404
Documenta Praehistorica XLVII (2020)
The archaeological site of Dodona lies in NW Greece
(Epirus) (Fig. 1). There, according to the ancient au-
thors, functioned the oldest Oracle of ancient Greece
(for details about the ancient sources see Vasileiou
2019a.99–100). For many years travellers from all
over Europe have been trying to locate the exact po-
sition of Dodona (Soueref, Vasileiou 2017.181–
182). At some point it was even written that: “To as-
certain the site of Dodona would seem now to re-
quire a response from the Oracle itself” (Words-
worth 1881).
The first excavation works at the site were conduct-
ed by Constantinos Carapanos, a banker and mer-
chant from Arta (Carapanos 1877; 1878; Manopou-
los 2015; Soueref 2015). The excavation lasted from
the 6th of September 1875 until February 1876, and
focused on the visible monuments. It covered an
area of c. 20 000m2 and reached a depth of 2.5m.
However, Carapanos and his colleagues did not pro-
vide us with stratigraphic details and did not man-
age to reach the virgin soil. Starting in 1920, and
continuing for a number of years, the Archaeologi-
cal Society at Athens (Georgios Sotiriadis, Dimitrios
Evangelidis, Sotiris Dakaris, Konstantina Gravani,
Chryseis Souli and  Amalia Vlachopoulou) and the
Ephorate of Antiquities of Ioannina also conducted
excavations in the area (Gravani, Souli, Vlachopou-
lou 2014; Soueref 2019a).
Based on the reports and diaries of the site’s excava-
tors, the current paper aims to put together the dis-
Revisiting
prebuilding Dodona
Eleni Vasileiou
Ephorate of Antiquities of Ioannina, Ioannina, GR
elvasileiou78@gmail.com
ABSTRACT – The aim of this paper is to put together the currently dispersed information about the
occurrence of architectural remains at the archaeological site of Dodona during the so-called prebuil-
ding phase, mainly at the end of the Late Bronze Age-Beginning of Early Iron Age through the reports
and diaries of the site’s excavators. Moreover, the combination of the architectural remains with the
portable finds will lead to suggestions about the site’s character during late prehistory. Was it a hum-
ble village inhabited by stockbreeders, or a hypaethral sanctuary?
IZVLE∞EK – Namen ≠lanka je zdru∫iti trenutno razpr∏ene podatke o pojavu arhitekturnih ostankov
na arheolo∏kem najdi∏≠u Dodona v ≠asu t. i. predstavbne faze, kar pomeni med pozno bronasto in
zgodnjo ∫elezno dobo, in sicer s pomo≠jo poro≠il in dnevnikov izkopavalcev najdi∏≠a. Poleg tega bo
kombinacija arhitekturnih ostankov s prenosnimi najdbami vodila do predlogov o zna≠aju tega naj-
di∏≠a v pozni prazgodovini. Je torej najdi∏≠e skromna vas, ki so jo poseljevali ∫ivinorejci, ali odpr-
to sveti∏≠e?
KEY WORDS – Dodona; architectural remains; apsidal building; stone-lined postholes; settlement;
cult activity
KLJU∞NE BESEDE – Dodona; arhitekturni ostanki; apsidalna stavba; s kamni oblo∫ene luknje; nasel-
bina; kultne dejavnosti
Ponovni pregled
predstavbne Dodone
DOI> 10.4312\dp.47.22
Revisiting prebuilding Dodona
405
While excavating the east part of the Bouleuterion’s
stoa (E2) (Fig. 2), Dakaris found several black rec-
tangular cavities in the floor, which were assumed
to be pits (‘bothroi’) (Dakaris 1967.39; 1967a.39)
(Fig. 4.1). In front of the east entrance of the stoa
two circular holes (a, b), probable postholes, were
also found. To the south of them, and near the stoa’s
stylobate, a pit shaped like a figure of eight was un-
persed data about the existence and nature of the
prehistoric architectural remains at Dodona.
