/U3S ACTA BIOLOGICA SLOVENICA VOL. 52 ŠT. 2 LJUBLJANA 2009 prej/formerly BIOLOŠKI VESTNIK ISSN 1408-3671 UDK 57(497.4) izdajatelj/publisher Društvo biologov Slovenije ACS ACTA BIOLOGICA SLOVENICA LJUBLJANA 2009 Vol. 52, Št. 2: 1-178 Acta Biologica Slovenica Glasilo Društva biologov Slovenije - Journal of Biological Society of Slovenia Izdaja - Published by Društvo biologov Slovenije - Biological Society of Slovenia Glavni in odgovorni urednik - Editor in Chief Alenka Gaberščik, e-mail: alenka.gabersdk@bf.um-lj.si Tehnični urednik - Managing Editor Gregor Zupančič, e-mail: gregor.zupancic@bf.uni-lj.si Uredniški odbor - Editorial Board Robert Zorec (SLO), Matija Gogala (SLO), Nada Gogala (SLO), Alenka Malej (SLO), Livio Poldini (i), Mark Tester (AUS), Nejc Jogan (SLO), Mihael J. Toman (SLO), Franc Janžekovič (SLO), Branko Vreš (SLO), Boris Sket (SLO ), Franc Batič (SLO ), Alexis Zrimec (SLO), Georg A. Janauer (A), Doekele G. Stavenga (NL) Naslov uredništva - Adress of Editorial Office Acta Biologica Slovenica, Večna pot 111, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenija http://bijh.zrc-sazu.si/abs/ Oblikovanje - Design Žare Vrezec ISSN 1408-3671 UDK 57(497.4) Natisnjeno - Printed on: 2009 Tisk - Print: Tiskarna Pleško d.o.o., Ljubljana Naklada: 500 izvodov Cena letnika (dve številki): 15 € za posameznike, 42 € za ustanove Številka poslovnega računa pri Ljubljanski banki: 02083-142508/30 Publikacijo je sofinancirala Agencija za Raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije. Acta Biologica Slovenica je indeksirana v - is indexed in: Biological Abstracts, Zoological records. ACTA BIOLOGICA SLOVENICA LJUBLJANA 2009 Vol. 52, Št. 2: 3-6 /U3S France Velkovrh, malakolog in speleobiolog 1934-2009 Vajeni smo bili, da je bil med najzagretejšimi udeleženci, kadar smo se odpravljali na raziskave po nekdanji 'širši domovini'. Tokrat je bil že več let v zasluženem pokoju, zadnje leto pa, žal ob strašno neprijetni bolezni, v bolnišnici. Na poti na 'naš' Ohrid me je dohitela vest, da se je poslovil. France Velkovrh je bil mož, ki je vedno storil več, kot bi smeli pričakovati. Dobronamerni kolegi so to seveda spoštovali, marsikoga pa je tudi motilo, da se vmešava v zadeve, ki naj bi ga ne brigale. Ko pa je vendar bil le tehnični sodelavec. Francetovo prizadevnost so občutile - in iz nje povzele kak nauk - tudi generacije mladih jamarjev. Bil je dolga leta 'gospodar' ljubljanskega Jamarskega društva. Kaj pri jamarski dejavnosti pomeni skrb za brezhibno opremo, si lahko vsakdo predstavlja. In koliko prizadevnosti je potrebne, da najstnika pripraviš k vestnem čiščenju blatnih vrvi in žičnih lestvic, tudi. Do sebe je bil le v eni zadevi manj zahteven. Francetova edina resna napaka je bila, da se ni mogel pripraviti, disciplinirati, za pravšnje dokončanje študija, čeprav navdušen za naravo in razgledan v naravoslovju. Ostal je pri 'višješolski' stopnji. Vseeno je bil biolog, bil je znanstvenik z znanstveno bibliografijo, ki je bila v sedemdesetih in osemdesetih letih kar spoštovanja vredna in je ni zmogel prenekateri raziskovalec ali učitelj. S svojim znanjem je sodeloval tudi pri pouku. Največ pri terenskih vajah. Pa tudi pri laboratorijskih vajah smo ga (res malce mimo pravil, a s pridom) zadolžili za vaje z mehkužci. Nek študent se je nekoč pritožil, da oni 'niso kaki stroji za določanje mehkužcev' - spet prevelika zagnanost? Merila so pač od osebe do osebe različna. Bil je predvsem neprekosljiv tehnični pomočnik, v hiši, kot na terenu. Poseben izziv mu je bila priprava opreme in druge prtljage za terenske raziskave. Skupaj smo obšli kar lepe kose Jugoslavije. Zlasti lepo število kraških jam in seveda imenitno Ohridsko jezero. Po povratku je bila njegova osnovna zadolžitev obdelava grobo zajetih vzorcev, iz katerih je pobiral živali za znanstveno obdelavo. Tudi temeljitost terenskih raziskav je bila v veliki meri prav njegova zasluga. In tako je v veliki meri njegova zasluga sorazmerno dobra raziskanost podzemeljske favne na dinarskem krasu in v intersticialnih vodah ob njem. Veliko tega gradiva je še neobdelanega v zbirkah in bo zaposlovalo taksonome še nekaj časa - če bodo na voljo 'sredstva' v ta namen. Seveda je tudi pri raziskavah presegel vlogo le tehničnega pomočnika, kar smo primerno upoštevali pri soavtorstvu znanstvenih prispevkov. Francetu najljubše pa je bilo delo z mehkužci, zlasti s polži in spet zlasti s podzemeljskimi. Zaradi njih je ostajal v laboratoriju cele (neplačane) dneve. Prekuhaval je kilograme jamske prsti, da je iz nje izbrskal po nekaj milimetrskih polžjih hišic. Tako je prispeval k poznavanju razširjenosti vrst, vendar pa je našel in znanstveno opisal tudi 13 novih, dotlej neznanih vrst; opisal je tudi nove rodove, pod lepimi imeni Phreatica, Istriana, Dalmatella. In rezultat te prizadevnosti je izjemno bogata malakološka zbirka, verjetno kar ena najbogatejših v Evropi, ki jo ima zdaj v oskrbi Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije. Za konec še nekaj pustih podatkov. France Velkovrhje bil rojen 24. februarja 1934 v Ljubljani. Njegov oče je padel leta 1943 kot partizan. Gimnazijo je zaključil z odliko. Študij biologije na UL je vpisal leta 1953, že naslednje leto pa se je zaposlil; najprej na Inštitutu za zdravstveno hidrotehniko FAGG UL, nato na Inštitutu za biologijo Univerze in od 1965 do upokojitve na Oddelku za biologijo Biotehniške fakultete UL. Študij biologije je zaključil s fakultetno izobrazbo I. stopnje (višjo strokovno izobrazbo). Prejel je več priznanj: 1958: študentsko Prešernovo nagrado Univerze v Ljubljani za obdelavo teme 'Nove naj dbe in pripombe k dosedanjim opisom podzemnih gastropodov iz porečja Ljubljanice'; 1970: Srebrno značko za dolgoletno jamarsko organizacijsko in raziskovalno delo (bil je član DZRJL od 1949); 1977: Plaketo v znak priznanja za prispevek k razvoju fakultete in njenih enot ter Medaljo dela; 1987: Red dela s srebrnim vencem za zasluge in uspehe pri delu, pomembne za napredek države. Kot svojevrstno priznanje lahko štejemo tudi poimenovanje živalskih vrst, s katerim s(m)o ga želeli počastiti strokovni kolegi. Po njem smo poimenovali en imeniten rod in sedem vrst iz različnih živalskih skupin. Tako endemnega in edinega jamskega ožigalkarja, jamskega trdoživa ali velkovrhijo (Velkovrhia enigmatica Matjašič et Sket 1971). Takšni so tudi polžki jamski prilepek Acroloxus velkovrhi Bole 1965, pa Truncatellina velkovrhi Štamol 1995 in Gyralina velkovrhi Riedel 1985; deževnik Dendrobaena velkovrhi Mršic 1988 in podzemeljska rakca, ceponožec Elaphoidella franci Petkovski 1983 ter jamski ježekMonolistra velkovrhi Sket 1960. France se je poslovil od nas 1. oktobra 2009. O vsebini njegovega dela naj pričajo naslovi objavljenih znanstvenih in poljudnih člankov: Bole J. & F. Velkovrh 1986: Mollusca from continental subterranean aquatic habitats:, v: Botosa-neanu L (editor): Stygofauna Mundi. A Faunistic, Distributional and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters, Leiden. str. 177-208. Bole J. & F. Velkovrh 1987: Nove vrste podzemeljskih polžev Jugoslavije. [Neue Arten der unter-irdischen Schnecken Jugoslawiens]. Razprave (Dissertationes), classis IV, SAZU 28(3): 69-83. Brezigar A. & F. Velkovrh 1987: Malakofavna v: Paleontološke raziskave pliokvartarne skladovnice velenjske udorine. [Paleontological investigations of the Plio-Quaternary beds of the Velenje Depression]. Geologija 28/29 (1985/86): 98-99 . Brezigar A., G. Kosi, D. Vrhovšek & F. Velkovrh 1983: Paleontološke raziskave pliokvartarne skladovnice velenjske udorine. Referat na simpoziju: Geologija Šaleške kotline, 1983. - Geološki zbornik 3: 31-33. Hershler R. & F. Velkovrh 1993: A new genus of hydrobiid snails (Prosobranchia: Rissoidea) from northern south America. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 106: 182-189. Korniushin A. V. & F. Velkovrh 2005: Two new species of the bivalve molluscs from the Balkan Lake Prespa. (verjetno neobjavljeno) Morton B., F. Velkovrh & B. Sket 1998: Biology and anatomy of the »living fossil« Congeria kusceri (Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) from subterranean rivers and caves in the Dinaric karst of the former Yugoslavia. Journal of Zoology London 245: 147-174. Novak D., F. Velkovrh, F. Leban & A. Kranjc 1988: Gradivo za Slovensko speleološko bibliografijo z bibliografijo. Naše jame 30: 1-192. Novak T., F. Velkovrh in drugi 1989: Nouvelles de Yougoslavie. - Bulletin de liaison de la Societe de Biospeologie (Moulis) 13: 8-16. Ramovš A. & F. Velkovrh 1972: »Nenavadni« morski ježki. Proteus 34(7): 332. Riedel A. & F. Velkovrh 1976: Drei neue balkanische Zonitiden (Gastropoda) und neue Funde einiger seltener Arten. Biološki vestnik 24(2): 219-227. Sket B. & F. Velkovrh 1979: The discovery of Proteus-eggs (Proteus anguinus) in seminatural conditions. International Journal of Speleology 10(2): 205-209. Sket B. & F. Velkovrh 1981: Phreatische Fauna in Ljubljansko polje (Ljubljana-Ebene, Jugoslavi-en) - ihre okologische Verteilungen und zoogeographische Beziehungen. International Journal of Speleology 11: 105-121. Sket B.& F. Velkovrh 1981: Postojnsko-planinski jamski sistem kot model za preučevanje onesnaženja podzemeljskih voda. [The Postojna-Planina-CaveSystem as a model for the investigations of the polluted subterranean rivers]. Naše jame 22: 27-44. Sket B.& F. Velkovrh 1982: Podzemeljske živali v termalnih vodah. [Subterranean animals in thermal waters]. Biološki vestnik 29(2): 91-120. Sket B., J. Bole, A. Benovič, A. Brancelj, J. Brglez, M. Cuček, B. Curčič, A. Jaklin, G. Karaman, I. Katavič, M. Kerovec, I. Kos, M. Legac, N. Mršič, A. Malej, T. Novak, S. Petkovski, T. Pet -kovski, A. Polenec, F. Potočnik, V. Pujin, B. Radujkovič, Z. StevčiC, K. Tarman, A. Travizi, M. Velikonja, F. Velkovrh, J. Vidakovič & D. zavodnik 1991: Bogastvo in raziskanost jugoslovanske favne: nižji nevretenčarji (Metazoa Invertebrata, ex. Insecta) (Richness and state of knowledge of the fauna of Yugoslavia: lower invertebrates (Metazoa: Invertebrata, ex. Insecta)). Biološki Vestnik, 39(1-2): 37-52. Sket B., Sivec I., F. Velkovrh & Velikonja M. 1979: Ekološke raziskave na podzemeljskem toku Pivke. V: Biologija danes - jutri : povzetki prikazanih prispevkov. Ljubljana: Univerza Edvarda Kardelja: VTO za biologijo, str. 17A. Stamol V. & F. Velkovrh 1987: Prilog poznavanju kopnenih i slatkovodnih mekušaca (Mollusca) otoka Cresa i Lošinja. Zbornik sažetaka priopcenja treceg kongresa biologa Hrvatske: 229. Stamol V. & F. Velkovrh 1994: Contribution to the knowledge of land snails of the islands Cres and Lošinj (Croatia) (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia, Basomatophora, Stylomatophora). Malakologische Abhandlungen 17(20): 219-238. Vaupotič M. & F. Velkovrh 1997: Prispevek k poznavanju favne mehkužcev (Mollusca) v severovzhodni Sloveniji. [Contribution to the knowledge of the molluscan fauna (Mollusca) in northeastern Slovenia]. Acta biologica Slovenica 41(1): 37-45. Vaupotič M. & F. Velkovrh 2002: Goli polži Slovenije. (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Milacidae, Li-macidae, Boettgerillidae, Agriolimacidae, Arionidae) Slovenije. Slugs (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Milacidae, Limacidae, Boettgerillidae, Agriolimacidae, Arionidae) of Slovenia. Acta biologica Slovenica 45(2): 35-52. Velkovrh F. 1959: Nabiranje jamskih mehkužcev. Naše jame 1(2): 77-79. Velkovrh F. 1970: Dve novi podzemeljski hidrobiidi (Gastropoda). Biološki vestnik 18: 97-106. Velkovrh F. 1971: Eine neue unterirdische Hydrobiide aus West-Istrien (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia). Biološki vestnik 19: 159-166. Velkovrh F. 1971: Nove najdbe vrste Acicula stussineri (Boettger) 1884 (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia). [New sites of the species Acicula stussineri (Boettger) 1884 (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia)]. Biološki vestnik 19: 203-206. Velkovrh F. 1972: Razporeditev gastropodov po drobnih razpokah v krasu. V: Habič P. (ur.). Program. Povzetki predavanj. Postojna: Jamarska zveza Slovenije, str. 30-31. Velkovrh F. 1972: Pripombe k razširjenosti dveh vrst rodu Spelaeodiscus Brusina 1886 (Gastropoda, Pulmonata). [Some comments to the range of the genus Spelaeodiscus Brusina 1886 (Gastropoda, Pulmonata)]. Biološki vestnik 20: 121-126. Velkovrh F. 1974: Ferrissia wautieri (Mirolli, 1960) (Gastropoda, Ancylidae) v Jugoslaviji. [Fer-rissia wautieri (Mirolli, 1960) (Gastropoda, Ancylidae) in Yugoslavia]. Biološki vestnik 22(2): 251-254. Velkovrh F. 1974: Razširjenost gastropodov po drobnih razpokah v Krasu. Naše jame 15: 77-81. Velkovrh F. 1975: New contributions to Adriatic malacofauna. Biosistematika 1(1): 101-114. Velkovrh F. 1980: Travertin kot intersticielni biotop pleistocenskih in recentnih gastropodov. Referat Sedmi Jugoslovanski speleološki kongres, Herceg-Novi 9, 14. 10. 1976, Publicirano: Titograd 1980: 417-423. Velkovrh F. 1987: Polžek Istriana mirnae, endemit severozahodne Istre. Proteus 49(6): 235-236. Velkovrh F. 2001: Mehkužci (Mollusca). v B. Sket, M. Gogala, V. Kuštor (uredniki): Živalstvo Slovenije, Tehniška založba Slovenije d.d. Boris Sket ACTA BIOLOGICA SLOVENICA LJUBLJANA 2009 Vol. 52, Št. 2: 7-20 ACS Razvoj zoofiziologije na Biološkem oddelku Biotehniške fakultete in Inštitutu za biologijo do leta 1987 - osebni pogled History of animal physiology at the Department of Biology and Institute of Biology, Ljubljana - a personal view Matija Gogala Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti, Novi trg 3, 1000 Ljubljana E-Mail: matija.gogala@guest.arnes.si Izvleček: V tem pregledu podajam svoj osebni pogled na začetke in razvoj zoofiziološkega laboratorija na Univerzi v Ljubljani do mojega odhoda s fakultete toda s projekcijami v sedanji čas. Za popolnejšo zgodovino laboratorija bi bil potreben dolgotrajnejši študij dokumentacije in arhivov Univerze v Ljubljani, Biološkega oddelka BF, Biotehniške fakultete in Inštituta za biologijo. Ključne besede: zoofiziologija, fiziologija živali, Biološki oddelek BF, Inštitut za biologijo, Univerza v Ljubljani Abstract: This is a personal view to the development of the zoophysiology laboratory at the Biology department of Biotechnical faculty of the University of Ljubljana and the National Institute of Biology. This review mainly covers 27 years of my life in this institution with projections to the present state. For a comprehensive history one should thoroughly study documents in the archives of institutions, mentioned above. Keywords: zoophysiology, animal physiology, Department of Biology BF, Institute of Biology, University of Ljubljana Začetki Fiziologija živali na ljubljanski univerzi ni imela srečnega začetka. Kmalu po ustanovitvi Univerze v Ljubljani so člani Filozofske fakultete leta 1921 izvolili za profesorja zoofiziologije priznanega slovenskega znanstvenika Ivana Regna (*1868, f1947) (sl. 1), ki je živel in delal na Dunaju in se je ukvarjal z bioakustiko žuželk, predvsem murnov in kobilic (Gogala 2008). Vendar Regen kljub temu in kljub želji, da se vrne v domovino, tega mesta nikdar ni zasedel. Že pri volitvah ni šlo brez očitkov, da je Regen neki svoj članek po izidu popravljal, toda prof. Regen je dokazal, da ni naredil ničesar nečastnega. Iz njegovih zapiskov pa je jasno, da je nekdo (Slovenec A. G.!) že po tej izvolitvi kandidata očrnil v Beogradu in to je bil verjetno glavni razlog, da Regen, izredno natančen in občutljiv človek, ni želel več priti v Ljubljano, kjer bi tako ali tako imel bistveno slabše razmere za raziskovalno delo kot na Dunaju. Na Dunaju je pred 1. Svetovno vojno deloval tudi Franc Megušar (*1876, f1916), biolog zoofiziolog, ki se je ukvarjal z razvojem žuželk, spreminjanjem barv pri žuželkah, rakih in ribah ter z ekologijo jamskih živali. Objavil je okoli 20 znanstvenih del. Od leta 1904 do 1913 je bil asistent na Dunajski univerzi, kjer je delal v vivariju, leta 1915 je dobil mesto na Kmetijski poskusni postaji v Gorici, njegovo kariero pa je Slika 1: Prof. dr. Ivan Regen, nesojeni prvi profesor fiziologije živali na ljubljanski univerzi. Fotografija je verjetno nastala na Dunaju okoli leta 1910 (Knjižnica SAZU). Fig. 1: Prof. Dr. Ivan Regen, first elected professor of animal physiology at Ljubljana University never took this chair. Photography has been probably done in Vienna around 1910 (SASA Library). prekinila zgodnja smrt na fronti v 1. Svetovni vojni. Več o njem lahko beremo v Slovenskem biografskem leksikonu (SBL 1925-1991) oziroma na spletnem naslovu: http://nl.ijs.si:8080/fedora/ get/sbl:sbl/VIEW/. Zato je »občo« fiziologijo in primerjalno fiziologijo živali od leta 1927 do konca petdesetih let po drugi svetovni vojni predaval prof. dr. Albin Seliškar (*1896, f1973) (sl. 2), po raziskovalni usmeritvi nedvomno zoofiziolog, ki pa je imel svoje stalno mesto na Medicinski fakulteti. Ukvarjal se je z biologijo jamskih živali, eno od njegovih prvih del pa je na primer opis dišavnih (feromonskih) organov pri jamskih kobilicah (Seliškar 1923). Svoje morda najpomembnejše delo pa je objavil skupaj z A. O. Župančičem o sinaptičnem prenosu vzburjenja na živčno-mišičnem preparatu (Seliškar & Župančič 1947). Več o njem lahko preberete v spominih hčerke Slika 2: Prof. dr. Albin Seliškar, fotografija iz leta 1965, ko je še predaval fiziologijo živali za študente biologije. Fig. 2: Prof. dr. Albin Seliškar, photography from the year 1965, when he still lectured for the students of biology at the Ljubljana University. Mojce Seliškar (1996) in v Zgodovinskem zborniku Medicinske fakultete (Urlep & al. 2003: 187-206 in 239-240). Okoli leta 1927 je s sodelavci iz Društva za raziskovanje jam uredil prvi jamski laboratorij v Podpeški jami. Po 2. svetovni vojni je organiziral jamski laboratorij v Postojnski jami in se posebej posvetil raziskavam človeške ribice. Na žalost pa o tem ni veliko objavil. Prof. Seliškar je bil zelo široko izobražen in je bil v času mojega študij a biologij e pri kolegih starej ših letnikov na dobrem glasu kot organizator odličnih ekskurzij, kjer je študentom biologije odkrival raznolikost habitatov bivše skupne domovine in raznovrstnost živega sveta v njih. Na žalost pa se mu je na eni izmed teh ekskurzij nekaj zamerilo in ga naša generacija ni mogla več prepričati, da bi tudi nas in naslednje letnike študentov vodil na kakšno podobno pot. Na Biološkem oddelku je proti koncu petdesetih let sicer poskušal vzpostaviti zoofiziološki laboratorij dr. Dušan Lušicky (*1918, f199?), asistent pri prof. dr. Jovanu Hadžiju v letih 1947-57. Imel je težave, tudi zdravstvene, in je Univerzo v letu 1957 zapustil. Iz tistega časa je ostalo nekaj raziskovalne opreme, predvsem preprost elektronski stimulator in kimograf za registracijo počasnih pojavov. Lilijana Istenič (*12. 4. 1931) je doktorirala z ekofiziološko temo meritev porabe kisika pri vrbnicah (Plecoptera). Po njeni zaslugi je Oddelek nabavil Warburgov aparat za take meritve in smo ga kasneje uporabljali tudi v zoofiziološkem laboratoriju. V skladu s svojim delovnim mestom profesorice za primerjalno fiziologijo vretenčarjev se je v naslednjih letih usmerila v raziskave funkcionalne morfologije, še posebej v mehanizem plavanja hrustančnic in v študij močerila (Proteus anguinus), nj egovih ampularnih organov, okušalnih brstičev in barvil. Michielijevo obdobje Naslednji biolog, ki je končno v letu 1961/62 tudi na Biološkem oddelku organiziral zoofiziološki laboratorij, je bil dr. Štefan Sušec-Michieli (19331968) (sl. 3). Bil je entomolog - lepidopterolog in široko izobražen biolog z veliko energije in z odličnimi organizacijskimi sposobnostmi. Pro-moviral je leta 1959, bil leta 1960 imenovan za docenta in leta 1965 za izrednega profesorja za primerjalno fiziologijo živali z osnovami fiziologije človeka na Biološkem oddelku BF. Dodatno se je izobraževal v Nemčiji, v Tubingenu in Munchnu pri priznanih profesorjih Petru Mohresu in Hansjochemu Autrumu kot štipendist organizacije UNESCO. Doma je želel uvesti moderno zoofiziologijo z metodami tedaj novega področja elektrofiziologije, eksperimentalne etologije in kromatografije. Prednost prof. Michielija je bilo odlično poznavanje poskusnih živali, predvsem žuželk in sposobnost zastaviti poskuse tudi v izredno skromnih razmerah tako, da so rezultate s spoštovanjem sprejemali tudi tuji strokovnjaki. Tako za eksperimentalno delo na svoji disertaciji z naslovom Analiza skototaktičnih reakcij pri artropodih (Michieli 1959) poleg poskusnih živali ni potreboval mnogo več kot nekaj kartona, papirja, vodene barvice ter seveda poskusne živali. Uvedel je pojem perigramotaksis, razčistil pojem skototaksije, ugotavljal sposobnost barvnega gledanja pri različnih artropodih, ostrino vida Slika 3: Prof. dr. Štefan Sušec-Michieli, ustanovitelj zoo-fiziološkega laboratorija Oddelka za biologijo Biotehniške fakultete in Inštituta za biologijo (sedaj NIB). Portret je delo pokojnega slikarja Florisa Oblaka, ki je prof. Michielija poznal in je v tistih letih učil biološko risanje študente biologije. Fig, 3: Prof. dr. Štefan Sušec-Michieli, founder of the zoophysiology lab at the Department of Biology, Biotechnical faculty and at the Institute of Biology (now National Institute of Biology). Portrait is a work of the late painter Floris Oblak (1969), who taught at that time drawing for biologists. in še marsikaj drugega. Skupaj z dr. Miranom Vardjanom sta ustanovila katedro za zoo- in fito-fiziologijo na Biološkem oddelku Naravoslovne in po vrsti reorganizacij Biotehniške fakultete. Prof. Michieli je v skladu s takratno dvotirno organizacijo ustanovil tudi zoofiziološki laboratorij Inštituta za biologijo Univerze v Ljubljani. Pravzaprav pa nam je bilo takrat vseeno, ali je kdo dobil mesto na inštitutu ali oddelku, delal je v istem zoofiziološkem laboratoriju. Do ločitve obeh inštitucij oziroma osamosvoj itve Inštituta za biologijo je prišlo šele proti koncu sedemdesetih let prejšnjega stoletja. Področja raziskovanja so bila v začetku predvsem barve in menjavanje barv pri žuželkah, fotorecepcija žuželk in njihova optična orientacija v prostoru. Za uvedbo elektrofizioloških metod je bilo takrat zelo težko nabaviti primerno opremo v tujini, zato se je prof. Michieli dogovoril s strokovnjaki na Fakulteti za elektrotehniko za razvoj prototipnega osciloskopa (sl. 4), katerega glavni konstruktor je bil dr. Lojze Vodovnik. Ta aparat nam je še dolga leta koristno služil, dopolnili pa smo ga še z dodatnimi predojačevalniki, delo dr. Lojzeta Kralja iz istega laboratorija in z drugo opremo. Sicer pa smo se takrat morali znajti. Za vaje smo si kimografe najprej priredili s kombinacijo gramofona, mopedove transmisije in kimografskega bobna. Sicer pa so bile bucike, slamice, papir, plastelin in podobne stvari takrat glavno gradivo v zoofiziološkem laboratoriju. S Štefanom Michielijem sva se poznala že iz mojih dijaških in kasneje študentskih let zaradi obojestranskega zanimanja za žuželke. Hodil sem na entomološke sestanke, kjer sem pogosto srečeval tudi Štefana Michielija in nekajkrat sva šla tudi skupaj na entomološke izlete. Po diplomi (1959) pred odhodom k vojakom sem bil pol leta pri njemu volunter v Biološkem inštitutu Slovenske akademije znanosti in umetnosti, kjer sem med drugim delal prva opazovanja zvočne komunikacije pri stenicah s preprostimi napravami, kot je stetoskop in z redkimi gostovanji na Radiu Ljubljana, kjer so mi naredili prve magnetofonske zapise teh signalov. Po diplomi na ljubljanski univerzi leta 1960 mi je prof. Božo Škerlj, antropolog, ponudil možnost izpopolnjevanja v ZDA za genetiko, saj ta pomembna veja biologije takrat na Biološkem oddelku še ni bila zasedena. Ponudba je bila mamljiva, po temeljitem premisleku in presoji argumentov za in proti pa sem se odločil, da ostanem pri drugi možnosti, delu na fiziologiji živali, kar mi je ponujal takratni docent in odlični mentor dr. Štefan Michieli. Leta 1961 sem postal prvi asistent pri Štefanu Michieliju. Po moji izvolitvi sva skupaj raziskovala barve in prebarvanje žuželk, predvsem stenic, ki sem jih dobro poznal in tudi favnistično preučeval, in ravnokrilcev. Pri mnogih vrstah zeleno obarvanih stenic in drugih žuželk pride jeseni do Slika 4: Prvi osciloskop zoofiziološkega laboratorija in dodatne aparature za stimulacijo oči in registracijo elektro- retinogramov. Slika je nastala v letu 1963 ali 1964. Fig. 4: First oscilloscope and additional equipment in the zoophysiology lab for electroretinography. Photography from the year1963 or 1964. sezonskega prebarvanja na rjavo ali rdečerjavo, kar je seveda primerna kriptična obarvanost. Zanimal nas je torej mehanizem tega prebarvanja in dejavniki, ki te procese sprožijo. Za ločevanje barvil smo uporabljali papirno kromatografijo (takrat »metodo revnih ljudi«), za študij okolj skih dejavnikov pa improvizirano klimatsko komoro. Ker boljše opreme takrat nismo premogli in tudi nismo uspeli pridobiti za sodelovanje kemika, pri teh raziskavah nismo bili posebej uspešni. Vsekakor pa smo uspeli pri vrsti Nezara viridula dokazati povezavo z zimsko diapavzo in svetlobne in temperaturne pogoje, ki sprožijo prebarvanje (Gogala & Michieli 1966). Ukvarjali smo se tudi s konstrukcijo svetlobnih pasti za žuželke (Michieli & Gogala 1962), obenem pa smo pripravljali laboratorij za elek-trofiziološke raziskave čutil. S skromno opremo, ki smo jo uspeli dobiti, ali jo je po naših nestrokovnih skicah izdelal mojster A. Debeljak na Oddelku za psihologijo Filozofske fakultete, sva v začetku šestdesetih let končno pričela z elektroretinografskimi meritvami občutljivosti oči nevretenčarjev, predvsem žuželk. Iz tega je nastalo delo o monofazičnih in difazičnih retino-gramih pri insektih (sl. 5) (Gogala & Michieli 1964), nato publikacija o stopitveni frekvenci žuželčjih oči (Michieli 1965) ter primerjalna študija spektralne občutljivosti žuželk (Michieli 1966). V okviru svoje doktorske disertacije (1964) pa sem histološko in elektrofiziološko proučeval oči jamskih kobilic, predvsem vrste Troglophilus neglectus (Gogala 1966). Naj omenim, da sem pri tem kot prvi biolog v Sloveniji uporabil pri delu na disertaciji računalnik Zuse Z-23, seveda z izdatno pomočjo bratranca matematika dr. Zvonimirja Bohteta. Čeprav so bile računske operacije preproste, iskanje krivulje, ki bi se najlepše prilegala izmerjenim vrednostim amplitud ERG kot odgovor na različno intenziteto svetlobe, je bil s tem za naš laboratorij storj en prvi pomemben korak v digitalno dobo. V letu 1964 sem tudi jaz odšel na izpopolnjevanje v inozemstvo kot štipendist ustanove Aleksandra von Humboldta. Eno leto sem bival na Zoološkem inštitutu Univerze v Munchnu pri Slika 5: Dva zaporedna posnetka elektroretinogramov jamske kobilice (Troglophilus neglectus). Spodnja sled je zapis svetlobnega dražljaja, zgornja sled pa prikaz ERG dveh dražljajev različne jakosti. Ti zapisi so bili narejeni z osciloskopom, prikazanim na sliki 4. Fig. 5: Two successive ERGs of the cave cricket (Troglophilus neglectus). The lower trace represents the light stimulus and the upper trace the ERGs to two light stimuli of different intensity. The recording has been reproduced from the screen of the oscilloscope, shown in Fig. 4. svetovno znanem zoofiziologu prof. dr. Hans-jochemu Autrumu, ki se je s svojimi sodelavci vred ukvarjal s fiziologijo čutil. Tja sem prišel z lepo doto iz našega laboratorija, odkritjem specializiranih oči za ultravijolično svetlobo metuljčnice Libelloides (ali po starem Ascala-phus) macaronius (Gogala & Michieli 1965 in Gogala 1967). Tudi to je bil rezultat primerjalnih raziskovanj spektralne občutljivosti žuželk v našem zoofiziološkem laboratoriju. V Munchnu je oko metuljčnice vzbudilo veliko zanimanja, saj je spektralna občutljivostna krivulja dala slutiti, da gre za zelo drugačne mehanizme v očesu, kot na primer pri muhah Calliphora erythrocephala in drugih njihovih standardnih objektih. Zato sem lahko ponovil meritve na dveh merilnih napravah z mnogo večjo natančnostjo (Gogala 1967). Ena od teh naprav je bila v laboratoriju dr. Kurta Hamdorfa (*4. 10. 1929 f21. 5. 2009), ki se je zelo zanimal za te poskuse in s katerim smo več let kasneje vzpostavili večletno tvorno sodelovanje z vrsto odmevnih skupnih publikacij tudi v reviji Natura. Nekaj mesecev pa sem v Munchnu delal tudi v laboratoriju dr. Christiana Hoffmana, ki je takrat raziskoval delovanje čutilnih dlačic - trihobotrijev pri škorpijonih. Izkušnje iz tega laboratorija so nam koristile kasneje v domačem laboratoriju, ko je Kazimir Drašlar, član zoofiziološke katedre Biološkega oddelka Biotehniške fakultete od leta 1969, pripravljal svoje magistrsko delo in kasneje doktorsko disertacijo na trihobotrijih stenic šuštarjev (Pyrrhocoris apterus) (Drašlar 1977). Na žalost je Štefan Michieli, ki je trpel za astmo, umrl zelo mlad 29. junija 1968. Obdobje 1968-1987 Vodenje katedre, ki je pred smrtjo Štefana Michielija obsegala še asistenta Boruta Ženerja ter nepogrešljivi tehnični sodelavki Marjeto Grmič (sedaj M. Grmič Tkalec) in Malči (Amalija) Bla-ževič, sem po smrti prof. Michielija prevzel že kot docent. Borut Žener (*13. 5. 1935 f6. 1. 1974) je zasedel mesto asistenta na katedri za zoo- in fito-fiziologijo leta 1964. Bil je odličen akvarist, ki je napisal prvo obsežnejšo slovensko knjigo o akvaristiki (Žener 1964), v našem laboratoriju se je posvetil meritvam porabe kisika med barvnimi spremembami, ki spremljajo zimsko diapavzo pri stenici Nezara viridula (Michieli & Žener 1968). Kasneje je meril tudi spreminjanje stopitvene frekvence očesa med zimsko diapavzo teh žuželk (Žener 1971). Tudi onje bil Humboldtov štipendist v letih 1969/70 in sicer pri prof. Dietrichu Burk-hardtu na univerzi v Frankfurtu in na Inštitutu za ribištvo v Wiesbadnu. Želel je raziskovati čutilne sposobnosti močerila (Proteus anguinus) vendar tega tedanje laboratorijske možnosti razen preliminarnih poskusov niso omogočale. Leta 1973 pa je zapustil laboratorij in se zaposlil kot profesor biologije na gimnaziji v Mostah v Ljubljani. Umrl je leta 1974, star niti 39 let (Gogala 1973 in SBL 1925-91). Omenil sem že Kazimirja Drašlarja, ki se nam je pridružil v zoofiziološkem laboratoriju najprej med študijem kot demonstrator, po diplomi leta 1965 kot štipendist Sklada Borisa Kidriča, po smrti prof. Michielija pa je postal asistent. Posvetil se je raziskavam funkcije trihobotrijev pri stenici Pyrrhocoris apterus z morfološkimi in elektrofiziološkimi metodami in iz te tematike sta njegovo magistrsko in doktorsko delo (Drašlar 1972, 1977). Da se to delo nadaljuje do danes, dokazuje letošnja objava članka v uglednem časopisu (Skorjanc et al. 2009). Po njegovem prizadevanju je Biološki oddelek že leta 1975 nabavil opremo za vrstično elektronsko mikroskopijo (vrstični elektronski mikroskop Cambridge 600) in dr. Drašlar je postal tudi prvi strokovnjak Biološkega oddelka BF na tem področju (glej spletno stran: http://web.bf. uni-lj.si/bi/mikroskopija/mikroskop-sem.php). To je bilo seveda pomembno tudi za nadaljnji razvoj zoofiziološkega laboratorija (npr.: Drašlar & Gogala 1978). Kazimir Drašlar je sedaj izredni profesor za fiziologijo živali in v tem mandatu predstojnik Biološkega oddelka oziroma po novem prodekan Biotehniške fakultete. Morda je prav, da tu omenim še obdobje, ko sem prevzemal vodstvo katedre in laboratorija za zoofiziologijo. Nenadoma sem imel toliko obveznosti, da sem zaprosil za pomoč kolege fiziologe na Medicinski fakulteti, s katerimi smo se pogosto srečevali na sestankih Društva za fiziologijo in raznih znanstvenih srečanjih. Ti so mi bili takoj pripravljeni pomagati in so v teh prvih letih prevzeli nekatere cikluse predavanj za biologe. Po samezna predavanj a so takrat in še v poznej ših letih prevzeli tudi kolegi iz Laboratorija za medicinsko elektroniko in biokibernetiko Fakultete za elektrotehniko pod vodstvom prof. Vodovnika in dr. Lojzeta Kralja. To je bilo še več vredno, ker so takrat nekateri biologi želeli preusmeriti raziskave laboratorija v povsem druge vode ... Odkritje že omenjenega poskusnega objekta Ascalaphus macaronius je bilo povod za vrsto raziskav, večinoma v sodelovanju z laboratorijem prof. dr. Kurta Hamdorfa, ki se je s tem fenomenom seznanil že med mojim bivanjem v Munchnu, ko pa je zasedel profesorsko mesto na univerzi v Bochumu in je skupina študentov in profesorjev iz Ljubljane obiskala to univerzo, je to sodelovanje steklo. Eden najpomembnejših rezultatov skupnih raziskav je odkritje in izolacija očesnega pigmenta metuljčnice Ascalaphus z enakim retinalom, kot je v rodopsinskih molekulah vretenčarjev (Gogala et al. 1970; Hamdorf et al. 1971; Schwemer et al. 1971). Zaradi odkritja termostabilnosti metaro-dopsina so se odprla tudi zanimiva vprašanja mehanizmov adaptacije v žuželčjih očeh (Hamdorf & Gogala 1973). Na tem enkratnem poskusnem objektu še danes delajo sedanji sodelavci zoofiziološkega laboratorija, njihovi študenti in sodelavci iz drugih držav (Bentrop et al. 2001, Pangršič et al., 2005). Peter Stušekje pričel z delom v zoofiziološkem laboratoriju leta 1970, do 1972 je bil zaposlen pri Inštitutu za biologijo, od leta 1973 pa na Biološkem oddelku, kjer je še danes. V začetku se je ukvarjal z elektrofiziološkimi meritvami oči in ocelov izbranih vrst žuželk (Stušek & Gogala 1971), veliko energije je vložil v razvoj raznih poskusnih naprav, kasneje pa se je vključil v mednarodno sodelovanje z laboratorijem prof. Kurta Hamdorfa pri raziskavah adaptacijskih procesov v očeh nevretenčarjev (Hamdorf et al. 1978, Stušek & Hamdorf 1999). Je tudi avtor ali soavtor različnih srednješolskih učbenikov biologije oziroma fiziologije. Pomembno je njegovo delo pri razvoju eksperimentalnih metod, posebej mikrogazometričnih meritev očesnega metabo-lizma v različnih adaptacijskih stanjih (Pangršič et al., 2005). Mikrogazometrijo s Kartezijevim plavačem oziroma mikrogazometrično tehtnico so v osnovi razvili na Patofiziološkem inštitutu Medicinske fakultete v Ljubljani, Stušek pa je to metodo dopolnil za meritve na očesnih preparatih ob različnih svetlobnih dražljajih in adaptacijskih stanjih. Rezultati njegovih meritev porabe kisika na očeh žuželk so se precej razlikovali od meritev drugih avtorjev, predvsem tudi prof. Hamdorfa, ki je uporabljal drugačne merske metode. Po mnogo letih pa so drugi avtorji potrdili Stuškove meritve. Skupaj smo člani laboratorija predavali in vodili vaje iz splošne fiziologije z osnovami fiziologije človeka ter primerjalne fiziologije. Kasneje so se naslovi predmetov in obseg snovi nekoliko spreminjali, osnovnim predmetom smo dodajali izbirne predmete, npr. nevrofiziologijo, fiziologijo čutil, orientacije in komunikacije ter fiziologijo človeka, posamezne teme ali predmete smo predavali tudi študentom iz Mariborske univerze in drugih fakultet in to se nadaljuje še danes. Od začetnih preprostih razmer ob izvedbi vaj smo počasi prišli do bolj še opreme in smo na primer tudi pri vajah lahko pokazali intracelularne potenciale živčnih celic (sl. 6) in še marsikaj drugega. Omeniti moramo še zanimivo tematiko, ki je povezana s spektralno občutljivostjo žuželčjih oči, namreč s skritimi ultravijoličnimi vzorci na telesu oziroma krilih nekaterih žuželk. S tem se je med drugim ukvarjal Mitja Grosman, član zoofiziološkega laboratorija v letih 1973/4 kot tehnični asistent na Biološkem oddelku in nato s presledki zaposlen na Inštitutu za biologijo v letih 1974 do 1990 (Grosman M. & P. Stušek 1982). Tema njegovega magisterija (1976) pa je bila raziskava posebnosti vidnega sistema pri gekonu Hemidactylus turcicus. V zvezi s tem je bil nekaj mesecev v Kotorju v Mednarodnem laboratoriju za raziskave možganov, ki ga je vodil dr. Robert Siminoff iz ZDA. Dr. Siminoffje tudi večkrat obiskal naš laboratorij in nam je posodil specializiran računalnik CAT (Computer of average transients), od nas pa si je tudi izposodil nekatere naprave. Pri nas je izšel slovenski prevod njegovega učbenika Bioelektrika, do tesnejšega sopdelovanja pa ni prišlo. Mitja Grosman je bil v letih 1984 do 1988 direktor Inštituta za biologijo, kasneje je deloval v znanstveni redakciji RTV Ljubljana,sedaj pa vodi zasebno podjetje. Druga tematika, s katero smo se začeli ukvarjati predvsem po moji vrnitvi iz Nemčije in po prvi donaciji opreme ustanove A. v. Humboldt v šestdesetih letih, je bioakustika žuželk. Končno smo s polprofesionalnim magnetofonom in primernimi mikrofoni lahko posegli tudi v svet akustične komunikacije pri živalih. To delo se je Slika 6: Eden prvih zapisov intracelularnih akcijskih potencialov nevronov morskega polža iz rodu Aplysia narejenih pri vajah z našimi študenti v sedemdesetih letih prejšnjega stoletja. Fig. 6: One of the first intracellular spike recordings from the slug Aplysia photographed during the laboratory training of our students in the seventies of the last century. začelo z raziskovanjem zvočnih signalov stenic iz družine Cydnidae (Gogala 1969, 1970), z ugotovitvijo, da gre za prenos teh signalov prek podlage (Gogala et al. 1974) in nato s širjenjem raziskav tudi na druge družine in redove žuželk. Tako smo že v šestdesetih letih kot standardno poskusno žival začeli bioakustično raziskovati tudi zelene smrdljivke (Nezara viridula) (Čokl et al. 1972). Tudi sedaj še potekajo raziskave na tem objektu v enoti NIB Entomologij a pod vodstvom prof. dr. Andreja Čokla (Čokl et al. 1999, 2000, 2005), ki prav tako izvira iz nekdanje zoofiziološke enote Inštituta za biologijo. Andrej Čokl (*16.6.1947) je od leta 1971 delal v zoofiziološkem laboratoriju, od leta 1974 pa je redno zaposlen na Inštitutu za biologijo, sedaj Nacionalnem inštitutu za biologijo. Raziskovalno je delal v zoofiziološkem laboratoriju na vibracij ski in zvočni komunikaciji žuželk, največ na stenici Nezara viridula, pa tudi na drugih vrstah stenic in na kobilicah. Ukvarjal se je tudi s termorecepcijo pri žuželkah (Čokl 1972). Bil je štipendist ustanove A. v. Humboldt v letih 1979/80 in se je takrat izpopolnjeval na Univerzi Phillipps v Marburgu pri prof. dr. Klausu Kalmringu. Tudi on je po zaklj učku štipendij e dobil kot darilo ustanove A. v. Humboldt dragoceno opremo. Sedaj vodi Oddelek za entomologijo Nacionalnega inštituta za biologijo - NIB, predava pa kot habilitirani redni profesor na Biološkem oddelku BF in drugod. Prof. dr. Andrej Čokl je bil od leta 1988 do 1996 tudi direktor Inštituta za biologijo. Če pišem o bioakustiki, moram omeniti tudi povezavo s svetovno znanim profesorjem z Univerze v Odenseju (Danska) Axlom Mi-chelsenom. V našem laboratoriju je bil prvi tuji štipendist (jugoslovanske vlade), ki je leta 1963 dva meseca - takrat še študent - pri nas opazoval in snemal razmnoževalno vedenje hroščev roginov (Cerambycidae). Kasneje je še večkrat prišel v Slovenijo raziskovat akustično komunikacijo žuželk, pa tudi mi smo gostovali pri njemu in delali na skupnih projektih (Michelsen et al. 1982). Skupaj s prof. dr. Franzom Huberjem iz Nemčije pa smo bili tudi glavni organizatorji serije mednarodnih simpozijev o bioakustiki žuželk (Insect sound and vibration). V šestdesetih in sedemdesetih letih prej šnj ega stoletja je bil pri naših bioakustičnih raziskavah velik problem sonagrafija zvočnih signalov, torej trodimenzionalni prikaz frekvenčnega spektra v časovnem območju. Posebne naprave za to so bile izredno drage in na naši univerzi je edino aparaturo (Kay Sonagraph 6061 B) imel slovenist in jezikoslovec prof. Jože Toporišič. Občasno nam je omogočil delo na tej napravi, potrebovali pa bi jo kar vsak teden ali dan. Včasih smo sonagrafske analize izvedli tudi v tujini, predvsem pri prof. Michelsenu na Danskem. Ko smo že imeli nekaj več elektronske opreme, sem enkrat prebil noč v kletnem laboratoriju (bivši potresomerni postaji) stare univerze, saj so me neprevidneža zaklenili v hišo. Ko sem tuhtal, kaj naj počnem, sem ugotovil, da lahko s povezavo naših naprav, magnetofona z zanko, elektronskega filtra, stimulatorja in osciloskopa naredim neke vrste sonagraf. To sva z mlajšim kolegom Rajkom Razpotnikom tudi objavila (Gogala & Razpotnik 1974) (sl. 7). Dandanes pa lahko take spektrografske oz. sona-grafske analize z lahkoto izvedemo na vsakem osebnem računalniku. Omenil sem že začetek uporabe računalništva na biologiji v Ljubljani v šestdesetih letih. Tudi kasneje smo tu orali ledino. Že leta 1972 smo z dr. Larsonom in prof. Alijem iz Univerze v Montrealu uporabila računalnik PDP-8 za vodenje mikrospektrofotometra Shimadzu za študij očesnih barvil (Larson et al. 1972). Kasneje, v osemdesetih letih smo si prizadevali za uvedbo prvih namiznih računalnikov (Hewlett-Packard 9820 z risalnikom, Commodore 64) tudi na Biološkem oddelku Biotehniške fakultete, v tistih časih smo veliko tudi sami pisali programe za razmeroma preproste izračune, za risanje grafov na risalniku in tudi za bolj zapletene procese, npr. za Fourierjevo transformacijo za analizo zvočnih signalov, saj primerni programi takrat niso bili splošno dosegljivi. Pri tem pa smo zaradi nerazumevanja nekaterih kolegov naleteli tudi na huda nasprotovanja. Dandanes si seveda delovnega mesta na univerzah brez dobrega računalnika ni mogoče predstavljati. S prof. M. A. Alijem, ki sem ga omenil v prejšnjem odstavku, smo sodelovali še ob drugih priložnostih, med drugim sva se s Petrom Stuškom na njegovo vabilo udeležila mednarodnega simpozija Sensory Ecology v kraju Lennoxville, ki ga je finančno podprla organizacija NATO, kar je bilo takrat kar sumljivo. Vsekakor je iz tega gradiva nastala zanimiva knjiga, tudi z našim deležem (Gogala 1978). Slika 7: Tridimenzionalni zapis zvočnih signalov stenice Sehirus luctuosus, narejen z našo metodo oscilografske sonagrafije, omenjene v besedilu. Fig. 7: Three-dimensional graph of the acoustic signals of the bugs Sehirus luctuosus, produced with our method of oscillographic sonagraphy, described in the paper Gogala & Razpotnik, 1974. V svetu bioakustike je bilo zanimivo odkritje oponašalskega vedenja stenice Phymata crassipes, ki odgovarja na zvočne in vibracijske signale iz okolja z lastnimi signali, katerih dolžino prilagaja trajanju dražljaja (Gogala & Cokl 1983, Go-gala et al. 1984). Pri teh raziskavah je v okviru diplomskega dela sodelovala tudi Meta Virant Doberlet, ki se je kasneje izpopolnjevala na Inštitutu Max Planck v Seewiesnu (Nemčija) pri prof. dr. Franzu Huberju in tam pripravila svoje magistrsko in doktorsko delo. Sedaj dela kot znanstvena svetnica v Oddelku za entomologijo Nacionalnega inštituta za biologijo. Še eno zanimivo bioakustično temo smo raziskovali v zoofiziološkem laboratoriju in to v povezavi z dr. Annemarie Surlykke iz Univerze v Odense, Danska. To je oglašanje nočnega metulja, vrečenoske (Rileyana (= Thecophora fovea), katere predparitvene zvočne signale samcev na meji ultrazvoka smo registrirali, raziskali način proizvajanja teh signalov in lastnosti njihovih slušnih organov (Surlykke & Gogala , 1986). Kasneje smo študirali tudi vedenje in slušne organe pri nekaterih dnevnih metuljih rodu Erebia. Tine Valentinčič se je v času dodiplomskega izobraževanja ukvarjal z morsko biologijo in v okviru magistrskega študija raziskoval tunikate in iglokožce Severnega Jadrana. Kasneje se je pridružil zoofiziološkemu laboratoriju in začel raziskovati kemična čutila vodnih živalih, zanimala so ga kemična čutila in sposobnost učenja morskih zvezd (Valentinčič 1982) in kasneje kačjerepov (Valentinčič , 1991 a in b). Pri tem je uporabljal pretežno etološke metode. Začel je predavati eto-logijo in nevroetologijo ter je leta 1992 ustanovil Katedro za nevroetologijo na Biološkem oddelku BF. Leta 1989je Valentinčiča povabil v ZDA znani fiziolog, raziskovalec ribjega voha in okusa dr. John Caprio, kjer je na Lousiana State University delal 6 let. Prvi je odkril in opisal okušalne reflekse, ki jih sprožijo nekatere aminokisline (Caprio et al. 1993; Valentinčič & Caprio 1994 a, b). Iz te tematike so ti raziskovalci prijavili 4 patente. Odkril je, da se ribe naučijo prepoznavati posamezne aminokisline (Valentinčič et al. 1994) in njihove zmesi. V zadnjem času sta doktorski študent Jurij Dolenšek in Tine Valentinčič elektrofiziološko potrdila, da je vsaka vohalna celica s svojo re-ceptorsko beljakovino občutljiva za eno samo aminokislino: (http://www.springerlink.com/ content/l780576856m88048/fulltext.pdf). V isti enoti Biološkega oddelka BF dela Janko Božič, docent, ki se ukvarja s proučevanjem vedenja in gojenja čebel. Iz etološkega laboratorija sta izšla tudi profesor fiziologije na Medicinski fakulteti Univerze v Mariboru Dr. Marjan Rupnik in njegov asistent dr. Jurij Dolenšek. V zoofiziološkem laboratoriju so opravljali vsaj diplomsko ali magistrsko delo še mnogi drugi biologi, ki pa so kasneje nadaljevali kariere v drugih okoljih in inštitucijah. Naj jih vsaj nekaj navedem: Gregor Serša je diplomo in delo za univerzitetno Prešernovo nagrado pripravljal v zoofiziološkem laboratoriju in nadaljeval svojo kariero na Inštitutu za onkologijo MF. Tomaž Amon je magistriral leta 1981 pod mentorstvom dr. Čokla, doktorat pa je pripravljal na Inštitutu Max Planck v Seewiesnu v Nemčiji in je leta1988 na ljubljanski univerzi doktoriral. Danes vodi zasebni Center za znanstveno vizualizacijo AMNIM d.o.o. Iz istega laboratorija na Biološkem oddelku Biotehniške fakultete je izšel Dušan Devetak, ki je diplomiral (1979) in magistriral (1985) pod mojim mentorstvom ter doktoriral pod vodstvom doc. K. Drašlarja (Devetak 1979, 1985, 1992). Sedaj v Mariboru vodi Katedro za fiziologijo živali in etologijo in predava zoologijo in fiziologijo živali (Devetak & Senčič 2008). V laboratoriju se ukvarjajo predvsem s problemi vibracijske orientacije in komunikacije pri žuželkah. Tudi Robert Zorec, sedaj akademik in redni prof. na Medicinski fakulteti, je delal svojo diplomsko nalogo v zoofiziološkem laboratoriju iz področja fiziologije trihobotrijev pri stenicah leta 1981. Podiplomski študij pa je končal na Medicinski fakulteti. Sam sem v jeseni leta 1987 zapustil univerzo, zato tu svoj pregled v glavnem končujem, kjer je bilo mogoče, pa sem nakazal povezave s sedanjim stanjem. Nastopil sem mesto znanstvenega svetnika v Prirodoslovnem muzeju Slovenije, kjer sem delal na področjih bioakustike, računalništva in entomologije. Od septembra 1992 do oktobra 2001 in upokojitve sem bil direktor tega muzeja. Član Slovenske akademije znanosti in umetnosti sem od leta 1991, glavni tajnik od leta 2002 do 2008 in podpredsednik od leta 2008. Znanstveno se zadnja leta ukvarjam predvsem z bioakustiko škržadov (Cicadidae) in njihovo taksonomijo. Po odhodu s fakultete sem še delno sodeloval pri pedagoškem delu, predvsem na podiplomskem področju, sedaj, ko se že moji bivši učenci in asistenti pripravljajo na odhod v pokoj, pa je verjetno primeren čas za pisanje take male zgodovine laboratorija. Summary Shortly after a foundation of the Slovenian University in Ljubljana (1919) Ivan (Johann) Regen (*1868, f1947), one of the pioneers in the bioacoustics of insects, working in Vienna, has been elected as Professor of animal physiology at the Ljubljana University (1921). However, he never came to Ljubljana to teach and work here due to some unfortunate circumstances. Another possible candidate, working also in the field of animal physiology, was Franc Megušar (*1876, f1916), but he died very young in the first world war. So lecturing of a general and comparative physiology has been taken over by Albin Seliškar, a biologist and physiology professor at the Medical Faculty of the same University of Ljubljana (from 1927 till late fifties). The zoophysiology lab at the Biology Department has been finally established in 1961 by Štefan Sušec-Michieli (*1933, f1968). He was an excellent entomologist - lepidopterologist, who spent some time in leading laboratories of animal physiology in Germany. After this he organized the research in sensory physiology, mainly in vision of insects, in colour change and related topics. Around 1962/63 he established an electrophysiology lab. During this time I was the first teaching assistant, preparing a dissertation on the vision of cave crickets Troglophilus. We were also working on comparative investigations of spectral sensitivity and other properties of insect eyes. During this research a discovery of specialized UV sensitive eyes of the owl-fly lead to further work on this interesting object - continuing during my Alexander von Humboldt fellowship (1964/65) and later by younger coworkers till now. Unfortunately, Prof. Michieli died very young, in 1968. At that time, another teaching assistant was Borut Žener (*13. 