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received: 2019-03-22                  DOI 10.19233/ASHN.2019.14
ABIOTIC PARAMETERS IN TUNIS SOUTHERN LAGOON AFTER AN 
ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION AND STATUS OF MACROBENTHIC 
BIOCENOSIS (NORTHERN TUNISIA, CENTRAL MEDITERRANEAN SEA)
Khadija OUNIFI BEN AMOR & Mohamed Mourad BEN AMOR 
Laboratoire de Biodiversité, Biotechnologie et Changements Climatiques, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 
Tunis Tunisie. Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, port de pêche, 2025 La Goulette, Tunisia
Jamila BEN SOUISSI
Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, cité Mahrajène 1082, Tunis Tunisie.
e-mail: ounifikhadija@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Tunis Southern Lagoon was previously polluted by anthropogenic activities which needed a thorough envi-
ronmental restoration, achieved during September 2001. The aim of the work is to reveal the positive changes of 
the abiotic parameters and their role on the biodiversity of the lagoon. Ecological measures carried out during a 
24-months period (from October 2014 to September 2016) at 3 fixed stations, showed an improvement in water 
quality, confirming the positive impact of the restoration project. An overview of the macrobenthic biocenosis evolu-
tion is also discussed in the present work.
Key words: Eutrophication, restoration, improvement, water quality, biodiversity
PARAMETRI ABIOTICI NELLA LAGUNA MERIDIONALE DI TUNISI DOPO 
IL RESTAURO AMBIENTALE E STATO DELLA BIOCENOSI MACROBENTONICA 
(TUNISIA SETTENTRIONALE, MEDITERRANEO CENTRALE)
SINTESI
In passato la Laguna meridionale di Tunisi è stata contaminata da varie attività antropogeniche e pertanto neces-
sitava di un accurato restauro ambientale, effettuato nel settembre 2001. L’articolo vuole evidenziare i cambiamenti 
positivi dei parametri abiotici e il loro ruolo sulla biodiversità della laguna. Le misure ecologiche effettuate nel corso 
di un periodo di 24 mesi (da ottobre 2014 a settembre 2016) in 3 stazioni fisse, hanno mostrato un miglioramento 
della qualità dell’acqua, confermando l’impatto positivo del progetto di restauro. Nel presente lavoro viene anche 
presentata una revisione dell’evoluzione della biocenosi macrobentonica.
Parole chiave: eutrofizzazione, restauro, miglioramento, qualità dell’acqua, biodiversità
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INTRODUCTION
In the last decades, Tunis Southern Lagoon was 
polluted by local anthropic activities which induced 
dystrophic crises together with destruction of benthic 
communities (Ben Souissi, 2002; Chakroun, 2004), 
due to the fact that this lagoon poorly communicated 
with the sea. Water renewal was low, and a hyper-
eutrophication and contamination by toxic heavy 
metals occurred in this brackish restricted area. An en-
vironmental rehabilitation of the lagoon was decided 
by Tunisian authorities to limit eutrophication and con-
tamination by toxic industrial discharges.   The project 
also aims to improve biodiversity and gradually restore 
fishery activities in the lagoon (Ben Souissi et al. 2015). 
The project of restoration was conducted between April 
1998 and July 2001 by the Society for Research and 
Promotion of Tunis (SEPTS) and the consortium (LAC 
SUD 2000) (Vandenbroek and Ben Charrada 2001). 
The environmental restoration focused the enlargement 
the depth of the canal joining the lagoon to the sea and 
installing a hydraulic system allowing frequent renewal 
of the waters of the lagoon and the elimination of areas 
of water stagnation. The main objective of this study 
consists to analyze the new ecological status of this 
ecosystem based on 2 years of measurements locally 
carried out. An overview on its macrobenthic flora and 
the fishing interest fauna is discussed in this paper to 
point out the impact of ecological restoration on the 
biological environment.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The Lagoon of Tunis is separated in two areas by a 
navigation canal (Fig. 1). Tunis Southern Lagoon extends 
over an area of 720 ha with an almost regular depth 
of about 2.4 m. It appears as an ellipse stretching in a 
SW-NE direction, between 36°46’47’’and 36°48’00’’N 
and 10°12’22’’ and 10°16’41’’E. Its shores have been 
excavated and protected by large rocky blocks. Three 
sampling stations are located in the lagoon and indi-
cated by; Station 1 located to the east of the lagoon near 
the bay of Tunis, station 2 in the middle and station 3 in 
the west (Fig. 1). To access to these stations, a flat bot-
tom boat suitable for navigation in the lagoon was used, 
the analyses consist of monthly measurements carried 
out in situ and in the laboratory during a 24 months from 
October 2014 to September 2016.
