ANNALES · Ser. hist. nat. · 21 · 2011 · 2 
125
Original scientific article           UDK 595.76:591.9(497.5)
Received: 2011-08-28
ADDITIONS TO THE FAUNAL LIST OF SCARABAEOID BEETLES (INSECTA, 
SCARABAEOIDEA) OF THE RIVER ZRMANJA AND ITS SURROUNDINGS, 
CROATIA
Toni KOREN
University of Primorska, Science and Research Centre of Koper, Institute for Biodiversity Studies, SI-6000 Koper, Garibaldijeva 1, 
Slovenia
E–mail: koren.toni1@gmail.com
Ivana ROJKO & Boris LAUš
Biology Students Association - BIUS, HR-10000 Zagreb, Marulićev trg 20, Croatia
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to contribute to the knowledge of scarabaeoid beetle (Insecta, Scarabaeoidea) fauna 
of the river Zrmanja and its surroundings, Croatia. Beetles were sampled using standard beetle collecting methods, 
including hand collecting, pitfall traps and light traps throughout the season 2010. During that time, 52 scarabaeoid 
species were recorded, 37 of which are new for the area. The presence of several species was recorded for the first 
time either in Lika or Dalmatia. A rare cetoniid beetle, Osmoderma barnabita Motschulsky, 1845, was for the first 
time recorded for the area.
Key words: Zrmanja, Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea, biodiversity, Osmoderma barnabita
CONTRIBUTO ALLA FAUNA DI COLEOTTERI SCARABAEOIDEI (INSECTA, 
SCARABAEOIDEA) DEL FIUME ZRMANJA E LOCALITÀ CIRCOSTANTI, CROAZIA
SINTESI
Lo scopo di questo studio è stato quello di contribuire alla conoscenza dei coleotteri scarabaeoidei (Insecta, Sca-
rabaeoidea) del fiume Zrmanja e delle località circostanti, in Croazia. Gli esemplari sono stati catturati utilizzando 
metodi standard per la raccolta di coleotteri, compresi la raccolta a mano, le trappole trabocchetto e le trappole 
luminose. L’indagine è durata da maggio a ottobre del 2010. In tale periodo, 52 specie di scarabaeoidei sono state 
registrate, di cui 37 sono ritrovamenti nuovi per l’area. La presenza di numerose specie è stata registrata per la prima 
volta nella Lika e in Dalmazia. Pure la presenza di un raro coleottero cetonide, Osmoderma barnabita Motschulsky, 
1845, è stata confermata per la prima volta nell’area.
Parole chiave: Zrmanja, Coleotteri, Scarabaeoidea, diversità, Osmoderma barnabita
ANNALES · Ser. hist. nat. · 21 · 2011 · 2 
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Toni KOREN et al.: ADDITIONS TO THE FAUNAL LIST OF SCARABAEOID BEETLES (INSECTA, SCARABAEOIDEA) OF THE RIVER ZRMANJA ..., 125–132
INTRODUCTION
The knowledge about the scarabaeoids (Scarabaeo-
idea) in Croatia was mainly collected by Novak (1952) 
and Mikšić (1950, 1953, 1954, 1956, 1970). Mikšić 
(1958, 1962, 1965) also created some of the best de-
termination keys for the members of this superfamily, 
written in Serbo-Croatian language. Unfortunately, 
after Mikšić hardly any papers regarding scarabaeoid 
beetle fauna in Croatia were published. Only a few pa-
pers dealing with one or a few species exist (Britvec, 
2008; Ražov et al., 2009; Harvey & Gange, 2011). So 
we can conclude that the knowledge about scarabae-
oid beetles of Croatia remained almost the same as it 
was 40 years ago.
The river Zrmanja is an ecologically interesting area 
between two large Croatian regions, the Mediterranean 
Dalmatia and the mountainous Lika. This area can be 
very interesting to entomologists, especially because it 
is one of the rare locations in Croatia where traditional 
grazing of pastures is still fairly common, with a large 
number of cattle present. This is probably so due to the 
still visible impact of the last war, which left many villa-
ges and small towns almost completely empty, disabling 
the development of industry in that area. Local people 
thus survive by tending large amounts of cattle.