5. 1935 f6. 1. 1974), another fellow of the A. v. Humboldt Stiftung who investigated by ERG the vision of bugs Nezara viridula during diapause and colour change. He started also investigations of sensory properties of the cave salamander Proteus anguinus. The next coworker in the lab, already under my leadership, was Kazimir Drašlar, now vice-dean for Biology at the Biotechnical faculty. He has done important research on hair sensillas in fire-bug Pyrrhocoris apterus. He was also the first to start using scanning electron microscopy at the Biology Department. The members of Zoophysiology group were in Slovenia also pioneers in using computers to solve biological problems. Andrej Čokl, now professor and the head of the Entomology lab of the National Institute of Biology (NIB), worked for many years in the Zoophysiology lab. He mainly investigated acoustic communication and neurophysiological properties of the neurons in the central nervous system of selected insects (Hemiptera, Orthoptera). He and his students introduced many new neuro-physiological techniques. He has now a team of younger coworkers in his lab at the NIB. Another person, important for a development of zoophysiological laboratory, was Peter Stušek, Assistant Professor at the chair of Animal Physiology. His work is devoted to the vision of insects and especially to adaptation processes. He developed a method of a diver balance for measuring the oxygen consumption of eye preparations during illumination and various adaptation states. Mitja Grosman who worked in our lab and at the National institute of Biology from 1973 till 1990 investigated hidden uv-patterns, visual system of gecko (Hemidactylus turcicus). In the same lab began his work in chemosen-sory processes of aquatic animals (echinoderms and fishes) Tine Valentinčič. He uses now mainly ethological and neuroethological methods in his research and is now professor of ethology. Since 1989 he studies mainly chemoreception in fishes. In zoophysiology lab started also many other biologists their careers, now working in other labs or universities, like Dušan Devetak, now professor of zoology at the University of Maribor or Robert Zorec, now professor at the Medical faculty in Ljubljana. Literatura Bentrop J., M. Schillo, G. Gerdon, K. Draslar & R. Paulsen 2001: UV-light-dependent binding of a visual arrestin 1 isoform to photoreceptor membranes in a neuropteran (Ascalaphus) compound eye. FEBS Letters 493: 112-116. Caprio J., J. G. Brand, J. H. Teeter, T. Valentincic, D. L. Kalinoski, J. Kohbara, T. Kumazawa & S. wegert 1993: The taste system of the channel catfish: From biophysics to behavior. Trends Neurosci. 16: 192-197. Cokl A. 1972: Termorecepcija pri stenici vrste Oncopeltus fasciatus. Biol. Vestn. (Ljubljana), 20: 39-45. Cokl A., M. Gogala & M. Jež 1974: Analiza zvočnih signalov stenice Nezara viridula (L.). Biol. Vestn. (Ljubljana) 20: 47-53. Cokl A., M. Virant-Doberlet & A. Mcdowell 1999: Vibrational directionality in the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.), is mediated by female song. Anim. behav., 58: 1277-1283. Cokl A., M. Virant-Doberlet & N. Stritih 2000: The structure and function of songs emitted by southern green stink bugs from Brazil, Florida, Italy and Slovenia. Physiol. entomol., 25: 196-205. Cokl A., M. Zorovič , A. Žunič & M. Virant-Doberlet 2005: Tuning of host plants with vibratory songs of Nezara viridula L (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). J. Exp. Biol. 208: 1481-1488. Devetak D. 1978: Prispevek k fiziologiji vibroreceptorjev stenic iz družine Cydnidae (Heteroptera) : diplomska naloga. Ljubljana: 30 pp. Devetak D. 1984: Odzivi ličinke volkca Myrmeleon formicarius L. (Neuroptera) na mehanske dražljaje : magistrsko delo. V Ljubljani: 52 pp. Devetak D. 1992: Vibrorecepcija pri tenčičarici Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera), Doktorska disertacija (Biotehniška fakulteta, Oddelek za biologijo). Maribor; Ljubljana; Gradec, 109 pp. Devetak D. & L. Senčič 2008: Zgodovina Oddelka za biologijo na Univerzi v Mariboru. Acta biologica slovenica 51 (2): 60-69. Dolensek J. & T. Valentincic 2009: Specificities of olfactory receptor neuron responses to amino acids in the black bullhead catfish (Ameiurus melas). Pflugers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology : http://www.springerlink.com/content/l780576856m88048/fulltext.pdf Drašlar K. 1972: Funkcionalne lastnosti trihobotrijev pri stenici Pyrrhocoris apterus L.: magistrsko delo. Biotehniška fakulteta, Ljubljana, 35 pp. Drašlar K. 1977: Fiziologija trihobotrijev pri stenici Pyrrhocoris apterus (L.) = disertacija. Biotehniška fakulteta, Ljubljana: 43 pp. Drašlar K. & M. Gogala 1978: Struktura stridulacijskih organov pri žuželkah iz družine Cydnidae (Heteroptera). Biol. Vestn. (Ljubljana) 24 (2): 175-200. Gogala M. 1966: Die Photorezeption bei Troglophilus neglectus Kr. Biol. vestn. 14: 91-96. Gogala M. 1967: Die spektrale Empfindlichkeit der Doppelaugen von Ascalaphus macaronius Scop. (Neuroptera, Ascalaphidae). Z. vgl. Physiol. 57: 232-243. Gogala M. 1969: Die akustische Kommunikation bei der Wanze Tritomegas bicolor (L.) (Heteroptera, Cydnidae). Z. vgl. Physiol., 63: 379-391. Gogala M. 1970: Artspezifitat der LautauBerungen bei Erdwanzen (Heteroptera, Cydnidae). Z. vgl. Physiol., 70: 20-28. Gogala M. 1973: In memoriam Borutu Ženerju. Biol. Vestn. 21 (2): 161-162. Gogala M 1978: Ecosensory functions in insects (with remarks on Arachnida). V: ALI, Mohamed Ather. Sensory ecology: review and perspectives, (NATO advanced study institutes series : Series A, Life sciences, v. 18). New York: Plenum Press, pp 123-153. Gogala M. 2008: Pionir bioakustike Ivan Regen in njegova zapuščina. V: KOMAN D. (ur.): Sedemdeset let biblioteke Slovenske akademije znanosti in umetnosti. Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti, Ljubljana, str. 237-250. Gogala M. & A. Čokl 1983: The acoustic behaviour of the bug Phymata crassipes (F.) (Heteroptera). Rev. can. biol. exp., 42: 249-256. Gogala M., M. Virant & A. Blejec 1984: Mocking bug Phymata crassipes (Heteroptera). Acoust. lett., 8: 44-51. Gogala M. & Š. Michieli 1964: Monofazični in difazični retinogrami pri insektih. Biol. vestn., 12: 13-20. Gogala M. & Š. Michieli 1965: Das Komplexauge von Ascalaphus, ein spezialisiertes Sinnesorgan fur kurzwelliges Licht. Naturwissenschaften 52 (9): 1-2. Gogala M. & Š. Michieli 1966: Vpliv svetlobe in temperature na sezonsko prebarvanje pri Nezara viridula (L.)(Heteroptera). Biol. vestn., 14: 83-90. Gogala M., A. Čokl , K. Drašlar & A. Blaževič 1974: Substrate-borne sound communication in Cydnidae. J. Comp. Physiol., 94: 25-31. Gogala M. & R. Razpotnik 1974: Metoda oscilografske sonagrafije za bioakustične raziskave. Biol. vestn., 22: 209-216. Gogala M., K. Hamdorf & J. Schwemer 1970: UV-Sehfarbstoff bei Insekten. Z. vgl. Physiol. 70: 410-413. Grosman M. & P. Stušek 1982: Parametri odbite svetlobe s kril metuljev = Parameters of reflected light from butterfly wings. Biol. vestn., 30 (1): 59-84. Hamdorf K., M. Gogala & P. Stušek 1978: Methods of simultaneous photometry and electrophysio-logy of insect eyes. Biol. vestn., 26: 107-130. Hamdorf , K. & M. Gogala 1973: Photoregeneration und Bereichseinstellung der Empfindlichkeit beim UV-Rezeptor. J. comp. physiol. 86: 231-245. Hamdorf K., J. Schwemer & M. Gogala 1971: Insect visual pigment sensitive to ultraviolet light. Nature (Lond.) 231(5303): 458-459. Larson W. L., M. Gogala & M. A. Ali 1972: A computer controlled micro-spectrophotometer for the study of visual pigments. Rev. Can. Biol. 31 (4): 301-311. Michelsen A., F. Fink, M. Gogala & D. Traue 1982: Plants as transmission channels for insect vibrational song. Behav. ecol. sociobiol., 1982, 11: 269-281. Michieli Š. 1959: Analiza skototaktičnih (perigramotaktičnih) reakcij pri artropodih. Razprave SAZU Cl. IV., 5: 237-286. Michieli Š. 1963: Spektralna občutljivost insektov. Razprave SAZU Cl. IV., 9: 205-251. Michieli Š. 1965: Zur Kenntnis der zeitlichen Auflosungsvermogen der Insektenaugen. Bull. Sci., Conseil Acad. RSF Yugoslavie, Sect. A 10 (6): 180. Michieli Š. & M. Gogala 1962: Neki rezultati upotrebe živinih lampi pri proučavanju entomofavne Slovenije. Agronomski glasniK 5, 6, 7: 504-511. Michieli Š. & B. Žener 1968: Der Sauerstoffverbrauch verschiedener Farbstadien bei der Wanze Nezara viridula (L.). Z. vergl. Physiol. 58: 223-224. Pangršič T., P. Stušek, G. Belušič & G. zupančič 2005: Light dependence of oxygen consumption by blowfly eyes recorded with a magnetic diver balance. J. comp. physiol., A, 191: 75-84. Schwemer , J., M. Gogala & K. Hamdorf 1971: Der UV-Sehfarbstoff bei Insekten: Photochemie in vitro und in vivo. Z. vgl. Physiol. 75: 174-188. Seliškar A. 1923: Die mannlichen Duftorgane der Hohlenheuschrecke Troglophilus. Zoologischer Anzeiger 57: 253-268. Seliškar A., Zupančič A.O. 1941. Humoralni prenos živčnega vzburjenja v centralnem živčnem sistemu. Zbornik Prirodoslovnega društva 2: 128-130. Seliškar M. 1997: Fragmenti o očetu. Prirodoslovno društvo Slovenije, Ljubljana. SBL 1925-1991: Slovenski biografski leksikon. Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti, Ljubljana. Spletni naslov: http://nl.ijs.si:8080/fedora/get/sbl:sbl/VIEW/ Stušek P. 1976: Funkcija ocelov pri dveh vrstah stenic: Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas) in Nezara viridula (L.). Biol. vestn., 24 (1): 19-31. Stušek P. 1976: Merjenje cirkadiane ritmike pri stenici Oncopeltus fasciatus Dallas z modificiranim avtomatskim aktografom. Biol. vestn., 24 (1): 31-38. Stušek P. & M. Gogala 1971: Spectral sensitivity of the ocellus and the compound eye of the bug Oncopeltus fasciatus Dallas. Biol. vestn., 19: 103-108. Stušek P. & K. Hamdorf 1999: Properties of pupil mechanisms in owl-fly Ascalaphus macaronius (Neuroptera). J. Comp. Physiol., A, 184: 99-106. Surlykke A. & M. Gogala 1986: Stridulation and hearing in the noctuid moth Thecophora fovea (Tr.). J. Comp. Physiol., A, 159: 267-273. Skorjanc A., G. Zupančič & K. Drašlar 2009: Multiple mechanisms generate the resting activity of filiform sensilla in the firebug (Pyrrhocoris apterus L.: Heteroptera). J. Comp. Physiol., A, 195: 651-661. Urlep F., Kališnik M. & Borisov P. (ur.) 2003: Medicinska fakulteta Univerze v Ljubljani 1919-1045, Zgodovinski zbornik. Medicinska fakulteta Univerze v Ljubljani in Zdravniška zbornica Slovenije, Ljubljana. Valentinčič T. 1982: Kemični in taktilni dražljaji v prehranjevalnem vedenju bradavičaste morske zvezde Marthasterias glacialis : disertacija. Ljubljana: 101 pp. Valentincic , T. 1991a. Behavioral responses of the brittle star Ophiura ophiura to amino acids, acetylcholine and related low-molecular-weight compounds. Chem. Senses 16(3):251-266. Valentincic, T. 1991b. Behavioral responses of the brittle star Ophiura ophiura to chemical stimuli during adaptation of amino acid chemoreceptors. Chem. Senses 16(3):267-275, Valentincic T. & J. Caprio 1994a: Chemical and visual control of feeding and escape behaviors in the channel catfish Ictaluruspunctatus. Physiol.Behav. 55 (5): 845-855. Valentincic t. & J. Caprio 1994b: Consummatory feeding behavior in intact and anosmic channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus to amino acids. Physiol.Behav. 55(5):857-863. Valentincic T., S. wegert & J. Caprio 1994: Learned olfactory discrimination versus innate taste responses to amino acids in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. Physiol.Behav. 55(5): 865-873. Virant M. 1984: Stimulacija stenice Phymata crassipes z umetnimi signali : diplomska naloga. Ljubljana:. 37 pp. Zoreč R. 1981: Lastnosti trihobotrijev pri larvah stenice Dysdercus intermedius (Dist.) : diplomsko delo. Ljubljana: 21 pp. Žener B. 1964: Akvarij. Cankarjeva založba, Ljubljana. Žener B. 1971: Die Verschmelzungsfrequenz der Komplexaugen bei verschiedenen Farbstadien der Wanze Nezara viridula (L.). Biol. Vestn. 19: 109-114. Župančič A. O., A. Seliškar 1947: Produkcija acetilholina v setčatke pod vlijanjem sveta. Acta med. Iugosl. (Srpskohrv. izd.), 1: 30-32. ACTA BIOLOGICA SLOVENICA LJUBLJANA 2009 Vol. 52, Št. 2: 21-31 ACS Odnos študentov razrednega pouka do gensko spremenjenih organizmov (GSO) Opinion about Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) among Students of Elementary Education Jana Ambrožič-Dolinšek 1, Andrej Sorgo2 1Univerza v Mariboru, Pedagoška fakulteta, Oddelek za razredni pouk in Fakulteta za naravoslovje in matematiko, Oddelek za biologijo, Koroška cesta 160, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenija, faks: 02 229 37 60, e-naslov: jana.ambrozic@uni-mb.si 2Univerza v Mariboru, Fakulteta za naravoslovje in matematiko, Oddelek za biologijo, Koroška cesta 160, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenija. e-naslov: andrej.sorgo@uni-mb.si University of Maribor, Faculty of Education, and Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Koroška 160, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia, e-mail: jana.ambrozic@uni-mb.si, http://www.uni-mb.si/ 2University of Maribor, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Koroška 160, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia, e-mail: andrej.sorgo@uni-mb.si Izvleček: Prispevek obravnava odnos 359 študentov razrednega pouka treh slovenskih Pedagoških fakultet do genskega inženiringa in gensko spremenjenih organizmov (GSO). Izbor odgovorov oziroma soglašanje ali nesoglašanje s trditvami povezanimi z GSO izraža negotovost, nezaupanje in odklanjanje. S faktorsko analizo njihovih odgovorov smo prepoznali in ovrednotili nekatere skrbi in strahove, ki se pojavljajo v povezavi z razvojem novih tehnologij, njihov odnos do izobraževanja o GSO ter zaupanje do znanosti. Ključne besede: gensko spremenjeni organizmi, GSO, bodoči učitelji, študenti razrednega pouka Kratica: GSO - gensko spremenjeni organizem Abstract: The objective of the article is to present the results of a survey of attitudes toward genetic modified organisms, conducted by questionnaire given to 359 prospective primary school teachers from three Slovene pedagogical faculties. Analysis of their answers, their agreement or disagreement with statements connected with GMOs, reveals uncertainty, distrust and rejection. By factorial analysis of their answers we identified and evaluated some of the concerns and fears connected with emerging new technologies, attitudes toward education about GMOs and levels of trust in scientific research. Key words: genetically modified organisms, GMO, prospective primary school teachers, students of elementary education Abbreviation: GMO - genetically modified organism Uvod Poučevanje naravoslovnih predmetov v današnjem času mora biti celovito. Količina znanj narašča (Zupančič 2005), sočasno pa si nekatera od naravoslovnih spoznanj utirajo pot na področja, ki klasično veljajo za družboslovna ali humanistična. Poleg sedaj že »tradicionalnih« tem kot je to npr. okoljska vzgoja so v zadnjih letih v ospredju tudi nove prakse in uporaba moderne biotehnologije s temami kot so genski inženiring, gensko spremenjeni organizmi (GSO), hrana iz GSO, terapevtsko in reproduktivno kloniranje, nadomestno materinstvo, potencialno kloniranje človeka, vpliv GSO na zdravje ljudi, živali, druge organizme in okolje, ipd.. Vsestranska in raznolika uporaba biotehno-loških znanstvenih in tehnoloških spoznanj na področjih kot so kmetijstvo, industrija ali medicina v teh primerih ni omejena le s tehnološkimi omejitvami ali nezadostnostjo znanstvenega instrumentarija, temveč še z etiko, moralo, vero, ekonomijo, okoljsko odgovornostjo, tveganji, političnimi odločitvami, ipd. (Lazarowitz & Bloch 2005, Pardo s sod. 2002, Christoph s sod. 2008, Flores & Tobin 2002, Steward & McLean 2005, Yunta s sod. 2005). Zato se pogosto zgodi, da so ključni argumenti v razpravah za ali proti genski tehnologiji, izven območja znanstvene dokazljivosti in bližje predsodkom, misticizmu, praznoverju in paranormalnosti. Oblikovanje stališč in vrednot se začne že v najzgodnejši otroški dobi, nadaljuje vse življenje in vsaj deloma jih lahko sooblikujejo učitelji in šolska praksa. Ker šole ne moremo obravnavati kot od družbenih dogajanj izoliranega sistema, se učitelji v sklopu pouka in drugih dejavnosti šole ne bodo mogli izogniti obravnavi nekaterih najbolj kočljivih tem s področja biotehnologije (Dunham s sod. 2002), ki včasih premikajo tradicionalne civilizacijske temelje. Vloga šole v obravnavi novih praks in uporabe moderne biotehnologije ni povsem nevtralna, saj poleg znanj transparentno ali v obliki skritega kurikuluma oblikuje tudi vrednote učencev. Pri tem pa se pojavi dvojnost meril. Medtem, ko se za znanja pričakuje, da so strokovno neoporečna in utemeljena na znanstveni paradigmi pa je področje stališč in vrednot, še predvsem na mejnih področjih, praviloma povsem prepuščeno učitelju in njegovi osebni presoji, velikokrat brez ustreznih strokovnih temeljev. Ker lahko začnejo z oblikovanjem stališč in vrednot o temah, ki tradicionalno veljajo za naravoslovne, že učitelji razrednega pouka, nas je zanimalo, kakšna sta znanje in odnos študentov razrednega pouka treh slovenskih Pedagoških fakultet: Pedagoške fakultete Univerze v Mariboru (PeFMb), Pedagoške fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani (PeFLj) in Pedagoške fakultete Univerze na Primorskem (PeFKp), do genskega inženiringa in gensko spremenjenih organizmov, v nadaljnjem tekstu GSO. Metode Vzorec: Raziskava smo izvedli na vzorcu 359 študentov drugega, tretjega in četrtega letnika razrednega pouka (RP), Pedagoških fakultet v Mariboru (N = 196; 54,4 %), Kopru (62; 17,2 %) in Ljubljani (102; 28,3 %). Ker so nas zanimala stališča bodočih učiteljev, ki bi lahko vplivala na poučevanje o gensko spremenjenih organizmih, drugih demografskih podatkov (npr. spol) nismo zbirali, saj so bili za namene raziskave nepomembni. Izhajali smo namreč iz povsem empirične ugotovitve, da učenec ne more izbirati učitelja na osnovi demografskih razlik. Vprašalnik: Da bi izvedeli kakšna so stališča študentov razrednega pouka do genskega inženiringa in gensko spremenjenih organizmov, smo pripravili vprašalnik, sestavljen iz 28 trditev. Trditve so predstavljale več sklopov, in sicer smo preverjali, stališča študentov do prehranjevanja z GSO, uporabe GSO v medicinske namene, gojenja GSO, izobraževanja o GSO, uporabe GSO v svojih domovih, raziskav o GSO, vplivov GSO na okolje ter o njihovih strahovih in skrbeh povezanih z GSO. Stališča do GSO smo preverjali s pomočjo zaprtega vprašalnika, s petstopenjsko Likertovo ocenjevalno lestvico (1 - se zelo ne strinjam; 2 - se ne strinjam; 3 - nevtralno; mi je vseeno; 4 - se strinjam; 5 - se zelo strinjam), pri kateri so študentje pokazali svoje soglasje oziroma nesoglasje z 28 trditvami. Že ob sestavljanju vprašalnika so bile trditve razvrščene v dvoje skupin: v prvi so bile trditve s katerimi so anketiranci izražali jezo, strahove, in skrbi povezane z GSO, v drugem pa pripravljenost za akcijo. Da bi preprečili avtomatizem odgovarjanja smo uporabili mešan način, tako da je včasih nestrinjanje s trditvijo predstavljalo pozitivno stališče do trditve. Nasprotno postavljene trditve smo označili z zvezdico (*) v tabeli 1. Notranja zanesljivost vprašalnika je podana s Cronbachovim koeficientom alfa, ki je znašal 0,812, kar je sprejemljivo (Kind s sod. 2007, Cronbach 2004). Obdelava podatkov: Zbrane podatke smo računalniško obdelali s statističnim programom SPSS® 17.0. Iz nabora deskriptivne statistike smo izračunali aritmetično sredino ter standardni odklon odgovorov. Za preverjanje razlik med odgovori študentov različnih fakultete smo uporabili enosmerno analizo variance ter Kruskal Wallisov test. Statistične razlike med obema testoma so bile le minimalne, zato v zapisu predstavljamo le vrednosti analize variance. Latentne faktorje smo pridobili z eno-faktorsko analizo podatkov z varimaks rotacijo. Primernost matrike za faktorsko analizo smo preverili s testoma KMO (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin) (vrednost = 0,877) ter Barlettovim testom (p < 001). V faktorski analizi smo upoštevali celotno populacijo študentov. Rezultati Odgovori študentov bodočih učiteljev treh slovenskih pedagoških fakultet izražajo negotovost, nezaupanje ter odklanjanje GSO (Tabela 1). Negotovost in nezaupanje se najbolj izražata v trditvah, ki izražajo čustva kot so strah, skrb, sprejemanje, jeza in veselje. Študenti se v povprečju najbolj strinjajo (se strinjam, se zelo strinjam) s trditvami ki izražajo negativno stališče do GSO: »Ujezilo bi me, če na policah trgovin, živila iz GSO ne bi bila označena.« (N = 358; 84,6 %), »Skrbi me, da se bodo učinki uživanja GSO pokazali šele čez daljši čas« (N = 352; 78,4 %), ter z visoko stopnjo strinjanja s trditvami, ki izražajo negativno stališče do ravnanja z GSO: »Razvijalci GSO nam skrivajo podatke o njihovi škodljivosti.« (N = 357; 57,7%) ter »Raziskovanje GSO bi morali zamrzniti« (N = 356; 47,1 %). Odklonilen odnos študentov se kaže v nizkem sprejemanju trditev, ki izražajo pripravljenost na uporabo GSO: »Na lastnem vrtu bi zasadil(a) tudi gensko spremenjene rastline.« (N = 358; 16,5 %) ter »Dobro bi bilo, da bi kmetje sadili gensko spremenjene organizme, saj bi s tem uporabljali manj škropiv.« (N = 356; 22,5 %). Zelo visoko stopnjo strinjanja izkazujejo študentje do trditev povezanih z izobraževanjem, kar potrjuje visoka stopnja strinjanja (se strinjam, se zelo strinjam) s trditvami: »Poučevanje o GSO bi moralo poleg poznavanja dejstev vsebovati še vrednostno, moralno in etično komponento.« (N = 359; 68,2 %), »Učenci si niso sposobni ustvariti lastnega vrednostnega sistema o GSO, zato jih morajo pri tem usmerjati učitelji.« (N = 359; 75,8 %). Študentje se zavedajo pomena šole in izobraževanja učiteljev pri obravnavi aktualnih tem, ki se lahko vključujejo tudi v pouk naravoslovja v prvem in drugem triletju ter se strinjajo s trditvijo: »Izobraževanje o GSO bi moralo biti organizirano za vse učitelje na šoli, ne glede na predmet, ki ga poučujejo« (N = 358; 68,4 %). Študentje so se opredeljevali do trditev tako, da so pogosteje izbirali stališča, ki so izražala strinjanje ali nestrinjanje in redkeje drugače. Študentje so pri 20 od 28 trditev, torej večini trditev, izrazili svoje stališče, strinjanje ali nestrinjanje. Samo pri osmih od 28 trditev je najvišje frekvence dosegalo nevtralno stališče oziroma stališče »mi je vseeno«. Študenti bodoči učitelji treh slovenskih pedagoških fakultet ne izražajo skrajnih stališč do primerov novih biotoehnologij. Za izražanje svojih stališče so redkeje odločajo med »se zelo ne strinjam« in »se zelo strinjam«. Prvi odgovor je izbralo v povprečju samo 6, 7 % študentov, drugega pa v povprečju samo 14,6 % študentov. Stališčih študentov treh slovenskih fakultet do GSO so sicer zelo enotna, v posameznih stališčih (Tabela 1) pa se odgovori študentov treh Pedagoških fakultete med seboj statistično značilno razlikujejo (Tabela 2). Takihje sedem od 28 stališč. GS kakavovcu (čokoladi) so najbolj naklonjeni v Ljubljani in najmanj v Kopru (p > 0,01), s trditvijo, da bi zaradi GSO uporabljali manj škropiv se najbolj strinjajo v Kopru in najmanj Mariboru (p > 0,02), GS jabolka so najbolj sprejemljiva v Ljubljani pred ostalima fakultetama (p > 0,001), da bi morali imeti od GSO koristi vsi in ne samo proizvajalci (p > 0,003) se najbolj strinjajo v Tabela 1: Aritmetična sredina (M) in standardni odklon (SD) odgovorov vrednotenih po pet-stopenjski lestvici (1 - se zelo ne strinjam; 2 - se ne strinjam; 3 - nevtraln; mi je vseeno; 4 - se strinjam; 5 - se zelo strinjam) študentov Pedagoških fakultet, Univerz v Mariboru, Ljubljani in Primorske (N = 359) pridobljene z vprašalnikom o stališčih do gensko spremenjenih organizmov. Trditve označene z indeksom*, so bile v nadaljnjih statističnih analizah prekodirane v nasprotni smeri, ker nestrinjanje s temi trditvami pomeni pozitivno stališče do take trditve. Table 1: Means (M) and standard deviations (SD) of attitudes toward GMOs evaluated through a closed questionnaire, using a five-point Likert scale (5 Strongly agree, 4 Agree, 3 Neutral, 2 Disagree, 1 Strongly disagree) of students of Pedagogical faculties of Universities of Maribor, Ljubljana and Primorska (N = 359). For further analysis were statements marked with an asterix coded in the opposite direction, because disagreement with such statements means a positive attitude towards such statement. Stališče N M SD Me Frekvence/N/% 1 2 3 4 5 1* Bojim se, da se bo zaradi uporabe GSO povečalo število alergij. 356 3,73 *(2,23) 0,944 4 5 1,5 37 10,9 69 20,4 165 48,7 63 18,9 2* Če bi ugotovil(a), da podarjena čokolada vsebuje maščobe iz gensko spremenjene soje, bi jo vrgel/vrgla stran. 351 2,83 *(3,17) 1,096 3 29 8,7 119 35,6 96 28,7 64 19,2 26 7,8 3 Če bi zbolel(a) zaradi bolezni povezane z gensko spremembo, bi izbral(a) zdravljenje z gensko terapijo. 354 3,02 0,971 3 26 7,7 58 17,1 157 46,3 78 23,0 20 5,9 4 Dobro bi bilo, da bi kmetje sadili gensko spremenjene organizme, saj bi s tem uporabljali manj škropiv. 356 2,57 1,092 2 63 18,5 110 32,3 88 25,8 71 20,8 9 2,6 5 Gensko spreminjanje rastlinskih celic je bolj sprejemljivo kot spreminjanje živalskih celic. 359 3,02 1,222 3 50 14,6 69 20,2 81 23,7 108 31,6 34 9,9 6 Izobraževanje o GSO bi moralo biti organizirano za vse učitelje na šoli, ne glede na predmet, ki ga poučujejo. 358 3,90 0,984 4 4 1,2 29 8,5 64 18,7 139 40,6 106 31,0 7* Jabolka, ki so genetsko spremenjena z vnosom genov iz drugih sort jablan, zame niso sprejemljiva za prehrano. 359 2,82 *(3,18) 1,027 3 26 7,8 120 35,1 113 33,0 63 18,4 20 6 8* Meso goveda, ki se je hranilo s krmo pridelano s pesticidi, je zame bolj sprejemljivo kot meso goveda, ki se je prehranjevalo z gensko spremenjeno krmo. 359 2,77 *(3,23) 0,922 3 26 7,6 105 30,7 141 41,2 61 117,8 9 2,6 9 Na lastnem vrtu bi zasadil(a) tudi gensko spremenjene rastline. 358 2,39 1,036 2 77 2,5 112 32,7 94 27,5 55 16,1 4 1,2 10 Od GSO bi morali imeli korist vsi, ne le njihovi proizvajalci. 356 3,46 1,016 4 20 5,9 22 6,5 126 37,1 125 36,8 47 13,8 11* Pod nobenim pogojem ne bi kupoval(a) živil, ki vsebujejo GSO. 350 2,97 *(3,03) 1,011 3 16 4,8 102 30,4 127 37,9 61 18,2 29 8,7 12 Poučevanje o GSO bi moralo poleg poznavanja dejstev vsebovati še vrednostno, moralno in etično komponento. 359 3,93 0,863 4 4 1,2 12 3,5 81 23,7 152 44,4 93 27,2 13 Raje bi pojedel(la) živila iz gensko spremenjenih organizmov, če bi ta bila bolj zdrava od živil pridobljenih na standardni način. 358 3,47 1,084 4 21 6,1 46 13,5 79 23,1 145 42,4 51 14,9 Stališče N M SD Me Frekvence/N/% 1 2 3 4 5 14* Raje bi umrl(a), kakor da bi vame presadili 357 2,71 1,282 3 63 104 84 44 46 organ iz gensko spremenjene živali. *(3,29) 18,5 30,5 24,6 12,9 13,5 15 Raziskovanje GSO bi morali še dodatno 357 3,31 1,040 3 19 42 132 101 46 spodbujati. 5,6 12,4 38,8 29,7 13,5 16* Raziskovanje GSO bi morali zamrzniti, 356 3,40 1,154 3 18 66 88 102 66 dokler ne bi bilo nedvoumno dokazano, da *(2,60) 5,3 19,4 25,9 30,0 19,4 so povsem neškodljivi. 17* Razvijalci GSO nam skrivajo podatke 357 3,66 0,911 4 7 23 103 151 56 o njihovi škodljivosti. *(2,34) 2,1 6,8 30,3 44,4 16,5 18* Skrbelo bi me za zdravje otrok, če bi v 358 3,73 0,935 4 3 40 69 165 64 šolski kuhinji pripravljali hrano iz GSO. *(2,27) 0,9 11,7 20,2 48,4 18,8 19* Skrbi me, da bi se GSO v okolju križali 356 3,54 0,836 4 2 27 136 135 41 s sorodnimi vrstami *(2.46) 0,6 7,9 39,9 39,6 12,0 20* Skrbi me, da se bodo učinki uživanja GSO 352 4,15 0,856 4 3 12 44 150 126 pokazali šele čez daljši čas. *(1.85) 0,9 3,6 13,3 44,8 37,6 21* Strah bi me bilo posledic za naravo, če bi 358 3,61 0,924 4 4 35 107 141 55 zvedel(a) da na kmetijah gojijo GSO. *(2,39) 1,2 10,2 31,3 41,2 16,1 22* Strah me je, da bi se zaradi GSO povečala 358 3,95 0,852 4 1 19 68 164 90 odpornost bakterij proti antibiotikom. *(2,05) 0,3 5,6 19,9 48,0 26,3 23 Učenci si niso sposobni ustvariti lastnega 359 4,01 0,947 4 4 28 38 157 115 vrednostnega sistema o GSO, zato jih 1,2 8,2 11,1 45,9 33,6 morajo pri tem usmerjati učitelji. 24* Ujezilo bi me, če na policah trgovin, živila 358 4,31 0,731 4 1 7 30 157 146 iz GSO ne bi bila označena. *(1,69) 0,3 2,1 8,8 46,0 42,8 25* Ustvarjanje GSO je v nasprotju z zakoni 357 3,13 0,961 3 10 70 167 55 40 narave, zato bi ga bilo treba prepovedati. *(2,87) 2,9 20,5 48,8 16,1 11,7 26 Veselilo bi me, če bi z genskim 356 2,96 1,091 3 40 68 116 99 17 inženiringom uspeli vzgojiti živali, dajalce 11,8 20,0 34,1 29,1 5,0 organov. 27* Z GSO naj se ukvarjajo pri biologiji in 358 2,41 1,067 2 73 119 99 37 14 gospodinjstvu, v drugih predmetih pa jim *(3,59) 21,3 34,8 28,9 10,8 4,1 ni mesta. 28 Že zaradi radovednosti bi si kupil(a) gensko spremenjeno lončnico. 358 2,95 1,212 3 53 15,5 71 20,8 85 24,9 103 30,1 30 8,8 Ljubljani pred ostalima fakultetama, živila, ki vsebujejo GSO bi najraje kupovali v Ljubljani, najmanj pa v Kopru (p > 0,03), da bi raziskave o GSO morali še spodbujati se najbolj strinjajo v Ljubljani in najmanj v Kopru (p > 0,05), da naj se z GSO ukvarjajo ne samo pri biologiji ampak tudi pri drugih predmetih se najbolj strinjajo v Ljubljani in najmanj Kopru (p > 0,001). Dodaten vpogled v stališča učiteljev smo pridobili s faktorsko analizo. Prepoznali smo osem faktorjev (Tabela 3), s katerimi lahko pojasnimo 52,2 % variance. Prvi faktor smo poimenovali »zaskrbljenost« in izraža skrb in strah pred neznanim. Drugi faktor smo poimenovali »odnos do hrane in do prehranjevanja« in izraža odklanjanje take hrane. Tretji faktor smo poimenovali »skrb za zdravje« in povezuje GSO s skrbjo za zdravje. Enako pa lahko sklepamo iz strinjanja (se strinjam, se zelo strinjam) s trditvijo: »Raje bi pojedel(la) živila iz gensko spremenjenih organizmov, če bi ta bila bolj zdrava od živil pridoblj enih na standardni način.« (N = 358; 54,7 %) ter nestrinjanjem (se ne strinjam, se zelo ne strinjam) s trditvijo »Raje bi umrl(a), kakor da bi vame presadili organ iz gensko spremenjene živali« (N = 357; 46,8 %). Četrti faktor smo poimenovali »vrednostni sistem« in peti faktor »organizacija izobraževanja«. Obravnavamo ju Tabela 2: Statistično pomembne razlike v odgovorih na vprašalnik o odnosu do GSO med študenti pedagoških fakultet Univerz v Mariboru (PeFMb), Primorski (PeFKp) in Ljubljani (PeFLj). Razlike, ki niso značilne niso prikazane. Polna besedila trditev so podana v Tabeli 1. Table 2: Statistically significant differences in reported attitudes toward GMOs among students of Pedagogical faculties of Universities of Maribor (PeFMb), Primorska (PeFKp) and Ljubljana (PeFLj). No-significant Difernences among results are not presented. Full text of the answers is in the Table 1. Trditev Fakulteta N M SD F p 2* PeFMb 191 3,10 1,059 4,551 0,011 PeFKp 60 2,97 1,301 PeFLj 100 3,44 0,988 Skupaj 351 3,17 1,096 4 PeFMb 196 2,44 1,115 3,942 0,020 PeFKp 59 2,88 1,084 PeFLj 101 2,63 1,017 Skupaj 356 2,57 1,092 7* PeFMb 196 3,06 1,004 6,917 0,001 PeFKp 61 3,03 1,064 PeFLj 102 3,49 0,992 Skupaj 359 3,18 1,027 10 PeFMb 196 3,39 1,015 3,453 0,033 PeFKp 59 3,32 1,008 PeFLj 101 3,68 0,999 Skupaj 356 3,46 1,016 11* PeFMb 192 2,99 1,026 3,492 0,032 PeFKp 58 2,81 1,034 PeFLj 100 3,23 0,941 Skupaj 350 3,03 1,011 15 PeFMb 194 3,28 1,109 3,062 0,048 PeFKp 61 3,10 0,926 PeFLj 102 3,50 0,941 Skupaj 357 3,31 1,040 27* PeFMb 196 3,74 1,055 8,929 0,000 PeFKp 61 3,10 1,261 PeFLj 101 3,60 0,861 Skupaj 358 3,59 1,067 skupaj, saj sta oba povezana z izobraževanjem. Bodoči učitelji menijo, da je izobraževanje o GSO velik problem, pri tem pa naj bi poseglo tudi na področje odnosa in stališč do GSO. Tako je bila prav trditev »Z GSO naj se ukvarjajo pri biologiji in gospodinjstvu, v drugih predmetih pa jim ni mesta.« deležna velikega nestrinjanja (N = 358; 53,6 %). Večina se tudi strinja s trditvijo, da bi morala po šolah potekati izobraževanja za učitelje ne glede na predmet, ki ga poučujejo (N = 358; 68,4 %). Šesti faktor smo poimenovali »odnos do raziskovanja« je odnos do znanosti oziroma zaupanje v znanost, kjer naši študentje izražajo naklonjenost raziskavam. Sedmi faktor smo poimenovali »preživetje posameznika v družbeni skupnosti«. Izraža zaskrbljenost posameznika za lastno preživetje v družbeni skupnosti. Nanj se navezuje osmi faktor, ki smo ga poimenovali »možnost izbire«. Vsak študent si želi svobodno izbirati in se svobodno odločati o tem ali bo sprejel GSO hrano, zdravila, surovine ali ne. Tabela 3: Model faktorjev zasnovan na trditvah študentov o odnosu do gensko spremenjenih organizmov (GSO). Table 3: Model of factors based on the answers of the students toward genetic modified organisms (GMOs). Faktor 1: ZASKRBLJENOST Obtežitev Strah me je, da bi se zaradi GSO povečala odpornost bakterij proti antibiotikom. 0,755 Skrbi me, da se bodo učinki uživanja GSO pokazali šele čez daljši čas. 0,711 Skrbi me, da bi se GSO v okolju križali s sorodnimi vrstami. 0,666 Strah bi me bilo posledic za naravo, če bi zvedel(a) da na kmetijah gojijo GSO. 0,621 Skrbelo bi me za zdravje otrok, če bi v šolski kuhinji pripravljali hrano iz GSO. 0,585 Razvijalci GSO nam skrivajo podatke o njihovi škodljivosti. 0,564 Bojim se, da se bo zaradi uporabe GSO povečalo število alergij. 0,533 Dobro bi bilo, da bi kmetje sadili gensko spremenjene organizme, saj bi s tem uporabljali manj škropiv. 0,406 Faktor 2: ODNOS DO HRANA IN PREHRANJEVANJA Če bi ugotovil(a), da podarjena čokolada vsebuje maščobe iz gensko spremenjene soje, bi jo vrgel/vrgla stran. 0,759 Pod nobenim pogojem ne bi kupoval(a) živil, ki vsebujejo GSO. 0,726 Jabolka, ki so genetsko spremenjena z vnosom genov iz drugih sort jablan, zame niso sprejemljiva za prehrano. 0,630 Ustvarjanje GSO je v nasprotju z zakoni narave, zato bi ga bilo treba prepovedati. 0,495 Faktor 3: SKRB ZA ZDRAVJE Veselilo bi me, če bi z genskim inženiringom uspeli vzgojiti živali, dajalce organov. 0,717 Raje bi pojedel(la) živila iz gensko spremenjenih organizmov, če bi ta bila bolj zdrava od živil pridobljenih na standardni način. 0,642 Že zaradi radovednosti bi si kupil(a) gensko spremenjeno lončnico. 0,571 Faktor 4: VREDNOSTNI SISTEM Učenci si niso sposobni ustvariti lastnega vrednostnega sistema o GSO, zato jih morajo pri tem usmerjati učitelji. 0,724 Poučevanje o GSO bi moralo poleg poznavanja dejstev vsebovati še vrednostno, moralno in etično komponento. 0,631 Ujezilo bi me, če na policah trgovin, živila iz GSO ne bi bila označena. - 0,427 Faktor 5: ORGANIZACIJA IZOBRAŽEVANJA Z GSO naj se ukvarjajo pri biologiji in gospodinjstvu, v drugih predmetih pa jim ni mesta. 0,782 Izobraževanje o GSO bi moralo biti organizirano za vse učitelje na šoli, ne glede na predmet, ki ga poučujejo. 0,587 Faktor 6: ODNOS DO RAZISKOVANJA Raziskovanje GSO bi morali še dodatno spodbujati. 0,676 Raziskovanje GSO bi morali zamrzniti, dokler ne bi bilo nedvoumno dokazano, da so povsem neškodljivi. 0,580 Faktor 7: PPREŽIVETJE POSAMEZNIKA V DRUŽBENI SKUPNOSTI Če bi zbolel(a) zaradi bolezni povezane z gensko spremembo, bi izbral(a) zdravljenje z gensko terapijo. 0,792 Od GSO bi morali imeli korist vsi, ne le njihovi proizvajalci. 0,544 Na lastnem vrtu bi zasadil(a) tudi gensko spremenjene rastline. 