The first architectural remains, which can be related
to the so-called prebuilding phase of the Sanctuary
at Dodona, were unearthed by Evangelidis and Da-
karis (1959). They both noted that in the northwest-
ern side of the ‘Sacred House’ (E1, Temple of Zeus
and Dione) (Fig. 2) a series of flattened limestone
slabs had been revealed. These were positioned ver-
tically in the virgin soil, having an ellipsoidal curve
and following an E-W orientation (Evangelidis, Da-
karis 1959.24–30). In close proximity, a stone-lined
posthole came to light. The flattened slabs were pro-
bably used to prevent damage to the building’s wall
from rainwater (Evangelidis, Dakaris 1959.26) (Fig.
3). The first to question Dakari’s interpretation was
Andronikos (1966.272). However, the renowned ar-
chitect Charissis refuted this claim more strongly,
and argued that the construction functioned as a
drainage channel (Charissis 2010). Additionally, he
claimed that if these slabs were part of an edifice
the view of the sacred oak tree – laying inside the
temple – would have been obscured, while the south
entrance to the building would also have been ob-
structed. However, it is still difficult to choose be-
tween the two proposals, namely the function of the
slabs as the wall of a building or a drainage channel,
and further excavation works are re-
quired for a conclusive answer to be
provided.
Evangelidis and Dakaris noted that,
they discovered an intact prehistoric
layer along the west stoa of the ‘Sac-
red House’. In the southwest corner
of the building a burned clayish layer
came to light, possibly a hearth, c.
1.60–1.90m in diameter (Evangelidis,
Dakaris 1959.65). This contained a si-
gnificant number of handmade sherds
and clay drop-like beads of the Late
Bronze age period (Fappas 2010), mix-
ed with ashes and charcoal. Recently,
both inside and outside of the south-
east corner of the ‘Sacred House’ some
paving (measuring 0.90 x 2.15m) has
been unearthed over the virgin red soil
and underneath the Hellenistic peribo-
los foundation (Velenis, Georgoulas
2008.783; Georgoulas 2016.46; Geor-
goulas, Skalisti 2017.307–309). Its ex-
cavator believes that it is contemporary
with the aforementioned hearth.
Fig. 1. Map of Greece with the location of Dodona
(Google Earth).
Fig. 2. Plan of the archaeological site of Dodona (Epirus, NW Gre-
ece) (© Ephorate of Antiquities of Ioannina, Hellenic Ministry
of Culture and Sports).
100km
Eleni Vasileiou
406
earthed, containing a small number of
sherds. Dakaris thought that it could be a
small pottery kiln because of the discovery of
clay slab fragments and the upper half of a
large storage vessel, identified as an eschara
and a tholos, respectively (Dakaris 1967.
40–42). However, judging by the fact that no
traces of burning have been observed in the
vase’s interior, the structure could not have
functioned as a kiln (Hasaki 2002.221–223,
328–329). From the area adjacent to the sty-
lobate, a number of clay lumps with branch
and reed impressions have been collected,
suggesting wattling daubed with clay (Da-
karis 1967b. 48). Five more postholes sur-
rounded by a stone packing (a, b, g, d, z) and
a vase (e, AMI 3715) were found in front of
the west entrance of the Bouleuterion on the
red virgin soil (Dakaris 1967b). The distance
between the axis of the postholes was 1.55m
(Dakaris 1967.40). It seems that they be-
longed to a building that extended to the
north towards the Bouleuterion’s interior and
the south towards the exterior of its stoa. No
intelligible ground plan has been preserved.
Later, in the Bouleuterion’s main hall, the
foundations of an apsidal building came to
light (Dakaris 1969) (Fig. 4.2). Half of a matt-
painted kantharos was found in the east part
of the building, while from the foundations
a clay biconical spindle whorl dated to the
LHIII period was uncovered (Dakaris 1969.