The only data about scarabaeoids of the river Zrma-
nja has so far been given by Novak (1952) who recorded 
27 species in locations around the river Zrmanja.
The aim of this study is to report on recent data about 
the fauna of scarabaeoid beetles found around the river 
Zrmanja and its surroundings and the comparison with 
limited historical data, and to give some new distributi-
onal notes. The conservation status of several species is 
also discussed.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Study area
Zrmanja is a 69 km long karstic river situated on the 
boundary between Lika and Dalmatia (Fig. 1). The river 
flows from the spring at Zrmanja Vrelo, just underneath 
Mt. Poštak, towards the Novigrad Sea. The area of the ri-
ver spring is a meeting point of mountains Velebit, Lička 
Plješivica and Dinara. The river Zrmanja has a southern 
flow from Zrmanja Vrelo all the way to Mokro polje, 
were the river flows across a narrow, elongated field af-
ter which it enters the canyon area (Pelivan, 2004). At 
Mokro polje, Zrmanja transforms into an underground 
river and disappears for the following 20 km. Just abo-
ve Kaštel Žegarski, the river is fed with water from two 
smaller springheads and from this location onwards, it 
again flows above the ground all the way to its mouth 
(Matoničkin & Pavletić, 1964). Downstream of Kaštel 
Žegarski, the river enters another part of the canyon. 
Zrmanja has three tributaries, Krupa, Krnjeza and Do-
branica. After Obrovac, the biggest town situated on the 
banks of the river, Zrmanja enters the canyon for the last 
time.
Due to its specific geographical position, the river 
Zrmanja is considered as partly mountain, partly lo-
wland and partly littoral river, which directly determines 
climatic conditions that exist along its course. From the 
source to the river's mouth, continental climate is gradu-
ally being influenced by the Mediterranean conditions 
which are characteristic for the lower parts of the river. 
The main annual temperature varies from 9oC (Gračac) 
to 14oC (Zrmanja spring). Mean annual precipitation va-
ries between 1100 and 2100 mm/m2 with an average of 
1600 mm/m2 (Bonacci, 1999). Vegetation patterns fol-
low the climatic conditions while in some locations the 
vegetation has been substantially modified by humans, 
mainly referring to pastures and arable fields. This is 
why some areas lack natural forests which used to grow 
along the river. Today they are replaced by maquis and 
garrigue, thickets and stone grasslands. Some parts of 
the rivers Zrmanja and Krupa have typical wetland ve-
getation (Pelivan, 2004).
The main vegetation types around the river Zrmanja 
are mixed coastal thermophilous forests and scrubs of 
Quercus pubescens and mixed forests and scrubs of Q. 
pubescens and Carpinus orientalis. The main tree spe-
cies in the area are Q. pubescens, Quercus cerris, Acer 
monspessulanum, C. orientalis, while the bushes consist 
mainly of Fraxinus ornus, Juniperus oxycedrus, Coronilla 
emeroides, with the evergreen elements of Asparagus 
acutifolius, Ruscus aculeatus and Smilax aspera.
In the Zrmanja area, the most common grasslands are 
dry and rocky pastures, created by the degradation of for-
mer oak forests and deciduous forests of hornbeam and 
oak, and maintained primarily by grazing. On many loca-
tions around the river Zrmanja (e.g., Vrelo Zrmanje, Kaštel 
Žegarski, Manastir Krupa) traditional, extensive livestock 
(mostly cows, sheep and goats) grazing still exists.
Fig. 1: Location of the river Zrmanja and research lo-
calities.
Sl. 1: Lokacija reke Zrmanje in raziskanih lokalitet.
ANNALES · Ser. hist. nat. · 21 · 2011 · 2 
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Toni KOREN et al.: ADDITIONS TO THE FAUNAL LIST OF SCARABAEOID BEETLES (INSECTA, SCARABAEOIDEA) OF THE RIVER ZRMANJA ..., 125–132
Tab. 1: Surveyed locations along the river Zrmanja and its near surroundings (S Croatia).
