {tirje kragulji. Dva izmed njih sta nato zapikirala proti nekaj sto metrov oddaljenemu vr{i~ku in tam zganjala nekak{ne prijateljsko-ljubezenske akrobacije (bila sta samec in samica, ~esar ni bilo te`ko ugotoviti po o~itni razliki v velikosti), druga dva, glede na velikost najverjetneje samici, pa sta mirno odjadrala nekam proti vzhodu in izginila v ble{~avi {e jutranjega sonca. Naslednjega dne, ko sem nanje `e skoraj pozabil, sem jih spet ugledal, tokrat nad 961 m visokim Svetim Ilijo, najvi{jim vrhom Pelje{ca. Glede na to, da sta vrhova oddaljena le kaka 2 km, sem seveda sklepal, da opazujem isto skupino kraguljev. Menim, da je {lo za dru`ino, ki je bodisi zaradi poznega gnezdenja ali kak{nega drugega vzroka {e ostala skupaj in se potem klatila po okolici svojega gnezdi{~a. [koda le, da zaradi ne preve~ idealnih svetlobnih razmer (ve~ino ~asa sem gledal v nasprotni svetlobi) nisem mogel dolo~iti starosti vseh kraguljev. Podatek je zanimiv tudi iz avifavnisti~nega stali{~a, saj velja kragulj v Dalmaciji za redko gnezdilko brez zanesljivih podatkov o gnezdenju [Kralj, J. (1997): Ornitofauna Hrvatske tijekom posljednih dvjesto godina. Larus 46: 1-112], za ju`no Dalmacijo pa podatkov o gnezditvi sploh ni [J. Kralj, ustno]. Borut Rubini~, Pra`akova 11, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Sredozemski galeb Larus audouinii Audouin’s Gull – adult in low flight crossing a strait st at Pre`ba (Lastovo Island) on August 21 1997; individual outside till now known breeding area of this species in the Adriatic (S Dalmatia, Croatia) Acrocephalus 22 (106-107): 121 -- 132, 2001 Med 15. in 25.8.1997 sem opazoval ptice na otoku Lastovo. Glede na izku{nje iz severnega Jadrana sem se ~udil majhnemu {tevilu rumenonogih galebov Larus cahinnans. V `elji po ~im bolj neposrednem opazovanju sem si vsakega izmed njih tudi dobro ogledal. Kmalu sem ugotovil, da je preliv v Pre`bi nekak{en lijak in v tem ~asu nemara najbolj{a galebja opazovalna to~ka. Dne 21.8.1997 sem ob 15. uri povsem nepri~akovano uzrl odrasel osebek sredozemskega galeba, ki je v nizkem letu pre~kal preliv v Pre`bi v smeri proti Malom jezeru. Glede na to, da je bil na Jadranskem morju sredozemski galeb nedavno odkrit kot gnezdilec [Rubini~, B. & Vrezec, A. (2000): Audouinšs Gull Larus audouinii, a new breeding gull species in the Adriatic Sea (Croatia). Acrocephalus 21 (102-103): 219-222], je mogo~e, da kje v okolici Lastova vrsta tudi gnezdi. Borut [tumberger, SI-2282 Cirkulane 41, Slovenia Little Tern Sterna albifrons & Common Tern S. hirundo Mala ~igra & navadna ~igra – v okviru ekspedicije po reki Dravi je bilo med Legradom (izliv Mure) in Donavo pre{tetih 50 malih in 80 navadnih ~iger; realna ocena za populacijo malih ~iger na Dravi v letu 2000 je 25 parov, za oceno velikosti gnezde~e populacije navadnih ~iger pa je bil datum {tetja `e prekasen (S Hrva{ka) rd th During July 23 and 29 2000, Emil Flaj{man, Nikola Wolf, David Reeder, Jure and Boris Ko~evar and the author of these lines were travelling in boats down the Drava river from Legrad (mouth of the Mura river) to Erdut (Danube). Within the framework of the Mura-Drava-Danube Expedition we covered 254 km in six days. During the voyage we counted Common and Little Terns. The largest colony of Terns was found near the Botovo bridge: at the 226th kilometre of the river, 10 pairs of Little Tern and some 50 individuals of Common Tern were present (altogether we counted about 30 nests). At the 225th km we saw another 12 Little Terns. At the 191st km, 20-30 Terns were recorded, two (2) of them being Little, the rest Common Terns. From the 167th to 120th km we counted 