Temperature, salinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen 
were monthly measured at approximately 10 cm below 
the surface using a salinometer (WTW.LF 197), a pH 
meter (WTW. pH 197) and oximeter (WTW.OXI 197) 
calibrated beforehand. Turbidity was measured using 
a Secchi disk. In the laboratory, chemical analyzes of 
total nitrogen and phosphorus were analyzed in the 
laboratory by means of a photometric method which 
uses, as reagents, kits tests previously prepared by 
the supplier of the equipment. The basic tool of the 
photometric method is a photometer Photolab S12 type 
WTW equipped with a thermoreactor CR3000 type 
WTW. The chlorophyll-a was determined using the 
spectrophotometric method of Lorenzen (1967) and 
following Parsons et al. (1984), the analysis of the lat-
ter must be initiated rapidly (within 3 hours after sam-
pling). The main results of two years of measurements 
are presented below. Data on macrobenthic fauna 
and flora were based on a compilation of published 
articles, thesis, surveys and our own observations in 
the last decade.
RESULTS 
Temperature - The total average of 2 years of meas-
urements is 20. 3 °C, the minima recorded vary between 
9.8 and 11.8 °C and the maxima between 26.6 and 28 °C 
(Fig. 2). Temperatures recorded in station 1, near the Gulf 
of Tunis, show a slightly higher thermal gradient (1°C) 
compared to the other stations. This gradient is explained 
by the discharges of electric central near the water inlet 
to the lagoon, which discharge about 60 m3s-1 of hot 
water. This difference is more appreciable in winter than 
in summer.
Fig. 1: A. Map of Tunisia pointing out the site of Tunis 
Southern Lagoon (TSL) located in the north. B. Tunis 
Northern Lagoon (TNL) separated from Tunis Southern 
Lagoon by a navigation channel (NC).1-3 sampling 
stations in TSL.
Sl. 1: A. Zemljevid Tunizije z označeno južno tuniško 
laguno (TSL) na severu. B. Severna tuniška laguna je od 
južne omejena s plovnim kanalom (NC). 1-3 Vzorčeval-
ne postaje v TSL. 
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Salinity - The salinity in the lagoon is homogeneous. 
The mean value recorded during our study period is 37.5. 
The lowest exceptional salinities were 31.3 and 34.1 
recorded respectively in September 2015 and February 
2016 (Fig. 3). These values are recorded as a result of 
rainfall that caused storm water to enter the lagoon from 
the banks. The maximum salinity has reached a value of 
39 recorded in July 2016 due to high temperatures that 
enhanced evaporation in the lagoon. With the exception 
of these values, salinity has varied with an annual gradi-
ent that usually does not exceed 1. This is mainly due to 
the rapid renewal of the lagoon water, which makes the 
effect of evaporation relatively low.
pH - The mean pH recorded in the southern lagoon 
over the period from October 2014 to September 2016 
is 8.3, the maximum value is 9 while the minimum 
is 7.85 (Fig. 4). The relatively low values recorded in 
summer 2015 are mainly due to the exceptional warmth 
occurred during this period, which accelerate the 
fermentation and mortality of macroalgae inducing a 
relatively low pH. During the period of algal growth, the 
release of CO2 tends to increase this parameter.
Transparency - The average transparency of the 
water in the lagoon is about 2.0 m (Fig. 5). The lowest 
transparency values are recorded in station 1, which is 
largely influenced by the water in coming from the Gulf 
of Tunis. From station 2, the visibility conditions change 
and the influence of the gulf decreases considerably, 
the transparency is therefore better. The western part of 
the lagoon (ST3) represents the most transparent zone 
because it is less influenced by the gulf; moreover, it is 
constantly invaded by caulerpes, having roots sunk in 
the sediment, with a tendency to fix the materials on 
the bottom. 
Dissolved Oxygen - The dissolved oxygen contents 
range from 70 to 130%. The average of the two years of 
measurements in the lagoon is 90% (Fig. 6). The maxi-
mum values observed are due to the production of oxy-
gen by photosynthesis of macroalgae and the minimum 
values observed are probably due to the mineralization 
of organic matter resulting from the mass mortality of 
nitrophilic algae.
Fig. 2: Water temperatures in the Tunis southern lagoon 
(from October 2014 to September 2016)
Sl. 2: Temperatura vode v južni tuniški laguni (od okto-
bra 2014 do septembra 2016).
Fig. 3: Water salinity in the Tunis southern lagoon (from 
October 2014 to September 2016).