30). According to the excavator’s description, the
edifice is typical of the Early Iron Age (Dakaris
1969.31) when buildings of different shapes were
in use (namely apsidal, oval, elliptical and rectangu-
lar) (Mazarakis-Ainian 1997). These buildings would
have been covered with perishable materials, while
their foundations were made of stone.
In the adjacent Prytaneion (O) (Fig. 2), north of the
eastern stoa bases, Dakaris found a circular building
made of stone, at a level deeper than one of the
bases, with internal and external diameters of 4.20
and 3.25m, respectively (Dakaris 1971a.127, fig.2;
1971c.14–15) (Fig. 4.3). Its fill included handmade
and wheel-made sherds, as well as traces of charcoal.
Dakaris proposed that the building was contempora-
neous with the apsidal one at the Bouleuterion.
In the southwestern corner of room a of the Pryta-
neion’s wing O1 (Fig. 2), the excavators uncovered
a circular posthole lined with vertical stones (Daka-
ris 1981.7; Gravani 1997.333, footnote 27; 2007.
103, footnote 55) (Fig. 4.4). In trench 23 burned
lumps of clay coming from a hut’s superstructure
and a posthole were found (Souli, Vlachopoulou,
Gravani 2000.149, Tab. 91g, 92a) (Fig. 4.5). At the
same spot, in trench 33, a significant number of
adobe lumps were collected (Souli, Vlachopoulou,
Gravani 2004.17). Finally, in the northern edge of
the Prytaneion’s west stoa, east of base 32, a disturb-
ed layer was revealed and ascribed by the excavator
to the Late Bronze-Early Iron Age (Fig. 4.6). This la-
yer can be correlated with the stone relics found
deeper in this trench (Georgoulas 2015.783).
Summarizing the data reviewed above, the picture is
as follows: a hearth and paving in the ‘Sacred House’,
an apsidal edifice at the Bouleuterion, pits and post-
holes of a rectangular hut in its stoa, a circular buil-
ding north of the bases of the eastern stoa of the Pry-
taneion, postholes and relics of a wall in the Pryta-
neion (Fig. 4).
Fig. 3. Plan of the ‘Sacred House’ (after Evagelidis, Daka-
ris 1959).
Revisiting prebuilding Dodona
407
Building activity is more intense in the western part
of the Sanctuary, where the buildings related to the
political character of the site were erected, from the
4th century BC onwards. These constructions seem
to be part of a small settlement of stockbreeders con-
sisting of huts made of perishable materials (War-
dle 1977.177; Dieterle 2007.241; Vasileiou 2008.
141; 2016.42; Luce 2010.25). In Epirus, similar buil-
dings have been found at Vitsa (Zagori) (Vokotopou-
lou 1982.87–89; 1986), Dourouti (Ioannina basin)
(Andreou, Gravani 1997.585– 590), Pogoni (near
the Albanian border) (Andréou, Andréou 1999; An-
dreou 2003), Thesprotiko (Louros valley) (Dakaris
1971b.29, Fig. 48; Konstantaki, Spanodimos 2008.
19, footnote 26), and Aetos (Thyamis valley) (Rigi-
nos 2005.574; Metallinou 2012.353). The portable
finds consist mainly of everyday vases with thick
walls (cooking and storage vessels) (Vasileiou 2015.