17 Little and 4 Common Terns. The total number of Terns counted on the Drava section from Legrad to the Danube river was 50 Little and 80 Common Terns. In view of the temporal pattern of the breeding biology of both species, the realistic assessment for the breeding Little Terns in 2000 would be 25 pairs, while as far as the Common Tern is concerned, the date of counting was already too late. Goran ^i`me{ija, Brodarska 27, HR-40328 Donja Dubrava, Croatia Veliki skovik Otus scops Eurasian Scops Owl – preying on Great Peacock Moth Saturnia pyri by street lamp in Prizdrina village th on Pelje{ac Peninsula on May 8 2001 (S Dalmatia, Croatia) Prehrana velikega skovika je tudi zaradi njegove skoraj izklju~ne insektivornosti slabo poznana. Podatki, pa ~eprav le prilo`nostno zbrani, so zato toliko bolj dragoceni. Dne 8.5.2001 sem v osrednjem delu polotoka Pelje{ac (ju`na Dalmacija) popisoval velike skovike po vaseh z metodo predvajanja njihovih posnetih glasov. V vasi Prizdrina, kjer sem na{tel pet (5) pojo~ih samcev, sem opazoval, kako veliki skovik izkori{~a va{ke obcestne svetilke pri lovu. Eno od dveh popisnih to~k v vasi Prizdrina sem izbral tik pod svetilko. Na izzivanje se je skovik naglo odzval, saj je bil `e po enominutnem predvajanju posnetka ves razburjen na `ici tik ob svetilki. Skovik pa je v hipu pozabil na posnetek, ko je k lu~i priletel veliki no~ni pavlin~ek Saturnia pyri. Po kraj{em opazovanju se je silovito pognal naprej z nogami za pavlin~kom, vendar neuspe{no. Prvemu je sledil {e drugi poskus, tokrat uspe{en. Veliki skovik je pravcati strokovnjak za lov na velike `u`elke in o~itno se loti tudi tako velikega plena, kakr{en je veliki no~ni pavlin~ek, najve~ja vrsta metulja v teh krajih, saj ~ez krila meri od 87 do 166 mm. Pre`anje velikega skovika ob obcestnih svetilkah je sicer znan pojav [König, C., F. Weick & J.-H. Becking (1999): Owls. Pica Press, Sussex], pomemben verjetno tudi za ve~jo zgostitev skovikov v naseljih. Veliki no~ni metulji pa lahko sestavljajo pomemben del prehrane velikega skovika. Na Kreti so se naprimer skoviki skoraj izklju~no prehranjevali z oleandrovci Daphnis nerii [Mikkola, H. (1983): Owls of Europe. T & AD Poyser, London]. Al Vrezec, Pra`akova 11, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Hudournik Apus apus Swift – colony of about 100 pairs discovered on the islet of Dinga~ki {kolj (9 m a.s.l.) by SW coast of Pelje{ac Peninsula in 2001 (S Dalmatia, Croatia). The colony is unique in S Dalmatia, as no other Swift’s colony has been found on such small islet with no overhanging rocks present. Other discovered colonies on the islands of S Dalmatia, mainly colonies of Alpine Swifts Tachymarptis melba and Pallid Swifts Apus pallidus, were found on larger islands with big overhanging rocks present. Hudournik je kolonijska gnezdilka, ki gnezdi ve~inoma v stenah, po stavbah, v klifih, kamnolomih in po drevesih [Cramp, S. (ed.) (1985): The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Vol. IV. Oxford University Press, Oxford]. V Dalmaciji hudourniki naseljujejo tudi manj{e skalnate oto~ke in ~eri, 131 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook kjer gnezdijo v skalnih razpokah. Ti podatki se nana{ajo predvsem na oto~ke severne Dalmacije: npr. Zec pri Senju, Bo`ikovac v Kornatih, Ribarica pri Karlobagu [Rucner, D. (1998): Ptice hrvatske obale Jadrana. Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej, Ministarstvo razvitka i obnove, Zagreb]. Med raziskovanjem otokov ju`ne Dalmacije, ki sva ga s kolegom Borutom Rubini~em opravila spomladi 2001, sva odkrila en sam primer ve~je kolonije hudournikov na manj{em oto~ku. Dne 5.5.2001 sva bila na oto~ku Dinga~ki {kolj ob jugozahodni obali Pelje{ca, katerega vi{ina je le 9 metrov. Hudourniki so izletavali iz skalnih razpok na oto~ku in se zbirali v jati nad oto~kom. [tevila gnezde~ih parov nisva mogla ugotoviti, vendar sva s pre{tevanjem jate v zraku velikost na oto~ku gnezde~e populacije ocenila na 220 osebkov, kar pomeni, da na oto~ku gnezdi okoli 100 parov hudournikov. Razli~ne vrste hudournikov, najpogostej{a sta planinski hudournik Tachymarptis melba in bledi hudournik Apus pallidus, gnezdijo predvsem na ve~jih otokih v ve~jih in previsnih skalnih stenah. Kolonija na majhnem Dinga~kem {kolju, kjer ni previsne stene, je edina kolonija tega tipa, ki sva jo na{la na otokih ju`ne Dalmacije. Al Vrezec, Pra`akova 11, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia ^ebelar Merops apiaster European Bee-eater – flock of 70-100 birds in flight above the Drava river near Podravska Selnica on th August 18 2001 (N Croatia) Zve~er 18.8.2001 okoli 19.45 ure je Dravo pri Podravski Selnici (Hrva{ka) preletela jata 70-100 ~ebelarjev. Ptice so se v obla~nem vremenu pred mrakom zna~ilno ogla{ale. V neposredni bli`ini ne poznam nobene kolonije ~ebelarjev. Najbli`je kolonije na Dravi so oddaljene 10 kilometrov, na Muri pa 25 kilometrov. Hrati s ~ebelarji so se v zraku pojavili tudi kvaka~i Nycticorax nycticorax. Goran ^i`me{ija, Brodarska 27, HR-40328 Donja Dubrava, Croatia Olj~ni vrtnik Hippolais olivetorum & ~rnoglavi strnad Emberiza melanocephala Olive-tree Warbler & Black-headed Bunting – first spring observations of singing males on Pelje{ac Peninsula (S Dalmatia, Croatia) for the year 2001: first singing Black-headed Bunting males were registered th on May 8 near @uljana, Ston and Ponikve, and first th singing Olive-tree Warbler males on May 9 2001 near Zabr|e and Brijesta. V letu 2001 sva s kolegom Borutom Rubini~em popisovala ptice na polotoku Pelje{ac in okolici. Najin obisk je trajal od 27.4. do 9.5., tako da sva lahko spremljala tudi 132 vra~anje nekaterih selivk na svoja gnezdi{~a v tem delu Dalmacije. Konec aprila sva zabele`ila `e nekatere selivke, kot so svetlooka penica Sylvia hortensis, rjavi srakoper Lanius collurio, kobilar Oriolus oriolus in smrdokavra Upupa epops. Prvega rjavoglavega srakoperja Lanius senator sva opazovala 4.5. v vasi Kuna. Med zadnjimi pa se nama je posre~ilo registrirati ~rnoglavega strnada in olj~nega vrtnika. Prve tri (3) pojo~e samce ~rnoglavega strnada sva opazovala 8.5. v bli`ini naselij @uljana, Ston in Ponikve. Dne 9.5. pa sva imela prilo`nost opazovati {e tri (3) pojo~e samce olj~nega vrtnika, dva (2) pri neselju Zabr|e in enega (1) pri Brijesti. Rucner (1998) [Ptice hrvatske obale Jadrana. Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej, Ministarstvo razvitka i obnove, Zagreb] navaja za prvo pojavljanje ~rnoglavega strnada na Hrva{kem datum 6.5., kar je v skladu z najinim opazovanjem. Najino opazovanje pojo~ih samcev olj~nega vrtnika pa je zgodnej{e, saj Rucner (1998) pri tej vrsti kot prvi datum navaja 27.5. Po podatkih iz drugih delov Evrope se olj~ni vrtniki lahko vrnejo v zgodnjih majskih dneh ali celo `e konec aprila [Cramp, S. (ed.) (1985): The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Vol. IV. Oxford University Press, Oxford]. Al Vrezec, Pra`akova 11, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Olj~ni vrtnik Hippolais olivetorum Olive-tree Warbler – one in the gardens near Ston by the strait of Pelje{ac Peninsula, sitting exposedly on a th vine prop on May 4 2000 (S Dalmatia, Croatia) Dne 4.5.2000 dopoldne sem na vrtovih pri Stonu opazoval skupinsko prehranjevanje repnikov Carduelis cannabina, ko je na kol trte povsem nepri~akovano priletel olj~ni vrtnik. Izpostavljen je pogledoval sem in tja, se presedel na steblo “kanele” in kmalu izginil v olj~nem nasadu. ^eprav sem med 30.4. in 6.5.2000 redno hodil po o`ini polotoka Pelje{ac, sem olj~nega vrtnika videl samo pri Stonu. Za Ston ga navaja tudi Rucner (1998) [Ptice hrvatske obale Jadrana. Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej, Ministarstvo razvitka i obnove, Zagreb], a je novej{e stonsko opazovanje z vidika spomladanskega prihoda vrste, oblikovanja teritorija in para zanimivo. Opazovani olj~ni vrtnik namre~ ni pel! Borut [tumberger, SI-2282 Cirkulane 41, Slovenia Acrocephalus 22 (106-IO7): 133 - 134, 200I Travni{ki vrabec Passer hispaniolensis Spanish Sparrow – mixed colony with House Sparrows found in the village of @uljana on the north th coast of Pelje{ac Peninsula on May 6 2001; 18 nests on poplar trees; some male Spanish Sparrows in mixed flocks with House Sparrows observed in the villages of Viganj and Ku~i{te near Orebi} (South Dalmatia, Croatia) Na Balkanskem plotoku smo v zadnjem ~asu pri~a {irjenju gnezditvenega areala travni{kega vrabca, ki se glede na novej{e podatke {e ni zaklju~ilo (Matvejev, S.D. (1976): Pregled ptica Balkanskog poluostrva. Conspectus Avifaunae Balcanicae. Srpska akademija nauke i umetnosti, Beograd.; Vrezec, A. & B. [tumberger (2000): Prvi teritorialni travni{ki vrabci Passer hispaniolensis v Sloveniji. Acrocephalus 21 (100): 161-163.). V Dalmaciji se travni{ki vrabec pojavlja `e dalj ~asa, vendar njegova raz{irjenost {e vedno ni povsem poznana, saj je bilo objavljenih le nekaj prilo`nostnih opazovanj (Kralj, J. (1997): Ornitofauna Hrvatske tijekom poslednjih dvjesto godina. Larus 46: 1-112.). V letu 2001 sva s kolegom Borutom Rubini~em zbrala nekaj podatkov o pojavljanju in gnezdenju travni{kega vrabca v obalnem pasu severnega dela polotoka Pelje{ac. Podatke o pojavljanju travni{kega vrabca na Pelje{cu navaja `e Rucner [Rucner, D. (1998): Ptice hrvatske obale Jadrana. Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej, Ministarstvo razvitka i obnove, Zagreb], vendar le za ju`ni del Pelje{ca okoli Stona. Posamezne samce travni{kih vrabcev sva v skupinah z doma~imi vrabci Passer domesticus opazovala v naseljih Viganj (29.4.2001) in Ku~i{te (5.5.2001) pri Orebi}u. Novo kolonijo travn{kih vrabcev pa sva odkrila 6.5.2001 v naselju @uljana, kjer sva na topolih pre{tela 18 gnezd. Vseh gnezd niso zasedali travni{ki vrabci, saj so v nekaterih gnezdili tudi doma~i vrabci. Iz opazovanja te`ko sklepam, ali gre v opisanem primeru za izrivanje travni{kega vrabca iz gnezd s strani doma~ega vrabca, ali si doma~i vrabci sami spletajo gnezda ob travni{kih. Vsekakor gre pri tem za redek primer me{ane kolonije travni{kih in doma~ih vrabcev. Al Vrezec, Pra`akova 11, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Nove knjige New books Cleere, N. & D. Nurney (1998): Nightjars, a Guide to Nightjars and Related Nightbirds. Pica Press, Sussex. 317 str., 36 barvnih strani z ilustracijami in 119 kart. ISBN 1-873403-48-8. Nakup: Pica Press, The Banks, Mountfield, Nr. Robertsbridge, East Sussex TN32 5JY. Cena: L30, brez po{tnine. Pregledne monografije, ki sistemati~no predstavljajo vse do sedaj poznane vrste posamezne skupine ptic, so najbolj dobrodo{lo ornitolo{ko gradivo za vsakogar, ki ga tematika bolj poglobljeno zanima. Ti priro~niki dajejo vpogled v vso pestrost skupine po morfolo{kih, ekolo{kih in biogeografskih zna~ilnostih vrst. V monografijah so zbrani vsi najosnovnej{i podatki o znanih vrstah, od podatkov opisa do vseh pomembnej{ih raziskav na nivoju