0,401 Faktor 8: MOŽNOST IZBIRE Meso goveda, ki se je hranilo s krmo pridelano s pesticidi, je zame bolj sprejemljivo kot meso goveda, ki se je prehranjevalo z gensko spremenjeno krmo. 0,849 Razprava Nezaupanje, negotovost in odklanjanje GSO, ki ga izražajo odgovori študentov bodočih učiteljev treh slovenskih pedagoških fakultet, ni nekaj novega in presenetljivega, srečamo jih kot vodilno nit različnih drugih študij narejenih ne samo na študentih ampak tudi na predstavnikih drugih družbenih skupin (christoph s sod. 2008, cavanagh s sod. 2005, Yunta s sod. 2005, Pardo s sod. 2002). Negotovost se kaže tudi v tem, da redkeje izbirajo skrajne odgovore »se zelo strinjam« kot »se strinjam« ali »se zelo ne strinjam« kot »se ne strinjam«. Zanimivo pri tem je to, da so s se strinjanjem ali nestrinjanjem opredelili do nekaj manj kot treh četrtin trditev in da so bili nevtralni ali jim je bilo vseeno do nekaj več kot četrtine trditev, kar kaže na željo po vključevanju v odločanje o aktualnih temah. Istočasno se študenti zavedajo pomena in vloge izobraževanja o temah, ki bi lahko vplivale na njihova življenja, družbo in okolje. Študentje treh slovenskih fakultet so v svojih stališčih do GSO enotni, čeprav ne povsem. Značilne razlike v odgovorih so se pokazale v sedmih od 28 stališč. Pri tem so se študentje Pedagoške fakultete v Ljubljani izkazali za nekoliko bolj odprte do GSO ter bolj naklonjene raziskavam in vključevanju GSO v celotno izobraževanje. Večje odprtosti in naklonjenosti študentov PeFLj do GSO ne znamo zadovoljivo pojasniti, verjetno je povezana z odprtostjo mesta, ki je center tovrstnih raziskav in zato bliže učiteljem, študentom in profesorjem, vsem subjektom vključenim v izobraževanje na PeFLj in drugih fakultetah tega območja. GSO so najmanj sprejemljivi za študente PeFKp, ki je od vseh treh najmlajša in z najmanjšo tradicijo raziskovanja. Za predstavitev stališč študentov razrednega pouka smo izvedli faktorsko analizo in prepoznali osem faktorjev. Na osnovi analize njihove vsebine smo jih imenovali: zaskrbljenost, odnos do hrane in prehranjevanja, skrb za zdravje, odnos do raziskovanja in preživetje posameznika v družbeni skupnosti, vrednostni sistem in organizacija izobraževanja. Ker je prvi in zelo dominantni faktor pri izraženih stališčih do trditev zaskrbljenost, skrb in strah pred neznanim, bi lahko sklepali, da študentom ni vseeno in jih skrbi področje novih tehnologij in njeno ožje področje gensko spremi- njanje organizmov. Ta zaskrbljenost je usmerjena na vplive GSO in te »moderne biotehnologije« na vsakdanje življenje. Skrbi jih odpornost na antibiotike, dolgoročni učinki, križanje s sorodnimi vrstami, zdravje potomcev in negativni družbeni pojavi kot je skrivanje podatkov o škodljivosti GSO. To znanje je razmeroma novo, gensko spremenjenih organizmov in njihovih produktov še niso preizkusili in ne poznajo nikogar ki bi to preizkusil. Strah in z njim povezanim odklanjanjem GSO bi lahko opisali kot strah pred tem česar ne vedo, pred neznanim in nepreizkušenim, podobno pa ugotavljajo tudi druge študije narejene na populaciji študentov in potrošnikih (cavanagh s sod. 2005, cristoph s sod. 2008). Drugi faktor je povezan s hrano in prehranjevanjem, kjer lahko ugotovimo, da bi študenti takšno hrano in prehranjevanje odklonili. Študenti bi odklonili GS hrano in prehranjevanje z GSO, kar ugotavljajo tudi številne druge študije narejene na potrošnikih hrane (Rotentalp s sod. 2007) in na populaciji študentov (Cavanagh s sod . 2005). Odklonili pa ne bi le neposrednega vnosa GSO v telo, temveč tudi živila iz živali, ki bi se prehranjevala z GS krmo. V tem primeru bi bil lahko vzrok prastrah človeka pred zastrupitvijo z neznano hrano ali negotovost povezana z nasprotujočimi informacijami, ki jih posredujejo mediji, biotehnološka podjetja, vladne službe, znanstvena srenja in drugi bolj ali manj zanesljivi viri. Kljub polemikam in številnim raziskavam do danes nobena znanstveno veljavna študija ni pokazala, da bi bila hrana, ki vsebuje gensko spremenjene sestavine, manj varna kot hrana iz klasične pridelave (Lemaux, 2008). Tretji faktor »skrb za zdravje« kaže na to, da se študentje se zavedajo pomena svojega zdravja in razmišljajo tudi o možnostih, ki jih ponujajo GSO za ohranjanje zdravja in zdravljenje. Da pa zdravje, kot tradicionalno močno izražena vrednota, ne more povsem pretehtati skrbi in strahu, lahko sklepamo po odgovorih na druge trditve povezane z zdravjem, ki so okoli nevtralnega stališča. Kot kaže je prav področje zdravja tisto, kjer bi GSO postali najhitreje sprejemljivi, kar se sklada s tujimi ugotovitvami (Oavanagh s sod. 2005). Četrti, peti in šesti faktor smo poimenovali vrednostni sistem, organizacija izobraževanja in odnos do raziskovanja izražajo zaupanje do izobraževanja in znanosti. Sedmi in osmi faktor preživetje posameznika v družbeni skupnosti in možnost izbire lahko imenujemo tudi boj za preživetje v nestabilni družbi, kjer so lastne odločitve zelo pomembne za to ali se bo posamezniku uspelo vključiti v družbo tako da bo zadovoljen. Posamezni faktorji, prepoznani v našem vzorcu študentov, se skladajo z ugotovitvami drugih študij. Taki so npr. faktorji: zaskrbljenost in strah pred neznanim, odnos do hrane in prehranjevanja, skrb za zdravje in odnos do raziskovanja. Na novo prepoznani faktorji, ki jih dosedanje študije niso razkrile, so organizacija izobraževanja in vrednostni sistem, preživetje posameznika v družbeni skupnosti ter možnost izbire. Sklep Iz naše raziskave lahko izpeljemo nekaj praktičnih sklepov, ki bi lahko predstavljali temelj za nadaljnje izobraževanje učiteljev razrednega pouka o GSO. Odnos, ki ga imajo do GSO, je mešanica negotovosti in nezaupanja, ki se izraža v odklanjanju GSO, Negotovost in nezaupanje, ki ga izražajo v povezavi z GSO nikakor ne more biti dobra popotnica za objektivno presojanje, oblikovanje svojega sistema vrednot in uspešno izobraževanje otrok, ki jim bodo zaupani. Povzetek Oblikovanje stališč in vrednot se začne že v najzgodnejši otroški dobi, nadaljuje vse življenje in vsaj deloma jih lahko sooblikujejo učitelji in šolska praksa. Ker šole ne moremo obravnavati kot od družbenih dogajanj izoliranega sistema, se učitelji v sklopu pouka in drugih dejavnosti šole ne bodo mogli izogniti obravnavi nekaterih najbolj kočljivih tem, ki včasih premikajo tradicionalne civilizacijske temelje. Poleg sedaj že »tradicionalnih« tem kot je to npr. okoljska vzgoja je v zadnjih letih v ospredju tudi biotehnologija s temami kot so genski inženiring, gensko spremenjeni organizmi (GSO), hrana iz GSO, terapevtsko in reproduktivno kloniranje, nadomestno materinstvo, potencialno kloniranje človeka, vpliv GSO na zdravje ljudi, živali, druge organizme in okolje, ipd.. Ker lahko začnejo z oblikovanjem stališč in vrednot o temah, ki tradicionalno veljajo za naravoslovne, že učitelji razrednega pouka, nas je zanimalo, kakšen je odnos študentov razrednega pouka treh slovenskih Pedagoških fakultet do genskega inženiringa in gensko spremenjenih organizmov (GSO). V raziskava izvedeni v letu 2008 je bilo vključenih 359 študentov drugega, tretjega in četrtega letnika razrednega pouka (RP), Pedagoških fakultet v Mariboru (54,4 %), Kopru (17,2 %) in Ljubljani (28,3 %). Stališča do GSO smo preverjali s pomočjo zaprtega vprašalnika, s petstopenjsko Likertovo ocenjevalno lestvico, pri kateri so študentje pokazali svoje soglasje oziroma nesoglasje z 28 trditvami. Ugotovili smo, da bi lahko odnos študentov razrednega pouka do GSO označili kot negotovost, nezaupanje in odklanjanje. Negotovost in nezaupanje se kažeta v odgovorih, k izražajo čustva, odklanjanje pa v trditvah, ki izražajo stališče do ravnanja z GSO. Svoje strinjanje ali nestrinjanje so študenti izrazili s stališči, ki niso niti skrajna niti nevtralna. V posameznih odgovorih so se stališča lahko statistično značilno razlikovala. Tako so bili študenti Univerze v Ljubljani bolj naklonjeni GSO, kot ostali študentje. Dodaten vpogled v stališča smo dobili s faktorsko analizo in na osnovi analize njihove vsebine prepoznali in ovrednotili osem faktorjev, ki smo jih imenovali zaskrbljenost, odnos do hrane in prehranjevanja, skrb za zdravje, odnos do raziskovanja in preživetje posameznika v družbeni skupnosti, vrednostni sistem in organizacija izobraževanja. V prispevku smo ovrednotili nekatere skrbi in strahove, ki se pojavljajo zaradi razvoja novih tehnologij, njihov odnos do izobraževanja o GSO ter zaupanju do znanosti. Pridobljena vedenja bi bilo mogoče uporabiti za spremembe dodiplomskega kuriku-luma izobraževanja učiteljev razrednega pouka ali uporabiti v sklopu izobraževanj za učitelje, ki že poučujejo. Summary Formation of attitudes and values is a lifelong process which starts in early childhood and is at least partially shaped by teachers and school practices. Because we cannot treat instruction and school activities as value-free systems, isolated from society, teachers cannot avoid classroom discussions of sensitive themes, which sometimes challenge the foundations of traditional civiliza- tion. Besides already »traditional« themes such as environmental education, public interest has now shifted to biotechnology, with themes like genetic engineering, genetically modified organisms (GMOs), food from GMOs, therapeutic and reproductive cloning, surrogate maternity, cloning of humans, as well as the impact of GMOs on human health, the health of animals and of the environment, etc. Because the formation of attitudes and values in themes traditionally recognized as scientific is influenced by prospective primary school teachers, our interest lay in identifying attitudes of prospective primary school teachers from three Slovene pedagogical faculties towards genetically modified organisms. In a survey carried out in 2008, 359 students were included; these were prospective primary school teachers, in the second, third and fourth years of undergraduate university study from the pedagogical faculties of Maribor (54.4 %), Koper (17.2 %) and Ljubljana (28.3 %). Attitudes were checked using a five-point Likert scale, consisting of 28 items. We found that the attitudes of the prospective primary school teachers can be described as uncertainty, distrust and rejection. Uncertainty and distrust can be recognized from trends in the answers concerning feelings, and rejection from answers concerning attitudes toward the handling and use of GMOs. The level of agreement Literatura or disagreement among students is moderate or neutral in both directions. Statistically important differences among answers were recognized between the students from different faculties. In general, students from Ljubljana have more positive attitudes than students of other faculties. We gained additional insight with factorial analysis of answers. We were able to recognize eight factors: concerns, attitudes toward food and nutrition, health management, attitudes towards research and the survival of the individual in social communities, the research system and educational organization. In the paper, some of the concerns and fears were additionally evaluated, where the root cause is new technology, attitudes toward education about GMOs and trust in scientific research. The knowledge acquired can be used in future changes to the undergraduate curriculum for prospective primary school teachers and in the preparation of in-service training. Zahvala Zahvaljujemo se dr. Jelki Strgar, dr. Darji Skri-be Dimec (Univerza v Ljubljani), mag. Claudiju Battelliju (Univerza na Primorskem), dr. Alenki Lipovec in mag. Martini Rajšp (Unverza v Mariboru) za njihovo pomoč pri anketiranju. Christoph I. B., M. Bruhn & J. Roosen 2008: Knowledge, Attitudes Towards and Acceptabiality of Genetic Modification in Germany. Appetite 51(1): 58-68. Strategies. Cavanagh H., Hood & J. Wilkinson 2005: Riverina high school students' views of biotechnology. El. J. Biotech. 8(2): 121-127. [cited 19. 3. 2009]. Dostopno na: http://www.scielo.cl/pdf/ejb/v8n2/ a01.pdf. ISSN: 0717-3458 Cronbach L. J. 2004: My Current Thoughts on Coefficient Alpha and Successor Procedures. Educat. Physiol. Measur. 64, 391-418. Dunham t., Wells J. & K. White 2002: Biotechnology education: A multiple Instructional Strategies Approach. J. Tech. Edu. 14(1): 65-78. Flores V. S. & A. J. Tobin 2002: Frankenfoods: Values About Genetics Embedded in a Metaphor. Am. Biol. Teach. 64(8): 581-586. Kind P. K., Jones P. & P. Barmby 2007: Developing Attitudes Towards Science Measures. Int. Journal of Sci. Edu. 29: 871-839. Lemaux P. G. 2008: Genetically Engineered Plants and Foods: A Scientist's Analysis of the Issues (Part I). Ann. Rev. Plant. Biol. 59: 771-812. Lazarowitz R. & I. Bloch 2005: Awareness of Societal Issues Among High School Biology Teachers Teaching Genetics. J. Sci. Educat. Technol. 14(5-6): 437-457. Pardo R., Midden C. & J. D. Miller 2002: Attitudes Toward Biotechnology in the European Union. J. Biotech. 98(1): 9-24. Ronteltap A., Van Trijp, J.C.M., Renes, R. J. & L. J. Frewer, 2007: Consumer acceptance of technology-based food innovations: Lessons for the future of nutrigenomics. Appetite 49(1): 1-7. Stewart P. A. & w.P. McLean 2005: Public Opinion Toward the First, Second, and Third Generations of Plant Biotechnology. In vitro Cell. Develop. Biol. Plant. 41(6) 718-724. Yunta E. r., Herrera C. V., Misseroni A., Milla L. F., Ooutomuro D., Lemus I. S., Lues M. F. & F.L. Stepke 2005: Attitudes towards Genomic Research in Four Latin American Countries. Electron. J. Biotech. 8(3): 238 - 248 [cited 24. 9. 2008]. Dostopno na: http://www.ejbiotechnology.info/ content/vol8/issue3/full/9/BIP/. ISSN: 0717-3458. Zupančič G. 2005: Pomen znanja biologije v sodobnem svetu. Proteus 68(2): 94. ACTA BIOLOGICA SLOVENICA LJUBLJANA 2009 Vol. 52, Št. 2: 33-40 ACS Diatoms: Their strange evolution and remarkable properties Kremenaste alge: Njihov nenavadni razvoj in izjemne lastnosti Lars Olof Bjorn1 and Gertrud cronberg2 1Lund University, Department of Biology, Solvegatan 35, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden; E-mail address: Lars_Olof.Bjorn@cob.lu.se 2Lund University, Department of Biology, Ekologihuset, SE-22362 Lund, Sweden; E-mail address: Gertrud.Cronberg@limnol.lu.se Corresponding author: Abstract: We review some new literature on diatoms, with emphasis on genomics, evolution, ecology and biomimetic nanotechnical applications. Diatoms account for a substantial part of the photosynthetic production on this planet, and their genome is a mosaic of contributions from different sources. They occupy very diverse ecological niches, and may have been the first organisms to carry out C4 photosynthesis. Their frustrules (silica enclosures) with their elaborate sculpturing make it possible to follow the occurence of different forms back in time, and the frustrules is also the main reason that they are interesting for biotechnology. Keywords: C4 photosynthesis, chloroplasts, diatoms, dynamite, endosymbiosis, nanotech-nology, omega-3 fatty acid, silica Izvleček: Prispevek je pregled novih virov o kremenastih algah s povdarkom na genomiki, evoluciji, ekologiji ter biomimetični nanotehnološki aplikaciji. Kremenaste alge prispevajo velik delež k fotosintezni produkciji našega planeta. Njihov genom je mozaik elementov različnega izvora. Zasedajo različne ekološke niše, in verjetno so bile prvi organizmi s C4 način fotosinteze. Njihove frustule (silikatni ovoji) z izdelanimi raznolikimi vzorci omogočajo sledenje različnih oblik v zgodovini in prav frustule so tiste, zaradi katerih so kremenaste alge zanimive za biotehnologe. Ključne besede: C4 fotosinteza, kloroplasti, kremenaste alge, dinamit, endosimbioza, nanotehologija, omega-3 maščobne kisline, silicij Introduction Diatoms are photosynthetic, unicellular organisms. In some species several cells remain attached in colonies, but without any differentiation or division of functions between cells (see Hayakawa & al. 1994). Diatoms belong to the so-called heterokonts which, together with oomycetes and others form the stramenopiles. Brown algae are among the most well-known close relatives of diatoms, and both groups have fucoxanthin as an accessory photosynthetic pigment. Diatoms form one of the most successful groups of organisms on our planet. They are present in most niches of the biosphere where there is, at least from time to time, some water: in seas, lakes and stream water, hot springs (up to 50°C), salty brines up to saturated concentration, dry rock and stone walls, desert surface crusts, in the surface layer of other soils, and as symbionts inside dinoflagellates and foraminifers. Some diatoms harbour cyanobacteria as endosymbionts. The diatoms of the sea are the most important ones in a global perspective. Marine dinoflagel- lates produce about 40 percent of the biomass in the sea, and for sea and continents combined they produce about 20 percent of the biomass and the oxygen. Experts do not agree on the number of diatom species. Twenty-five thousand species have been described (Alverson 2008), but some of them have been shown to be different forms of the same species. Certainly there are more than 15 thousand species; Mann & Droop 1996 say 200 thousand, and both Drum & Gordon 2003 and Sterrenburg & al. 2007 give a range of one hundred thousand to one million. The upper limit of this interval appears unrealistic. A discussion is going on about how the species concept should be defined for diatoms, since it will be impossible to carry out mating experiments except in a few cases. The first diatoms probably appeared on land about 280 million years ago, but the oldest un- questionable fossils date from early Cretaceous, 120 million years ago. There is reason to believe in a radiation into different evolutionary lines between 160 and 150 million years ago. The first diatoms were »centric«, i.e. had radial symmetry (Figure 1), and the elongated and bisymmetric »pennate« forms (Figure 2) arose about 125 million years ago. It is thought that diatoms (as well as dinoflagellates) were favoured by the great extinction that marks the end of the Cretaceous, 65.5 million years ago, as this was a catastroph not only for the dinosaurs, but also for coccol-ithophores and silicoflagellates, competitors of the marine diatoms. Diatoms and dinoflagellates could survive, probably thanks to their ability to form resistant resting cells. During their whole evolution the diatoms have also been favoured by the expanding terrestrial vegetation, which, because its roots and mycorrhiza have been expanding ever Fig. 1: Centric diatoms, Cyclostephanus dubius in the foreground and Aulacoseira sp. in the background (scanning electron microscope image by Gertrud Cronberg). Slika 1: Kremenasti algi iz reda Centrales; vrsta Cyclostephanus dubius spredaj in predstavnica iz rodu Aulacoseira sp. v ozadju (foto: Gertrud Cronberg). Fig. 2: Pennate diatom (Pinnularia sp.) (scanning electron microscope image by Gertrud Cronberg). Slika 2: Kremenasta alga iz reda Pennales (Pinnularia sp.) ( foto: Gertrud Cronberg). wider and penetrating ever deeper, has contributed to increased weathering and transport of silicic acid to fresh waters and to the sea. Peculiar genomes Genomes have now been studied for both centric and pennate diatoms, and several strange circumstances have recently been brought to light. But let us begin what has been known for several years. Diatom chloroplasts, as most other chloroplasts with the exception of those of green algae and plants, derive from a red alga which has entered into an intimate symbiosis with an originally non-photosynthetic organism. This »secondary endosymbiotic event« is thought to have happened about a billion years ago, the chloroplasts of this and other red algae, in turn, being originally derived from a cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) which entered into »primary endosymbiosis« with a non-photosynthetic organism more than 1.2 billion years ago. But the recent analysis of diatom genes reveal that things are much more complicated than this. Most of the genes originally present in the »engulfed« blue-green and red algae are not left in the chloroplast of the diatom, but have either disappeared or been transferred to the nucleus. This is because some of them were no longer needed, since similar genes were present in the nucleus of the original, non-photosynthetic organism. The genes which were still needed, for instance those necessary for photosynthesis, had better leave the chloroplast, because this is a dangerous place for DNA, as it has high concentrations of radicals and oxygen. And so they did, by the process of natural selection. Another »reason« to leave the chloroplast was that chloroplast genes cannot benefit from the advantages of sexual reproduction (a tricky question discussed by many, and recently in Nick Lane's wonderful book »Life ascending«). A few genes were left in the chloroplast, because some functions related to photosynthesis require very rapid regulation of gene activity by signalling pathways originating in the photosynthetic apparatus. The chloroplast origin of these genes that did move to to the nucleus is recognized because these genes code for chloroplast proteins. If all of these genes in a diatom had arrived with the engulfed red alga, they would show greater similarity to genes in red algae (the »red line of evolution«) than with genes in green algae and plants (the »green line of evolution«). This is most often the case. But in quite a few cases the similarity is greater to the »green line of evolution«, for reasons that are not currently understood. One theory is that the diatoms (or diatom ancestors) have first harboured a »green« chloroplast, which at a later time has been exchanged for the present one. Another theory is that »horizontal gene transfer« has taken place by infection by viruses or bacteria. The sea is teeming with viruses, and several of them are known to harbour photosynthesis genes, although in the known cases these genes are from cyanobacteria (e.g., Mann & al. 2003; Lindell & al. 2005; Hell-weger 2009; Sharon & al. 2009). Horizontal gene transfer would have been a reasonable explanation if it had only been a few genes. But according to Moustafa & al. 2009 more than 1,700 »green« genes have been transferred, which is 17% of the whole complement of a little more than 10,000 genes. This high transfer frequency is so surprising that not all workers in the field have wholeheartedly accepted it (Dagan & Martin 2009). But not only photosynthesis genes have been added by side-steps in the evolution of diatoms. In both centric and pennate diatoms Bowler & al. 2008 have found hundreds of genes from various prokaryotic organisms: cyanobacteria, various proteobacteria, and archaea. The more they are investigated, the more the diatoms appear as heaps of disconnected twigs from the great tree of evolution. Animals, fungi, and some microorganisms have, based on their molecular biology, been grouped together under the heading Opisthokonta, a rather thick branch on the tree of evolution. Scala et al. (2002) found as many genes in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum being closely related to opisthokont genes as being related to genes in higher plants. In contrast to chloroplasts of plants and green algae, which are surrounded by two membranes, there are four membranes around the chloroplasts of diatoms. This is understandable, as these chloroplasts have originated by two successive endosymbiotic events. Between the membranes one can in some cases find a »nucleomorph«, the remains of the nucleus of the engulfed red alga. The nucleomorph contains very few genes, but those that exist are typical chloroplast genes. Motility, carbon assimilation, reproduction, and technical applications One might think that diatoms, enclosed in glass jars as they are, would not be able to move actively. But for a long time people have studied how pennate diatoms can creep over a substratum, and now it is known that many centric diatoms possess this ability, too (Sato & Medlin 2006). Some diatoms leave a mucus track behind, as snails do, and it is thought that their movement is somehow connected to this slime exudation. The mucus exits through a slit called a raphe in the middle of one or both halves of the frustrule (silica enclosure). The slime is set in motion by microfibrils which inside the cell are connected to filaments of actin and myosin, the same kinds of protein molecules that we have in our muscles (Bertrand 2008). This view is, however, partly based on speculation, and slime trails are not to be seen after individuals of all species of motile diatoms. The movements are regulated by, among other things, various light-perceiving systems. Cells with a raphe can move with up to 25 |im s-1, but some species without a raphe can also move, albeit at a slower speed, about 1 ^m s-1. One might also imagine that it would be difficult for the armor-enclosed diatoms to take up carbon dioxide or bicarbonate ions for their photosynthesis, but they are, in fact, very efficient in doing this. The pretty perforations in the frustrules contribute to this, and some species are able to carry out both C3-photosynthesis with incorporation of carbon dioxide into 3-phosphonol-glycerate, and C4-photosynthesis with incorporation of bicarbonate into oxaloacetate (review by Roberts & al. 2007). Contributing to the efficient uptake of inorganic carbon is also an exudation of extracellular carbonic anhydrase, enabling a rapid interconversion between carbon dioxide and bicarbonate. Diatoms are unusual in that they have a carbonic anhydrase which can use cadmium instead of zinc without decrease in activity (Strasdeit 2001; Xu & al. 2008), which is very useful as zinc is depleted from the ocean surface. Cadmium can often replace zink in enzymes, but usually with a large decrease or complete loss of activity. The two halves of a diatom are of unequal size and form a box with lid (Figure 3). When cells divide, each daugher cell gets one half, and then forms a new half inside the existing one. Therefore one daughter cell will be of the same size as the original cell, while the other one will be smaller. With repeated divisions smaller and smaller cells will be created, and when a size of about one third of the original one has been reached meiosis takes place and sex cells (gametes) with half the number of chromosomes result. They can be of equal size, or half of them can be smaller and act as sperm cells, depending on the systematic position of the species. After fusion of gametes the resulting cell grows to the size we started the story with, and only then is a continuous silica enclosure produced again. Diatoms have a long story of technical uses. The most well-known one from a Swedish perspective is as component in Alfred Nobel's dynamite, a mixture of diatom frustrules and glyceryl trinitrate (»nitroglycerine«). Diatom frustrules have also been used in toothpaste, but this use is declining since they are so hard that they damage the enamel of the teeth. By their ability to form patterns in silica (silicon dioxide) the diatoms have attracted interest in the field of nanotechnology (Bozarth & al. 2009). One is more interested in understanding ii _J I- 'I Fig. 3: The diagram shows repeated divisions of a diatom. The shades of the arrows indicate which of the two frustrule halves is transmitted to the daughter cell. The cells on the right maintain the original size, while those to the left become smaller and smaller for each division. When they have reached about one third of the original size, sex cells are produced and the silica cover discarded. Slika 3: Digram prikazuje ponavljajoče se delitve kremenastih alg. Barve puščic nakazujejo kateri dve polovicise preneseta na hčerinsko celico. Celice na desni strani ohranjajo originalno velikost, medtem ko tiste na levi postajajo po vsaki delitvi manjše. ]| \ \ / V IE how diatoms manage to do this, and copy their methods, than to use diatoms as such (Drum & Gordon 2003; Gordon & al. 2009; Noyes & al. 2008). Nevertheless the frustrule of a diatom has been used instead of a more conventional lens for focusing a 100 pm wide laser beam to a spot of 10 pm (De Stefano & al. 2007; Figure 4). Diatom frustrules can be regarded as photonic crystals, periodic structures with special properties with regard to light propagation (Fuhrmann & al. 2004). The sculpturing of diatom frustrules is such that they combine mechanical strength with low weight (the density of the silica in the frustrules is ca. 2, i.e. about twice that of the surrounding water). The strength affords protection against predators, while the low weight is important in particular for planktonic species to avoid sedimentation out of the photic zone. The mechanical properties have been studied by Hamm & al. 2003. For most diatoms silicon is an essential element, but an exception is afforded by Phaeodac-tylum tricornutum (Brzezinski & al. 1990). The silicon is in most cases taken up as Si(OH)4 (Del Amo & Brzezinski 1999), but Phaeodactylum tricornutum absorbs it as the anion SiO(OH)3-. Uptake takes place only during two phases of the cell cycle, namely at the end of G1 and throughout G2 (Brzezinski 1992). The silicon concentration ( 1 mM) in the Archaean sea was orders of magnitude greater than that of the contemporary (Konhauser & al. 2007), and due to volcanic eruptions during the Triassic the sea probably became saturated with silicic acid during the Jurassic. This is likely to have favoured diatoms, and their flourishing in the sea eventually again decreased the concentration to such an extent that many sponges with silica skeletons died out (Maldonado & al. 1999). Silicon is now frequently limiting for diatom growth (e.g., Shipe & al. 2007). A large drop in silica availability seems to have taken place in the late Eocene, 3 5 Ma ago, in connection with opening of the Southern Ocean, increased stratification, and increased abundance of diatoms. This is reflected in the decreased silification at this time of radiolarians (Lazarus & al. 2009), which may have less efficient acquisition of silicate than diatoms do. Still, modern marine diatoms generally have less silica in their frustrules than freshwater diatoms do, reflecting the generally higher silicic acid content in freshwater (= 100 |M) as compared to surface seawater (= 10 pM) (Alverson 2007). It is estimated that the silica input to the ocean is 6.1±2.0 Tmol/year and the sedimentation 7.1±1.8 Tmol/year. Biogenic production is 240±40 Tmol/ year, of which only a small fraction ends up as sediment. The residence time in surface waters is 400 years (Treguer & al. 1995). Fig. 4: Whole cell of the diatom Coscinodiscus walesii, used to focus laser light, and details of the regular perforations in the frustrule that cause the diffractive bending of the light. The data on width of the perforations indicated in some places are printed in a font too small to be read here, but range 1.5 to 1.7 |m, and the distances between them 800-987 nm. From De Stefano L., I. Rea, I. Rendina, M. De Stefano & L. Moretti 2007: Lensless light focusing with the centric marine diatom Coscinodiscus walesii. Optics Express 15: 18082-18088. Slika 4: Celotna celica kremenaste alge vrste Coscinodiscus walesii, uporabljena za fokusiranje laserskega žarka, in detajli luknjic v frustuli, ki povzročijo difrakcijo svetlobe. Podatki o širini luknjic, ki so na nekaterih mestih označeni so premajhni, da bi jih lahko prebrali. So v razponu od 1.5 do 1.7 |m, razdalje med njimi pa so od 800 do 987 nm. From De Stefano L., I. Rea, I. Rendina, M. De Stefano & L. Moretti 2007: Lensless light focusing with the centric marine diatom Coscinodiscus walesii. Optics Express 15: 18082-18088. Diatoms are important also for their contents of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids, which reach us indirectly via fish in our diet. Both are essential for us, since they are needed for our brain and some other organs, and we cannot make them ourselves. The requirement of omega-6 acids is not very great, and too much inhibits the uptake in the brain cells of the omega-3 acids (Novak et al. 2008). Work is now in progress to circumvent the fish route and get the acids more directly into human diet, and at the same time to optimize the omega-6/omega-3 ratio. The fats of diatoms have also been considered as biofuels for motor vehicles. Acknowledgement The authors stand in great debt to Professor Helen Ghiradella for her improvements of our original manuscript. References Alverson A.J. 2007: Strong purifying selection in the silicon transporters of marine and freshwater diatoms. Limnol. Oceanogr. 52: 1420-1429. Alverson A.J. 2008: Molecular systematics and the diatom species. Protist 159: 339-353. Bertrand J. 2008: Diatom movements VIII: Synthesis and hypothesis. Diatom Res. 23: 19-29. Blackburn M.V., F. Hannah & A. Rogerson 2009. First account of apochlorotic diatoms from mangrove waters in Florida. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. - 56:194-200. Brzezinski M.A. 1992: Cell-cycle effects on the kinetics of silicic acid uptake and resource competition among diatoms. J. Plankton Res. 14: 1511-1539. Brzezinski M.A., R.J. Olson & S.W. Chisholm 1990: Silicon availability and cell-cycle progression in marine diatoms. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 67: 83-96. Bowler c., A.E. Allen, J.H. Badger etal. (2008) The Phaeodactylum genome reveals the evolutionary history of diatom genomes. Nature 456: 240-244. Bozarth a., u.G. Maier & S. zauner, S. 2009: Diatoms in biotechnology: modern tools and applications. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 82: 195-201. Dagan, T. & W. Martin 2009: Seeing green and red in diatom genomes. Science 324: 1651-1652. Del Amo Y. & M.A. Brzezinski 1999: The chemical form of dissolved Si taken up by marine diatoms. J. Phycol. 35: 1162-1170. De Stefano L., i. Rea, i. Rendina, M. De Stefano & L. Moretti 2007: Lensless light focusing with the centric marine diatom Coscinodiscus walesii. Optics Express 15: 18082-18088. Drum R.W. & R. Gordon 2003: Star Trek replicators and diatom nanotechnology. Trends Biotechnol. 21: 325-328. Fuhrmann t., S. Landwehr, M. El Rharbi-Kucki & M. Sumper 2004: Diatoms as living photonic crystals. Appl. Phys. B 78: 257-260. Gordon, R., D. Losic, M.A. Tiffany, S.S. Nagy & F.A.S. Sterrenburg 2009: The glass menagerie: diatoms for novel applications in nanotechnology. Trends Biotechnol. 27: 116-127. Hamm c.E., R. Merkel, o. Springer, P. Jurkojc, c. Maier, K. Prechtel & V. Smetacek 2003: Architecture and material properties of diatom shells provide effective mechanical protection. Nature 421: 841-843. Hayakawa t., S. Kudoh, Y. Suzuki & M. Takahashi 1994: Temperature-dependent changes in colony size of the freshwater pennate diatom Asterionella formosa (Bacillariophyceae) and their possible ecological implications. J. Phycol. 30: 955-964. Hellweger F.L. 2009: Carrying photosynthesis genes increases ecological fitness of cyanophage in silico. Environm. Microbiol. 11: 1386-1394. Konhauser, K., S.V. Lalonde, L. Amskold & H.D. Holland 2007: Was there really an Archean phosphate crisis? Science 315: 1234. Lane, N. 2009. Life ascending. W.W. Norton & Company, New York & London, 344 pp. Lazarus D.B., B. Kotrc, G. Wulf & D.N. Schmidt 2009: Radiolarians decreased silicification as an evolutionary response to reduced Cenozoic ocean silica availability. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106: 9333-9338. Lindell D., J.D. Jaffe, z.i. Johnson, G.M. church & S.W. chisholm 2005: Photosynthesis genes in marine viruses yield proteins during host infection. Nature 438, 86-89. Maldonado M., M.c. carmona, M.J.uriz & A. cruzado 1999: Decline in Mesozoic reef-building sponges explained by silicon limitation. Nature 401, 785-788. Mann D.G. & S.J.M. Droop 1996: Biodiversity, biogeography and conservation of diatoms. Hydro-biologia 336: 19-32. Mann, N.H., A. cook, A. Millard, S. Bailey & M. clokie 2003: Marine ecosystems: Bacterial photosynthesis genes in a virus. Nature 424, 741. Moustafa A., B. Beszteri, u.G. Maier, c. Bowler, K. Valentin & D.Bhattacharya, D. 2009: Genomic footprints of a cryptic plastid endosymbiosis in diatoms. Science 324: 1724-1726. Novak M., R.A. Dyer & S.M. Innis 2008. High dietary ro-6 fatty acids contribute to reduced doco-sahexaenoic acid in the developing brain and inhibit secondary neurite growth. Brain Res. 1237:136-145. Noyes J., M. Sumper & P. Vukusic 2008: Light manipulation in a marine diatom. J. Materials Res. 23: 3229-3235. okamoto N., T. Nagumo, J. Tanaka & i. Inouye 2003. An endophytic diatom Gyrosigma coelophilum sp. nov. (Naviculales, Bacillariophyceae) lives inside the red alga Coelarthrum opuntia (Rhody-meniales, Rhodophyceae). - Phycologia 42:498-505. Roberts K., E. Granum, R.c. Leegood & J.A. Raven 2007: C3 and C4 pathways of photosynthetic carbon assimilation in marine diatoms are under genetic, not environmental, control. Plant Physiol. 145: 230-235. sato s. & L.K. Medlin, L.K. 2006: Motility of non-raphid diatoms. Diatom Res. 21: 473-477. Scala, S., N. Carels, a. Falciatore, M.L. Chiusano. & C. Bowler 2002. Genome properties of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Plant Physiol. 129:993-1002. Sharon I., A. Alperovitch, F. Rohwer, M. Haynes, F. Glaser, N. Atamna-Ismaeel, R.Y. Pinter, F. Partensky, E.v. Koonin, Y.I. Wolf, N. Nelson & o. Beja 2009: Photosystem I gene cassettes are present in marine virus genomes. Nature 461: 258-262. Shipe, R.F., E.J. Carpenter, S.R. Govil & D.G. Capone 2007: Limitation of phytoplankton production by Si and N in the western Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 338: 33-45. Sterrenburg F., R. Gordon, M.A. Tiffany & S.S. Nagy 2007: »Diatoms: Living in a constructal environment«. In Seckbach, J. (Ed.) Algae and cyanobacteria in extreme environments, pp. 143-172. Cellular origin, life in extreme habitats and astrobiology, vol. 11. Springer, New York. Strasdeit H. 2001: The first cadmium-specific enzyme. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40: 707-709. Treguer P., D.M. Nelson, A.J. Van Bennekom, D.J. DeMaster, A. Leynaert & B. Queguiner 1995: The Silica Balance in the World Ocean: A Reestimate. Science 268: 375-379. Xu Y., L. Feng, P.D. Jeffrey, Y. Shi, Y & F.M.M. Morel 2008: Structure and metal exchange in the cadmium carbonic anhydrase of marine diatoms. Nature 452: 56-62. ACTA BIOLOGICA SLOVENICA LJUBLJANA 2009 Vol. 52, Št. 2: 41-48 ACS Geological CO2 affects microbial respiration rates in Stavešinci mofette soils Geološki CO2 vpliva na mikrobno dihanje v tleh na območju mofete Stavešinci Irena Maček 1*, Urška Videmšek 1, Damijana Kastelec 1, David Stopar2, Dominik Vodnik 1 1 University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Agronomy, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Corresponding author: irena.macek@bf.uni-lj.si. 2 University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Food Science and Technology, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. Abstract: Substrate-induced respiration (SIR) was used to estimate microbial respiration and microbial biomass in soils from Stavešinci natural CO2 spring (mofette) exposed to different geological CO2 concentrations. SIR measurements clearly demonstrated higher microbial respiration and microbial biomass in control sites compared to high soil CO2 sites. Sampling in two different locations and in three different years also confirmed long-term stability of this pattern, which was found for both locations and in different sampling periods. Keywords: substrate-induced respiration, SIR, microbial respiration, microbial biomass, soil respiration, natural CO2 springs, mofette Introduction Soil CO2 concentrations are about 50-times higher than ambient atmospheric CO2 concentration and often fluctuate due to soil compaction, waterlogging and/or vegetation (Bouma & Bryla 2000, Pfanz & al. 2004). Natural CO2 springs (mofettes) are extreme ecosystems with soil CO2 concentrations that can reach values above 80 % (v/v) CO2 in the upper 10-20 cm of soil at the most extreme sites (Vodnik & al. 2006). Most of the research at natural CO2 springs in the past was focused on aboveground responses of vegetation (Raschi & al. 1997, Badiani & al. 1999, Vodnik & al. 2002, Pfanz & al. 2004, Pfanz & al. 2007). Much less work was done on the below ground responses of plants (Maček & al. 2005) or soil microorganisms (Maček 2004, Maček & al. 2008, Videmšek & al. 2009). Apart from the Stavešinci mofette, most of the reports on soil microbes come from the Haquanoa spring in New Zealand where arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (Rillig & al. 2000) and mineralization (Ross & al. 2000, Ross & al. 2002, Ross & al. 2003) were studied. In most of these studies, however, mofettes were used as long-term natural model systems for studying effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 on ecosystems. Thus sampling was done according to the atmospheric CO2 concentrations, which are much more dependent on weather conditions and do not always reflect soil CO2 concentrations and their direct effects on soil microflora. Soil CO2 concentrations were taken into consideration in the studies of soil microorganisms first at the Slovenian mofette Stavešinci (Maček 2004, Maček & al. 2008, Videmšek & al. 2009). Soil microbial biomass can be estimated by adding an easily available substrate (e.g. glucose) to the soil (substrate-induced respiration - SIR) (Jenkinson & Ladd 1981). Anderson & Domsch (1978) suggested that the initial maximal respiration rate induced by glucose was proportional to the size of the original soil microbial biomass. The method does not give an absolute value of the biomass, however, the results can be used for relative comparisons. The same authors also report on highly significant correlation between fumigation-incubation technique and SIR for estimation of the microbial biomass. At 22 °C, 1 ml CO2 h-1 equals 40 mg microbial C (Anderson & Domsch 1978). In addition, Ross & al. (2000) report on positive correlation between SIR and atmospheric CO2 concentration up to 700 ppm at the New Zealand CO2 springs, however, no attempt was made to calculate microbial biomass C from the resultant CO2 values. In this study substrate-induced respiration was used to estimate microbial biomass of soils exposed to different geological CO 2 concentrations in Stavešinci mofette ecosystem. Soil samples were taken in three different CO2 regimes, defined as high, medium and low (control) geological CO2 and in three different years 2003, 2004 and 2007. Materials and methods Site description and sampling The study was conducted in Stavešinci mofette, NE Slovenia (see Vodnik & al. 2006, Vodnik & al. 2009, for detailed site description). Briefly, the site is a flat post-agricultural area where very pure, cold CO2, without traces of sulphurous compounds, methane or carbon monoxide, is released into atmosphere through several vents. Atmospheric CO2 concentrations largely depend on weather and wind conditions due to the topography of the site, and range from 0.036 % to 1 % (v/v) at 0.5 m aboveground (Vodnik & al. 2006). On the other side, soil CO2 concentrations and CO2 effluxes are more stable variables for measuring exposure to geological CO2. Soil samples were taken from two separate locations (Location 1 and Location 2) ca. 40 m apart. Each sampling location covered an area of about 100 m2 with soil CO2 concentrations ranging from high to low (ambient/control) CO2 concentrations as measured by a portable gas analyzer (GA2000, Geotech, Germany) (Vodnik & al. 2006) and/or soil CO2 flux measurements (LI-6400-09 Soil CO2 flux chamber, LICOR, Lincoln, USA) (Vodnik & al. 2009). A good correlation between both methods has been confirmed before (Vodnik & al. 2009). Upper 10 cm of soil was sampled in Location 1 in March 2003 (n = 4-5 sampling points) and in April 2004 (n = 6-8 sampling points) in high CO2 (73.6 % ± 2.7 v/v), medium (9.3 % ± 0.6 v/v) and low CO2 (0.4 % ± 0.03 v/v) exposure. Location 2 soil was sampled in July 2007 (n = 4 sampling points) for high CO2 (228.0 ± 50.4 ^mol m-2 s-1), medium (42.4 ± 11.3 ^mol m-2 s-1) and low CO2 flux (21.1 ± 7.3 ^mol m-2 s-1), see also Videmšek & al. 2009. Soil chemical properties for Location 1 are described by Maček 2004, Maček & al. 2005 and for Location 2 by Videmšek & al. 2009. In brief, the values for Location 1; pH 5.4 (control), 3.8 (high CO2); organic matter 3.2 % (control), 3.8 % (high CO2); total N 0.26 % (control), 0.32 (high CO2); available P2O5 48 mg kg-1 (control), 265 mg kg-1 (high CO2) and for Location 2; pH 5.7 (control), 4.9 (high CO2); organic matter 3.3 % (control), 3.9 % (high CO2); total N 0.32 % (control), 0.36 (high CO2); available P2O5 22 mg kg-1 (control), 44 mg kg-1 (high CO2). Fresh samples were transported and stored at 4 °C and all the measurements were performed within two days after sampling. Before measurements soil was thoroughly mixed and all visible plant particles were removed. Soil water content Soil water content was determined by drying soil samples over night at 110 °C and weighing. Table 1: Sample water content. Avg ± SE are shown (n = 4-6). Tabela 1: Vsebnost vode v vzorcih. Prikazano je povprečje ± SN (n = 4-6). Soil water content (mass %) Sampling period High CO2 Medium CO2 Low CO2 March 2003 23.0 ± 3.1 22.3 ± 0.3 20.7 ± 0.7 April 2004 27.6 ± 0.3 no data 26.9 ± 0.6 June 2007 9.8 ± 1.2 9.8 ± 1.2 11.6 ± 2.0 Substrate-induced respiration (SIR) Respiration rates were estimated by incubating 30 g of soil in 130-ml bottles sealed with rubber seals at room temperature (22 °C), for the 2003 and 2004 measurements, and at 28 °C in July 2007. All samples had equal dry weight. In order to avoid geological CO2 background all samples were pre-areated to equalize CO 2 concentrations to ambient concentrations. For SIR measurements the samples were amended with 25 mg glucose g-1 dry soil and thoroughly mixed. Basal respiration was taken as the respiration rate of soils not amended with glucose and was subtracted from the SIR value. The concentrations of CO2 in the headspace of the bottles were measured by gas chromatography, using a Becker Packard model 417 (Delft, Netherlands) gas chromatograph (GC), with thermal conductivity detector temperature 100 °C, 1.8-m column (2 mm inside diameter) packed with Prapak QS 180 cm column at 50 °C, injector temperature 100 °C, caring gas (He) flow 20 ml min-1 and Hewlett Packard 3392A integrator. Samples (2.5 ml) of headspace gas were taken with a gas-tight syringe and injected into the gas chromatograph. Since the pH of the aqueous phase was < 6.5, the effective gas headspace of the bottles was assumed to be the volume not occupied by soil or liquid (Lin & Brookes 1999). The amount of produced CO2 in the measuring bottle was calculated as: Mco2 = (Cg * (Vg + Vv * a)) / m MCO2 = total CO2 (ml g-1 soil), Cg = measured CO2 concentration in the gas phase (%), Vg = volume of the gas phase (130 ml), Vv = volume of the liquid phase in the soil (ml), a = Bunsen coefficient for CO2 = 0.758, m = dry weight of soil in the bottle. For measurements performed at 22 °C mi-crobial biomass was calculated according to Anderson & Domsch (1978) where 1 ml CO2 h-1 equals 40 mg microbial C. Data analysis Data of the microbial respiration at different CO2 levels were analysed for each year/location separately. Because of the longitudinal nature of the data (each sample was measured consequently several times during a time interval and the intervals between the measurements differ for different samples) the linear mixed models with restricted maximum likelihood method were used for the estimation of the parameters. Time and CO2 exposure group (high, medium, low) and their interaction were included in the model as fixed effects and soil sample with its time dependence were included in the model as random effect. The compound symmetry structure of the within samples random effect covariance was used in the model (Pinheriro & Bates , 2000). The calculations were done with the statistical package R (R Development Core Team, 2009). Results and discussion Microbial soil biomass is dependent on quantity and quality of soil organic matter (zak & al. 1993, Cheng 1999), which in turn depends on plant production. Both, plant roots and above ground vegetation are directly affected by high soil CO2 concentrations (Kaligarič 2001, Vodnik & al. 2002, Maček & al. 2005, Pfanz & al. 2004, Pfanz & al. 2007). It has been shown that in the high CO2 exposed mofette plants content of N is lower and C/N ratio in plant tissues is higher, compared to control (Pfanz & al. 2004). In addition, lower concentrations of several other elements (P, K, S, and Zn) have been reported for high geological CO2 exposed plants (Pfanz & al. 2004). All this should have an effect on microbial biomass and respiration. As given in Fig. 1 glucose addition stimulated CO2 release from all soil samples, indicating that soil microorganisms were activated by the addition of the respiratory substrate. The respiration data show linear (p < 0.0001) increase of the CO2 concentration. Different slopes of linear model lines indicate changes in microbial activities (Fig. 1). In 2003, SIR was significantly lower in high CO2 soils, compared to control soils (p = 0.0118) . A similar trend was found in 2004, however there was no significant difference between high and low CO2 soils. Similar to findings from the previous two years also microbial respiration measured in 2007 in samples from the second mofette (Location 2) showed the lowest values in high CO2 soils, followed by medium and low (control) soils. In this year, significant difference was found between Fig. 1: Substrate induced microbial respiration (SIR), measurements of CO2 production in soil samples from natural CO2 springs in Stavešinci. Time course of microbial activity (respiration) after substrate addition measured on each sample (thin lines), linear model lines (thick lines); for low (full-lines), medium (dash-lines) and high (dot-lines) CO 2 concentrations. Slika 1: S substratom inducirano mikrobno dihanje (SIR), meritve produkcije CO2 v talnih vzorcih s področja naravnih izvirov CO2 v Stavešincih. Časovna odvisnost mikrobne aktivnosti (dihanja) po dodatku substrata na posameznem vzorcu (tanke črte), premice linearnih modelov (debelejše črte); prikazano za majhne (polna linija), srednje (črtkana linija) in velike (pikčasta linija) koncentracije CO2. Table 2: The estimated parameters of the linear mixed models with the 95 % confidence limits. Tabela 2: Ocene parmetrov linearnih mešanih modelov s 95 % intervali zaupanja. Year Parameter 95 % Confidence intervals Estimates Lower limit Upper limit 2007 Intercept H -0.2115 -0.4532 0.0303 M -0.3576 -1.0006 0.2854 L -0.0690 -0.6954 0.5574 Slope H 0.0106 0.0068 0.0143 M 0.0169 0.0078 0.0260 L 0.0197 0.0108 0.0287 2004 Intercept H -0.0094 -0.0732 0.0545 L 0.0107 -0.1475 0.1689 Slope H 0.0068 0.0054 0.0082 L 0.0085 0.0051 0.0118 2003 Intercept H -0.0271 -0.0880 0.0338 M -0.0283 -0.2035 0.1470 L 0.0791 -0.0965 0.2547 Slope H 0.0050 0.0032 0.0068 M 0.0069 0.0021 0.0116 L 0.0090 0.0041 0.0138 high soil CO2 and control (p = 0.0009) and also between high and medium soil CO2 (p = 0.0210), but there was no difference between medium soil CO2 and control. The estimated parameters of the linear mixed models with the 95 % confidence limits are presented in Tab. 2. Calculated microbial biomass is given in Tab. 3 (only for years 2003 and 2004). There is a clear increase in microbial biomass in both years with decreased geological CO2 concentrations in the soil. The effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 on soil microbial respiration was reported before for the mofette areas in New Zealand (Ross & al. 2000), however, to the best of our knowledge no study reports on the effect of the extreme soil geological CO2 enrichment on microbial biomass. Videmšek & al. (2009) have shown a shift in microbial community structure of CO2-fixing bacteria in grassland soils from the Stavešinci mofette, depending on the soil CO2 exposure. It has also been shown in the same mofette area that almost a complete turnover (P diversity) in community composition of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrizal fungi occurs, depending on soil abiotic factors (soil CO2 exposure and hypoxia) (Maček & al. 2008). For the Stavešinci mofette, SIR measurements and microbial biomass C estimation, clearly demonstrate higher microbial respiration and microbial biomass in control sites with low soil CO2 concentration compared to high CO2 samples (Fig. 1, Tab. 3). Differences between the years could be partially explained with the soil water content (Tab. 1). It is possible that due to higher Table 3: Calculated microbial biomass. Tabela 3: Ocenjena mikrobna biomasa. * Microbial biomass (^g g 1 dry soil) Year 2003 2004 High CO2 115 162 Medium CO2 159 no data Low CO2 231 205 * Measured 2 h following glucose addition. water content in 2004 the respiratory substrate glucose, introduced into the sample in a solid form, could not distribute evenly (formation of clumps during mixing of soil) and thus was not available to all the potential users. In the study on the evaluation of the SIR method by Lin & Brookes (1999) glucose was added both in solid or liquid form, however, similar patterns of CO2 evolution were found for both protocols. In addition, it was concluded in the same study, that no correction for CO2 dissolved in the soil solution was needed for the soils below pH 6.5, which is also the case for Stavešinci soil. Higher absolute values of the microbial respiration measured in 2007 are probably due to higher incubation temperatures during the SIR experiment. Nevertheless, the same pattern in microbial respiration response to geological CO2 as in the previous two years was observed. It is interesting to note that in 2007 samples originated from the second mofette (Location 2), which is about 40 m distant from the Location 1 (sampling in 2003 and 2004) with different soil properties and less extreme CO2 regime (see the Methods section). The values for microbial biomass for the years 2003 and 2004 (Tab. 3) are in the range of those found for other grasslands (Habekost & al. 2008). of microbial activity was stable and was not affected by different soil properties, different sampling periods, temperature of incubation, or soil water content. Povzetek Mikrobno dihanje in biomaso v talnih vzorcih lahko merimo z dodatkom lahko razgradljivega substrata npr. glukoze (s substratom inducirana respiracija - SIR). Respiratorni CO2 merimo s plinsko kromatografijo. V naši raziskavi smo to metodo uporabili za oceno mikrobnega dihanja in mikrobne biomase v vzorcih z območja naravnih izvirov CO2 (mofet) v Stavešincih (SV Slovenija), izpostavljenih različnim koncentracijam geološkega CO2. Meritve kažejo na manjše dihanje in mikrobno biomaso v vzorcih, izpostavljenih veliki koncentraciji CO2, v primerjavi s kontrolo. Z vzorčenjem na dveh različnih lokacijah znotraj območja vrelcev v Stavešincih in obenem v treh različnih letih (2003, 2004 in 2007) pa smo pokazali tudi dolgoročno stabilnost opaženega vzorca mikrobnega odziva, ki se je pojavil na obeh lokacijah in v vseh treh letih vzorčenja. Conclusions According to the results of this study we conclude that high concentrations of geological soil CO2 decrease substrate induced microbial respiration and microbial biomass. This pattern Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank to dr. Tjaša Danevčič and Simona Leskovec for technical assistance. The research was funded by the Slovenian Research Agency. The authors gratefully acknowledge all the given support. References Anderson J. P. E. & Domsch K. H. 1978: A physiological method for the quantitative measurement of microbial biomass in soils. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 10: 215-221. Badiani A., Raschi A., Paolacci A. R., Miglietta F. 1999: Plant responses to elevated CO2: a prospective from natural CO2 springs. In: Agrawal S.B., Agrawal M. (eds.): Environmental pollution and plant responses. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, pp. 45-81. Bouma T. J., Bryla D. R. 2000: On the assessment of root and soil respiration for soils of different textures: interactions with soil moisture contents and soil CO2 concentrations. Plant & Soil 227: 215-221. cheng W. 1999: Rhizosphere processes under elevated CO2. In: Luo Y., Mooney H.A. (eds.). Carbon dioxide and environmental stress. Academic Press, San Diego: pp. 245-264. Habekost M., Eisenhauer N., Scheu S., Steinbeiss S., Weigelt A., Gleixner G. 2008: Seasonal changes in the soil microbial community in a grassland plant diversity gradient four years after establishment. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 40: 2588-2595. Jenkinson D. S., Ladd J. N. 1981: Microbial biomass in soil: measurement and turnover. In: Paul E. A., Ladd J.N. (eds.). Soil Biochemistry, vol. 5. Marcel Dekker, New York and Basel, pp. 415-471. Kaligarič M. 2001: Vegetation patterns and responses to elevated CO2 from natural CO2 springs at Strmec (Radenci, Slovenia). Acta Biologica Slovenica 44: 31-38. Lin Q. & Brookes P. C. 1999: An evaluation of the substrate-induced respiration method. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 31: 1969-1983. Maček I. 2004: Root response of selected agriculturally important species to naturally elevated CO2 concentration. Doctoral Dissertation. Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana. Maček I., Pfanz H., Francetič V., Batič F., Vodnik D. 2005: Root respiration response to high CO2 concentrations in plants from natural CO2 springs. Environmental and Experimental Botany 54: 90-99. Maček I., Dumbrell A.J., Helgason T., Nelson M., Fitter A. h., vodnik d. 2008: Extreme abiotic environmental factors are determining arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community structure at natural CO2 springs. In: COST Action 870 - From production to application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agricultural systems: a multidisciplinary approach: Working groups 2 and 4 meeting, 17-19 September 2008. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki: pp. 71. Pfanz H., vodnik D., wittmann c., Aschan G., Raschi A. 2004: Plants and geothermal CO2 exhalations. Survival and adaptation to a high CO2 environment. In: Esser K., Luttge U., Kadereit J.W., Beyschlag W. (eds.). Progress in Botany 65. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 499-538. Pfanz H., vodnik D., wittmann c., Aschan g., Batič F., Turk B., Maček I. 2007. Photosynthetic performance (CO2-compensation point, carboxylation efficiency, and net photosynthesis) of timothy grass (Phleumpratense L.) is affected by elevated carbon dioxide in post-volcanic mofette areas. Environmental and Experimental Botany 61: 41-48. Pinheriro J. c., Bates D. M. 2000: Mixed-Effects models in S and S-PLUS, statistics and computing, Springer, New York, 528 pp. Raschi A., Miglietta F., Tognetti R., van Gardingen P.R. 1997: Plant responses to elevated CO2. Evidence from natural CO2 springs. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. R Development core Team 2009: R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0, URL http://www.R-project.org. Rillig M. C., Hernandez G. Y., Newton C. D. 2000: Arbuscular mycorrhizae respond to elevated atmospheric CO2 after long-term exposure: evidence from a CO2 spring in New Zealand supports the resource balance model. Ecology Letters 3: 475-478. Ross D. J., Tate K. R., Newton P. c. D., wilde R. H., clark H. 2000: Carbon and nitrogen pools and mineralization in a grassland gley soil under elevated carbon dioxide at a natural CO2 spring. Global Change Biology 6: 779-790. Ross D. J, Tate K. R., Newton P. c. D., clark H. 2002: Decomposability of C3 and C4 grass litter sampled under different concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide at a natural CO2 spring. Plant and Soil 240: 275-286. Ross D. J., Tate K. R., Newton P. c. D., clark H. 2003: Carbon mineralization in an organic soil, with and without added grass litter, from a high-CO2 environment at a carbon dioxide spring. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 35: 1705-1709. Videmšek u., Hagn A., Suhadolc M., Radl V., Knicker H., Schloter M., Vodnik D. 2009: Abundance and diversity of CO2-fixing bacteria in grassland soils close to natural carbon dioxide springs. Microbial Ecology 58: 1-9. vodnik D., Pfanz H., Maček I., Kastelec D., Lojen S., Batič F. 2002: Photosynthetic performance of cockspur (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.) at sites of naturally elevated CO2. Photosynthetica 40: 575-579. Vodnik D., Kastelec D., Pfanz H., Maček I., Turk B.. 2006: Small-scale spatial variation in soil CO2 concentration in a natural carbon dioxide spring and some related plant responses. Geoderma 133: 309-319. Vodnik D., Videmšek u., Pintar M., Maček i., Pfanz h. 2009. The characteristics of soil CO2 fluxes at a site with natural CO2 enrichment. Geoderma 150: 32-37. Zak D. R., Pregityer K. S., Curtis P. S., Teeri J. A., Fogel R., Randlett D. L. 1993: Elevated atmospheric CO2 and feedback between carbon and nitrogen cycles. Plant and Soil 151: 105-117. ACTA BIOLOGICA SLOVENICA LJUBLJANA 2009 Vol. 52, Št. 2: 49-59 ACS Changes in physico-chemical characteristics and the succession of phytoplankton in the lake Velenjsko jezero following its restoration Zdenka Mazej , Gabrijela Triglav Brežnik , Rudi Ramšak ERICo Environmental Research and Industrial Co-operation d.o.o., Velenje, Slovenia Correspondence: Zdenka Mazej, ERICo Environmental Research and Industrial Co-operation Ltd., Koroška 58, 3320 Velenje, Slovenia; E-mail: zdenka.mazej@erico.si Abstract: The species composition of phytoplankton in the artificial lake Velenjsko jezero has been monitored since 1994 while physico-chemical characteristics of the lake water since 1998. Before the year of lake remediation, 1994, the pH of lake water was around 12. In 1994, only filamentous cyanobacteria Oscillatoria ssp. were present in high abundance, with the rare appearance of Synedra sp. and Ceratium sp.. In 1995, the pH in the upper water layers decreased to 9, as a consequence of the construction of a fly ash system with a closed loop water cycle in October 1994. The number of algae taxons increased to 7 (Coelosphaeria sp., Gomphosphaeria sp., Scenedesmus sp., Pediastrum sp., Asterionella sp., Synedra sp. and Ceratium sp.). In 1996, when the pH fell to 8, it increased to 13. The lake provided good conditions for algal development since it was rich in nutrients. Since 1996 the level of nutrients in the upper layers of the water column has remained more or less the same, but in the deeper layers the reduced form of nitrogen (NH4+) has increased and the oxygen curve has become clinograd. Velenjsko jezero can be classified according to OECD, as hypereutrophic on the basis of the level of total phosphorus (120 ^g L-1) and total nitrogen (1500 ^g L-1), the average transparency of 5.38 m corresponds to mesoeutrophic status, and the average concentration of chlorophyll a at 1.03 ^g L1 to oligo-trophic status. Despite the high availability of nutrients the primary production was not as high as in a similar natural lake ecosystem, which could be ascribed to the high concentration of ions Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, Na+, Cl- and particularly, SO42-. The predominant algae in the lake in 2007 were cyanobacteria Pseudanabaena cf. catenata, Planktothrix rubescens, from which the first bloom occured in June and the second from November to January, and dynophyta Ceratium hirundinella and Peridinium cinctum. Keywords: pH, lake water, nutrients, phytoplankton Izvleček: Vrstna sestava in abundanca fitoplanktona se v Velenjskem jezeru določa že od leta 1994. Vrednost pH jezerske vode je bila 12 vse do leta 1994, ko so v Termoelektrarni Šoštanj uvedli zaprti krog transportne vode (oktober 1994). Ob visokem pH, so bile v jezeru v velikem številu prisotne le filamentozne cianobakterije Oscillatoria ssp., z redko prisotnostjo taksonov Synedra sp. in Ceratium sp.. V letu 1995, ko je pH zgornjih plasti jezera narastel do 9, je število taksonov zraslo na število 7 (Coelosphaeria sp., Gomphosphaeria sp., Scenedesmus sp., Pediastrum sp., Asterionella sp., Synedra sp. in Ceratium sp.) in v letu 1996, ko je pH padel na 8, smo lahko v jezeru določili že 13 taksonov. Jezero nudi zelo ugodne razmere za razvoj alg, saj je bogato s hranili. Od leta 1996 sicer ostajajo koncentracije hranil v epilimniju bolj ali manj enake, v spodnjih plasteh pa se z leti povečujejo koncentracije amonija (NH4+) in kisikova krivulja je postala klinogradna. Medtem ko je bilo jezero v letu 1996 še prezračeno do dna (45 m), je že v letu 2000 kisik skoraj popolnoma izginil pod globino 20 metrov. Velenjsko jezero lahko glede na OECD klasifikacijo uvrstimo glede na količino celotnega fosforja (120 ^g L-1) in celotnega dušika (1500 ^g L-1) med hiperevtrofna jezera, na osnovi povprečne prosojnosti (5.38 m) med mezoevtrofna jezera, in na osnovu povprečne koncentracije klorofila a (1,03 ^g L-1) med oligotrofna jezera. Kljub veliki koncentraciji hranilnih snovi v jezeru, pa primarna produkcija ni tako velika kot je v drugih podobnih jezerskih ekosistemih. Vzrok za to lahko iščemo v drugačnem kemizmu, saj se zaradi bližine industrije jezero polni z ioni Ca, K+, Mg, Na+, Cl-, še posebej pa z SO42-. Prevladajoči algi v letu 2007 sta bili cyanobacteria Pseudanabaena cf. catenata in Planktothrix rubescens. Cvet prve vrste se je pojavil v juniju, druga vrsta pa je cvetela od novembra do januarja. Pogosti vrsti v letu 2007 sta bili tudi dynophyta Ceratium hirundinella in Peridinium cinctum. Ključne besede: pH, jezero, hranila, fitoplankton Introduction The lake Velenjsko jezero can be used as a model of colonization of an empty habitat, since the high pH prevented the existence of most organisms before 1994. Colonization of macrophytes has been already described (Mazej & Epšek 2005, Mazej & Germ 2008). The massive development of submersed macrophytes indicated that Velenj sko jezero is very rich in nutrients. Coexistence of a number of phytoplankton species is a conspicuous feature of fresh waters. Although a few species commonly dominate a phytoplankton assemblage, a number of rarer algae coexist with the dominant species . Many differences in algal physiological characteristics, requirements, and tolerances, together with seasonal and spatial variations in environmental parameters, permit an apparently multispecific equilibrium to exist for short periods. Algae have defined temperature optima and tolerance ranges that interact with other parameters to cause seasonal succession. For example, many diatoms can photosynthesize successfully at cooler water temperatures, whereas the temperature optima of many green algae and cyanobacteria are higher (Wetzel 2001). Attributes considered to be symptoms of negative impacts of nutrient enrichment in many ecosystems include blooms of toxic algae, increased growth of epiphytic algae, the growth of macroalgae, the loss of submerged vegetation due to shading, the development of hypoxic (and anoxic) conditions due to the decomposition of accumulated biomass, and the changes in the community structure of benthic animals due to oxygen deficiency or the presence of toxic phytoplankton species (Revilla & al. 2009). The phytoplankton, because of its relationship with the eutrophica-tion processes, is one of the biological elements considered within the Water Framework Directive (WFD). Phytoplankton biomass, composition and abundance, together with frequency and intensity of blooms, are the metrics to be assessed according to the WFD. Among the advantages of using phytoplankton to assess water quality are the rapid response of this group of organisms to the changes in the environment, their primary role in the food web and their influence on other organisms (Willen 2001). In this paper we evaluated the trophic status of Velenjsko jezero between 1996 and 2007, considering some physico-chemical and biological parameters and analysed the succession of algae species composition and abundance following completion of the restoration measures in 1995. Materials and Methods Study area Velenj sko j ezero is located in central Slovenia, in the Šalek Valley, at an altitude of 366 m, It has a surface area of 135,000 m2 and a maximal depth of 54 m. It is an artificial lake resulting from mining activity. Whole settlements, meadows and fields were submerged and flooded as a result of subsidence. Until 1983, fly ash slurry from the Šoštanj Thermal Power Plant was transported by pipeline and emptied into Velenjsko jezero. This brought ash and calcium hydroxide to the lake, raising the pH ofthe water to 12. Since 1983 the ash has been used to build embankments, but effluent with a pH around 12 remained the predominant polluter of the lake until 1994. After construction of a fly ash system with a closed loop water cycle in October 1994, biota appeared in the lake. It was colonized by phyto- and zooplankton, fish, macrophytes (Mazej & Epšek 2005) and other organisms. The pH of the lake is now around 8 and the lake is dimictic. Physical and chemical parameters The water samples from the different depths at deepest part of Velenjsko jezero were taken and analysed four times a year (spring, summer, autumn, winter) in the years 1996, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2004 and 2007. Transparency was measured by Secchi disk. Temperature, pH and oxygen profiles were obtained using a portable oxygen meter WTW multiline P4. Water samples for laboratory analysis were obtained from different depths using a depth (Van-Dorn) sampler. Before 2000, parameters were determined by following standard methods: total phosphorus (SIST ISO 6878:1996), ammonium nitrogen (SIST ISO 5664: 1996), nitrate nitrogen and sulphate (SIST ISO 10304-2: 1996), SEP (DIN 38404), magnesium and calcium (SIST EN ISO 7980). From 2000 onwards, parameters were determined by the following standard methods: total phosphorus (SIST ISO 6878: 1996), ammonium nitrogen (SIST ISO 5664: 1996), nitrate nitrogen, chloride and sulphate (SIST ISO 10304: 1998), SEP (SIST EN 27888:1998), magnesium and calcium (SIST EN ISO 7980). Biological parameters Samples for Chl-a were obtained using a Van-Dorn sampler. After filtration through glass microfibre Watman GF/C filter they were analyzed by the standard method ISO 10260. The plankton samples were taken and analysed four times a year (spring, summer, autumn, winter) in the years 1994, 1995, 1996, 2000, 2002, 2004 and 2007. Qualitative 20 ^m mesh plankton net samples were taken as a vertical profile, preserved in 3% formaldehyde and analysed for phytoplank-ton species community composition. The species were identified using a light microscope according to Hindak (1978), Ettl & Gartner (1988), Ettl & al. (1999), Krammer & Lange-Bertalot (1991, 1997, 2000a, 2000b, 2004), Komarek & al. (2005), Starmach (1985), Popovski & Pfiester (1990), Streble & Krauter (2002), Vrhovšek & al. (2006). Their abundance was rated into three categories: present (1), subdominant (3) and dominant (5). Unicellular Cyanobacteria were counted like trichomes. Results and Discussion After construction of a fly ash system with a closed loop water cycle in October 1994, pH of water started to decrease (Ramšak & Rejic 1995, Ramšak 1996). Only filamentous cyanobacteria (Oscillatoria sp.) were present in higher abundance, and rare appearance of Synedra sp., and Ceratium sp. was observed in 1994, when the pH was still above 11. In 1995, when water quality improved, the pH in the upper water layers decreased to 9, the number of algae taxons increased to 7 (Coelosphaeria sp., Gomphosphaeria sp., Scenedesmus sp., Pediastrum sp., Asterionella sp., Synedra sp. and Ceratium sp.) and to 13 in 1996, when the pH fell to 8. The lake was rich in nutrients, providing good conditions for algae development (Table 1, Table 2). Velenjsko jezero is relatively deep lake, but accelerated eutrophica-tion, due to non-point sources of nutrients from drainage areas, nevertheless occurred between OECD value Total phosphorus (^ L-1) Total nitrogen (W? L-1) Transparency (m) Chlorophyll (^ L-1) Ultraoligotrophic <4 <200 >12 <1 Oligotrophic <10 200-400 >6 <2.5 Mesoeutrophic 10-35 300-650 6-3 2.5-8 Eutrophic 35-100 500-1500 3-1,5 8-25 Hyper eutrophic >100 <1500 <1.5 >25 Table 1: OECD recommendations for classification of lakes into trophic categories (OECD 1982) based on total phosphorus, total nitrogen and chlorophyll contents and transparency of the water. The values for Velenjsko jezero in 2007 are shaded. Tabela 1: Priporočila OECD (1992) za uvrstitev jezer v trofične kategorije na podlagi povprečnih letnih koncentracij celotnega dušika in fosforja, koncentracij klorofila a ter prosojnosti vode. Kategorije, v katere lahko uvrstimo Velenjsko jezero so osenčene. Table 2: Mean physico-chemical characteristics of water of 30 cm depth in Velenjsko jezero in the years of sampling; n=4, average value ± SD Tabela 2: Povprečni rezultati fizikalnih meritev in kemijskih analiz vode iz globine 30 cm v Velenjskem jezeru v letih vzorčevanja; n=4, povprečna vrednost ± SD 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2007 Transparency (m) 7.75±1.77 4.83±1.08 4.35±0.92 4.50±1.74 6.78±2.81 5.38±1.73 pH 8.75±0.25 8.75±0.26 8.40±0.20 7.80±0.10 8.20±0.20 8.80±0.40 SEP (^s cm-1) - 661±126 905±71.9 924±68.2 1085±81.0 1398±29.9 NH4+ (mg L-1) - 0.05±0.005 0.33±0.14 0.36±0.07 0.30±0.08 0.26±0.26 NO3- (mg L-1) - 4.36±0.51 2.90±0.42 3.38±0.52 4.70±0.63 3.74±0.75 P - total (mg L-1) - 0.05±0.011 0.05±0.03 0.08±0.05 0.09±0.06 0.06±0.03 Chlorophyll a (^g L-1) - - 1.40±0.51 2.10±0.98 1.70±0.10 1.03±0.38 SO42- (mg L-1) - 159±65.5 369±38.7 403±43.1 595±32.5 623±31.2 Ca2+ (mg L-1) - 70.8±8.10 81.3±22.1 119±14.2 175±15.3 192±18.6 K+ (mg L-1) - 42.4±4.24 44.1±9.5 40.0±6.01 48.0±3.52 43.1±2.25 Mg2+ (mg L-1) - 11.8±0.87 13.1±1.27 14.6±2.20 14.2±1.06 16.2±0.49 Na+ (mg L-1) - 41.6±0.85 46.2±5.40 48.2±3.42 46.7±2.70 63.7±8.60 Cl-+ (mg L-1) - - - - 21.1±0.22 34.2±4.57 1996 and 2007. The transparency of the lake and the nutrient concentration, and the concentration of chlorophyll a in the epilimnium remained at the same levels from 1996 to 2007, while the concentrations of ions were increasing regularly, especially sulphate and calcium, and consequently the specific electrical conductivity (SEP). While in 1996 the lake water was fully aerated to the bottom (45 m), oxygen was almost completely exhausted below a depth of 20 m in August and in November 2000 and November 2007. As a consequence the concentration of NH+ started to arise, and the concentration of NO3- decreased below 10 metres. Average values measured at different depths and the volume of each stratum was used to calculate average annual concentrations of parameters. On the basis of the levels of total phosphorus (120 ^g L-1) and total nitrogen (1500 ^g L-1) determined in 2007, Velenjsko jezero was classified as hyper eutrophic, while the average transparency of 5.38 m corresponded to meso eutrophic status and the average concentration of chlorophyll a 1.82 ng L-1 to oligotrophic status (oEcD 1982). It was expected that primary production would be higher due to the relatively high concentration of nutrients, but it appeared that other factors limited development of phytoplankton. Concentration of chlorophyll a in Velenjsko jezero is smaller in comparison with the lakes with the same trophic status (Remec Rekar 2008). The concentration of chlorophyll a is directly connected with the presence of phytoplankton and cyanobacteria, which are holders of primary production in lake water. Chlorophyceae, Cryptophyceae and cyanobacteria have a high impact on the concentration of chlorophyll a, while Bacillariophyceae, Dinophyceae and Chrysophyceae are of lesser importance (Kasprzak & al. 2008). A small but general increase of all taxons was observed in the period from 1996 to 2007, but the increase of taxons of Bacillariophyceae, especially Chlorophyta was notable. Of the 66 species recognized, only a few contributed at least once during the year to the maj or percentage of total density (Cyanophyceae: Pseudanabaena cf. catenata, Planktothrix rubescens and Phor-midium sp., Dynophyta: Ceratium hirundinella and Peridinium cinctum and Bacillariophyceae: Cyclotella meneghiniana and Stephanodiscus sp.) (Table 3). The phytoplankton assemblage, in which a number of rarer species were found among the dominant ones, shows the eutrophic status of the Lake. From 1996 onwards, a very significant part of the phytoplankton biomass consisted of dinoflagellates from genus Ceratium and Perid-inium. They had been prevailing in the biomass till 2004, when the predominance of filamentous Table 3: Relative abundance (1 - present, 3 - subdominant and 5 - dominant) of phytoplankton taxons in Velenjsko jezero was assessed throughout the years 1996, 2002, 2004 and 2007. Tabela 3: Relativna abundanca (1 - redko prisotna vrsta, 3 - zmerno prisotna ali pogosta vrsta; 5 - prevladujoča ali množična vrsta) fitoplanktonskih taksonov v Velenjskem jezeru v letih 1996, 2002, 2004 in 2007. Taxa Spring Summer Autumn Winter May 1996 20. 04. 2000 06. 05. 2002 11. 05. 2004 17. 04. 2007 Avg. 1996 17. 08. 2000 18. 07. 2002 27. 07. 2004 08. 08. 2007 Sept. 1996 09. 11. 2000 23. 10. 2002 25. 10. 2004 08. 11. 2007 Dec. 1996 19. 12. 2000 16. 12. 2002 07. 12. 2004 20. 12. 2007 ph: Cyanobacteria (Modrozelene alge) Anabaena constricta 1 Pseudanabaena cf. catenata. 3 3 3 1 1 1 Aphanizomenonfloss- aquae 1 1 1 1 1 Aphanizomenon gracile 1 1 Aphanizomenon sp. 1 Dactylococcopsis sp. (D. fascicularis) 1 Coelosphaeria sp. 1 Gomphosphaeria sp. 1 Oscillatoria agardhii 1 Oscillatoria brevis 1 1 1 Oscillatoria formosa 1 1 1 Oscillatoria limosa 1 Oscillatoria limnetica 1 Oscillatoria sp. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Oscillatoria tenuis 1 1 Oscillatoria rubescens (Planktothrix rubescens) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Merismopedia sp. 1 Phormidium .sp. 1 1 1 3 1 5 Phormidium retzii 1 Spirulina sp. 1 ph: Pyrrhophyceae (Dinoflagellatae - ognjene alge) cl: Gymnodinales Ceratium hirundinella 1 3 1 2 5 3 5 3 3 1 5 5 3 1 1 3 Gymnodinium paradoxum 1 Gymnodinium sp. 1 Peridinium sp. 1 Peridinium cinctum (Peridinopsis penardii) 1 1 1 3 1 1 5 1 1 1 Peridinium tabullatum 1 Peridinium umbonatum Taxa Spring Summer Autumn Winter May 1996 20. 04. 2000 06. 05. 2002 11. 05. 2004 17. 04. 2007 Aug. 1996 17. 08. 2000 18. 07. 2002 27. 07. 2004 08. 08. 2007 Sept. 1996 09. 11. 2000 23. 10. 2002 25. 10. 2004 08. 11. 2007 Dec. 1996 19. 12. 2000 16. 12. 2002 07. 12. 2004 20. 12. 2007 ph: Chlorophyta Ankistrodesmus acicularis (Monoraphidium griffithii) 1 1 1 1 Ankistrodesmus falcatus (Monoraphidium contortum) 1 Chlorococcum infusionum 1 1 1 1 1 Coelastrum microporum 1 1 1 Coelastrum reticulatum 1 1 1 1 1 1 Coelastrum sphaericum 1 Cosmarium bloculatum 1 Monoraphidium convulatum Microspora sp. 1 Pandorina morum 1 1 1 Pediastrum clathratum 1 1 1 1 1 Pediastrum boryanum 1 1 1 1 1 Pediastrum gracillinum 1 Pediastrum simplex 1 Pediastrum sp. 3 2 1 Planktosphaeria gelatinosa 1 Scenedesmus obliquus 1 1 Scenedesmus platydiscus 1 Scenedesmus sp. 1 1 1 1 1 Sphaerocystis sp. 1 Staurastrum gracile 1 1 Staurastrum paradoxum 1 Volvox sp. 1 ph: Euglenophyta Euglena sp. 1 1 ph: Heterokontophyta cl: Chrysophyceae Dinobryon divergens 1 Dinobryon sp. 1 1 cl: Bacillariophyceae (Diatomeae) Achnantes minutissima 1 Amphora veneta 1 1 Amphora ovalis 1 Amphora .sp. 1 1 1 Asterionella formosa 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Caloneis amphisbaena 1 1 1 Cocconeis sp. 1 Taxa Spring Summer Autumn Winter May 1996 20. 04. 2000 06. 05. 2002 11. 05. 2004 17. 04. 2007 Aug. 1996 17. 08. 2000 18. 07. 2002 27. 07. 2004 08. 08. 2007 Sept. 1996 09. 11. 2000 23. 10. 2002 25. 10. 2004 08. 11. 2007 Dec. 1996 19. 12. 2000 16. 12. 2002 07. 12. 2004 20. 12. 2007 Cyclotella meneghiniana (C. kuetzingiana, C.melosiroides) 1 1 1 3 1 Cyclotella sp. 1 1 1 1 Cymatopleura solea (C. librilis) 1 Cymbella lanceolata 1 Diatoma elongatum (D. tenue) 1 1 Diatoma vulgare (D. vulgaris) 1 Fragilaria crotonensis 1 1 1 Hantzschia amphioxys 1 Gyrosigma attenuatum (G. acuminatum) 1 Melosira varians 1 Navicula cryptocephala 1 Navicula cuspidata Navicula radiosa 1 Navicula sp. 1 1 2 1 1 Nitzschia sigmoidea 1 Nitzschia sp. 2 Stephanodiscus sp. (S.hantzschii) 3 5 Surirella sp. 1 1 Synedra acus 3 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 Cyanobacteria was observed. Nutrient enrichment of lakes is usually accompanied by characteristic shifts within the phytoplankton community. During eutrophication, small flagellated taxa are replaced by increasing proportions of green algae, with cyanobacteria finally predominating (McQueen & al. 1986). The distribution of dinoflagellates as a function of major chemical and physical factors shows that most dinoflagellate species have restricted ranges with respect to calcium, pH, dissolved organic matter, and temperature (Taylor & Pollingher 1987). Some are however highly tolerant and widespread, especially species of Ceratium and Peridinium, which were present in high abundance in Velenjsko jezero. Many other (micro) algae species, especially greens (22 species), occurred infrequently during warmer periods of the year. Populations of filamentous cyanobacteria is increased in hypereutrophic lakes (Wetzel 2001). Although the number of cyanobacteria taxons was only 9 in 2007, their biomass was greater than that of other taxons almost all the year (Remec Rekar 2008). Only in April 2007 the diatoms prevailed, in June the density of cyanobacteria Pseudanabaena sp. was very high especially in the metalimnium (>24.42*106 cells/L) While in August Chlorophyta and Dinophyta constitutes 50% and Cyanobacteria 50% of the phytoplankton biovolume, in November a bloom of Planktothrix rubescens occurred prevailing over other taxons (Remec Rekar 2008). It is generally recognized that cyanobacterial blooms are the direct consequence of eutrophication (Reynolds & Petersen 2000). In Velenjsko jezero massive, long-lasting blooms of Planktothrix rubescens were observed (from November 2007 to February 2008). Planktothrix Fig. 1: Vertical distribution of oxygen, nitrate, ammonium and chlorophyll a concentrations in Velenjsko jezero in summer and autumn of 1996, 2000 and 2007. Slika 1: Vertikalna razporeditev koncentracij kisika, nitrata, amonija in klorofila a poleti in jeseni v letih 1996, 2000 in 2007. rubescens is a cold-water stenotherm species distributed mainly in middle European (Reynolds 1984) and Southern sub-alpine lakes. During the summer stratification it is usually located within the metalimnium (Chorus & Bartram 1999, Sedmak & Kosi 1997), where it is photosynthetically active (Micheletti & al. 1998). It usually grows at a depth where the penetrating PAR is around 1-5% of the surface values (Chorus & Bartram 1999). In favourable meteorological and climatic conditions, it migrates to the surface forming a surface bloom frequently covering almost the entire lake surface. Such blooms can persist on the surface even in January and can grow under ice cover (Sedmak & Kosi 2001). In such cases microcystin-YR can normally be detected in bloom samples (Sedmak & Kosi 2001). Not all cyanobacteria blooms are toxic, and even blooms caused by known toxin producers may not actually produce toxins, or may only do so at undetectable levels. The triggers of toxin production are not known well. This type of toxin has been shown to persist in water for a week or more after the bloom has disappeared. No human deaths have been directly associated with these cyanotoxins, however they may cause skin irritations or nausea (Carmichael 1997). The presence of microcystins can also influence the growth of other phytoplanktonts in the bloom. High densities of Planktothrix can inhibit the growth of other phytoplankton species and thus reduce the number of alternative food particles for zooplankton. The diversity in the blooms is thus low. It has been suggested that there this is due to the combined effect of light limitation and microcystin influence on susceptible phytoplankton species (Sedmak & Kosi 2002). Compared with other lakes (Remec Rekar 2008), very high average annual concentrations of sulphate (>590 mg L-1), chloride (>40.0 mg L-1), sodium (>60 mg/L-1) and potassium (>50 mg L-1) were detected in Velenjsko jezero (Table 2). Washing out of the ash disposal site is the most probable ion's source. The concentration of sulphate was almost four times higher than the maximum level in rivers provided for by Slovenian legislation (OGRS No. 11/2002). The usual concentration in lakes is in the range about of 5 to 30 mg L-1, with an average value of about 11 mg SO42- L-1. SO42- has no influence on the trophic status of the water. Velenjsko jezero contains very high concentrations of divalent cations, especially Ca2+, providing good conditions for the development of green algae, which have high requirements for Ca2+. Sodium can influence the development of large populations of cyanobacteria and maximal growth of several cyanobacteria species has been found at 40 mg L-1 (Wetzel 2001), but values in Velenjsko jezero were even higher (63.7 mg/L-1) in 2007. Diatoms were also the dominant species in the lake in early spring, since they dominate in very hard water lakes, like Velenj sko jezero, with ratios: monovalent cations: divalent cations much less than 1.5 (Round 1981). Distribution ofmost species of desmids of the Conjugales is limited to water with low concentrations of calcium and magnesium. Conclusions: 1. The transparency of the lake and the nutrient concentration, and the concentration of chlorophyll a in the epilimnium remained at the same levels from 1996 to 2007, while the concentrations of ions were increasing regularly, especially sulphate and calcium, and consequently the specific electrical conductivity (SEP). Changes were detected in the phytoplankton community structure, blooms of toxic algae and the development of hypoxic (and anoxic) conditions in the hypolimnium occurred in the last years. 2. Concentration of chlorophyll a in Velenjsko jezero was smaller in comparison with the lakes with the same trophic status. Very high concentrations of sulphate, chloride, sodium and potassium can be one of the reasons for that phenomenon. 