Tab. 1: Seznam raziskanih lokacij ob reki Zrmanji in okolici (J Hrvaška).
Methods
This survey started in May and lasted until Octo-
ber 2010, with five 20-day-long field trips. The survey 
was done unsystematically, during several visits in the 
spring and summer during one season. We mostly tar-
geted dung species, and flower visiting scarabaeoid 
species, but other groups were collected as well, main-
ly on locations surrounding the river Zrmanja. The list 
of surveyed locations is given in Table 1, and shown on 
Figure 1.
Scarab beetles were collected using standard beetle 
collecting methods including manual collecting, pit-
fall traps and light traps (Vrezec et al., 2005; Vrezec & 
Kapla, 2007). Members of the Cetoniidae family were 
mostly collected manually from flowers and trees, while 
other beetles were mostly picked from the ground. To 
collect Geotrupidae and Scarabaeidae, cow, sheep and 
goat dung was examined. To attract crepuscular beetles, 
such as some members of Scarabidae and Trogidae, a 
pyramid-light trap was used. In Kaštel Žegarski, ten 0.5 
l plastic pitfall traps were placed, distanced 10 meters 
one from another. A modified standard mix for attract-
ing beetles was used (Sorka & Finch, 2007), containing 
beer, vinegar, ethanol and water. For the trees dwell-
ing species, tree trunks and tree hollows were searched 
(Vrezec & Kapla, 2007). All collected beetles were con-
served in 70% ethanol, prepared using entomological 
equipment and placed into a private beetle collection 
(coll. T. Koren).
Due to the lack of newly published determination 
keys dealing with the area of Croatia, we used stan-
dard determination keys (Mikšić, 1958, 1962, 1965) 
to identify beetles, along with the comparison with the 
beetle collections of the Croatian Museum of Natural 
History (CHNM). To make later comparisons with this 
paper easier, we used the taxonomy that corresponds 
to the web portal Fauna Europaea (Alonso-Zarazaga & 
Miguel, 2011), with the exception of newly published 
data regarding Osmoderma sp. complex (Audisio et al., 
2009). The data analysis was conducted using historical 
records from the area (Novak, 1952).
RESULTS
During one year survey around the river Zrmanja, a 
total of 52 scarabaeoid species belonging to 9 families 
were recorded (Tab. 2). The largest number of species 
belonged to the Scarabaeidae family (23), followed by 
Cetonidae (11), Aphodiidae (4), Geotrupidae (4), Dynas-
tidae (4), Melolonthidae (2), Lucanidae (2), Rutelidae (1) 
and Trogidae (1). The greatest number of species was 
recorded in Kaštel Žegarski (33), the Zrmanja spring (11) 
and Ljubački Zaljev (11).
Cetonia aurata (Linnaeus, 1761) was the only spe-
cies recorded in all localities, Oxythyrea funesta (Poda, 
1761) was recorded in 10 localities, Tropinota hirta 
(Poda, 1761) and Jekelius brullei (Jekel, 1866) in 7, while 
all other species were recorded in fewer localities, with 
more than 44% of species in only one locality.