Sl. 3: Slanost v južni tuniški laguni (od oktobra 2014 do 
septembra 2016).
Fig. 4: Water pH in the Tunis southern lagoon (from 
October 2014 to September 2016).
Sl. 4: pH vode v južni tuniški laguni (od oktobra 2014 
do septembra 2016).
Fig. 5: Monthly fluctuations of Transparency (m) in the 
Tunis southern lagoon (from October 2014 to Septem-
ber 2016). 
Sl. 5: Mesečna nihanja prozornosti (m) v južni tuniški 
laguni (od oktobra 2014 do septembra 2016).
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Total Nitrogen - The average total nitrogen concen-
tration over the two years is 674 µg/l. An extreme value 
of 1378 µg/l was recorded in November 2015 (Fig. 7). 
This rate coincided with the massive mortality of mac-
roalgae in this month since the organic form of nitrogen 
constitutes about 89% of total nitrogen.
Total phosphorus - The total phosphorus content 
range from 9 to 93 µg/l with an average of 32.7 µg/l 
(Fig. 8). The peaks are due either to the mortality of 
the macroalgae or to the action of the floods and rains 
that preceded the periods of these peaks and which 
brought large quantities of phosphate nutrients into 
the lagoon.
Chlorophyll-a - The Chlorophyll-a allow us to assess 
the degree of eutrophication of the water, in the Tunis 
southern lagoon, chlorophyll-a concentration varies 
from 0.28 to 14.88 µg/l (Fig. 9). The average of the two 
years relatively low at 2.5 µg/l.
DISCUSSION
Prior the lagoon’s ecological rehabilitation, the aver-
age monthly salinity ranged between 31 and 48.9 (Ben 
Souissi 2002), between 37 and 38.3, after environmental 
restoration. This comparison indicated that the euryhalin 
character of the lagoon is changed into “marinization” 
sensu Zaouali and Baeten (1983). High levels of dis-
solved oxygen in water trend towards an eutrophication, 
and to date since the end of environmental restoration, 
no dystrophic crisis was observed; the dissolved oxygen 
levels oscillate around the saturation point (Hermi & 
Aissa (2002); Chakroun, 2004). Monthly pH averages 
were saw-tooth fluctuations between 8.11 and 9.49 and 
may even reach very alkaline pH values as a result of 
spills of various chemical pollutants (Ben Souissi 2002). 
This parameter currently has a spatiotemporal stability 
since the minimum value did not drop below 8 and the 
maximum value did not exceed 8.4.
Based on the key parameters of eutrophication indica-
tors: total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a, expressed as 
annual averages, the eutrophication status of the Tunis 
Southern Lagoon waters can be outlined. The report of 
Fig. 9: Monthly fluctuations of Chlorophyll a (μg/l) 
in the Tunis southern lagoon (from October 2014 to 
September 2016).
Sl. 9: Mesečna nihanja koncentracij klorofila a (μg/l) 
v južni tuniški laguni (od oktobra 2014 do septembra 
2016).
Fig. 6: Monthly fluctuations of dissolved Oxygen (%) 
in the Tunis southern lagoon (from October 2014 to 
September 2016).
Sl. 6: Mesečna nihanja koncentracij raztopljenega 
kisika (%) v južni tuniški laguni (od oktobra 2014 do 
septembra 2016).
Fig. 7: Monthly fluctuations of total nitrogen (μg/l) 
in the Tunis southern lagoon (from October 2014 to 
September 2016).
Sl. 7: Mesečna nihanja koncentracij celokupnega dušika 
(μg/l) v južni tuniški laguni (od oktobra 2014 do sep-
tembra 2016).
Fig. 8: Monthly fluctuations of total phosphorus (μg/l) 
in the Tunis southern lagoon (from October 2014 to 
September 2016).
Sl. 8: Mesečna nihanja koncentracij celokupnega fos-
forja (μg/l) v južni tuniški laguni (od oktobra 2014 do 
septembra 2016).
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these concentrations on the abacus following the model 
proposed by the OCDE (1982) showed that the waters of the 
Tunis southern lagoon are mesotrophic with a probability of 
54% versus the hypereutrophic state observed before the 
restoration with a probability of 70% (Jouini et al., 2005).