3. Filamentous cyanobacteria Oscillatoria sp., diatom Synedra sp., and dynophyta Ceratium sp. grew in lake even at pH 11. In recent years, following the first year after the normalisation of pH, Cyanobacteria have replaced Dinophyta as the predominant species. The predominant algae in the lake ten years later were cyanobacteria Pseudanabaena cf. cat-enata and Planktothrix rubescens as well as dynophyta Ceratium hirundinella and Perid-inium cinctum. The first bloom of the former usually occurs in June and the second from November to January. Literature Carmichael W. W. 1997: The Cynotoxins. In: callow J. A. (ed.): Advances in Botanical Research, Incorporating advances in Plant pathology 27: 211-256, Academic Press, London, San Diego. Chorus I. & J. Bartram 1999: Toxic Cyanobacteria in water. A guide to their public health consequence, monitoring and management. E&FN SPON, London: 416 pp. Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parlament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in field of water policy, http://europa.eu.int/smartapi/cgi/sga_d oc?smartapi!celexapi!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=en&numdoc=32000L0060&model=guichett Ettl H. & G. Gartner 1988: SuBwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, Chlorophyta II, Tetrasporales, Chlo-rococcales, Gloeodendrales, Band 10, Gustav Fischer, Verlag Stuttgart, 436 pp. Komarek J. & K. Anagnostidis 1999: Cyanoprokaryota, Band 19/1, Teil: Chroococcales. In: Ettl H., G. Gartner, H. Heynig, D. Mollenhauer (Eds.): SuBwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart, 548 pp. Harmful Algae, 2004, Harmful Algae Blooms in Maryland (Anabaena, Aphanizomenon) http://www. dnr.state.md.us/bay/hab/anabaena.html 28.10.2004. Hindak F., P. Marvan, J. Komarek, K. Rosa, J. Popovsky & o. Lhotsky 1978: Sladkovodne riasy, Slovenske pedagogicke nakladatelstvo, Bratislava, 724 pp. Kasprzak P., J. PadisAk, R. Koshel, L. Krienitz, F. Gervais 2008: Chlorophyll a concentration across a trophic gradient of Lakes: An estimator of phytoplankton biomass? Limnologica 38: 327-338. KomArek, J., K. Anagnostidis, B. Budel, G. Gartner, L. Krienitz & M. Schagerl 2005. Cyanoprokaryota II, 2.Teil/Part2: Oscillatoriales, Band/Volume 19/2, Spektum AkademischerVerlag, Elsevier GmbH. Krammer K. & H. Lange-Bertalot 1991, 2004: S., Geb. SuBwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, Bd. 02/4: Bacillariophyceae, Teil 4: Achnanthaceae, Kritische Erganzungen zu Achnanthes s.l., Navicula s.str., Gomphonema, Gesamtliteraturverzeichnis Teil 1-4, Erganzter Nachdruck. 468 pp. Krammer K. & H. Lange-Bertalot 1997: SuBwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, Bd. 02/2: Bacillariophyceae, Teil 2: Bacillariaceae, Epithemiaceae, Surirellaceae, Band 2/2, XIV, 612 pp., Softcover. Krammer K. & H. Lange-Bertalot 2000a: SuBwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, Bd. 02/5: Bacillariophyceae, Vol. 2/5, 2000, XIV, 311 pp. Krammer K. & H. Lange-Bertalot 2000b: Bacillariophyceae, Teil 3: Centrales, Fragilariaceae, Euno-tiaceae, SuBwasserflora von Mitteleuropa , Band 2/3 , XIV, 600 pp. Mazej Z. & M. Epsek 2005: The macrophytes of lake Velenjsko Jezero, Slovenia - the succession of macrophytes after restoration of the lake. Acta biol. slov. 48: 21-31. Mazej Z. & M. Germ 2008: Seasonal changes in the contents of nutrients in five macrophyte species from the lake Velenjsko jezero (Slovenia). Acta biol. slov. 51 (1): 3-11. McQueen D., J. R. Post & E. L. Mills 1986: Trophic relationships in freshwater pelagic ecosystems. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43: 1571-1581. Micheletti S, F. Schanz & A. E. Walsby 1998: The daily integral of photosynthesis by Planktothrix rubescens during summer stratification and autumnal mixing in Lake Zurich. New Phytol. 193: 233-246. OECD 1982: Eutrophication of waters, monitoring, assessment and management. Paris. Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia No. 11/2002. Rules on chemical status of surface waters. Popovsky J. & L. A. Pfiester 1990: SuBwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, Dinophyceae (Dinoflagellida), Band 6, Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart, 272 pp. Ramšak R. & M. Rejic 1995: Raziskave in spremljanje kakovosti jezer v Šaleški dolini : poročilo za leto 1994. ERICo Velenje, 70 pp. Ramšak R. 1996: Opravljene meritve temperature, kisika in pH na Velenjskem jezeru in mikrobiološke analize na turističnem jezeru 19.7.1996. ERICo, Velenje, 3 pp. Remec Rekar Š. 2008: Kakovost jezer v letu 2007 - Quality of the lakes in 2007. Ministry for Environment and Spatial Planning, Environmental Agency of The Republic of Slovenia, Ljubljana. (http://www. arso.gov. si/vode/jezera/Porocilo_jezera_2007.pdf). Revilla M., J. Franco, J. Bald, A. Borja, A. Laza, S. Seoane & V. Valencia 2009: Assessment of the phytoplankton ecological status in the Basque coast (northern Spain) according to the European Water Framework Directive. J. Sea Res. 61 (1-2): 60-67. Reynolds C. S. 1984: Phytoplankton assemblages and their periodicity in stratifying lake systems. Holarctic Ecology, 3: 141-159. Reynolds C. S. & A. C. Petersen 2000: The distribution of planktonic Cyanobacteria in Irish lakes in relation to their trophic states. Hydrobiologia 424: 91-99. Round F. E. 1981: The Ecology of Algae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Sedmak B., & G. Kosi 1997: Cvetenje cianobakterij v ribnikih Republike Slovenije in njihova toksičnost = Cyanobacterial blooms in fish ponds of Slovenia and their toxicity. Ichthyos (Ljublj.), 14 (1): 9-21. Sedmak B. & G. Kosi 2002: Harmful cyanobacterial blooms in Slovenia - bloom types and micro-cystin producers = Škodljiva cianobakterijska cvetenja v Sloveniji - tipi cvetenj in proizvajalci mikrocistinov. Acta biol. slov. 45 (1): 17-30. Starmach K. 1985: SuBwasserflora von Mitteleuropa, Chrysophyceae und Haptophyceae, Band 1, Gustav Fischer Verlag Stuttgart, 515 pp (Dinobryonaceae). Streble H. & D. Krauter 2002: Das Leben im Wasertropfen, Mikroflora und Mikrofauna des SuB-wassers Ein Bestimmungsbuch, Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH & Co, 428 pp. Taylor F. J. R. & U. Pollingher 1987: Ecology of dinoflagellates. In: Taylor F. J. R. (ed.): The Biology of Flagellates. Blackwell Scientific Publs., Oxford. pp: 398-529. Wetzel R. 2001: Limnology, 3rd edition. Academic Press, New York, USA. Willen E. 2001: Four decades of research on the Swedish large lakes Malaren, Hjalmaren, Vattern and Vannern: the significance of monitoring and remedial measures for a sustainable society. Ambio 30: 458-466. Vrhovšek D., G. Kosi, A. Krivograd Klemenčič & N. Smolar-Žvanut 2006: Monografija sladkovodnih in kopenskih alg v Sloveniji, Založba ZRC, ZRC SAZU, 172 pp. ACTA BIOLOGICA SLOVENICA LJUBLJANA 2009 Vol. 52, Št. 2: 61-71 ACS Impact of simultaneous Cd and Zn substrate amendments on metal accumulation in two Cd/ Zn hyperaccumulating Thlaspi species Vpliv interakcije Cd in Zn v substratu na njuno kopičenje pri dveh hiperakumulacijskih vrstah Cd in Zn iz rodu Thlaspi Paula Pongrac 12, Eva Brvar 13, Marjana Regvar 1* 1Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 SI-Ljubljana, Slovenia 2Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 3Present address: Hewlett-Packard, s.r.o., Vyskočilova 1/1410, 140 21 Praha 4, Czech Republic e-mails: paula.pongrac@bf.uni-lj.si eva.brvar@hp.com marjana.regvar@bf.uni-lj.si ^Corresponding author: Marjana Regvar, Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Tel: +386-1-4233388; Fax: +386-1-2573390 Abstract: The impact of simultaneous Cd and Zn amendments in the substrate on the accumulation of Cd and Zn were studied in a recently discovered Cd/ Zn hyperaccumulating Thlaspi praecox (Brassicaceae) and compared to a model hyperaccumulating plant species T. caerulescens. The plants were grown in pots with added Cd or Zn or both for three months in a greenhouse. The addition of Zn in the substrate increased Cd extractability in the substrate significantly without a significant pH change and this increase resulted in increased concentration and content of Cd in the shoots of both species indicating that species have similar abilities to extract Cd from the substrate. In the combined treatment (Cd and Zn) an increase in shoot biomass accompanied with a decrease in Zn concentration in roots and shoots of both species was observed, while no changes in total accumulated Zn in shoots were seen. These results suggest different uptake and translocation systems for Cd and Zn in T. praecox, positioning this plant species in the superior Cd hyperaccumulating league of T. caerulescens Ganges ecotype. Keywords: Thlaspi caerulescens, Thlaspi praecox, cadmium uptake, hyperaccumulation, zinc uptake Izvleček: Preučevati smo vpliv sočasnega dodatka Cd in Zn v substrat na njuno akumulacijo pri nedavno odkriti hiperakumulacijski vrsti rani mošnjak (Thlaspipraecox, Brassicaceae) in jo primerjali z akumulacijo pri modelni hiperakumulacijski rastlini modrikasti mošnjak (T. caerulescens). Obe vrsti smo gojili v rastlinjaku tri mesece. Dodatek Zn v substrat je povečal dostopnost Cd v substratu, ne da bi se ob tem povečala pH vrednost substrata, posledično pa smo izmerili večje koncentracije in vsebnosti Cd v poganjkih pri obeh vrstah, kar pomeni, da imata vrsti podobno sposobnost odstranjevanja Cd iz substrata. V kombiniranem tretmaju (Cd in Zn) smo pri obeh vrstah izmerili največjo biomaso poganjkov in zmanjšano koncentracijo Zn v koreninah in poganjkih, vsebnost Zn pa se pri tem ni spremenila. Rezultati nakazujejo na ločen privzem in transport Cd in Zn pri vrsti T. praecox, kar jo postavlja ob bok ekotipu vrste T. caerulescens Ganges, za katero velja superiorna sposobnost hiperakumulacije Cd. Ključne besede: Thlaspi caerulescens, Thlaspi praecox, privzem kadmija, hiperakumulacija, privzem cinka Introduction Accumulation of metals in plant shoots results from the mechanisms of both root uptake and root-to-shoot translocation. The interactions between metals in soil and in the plant itself are important factors in these processes. Soil interactions can be explained by simple ionic competition between metals for sorption sites (christensen 1987). An increase in bioavailable metal concentration of one after the addition of the other in the soil solution is frequently observed (ueno & al. 2004). In the plant, the competition for the metal binding sites in transport proteins normally leads to a decrease in the accumulation of one metal in the presence of other(s). Studies of these interactions are of immense importance in plants that are capable of taking up and storing high levels of metals without suffering from metal toxicity, the so-called hyper-accumulators (Baker & Brooks 1989) because of their potential application in phytoextraction technologies (Regvar 2008). Thlaspi caerulescens J. & C. Presl (Brassi-caceae) is one of the most studied hyperaccumula-tors which occurs on metalliferous as well as on non-metalliferous soils (Reeves & Baker 2000). Hyperaccumulation of non-essential metals Cd (>0.01% Cd in the shoot dry weight) and essential Ni (>0.1% Ni) has been reported in some populations of T. caerulescens and a superior ability to hyperaccumulate Cd was described in a population of T. caerulescens (Ganges) from Southern France (Lombi & al. 2000, zhao & al. 2003). Recently, T. praecox Wulfen from a multi-metal polluted site in Žerjav (Slovenia) was reported to hyperaccumu-late up to 0.6% Cd in shoots (Vogel -Mikuš & al. 2005), up to 0.07% Cd in flowering and seeding stalks (Pongrac & al. 2007), and up to 0.14% Cd in seeds (Vogel -Mikuš & al. 2007) under field conditions. Besides the T. praecox population from Žerjav, populations from Mežica and Lokovec in Slovenia also exhibited Cd hyperaccumulating character (Likar & al. 2009). Hyperaccumulation of Zn (>1 % Zn in the shoot dry weight) was, unlike Cd hyperaccumulation, found to be a constitutive trait in T. caerulescens (Escarre & al. 2000, Assunqao & al. 2003). In T. praecox plants collected in Žerjav, up to 1.5% Zn was found in shoots (Vogel -Mikuš & al. 2005). The uptake and translocation of Cd and Zn were studied in T. praecox and T. caerulescens Ganges ecotype in a hydroponic and in a pot experiment. The hydroponic experiment using radiolabels 109Cd and 65Zn showed that the short-term uptake rate of Cd and Zn was higher in T. caerulescens than in T. praecox, whereas the Cd but not Zn transloca-tion efficiency was higher in T. praecox (Xing & al. 2008). In the pot experiment the two species hyperaccumulated Cd in the shoots to a similar extent whereas Zn concentration in T. praecox shoots was lower than that in T. caerulescens (Pongrac & al. 2009). However, the design of these experiments did not enable conclusions on the impact of interaction between Cd and Zn on the uptake and translocation of these two metals. Therefore a long-term pot experiment was set up in which T. praecox and T. caerulescens Ganges ecotype were treated with Zn, Cd or their combination (Cd + Zn) to study their interactions and are presented in this paper. Material and Methods Plant material and experimental design Seeds ofZn/ Cd hyperaccumulating population of Thlaspi praecox Wulfen were collected from a heavy metal polluted site in Žerjav, Slovenia and seeds of Thlaspi caerulescens J. & C. Presl were collected from the Ganges area (south France). The seeds were germinated on a mixture of perlite and vermiculite (1:1 v/v) moistened with deionised water. Thirty days old seedlings were transplanted to plastic pots (three per pot) filled with 500 g of commercial peat-based substrate (Damjan Čamernik s.p., Biobrazda; pH 6.9-7.2, 7.45 g Nkg-1, 2.64 g P2O5 kg-1, 2.67 g K2O kg-1 and 251 g kg-1 organic matter). The substrate was amended 3 weeks before with Cd and/or Zn (both as a sulphate salt) to obtain the following treatments: the Zn treatment contained 100 mg Zn kg-1, the Cd treatment contained 50 mg Cd kg-1 and the combined treatment contained 100 mg Znkg-1 and 50 mg Cd kg-1. The control treatment did not receive the addition of Zn nor Cd. One batch of substrate was prepared per metal amendment treatment and used to fill four pots for each treatment and each plant species. Immediately before transplanting a sample of the substrate was taken from each pot to determine metal availability using the extraction method with 1 M ammonium acetate (Baker & al. 1994). The substrate pH in the water fraction was determined after diluting 1 g of dried soil in 20 ml of MiliQ water and shaking vigorously for 2 h (Ohlinger 1995). The plants were grown for three months in a growth chamber under controlled conditions with 16 h day period, light intensity of 160 ^mol m-2s-1, 18°C:16°C day:night temperature and 50-60% relative humidity. Upon harvest, the plant material was carefully washed with deionised water; the shoots and roots were lyophilized and weighed (dry weight). Cadmium and zinc determination Subsamples (30 mg) of finely grinded plant tissue were digested with a mixture (7:1 v/v) of HNO3 and HClO4. The concentrations of Cd and Zn in the digest were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) (Perkin Elmer AAnalyst 100) (Vogel -Mikuš & al. 2005). Statistical analysis The translocation factors (TF) were calculated as ratios of shoot and root concentration. The contents of Cd and Zn (^g) in the plant tissues were calculated by multiplying concentration and dry biomass. The effects of treatment on all the studied parameters were investigated using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with species and treatment as independent factors (Tab. 1). When the within-species factor (effect of treatment) was significant, one-way ANOVA was undertaken with Tukey's honest significant difference (HSD) test to determine the significance of the differences between the treatments for both species (p<0.05). When the between-species factor (effect of species) was significant, differences for each treatment between T. praecox and T. caeru-lescens were determined separately using Student t-test at p<0.05. All the tests were performed using Statistica Statsoft® (version 6.0) software. Results The addition of Zn significantly increased Cd extractability in the substrate without a significant change in pH, whereas the addition of Cd did not influence the extractability of Zn (t-test, p<0.05; Tab. 2). The plant species did not differ significantly in the root nor shoot biomass; only the treatments influenced the plant biomass significantly (Tab. 1; Fig. 1A, B). The combination of Cd and Zn significantly increased the shoot biomass of both species in comparison to both control and Zn treated plants (Fig. 1B). Overall the two species did not differ significantly in the Zn root and shoot concentration, nor in the Zn translocation factor (TF) (Tab. 1). Nevertheless, differences were observed between the species in particular treatments, e.g. T. caerulescens accumulated higher shoot Zn concentrations in the Zn treatment compared to T. praecox (t-test; p<0.05). In the combined treatment (Zn and Cd) decreased root and shoot Zn concentration when compared to the Zn treatment in both species was observed (Fig. 1C, D). Zinc TF was higher in the Zn and combined treatments in comparison to the control and Cd treatments (Fig. 2A). There was no significant change in the total accumulated Zn in the plant shoots between the Zn and the combined treatments (Fig. 3A). Species, treatment and their interaction influenced the root Cd concentration and the Cd TF, but only the treatment influenced Cd concentration and content in the shoots (Tab. 1). In T. caeru-lescens higher concentrations of Cd in the roots were measured in the Cd treatment. However, in the shoots the Cd concentration was not different between the two species (Fig. 1E, F). In the combined treatment increased Cd concentrations (Fig. 1F) and content (Fig. 3B) in the shoots of both species were observed when compared to the Cd treatment. The Cd TF was higher in T. praecox than in T. caerulescens in the Cd and combined treatments (Fig. 2B). Fig. 1: Plant biomass (A and B), concentration of Zn (C and D) and Cd (E and F) in Thlaspi praecox and Thlaspi caerulescens grown in Cd and Zn amended substrates (means ± standard error, n=4), C - control treatment, 50Cd - treatment with 50 mg kg-1 Cd, 100Zn - treatment with 100 mg kg-1 Zn, 50Cd+100Zn - treatment with 50 mg kg-1 Cd and 100 mg kg-1 Zn. Different letters above the columns indicate significant statistical differences (one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey HSD test; p<0.05). Slika 1: Biomasa rastlin (A in B), koncentracija Zn (C in D) in Cd (E in F) pri vrstah Thlaspi praecox in Thlaspi caerulescens, ki smo ju gojili na substratu z dodanim Cd in Zn (povprečja ± standardna napaka; n=4), C - kontrola, 50Cd - tretma z 50 mg kg-1 Cd, 100Zn - tretma z 100 mg kg-11 Zn, 50Cd+100Zn - tretma z 50 mg kg-1 Cd in 100 mg kg-1 Zn. Različne črke nad stolpci nakazujejo statistično značilno razliko (enosmerna ANOVA in Tukeyjev HSD post hoc test, p<0,05). 0.2 3 £0.2 I I"'1 i o.i s 0.0 □ T. praecox □ T. caerulescens b ni 50Cd 100Zn 50Cd+100Zn Treatment B 2.0 S r 1.5 s 1.0 H O.b O) 0.0 □ T. praecox □ T. caerulescens D I] 50Cd 100Zn 50Cd+100Zn Treatment 1200 1000 "b> at 800 3 c 600 N « 400 S 200 □ T. praecox □ T. caerulescens c ~ T rm 50Cd 100Zn Treatment 50Cd+100Zn 4000 »3000 O! 3 52000 ! o) M ooo □ T. praecox □ T. caerulescens d 50Cd 100Zn 50Cd+100Zn Treatment ^2500 b> "2000 g 1500 I 1000 8. 5000 - □ T. praecox □ T. caerulescens c T C 50Cd 100Zn 50Cd+100Zn Treatment F 3000 n ^2500 32000 g 1500 11000 m 500 o □ T. praecox □ T. caerulescens b 50Cd 100Zn 50Cd+100Zn Treatment Discussion The accumulation capacity of Cd and Zn in response to the addition of Zn, Cd or their combination in the substrate was studied in Cd/ Zn hyperaccumulating species T. praecox from Žerjav (Slovenia) and T. caerulescens Ganges ecotype. The addition of Zn in the combined treatment increased the Cd extractability significantly in the substrate as previously observed (Ueno & al. 2004). In contrast, the extractability of Zn was not changed due to the presence of Cd in the combined treatment which may be contributed to a constantly high amount (> 90%) of total Zn remaining insoluble in the substrate and thus unavailable for plant uptake (Broadley & al. 2007). The concentrations of ammonium-extractable concentrations of Zn and Cd were measured three weeks after amending the substrate to ensure homogenous distribution of these two metals and 50Cd 100Zn Treatment B 3.0 ^2.5 o2-0 fi-s " 1.0 H 0.5 0.0 □ T. praecox □ T. caerulescens ab be i ab ab a a r 1 50Cd 100Zn Treatment Fig. 2: Translocation factor (TF; the ratio between shoot and root concentration) for Zn (A) and Cd (B) in Thlaspi praecox and Thlaspi caerulescens grown in Cd and Zn amended substrates (means ± standard error, n=4); C - control treatment, 50Cd - treatment with 50 mg kg-1 Cd, 100Zn - treatment with 100 mg kg-1 Zn, 50Cd+100Zn - treatment with 50 mg kg-1 Cd and 100 mg kg-1 Zn. Different letters above the columns indicate significant statistical differences (one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey HSD test; p<0.05). Slika 2: Translokacijski faktor (TF, razmerje koncentracij v poganjkih in koreninah) za Zn (A) in Cd (B) pri vrstah Thlaspi praecox in Thlaspi caerulescens, ki smo ju gojili na substratu z dodanim Cd in Zn (povprečja ± standardna napaka; n=4), C - kontrola, 50Cd - tretma z 50 mg kg-1 Cd, 100Zn - tretma z 100 mg kg-1 Zn, 50Cd+100Zn - tretma z 50 mg kg-1 Cd in 100 mg kg-1 Zn. Različne črke nad stolpci nakazujejo statistično značilno razliko (enosmerna ANOVA in Tukeyjev HSD post hoc test, p<0,05). 3500 -2800 12100 | 1400 m 700 0 □ T. praecox □ T. caerulescens b a a a C 50Cd 100Zn 50Cd+100Zn Treatment B 5000 -3 4000 i g 3000 | 2000 « 1000 0 □ T. praecox □ T. caerulescens JL C 50Cd 100Zn 50Cd+100Zn Treatment Fig. 3: Content (pg) of Zn (A) and Cd (B) in shoots of Thlaspi praecox and Thlaspi caerulescens grown in Cd and Zn amended substrates (means ± standard error, n=4); C - control treatment, 50Cd - treatment with 50 mg kg-1 Cd, 100Zn - treatment with 100 mg kg-1 Zn, 50Cd+100Zn - treatment with 50 mg kg-1 Cd and 100 mg kg-1 Zn. Different letters above the columns indicate significant statistical differences (one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey HSD test; p<0.05). Slika 3: Vsebnost (pg) Zn (A) in Cd (B) v poganjkih vrst Thlaspi praecox in Thlaspi caerulescens, ki smo ju gojili na substratu z dodanim Cd in Zn (povprečja ± standardna napaka; n=4), C - kontrola, 50Cd - tretma z 50 mg kg-1 Cd, 100Zn - tretma z 100 mg kg-1 Zn, 50Cd+100Zn - tretma z 50 mg kg-1 Cd in 100 mg kg-1 Zn. Različne črke nad stolpci nakazujejo statistično značilno razliko (enosmerna ANOVA in Tukeyjev HSD post hoc test, p<0,05). before the substrate was used in the experiment thus the observed changes in the extractability of Cd were not a result of plant growth. Increased shoot biomass of both species was observed in the combined treatment in comparison to only Zn treatment indicating that the combination of Cd and Zn is beneficiary to plant growth of these hyperaccumulating plant species. In our previous experiment increasing Cd in the substrate resulted in the increase of the roots and shoots biomass of the same species (Pongrac & al. 2009). However, in all the Cd treatments 100 pg Zn g-1 was added as T. caerulescens is extremely sensitive to Zn deficiency in soils (Ozturk & al. 2003) and has higher requirement for Zn (Shen & al. 1997). The growth enhancing effect of Cd in T. caerulescens was previously demonstrated (Escarre & al. 2000, Roosens & al. 2003, Yanai Table 1: Two-way ANOVA table for analysed parameters with species and treatment as independent factors. Values p<0.05 are given in bold. Tabela 1: Preglednica rezultatov statistične analize podatkov z dvosmerno ANOVA pri čemer smo kot neodvisni spremenljivki uporabili vrsto in tretma. Statistično značilne vrednosti (p<0,05) so odebeljene. Source df F P Root dry weight Species 1 2.26 0.146 Treatment 3 3.39 0.035 Species x treatment 3 0.10 0.959 Error 24 Shoot dry weight Species 1 0.02 0.885 Treatment 3 10.98 <0.000 Species x treatment 3 3.15 0.043 Error 24 Root Zn concentration Species 1 1.58 0.220 Treatment 3 32.22 <0.000 Species x treatment 3 2.37 0.095 Error 24 Shoot Zn concentration Species 1 4.05 0.056 Treatment 3 26.37 <0.000 Species x treatment 3 5.83 0.004 Error 24 Zn translocation factor Species 1 3.75 0.066 Treatment 3 15.20 <0.000 Species x treatment 3 3.04 0.051 Error 22 Shoot Zn content Species 1 0.0043 0.948 Treatment 3 39.19 <0.000 Species x treatment 3 3.96 0.020 Error 24 Root Cd concentration Species 1 15.88 <0.000 Treatment 3 63.60 <0.000 Species x treatment 3 5.75 0.004 Error 24 Shoot Cd concentration Species 1 2.14 0.157 Treatment 3 213.90 <0.000 Species x treatment 3 0.80 0.508 Error 23 Cd translocation factor Species 1 7.09 0.014 Treatment 3 11.48 <0.000 Species x treatment 3 10.38 <0.000 Error 23 Shoot Cd content Species 1 4.03 0.057 Treatment 3 50.78 <0.000 Species x treatment 3 2.95 0.054 Error 23 Table 2: Ammonium acetate extractable concentrations (^g g ') of Zn and Cd and pH in the substrate before planting Thlaspi praecox and Thlaspi caerulescens in the pot experiment (means ± standard error; n=4). 50Cd - treatment with 50 mg kg-1 Cd, 100Zn - treatment with 100 mg kg-1 Zn, 50Cd+100Zn - treatment with 50 mg kg-1 Cd and 100 mg kg-1 Zn. Different letters beside the numbers indicate significant statistical differences (one-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey HSD test; p<0.05). Tabela 2: Koncentracija (^g g-1) Zn in Cd po ekstrakciji z amonijevim acetatom in pH v substratu pred presaditvijo vrst Thlaspi praecox in Thlaspi caerulescens (povprečja ± standardna napaka; n=4). 50Cd - tretma z 50 mg kg-1 Cd, 100Zn - tretma z 100 mg kg-1 Zn, 50Cd+100Zn - tretma z 50 mg kg-1 Cd in 100 mg kg-1 Zn. Različne črke ob številkah nakazujejo statistično značilno razliko (enosmerna ANOVA in Tukeyjev HSD post hoc test, p<0,05). _Thlaspi praecox__Thlaspi caerulescens_ Treatment__Zn__Cd__pH__Zn__Cd__pH Control 0.80 ± 0.12 a - 7.09 ± 0.01 0.75 ± 0.12 a - 7.05 ± 0.02 100Zn 5.83 ± 0.98 b - 7.02 ± 0.01 5.01 ± 0.33 b - 7.01 ± 0.02 50Cd 0.66 ± 0.05 a 6.37 ± 0.17 A 7.09 ± 0.04 0.60 ± 0.04 a 6.13 ± 0.18 A 7.06 ± 0.03 S0Cd+100Zn 4.91 ± 0.33 b 7.56 ± 0.29 B 7.06 ± 0.02 4.82 ± 0.28 b 7.12 ± 0.19 B 7.04 ± 0.02 & al. 2006) and a physiological role of Cd in T. caerulescens was proposed (Liu & al. 2008). Our results indicate that also in T. praecox Cd may have a physiological role and that high Zn substrate concentrations are required for optimal growth. The Zn hyperaccumulating concentration criterion set at 10,000 ^g Zn g-1 in dry weight of shoots (Baker & Brooks 1989) was not reached in either of the species in this experiment which may be a result of the length of the plant growth as well as low availability of Zn for the plants. Zinc concentrations from the field exceeding this criterion were reported repeatedly for T. caerulescens (Baker & al. 1994, Reeves & al. 2001) and for T. praecox (Vogel-Mikuš & al. 2005, Likar & al. 2009). The highest concentration of Zn in shoots was measured in T. caerulescens in the Zn treatment which was significantly higher than that in T. praecox as observed in our previous experiment (Pongrac & al. 2009). However, the species did not differ in the Zn TF indicating equally efficient Zn transport in both species supporting the observation from the hydroponic experiment (Xing & al. 2008). In the Cd treatment lower Zn concentrations in the shoots as well as Zn TF were found in T. caerulescens indicating a decreased Zn transport in this species in the case of high Cd to Zn ratio in the substrate that may lead to Zn deficiency in plants as previously suggested (Chaney & al. 2006). A significant decrease in Zn concentration in the roots and shoots in both species was observed in the combined treatment when compared to the Zn treatment indicating a competition of Cd and Zn in the substrate that may have led to a decreased Zn uptake into the roots. This however did not result in a changed translocation of Zn within plants. High external Cd concentration was already reported to inhibit Zn accumulation in T. caerulescens Ganges ecotype (Lombi & al. 2001, Zhao & al. 2002, Roosens & al. 2003), but not in Prayon ecotype (Papoyan & al. 2007). Thus different uptake systems for Cd and Zn in T. caerulescens Ganges ecotype were proposed (Lombi & al. 2001) and based on our results may exist also in T. praecox. In another Cd/ Zn hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii H. the addition of Cd enhanced Zn translocation and partition to the shoots (Yang & al. 2004) indicating similar response to the one observed in T. caerulescens Prayon ecotype. On the other hand, no effect on Zn accumulation by Cd supply was observed in a Cd accumulating chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.) plants (Chizzola & Mitteregger 2005). Increasing Cd application to Zn-deficient durum wheat plants (Triticum durum Desf. cv. Cakmak) tended to decrease Zn concentrations, whereas in plants with adequate Zn supply, the concentrations of Zn were either not affected or increased by Cd (Koleli & al. 2004). It seems that the concentration range may profoundly affect metal interactions and accumulation in both metal (hyper)accumulating and non-accumulating species. The concentration of Cd of both studied species exceeded the hyperaccumulating Cd concentration set at 100 ^g Cd g-1 in shoot dry weight (Brooks 1998) in the Cd and in the combined treatments, thus confirming the observations from our previ- ous pot study in which T. praecox matched the superior Cd hyperaccumulation ability (Pongrac & al. 2009) reported for T. caerulescens Ganges ecotype (Lombi & al. 2000, Zhao & al. 2003). However, higher concentrations of Cd in the roots of T. caerulescens were observed in the same two treatments and consequently lower Cd TFs were calculated. This supports the results from the hydroponic experiment where using radiolabels 109Cd the short-term uptake rate of Cd was higher in T. caerulescens Ganges ecotype than in T. praecox, whereas the Cd translocation efficiency was higher in T. praecox (Xing & al. 2008). Relatively high Cd concentrations were measured also in the control and Zn treatments which may be a consequence of Cd presence in the commercial substrate or presence of Cd in the seeds of these two hyperaccumulating plants, or both. High Cd concentrations have been reported in seeds of T. praecox that contained on average 1,000 |ig Cd g-1 when grown at the most polluted site in Žerjav (Vogel -Mikuš & al. 2007) and seeds of T. caerulescens were reported to contain on average 3,200 ^g Cd g-1 (Kachenko & al. 2009). The concentration of Cd in the substrate of these two treatments was however below the detection limit of the method used to determine ammonium-extractable Cd concentration in soil. The interaction of Zn and Cd in the substrate in the combined treatment significantly increased the concentration and content of Cd in the shoots of both species which is probably a result of the increased Cd extractability in the substrate that was not a result of the pH change. In contrast, the Cd accumulation was not affected by the Zn addition in T. caerulescens Ganges ecotype (Ueno & al. 2004) and an inhibition in the Cd accumulation was observed in T. caerulescens Prayon due to the Cd and Zn interaction in the substrate (Lombi & al. 2001, Zhao & al. 2002, Roosens & al. 2003). Similarly, in a Cd accumulating M. recutita plants the addition of Zn to the soil led to a decreased Cd accumulation, whereas further increase in the Zn supply did not further decrease the Cd concentration in shoots (Chizzola & Mitteregger 2005). Neither was additional Zn supply accompanied by a corresponding decrease in Cd shoot concentrations of Cd sensitive T. durum (Koleli & al. 2004). In the presence of Cd adding Mn to the solution significantly reduced the concentra- tions of Cd in all organs of Mn hyperaccumula-tor Phytolacca americana L. (Peng & al. 2008). These observations indicate the importance of the metal in question and its concentrations used in the experiment as well as plant species and metal (hyper)accumulation properties of the plants when studying the elemental interactions in soil and their importance for plant uptake. In conclusion, the interactions between the metals in the substrate may significantly affect their accumulation in the aboveground plant parts that are dependent on the metal(s) in question, its concentrations, plant species and/or even population and soil properties. The metal concentrations and their mode of accumulation may already indicate the underlying metal uptake and transport mechanisms in plants. Studies of combined pollution are therefore important as they are more likely to relate to the field conditions. The two studied hyperaccumulating plants showed similar responses to the interaction of Cd and Zn in the substrate with an observed decrease in Zn but an increase in the Cd concentration and content in the shoots. The results thus suggest that different uptake systems for Cd and Zn may also exist in T. praecox and that the two species have similar ability to extract Cd from substrate. Povzetek Na območjih obremenjenih s kovinami lahko življenjski cikel zaključijo le rastline, ki so na povečane koncentracije kovin v tleh prilagojene. Ena izmed prilagoditev na tovrstni stres je razvoj razstrupljevalnih mehanizmov, ki rastlinam omogočajo, da v nadzemnih delih kopičijo zelo velike koncentracije kovin. Ta redek pojav imenujemo hiperakumulacija. V Sloveniji je bila v okolici Žerjava (Mežiška dolina), ki je zaradi delovanja talilnice in predelovalnice Pb obremenjena s Zn, Cd in Pb, nedavno odkrita hiperakumulacijska vrsta rani mošnjak (Thlaspi praecox Wulfen) (Vogel -Mikuš & al. 2005). Za vrsto T. praecox smo že pokazali, da ima primerljivo dobre lastnosti kopičenja Cd kot modelna hiperakumulacijska vrsta za Cd modrikasti mošnjak (T. caerulescens J. & C. Presl) (Pongrac & al. 2009). Po do sedaj znanih podatkih ima izmed različnih ekotipov vrste T. caerulescens ekotip Ganges superiorno sposobnost hiperaku-mulacije Cd in pri njem obstajata različna sistema za privzem in transport Cd in Zn. V pričujočem delu smo pri vrstah T. praecox in T. caerulescens ekotip Ganges preučevali vpliv interakcije med Cd in Zn v substratu na privzem in translokacijo Cd in Zn, da bi ugotovili, ali sta ta dva sistema različna tudi pri vrsti T. praecox. V rastlinjaku smo tri mesece gojili obe vrsti v substratu, ki smo mu dodali Zn ali Cd ali njuno kombinacijo. Pred poskusom smo v substratu izmerili pH in dostopnost Zn in Cd po ekstrakciji z amonijevim acetatom, po poskusu pa rastlinam izmerili biomaso in koncentracije Zn in Cd s pomočjo atomskega absorpcijskega spektrometra po mineralizaciji suhega rastlinskega materiala v mešanici kislin HClO4:HNO3 (7:1 v/v). Primerjava dostopnih koncentracij Zn in Cd v substratu posameznih tretmajev in kombiniranega tretmaja je pokazala, da je dodatek Zn v substrat povečal dostopnost Cd, ki ni bil posledica sprememb pH vrednosti, dodatek Cd pa ni povečal dostopnosti Zn. Povečanje dostopnosti Cd v substratu je vplivalo na povečano kopičenje Cd v poganjkih preučevanih vrst. Pri tretmaju s Zn smo v poganjkih vrste T. caerulescens izmerili večje koncentracije Zn kot v poganjkih vrste T. praecox. V kombiniranem tretmaju (Cd in Zn) smo pri obeh vrstah izmerili največjo biomaso hkrati pa zmanj -šano koncentracij o Zn v koreninah in poganjkih v primerjavi s Zn tretmajem. Ti rezultati nakazujejo na ločen privzem in transport Cd in Zn tudi pri vrsti T. praecox, kar jo postavlja ob bok superiornem ekotipu vrste T. caerulescens (Ganges). Poznavanje mehanizmov, ki omogočajo toleranco in kopičenje velikih koncentracij kovin je pomembno zaradi potencialne uporabe hiperakumualcijskih rastlin v fitoekstrakciji, eni izmed tehnik fitoremediacije, t.j. čiščenja okolja s pomočjo rastlin. Pri fitoekstrakciji bi z uporabo hiperakumulacijskih rastlin z veliko biomaso v relativno kratkem času odstranili presežne koncentracije kovin iz tal. S čiščenjem kmetijskih površin bi na ta sonaraven način preprečili prenos kovin naprej v prehranjevalno verigo. Izsledki naše raziskave potrjujejo, da sta vrsti T. praecox in T. caerulescens v enaki meri sposobni odstranjevanja Cd iz tal. Acknowledgements The authors are indebted to Prof. Dr. Damjana Drobne for access to the AAS and to Dr. Fangjie Zhao for the seeds of Thlaspi caerulescens Ganges ecotype. The work was supported by the following projects: MSZS P1-0212 »Biology of Plants« research programme, »Young researchers«, and EU COST 859. A scholarship from the World Federation of Scientists and a national fellowship awarded by loreal-UNESCO - The Slovenian Science Foundation to P. Pongrac is gratefully acknowledged. References Assunqao A. G. L., w. M. Bookum, H. J. M. Nelissen, R. Vooijs, H. Schat & W. H. O. Ernst 2003: Differential metal-specific tolerance and accumulation patterns among Thlaspi caerulescens populations originating from different soil types. New Phytol. 159: 411-419. Baker A. J. M. & R. R. Brooks 1989: Terrestrial higher plants which hyperaccumulate metallic elements - a review of their distribution, ecology and phytochemistry. Biorecovery 1: 181-126. Baker A. J. M., R. D. Reeves & A. S. M. Hajar 1994: Heavy metal accumulation and tolerance in British population of the metallophyte Thlaspi caerulescens J. & C. Presl (Brassicaceae). New Phytol. 127: 61-68. Broadley M. R., P. J. white, J. P. Hammond, i. Zelko & A. Lux 2007: Zinc in plants. New Phytol. 173: 677-702. Brooks R. R. 1998: Geobotany and hyperaccumulators. In: Brooks R. R. (ed.): Plants That Hyperaccumulate Heavy Metals, CAB International, Wallingford, UK, pp. 55-94. Chaney R. L., E. Filcheva, C. E. Green & S. L. Brown 2006: Zn deficiency promotes Cd accumulation by lettuce from biosolids amended soils with high Cd: Zn ratio. J. Residuals Sci. Tech. 3 (2): 79-85. Chizzola R. & U. S. Mitteregger 2005: Cadmium and zinc interactions in trace element accumulation in chamomile. J. Plant Nutr. 28 (8): 1383-1396. Christensen T. H. 1987: Cadmium soil sorption at low concentrations: VI. A model for zinc competition. Water Air Soil Poll. 34: 305-314. Escarre J., C. Lefebvre, W. Gruber, M. Leblanc, J. Lepart, Y. Riviere & B. Delay 2000: Zinc and cadmium hyperaccumulation by Thlaspi caerulescens from metalliferous and nonmetalliferous sites in the Mediterranean area: implications for phytoextraction. New Phytol. 145: 429-437. Kachenko A. G., N. P. Bhatia, R. Siegele, K. B. Walsh & B. Singh 2009: Nickel, Zn and Cd localisation in seeds of metal hyperaccumulators using ^-PIXE spectroscopy. Nucl. Instr. and Meth. B 267 (12-13): 2176-2180. Koleli N., S. Eker & I. Cakmak 2004: Effect of zinc fertilization on cadmium toxicity in durum and bread wheat grown in zinc-deficient soil. Environ. Pollut. 131: 453-459. Likar M., P. Pongrac, K. vogel-Mikuš & M. Regvar 2009: Molecular diversity and metal accumulation of different Thlaspi praecox populations from Slovenia. Plant Soil, in press. doi: 10.1007/ s11104-009-0192-x. Liu M. Q., J. Yanai, R. F. Jiang, F. zhang, S. P. McGrath & F. J. zhao 2008: Does cadmium play a physiological role in the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens? Chemosphere 71 (7): 1276-1283. Lombi E., F. J. zhao, S. J. Dunham & S. P. McGrath 2000: Cadmium accumulation in populations of Thlaspi caerulescens and Thlaspi goesingense. New Phytol. 145: 11-20. Lombi E., F. J. zhao, S. P. McGrath, S. D. Young & G. A. Sacchi 2001: Physiological evidence for a high-affinity cadmium transporter highly expressed in a Thlaspi caerulescens ecotype. New Phytol. 149: 59-67. ozturk L., s. Karanlik, F. ozkutlu, i. Cakmak & L. V. Kochian 2003: Shoot biomass and zinc/cadmium uptake for hyperaccumulator and non-accumulator Thlaspi species in response to growth on a zinc deficient calcareous soil. Plant Sci. 164: 1095-1101. Ohlinger R. 1995: Acidity. In: Schinner F., R. Ohlinger, Kandeler E. & R. Margesin (Eds.), Methods in Soil Biology, 396 pp. Papoyan A., M. Pineros & L. V. Kochian 2007: Plant Cd2+ and Zn2+ effects on root and shoot heavy metal accumulation in Thlaspi caerulescens. New Phytol. 175: 51-58. Peng K., C. Luo, W. You, C. Lian, X. Li & z. Shen 2008: Manganese uptake and interactions with cadmium in the hyperaccumulator—Phytolacca americana L. J. Hazard Mater. 154: 674-681. Pongrac P., F. J. zhao, J. Razinger, A. zrimec, M. Regvar 2009: Physiological responses to Cd and Zn in two Cd/Zn hyperaccumulating Thlaspi species. Environ. Exp. Bot. 66: 479-486. Pongrac P., K. Vogel-Mikuš, P. Kump, M. Nečemer, R. Tolra, C. Poschenrieder, J. Barcelo& M. Regvar 2007: Changes in elemental uptake and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation during the life cycle of Thlaspi praecox Wulfen. Chemosphere 69: 1602-1609. Reeves R. & A. J. M. Baker 2000: Metal-accumulating plants. In: Raskin I. & B. D. Ensley (Eds.): Phytoremediation of toxic metals. Using plants to clean up the environment, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, pp. 193-230. Reeves R. D., C. Schwartz, J. L. Morel & J. Edmondson 2001: Distribution and metal-accumulating behaviour of Thlaspi caerulescens and associated metallophytes in France. Int. J. Phytoremediat. 3: 145-172. Regvar M. 2008: Integrating vegetation ecology into contemporary phytoremediation technologies: a functional approach to phytoremediation. In: Schroder H. G. (Ed): Grasslands: Ecology, Management and Restoration, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., New York, pp. 1-27. Roosens n., N. Verbruggen, P. Meerts, P. Ximenez-Embun & J. A. C. Smith 2003. Natural variation in cadmium tolerance and its relationship to metal hyperaccumulation for seven populations of Thlaspi caerulescens from Western Europe. Plant Cell Environ. 26: 1657-1672. Shen Z. G., F. J. Zhao & S. P. McGrath 1997: Uptake and transport of Zn in the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens and the non-hyperaccumulator Thlaspi ochroleucum. Plant Cell Environ. 20: 898-906. ueno D., F. J. zhao & J. F. Ma 2004: Interactions between Cd and Zn in relation to their hyperaccumulation in Thlaspi caerulescens. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 50 (4): 591-597. Vogel-Mikuš K., D. Drobne & M. Regvar 2005: Zn, Cd and Pb accumulation and arbuscular my-corrhizal colonisation of pennycress Thlaspi praecox Wulf. (Brassicaceae) from the vicinity of a lead mine and smelter in Slovenia. Environ. Pollut. 