Locality name X Y Altitude UTM
1 Pond beneath Poštak mountain 5585544 4898461 320 WJ89
2 Zrmanja spring 5586431 4896100 348 WJ89
3 Zrmanja village 5585099 4891335 294 WJ89
4 Krupa spring 5573001 4895146 158 WJ79
5 Manastir Krupa 5570651 4894343 103 WJ79
6 Kaštel Zegarski, meadows near the village 5568827 4891149 56 WJ69
7 Krnjeza 5568404 4894417 62 WJ69
8 Golubići village, road to Jabukovac 5565225 4898572 363 WJ69
9 Berberi, Berberov buk waterfall 5564213 4898122 73 WJ69
10 Dobarnica, river, meadows near the river 5562104 4895769 68 WJ69
11 Zrmanja firth 5546564 4895976 27 WJ49
12 Ljubački Zaljev, close to river Jaruga 5524936 4903822 2 WK20
13 Oćestovo, near the water tower 5592506 4879261 323 WJ97
14 Ervenik, pond near the macadam road 5573120 4878589 126 WJ77
ANNALES · Ser. hist. nat. · 21 · 2011 · 2 
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Species name and author
Locality
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Aphodiidae
1. Colobopterus erraticus (Linnaeus, 1758)* • • •
2. Coleobothrus luridus (Wollaston, 1860)* • •
3. Eudolus quadriguttatus (Herbst, 1783) •
4. Nialus varians (Duftschmid, 1805)* • •
Scarabeidae
5. Scarabaeus typhon (Fischer, 1824) • •
6. Scarabaeus variolosus Fabricius, 1787 • • • •
7. Gymnopleurus mopsus (Pallas, 1781)* •
8. Gymnopleurus geoffroyi (Fuessly, 1775)* •
9. Sisyphus schaefferi (Linnaeus, 1758) •
10. Copris hispanus (Linnaeus, 1764)* • • • •
11. Copris lunaris (Linnaeus, 1758)* • •
12. Bubas bison (Linnaeus, 1767)* • • •
13. Euoniticellus fulvus (Goeze, 1777) •
14. Caccobius schreberi (Linnaeus, 1758) •
15. Euonthophagus amyntas (Olivier, 1789) •
16. Onthophagus taurus (Schreber, 1959) • •
17. Onthophagus illyricus (Scopoli, 1763)* • • •
18. Onthophagus ovatus (Linnaeus, 1767)* •
19. Onthophagus grossepunctatus (Reitter, 1905)* •
20. Onthophagus ruficapillus (Brullé, 1832)* •
21. Onthophagus furcatus (Fabricius, 1781) •
22. Onthophagus opacicollis (Reitter, 1893)* •
23. Onthophagus coenobita (Herbst, 1783)* •
24. Onthophagus lemur (Fabricius, 1781) • • •
25. Onthophagus vacca (Linnaeus, 1767) • • •
26. Onthophagus nuchicornis (Linnaeus, 1758)* •
27. Onthophagus lucidus (Sturm, 1800)*
Geotrupidae
28. Geotrupes mutator (Marsham, 1802)* • •
29. Anoplotrupes stercorosus (Scriba, 1791)* •
30. Trypocopris vernalis (Linnaeus, 1758)* •
31. Jekelius brullei (Jekel, 1866) • • • • • • • •
Melolonthidae
32. Melolontha melolontha (Linnaeus, 1758)* • •
33. Haplidia transversa (Fabricius, 1801)* • •
Rutelidae
34. Anisoplia agricola (Poda, 1761) • •
Dynastidae
35. Pentodon idiota (Herbst, 1789)* •
36. Pentodon bidens (Villers, 1789)* • • • • • •
37. Phyllognathus excavatus (Forster, 1771)* • •
38. Oryctes nasicornis (Linnaeus, 1758) • •
Cetonidae
39. Valgus hemipterus (Linnaeus, 1758) • • • •
Tab. 2: Recorded Scarabaeoidea species for the river Zrmanja and its near surroundings. * - Newly recorded species 
for the area (locality names are given in Table 1).
Tab. 2: Seznam vrst družine Scarabeoidea, najdenih ob reki Zrmanji in okolici. * - novo zabeležene vrste za obmo-
čje (imena lokalitet so podana v Tabeli 1).
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ANNALES · Ser. hist. nat. · 21 · 2011 · 2 
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DISCUSSION
For the area around the river Zrmanja, Novak (1952) 
mentions 27 species of scarabaeoid beetles, mostly be-
longing to the Scarabaeidae and Aphodiidae families. 