vrste. Za raziskovalca in opazovalca ptic, ki pri svojem ornitolo{kem delu ni navezan le na doma~i avifavnisti~ni okvir, so ta dela nujen pripomo~ek pri na~rtovanjih, pripravah potovanj in strokovnih ekspedicij v daljne kraje. Med tak{ne priro~nike sodi tudi monografsko delo o le`etrudnikih, ki je iz{lo leta 1998 pri zalo`bi Pica Press. Do danes je poznanih 119 vrst iz petih dru`in, raz{irjeni pa so po vsem svetu razen na Antarktiki. Zavoljo svoje no~ne aktivnosti pa te ptice `ivijo razmeroma skrito `ivljenje, ki je {e slabo poznano. Ni ~udno, da v tropih {e danes odkrivajo nove vrste le`etrudnikov za znanost. Samo v 90ih letih 20. stoletja so opisali pet novih taksonov: Chordeiles vielliardi (1994; Brazilija), Caprimulgus hirundinaceus vielliardi (1995; Brazilija), C. pectoralis crepusculans (1994; Zululand), C. solala (1995; Etiopija) in C. prigoginei (1990; Zaire). Slaba odkrivnost le`etrudnikov je najlep{e izpri~ana na primeru vrste podhujke Caprimulgus solala iz Etiopije, pri kateri {e danes ne vedo, kak{en je videti celoten osebek, kaj {ele druge zna~ilnosti vrste. Vrsta je bila opisana po le eni peruti, ki so jo re{ili iz propadajo~ega kadavra, najdenega v etiopskem vi{avju 3.9.1990. Drug tak{en primer je leta 1929 najdena podhujka (opisana {ele leta 1960) Caprimulgus centraloasicus, ki je znana le na osnovi enega samega osebka. Po letu 1929 te podhujke ni videl nih~e ve~! Knjiga o podhujkah je predstavljena pregledno. Za~en{i s pregledom vsebine in uvodom, kjer je v {tirih kratkih odstavkih predstavljena problematika. Tu npr. izvemo za etimolo{ki izvor imena Caprimulgus, ki ima zanimivo zgodovino evropskega poimenovanja podhujke Caprimulgus europaeus. V Evropi je 133 Nove knjige / New books prevladovalo ljudsko mnenje, da podhujke pono~i obiskujejo koze in drugo `ivino in pijejo mleko. Podhujk se je zato prijelo ime “goatsucker”, kar je v svojih spisih navedel `e Aristotel. Od tod tudi latinsko ime, podobno pa so v preteklosti menili tudi Slovenci, ko so podhujko proglasili za “kozodoja”. Za zahvalami in opisom strukture knjige sledi prvo uvodno poglavje o taksonomiji in sorodstvenih razmerjih. Tu avtor predstavlja dva sistema. In sicer klasi~nega, po katerem so podhujke in njim podobne ptice zdru`ene v redu le`etrudnikov Caprimulgi-formes, in molekularnega po Sibley-Ahlquist-Mon-roejevi klasifikaciji, po kateri naj bi le`etrudnike uvr{~ali v red sov Strigiformes. Sledi poglavje o raz{irjenosti, ki na kratko opi{e razporeditev skupin le`etrudnikov v svetovnem merilu. Tu izvemo, da najve~ le`etrudnikov `ivi na ju`ni polobli, zlasti v Neotropiku (Ju`na Amerika; 45,5%), medtem ko jih je najmanj v Palearktiku (Evrazija; 5,5%) in Nearktiku (Severna Amerika; 4,4%). Topografsko-morfolo{ko poglavje v sliki predstavlja sestavo telesa le`etrudnikov in nekatere morfolo{ke posebnosti, kot so oblika glave in kljuna, nog in peresnih vzorcev. Posebno poglavje o strukturi in mehanizmih delovanja telesa le`etrudnikov nam na fiziolo{ki osnovi predstavlja posebnosti posameznih dru`in. Tako naprimer so pri veliki ju`noameri{ki sadjejedi in v jamah gnezde~i vrsti le`etrudnika, tolstem lastovi~niku Steatornis caripennis, ugotovili, da so mladi~i do svojega tretjega tedna starosti nezmo`ni lastne temperaturne regulacije, po tem ~asu pa dobijo gost puh in velike podko`ne ma{~obne zaloge. Temperaturna regulacija je bila tudi pri drugih skupinah pogost predmet raziskav. Naslednje poglavje obravnava perje in golitev s predstavitvijo terminologije in zna~ilnosti golitve pri posameznih skupinah. Poglavje o vedenju nam razkriva etolo{ke posebnosti teh skoraj izklju~no ve~erno in no~no aktivnih