133: 233-242. Vogel-Mikuš K., P. Pongrac, P. Kump, M. Nečemer & M. Regvar 2006: Colonisation of a Zn, Cd and Pb hyperaccumulator Thlaspi praecox Wulfen with indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal mixture induces changes in heavy metal and nutrient uptake. Environ. Pollut. 139: 362-371. Xing J. P., R. F. Jiang, D. Ueno, J. F. Ma, H. Schat, McGrath S. P. & F. J. Zhao 2008: Variation in the root-to-shoot translocation of Cd and Zn among different accessions of the hyperaccumulators Thlaspi caerulescens and Thlaspi praecox. New Phytol. 178: 315-325. Yanai J., F. J. zhao, McGrath S. P. & T. Kosaki 2006: Effect of soil characteristics on Cd uptake by the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens. Environ. Pollut. 139 (1): 167-175. Yang x. E., H. B. Ye, x. x. Long, B. He, z. L. He, P. J. stoffella & D. V. calvert 2004: Uptake and accumulation of cadmium and zinc by Sedum alfredii Hance at different Cd/Zn supply levels. J Plant Nutr. 27 (11): 1963-1977. zhao F. J., R. E. Hamon, E. Lombi, McLaughlin M. J. & S. P. McGrath 2002: Characteristics of cadmium uptake in two contrasting ecotypes of the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens. J. Exp. Bot. 53: 535-543. zhao F. J., Lombi E. & S. P. McGrath 2003: Assessing the potential for zinc and cadmium phytore-mediation with the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens. Plant Soil 249: 37-43. ACTA BIOLOGICA SLOVENICA LJUBLJANA 2009 Vol. 52, Št. 2: 73-83 ACS Pathogenicity islands, plasmids and iron uptake systems in extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli strains Otoki patogenosti, plazmidi in sistemi za privzem železa v zunajčrevesnih patogenih sevih bakterije Escherichia coli Marjanca Starčič Erjavec , Tanja Arbiter , Darja Žgur Bertok Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana; E-mail: marjanca.starcic.erjavec@bf.uni-lj.si, tanja.arbiter@gmail.com, darja.zgur@bf.uni-lj.si Abstract: The aim of the presented study was to estimate the prevalence, distribution and associations of different pathogenicity islands (PAI I536 to PAI IV536, PAI IJ96, PAI IIJ96, PAI ICFT073 and PAI IICFT073), iron uptake systems (genes iutA, iucD, iroN, iroCD, fyuA, irp2, iha, ireA, and hbp) and plasmids among extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) strains isolated from Slovenian patients. Twenty-nine ExPEC isolates obtained from the Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana were investigated for the presence of different pathogenicity islands and iron uptake systems with PCR, the plasmid content of the investigated strains was determined by molecular biology techniques. The significance of the found associations of the studied PAIs and iron uptake systems was analyzed with the Fisher's exact test. PAI IV536 was found in 19, PAI II CFT073 in 6, PAI ICFT073 in 4, and PAI IIJ96 in one of the studied isolates. PAI I536, PAI II536, PAI III536 and PAI IJ96 were not detected in any studied isolate. In 19 of the studied isolates plasmids were detected. The irp2 was found in 20, fyuA in 19, iucD and iutA in 12, iha in 9, iroN in 8, iroCD in 7, ireA in 7 and hbp in 4 of studied isolates. PAI IV536 was statistically significantly associated with the yersiniabactin siderophore system and PAI ICFT073 was statistically significantly associated with the aerobactin siderophore system as well as Iha. To our knowledge this is the first report on PAIs and iron uptake systems among Slovenian ExPEC isolates, as well as a first report on PAIs, iron uptake systems and plasmids among isolates from skin and soft tissue infections. Key words: extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli, ExPEC, pathogenicity island, PAI, plasmid, iron uptake Izvleček: Cilj raziskave je bil oceniti prevalenco, razporeditev in asociacije različnih otokov patogenosti (PAI I536 do PAI IV536, PAI IJ96, PAI IIJ96, PAI ICFT073 in PAI IICFT073), sistemov za privzem železa (geni iutA, iucD, iroN, iroCD,fyuA, irp2, iha, ireA, in hbp) in plazmidov v zunajčrevesnih patogenih sevih bakterije Escherichia coli (ExPEC) izoliranih iz slovenskih bolnikov. Devetindvajset izolatov ExPEC, ki so jih osamili na Inštitutu za mikrobiologijo in imunologijo Medicinske fakultete v Ljubljani, smo s pomočjo PCR preiskali za prisotnost različnih otokov patogenosti in sistemov za privzem železa, z molekulskobiološkimi tehnikami smo preverjali prisotnost plazmidov v preučevanih sevih. Statistično značilnost povezave preučevanih PAI in sistemov za privzem železa smo ugotavljali s Fisherjevim eksaktnim testom. PAI IV536 smo našli v 19, PAI II CFT073 v 6, PAI ICFT073 v 4 , PAI IIJ96 v enem od preučevanih izolatov. PAI I536, PAI II536, PAI III536 in PAI IJ96 nismo odkrili v nobenem izmed preučevanih izolatov. V 19 sevih smo odkrili plazmide. Gen irp2 smo našli v 20, fyuA v 19, iucD in iutA v 12, iha v 9, iroN v 8, iroCD v 7, ireA v 7 in hbp v 4 od preučevanih sevov. PAI IV536 je bil statistično značilno povezan s siderofornim sistemom jersiniabaktin in PAI ICFT073 je bil statistično značilno povezan s siderofornim sistemom aerobaktin in Iha. Kolikor nam je poznano, je to prva raziskava o PAI in sistemih za privzem železa na zbirki sevov ExPEC iz slovenskih bolnikov, in ki podaja podatke o PAI, sistemih za privzem železa in plazmidih izolatov ExPEC iz infekcij kože in podkožja. Ključne besede: Zunajčrevesna patogena Escherichia coli, ExPEC, otoki patogenosti, PAI, plazmid, sistemi za privzem železa Introduction Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most abundant facultative anaerobe of the human intestinal microflora. Despite the fact that it is a commensal bacterium, some E. coli strains have acquired specific virulence attributes that confer an increased ability to adapt to new niches and allow them to cause a broad spectrum of disease at either intestinal or extraintestinal sites (Kaper & al. 2004). Often the virulence attributes are genetically linked -located in a subgroup of genomic islands, in the so called pathogenicity islands (PAI) (Schmidt & Hensel 2004). Typical characteristics of PAIs (Tab. 1), apart from encoding virulence genes, are: presence in pathogenic strains but absence or rareness in nonpathogenic strains of the same or related species; size ranging from 10 kb up to 200 kb; relative instability, different G+C content than the core genome, association with tRNA genes, presence of mobile genetic elements (insertion sequences, transposons, integrases, and bacteri- Table 1: Characteristics of studied PAIs Tabela 1: Značilnosti preučevanih PAI PAI name Size Insertion Identified carried virulence (associated) Ref. (kbp) position factors PAI I536 76,8 selC alpha-hemolysin, F17-like fimbriae, and CS12-like fimbriae (Schmidt & Hensel 2004) PAI II536 102,2 leuX P-related fimbriae, alpha-hemolysin, Hek adhesin, hemagglutinin-like adhesins (Schmidt & Hensel 2004) PAI III536 68,1 thrW S-fimbriae, iro siderophore system, a HmuR-like heme receptor, a Sap adhesin, a TSH-like hemoglobin protease (Schmidt & Hensel 2004) PAI IV536 = HPI 30,2 asnT yersiniabactin siderophore system (Schmidt & Hensel 2004) PAI Ij96 > 170 pheV alpha-hemolysin, P- fimbriae (Schmidt & Hensel 2004) PAI IIj96 110 pheU alpha-hemolysin, Prs- fimbriae, cytotoxic necrotizing factor I (Schmidt & Hensel 2004) PAI Icft073 = PAI- 123 pheV alpha-hemolysin, P-fimbriae, Iha, autotransporter (Lloyd & CFT073-pheV Sat, aerobactin siderophore system, antigen 43 precursor, capsule gene kpsTM al. 2007) PAI IIcft073 = PAI- 52 pheU P-fimbriae (Lloyd & CFT073-phe^ al. 2007) ophage DNA), flanked by direct repeat sequences and due to different episodes of horizontal gene transfer a mosaic-like structure (Hacker & Kaper 2000, Schmidt & Hensel 2004). In addition to PAIs, plasmids, extrachromo-somal DNA elements that range in size from approximately 300 bp to 2400 kbp, can carry genes encoding virulence factors (Kado 1998). Based on the overall genetic content, two types of plasmids are distinguished. One, designated as non-conjugative or non-transmissible, harbour genes for the initiation and regulation of its replication but do not possess genes required for conjugal transfer. The second type are conjugative or self-transmissible that also carry genes involved in conjugation (Helinski & al. 1996). Iron is an essential cofactor for many basic metabolic pathways and bacteria have developed specialized iron uptake systems to capture iron. The most prominent are the siderophores, iron-binding molecules that are taken up by special siderophore receptors and ATP-consuming porin- like transporters in the bacterial outer membrane (Schaible & Kaufmann 2004). Siderophores can be classified into three groups: (i) the catecholate type (enterobactin, salmochelin = enterochelin), (ii) hydroxamate type (aerobactin) and (iii) a mixed type - a combination of both (yersiniabac-tin) (Grass 2006, Schaible & Kaufmann 2004). In addition to siderophore synthesis strains can use siderophores produced and released into the extracellular medium by other bacteria and even fungi. In the host, bacteria may use iron sources such as heme, hemoglobin, hemopexin, and iron bound to transferrin and lactoferrin (Braun & Braun 2002). Apart from the siderophores and their receptors, autotransporters, virulence-associated proteins in gram-negative bacteria, can also play a role in obtaining iron for example, the hemoglobin protease Hbp (Otto & al. 2002). All autotransporter proteins are energy-independent secreted via a type 5 secretion system and possess an overall unifying structure, comprising (i) an amino-terminal leader peptide (for secretion across the inner membrane), (ii) the secreted mature protein (or passenger domain), and (iii) a dedicated C-terminal domain, which forms a pore in the outer membrane through which the passenger domain passes to the cell surface (Henderson & Nataro 2001). Hbp, after it is autotransported out of the bacterial cell, interacts specifically with human hemoglobin, degrades it, and subsequently binds the released heme (Otto & al. 1998). E. coli isolates capable of causing disease outside the intestinal tract, e. g., uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), sepsis-associated E. coli, and neonatal meningitis-associated E. coli, are classified as extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) (Russo & al. 2000). Within the human intestinal tract, ExPEC may colonize without causing disease, but when they disseminate to other body sites, they elicit, due to encoded virulence factors, pathogenesis (Wiles & al. 2008). In ExPEC isolates many pathogenicity islands were found, among the best known and studied are pathogenicity islands PAI I536 to PAI IV536 from the uropathogenic E. coli strain 536, PAI IJ96 and PAI IIJ96 from the uropathogenic E. coli strain J96 and PAI ICFT073 and PAI IICFT073 from uropathogenic E. coli strain CFT073 (Schmidt & Hensel 2004). Further, among ExPEC strains many iron uptake systems were found, characterized and associ- ated with pathogenesis, among them aerobactin, salmochelin, yersiniabactin, Iha, IreA and Hbp. The aim of the present study was to characterize 29 ExPEC strains isolated from Slovenian patients suffering from extraintestinal E. coli infections for the presence of the best characterised PAIs and iron uptake systems. In addition, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of PAIs, iron uptake systems and plasmids, and to analyse the distribution and associations of PAIs and iron uptake systems among ExPEC strains isolated in Slovenia. Material and methods Bacterial strains and media Twenty-nine randomly collected E. coli isolates from humans with extraintestinal infections isolated at the Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, Ljubljana, Slovenia were studied. Only one isolate from each patient was analyzed. Nineteen isolates were from patients with a urinary tract infection, 3 isolates were from decubiti, 2 isolates were from wound infections, 2 isolates were from surgical wound infections, 2 isolates were from foot ulci and one isolate was from a genital tract infection. All patients were older than 14 years. For cultivation of strains Luria Bertani medium or agar were used. Detection of PAIs and iron uptake systems The primers and PCR conditions used to amplify PAI markers; PAI I536, PAI II536, PAI III536, PAI IV536, PAI Ij96, PAI IIj96, PAI ICFT073 and PAI IIcft073, and iron uptake genes; iutA - ferric aerobactin receptor gene, iucD - lysine: N'-hydroxylase gene (aerobactin biosynthesis), iroN - catecholate siderophore (ferric salmochelin, ferric 2,3-dihy-droxybenzoic acid, ferric 2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl-D-ornithine) receptor gene, iroCD - salmochelin ATP-binding cassette ABC transporter gene (iroC), ferric salmochelin esterase gene (iroD),fyuA - ferric yersiniabactin receptor gene, irp2 - yersini-abactin synthetase (yersiniabactin biosynthesis), iha - gene for a bifunctional protein: catecholate siderophore (ferric enterobactin, ferric 2,3-dihy-droxybenzoylserine) receptor and adhesin, ireA - putative TonB-dependent siderophore receptor, Table 2: Oligonucleotide primers and PCR conditions to detect PAIs and iron uptake systems Tabela 2: Oligonukleotidni začetniki in pogoji PCR za ugotavljanje PAI in genov za sisteme za privzem železa Target Oligonucleotide name and sequence Size of PCR conditions Reference (5' to 3') product (kbp) PAI I536 I.9 1,8 94°C 5 min 1x (Sabate & al. 2006) TAATGCCGGAGATTCATTGTC 94°C 1 min I.10 56°C 1 min 30x AGGATTTGTCTCAGGGCTTT 72°C 1 min 72°C 10 min 1x PAI II536 orflup 1,0 94°C 5 min 1x (Sabate & al. 2006) CATGTCCAAAGCTCGAGC 94°C 1 min orfldown 62°C 1 min 30x CTACGTCAGGCTGGCTTT 72°C 1 min 72°C 10 min 1x PAI III536 sfaAI1 0,2 94°C 5 min 1x (Sabate & al. 2006) CGGGCATGCATCAATTATCTTTG 94°C 1 min sfaAI2 63°C 1 min 30x TGTGTAGATGCAGTCACTCCG 72°C 1 min 72°C 10 min 1x PAI IV536 IRP2FP 0,3 94°C 5 min 1x (Sabate & al. 2006) AAGGATTCGCTGTTACCGGAC 94°C 1 min IRP2RP 61°C 1 min 30x TCGTCGGGCAGCGTTTCTTCT 72°C 1 min 72°C 10 min 1x PAI Ij96 papGIf 0,4 94°C 5 min 1x (Sabate & al. 2006) TCGTGCTCAGGTCCGGAATTT 94°C 0,5 min papGIr 57°C 0,5 min 30x TGGCATCCCACATTATCG 72°C 1 min 72°C 10 min 1x PAI IIj96 Hlyd 2,3 94°C 5 min 1x (Sabate & al. 2006) GGATCCATGAAAACATGGTTAATG 94°C 1 min cnf 61°C 1 min 30x GATATTTTTGTTGCCATTGGTTACC 72°C 2,5 min 72°C 10 min 1x PAI icft073 RPAi 0,93 94°C 5 min 1x (Sabate & al. 2006) GGACATCCTGTTACAGCGCGCA 94°C 1 min RPAf 63°C 1 min 30x TCGCCACCAATCACAGCGAAC 72°C 1 min 72°C 10 min 1x PAI iicft073 Cfft073.2Ent1 0,4 94°C 5 min 1x (Sabate & al. 2006) ATGGATGTTGTATCGCGC 94°C 0,5 min Cfft073.2Ent2 56°C 0,5 min 30x ACGAGCATGTGGATCTGC 72°C 1 min 72°C 10 min 1x iutA iutA f 0,3 94°C 4 min 1x (Johnson & al. 1997) GGCTGGACATCATGGGAACTGG 94°C 1 min iutA r 68°C 1 min 35x CGTCGGGAACGGGTAGAATCG 72°C 1 min 72°C 10 min 1x Target Oligonucleotide name and sequence Size of PCR conditions Reference (5' to 3') product (kbp) iucD Aer 1 0,6 94°C 4,5 min 1x (Yamamoto & al. TACCGGATTGTCATATGCAGACCGT 94°C 0,5 min 1995) Aer 2 62°C 0,5 min 35x AATATCTTCCTCCAGTCCGGAGAAG 72°C 50 sec 72°C 10 min 1x iroN iroN f 0,7 94°C 2,5 min 1x (Johnson & al. 2000) AAGTCAAAGCAGGGGTTGCCCG 94°C 0,5 min iroN r 68°C 0,5 min 25x GACGCCGACATTAAGACGCAG 72°C 2 min 72°C 10 min 1x iroCD P52-A 1,0 94°C 2,5 min 1x This study GGCTGAGAAATATCAACATCCG 94°C 0,5 min P52-B 63°C 1 min 30x ATCGCACATCCGAAGAACGACT 72°C 1 min 72°C 10 min 1x fyuA fyuA 1 0,8 94°C 2,5 min 1x (Johnson & stell TGATTAACCCCGCGACGGGAA 94°C 0,5 min 2000, Schubert fyuA 2 63°C 0,5 min 25x & al. 1998) CGCAGTAGGCACGATGTTGTA 72°C 3 min 72°C 10 min 1x irp2 Irp2 f 0,3 94°C 5 min 1x (Schubert & al. AAGGATTCGCTGTTACCGGAC 94°C 1 min 1998) Irp2 r 61°C 1 min 35x TCGTCGGGCAGCGTTTCTTCT 72°C 1 min 72°C 8 min 1x iha iha f 0,8 94°C 4 min 1x (Johnson & al. 2000) CTGGCGGAGGCTCTGAGATCA 94°C 0,5 min iha r 58°C 0,5 min 30x TCCTTAAGCTCCCGCGGCTGA 72°C 1 min 72°C 8 min 1x ireA ireA f 0,4 94°C 2,5 min 1x (Russo T. A. & al. TGGTCTTCAGCTATATGG 94°C 0,5 min 2001) ireA r 55°C 1 min 25x ATCTATGATTGTGTTGGT 72°C 0,5 min 72°C 7 min 1x hbp Hbp f 0,9 94°C 4,5 min 1x This study GGTGAAGGTACGCTGACGGT 94°C 0,5 min Hbp r 65°C 1 min 35x GCGTGACGCTGGAGTTATCT 72°C 1 min 72°C 10 min 1x and hbp - hemoglobin protease autotransporter gene with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are listed in Tab. 2. DNA to be amplified was released from whole organisms by boiling according to Le Bouguenec & al. (1992). Amplification was performed in an automated thermal cycler (UN-OII, Biometra, Gottingen, Germany) in a 50 |l reaction mixture containing template DNA (10 |l of boiled lysate), 20 pmol of forward and reverse primer, 0,2 mM of dNTP mixture, 1,25 U Taq DNA polymerase and 2,5 mM MgCl2 in 1* PCR buffer (Fermentas, Vilnius, Lithuania). General molecular biology DNA techniques Plasmid isolation, DNA digestion and agarose gel electrophoresis were performed by standard methods (Sambrook & Russell 2001). Statistical analysis The significance of the results was established using the Fisher's exact test (2-tailed) available on-line on the web site http://www.langsrud.com/ fisher.htm and the level of significance was set at a P value < 0.05. Results Prevalence of PAIs, plasmids and iron uptake systems The PAI with the highest prevalence among the studied ExPEC isolates was PAI IV536, also designated HPI (high-pathogenicity island), which was found in 19 studied strains. PAI II CFT073 was found in 6 strains, PAI ICFT073 in 4 strains and PAI IIJ96 in only one isolate. The PAIs: PAI I536, PAI II536, PAI III536 and PAI IJ96 were not detected in any studied isolate. In 19 strains plasmids were detected, among them 9 harboured a plasmid larger than 30 kbp. The iron uptake system with the highest prevalence was yersiniabactin, the irp2 gene coding for the yersiniabactin synthetase was found in 20 strains and the fyuA gene coding for the ferric yersiniabactin receptor was found in 19 strains. The aerobactin iron uptake system genes iucD, coding for lysine: V6-hydroxylase needed in aerobactin biosynthesis, and iutA, encoding the ferric aerobactin receptor, were detected in 12 strains. The iha gene was found in 9 strains. The salmochelin uptake system genes iroN, coding for the catecholate siderophore receptor, and iroCD coding for proteins needed in salmochelin transport, were found in 8 and 7 isolates, respectively. The ireA gene was harboured by 7 studied strains and the hbp gene by 4 isolates. Distribution of PAIs and iron uptake systems among strains As seen from Tab. 3 most of the strains harbouring PAI possessed one PAI (12 strains) and 7 strains harboured 2 or 3 PAIs. In 10 strains none of tested PAIs could be detected. The average PAI number per strain was 1.03. The majority of tested strains possessed 1 to 3 iron uptake systems (22 strains). In 4 strains none of the tested iron uptake systems could be detected. Three strains possessed four or five different iron uptake systems. The average iron uptake system number per strain was 1.97. Associations of PAIs and iron uptake systems Since many PAIs are known to carry iron uptake systems (see Tab. 1), associations of PAIs and iron uptake systems were analyzed. As seen from Tab. 4, only 3 statistically significant associations of PAIs with iron uptake systems could be determined: the yersiniabactin siderophore system was associated with PAI IV536, the aerobactin siderophore system and Iha were associated with PAI ICFT073. Discussion Our findings showed that PAIs, plasmids and iron uptake systems are abundant, as the majority of the tested isolates harboured PAIs, plasmids and iron uptake systems. Since we analysed a relatively small number of isolates it is difficult to compare our results with results obtained by other authors on larger collections of strains, such as the study of SABATE & al. (2006) on the prevalence of PAIs among 100 UPEC strains and 50 commensal strains and the Table 3: PAIs, iron uptake systems and plasmids in studied strains Tabela 3: PAI, sistemi za privzem železa in plazmidi v preučevanih sevih Strain Patient's diagnosis" Patient's gender" PAI Iron uptake system Plasmid (bp) II5J6 III5M IV5M Ij96 IcFT075 II(.,nr, iutA iucD iroN iroCD fyuA irp2 iha ireA hbp DL2 UTI F + - - + - - + + + + - + - >30.000 DL6 UTI M - - DL7 UTI F - - - - - - - + + <30.000 DL8 UTI F - - - - - - - - - - - - - + - - - DL14 UTI F - - + - - - - + + + + + + - + + >30.000 DL17 UTI F - - + - - - - + - - - + + - - - <30.000 DL22 UTI M - - + - - - - - - + + - - + <30.000 DL37 UTI F - - - - - - - - - + + <30.000 DL41 UTI F - - + - - - - - - - - + + - - - - DL43 UTI F - - + - - - - - - - - + + - + - - DL46 UTI F - - + - - - - + + - - + + + - - <30.000 DL48 UTI F - - DL56 UTI F - - + - - - - + + - - + + + + - >30.000 DL76 UTI F - - + - - - - - - - - + + + - - >30.000 DL81 UTI F - - + - - - - - - - - + + - - - <30.000 DL84 UTI F + + + - >30.000 DL108 UTI F - - + - - - + - - + + + + - + - <30.000 DL109 UTI F - - + - - - - + + - - + + - - + >30.000 DL110 UTI F - - + - + - - + + + + + + - + - >30.000 TA10 WI F - - + - - - - - + + - + + - - + - TA49 WI F - - + - - + + + + - - + + + - - - TA50 D M - - + - - + + + + - - + + + - - >30.000 TA71 SWI F - - + - - + + + + - - + + + - - - TA74 GTI M - - + - - - - - - - - + + - - - - TAl 03 SWI M - >30.000 TA160 SU M - <30.000 TA171 D F - - - - - - - + + + + <30.000 TA 174 UC M - - - - - - - - - + + - TA212 D M - - + - - + + + + - - + + + - - <30.000 •UTI - urinary tract infection, WI - wound infection; D - decubitus; SWI - surgical wound infection; SU - skin ulcus; UC - ulcus cruris bF - female; M - male Table 4: Associations of PAIs with iron uptake systems Tabela 4: Povezave PAI in sistemov za privzem železa PAI (no. of strains) Iron uptake IV5M +(19) IV5M - (10) II.,,,, +(1) II.,,,, -(28) Ic™ +(4) Icfto73 -(25) IIc™ +(6) IIcft,™ -(23) system_ Aer 9 2 1 10 4 7* 4 7 Sal 4 3 1 6 0 7 2 5 Yer 19 0*** 1 18 4 15 6 13 Iha 7 2 0 9 4 5* 4 5 IreA 6 1 1 6 0 7 2 5 Hbp_4_0_0_4_0_4_0_4 P values (Fisher's exact test) of statistically significant associations (P<0.05) are indicated by asterisks. Symbols: *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.005; ***P < 0.0005. Aer, aerobactin siderophore system; Sal, salmochelin siderophore system; Yer, yersiniabactin siderophore system. Statično značilna vrednost P (Fisherjev eksaktni test) < 0,05 je nakazana z zvezdicami: simboli *, P < 0,05; **, P < 0,01; ***, P < 0,001. Aer, aerobaktinski sideroforni sistem; Sal, salmohelinski sideroforni sistem; Yer, jersiniabaktinski sideroforni sistem. study of JOHNSON & al. (2005) on the prevalence of several virulence factors, including iha, fyuA and iutA, among 83 cystitis and 170 pyelonephritis E. coli. A further difficulty for comparison of our results with others' is the fact that differences might also be due to geographical differences. Differences in virulence factor profiles between distinct populations have previously been reported among cat populations from distant locations on feline uropathogenic E. coli strains from the United Kingdom and feline uropathogenic E. coli strains from New Zealand (Freitag & al 2005). However, it is interesting that among all our studied strains none carried PAI I536, PAI II536, or PAI III536 and that among the UTI strains included in this study no strain carrying PAI ICFT073 could be detected, while Sabate & al. (2006) reported detection of all PAIs except PAI IJ96. The overall lower prevalence in our study could be due to the fact, that our study incorporated only 29 strains. In our study 19 ExPEC strains harboured at least one plasmid. Since it is commonly known that plasmids are abundant in all bacterial species, the obtained prevalence is of no surprise. It is also not unexpected, that 9 strains in our study harboured large plasmids (>30 kbp), since virulence factors enabling a strain to cause pathogenicity as well as antibiotic resistances can be encoded on large plasmids. The prevalence of iron uptake system in our study is comparable to data presented in studies on cystitis E. coli strains (Johnson & al. 2005, Kanamaru & al. 2003). However, uroseptic and pyelonephritic E. coli isolates have a higher prevalence of iron uptake systems (Johnson & Stell 2000), (Johnson & al. 2005), also this is not unexpected since uroseptic and pyelonephritic strains are in general more virulent and possess more virulence factors. It is known that iron uptake systems can be encoded either chromosomally, sometimes as a part of a genomic island, or on plasmids. The yersiniabactin siderophore system is known to be carried on the HPI (=PAI IV536) (Schmidt & Hensel 2004) and in our study the association of PAI IV536 with this siderophore system was highly statistically significant, all 19 strains encoding the yersiniabactin siderophore system also harboured PAI IV536. The aerobactin siderophore system is known to be part of the PAI ICFT073 (Schmidt & Hensel 2004), but it was also found to be carried on a plasmid (Carbonetti & Williams 1984). In our study all 4 strains that possessed the PAI ICFT073 also harboured the aerobactin siderophore genes, and their association proved to be statistically significant. However, in 7 strains that encoded the aerobactin siderophore system, PAI ICFT073 could not be detected, but all 7 strains harboured plasmids large enough to carry the aerobactin siderophore system therefore, we could assume that the aero-bactin siderophore system is more often encoded on plasmids than chromosomally. The same was found for the salmochelin siderophore system. This siderophore system can also be carried by a PAI, the PAI III536 (Schmidt & Hensel 2004), but also on a plasmid (Sorsa & al. 2003). In our study in 7 strains we detected the salmochelin siderophore system however, none of these strains harboured the PAI III536 and 6 strains carried plasmids large enough to encode the salmochelin siderophore system. The iha is known to be part of the PAI Icfto73 (Schmidt & Hensel 2004) and in our study 4 out of 9 strains possessing iha also possessed the PAI ICFT073 (the association was statistically significant). However, the other 5 iha encoding strains did not harbour the PAI ICFT073, in 4 of them plasmids large enough to encode iha were found. To our knowledge it has not yet been reported that iha could be plasmid encoded. The ireA and hbp were never associated with PAIs, ireA was found to be chromosomally encoded (Russo & al. 2001) and hbp was found to be plasmid encoded (Otto & al. 1998). In 6 from 7 ireA-encoding strains and in 3 from 4 hbp-encoding strains plasmids were detected, so we might assume that both ireA as well as hbp could be either chromosomally encoded or carried by plasmids however, further studies to confirm the location of iha, ireA and hbp genes are needed. To our knowledge this is the first study of the prevalence of PAIs in a collection of ExPEC strains that included not only UPEC isolates, but also isolates from other extraintestinal infections. Thus, this is the first report of UPEC associated PAIs, PAI ICFT073 and PAI IICFT073, that were originally found in UPEC strain CFT073 isolated from blood and urine of a woman with pyelonephritis (Schmidt & Hensel 2004), in strains isolated from skin and soft tissue infections. Further, to our knowledge this is the first study on molecular epidemiology including more than 4 iron uptake systems in ExPEC strains and it is worth to be emphasized that this is the first report on the association of iron uptake systems with PAIs and plasmids. However, since in this study only 29 ExPEC isolates were investigated, further studies examining a large number of ExPEC strains should be performed. Conclusions To summarize and conclude: 1. 29 ExPEC strains were screened with PCR for the presence of well characterized PAIs and iron uptake systems as well as with molecular biology techniques for the presence of plasmids; 2. the prevalence, the distribution and the genetic associations of the tested PAIs and iron uptake systems were determined; 3. PAI IV536 was found in 19, PAI IICFT073 in 6, PAI ICFT073 in 4, PAI IIJ96 in 1 of the studied isolates, while PAI I536, PAI II536, PAI III536 and PAI IJ96 were not detected in any studied isolate; 4. in 19 of the studied isolates plasmids were detected; 5. irp2 was found in 20, fyuA in 19, iucD and iutA in 12, iha in 9, iroNin 8, iroCD in 7, ireA in 7 and hbp in 4 of the studied isolates; 6. PAI IV536 was statistically significantly associated with the yersiniabactin siderophore system and PAI ICFT073 was statistically significantly associated with the aerobactin siderophore system and Iha; 7. to our knowledge this is the first report on PAIs and iron uptake systems in an ExPEC collection including isolates from skin and soft tissue infections. Povzetek Bakterija Escherichia coli (E. coli) je najpogostejši fakultativni anaerob med človeškimi črevesnimi mikrobioti. Kljub temu, da je E. coli komenzalna bakterija, lahko določeni sevi, ki so pridobili genske zapise za virulentne dejavnike, povzročajo zelo širok spekter okužb, tako črevesnih kot zunajčrevesnih. Genski zapisi za virulentne dejavnike so pogosto vezani - umeščeni v otoke patogenosti (PAI), ki predstavljajo podskupino genomskih otokov. Genski zapisi za virulentne dejavnike pa se pogosto nahajajo tudi v plaz-midih, v izvenkromosomskih molekulah DNA. Železo je pomemben element, saj nastopa kot kofaktor v mnogih metabolnih poteh tako gostitelja kot mikroorganizma. Ker je v gostitelju malo prostega železa, imajo mikrobi različne sisteme za privzem železa, med najbolj znanimi so t. i. sideroforji. Naša raziskava je vključevala 29 sevov zunajčrevesnih patogenih E. coli (Ex-PEC), osamljenih na Inštitutu za mikrobiologijo in imunologijo Medicinske fakultete v Ljubljani iz diagnostičnih vzorcev 19 bolnikov z urinar-nimi infekcijami, 9 bolnikov z infekcijami kože in podkožja in 1 bolnika z infekcijo spolovil. S pomočjo PCR smo preučevane seve preiskali za prisotnost različnih otokov patogenosti, ki so jih prvotno našli in opisali v uropatogenih sevih E. coli (PAI I536 do PAI IV536, PAI IJ96, PAI IIJ96, PAI ICFT073 in PAI IICFT073) in sisteme privzema železa (gena iutA in iucD aerobaktinskega siderofornega sistema, geni iroN, in iroCD salmohelinskega siderofornega sistema, gena fyuA in irp2 jersi-niabaktinskega siderofornega sistema, gen iha receptorja kateholatnega sideroforja Iha, gen ireA od TonB odvisnega siderofornega receptorja IreA in gen hbp hemoglobinske proteaze Hbp). Nadalje, smo z molekulskobiološkimi tehnikami preverjali prisotnost plazmidov v preučevanih sevih. Ugotavljali smo prevalenco in povezave preučevanih PAI in sistemov za privzem železa. PAI IV536 smo našli v 19, PAI II CFT073 v 6, PAI ICFTo73 v 4 , PAI IIJ96 v 1 od preučevanih izolatov. PAI I536, PAI II536, PAI III536 in PAI IJ96 nismo odkrili v nobenem izmed preučevanih izolatov. V 19 sevih smo odkrili plazmide, v 9 sevih smo našli plazmide, ki so bili večji od 30 kb. Gen irp2 smo našli v 20,fyuA v 19, iucD in iutA v 12, iha v 9, iroN v 8 , iroCD v 7, ireA v 7 in hbp v 4 izmed preučevanih sevov. PAI IV536 je bil statistično značilno povezan s siderofornim sistemom jersi-niabaktin in PAI ICFT073 je bil statistično značilno povezan s siderofornim sistemom aerobaktin in Iha. Kolikor nam je poznano je to prva raziskava o PAI in sistemih za privzem železa na zbirki sevov ExPEC, ki vključuje tudi izolate iz infekcij kože in podkožja. Acknowledgements The authors thank Veronika Križan-Hergouth, M.D., M.Sc. and Marija Gubina, M.D., Ph.D. from the Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana for providing the investigated strains. This research was supported by Grant PO-0508-0487 of the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, Slovenia. Literature Braun V. & M. Braun 2002: Iron transport and signaling in Escherichia coli. FEBS Lett 529: 78-85. Carbonetti N. H. & P. H. Williams 1984: A cluster of five genes specifying the aerobactin iron uptake system of plasmid ColV-K30. Infect Immun 46: 7-12. Freitag, T., R. Squires, J. Schmid, & J. Elliott 2005: Feline uropathogenic Escherichia coli from Great Britain and New Zealand have dissimilar virulence factor genotypes. Vet Microbiol 106:79-86. Grass G. 2006: Iron transport in Escherichia coli: all has not been said and done. Biometals 19: 159-172. Hacker J. & J. B. Kaper 2000: Pathogenicity islands and the evolution of microbes. Annu Rev Microbiol 54: 641-679. Helinski D. R., A. E. Toukdarian & R. P. Novick 1996: Replication control and other stable maintenance mechanisms of plasmids. In: Neidhardt F. C. & al. (eds.): Escherichia coli and Salmonella. ASM Press, Washington D.C., pp. 2295-2324. Henderson I. R. & J. P. Nataro 2001: Virulence functions of autotransporter proteins. Infect Immun 69: 1231-1243. Johnson J. R., A. E. Stapleton, T. A. Russo, F. Scheutz, J. J. Brown & J. N. Maslow 1997: Characteristics and prevalence within serogroup O4 of a J96-like clonal group of uropathogenic Escherichia coli O4:H5 containing the class I and class III alleles of papG. Infect Immun 65: 2153-2159. Johnson J. & A. Stell 2000. Extended virulence genotypes of Escherichia coli strains from patients with urosepsis in relation to phylogeny and host compromise. J Infect Dis 181: 261-272. Johnson J. R., T. A. Russo , P. I. Tarr , U. carlino , S. S. Bilge , J. C. Vary , Jr. & A. L. Stell 2000: Molecular epidemiological and phylogenetic associations of two novel putative virulence genes, iha and iroN(E. coli), among Escherichia coli isolates from patients with urosepsis. Infect Immun 68: 3040-3047. Johnson J., K. Owens , A. Gajewski & M. Kuskowski 2005: Bacterial characteristics in relation to clinical source of Escherichia coli isolates from women with acute cystitis or pyelonephritis and uninfected women. J Clin Microbiol 43: 6064-6072. Kado C. I. 1998: Origin and evolution of plasmids. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 73: 117-126. Kanamaru S., H. Kurazono, S. Ishitoya, A. Terai, T. Habuchi, M. Nakano, O. Ogawa & S. Yamamoto 2003: Distribution and genetic association of putative uropathogenic virulence factors iroN, iha, kpsMT, ompT and usp in Escherichia coli isolated from urinary tract infections in Japan. J Urol 170: 2490-2493. Kaper, J., J. Nataro & H. Mobley 2004: Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Nat Rev Microbiol 2: 123-140. Le Bouguenec c., M. Archambaud & a. Labigne 1992: Rapid and specific detection of the pap, afa, and sfa adhesin-encoding operons in uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains by polymerase chain reaction. J Clin Microbiol 30: 1189-1193. Lloyd A. L., D. A. Rasko & h. L. Mobley 2007: Defining genomic islands and uropathogen-specific genes in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 189: 3532-3546. Otto B. r., S. J. van Dooren, J. H. Nuijens, J. Luirink & B. Oudega 1998. Characterization of a hemoglobin protease secreted by the pathogenic Escherichia coli strain EB1. J Exp Med 188: 1091-1103. Otto B. R., S. J. van Dooren, c. M. Dozois, J. Luirink & B. Oudega 2002. Escherichia coli hemoglobin protease autotransporter contributes to synergistic abscess formation and heme-dependent growth of Bacteroidesfragilis. Infect Immun 70:5-10. Russo T. & J. Johnson 2000. Proposal for a new inclusive designation for extraintestinal pathogenic isolates of Escherichia coli: ExPEC. J Infect Dis 181: 1753-1754. Russo T. A., U. B. carlino & J. R. Johnson 2001: Identification of a new iron-regulated virulence gene, ireA, in an extraintestinal pathogenic isolate of Escherichia coli: Infect Immun 69: 6209-6216. Sabate M., E. Moreno, T. Perez, A. Andreu & G. Prats 2006: Pathogenicity island markers in commensal and uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates. Clin Microbiol Infect 12: 880-886. Sambrook J. & D. Russell 2001: Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual. CSHL Press, New York. Schaible U. E. & S. H. Kaufmann 2004: Iron and microbial infection. Nat Rev Microbiol 2: 946-953. Schmidt H. & M. Hensel 2004: Pathogenicity islands in bacterial pathogenesis. Clin Microbiol Rev 17: 14-56. Schubert S., A. Rakin, H. Karch, E. carniel & J. Heesemann 1998: Prevalence of the »high-pathoge-nicity island« of Yersinia species among Escherichia coli strains that are pathogenic to humans.: Infect Immun 66: 480-485. Sorsa L. J., S. Dufke, J. Heesemann & S. Schubert 2003: Characterization of an iroBCDEN gene cluster on a transmissible plasmid of uropathogenic Escherichia coli: evidence for horizontal transfer of a chromosomal virulence factor. Infect Immun 71: 3285-3293. wiles T. J., R. R. Kulesus & M. A. Mulvey 2008: Origins and virulence mechanisms of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Exp Mol Pathol 85: 11-19. Yamamoto S., A. Terai, K. Yuri, H. Kurazono, Y. Takeda & O. Yoshida 1995: Detection of uroviru-lence factors in Escherichia coli by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 12: 85-90. ACTA BIOLOGICA SLOVENICA LJUBLJANA 2009 Vol. 52, Št. 2: 85-94 ACS Toxicity of the organophosphorous insecticide chlormephos to the earthworm Eisenia andrei and the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber Strupenost organofosfatnega pesticida klormefosa za deževnike Eisenia andrei in kopenske enakonožce Porcellio scaber Rok Hrženjak 1*, Primož Zidar2, Tina Virant Celestina 1, Nevenka Kožuh Eržen 1, Lucija Kolar 1 University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Pathology, Forensic and Administrative Veterinary Medicine, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia E-mail: rok.hrzenjak@t-2.net, primoz.zidar@bf.uni-lj.si, tina.virant.celestina@vf.uni-lj.si, lucija.kolar@gmail.com Abstract: In the present study we determined the toxicity of chlormephos to two common soil organisms - earthworms (Eisenia andrei) and isopods (Porcellio scaber) using Lufa 2.2 soil. The LC50 values for the effects on earthworm and isopod survival were 58 and 76 mg/kg dry soil, respectively. Mass change of earthworms and behaviour of isopods were more sensitive end points as survival. Based on earthworm body mass changes, NOEC and LOEC values were 1 and 3 mg/kg dry soil, respectively. The earthworms did not reproduce even at the lowest chlormephos concentration (LOEC < 1 mg/kg dry soil). Isopods significantly avoided burrowing in soil treated with >40 mg/kg dry soil. Compared with some other organophosphate insecticides, chlormephos was highly toxic to beneficial terrestrial invertebrates. Keywords: ecotoxicity; organophosphates; chlormephos; soil exposure; soil invertebrates Izvleček: Toksičnost klormefosa smo določili na deževnikih (Eisenia andrei) in rakih enakonožcih (Porcellio scaber). Obe vrsti sta pogosto uporabljeni v tovrstnih študijah. Živali smo izpostavili klormefosu preko standardizirane zemlje Lufa 2.2. Vrednost LC deževnikov je bila 58 mg/kg suhe zemlje in 76 mg/kg suhe zemlje za rake enakonožce. Ugotovili smo, da so sprememba telesne teže in razmnoževanja pri deževnikih ter vedenjski odziv rakov enakonožcev bolj občutljivi parametri kot preživetje. Na podlagi sprememb telesne teže pri deževnikih, so bile določene vrednosti NOEC in LOEC, in sicer 1 in 3 mg/kg suhe zemlje. Deževniki se niso razmnoževali niti pri najnižji koncentraciji klormefosa (LOEC< 1 mg/kg suhe zemlje). Raki enakonožci so se značilno manj zakopavali v zemljo, v kateri je bilo >40 mg/kg suhe zemlje (LOEC). V primerjavi z nekaterimi drugimi organofosfatnimi insekticidi, je bil klormefos izjemno toksičen za testirane kopenske nevretenčarje. Ključne besede: ekotoksičnost; organofosfati; klormefos; izpostavitev preko zemlje; kopenski nevretenčarji * corresponding author. Tel.: +38631307747. E-mail address: rok.hrzenjak@t-2.net (R. Hrženjak) Introduction Organophosphates (OPs) are a large class of chemicals. Since World War II, several thousand OPs have been synthesized for various purposes. A lot of these OPs are still in use, mainly as pesticides in agriculture, but some are used as flame retardants and parasiticides in veterinary medicine (Gupta 2007). OP insecticides are highly effective in pest control, and relatively non persistent in the environment but potentially toxic also to non-target species, including vertebrates (Gupta 2007). OP insecticides cause acute toxicity by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE) through phosphorylation, in both invertebrate and vertebrate organisms (Gupta 2007). Symptoms of high level exposure to OPs include muscle twitching, hyperactivity, paralysis, loss of equilibrium and eventually death (Fulton & Key 2001, Sandahl & al. 2005), whereas low-level exposure has been implicated in various behavioural and physiological impairments (Bayley 1995, Engenheiro & al. 2005). Chlormephos (S-chloromethyl 0,0-diethyl phosphorodithioate) is an OP insecticide that was introduced on the market in 1973 to control soil-dwelling pests like cockchafer, click beetles, mole cricket, wireworms, millipedes and other pests (Footprint 2006, Lynch 1978). It has been sold mostly under the trade name Dotan (Aventis, France). The World Health Organization (2004) classified chlormephos as extremely hazardous due to its high toxicity to mammals. In rats, acute lethal dose (LD50) of chlormephos after oral administration was 7 mg/kg body weight (BW). It has been withdrawn from the market in all member states of the European Union not later than 2006 (EU 2006). Despite its prohibition in Europe, possibility of its abuse exists as it still might be in use in some less developed countries. Although chlormephos was in use in Europe for more than 30 years only scarce data are available on its ecotoxicity and fate in the environment. Chlormephos is highly toxic to some aquatic crustaceans (Echinogammarus tibaldi, LC50 = 0.04 mg/L) (Pantani & al. 1997) and fish (Rasbora heteromorpha, acute LD50 = 2.5 mg/L) (Footprint 2006), but generally less toxic to birds (Coturnix japonica, acute LD50 = 260 mg/kg) (Footprint 2006). No data are available on the toxicity to non-target soil organisms. The aim of this study was to determine the toxicity of chlormephos to some soil non-target invertebrates (earthworms and isopods) upon exposure to contaminated soil. Earthworms are standardised test organisms in toxicity testing and isopods are a model test species, commonly used to study the mode of action as well as for risk assessment. Both animals have an important ecological role as decomposers of organic material. Besides, both species are convenient for analyzing the response to contaminants at different levels of biological organisation. In earthworms, we followed survival, mass gain/loss and reproduction in relation to the degree of soil contamination with chlormephos. In isopods, mortality and behavioural response to contaminated soil was observed. The effects of chlormephos were compared with those of some other OP insecticides. Materials and Methods Test species In the experiments we used the earthworm species Eisenia andrei (Oligochaeta: Annelida, Lumbricidae) originating from a laboratory culture at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana. Animals were kept in a climate chamber at 20±1 °C with a 12/12 h photo period and 80% relative humidity (RH). Plastic containers were filled with a bedding of potting soil and peat, adjusted to pH 6. The cultures were regularly fed with ground dried horse faeces. Sexually mature animals with clearly visible clitellum and weighing between 200 and 300 mg were used in the experiment. Porcellio scaber, Latr. (Isopoda, Crustacea), originated from an unpolluted environment in the vicinity of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Animals were kept in a climate chamber at 20±1 °C with a 16/8 h photo period, caged in glass containers with moist sand and peat on the bottom. They were fed with leaves from various trees (mainly hazel), with periodical addition of commercial food designed for experimental animals (Altromin 1324, Germany), fresh vegetable and apples. All tests were performed on animals of both sexes, having body masses of 18-30 mg. Soil preparation Analytical grade chlormephos in liquid form was obtained from Riedel de Haen (45386 3045X), Germany. Its purity was 99.2%. The tests were performed using Lufa 2.2, a standardized natural soil having 3.7% organic matter, 6.8% clay and a pH (1 M KCl) of approx. 