The restoration of the lagoon displayed a high 
increase of biodiversity, with occurrence of species of 
phanerogams and seaweed of marine origin. Among 
new established vegetation in the lagoon were found 
the endemic caulerpe Caulerpa prolifera (Forsskål) 
J.V.Lamouroux, 1809, and the brown algae Cysto-
seira barbata (Stackhouse) C.Agardh, 1820 indicator 
of a healthy ecosystem (Ben Souissi et al., 2015). Prior 
to restoration, the benthic macroflora was exhibited a 
very low biodiversity characteristic from eutrophic eu-
ryhalin and eurytherm facies dominated by Ulva rigida 
C.Agardh, 1823, typical of lagoon environments (Ben 
Souissi, 2002;  Shili et al., 2002).
The lagoon azoic during its restoration was progres-
sively invaded by several species, among them were 
found immigrants from Indo-Pacific origin established 
since autumn 2001 in the area with the start-up of locks 
and the restoration of communication with the sea (Gulf 
of Tunis) and the lagoon itself (Ben Souissi et al., 2003).
The current malacological fauna of the lagoon is 
comprised 50 species of molluscs, 2 Polyplacophora, 
28 gastropods (especially nudibranchs), 17 bivalves and 
3 cephalopods versus only 29 species recorded before 
restoration (Eteres et al. 2011). Of these 50 species, 5 are 
allochthonous having an Indo-Pacific origin. The best 
instance is Fulvia fragilis (Forsskål & Niebuhr, 1775), 
which colonized and invaded the entire lagoon, with 
presence of juveniles and specimens up to 60 mm in 
width (Rifi et al., 2011; 2013). 
Therefore, new activities have been developed such 
as the collection of mussel on artificial rocky banks of 
the lagoon and fishery of cephalopod species such as 
common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis Linnaeus, 1758 and 
musky octopus Eledone moschata (Lamarck, 1758).
A diversity of carcinological fauna was displayed in the 
lagoon comprising 44 crustacean species (19 decapods, 
11 isopods, 10 amphipods, 3 barnacles and a single 
stomatopod) were recorded versus 29 before the ecologi-
cal rehabilitation of the lagoon. Of these 44 species, 31 are 
autochthonous and 13 allochthonous (Ounifi Ben Amor et 
al. 2017). The presence of some species seems not to be 
transient since several of them were well established in the 
area (Ounifi Ben Amor et al., 2015; 2016a; 2016b).
The ichthyofauna is also much diversified and con-
comitantly allowed the resumption of fishing activities 
in area. Eight species of elasmobranch and more than 70 
teleost species are recorded in the lagoon (Méjri et al., 
2004; Ben Souissi et al., 2005). A survey carried out in 
2014 among fishermen operating regularly in the lagoon 
shows that the local ichthyofauna included more than 
90 species (Ben Souissi et al. 2015). 
The physicochemical and trophic analyzes carried 
out before and after the restoration of Tunis southern 
lagoon, display a high water quality, stability and an im-
provement in edaphic environment of the lagoon. This 
homogenization observed after the ecological restoration 
is the consequence of   an important exchange between 
the lagoon and the Gulf of Tunis. Such exchange and 
the absence of water stagnation in some areas have led 
to a marked disappearance of nitrophilous algae versus 
the reappearance of marine species. The successful set-
tlement of these latter in Tunis southern lagoon revealed 
the evident improvement of the lagoon waters.
ABIOTSKI PARAMETRI V TUNIŠKI JUŽNI LAGUNI PO OKOLJSKI OBNOVI 
IN STATUS MAKROBENTOŠKIH BIOCENOZ (SEVERNA TUNIZIJA, 
OSREDNJE SREDOZEMSKO MORJE)
Khadija OUNIFI BEN AMOR & Mohamed Mourad BEN AMOR 
Laboratoire de Biodiversité, Biotechnologie et Changements Climatiques, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 
Tunis Tunisie. Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer, port de pêche, 2025 La Goulette, Tunisia
Jamila BEN SOUISSI
Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, 43 Avenue Charles Nicolle, cité Mahrajène 1082, Tunis Tunisie.
e-mail: ounifikhadija@yahoo.com
POVZETEK
Južna tuniška laguna se je soočala z onesnaženjem zaradi antropogenih dejavnosti, zato je prišlo septembra 2001 
do okoljske obnove. Namen tega prispevka je obelodaniti pozitivne spremembe v abiotskih dejavnikih in njihovo 
vlogo glede biodiverzitete v laguni. Ekološke meritve, ki so potekale v 24-mesečnem obdobju (od oktobra 2014 
do septembra 2016) na 3 stalnih postajah, so pokazale izboljšanje kvalitete vode in s tem potrdile pozitivni učinek 
projekta obnove. Avtorji v delu razpravljajo tudi o makrobentoških biocenozah.
Ključne besede: evtrofikacija, obnova, izboljšanje, kvaliteta vode, biodiverziteta
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