During this survey, we recorded a total of 52 scarabae-
oid beetles species, 37 of which are new for this area 
(Tab. 2). The largest amount of species that Novak (1952) 
recorded belonged to the Aphodiidae family (13), while 
we recorded only 4 species from this family. However, 
we did not confirm the presence of 12 previously re-
corded species: Acanthobodilus immundus (Creutzer, 
1799), Amidorus cribrarius (Brulle, 1832), Agrilinus con-
stans (Duftschmid, 1805), Bodilus ictericus (Laicharting, 
1781) (=Aphodius nitidulus Fabricius, 1792), Esymus 
merdarius (Fabricius, 1775), Euorodalus coenosus (Pan-
zer, 1798), Labarrus lividus (Olivier, 1789), Melinopterus 
consputus (Creutzer, 1799), Melinopterus prodromus 
(Brahm, 1790), Nimbus obliteratus (Panzer, 1823), Pleu-
rophorus caesus (Creutzerm, 1796) and Sigorus porcus 
(Fabricius, 1792). In addition to this, from the Scarabaei-
dae family we did not record Onthophagus fracticornis 
(Preyssler, 1790), which was previously recorded by No-
vak (1952). All other recorded scarabaeoid species were 
confirmed during this survey. Our data increase the 
number of scarabaeoid beetles known from the area of 
the river Zrmanja to 68 species, which is still moderately 
low in comparison to some better researched areas, for 
example in Slovenia (Brelih et al., 2010).
For some species, their known range of occurrence 
in Croatia has been expanded. According to Mikšić 
(1965), Onthophagus nuchicornis (Linnaeus, 1758) was 
recorded at Kaštel Žegarski, and this is the first record 
in the Mediterranean part of Croatia. The same applies 
for Melolontha melolontha (Linnaeus, 1758), recorded 
in a few locations around the river Zrmanja and Trichius 
fasciatus (Linné, 1758), recorded on the shores of the 
river Dobranica.
We recorded all species from the Dynastidae family 
previously mentioned by Mikšić (1965) for the territory 
of Croatia, including the interesting finding of Phyllo-
gnathus excavatus (Forster, 1771). This Mediterranean 
species was previously recorded in southern Istria, Kvar-
ner and Dalmatia (Mikšić, 1965). During this survey, it 
was recorded at the Zrmanja spring, and it represents 
the first record for Lika.
Faunistically the most important species is Osmoder-
ma barnabita Motschulsky, 1845. Recently, it has been 
proven to be a separate species, genetically different 
from Osmoderma eremita (Scopoli, 1763) (Audisio et al., 
2009), and it is treated here as such. O. eremita complex 
(including O. barnabita) is listed as Near Threatened in the 
IUCN (2011), and also in the Habitat Directive Annexes II 
and IV (European Commission, 1992). O. barnabita has a 
broad range in Europe, but it is rare, due to the fact that 
each hollow tree sustains a local population with limited 
connections to the populations in the surrounding trees, 
resulting in the metapopulation structure of the popula-
tion (Ranius & Hedin, 2001). In Croatia, only 31 records 
between 1892 and 2000 exist (Ranius et al., 2005). This 
species was found on a willow tree close to the Zrmanja 
spring. It was collected on July 11th at dusk, which is unu-
sual for this predominantly daytime active species.
On the nearby willow trees, a large number of tree 
hollows were seen and investigated, but no further O. 
barnabita were recorded. This finding, along with our 
observations of a large number of tree hollows, suggests 
that the area around the Zrmanja spring is still a good 
habitat for this endangered species.
Another recorded species with a special conserva-
tion status is Lucanus cervus (Linnaeus, 1758). In many 
countries, where it is present, it has an endangered or 
protected status and has been included in Annex II of 
the EC Habitats Directive, together with the status of 
near threatened in 2010 across Europe according to the 
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN, 
40. Osmoderma barnabita Motschulsky, 1845 * •
41. Trichius fasciatus (Linnaeus, 1758)* •
42. Trichius sexualis (Bedel, 1906)* •
43. Tropinota squalida (Scopoli, 1783)* •
44. Tropinota hirta (Poda, 1761)* • • • • • • •
45. Oxythyrea funesta (Pod, 1761)* • • • • • • • • • •
46. Cetonia aurata (Linnaeus, 1761)* • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
47. Protaetia aeruginosa (Linnaeus, 1767)* •
48. Protaetia cuprea (Fabricius, 1775)* •
49. Protaetia angustata (Germar, 1817)* •
Lucanidae
50. Dorcus parallelopipedus (Linnaeus, 1758)* • • • • •
51. Lucanus cervus (Linnaeus, 1758)* • • •
Trogidae
52. Trox hispidus Pontoppidan, 1763* • • •
No. species 5 15 8 8 6 33 7 11 10 3 3 11 4 5
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ANNALES · Ser. hist. nat. · 21 · 2011 · 2 
130
2011). As it seems, this species is expanding its areal in 
Europe, with the exception of Slovakia and Croatia (Har-
vey & Gange, 2011). Its distribution in Croatia is poorly 
known in comparison with the nearby Slovenia (Brelih 
et al., 2010), but still much better in comparison with 
Bosnia and Herzegovina or Serbia (Harvey & Gange, 
2011). In the Zrmanja area, it was recorded on three 
locations, and was common on each of them. 