44–49) (Fig. 5). Imports from southern and central
Greece have also been found, pointing to contacts
between the locals and people from these areas. Of
special interest is the discovery of a large number of
handmade high-stemmed kylikes at the Bouleuterion
deposit (Dakaris 1967; Wardle 1972.198;
1977.177; Soueref 2001.52; Vasileiou
2015.139–141, 214–215; Yiouni, Vasi-
leiou 2017). Having in mind that none of
the deposit’s finds seems to be in their
original position, probably as a result of
levelling in the Hellenistic period for the
construction of the Bouleuterion, it can be
claimed that their production was part of
industrial activity. It is of course very dif-
ficult to comment on the organization of
the pottery since no production areas or
kilns have been discovered. The shape of
the hand-made kylix constituted a hybrid
type as it combined three different pottery
traditions: the Mycenean (shape), the Epi-
rotic (fabric technology of manufacture)
and the matt painted ones (decoration)
(Yiouni, Vasileiou 2017.410) (Fig. 6). The
simultaneous use of kylikes in a number
of sites in the Ioannina basin is indicative
of organized production exceeding the li-
mits of the household and probably indi-
cating some technical expertise (Soueref
1989.172–173; Vasileiou 2015.214–215).
The fact that the kylix came as a result of
the fusion of three different traditions, in
conjunction with the recovery of their
components at Dodona, could lead to the
conclusion that this hybrid type was ini-
tially produced there (Yiouni, Vasileiou
2017.416). According to the available data, hand-
made kylikes were restricted chronologically (to the
11th and 10th centuries BC) and contextually (in do-
mestic contexts). Thus, their occurrence at the Bou-
leuterion deposit consolidates the hypothesis that
Fig. 4. Plan of the Bouleuterion and the Prytaneion. 1 pits
and postholes; 2 apsidal building; 3 circular construction; 4
stone-lined posthole; 5 adobe lumps and posthole; 6 stone re-
lics (Souli, Vlachopoulou, and Gravani 2000).
Fig. 5. Handmade pottery from Dodona (photo E.
Vasileiou).
Eleni Vasileiou
408
there was a settlement dating to the end of the Late-
Beginning of the Early Iron Age period.
The situation differs in the eastern part of the site.
The hearth and paving at the ‘Sacred House’ can be
associated with cultic activity which would have
taken place in the open-air (Vasileiou 2015.218;
2016.42; Georgoulas, Skalisti 2017.309 Soueref
2017.398). Regarding the finds relating to the hearth,
nothing corroborates its sacred character (sherds of
handmade vessels and c. 300 clay drop-like beads,
probably connected to weaving). However, the mi-
niature pottery (Fig. 7) and the non-utilitarian bronze
tools and weapons from the adjacent area can sup-
port a religious function (Vasileiou 2015.218–219;
2016.42). The miniature vessels could have been
filled with offerings to the worshipped deity, and
some of these vessels have been classified as ritual
vases (Zolotinikova 2019.97). Concerning their
chronology, only a few vases have been assigned
back to the Early Helladic period, while wheel-made
pottery of southern provenance has not been disco-
vered at the ‘Sacred House’s’ deposit. Additionally, a
votive character can be attributed to the bulk of the
bronze findings (such as knives, axes sometimes bear-
ing incised and impressed decoration, and spear-
heads) dating to the Late Helladic-Early Iron Age pe-
riod, because they were small and sometimes made
of a sheet of bronze (Papadopoulos 1976.298–315;
Wardle 1977.190–197; Soueref 2001.55–61; 2019b.
55; Vasileiou 2008.139–141; 2015.218–219; 2016.
42). However, it remains unclear if some sort of cult
activity took place there (Vasileiou 2019b.113–114).
Consequently, all that can be said with certainty is
that there is a clear difference in the use of the east
and west parts of the sanctuary of Dodona which
can be identified since the prehistoric period. Unfor-
tunately, it is impossible to draw any firm conclu-
sions concerning the nature of the architectural re-
mains of the prebuilding phase at Dodona because
of the lack of undisturbed stratigraphic layers, at
least for now. However, the pieces of the puzzle are
starting to fall into place, and a more complete pic-
ture should thus be seen in the years ahead.
Fig. 6. Handmade high stemmed kylix, Bouleterion
deposit, Dodona (AMI 3692) (© Ephorate of Anti-
quities of Ioannina, Hellenic Ministry of Culture
and Sports).
Fig. 7. Handmade miniature vases, Dodona (photo
E. Vasileiou).
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