ptic. Podpoglavje o dnevnem dreme`u razkriva zanimivo podro~je vedenja teh mojstrov prikrivanja. Zaspanci Nyctibiidae in lastovi~niki Podargidae pogosto podnevi dremljejo na drevesih visoko nad tlemi, medtem ko ve~ina podhujk Caprimulgidae spi na tleh. Poglavje o vedenju obravnava {e prehranjevanje in pitje ter gnezdenje le`etrudnikov. Fosili so pri vsaki `ivalski skupini posebno poglavje. Pri~ujo~a knjiga se ukvarja z recentnimi vrstami, zato fosile omenja le na kratko s pregledom 11 znanih izumrlih vrst iz zemeljske zgodovine. Kot vsi monografski priro~niki je tudi ta opremljen s paletami slik, delo Davea Nurneya. Slike so kakovostne in ve~ino vrst podhujk prikazujejo v le`e~em in lete~em polo`aju, kar je dobrodo{el pripomo~ek pri terenskem delu. Druge skupine (tolsti 134 lastovi~niki Steatornithidae, lastovi~niki Podargidae, zaspanci Nyctibiidae, mali lastovi~niki Aegothelidae) so narisane le v zanje najzna~ilnej{ih po~ivalnih polo`ajih. Slikovnim prilogam sledijo {e podrobni pregledi zna~ilnosti posameznih vrst. Vsak rod je na kratko opisan z osnovnimi zna~ilnostmi, {tevilom vrst in podatki opisa. Opisi vrst so opremljeni z angle{kim in latinskim imenom, podatki opisa za vse znane podvrste, dolo~evalnimi lastnostmi, kjer v skladu s poznavanjem vrste opisuje zna~ilnosti po~ivajo~e in lete~e ptice ter primerjave s podobnimi vrstami. Opis obravnava {e ogla{anje, habitat, vedenjske navade, prehrano, gnezdenje, opise samca, samice, mladostnih in spolno nezrelih osebkov, mladi~ev in nekaterih telesnih delov (barva {arenice, kljuna, nog). Temu sledijo {e biometri~ni podatki, podatki o golitvi, geografskih variacijah, raz{irjenosti in selitvi ter statusu, kjer na kratko povzema raziskanost in ogro`enost. Na koncu vsakega opisa je dodan {e seznam pomembnej{e literature, dobrodo{le za nadaljnje bolj poglobljene {tudije o vrstah. Avtor monografije je Nigel Cleere, strokovnjak za le`etrudnike, ki se s to skupino ukvarja `e ve~ kot 25 let. Njegove izku{nje z muzejskimi primerki in osebki v naravi so zdru`ene v tej najpopolnej{i monografiji o le`etrudnikih sveta. Avtor je v sodelovanju z Richardom Ranftom in Zvo~nim arhivom Britanske nacionalne knji`njice (The British Library National Sound Archive) pripravil {e zgo{~enko z ogla{anji 108 vrst le`etrudnikov, vendar o tem ob drugi prilo`nosti. Al Vrezec Mebs, T., Scherzinger, W. (2000): Die Eulen Europas (Biologie, Kenzeichen, Bestände). Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH & Co. Stuttgart. 396 str., barvne fotografije, ~b. risbe. Srednje velik format. Cena: okoli 100,-DM, brez po{tnine. Tokrat knjiga o sovah z nem{kega govornega podro~ja. Napisala sta jo ugledna in svetovno priznana strokovnjaga za to skupino ptic iz Nem~ije. Okoli tretjino prostora v knjigi sta namenila opisom splo{nih lastnosti sov, njihovi sistematiki, opisu njihovih `ivljenjskih prostorov in te`avam, ki jim jih povzro~a ~lovek. Podrobno spoznamo zna~ilnosti oblike telesa, strukture perja in o~i, polo`aj u{esnih odprtin in na sploh {tevilne lastnosti, ki uvr{~ajo sove v skupni red Strigiformes. Nekatera poglavja nam predstavljajo tudi sove v akciji - njihov let, na~in lova, prehrano, gnezditvene zakonitosti, pri poglavju “Sove potrebujejo pomo~” pa izvemo tudi marsikaj o tem, barvna priloga / colour appendix Figure 1: The faint image of a possible Bald Ibis on the northern wall of the Hrastovlje church: it was painted in the year 1490 by Johannes de Kastua (photo: B. [tumberger) – see p. 82 Slika 1: Medla podoba verjetnega klav`arja, ki ga je leta 1490 naslikal Janez iz Kastva na severni steni cerkve v Hrastovljah (foto: B. Stumberger) – glej str. 82 135