6.0. The test substance was introduced into the soils using acetone as a solvent. A small portion of the soil (approx. 25c) was spiked with the acetone solution (25 ml acetone per 30 g soil), thoroughly mixed and incubated over night in a fume cupboard. After evaporation of the acetone, the remainder of the soil was added, carefully mixed and the moisture content was adjusted to 40-50% of the Water Holding Capacity (WHC). The control soil was treated with acetone in the same way. Experimental design Tests were performed with earthworms and isopods, lasting 28 days. Chlormephos concentrations in the Lufa 2.2 soil were 0-1-3-9-15-30-4560-100-200 mg/kg dry soil for earthworms and 0-10-40-60-100-200 mg/kg dry soil for isopods. The clormephos concentrations in soil were checked randomly at the beginning of the test and did not differ for more than 15% from nominal concentrations. The deviation in concentrations due to degradation or volatisation during the experiments was not checked. Earthworm tests Glass jars (0.8 L) were filled with 500-600 g moist soil. Ten adult pre-weighed earthworms were randomly introduced into the test containers. There were 4 replicates per test concentration and a control. Incubation took place in a climate chamber at 21 °C, with 80% RH and a 12/12 h light/dark cycle. A small amount of finely ground dried horse manure was added for food once a week and by weighing water loss was compensated where necessary. After 28 days, test containers were emptied and surviving adults were counted and weighed. Soil was returned into the test containers to allow for hatching of the cocoons for an additional 28 days (OECD 2004). To count the number of juveniles produced, the test containers were placed in a water bath at 60 °C; after approx. 15 minutes, the juvenile earthworms appeared on the soil surface and were gently transferred to a separate jar and counted manually. Isopod tests Glass jars (100 ml) were filled with approx. 30 g moist soil, and three adult isopods were introduced. There were six replicates for each treatment, including the control. Twice a week, we observed the presence of isopods on the surface of the soil and statistically evaluated the obtained results. As test jars were filled with three organisms, their presence was evaluated in shares - if there was one organism present that meant 0.33, if two 0.66 and if three 1.00. Isopods received food pellets, consisting of maple leaves (50%), ground commercial rabbit food (40%) and potato powder (10%), on the soil surface (Hornung & al. 1998). Test jars were covered with perforated aluminium foil and placed on trays in a climate chamber at 21 °C, with 75% RH and a 16/8 h light/dark cycle. Additional food was given when needed but at least once a week. Moisture content was checked weekly by weighing the containers and replenishing the water loss with deionised water. The animals were extracted from the tested substrates after 28 days of exposure period by emptying the test jars, hand sorting the test substrates and counting the surviving animals. Data analysis LC50, the concentration causing a 50% reduction in survival, was estimated applying the trimmed Spearman-Karber method (Hamilton & al. 1978). EC50 and EC10, the concentrations causing 50 and 10% reduction, respectively in the number of juveniles produced, were estimated using a logistic model (Haanstra & al. 1985). Calculations were done using the software package Excel for Windows (Microsoft, USA, 2002). No observed effect concentrations (NOECs) and lowest observed effect concentrations (LOEC) were estimated using T-test and ANOVA followed by the Dunnett's test (pair-wise comparison of means with the control) in the TOXSTAT® software package (Gully & al. 1991). All LC50, ECx and NOEC values are based on nominal concentrations in the Lufa 2.2 test soil. Results Test with earthworms Mortality and abnormalities After 28 days of exposure, survival in the control group was 100%, whereas at 200 mg/kg there were no survivals. Significant increase in mortality was observed at chlormephos concentrations >45 mg/kg dry soil (Tab. 1). The LC50 value was 58 mg/kg dry soil (confidence interval: 50-67). At chlormephos concentrations of >45 mg/kg organisms were swelled and red coloured, but at higher concentrations, their bodies softened and became covered with a large amount of yellow liquid. Body mass change Earthworms lost mass during the 28 days of exposure in all groups, apart from the control and the lowest chlormephos concentration (Fig. 1). The average mass gain in the control group was 10%, while at 1 mg/kg chlormephos mass gain was 4.7%. The increase in mass loss was dose-related and was most prominent at 60 mg/kg dry soil (56.6%). It was noted during the experiment that food, offered in upper parts of jars, remained uneaten as earthworms mainly stayed in the bottom of the test jars.NOEC and LOEC for the effect of e "ju £ -40 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 concentration of chlormephos (mg/ kg dry soil) Fig. 1: Mass change (gain or loss) in earthworms (Eisenia andrei) exposed for 28 days to different concentrations of chlormephos in Lufa 2.2 soil (AVR±SE). Slika 1: Sprememba teže deževnikov, ki so bili 28 dni izpostavljeni različnim koncentracijam klormefosa v zemlji (POVP±SN). Table 1: Mortality rate of earthworms (Eisenia andrei) and isopods (Porcellio scaber) after 28 days of exposure to chlormephos in Lufa 2.2 soil, expressed in percentage of the number of individuals exposed. Tabela 1: Stopnja smrtnosti deževnikov (Eisenia andrei) in enakonožcev (Porcellio scaber) po 28 dneh izpostavitve klormefosu, izraženo v odstotkih. Eisenia andrei Porcellio scaber Chlormephos Mortality Chlormephos Mortality (mg/kg dry soil) % (mg/kg dry soil) % 0 0 0 0 1_0__10_5 3_2^__40_22 9_0__60_16.5 15_7.5__100_89 30_7.5__200_100 45_37.5_ 60_42.5_ 100_95_ 200 100 chlormephos on earthworm mass loss were 1 mg/ kg and 3 mg/kg dry soil, respectively. Reproduction After 56 days, in the control groups the number of juveniles was 44 ± 11 (AVR±SD), while already at the lowest test concentration (1 mg/kg) no juveniles were found. Therefore no EC50 value could be established. Test with isopods Mortality After 28 days of exposure, the survival in control groups was 100%, while at 200 mg/kg all isopods died (Tab. 1). Significant increase in mortality was observed at chlormephos concentrations of >40 mg/kg dry soil. The LC50 was 75 mg/kg dry soil (confidence interval: 67-84). Fig. 2: Influence of chlormephos on the behavioural response of isopods (Porcellio scaber) during 28 days of exposure in soil. Shown are the average percentages (AVR±SE) of animals detected on the soil surface as a function of exposure concentration in Lufa 2.2 soil. Slika 2: Vpliv klormefosa na vedenje enakonožcev (Porcellio scaber) med 28-dnevno izpostavitvijo onesnaženi zemlji. Prikazani so povprečni deleži (POVP±SN) živali, ki smo jih opazili na površini zemlje, v odvisnosti od koncentracije klormefosa v Lufa 2.2 zemlji. Behavioural response During observations, control animals were found mostly hidden in the soil (Fig. 2). Animals exposed to soil with chlormephos concentrations of >40 mg/kg dry soil were more frequently observed on the soil surface (t-test, p<0.05). LOEC for behaviour is therefore 40 mg/kg dry soil. Discussion Organophosphates are still quite often used in agriculture as pesticides. Ecotoxicological studies related to OP's and using earthworms and isopods as model organisms exist (Yasmin & D'Souza 2007, Drobne &. al. 2008) but in comparison to the numerous studies on aquatic organisms (Hanazato 1998, Barry 1999, Dutta & Maxwell 2003, Sherrarda & al. 2004) they are not that abundant.. This study revealed high sensitivity of both tested organisms to chlormephos. The NOEC for effects on earthworm body mass gain/loss was 1 mg/kg soil, while no reproduction occurred at this concentration. The exposed earthworms probably lost weight due to their feeding and locomotor dysfunctions, as was noticed previously for ethyl-parathion in experiments with Aporrectodea caliginosa (Olvera-Velona & al. 2008). The authors reported affected burrowing behaviour of A. caliginosa already at concentration 0.07 mg/kg dry soil. Behavioural response was recorded also in the presented experiment with Porcellio scaber. Isopods exposed to chlormephos were observed on the soil surface more frequently compared to control animals found mostly burrowed in the soil. The burrowing activity was probably affected by a locomotor dysfunction previously reported by Engeheiro & al. (2005) but it can also be explained by avoidance behaviour response that is known for these animals (Loureiro & al. 2005, Zidar & al. 2005). Terrestrial isopods are able to avoid soil (Loureiro & al. 2005) or food (Zidar & al. 2005) contaminated with pesticides or metals if they have an alternative. Loureiro & al. (2005) found behavioural response parameters to be equally or even more sensitive than other sublethal parameters like growth or reproduction. Table 2: Literature data on the toxicity for earthworms and isopods of different organophosphorous insecticides. Tabela 2: Podatki iz literature o toksičnosti nekaterih organofosfatnih insekticidov za deževnike in enakonožce. Test substance OP Test organism(s) Time (Days) Test substrate End-Point Concentration (mg/kg dry soil) Reference(s) Chlorfenvinphos Eisenia fetida 14 Sandy loam (pH 7.2) LC50 NOEC (growth) LOEC (growth) LOEC (behaviour) 204 123 234 62 Weyman (1997) Dichlorvos Eisenia fetida 14 Sandy loam (pH 6.9) LC50 NOEC (growth) 80.9 12.3 Vial (1991) Methamidophos Eisenia fetida 18 Natural soil LC50 29.5 Qi-xing & al. (2006) Diazinon Lumbricus terrestris 21 Natural soil * LCj0 (different soil) 32, 233, 59 Lanno & al. (1997) Ethyl-parathion Aporrectodea caliginosa 14 Natural soil" LCj0 (different soil) LOEC (growth) 30, 24, 11,32 7 (all soils) Olvera-Velona & al. (2008) Malathion Drawida willsi (juvenile, adult) 4 15 Sandy loam (pH 6.8) LC50 LOEC (growth) 15.1 (juv.); 18.8 (adult) 2.2 Panda & Sahu (1999) Chlormephos Eisenia andrei 28 56 Lufa 2.2 LC50 NOEC (growth) LOEC (growth) NOEC (reproduction) 58 1 3 <1 This study Dimethoate Porcellio scaber 18 Lufa 2.2 LC50 34 (juvenile) Fischer & al. (1997) Diazinon Porcellionides pruinosus 35 Sand LC50 3.03 Vink& al. (1995) Dimethoate Porcellionides pruinosus 2 Lufa 2.2 NOEC (behaviour)5 LOEC (behaviour)5 10 40 Loureiro & al. (2005) Dimethoate Porcellio dilatatus 2 10 Silt loam LOEC (behaviour)* LOEC (behaviour)** 5 10 Engenheiro & al. (2005) Chlormephos Porcellio scaber 28 Lufa 2.2 LC50 NOEC (behaviour) LOEC (behaviour) 75 20 40 This study * three different natural soils (Broxton Clay, Fox Sand, Guelph Loam); ** natural soil from three different locations in Mexico and one from France (Vertisol 1, Vertisol 2, Andosol, Calcosol); & avoidance; * pathlength, active time; ** stops per path Earthworms (Mosleh & al. 2003), isopods (Zidar & al. 2004) and probably also some other invertebrates can avoid accumulation of toxic substance in their body by reducing or even stopping food intake. This leads to diminished intake of necessary nutrients, resulting in starvation and upon long-term exposures to death of the organisms. This shows how important it is to also determine sublethal effects, with an emphasis on physiological parameters, besides the "classical" LC50 determination. Reproduction of adult earthworms was completely inhibited already at 1 mg/kg dry soil. Besides direct OP poisoning, this might also be caused by lack of energy due to starvation in adult organisms or due to body abnormalities registered. Namely, bodies of earthworms showed some typical changes for organophosphate exposure, observed also by other authors (Qi-xing & al. 2006, Venkateswara & al. 2003). In Table 2, data on the toxicity of different OP insecticides for earthworms and isopods are listed. Toxicity depends on the test species, soil type used and duration of exposure, which makes the comparison more difficult. For earthworm survival and growth, chlormephos was as toxic as malathion, parathion and methamidophos, but more toxic than dichlorvos and chlorphenvinpros. All these insecticides are already prohibited in the EU (EU 2008) but (like dichlorvos and parathion for example) may still be in use in some parts of Africa and Asia (FLO 2007). Chlormephos is less toxic to isopods compared to diazinon, which was withdrawn from the European market recently (EU 2008) and compared to dimethoate, which is still in use. Isopods seem less succeptible to chlormephos than earthworms, probably due to the avoidance response mentioned above. Conclusions • Chlormephos is highly toxic to earthworms, especially affecting their growth and reproduction, with an LC50 of 58 mg/kg dry soil, and NOEC growth of 1 mg/kg dry soil, and no reproduction at the NOEC growth. Isopods were less sensivitive, with an LC50 of 76 mg/kg dry soil and burrowing behaviour significantly reduced at >40 mg/kg dry soil. Povzetek Uporaba toksičnih organofosfornih snovi se v zadnjem času zmanjšuje, vendar je njihova uporaba v kmetijstvu še vedno obsežna. Slednja lahko predstavlja resen ekološki problem, saj pogosta uporaba organofosfornih snovi negativno učinkuje na neciljne talne organizme, ki so sestavni člen prehranjevalnih verig. Glede na znane lastnosti organofosfornih snovi - visoka reaktivnost, hitro delovanje in toksičnost, smo za modelno substanco izbrali klormefos, ki v Evropi ni več v uporabi, vendar za katerega v literaturi ni veliko podatkov. V raziskovalnem delu smo spremljali učinke klormefosa na deževnike (Eisenia andrei) in rake enakonožce (Porcellio scaber), ki so bili 28 dni izpostavljeni kontaminirani standardizirani zemlji Lufa 2.2. Določili smo koncentracijo klormefosa, ki povzroči smrt polovice izpostavljenih živali (LC50). Ta je bila za deževnike 58 mg/kg suhe zemlje, pri rakih enakonožcih pa 76 mg/kg suhe zemlje. Spremljali smo tudi subletalne učinke, ki so občutljivejši pokazatelji toksičnosti snovi, zlasti ob izpostavitvi nižjim koncentracijam. Na osnovi spremembe v masi deževnikov smo ugotovili, da je 1 mg/kg suhe zemlje koncentracija klormefosa brez opaznega učinka (NOEC), 3 mg/kg suhe zemlje pa koncentracija z opaznim učinkom na maso živali (LOEC). Pri izpostavljenih deževnikih smo opazili tudi telesne spremembe kot so nabrekanje, izžemanje, rumenkasti izločki ipd. (LOEC = 45 mg/kg suhe zemlje) ter prizadet proces reprodukcije (LOEC < 1 mg/kg suhe zemlje). Pri rakih enakonožcih smo poleg smrtnosti spremljali tudi vzorce obnašanja in ugotovili, da so se organizmi pri višjih koncentracijah zadrževali na površini in niso bili zakopani v zemlji kakor kontrolne živali. Najnižja koncentracija z opaznim učinkom na vedenje živali je bila 40 mg/kg suhe zemlje. Testiranje je pokazalo visoko toksičnost klormefosa za uporabljena testna organizma, pri čemer so bili enakonožci manj občutljivi na prisotnost klormefosa v zemlji od deževnikov, saj je pri enakonožcih bolj izražena sposobnost izogibanja onesnaženi hrani. Toksičnost klormefosa je primerljiva z nekaterimi sorodnimi organofosfornimi insekticidi, pri čemer so nekateri že umaknjeni s trga, nekateri celo bolj strupeni za talne organizme Literature pa so še v uporabi (npr. dimetoat). Pridobljeni podatki lahko služijo tudi za izdelavo natančne ocene tveganja za okolje v primeru nenadzorovane rabe klormefosa. Barry M.J., 1999: The effects of a pesticide on inducible phenotypic plasticity in Daphnia. Environ. Pollut. 104: 217-224. Bayley M. 1995: Prolonged effects on the insecticide dimethoate on locomotor behaviour in the woodlouse Porcellio Scaber, Latr. (Isopoda). Ecotoxicology 4: 79-90. Drobne D., Blažič M., Van Gestel C.A.M., Lešer V., Zidar P., Jemec A. & Trebše P. 2008: Toxicity of imidacloprid to the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber (Isopoda, Crustacea). Chemosphere 71: 1326-1334. Dutta H.M. & Maxwell L.B. 2003: Histological examination of sublethal effects of diazinon on ovary of bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus. Environ. Pollut. 121: 95-102. Engenheiro E.L., Hankard P.K., Sousa J.P., Lemos M.F., Weeks J.M. & Soares A M.V.M. 2005: Influence of dimethoate in acetylcholinesterase activity and locomotor function in terrestrial isopods. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 24: 603-609. EU 2008: Commission Regulation (EC) No 689/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 concerning the export and import of dangerous chemicals. Brussels, EU, 204: 1-35. , (cited: 10. 12. 2009). EU 2006: Commission Regulation (EC) No 777/2006 of 23 May 2006 amending Annex I to Regulation (EC) No 304/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning the export and import of dangerous chemicals. Brussels, EU, 136: 9-17. , cited: 10. 12. 2009). Fischer E., Farkos S., Hornung E. & Past T. 1997: Sublethal effects of an organophosphorus insecticide, dimethoate, on the isopod Porcellio scaber Latr. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 116C: 161-166. FLO 2007: Generic Fairtrade Standards; Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International, FLO Prohibited Material List. Bonn: 1-9. , (cited: 10. 12. 2009). Footprint 2006: The FOOTPRINT Pesticide Properties DataBase. Database collated by the University of Hertfordshire as part of the EU-funded FOOTPRINT project (FP6-SSP-022704), , (cited: 10. 12. 2009). Fulton M.H. & Key P.B. 2001: Acetylcholinesterase inhibition in estuarine fish and invertebrates as an indicator of organophosphorus insecticide exposure and effects. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 20: 37-45. Gully D.D., Boelter A.M. & Bergman H.L. 1991: TOXSTAT® ver. 3.3. University, Fish physiology and toxicology laboratory, Department of zoology and physiology, Wyoming, computer program. Gupta R.C. 2007: Organophosphates and carbamates. In: Gupta R.C. (ed.): Veterinary toxicology, Academic Press, Elsevier, London, New York, pp. 477-488. Haanstra L., Doelman P. & Oude Voshaar J.H. 1985: The use of sigmoidal dose response curves in soil ecotoxicological research. Plant Soil 84: 293-297. Hamilton M.A., Russo R.C. & Thurston R.V. 1978: Trimmed Spearman-Karber method for estimating lethal concentrations in toxicity bioassays. Environ. Sci. Technol. 12: 417. Hanazato T. 1998: Response of a zooplankton community to insecticide application in experimental ponds: a review and the implications of the effects of chemicals on the structure and functioning of freshwater communities. Environ. Pollut. 101: 361-373. Hornung E., Farkas S. & Fischer E 1998: Tests on the isopod Porcellio scaber. In: Lokke H. & Van Gestel C.A.M. (eds.): Handbook of soil invertebrate toxicity tests. Wiley and Sons, Chichester, pp. 207-226. Lanno R.P., Stephenson G.L. & Wren C.D. 1997: Applications of toxicity curves in assessing the toxicity of diazinon and pentachlorophenol to Lumbricus terrestris in natural soils. Soil Biol. Biochem. 29: 689-692. Loureiro S., Soares A.M. & Nogueira A.J. 2005: Terrestrial avoidance behaviour tests as screening tool to assess soil contamination. Environ. Pollut. 138: 121-131. Lynch V.P. 1978: Chlormephos. In: Zweig G. & Sherman J. (ed.): Analytical methods for pesticides and plant growth regulators, 1st ed. Academic Press, NY, pp. 49-55. Mosleh Y.Y., Paris-Palacios S., Couderchet M. & Vernet G. 2003: Acute and sublethal effects of two insecticides on earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris L.) under laboratory conditions. Environ. Toxicol. 18: 1-8. OECD 2004: Earthworm reproduction test (Eisenia fetida/Eisenia andrei). Guideline for the testing of chemicals No. 222. In: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Paris, pp. 1-18. Olvera-Velona A., Capowiez Y., Mascle O., Ortiz -Hernandez L. & Benoit P. 2008: Assessment of the toxicity of ethyl-parathion to earthworms (Aporrectodea caliginosa) using behavioural, physicological and biochemical markers. Appl. Soil Ecol. 40: 476-483. Panda S. & Sahu S.K. 2000: Assesment of recovery of population, biomass and reproduction of the earthworm Drowida willsi followinf the application of malathion under field conditions. Biol. Fertil. Soils 32: 82-88. Pantani C., Pannunzio G., De Cristofaro M., Novelli A.A. & Salvatori M. 1997: Comparative acute toxicity of some pesticides, metals, and surfactants to Gammarus italicus Goedm. and Echino-gammarus tibaldii pink and stock (Crustacea: Amphipoda). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 59: 963-967. Qi-xing Z., Qian-ru Z. & Ji-dong L. 2006: Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos on earthworm Eisenia fetida in phaiozem, northeast China. J. Environ. Sci. 18: 741-745. Sandahl J.F., Baldwin D.H., Jenkins J.J. & Scholz N.L. 2005: Comparative thresholds for acetylcholinesterase inhibition and behavioral impairment in coho salmon exposed to chlorpyrifos. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 24: 136-145 Sherrarda R.M., Bearrb J.S., Murray-Guldec C.L., Rodgers j.r. J.H. & Shahd Y.T. 2004: Feasibility of constructed wetlands for removing chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos from aqueous mixtures. Environ. Pollut. 127: 385-394. Venkateswara Rao J., Surya Pavan Y. & Madhavendra S.S. 2003: Toxic effects of chlorpyrifos on morphology and acetylcholinesterase activity in the earthworm, Eisenia foetida. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 54: 296-301. Vial A. 1991: Report on the acute toxicity test of C177 technical to earthworm (Eisenia eisenia foeti-da). Ciba-Geigy Ltd, Product safety, Ecotoxicology, Basel, Switzerland. Test No. 918079. ECRP submission, unpublished report. Vink K., Dewi L., Bedaux J., Tompot A., Hermans M. & Straalen N.M.V. 1995: The importance of the exposure route when testing the toxicity of pesticides to saprotrophic isopods. Environ. Toxical. Chem. 14: 1225-1232. Weyman G.S. 1997: 14-day acute toxicity study with chlorfenvinphos in the earthworm (Eisenia foe-tida). Covance Laboratory, North Yorkshire, England. Laboratory project ID 628/87 and 954-96314 (American Cyanamid company), report No. ECO 96-314. American Cyanamid company, Princeton, New Jersey, Unpublished. Yasmin S., D'Souza D. 2007: Effect of pesticides on the reproductive output of Eisenia fetida. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 79: 529-532. Zidar P., Božič J. & Strus J. 2005: Behavioural response in the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber (Crustacea) offered a choice of uncontaminated and cadmium contaminated food. Ectoxicology 14: 493-502. Zidar P., Drobne D., Strus J., Van Gestel C.A.M. & Donker M. 2004: Food selection as a means of Cu intake reduction in the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber (Crustacea, Isopoda). Appl. Soil Ecol. 25: 257-265. ACTA BIOLOGICA SLOVENICA LJUBLJANA 2009 Vol. 52, Št. 2: 95-106 ACS Mehanizmi eksocitoze/Mechanisms of Exocytosis Nina Vardjan 2, Matjaž Steno vec 12, Jernej Jorgačevski 2, Marko Kreft 2,1 and Robert Zorec 21* 1Celica Biomedical Center, LCI, Tehnološki park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2LN-MCP, Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Correspondence*: Robert Zorec, Ph. D., Professor, Email: robert.zorec@mf.uni-lj.si, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Medicine Institute of Pathophysiology, LN-MCP, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Tel. : +386 1 543 70 20, Fax: +386 1 543 70 36 Abstract: Vesicles are cellular organelles, in which signaling molecules (neurotransmitters or hormones) are stored and are essential for the function of neurons and endocrine cells in supporting the communication between tissues and organs. Upon stimulation the signaling molecules stored inside vesicles are released from cells by exocytosis. This fundamental biological process consists of membrane fusion between the vesicles and the plasma membrane, leading to the formation of an aqueous channel - the fusion pore - through which signaling molecules exit into the extracellular space or blood stream. The vesicle cargo discharge initially requires the delivery of vesicles to the plasma membrane, where vesicles dock and get primed for fusion with the plasma membrane. Classical view holds that stimulation initiates the fusion pore formation and vesicle cargo discharge in an all-or-none fashion. Once formed the fusion pore may close (transient, "kiss-and-run" exocytosis) or expand, leading to the full collapse of the vesicle membrane into the plasma membrane (full fusion exocytosis). However, recent studies indicate that exocytosis may not be as simple. Here we highlight the novel findings which indicate that transient fusion pore is subject to regulations, which affect the release competence of a single vesicle. Our recent studies have shown that in pituitary lactotrophs vesicle release of peptide signaling molecules involves modulation of fusion pore kinetics and fusion pore conductance. Keywords: exocytosis, vesicle, fusion pore, transient/full fusion, pituitary lactotrophs, peptide hormones Izvleček: Mešički so celični organeli, v katerih so shranjene signalne molekule (živčni prena-šalci, hormoni), ki so nujno potrebne za delovanje živčnih in endokrinih celic, saj omogočajo ko-munikacjo med tkivi in organi. Po stimulaciji se signalne molekule izločijo iz mešičkov s pomočjo eksocitoze. Eksocitoza je temeljni biološki proces, pri katerem pride do zlitja membrane mešička in plazemske membrane, pri čemer nastane kanal - fuzijska pora, skozi katerega se izločijo signalne molekule v zunajcelični prostor ali krvni obtok. Pred eksocitozo mešički potujejo v neposredno bližino plazemske membrane, kjer se vsidrajo in pripravijo za zlitje s plazemsko membrano. V naslednjih fazah naj bi stimulacija sprožila nastanek fuzijske pore in popolno sprostitev vsebine mešička skozi fuzijsko poro. Fuzijska pora se lahko po odprtju zapre (t.i. prehodna, angl. »kiss-and-run« eksocitoza) ali pa razširi, kar vodi do popolnega zlitja membrane mešička s plazemsko membrano (t.i. popolna, angl. »full fusion« eksocitoza). Nedavne raziskave so pokazale, da proces eksocitoze ni tako preprost. V preglednem članku se bomo osredotočili na najnovejše raziskave, ki kažejo, da je prehodna eksocitoza lahko uravnavana, kar vpliva na zmožnost izločanja signalnih molekul iz posameznega mešička. Naše nedavne raziskave so pokazale, da v laktotrofih iz hipofize, sproščanje peptidnih signalnih molekul iz mešičkov vključuje tako modulacijo kinetike fuzijske pore kot tudi uravnavanje prevodnosti (premera) fuzijske pore. Ključne besede: eksocitoza, mešiček, fuzijska pora, prehodna/popolna fuzija, hipofizni laktotrofi, peptidni hormoni Introduction Exocytosis is a fundamental cellular process used by eukaryotic cells to secrete different biological compounds. The basic machinery required for exocytosis has been well conserved throughout evolution from yeast to man. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the process of exocytosis are still poorly understood and therefore extensively studied in different cell systems. The secretory process consists of few different stages. First vesicles packed with the secretory compounds are transported to the plasma membrane. Then the vesicles are tethered or docked to the appropriate sites at the plasma membrane and prepared for fusion (priming). In the last step the fusion of vesicle with the plasma membrane (exocytosis) occurs and the vesicle content is released through the fusion pore (Fig. 1 and 2) and/or the vesicle membrane components are incorporated into the plasma membrane. Exocytosis occurs in almost all cells in the form of constitutive exocytosis, which serves to release the components of the extracellular matrix, or just to deliver and incorporate newly synthesized membrane lipids and proteins into the plasma membrane (i.e. constitutive exocytosis). In many cells an alternative secretory pathway exists, where an extracellular stimulus is required to trigger exocytosis, therefore allowing a controlled release of peptide hormones and neurotransmitters. The stimulus typically triggers an increase in intracellular Ca2+ activity ([Ca2+]i), which activates vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane (i.e. regulated or Ca2+-triggered exocytosis; Fig. 2). In recent years new techniques have allowed direct measurements of elementary exocytotic events in real time in neurons and neuroendo-crine cells. By measuring membrane capacitance (Cm) one can reveal changes in cell surface area, which are reflecting vesicle fusion and fission (Neher & Marty 1982, Lindau & Neher 1988). Detection of vesicle fusion with amperometry is based on the indirect electrochemical detection of released molecules with a suitable oxidation potential (Wightman & al.1991, Chow & al. 1992). Furthermore optical imaging with different fluorescence markers can provide a direct readout of vesicle fusion and recycling (Betz & Figure 1: Scanning electron micrograph of the pituitary lactotroph surface exhibits fusion-pore-like formations. (A) Panel shows a view of the whole cell with a diameter of 10 ^m. (B) Panel is a magnified view of the framed region in panel A. Several small openings in the cell surface (black) are seen, which may be related to the fusion pore-like structures. Bewick 1992, Miesenbock & al. 1998, Shaner & al. 2005). These multidisciplinary approaches led to the discovery that the rate (Albillos & al. 1997, Stenovec & al. 2004) and the amount of vesicle cargo release (Angleson & al. 1999) are controlled by the stimulus before the vesicle fusion, and more importantly, also after the fusion pore formation (i.e. post-fusion regulation of a release, Rahamimoff & Fernandez 1997). In this article we focus on the mechanisms of regulated exocytosis. We first present an overview Figure 2: Exocytosis involves fusion of the vesicle membrane with the plasma membrane. Membrane fusion leads to the formation of the fusion pore - an aqueous channel connecting the vesicle lumen with the extracellular space. Constitutive exocytosis does not require a stimulus to occur, whereas regulated exocytosis is triggered by a stimulus, such as an increase in the activity in cytosolic Ca2+. Endocytosis is a process of plasma membrane retrieval, often balancing exocy-tosis to keep the surface area of a cell constant over a longer period of time. of the present knowledge on single vesicle fusion events in lactotrophs, neuroendocrine cells of anterior pituitary, which secrete peptide hormone prolactin. We then discuss mechanisms of post-fusion regulation of vesicle cargo release from neurons and neuroendocrine cells. Models of exocytosis One of the first models of regulated vesicle exocytosis, introduced by del Castillo and Katz, predicts that in neurons the vesicles fuse transiently with the membrane and that the vesicle cargo is released in an all-or-none fashion (Katz 1969). In the early 1970s, the first systematic studies on vesicle recycling were performed on frog neuromuscular junction by electron microscopy in the presence of the marker horseradish peroxidase. The studies were performed independently by two research groups, interestingly, their results yielded different interpretations (Ceccarelli & al. 1973, Heuser & Reese 1973). Heuser and Reese discovered that vesicle fusion is followed by full collapse of the vesicle membrane into the plasma membrane (i.e. full fusion exocytosis) emptying the entire vesicle content to the extracellular space (all-or-nothing release). The retrieval of vesicle membrane, which is necessary for maintaining the cell size and integrity, was proposed to occur at the location distal to the fusion site (Heuser & Reese 1973). On the other hand, Ceccarelli and his co-workers proposed that vesicle fusion involves the opening of a small fusion pore, followed by its fast closure at the same site of fusion, without full pore dilation and vesicle membrane collapse into the plasma membrane (Ceccarelli & al. 1973). The model they proposed was similar to Katz's initial model, that vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane only Figure 3: Models of exocytosis. Schematic drawing of exocytosis modes. (A) Full fusion of a vesicle after the initial formation of a narrow fusion pore. After the fusion pore widening the vesicle membrane is fully incorporated into the plasma membrane. (B) An example of transient fusion (a "kiss-and-run" event), where a vesicle forms a transient fusion pore with the plasma membrane and releases only part of its content. After the fusion pore closure, the vesicle lumen is reloaded and vesicle reused. transiently (i.e. transient or "kiss-and-run" exocy-tosis as proposed by Fesce & al. (1994)). Further studies have revealed that the transient opening of the fusion pore may lead only to the partial release of vesicle cargo (Stenovec & al. 2004, reviewed in Harata & al. 2006) and that once opened, the fusion pore can change its dimensions dynamically and even close and reopen repetitively (fusion pore flickering, the pulsing fusion pore, Fernandez & al.1984, Stenovec & al. 2004, Vardjan & al. 2007). More than 30 years after, these two models (Fig. 3) have been still intensively debated (reviewed in He & al. 2006, LoGiudice & Matthews 2006, Smith & al. 2008). Stimulus increases the rate of cargo release from a single vesicle in lactotrophs Figure 4 shows immunolabelled prolactin hormone accumulation at the surface of the plasma membrane following cell stimulation. Recently, it has been observed that in lactotrophs stimulated hormone discharge from a single vesicle is up to 20 times faster than spontaneous peptide hormone discharge (Stenovec & al. 2004). Time-lapse con- focal imaging was performed on cells expressing fluorescently tagged peptide ANP.emd (Han & al. 1999) in their vesicle lumen and in the presence of the extracellularly added fluorescent styryl dye FM 4-64 (Betz & Bewick 1992). In lactotrophs, FM-membrane dye stains not only the plasma membrane when in the extracellular medium, but also the matrix of individual prolactin vesicles (Angleson & al. 1999, Stenovec & al. 2005), upon exposure to the extracellular solution. The studies were carried out in resting conditions and following stimulation by exposing cells to a high potassium-containing solution. When exo-cytotic cargo release occurred, the fluorescence intensity of the ANP.emd probe decreased at the vesicle site and the vesicle was loaded through the same fusion pore with the FM 4-64. In resting lactotrophs, in 50% of spontaneously releasing vesicles, the peptide hormone release and the FM 4-64 loading were slow (~3 min). However, high potassium stimulation triggered hormone release and FM 4-64 loading within seconds, indicating that in lactotrophs stimulation increases the rate of vesicle cargo release, very likely at the stage when the fusion pore is already formed (post-fusion regulation of a release; Rahamimoff & Fernandez 1997, Stenovec & al. 2004). Figure 4: (A) Confocal image of secreted rat prolactin (rPRL) visualized on the surface of the plasma membrane by anti-rPRL antibody and fluorescent secondary antibody (red). The cell was exposed to a solution containing 100 mM K+, to depolarize the membrane and stimulate the cells prior to the immunocytochemical reaction. (B) Transmitted light image with DIC contrast of the cell displayed in A. Bar: 5 ^m. Mechanisms of post-fusion regulation of vesicle cargo release in lactotrophs Recent studies have shown that fusion pores are subj ect to regulations, which affect the release competence of a single vesicle (Stenovec & al. 2004, reviewed in Harata & al. 2006). In the next two chapters we will discuss two mechanisms that control the rate of vesicle cargo release in lactotrophs: (I) fusion pore kinetics and (II) fusion pore diameter (Fig. 5). or "kiss-and-run" exocytosis) (Neher & Marty 1982, Fernandez & al. 1984, Scepek & Lindau 1993, Lollike & al. 1995). The majority of exocytotic events (> 99%) observed by Cm measurements in resting lactotrophs were transient fusion events (i.e. transient fusion pore openings). The occurrence of non-reversing steps, representing full vesicle fusion (Neher & Marty 1982), was very low (~0.4% of all events). The fusion pore open-state duration of a single transient event was at rest ~50 ms (Stenovec & al. 2004, Vardjan & al. 2007), similar as in rest- Modulation of pore conductance 8.G C/5 LT Modulation of pore kinetics JUUL ■ closed ■ici CO - JZUI HUH closed Time Figure 5: Mechanisms of vesicle cargo discharge modulation. The permeation of molecules through the fusion pore depends on the fusion pore conductance (g; diameter) and/ or fusion pore kinetics. A wider fusion pore (higher g) and/or faster frequency of fusion pore openings with longer fusion pore dwell-times (faster kinetic of fusion pore openings) leads to increased release of peptides from a single vesicle in stimulated conditions. I. Fusion pore kinetics It has been proposed that transient, "kiss-and-run", mode of vesicle fusion can limit or completely prevent peptide hormone release because of the relatively large size of peptide molecules and the consequent low diffusion mobility of these molecules (Barg & al. 2002, Tsuboi & Rutter 2003, Obermuller & al. 2005). To determine, if transient mode of vesicle fusion is slowing the release of vesicle cargo in resting lactotrophs, Cm measurements of single vesicle fusion events were performed by cell-attached patch-clamp technique (Neher & Marty 1982). A stepwise increase in Cm (on-step) indicates full fusion exocytosis. If the on-step is followed by a downward, off-step in Cm, of a similar amplitude to the preceding on-step, the fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane is transient (transient ing synapses of calyx of Held (Sun & al. 2002). These transient events appeared repetitively in bursts lasting for as long as 760 s ("the pulsing pore"; Stenovec & al. 2004, Vardjan & al. 2007), some of them were more complex with multiple amplitude on- and off-steps representing repetitive compound vesicle-to-vesicle-to-plasma membrane fusion events (Vardjan & al. 2009). Regular repetitive fusion pore openings and slow, but synchronous, loading and unloading of fluorescent probes in lactotrophs, likely indicate that in resting lactotrophs the slow probe exchange through the fusion pore may be constrained kinetically by regular fusion pore openings (fusion pore flickering, also termed fusion pore gating; Stenovec & al. 2004). Amperometric studies on neurons revealed that fusion pore flickering can limit the release of dopamine from synaptic terminals (Staal & al. 2004). This indicates that flickering transient fusion pores may also be involved in the regulation of small molecular weight transmitter release in synapses despite the relatively fast diffusion mobility of small chemical molecules. Transient and full fusion exocytosis were reported to coexist in some systems and it has been suggested that switching between the transient to full fusion mode due to cell stimulation can result in the modulation of the amount of cargo release from a single vesicle (reviewed in Harata & al. 2006). Interestingly, we have observed by Cm measurements that transient fusion pore openings with estimated mean burst duration of >100 s were the predominant mode of exocytosis not only in resting but also in high potassium stimulated lactotrophs (Stenovec & al. 2004, Vardjan & al. 2007). Full vesicle fusion occurred with practically the same relatively low incidence before and after stimulation (Vardjan & al. 2007). However, transient events occurred fourfold more frequently in stimulated compared to resting lactotrophs. Moreover, the fusion pore dwell time was twofold longer after stimulation. Stimulus thus prolongs the effective open time of the transient pores, facilitating hormone secretion without full fusion (Vardjan & al. 2007). More frequent transient events with prolonged fusion pore open state dwell-time were observed also in lactotrophs after hypotonic stimulation (Jor-gacevski & al. 2008). These results are in contrast to previous studies in chromaffin cells where low levels of stimulation triggered "kiss-and-run" exocytosis, whereas with stronger stimulation the predominant mode of exocytosis was full fusion (Elhamdani & al. 2001, Fulop & al. 2005). II. Fusion pore diameter Recently, it has been shown that the fusion pore diameter can be the limiting factor preventing the permeation of molecules through the fusion pores (Barg & al. 2002, Takahashi & al. 2002, Tsuboi & Rutter 2003, Fulop & al. 2005). Therefore, the release of vesicle cargo from vesicles undergoing transient, "kiss-and-run", exocytosis