As previously stated, no scarabaeoid beetles surveys 
were carried out for some time, which makes it diffi-
cult to compare our data with any other area in Croatia. 
But even for itself, the number of 52 recorded species 
represents more than 25% scarabaeoid fauna of Croa-
tia (Mikšić, 1958, 1962, 1965). As this survey was done 
sporadically, no significant comparisons between dif-
ferent locations on the river Zrmanja can be done. On 
two areas we recorded the largest number of scarabae-
oid beetles: the Zrmanja spring (15) and Kaštel Žegarski 
(33). This can probably be assigned to the high number 
of present cattle, as well as fairly natural habitats with 
many different habitats.
Conservation status of most scarabaeoid species in 
Croatia is unknown. This can be assigned to the lack of 
continuous research on beetles in Croatia, as well as to 
no comprehensive papers dealing with this group pub-
lished in almost 40 years. Scarabaeoid beetle commu-
nities, especially dung beetles are very fragile because 
they are influenced by complex biotic and abiotic in-
teractions between many environmental factors such 
as resource availability, vegetation structure, the use of 
pesticides (Hutton & Giller, 2003), elevation, exposure 
(Jay-Robert et al., 2008) and herbivorous animal pres-
ence and diversity (Carpaneto et al., 2005) and as such 
are in need of conservation concern. This is the reason 
why more systematic, as well as unsystematic, surveys 
of different parts of Croatia are needed, to evaluate the 
conservation status of scarabaeoid species and to deter-
mine eventual conservation strategies for the future.
Toni KOREN et al.: ADDITIONS TO THE FAUNAL LIST OF SCARABAEOID BEETLES (INSECTA, SCARABAEOIDEA) OF THE RIVER ZRMANJA ..., 125–132
ANNALES · Ser. hist. nat. · 21 · 2011 · 2 
131
DODATKI K SEZNAMU FAVNE PLOJKAŠEV (INSECTA, SCARABAEOIDEA) REKE 
ZRMANJE IN OKOLIŠKIH KRAJEV, HRVAŠKA
Toni KOREN
Univerza na Primorskem, Znanstveno-raziskovalno središče, Inštitut za biodiverzitetne študije, SI-6000 Koper, Garibaldijeva 1
E–mail: koren.toni1@gmail.com
Ivana ROJKO & Boris LAUš
Biology Students Association - BIUS, HR-10000 Zagreb, Marulićev trg 20, Hrvaška
POVZETEK
Cilj te raziskave je bil doprinos k popisu favne scarabeoidnih hroščev (plojkaši ali pahljačniki) (Insecta, Scarabe-
oidea) iz okolice reke Zrmanje na Hrvaškem. Hrošči so bili vzorčeni z uporabo standardnih metod za lov hroščev, 
in sicer z ročnim zbiranjem, uporabo pasti in svetlobnih vab v sezoni 2010. Potrjena je bila prisotnost 52 vrst, od 
katerih je bilo kar 37 vrst prvič zabeleženih na raziskovanem območju. Nekatere teh vrst so prvič opažene tudi na 
območju Dalmacije in Like, na tem območju pa je bil prvič najden tudi redek puščavnik (Osmoderma barnabita 
Motschulsky, 1845).
Ključne besede: Zrmanja, Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea, biodiverziteta, Osmoderma barnabita
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