may depend also on the diameter of the fusion pore. We used electrophysiological and optical methods to measure the size of the effective fusion pore diameter in exocytic vesicles in lactotrophs before and after stimulation (Vardjan & al. 2007). The effective diameter of a fusion pore can be calculated from the fusion pore conductance (Gp; Spruce & al. 1990, Lollike & Lindau 1999). Cell-attached patch-clamp technique can be used to monitor the time course of the Gp by modelling a vesicle fusing with the cell membrane as a conductance (the fusion pore) in series with a capacitor (the vesicle membrane) (Zimmerberg & al. 1987). We have measured the Gp as described in Lollike & Lindau (1999) and then we calculated the effective fusion pore diameters from the Gp values (described in Spruce & al. 1990). At rest, the Gp values in transient events ranged from 8 to 200 pS (the average 53 pS), corresponding to fusion pore diameters of 0.4 nm to 2.0 nm. After stimulation, the Gp values of transient events increased to an average measurable Gp of 81 pS. The maximal measurable Gp value after stimulation was ~530 pS (i.e. 3.2 nm), indicating that the diameter of fusion pore in the majority of stimulated events had effective pore diameters >3.0 nm. In >98% stimulated events the Gp values increased after stimulation to an immeasurable final conductance, representing fusion pore expansion, and then decreased again to measurable values, indicating fusion pore narrowing/closing. This is consistent with previous results observed in different cell systems, where fusion pores enlarge their diameters several folds and close completely afterwards (Fernandez & al. 1984, Monck & al. 1990, Spruce & al. 1990, Melikyan & al. 1995, Larina & al. 2007). Events with the measurable size of the fusion pore were more frequent in resting than in stimulated conditions (25% vs. 2%), indicating that the stimulus increases the size of the transient fusion pore (Vardjan & al. 2007). To confirm our observations, we performed optical fusion pore studies. Permeation of FM 4-64 (molecular diameter ~ 0.9 nm) and HEPES (molecular diameter ~ 0.5 nm) through spontaneously forming fusion pores was studied in lactotroph vesicles expressing synaptopHluorin (spH; Vardjan & al. 2007). spH is a pH-dependent protein consisting of the vesicle membrane-targeted protein VAMP2 (synaptobrevin-2) with a pH-sensitive enhanced green fluorescent protein (superecliptic pHluorin) fused to its luminal side (Miesenbock & al. 1998). At the acidic pH of resting vesicles, spH fluorescence is quenched by protons because of the H+-ATPase activity. After fusion with the plasma membrane, the vesicle interior becomes accessible from the relatively alkaline extracellular pH environment, allowing the protons to escape. The fluorescence intensity of spH increases rapidly and remains elevated until the pore closes and the vesicle is reacidified (Miesenbock & al. 1998). Confocal imaging showed that half of the spontaneous exocytotic events exhibited fusion pore openings associated with an increase in spH fluorescence, indicating permeation of protons, however the pores were impermeable to FM 4-64 and HEPES molecules. Together with the results on Gp measurements these findings indicate an open fusion pore diameter in resting peptidergic vesicles of <0.5 nm. This is much narrower than the size of neuropeptides stored in these vesicles (prolactin molecular diameter=~5.2 nm; Vardjan & al. 2007), indicating that a narrow open fusion pore (lower conductance - Gp) prevents or slows down the release process in resting lactotrophs. Probes used in the earlier fusion pore permeability studies in resting secretory cells (FM-dyes, horseradish peroxidase, antibodies) were of relatively large size >0.9 nm (Malgaroli & al. 1995, Ryan & al. 1997, Sara & al. 2005), leading to the underestimation of fusion pore diameter and the extent of spontaneous fusion. In stimulated lactotrophs, >70% of exocytotic events exhibited a larger, FM 4-64-permeable pore (>0.9 nm) consistent with previous fusion pore permeation studies (Barg & al. 2002, Takahashi & al. 2002, Tsuboi & Rutter 2003, Fulop & al. 2005) and our Gp measurements (Vardjan & al. 2007, Jorgacevski & al. 2008). Stimulation-induced fusion pore widening is consistent with a facilitated vesicle cargo discharge in the majority of stimulated fusion events recorded (Vardjan & al. 2007). Similarly, stimulation led to the fusion pore expansion in chromaffin cells, therefore increasing the efficiency of release of small classical transmitters (Elhamdani & al. 2001, Fulop & al. 2005). Summary Transient fusion was considered to be an event mediating complete discharge of the vesicle content (Katz 1969), however recent findings indicate that vesicle content may be emptied incompletely in transient fusion events. Partial vesicle discharge appears to occur at the post-fusion stage. Transient fusion pores are subject to physiological regulation which affects the amount of vesicle cargo discharge from a single vesicle. Current knowledge of regulatory mechanisms at the post-fusion stage, involving fusion pore diameter and/or fusion pore open-time modulation, is still limited (Rahamimoff & Fernandez 1997, Vardjan & al. 2007). However, in lactotrophs the transient "kiss-and-run" mode of exocytosis is a robust physiological phenomenon and thus represents a model for further studies towards the unravelling the nature of the exocytotic fusion machinery. Based on the current results the release of vesicle cargo may be restrained kinetically and/or due to a narrow fusion pore. Under stimulation, the pre-formed fusion pore may retain the transient nature, but with a longer dwell-time, increased frequency of re-openings and a wider effective fusion pore diameter. All of these changes will facilitate the vesicle cargo release (Fig. 5; Vardjan & al. 2007). Regulation of fusion pore dynamics is important, as any modulation of release processes could have an impact on specific physiological functions of cells. Membrane fusion involves high energy barrier, therefore it is unlikely that transient fusion events represent cycles of fusion/fission of a single vesicle. Transient fusion events may represent fluctuations of an open fusion pore between states where the pore is extremely narrow. A narrow fusion pore is likely composed of molecules with highly negative curvatures (Churchward & al. 2008). It was reported recently that the structure of plasma membrane sites where prolactin vesicles undergo exocytosis are distinct from the plasma membrane areas devoid of docked prolactin vesicles (Gonqalves & al. 2008). In the future the determination of the structure of the fusion pore and of the cellular mechanisms underlying the nature of the repetitive transient fusion events will be critical for a better understanding of exocytosis of peptidergic vesicles. Povzetek Dolgo je veljalo, da se pri procesu prehodne eksocitoze vsebina mešička popolnoma izloči skozi fuzijsko poro (Katz 1969), vendar pa so novejše raziskave pokazale, da se lahko vsebina mešička pri prehodni eksocitozi sprosti le delno. Delno izločanje vsebine mešička je najverjetneje uravnavano po zlitju mešička s plazemsko membrano oz. na stopnji že oblikovane fuzijske pore. Fuzij ska pora je torej prehodna struktura, ki je po samem nastanku lahko fiziološko uravnavana, kar vpliva na sproščanje količine vsebine mešička. Dosedanje znanje o postfuzijskem uravnavanju izločanja vsebine mešička na ravni modulacije premera fuzijske pore in časa odprtja fuzijske pore je pomanjkljivo (Rahamimoff & Fernandez 1997, Vardjan & al. 2007). V laktotrofih je prehodna eksocitoza robusten fiziološki fenomen, zato lahko celice laktotrofov uporabljamo kot model za študij prehodne eksocitoze, kar bi v prihodnje pripomoglo k razjasnitvi osnovnih mehanizmov eksocitoze. Na podlagi dosedanjih rezultatov je izločanje vsebine mešička lahko ovirano kinetično in/ali zaradi ozke fuzijske pore. Po stimulaciji lahko fuzijska pora ohrani svojo prehodno naravo odpiranja, vendar pa je prehodna fuzijska pora po stimulaciji dlje časa odprta, se pogosteje odpira in zapira in ima večji premer. Vse te spremembe pospešijo izločanje vsebine mešička (Fig. 5; Vardjan & al. 2007). Uravnavanje dinamike izločanja vsebine mešička skozi fuzijsko poro je fiziološko zelo pomembno, saj ima lahko vsaka modulacija izločanja vpliv na specifične fiziološke funkcije celic. Fuzija membran je energijsko neugoden proces, zato prehodna narava odpiranja fuzijske pore najverjetneje ni posledica ponavljajoče fuzije/ fisije posameznega mešička. Prehodno odpiranje fuzij ske pore je bolj verj etno posledica fluktuacij e odprte fuzij ske pore med stanji, ko je fuzij ska pora skrajno ozka in stanji, ko se le-ta prehodno bolj odpre. Ozka fuzijska poraje zelo verjetno sestavljena iz molekul, ki imajo močno negativno ukrivljenost (Churchward & al. 2008). Nedavno je bilo po-kazano, da se struktura plazemske membrane na področjih, kjer poteka eksocitoza prolaktinskih mešičkov razlikuje od plazemske membrane, kjer ni pripetih prolaktinskih mešičkov (Gonqalves & al. 2008). V prihodnje bo določitev strukture fuzijske pore in pa razjasnitev celičnih mehanizmov, ki uravnavajo prehodno odpiranje fuzijske pore, kritično pripomoglo k bolj šemu razumevanju mehanizmov eksocitoze peptidnih hormonov. Acknowledgements This work was supported by grants P3 310 381, Z3 7476 from the Ministry of Higher Education, Sciences and Technology of the Republic of Slovenia, NS36665 from the National Institutes of Health, EC grant #QLG3 2001-2004, EC support DECG, CLG3-CT-2001-02004, and EC GROWBETA QLG1-CT-2001-02233. References Albillos A., G. Dernick , H. Horstmann , W. Almers , G. Alvarez de Toledo & M. Lindau 1997: The exocytotic event in chromaffin cells revealed by patch amperometry. Nature 389: 509-512. Angleson J., A. Cochilla , G. Kilic , I. Nussinovitch & W. Betz 1999: Regulation of dense core release from neuroendocrine cells revealed by imaging single exocytic events. Nat. Neurosci. 2: 440-446. Barg S., C. Olofsson , J. Schriever-Abeln , A. Wendt , S. Gebre-Medhin , E. Renstrom & P. Rorsman 2002: Delay between fusion pore opening and peptide release from large dense-core vesicles in neuroendocrine cells. Neuron. 33: 287-299c. Betz W. & G. Bewick 1992: Optical analysis of synaptic vesicle recycling at the frog neuromuscular junction. Science 255: 200-203. Ceccarelli B., W. Hurlbut & A. Mauro 1973: Turnover of transmitter and synaptic vesicles at the frog neuromuscular junction. J. Cell. Biol. 57: 499-524. Chow R., L. von Ruden & E. Neher 1992: Delay in vesicle fusion revealed by electrochemical monitoring of single secretory events in adrenal chromaffin cells. Nature 356: 60-63. Elhamdani A., H. Palfrey & C. Artalejo 2001: Quantal size is dependent on stimulation frequency and calcium entry in calf chromaffin cells. Neuron 31: 819-830. Fernandez J., E. Neher & B. Gomperts 1984: Capacitance measurements reveal stepwise fusion events in degranulating mast cells. Nature 312: 453-455. Fesce R., F. Grohovaz , F. Valtorta & J. Meldolesi 1994: Neurotransmitter release: fusion or 'kiss-and-run'? Trends Cell Biol. 4: 1-4. Fulop T., S. Radabaugh & C. Smith 2005: Activity-dependent differential transmitter release in mouse adrenal chromaffin cells. J. Neurosci. 25: 7324-7332. Gonqalves P., M. Stenovec, H. Chowdhury, S. Grilc, M. Kreft & R. Zorec 2008: Prolactin secretion sites contain syntaxin-1 and differ from ganglioside monosialic acid rafts in rat lactotrophs. Endocrinology 149: 4948-4957. Han W., Y. Ng, D. Axelrod & E. Levitan 1999: Neuropeptide release by efficient recruitment of diffusing cytoplasmic secretory vesicles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96: 14577-14582. Harata N., A. Aravanis & R. Tsien 2006: Kiss-and-run and full-collapse fusion as modes of exo-endocytosis in neurosecretion. J. Neurochem. 97: 1546-1570. He L., X. Wu, R. Mohan & L. Wu 2006: Two modes of fusion pore opening revealed by cell-attached recordings at a synapse. Nature 444: 102-105. Heuser J. & T. Reese 1973: Evidence for recycling of synaptic vesicle membrane during transmitter release at the frog neuromuscular junction. J. Cell Biol. 57: 315-344. Jorgačevski J., M. Stenovec , M. Kreft , A. Bajic , B. Rituper , N. Vardjan , S. Stojilkovic & R. Zorec 2008: Hypotonicity and Peptide Discharge from a Single Vesicle. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 295: C624-631. Katz B. 1969: The release of neural transmitter substances. Liverpool University Press, Liverpool. Larina O., P. Bhat , J. Pickett , B. Launikonis , A. Shah , W. Kruger , J. Edwardson & P. Thorn 2007: Dynamic regulation of the large exocytotic fusion pore in pancreatic acinar cells. Mol. Biol. Cell 18: 3502-3511. Lindau M. & E. Neher 1988: Patch-clamp techniques for time-resolved capacitance measurements in single cells. Pflugers Arch 411: 137-146. LoGiudice L. & G. Matthews 2006: The synaptic vesicle cycle: is kissing overrated? Neuron 51: 676-677. Lollike K., N. Borregaard & M. Lindau 1995: The exocytotic fusion pore of small granules has a conductance similar to an ion channel. J. Cell Biol. 129: 99-104. Lollike K. & M. Lindau 1999: Membrane capacitance techniques to monitor granule exocytosis in neutrophils. J. Immunol. Methods 232: 111-120. Malgaroli A., A. Ting , B. Wendland , A. Bergamaschi , A. Villa , R. Tsien & R. Scheller 1995: Presynaptic component of long-term potentiation visualized at individual hippocampal synapses. Science 268: 1624-1628. Melikyan G., W. Niles , V. Ratinov , M. Karhanek, J. Zimmerberg & F. Cohen 1995: Comparison of transient and successful fusion pores connecting influenza hemagglutinin expressing cells to planar membranes. J. Gen. Physiol.106: 803-819. Miesenbock G., D. De Angelis & J. Rothman 1998: Visualizing secretion and synaptic transmission with pH-sensitive green fluorescent proteins. Nature 394: 192-195. Monck J., G. Alvarez de Toledo & J. Fernandez 1990: Tension in secretory granule membranes causes extensive membrane transfer through the exocytotic fusion pore. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 7804-7808. Neher E. & A. Marty 1982: Discrete changes of cell membrane capacitance observed under conditions of enhanced secretion in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79: 6712-6716. Obermuller S., A. Lindqvist , J. Karanauskaite , J. Galvanovskis , P. Rorsman & S. Barg 2005: Selective nucleotide-release from dense-core granules in insulin-secreting cells. J. Cell Sci. 118: 4271-4282. Rahamimoff R. & J. Fernandez 1997: Pre- and postfusion regulation of transmitter release. Neuron 18: 17-27. Ryan T., H. Reuter & S. Smith 1997: Optical detection of a quantal presynaptic membrane turnover. Nature 388: 478-482. Sara Y., T. Virmani , F. Deak , X. Liu & E. Kavalali 2005: An isolated pool of vesicles recycles at rest and drives spontaneous neurotransmission. Neuron 45: 563-573. Scepek S. & M. Lindau 1993: Focal exocytosis by eosinophils-compound exocytosis and cumulative fusion. EMBO J. 12: 1811-1817. Shaner N., P. Steinbach & R. Tsien 2005: A guide to choosing fluorescent proteins. Nat. Methods 2: 905-909. Smith S., R. Renden & H. von Gersdorff 2008: Synaptic vesicle endocytosis: fast and slow modes of membrane retrieval. Trends Neurosci. 31: 559-568. Spruce A., L. Breckenridge , A. Lee & W. Almers 1990: Properties of the fusion pore that forms during exocytosis of a mast cell secretory vesicle. Neuron 4: 643-654. Staal R., E. Mosharov & D. Sulzer 2004: Dopamine neurons release transmitter via a flickering fusion pore. Nat. Neurosci. 7: 341-346. Stenovec M., M. Kreft , I. Poberaj , W. Betz & R. Zorec 2004: Slow spontaneous secretion from single large dense-core vesicles monitored in neuroendocrine cells. FASEB J. 18: 1270-1272. Stenovec M., I. Poberaj , M. Kreft & R. Zorec 2005: Concentration-dependent staining of lactotroph vesicles by FM 4-64. Biophys. J. 88: 2607-2613. Sun J., X. Wu & L. Wu 2002: Single and multiple vesicle fusion induce different rates of endocytosis at a central synapse. Nature 417: 555-559. Takahashi N., T. Kishimoto , T. Nemoto , T. Kadowaki & H. Kasai 2002: Fusion pore dynamics and insulin granule exocytosis in the pancreatic islet. Science 297: 1349-1352. Tsuboi T. & G. Rutter 2003: Multiple forms of »kiss-and-run« exocytosis revealed by evanescent wave microscopy. Curr. Biol. 13: 563-567. Vardjan N., J. Jorgacevski , M. Stenovec , M. Kreft & R. Zorec 2009: Compound exocytosis in pituitary cells. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1152: 63-75. Vardjan N., M. Stenovec , J. Jorgacevski , M. Kreft & R. Zorec 2007: Subnanometer fusion pores in spontaneous exocytosis of peptidergic vesicles. J. Neurosci. 27: 4737-4746. wiGHTMAN R., J. JANKOWSKI, R. KENNEDY, K. KaWAGOE , T. ScHROEDER, D. LeSZcZYSZYN , J. NEAR, E. J. Diliberto & o. Vivero s 1991: Temporally resolved catecholamine spikes correspond to single vesicle release from individual chromaffin cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 10754-10758. Zimmerberg J., M. curran , F. cohen & M. Brodwick 1987:. Simultaneous electrical and optical measurements show that membrane fusion precedes secretory granule swelling during exocytosis of beige mouse mast cells. Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA 84: 1585-1589. Albillos A., G. Dernick , H. Horstmann , W. Almers , G. Alvarez de Toledo & M. Lindau 1997: The exocytotic event in chromaffin cells revealed by patch amperometry. Nature 389: 509-512. Angleson J., A. Cochilla , G. Kilic , I. Nussinovitch & W. Betz 1999: Regulation of dense core release from neuroendocrine cells revealed by imaging single exocytic events. Nat. Neurosci. 2: 440-446. Barg S., C. Olofsson , J. Schriever-Abeln , A. wendt , S. Gebre-Medhin , E. Renstrom & P. Rorsman 2002: Delay between fusion pore opening and peptide release from large dense-core vesicles in neuroendocrine cells. Neuron. 33: 287-299. Betz W. & G. Bewick 1992: Optical analysis of synaptic vesicle recycling at the frog neuromuscular junction. Science 255: 200-203. Ceccarelli B., W. Hurlbut & A. Mauro 1973: Turnover of transmitter and synaptic vesicles at the frog neuromuscular junction. J. Cell. Biol. 57: 499-524. Chow R., L. von Ruden & E. Neher 1992: Delay in vesicle fusion revealed by electrochemical monitoring of single secretory events in adrenal chromaffin cells. Nature 356: 60-63. Elhamdani A., H. Palfrey & C. Artalejo 2001: Quantal size is dependent on stimulation frequency and calcium entry in calf chromaffin cells. Neuron 31: 819-830. Fernandez J., E. Neher & B. Gomperts 1984: Capacitance measurements reveal stepwise fusion events in degranulating mast cells. Nature 312: 453-455. Fesce R., F. Grohovaz, F. Valtorta & J. Meldolesi 1994: Neurotransmitter release: fusion or 'kiss-and-run'? Trends Cell Biol. 4: 1-4. Fulop T., S. Radabaugh & C. Smith 2005: Activity-dependent differential transmitter release in mouse adrenal chromaffin cells. J. Neurosci. 25: 7324-7332. Gonqalves P., M. Stenovec, H. Chowdhury, S. Grilc, M. Kreft & R. Zorec 2008: Prolactin secretion sites contain syntaxin-1 and differ from ganglioside monosialic acid rafts in rat lactotrophs. Endocrinology 149: 4948-4957. Han W., Y. Ng, D. Axelrod & E. Levitan 1999: Neuropeptide release by efficient recruitment of diffusing cytoplasmic secretory vesicles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96: 14577-14582. Harata N., A. Aravanis & R. Tsien 2006: Kiss-and-run and full-collapse fusion as modes of exo-endocytosis in neurosecretion. J. Neurochem. 97: 1546-1570. He L., x. wu, R. Mohan & L. wu 2006: Two modes of fusion pore opening revealed by cell-attached recordings at a synapse. Nature 444: 102-105. Heuser J. & T. Reese 1973: Evidence for recycling of synaptic vesicle membrane during transmitter release at the frog neuromuscular junction. J. Cell Biol. 57: 315-344. Jorgačevski J., M. Stenovec, M. Kreft, A. Bajic, B. Rituper, N. vardjan, S. Stojilkovic & R. Zorec 2008: Hypotonicity and Peptide Discharge from a Single Vesicle. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 295: C624-631. Katz B. 1969: The release of neural transmitter substances. Liverpool University Press, Liverpool. Larina o., P. Bhat, J. Pickett, B. Launikonis, A. Shah, w. Kruger, J. Edwardson & P. Thorn 2007: Dynamic regulation of the large exocytotic fusion pore in pancreatic acinar cells. Mol. Biol. Cell 18: 3502-3511. Lindau M. & E. Neher 1988: Patch-clamp techniques for time-resolved capacitance measurements in single cells. Pflugers Arch 411: 137-146. LoGiudice L. & G. Matthews 2006: The synaptic vesicle cycle: is kissing overrated? Neuron 51: 676-677. Lollike K., N. Borregaard & M. Lindau 1995: The exocytotic fusion pore of small granules has a conductance similar to an ion channel. J. Cell Biol. 129: 99-104. Lollike K. & M. Lindau 1999: Membrane capacitance techniques to monitor granule exocytosis in neutrophils. J. Immunol. Methods 232: 111-120. Malgaroli A., A. Ting, B. Wendland, A. Bergamaschi, A. Villa, R. Tsien & R. scheller 1995: Presynaptic component of long-term potentiation visualized at individual hippocampal synapses. Science 268: 1624-1628. Melikyan G., W. Niles, V. Ratinov, M. Karhanek, J. Zimmerberg & F. Cohen 1995: Comparison of transient and successful fusion pores connecting influenza hemagglutinin expressing cells to planar membranes. J. Gen. Physiol.106: 803-819. Miesenbock G., D. De Angelis & J. Rothman 1998: Visualizing secretion and synaptic transmission with pH-sensitive green fluorescent proteins. Nature 394: 192-195. Monck J., G. Alvarez de Toledo & J. Fernandez 1990: Tension in secretory granule membranes causes extensive membrane transfer through the exocytotic fusion pore. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 7804-7808. Neher E. & A. Marty 1982: Discrete changes of cell membrane capacitance observed under conditions of enhanced secretion in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79: 6712-6716. Obermuller S., A. Lindqvist, J. Karanauskaite, J. Galvanovskis, P. Rorsman & S. Barg 2005: Selective nucleotide-release from dense-core granules in insulin-secreting cells. J. Cell Sci. 118: 4271-4282. Rahamimoff R. & J. Fernandez 1997: Pre- and postfusion regulation of transmitter release. Neuron 18: 17-27. Ryan T., H. Reuter & S. Smith 1997: Optical detection of a quantal presynaptic membrane turnover. Nature 388: 478-482. Sara Y., T. Virmani, F. Deak, X. Liu & E. Kavalali 2005: An isolated pool of vesicles recycles at rest and drives spontaneous neurotransmission. Neuron 45: 563-573. Scepek S. & M. Lindau 1993: Focal exocytosis by eosinophils-compound exocytosis and cumulative fusion. EMBO J. 12: 1811-1817. Shaner N., P. Steinbach & R. Tsien 2005: A guide to choosing fluorescent proteins. Nat. Methods 2: 905-909. Smith S., R. Renden & H. von Gersdorff 2008: Synaptic vesicle endocytosis: fast and slow modes of membrane retrieval. Trends Neurosci. 31: 559-568. Spruce A., L. Breckenridge, A. Lee & W. Almers 1990: Properties of the fusion pore that forms during exocytosis of a mast cell secretory vesicle. Neuron 4: 643-654. Staal R., E. Mosharov & D. Sulzer 2004: Dopamine neurons release transmitter via a flickering fusion pore. Nat. Neurosci. 7: 341-346. Stenovec M., M. Kreft, I. Poberaj, W. Betz & R. Zorec 2004: Slow spontaneous secretion from single large dense-core vesicles monitored in neuroendocrine cells. FASEB J. 18: 1270-1272. Stenovec M., I. Poberaj, M. Kreft & R. Zorec 2005: Concentration-dependent staining of lactotroph vesicles by FM 4-64. Biophys. J. 88: 2607-2613. Sun J., X. Wu & L. Wu 2002: Single and multiple vesicle fusion induce different rates of endocytosis at a central synapse. Nature 417: 555-559. Takahashi N., T. Kishimoto, T. Nemoto, T. Kadowaki & H. Kasai 2002: Fusion pore dynamics and insulin granule exocytosis in the pancreatic islet. Science 297: 1349-1352. Tsuboi T. & G. Rutter 2003: Multiple forms of »kiss-and-run« exocytosis revealed by evanescent wave microscopy. Curr. Biol. 13: 563-567. Vardjan N., J. Jorgacevski, M. Stenovec, M. Kreft & R. Zorec 2009: Compound exocytosis in pituitary cells. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1152: 63-75. Vardjan N., M. Stenovec, J. Jorgacevski, M. Kreft & R. Zorec 2007: Subnanometer fusion pores in spontaneous exocytosis of peptidergic vesicles. J. Neurosci. 27: 4737-4746. Wightman R., J. Jankowski, R. Kennedy, K. Kawagoe, T. Schroeder, D. Leszczyszyn, J. Near, E. J. Diliberto & O. Viveros 1991: Temporally resolved catecholamine spikes correspond to single vesicle release from individual chromaffin cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 10754-10758. Zimmerberg J., M. Curran, F. Cohen & M. Brodwick 1987: Simultaneous electrical and optical measurements show that membrane fusion precedes secretory granule swelling during exocytosis of beige mouse mast cells. Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. USA 84: 1585-1589. ACTA BIOLOGICA SLOVENICA LJUBLJANA 2009 Vol. 52, Št. 2: 107-113 ACS Centipede catch in pitfall traps with leading boards Ulov strig v talnih pasteh z vodili Tanja Grgič , Ivan Kos Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Biotehniška fakulteta, Oddelek za biologijo, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija E-mail address: tanja.grgic@gmail.com Abstract: In investigations of soil arthropods, different methods are used for collecting specimens. During centipede community investigation in unevenly aged beech stand in Dinaric forests in Slovenia pitfall traps with leading boards were used to catch centipedes that walked in a certain direction. In present paper these traps and catching centipedes using them is presented. In studied stand 30 pitfall traps (each having 2 collecting vessels) with leading boards were placed and emptied through the whole year of 2003. 2367 centipedes from 37 species (out of 44 species already found in this stand) were caught. The majority of catch presents well mobile, bodily bigger epigeic lithobiids that prefer litter layer. The portion of juveniles was very low. Keywords: sampling methods, pitfall-trapping, migration, community dynamics, soil arthropods Izvleček: Pri raziskavah združbe strig uporabljamo različne metode vzorčenja za zbiranje osebkov. Med raziskavo združbe strig raznomernega bukovega sestoja v Dinarskih gozdovih Slovenije so bile uporabljene talne pasti z vodili za lov strig, ki so hodile v določeni smeri. V prispevku so predstavljene te pasti in ulov strig z njimi. V raziskovanem sestoju je bilo postavljenih 30 talnih pasti z vodili (vsaka je imela po 2 lovilni posodici). Praznjenje posodic z ulovom je potekalo skozi vse leto 2003. Ujetih je bilo 2367 strig iz 37 vrst. Večina ulova predstavljajo dobro mobilni, telesno večji lithobiidi ki preferirajo sloj stelje. Delež mladostnih osebkov je zelo majhen. Osebki vrste Eupolybothrus tridentinus predstavljajo 45% celotnega ulova v pasteh. Ključne besede: metode vzorčenja, lov s pastmi, migracija, dinamika združbe, talni členonožci Introduction In investigations of soil arthropod communities one of the first obstacle we face is usually the selection of adequate sampling method(s). Different methods differ by effort required, efficiency, time required for realisation, suitability for a certain group or its part, quality of gathered data, its quantity and applicability. In centipede community studies different common sampling methods are used for collecting specimens. Pitfall trapping, soil sampling, litter sifting and hand collecting are mainly employed. Using different methods, differently large and differently active centipedes with different body structure and way of life can be caught. That is why mostly different sampling methods give dissimilar impressions of the structure of arthropod communities at the certain location (Kos 1988, 1995a,b, Mesibov & al. 1995, Grgič & Kos, in preparation). During centipede investigation using two different sampling methods Grgič (2005) distinguished two larger groups of centipedes: smaller lithobiomorphs and geophilomorphs that appear in deeper soil layers and larger epigeic lithobiomorphs that prefer litter layer. But Tuf (in preparation) during comparative study of four different collection methods divided centipedes into five groups with different biology: larger abundant lithobiomorphs, larger less frequent lithobiomorphs, smaller soil lithobiomorphs, abundant geophilomorphs and not frequent geophilomorphs. While some sampling methods are more effective than others, the ideal sampling method for a particular project is ultimately based on the goals of that project (Snyder & al. 2006). During investigation of active centipede migrations between different forest development phases, which were found to have certain influence on their communities (Grgič & Kos 2003, 2005), we used pitfall traps with leading boards (Grgič 2005). In present paper these traps and catching centipedes using them is presented. So called Barber traps (Barber 1930) are commonly used for collecting soil invertebrates. These are plastic or glass vessels embedded in soil with margins in the surface level or a bit lower. They are filled with conservation solution. In this form traps are simple, time and effort saving, and can be exposed for a long time. Tuf (in preparation) found pitfall trapping one of the most effective collection methods for centipedes. Frund and co-workers (1997) found that efficiency of catching is higher with leading boards in comparison with traps alone. Even more, with such traps we are able to establish the dynamics of surface centipedes, and their active migration in certain direction (Grgič 2005). Material and methods Soil trap with leading boards For catching surface dwelling centipedes, pitfall traps with leading boards were used. These are somewhat modified and adapted traps as Frund and co-workers (1997) used for catching walking centipedes. Traps were made up of three one meter long and 30 cm high plastic plates that were placed in Z-shape at right angle to each other (Fig. 1). About 20 cm of plates were under the ground and 10 above the ground. Opened parts of the traps were oriented towards particular phase. In each of 2 angles the 8x8 cm plastic vessel with Monoethylene Glycol that kills and partly conserves animals was placed. Margins of the vessels were about 5 cm under the surface level. Vessels were partly covered with leaves and bark, so that falling leaves and precipitations couldn't fill up the vessel and prevent the trapping. ENVIRONMENT 1 ENVIRONMENT 2 Fig. 1: Sketch of soil trap with leading boards. Slika 1: Skica talne pasti z vodili. In autumn 2002, 30 traps were placed in investigated unevenly-aged beech stand in Iška, a village 15 km south of Ljubljana, Slovenia. On each of the five borders between two different phases we placed 6 pitfall traps (each having 2 collecting vessels) with leading boards. On 25 November 2002 we started with trapping. We emptied traps after 17-40 days depending on the amount of precipitation till 5 January 2004. Results Leading boards directed specimens that walked in the certain direction into vessels, so we were able to separately catch animals that walked between two phases. We caught 2367 centipede from 37 species (out of 44 species already found Table 1: Taxonomical review and specimens number (N) of Chilopoda species caught in pitfall traps with leading boards and currently known distribution (D) (en-endemic, il-Illyric, pa-Palearctic, se-South (-East) European, me-Mediterranean, eu-European, mi- Middle European). Tabela 1: Taksonomski pregled in število osebkov (N) strig ujetih v talnih pasteh z vodili in trenutna znana razširjenost (D) (en-endemična, il-ilirska, pa-palearktična, se-jugo (-vzhodno) evropska, me-mediteranska, eu-evropska, mi- srednje evropska). SPECIES N D ■d Cryptops cf. anomalans Newport, 1844 1 pa (d o. Cryptops hortensis Leach, 1815 33 pa o o Cryptops parisi Brolemann, 1920 47 eu M Cryptops cf. umbr icus Verhoeff, 1931 2 en Clinopodes flavidus C. L. Koch, 1847 4 ? Dicellophilus carniolensis C. L. Koch, 1847 72 il (0 -c o. Stenotaenia sorrentina (Attems, 1903) 1 ? Geophilus electricus (Linne, 1758) 2 eu o E o Geophilus cf. proximus C. L. Koch, 1847 24 eu Henia illyrica (Meinert, 1870) 2 il ■c Cl Schendyla carniolensis (Verhoeff, 1902) 30 en £ O Schendyla montana Attems, 1895 1 mi Strigamia acuminata (Leach, 1815) 121 eu Strigamia crassipes (C. L. Koch, 1835) 30 pa Strigamia transsilvanica (Verhoeff, 1928) 77 il Eupolybothrus tridentinus (Fanzago, 1874) 1067 se Harpolithobius cf. anodus (Latzel, 1880) 109 eu Lithobius agilis C. L. Koch, 1847 27 pa Lithobius borealis Meinert, 1868 1 pa Lithobius castaneus Newport, 1844 260 me? Lithobius cf. cyrtopus Latzel, 1880 1 se Lithobius dentatus C. L. Koch, 1884 126 pa Lithobius forficatus (Linne, 1758) 22 pa cd Lithobius lapidicola Meinert, 1872 16 pa e- Lithobius latro Meinert, 1872 15 se E Lithobius cf. melanops Newport, 1845 3 pa o la Lithobius cf. muticus C. L. Koch, 1847 19 pa -c Lithobius sp. (cf. silvivagus ) 3 ? Lithobius nodulipes Latzel, 1880 97 mi Lithobius cf. pelidnus Haase, 1880 4 mi Lithobius pygmaeus Latzel, 1880 42 il? Lithobius cf. subtilis Latzel, 1880 4 ? Lithobius tenebrosus Meinert, 1872 3 eu Lithobius vaiidus Meinert, 1872 57 mi Lithobius (M.) aeruginosus L. Koch, 1862 4 eu Lithobius (S.) n. sp. (anici) 5 ? Lithobius (S.) burzenlandicus carinthiacus Koren, 1992 9 ? "S tj Lithobius juven. 15 Lithobius sp. 10 3 Schendyla sp. 1 TOTAL 2367 in this stand; Grgič 2005): 22 from the group Lithobiomorpha, 11 from Geophilomorpha and 4 from the group Scolopendromorpha (Tab. 1). In 11 species, more than 40 specimens were caught and represent 87.6% of the whole catch in traps. The most frequent were: Eupolybothrus tridentinus, Harpolithobius anodus, Lithobius castaneus, Lithobius dentatus, Lithobius nodulipes, Lithobius validus, Strigamia acuminata and Strigamia trans-sylvanica. These are mostly well mobile, bodily bigger species, which body in adults is larger than 15 mm. The portion of juveniles in traps was very low. The most frequent were specimens of Eupolybothrus tridentinus that present 45% of the whole catch in traps. Specimens of this species are the biggest lithobiids found in investigated stand. We also caught some specimens of two for science new, not yet described species: Lithobuis (Sigibius) n. sp. ("anicV) and Lithobius (L.) n. sp. (cf. silvivagus). The catch was highest in summer, and lowest in winter months (Fig. 2), but in each month some centipedes were caught. Some individuals were caught even in the period when snow cower was present all the time. Traps with leading boards proved to be convenient for assessment of centipede migrations (Grgič 2005). Species differ among each other in frequency, season and directions of migrations. It has been found that migrations of centipedes depend on period of the year, as well as on forest phase and environmental conditions. Differences in catch among months and among directions were found (Grgič & Kos, in preparation). Discussion The catch was highest in summer (Fig. 2), when centipedes most intensively walked on the surface. Centipedes are exothermic animals and thus active mostly in the warmer period of the year. But some individuals were caught even in the period when snow cower was present all the time. We assume that centipedes walk under the snow cover. The main reason for high catch of most frequent species Eupolybothrus tridentinus in our study probably lays in large body size, walking abilities and suitability of the sampling method. We caught mainly bodily bigger centipedes, as traps are not convenient for catching small ones. For larger centipedes it is hard to avoid the vessel when they enter the trap area. But smaller centipedes Fig. 2: The comparison of species number (black line) and specimens number (bars) of centipedes caught in pitfall traps with leading boards in a certain period. Slika 2: Primerjava števila vrst (črne črte) in števila osebkov (stolpci) strig ujetih v talnih pasteh z vodili v določenem obdobju. easily find a crack in the soil or between the soil and vessel and this way avoid the trap. In case that they come above the vessel on leaves or bark with which vessels were covered, small centipedes can walk back on the other side of leaves or bark and again avoid the vessel. Larger centipedes because of their body structure and weight in such case fall into the vessel. In our research vessels were under the surface level, in small cavities, so we caught also some representatives of species that live deeper in the soil. Plastic plates 20 cm deep in the soil also contributed to this. Low portion of juveniles shows that migrating individuals are mainly adults. Also Frund and co-workers (1997) already came to this conclusion. According to Blower (1955) large lithobiids prefer litter layers whereas small lithobiids and geophilomorphs occur mostly in deeper layers. With traps mostly larger epigeic lithobiids that prefer litter layers can be caught. But for small centipedes that live deeper in the soil the method of soil samples is selective (Kos 1995a). Frund and co-workers (1997) also found great difference in catch between soil samples and pitfall traps. Species that are usually frequent in soil samples rarely appear in traps and vice versa (Grgič 2005). Also Lock and co-workers (2001) quote that with pitfalls as a rule only the epigeic species can be captured. Tuf (in preparation) found that larger abundant lithobiomorphs with mainly epigeic life style can be recorded by several methods, but with higher probability by pitfall trapping, while larger less frequent lithobiomorphs can be recorded by pitfall trapping exclusively. Also smaller soil lithobiomorphs with low epigeic activity and abundant geophilomorphs can be often found in traps, but are mainly recorded by soil sampling. These statements correspond also to our species list from traps (Tab. 1). Advantages and disadvantages of traps with leading boards Pitfall traps with leading boards have their advantages, but also some weaknesses. Pitfall traps are one of the most effective methods for collecting walking centipedes and leading boards even increase the effect of catch in traps. At the same time these traps enable to determine the walking direction of ground-dwelling arthropods (Grgič & Kos, in preparation). Traps can be installed throughout the year so that we can also determine yearly dynamics and compare activity among months or seasons. Perhaps the main weakness is the trap's difficult installation. The appeal of pitfall trapping generally lies in the ease with which traps can be set and the replicability of trapping over space and time, but to place leading boards in very stony soil can be very hard and time consuming, as it is necessary to dig 3 meters of ditch for the boards. When the trap is already in place, big animals (e.g. bears, wild boars, badgers) can destroy or dig out both leading boards and vessels. This actually happened in few occasions during our investigation. Also if precipitation is high, the vessels can be full very quickly and for not losing the catch collecting must be done immediately. Such traps can not give the information about species that live deeper in the soil or are too small to be caught in traps, as small specimens can easily avoid the trap. Unfortunately mainly surface-active species are caught by pitfall traps, so selecting animals of desired group can be long-lasting. The size of catch is affected by environmental factors (climate, microclimate, precipitation, temperature, type of soil, structure of soil, vegetation and others) and trap parameters. As the number of caught specimens doesn't depend only on density of species, therefore is not possible to estimate the density directly on the basis of catch in traps (Perner & Schueler 2004). For this defined designs of sampling and mathematical models are needed. Conclusion Traps with leading boards proved to be suitable to establish active migrations of centipedes inside the stand (Grgič 2005). We found that pitfall traps with leading boards are one of the most effective collection methods for centipedes and they also enable to determine other centipede community characteristics. But with pitfall traps mostly epigeic species can be captured. The centipede collection from a certain area in a great extent depends on sampling methods used. That is why in centipede community investigations it is a must to exactly define the methods. The decision about which and how many sampling methods should be used in an investigation must be directly linked with the aim of the study, so it is necessary to know advantages and disadvantages of different methods and to know what kind of information can be expected from the catch with certain method. Povzetek Pri raziskavah združbe strig uporabljamo različne metode vzorčenja za zbiranje osebkov. Največkrat so uporabljene talne pasti, vzorčenje tal, sejanje tal in ročno pobiranje. Z različnimi metodami ujamemo različno velike in različno aktivne strige z različno telesno zgradbo in načinom življenja. Zato dobimo običajno z uporabo različnih metod vzorčenje različne predstave o zgradbi talnih združb na določenem mestu (Kos 1988, 1995a,b, Mesibov in sod. 1995, Grgič & Kos, v pripravi). Ker so različne metode različno učinkovite, idealna metoda za določeno raziskavo temelji direktno na ciljih raziskave (Snyder in sod. 2006). V raziskavi aktivnih migracij strig med različnimi razvojnimi fazami gozda smo uporabili talne pasti z vodili, ki so opisane v tem prispevku. Tuf (v pripravi) je ugotovil, da so talne pasti ena najučinkovitejših metod vzorčenja strig. Frund in sodelavci (1997) pa navajajo, da vodila še povečajo samo učinkovitost lova. Talne pasti z vodili so nekoliko spremenjene in prilagojene pasti, ki so jih uporabljali Frund in sodelavci (1997) za lov strig. Pasti so sestavljene iz treh en meter dolgih in 30 cm širokih plastičnih plošč v obliki črke Z (Fig. 1). Približno 20 cm širine plošč je zakopanih v tleh, 10 cm pa je nad površino tal. Odprta kraka pasti sta bila obrnjena proti določenima fazama. V vsakem od dveh kotov je bila plastična lovilna posodica velikosti 8x8 cm, napolnjena z monoetilen glikolom, ki ubije in delno konzervira živali. Na vsaki od petih meja med različnimi razvojnimi fazami je bilo postavljenih šest talnih pasti v vodili (vsaka past je imela 2 lovilni posodici). Jeseni leta 2002 je bilo postavljenih 30 pasti v raziskovanem raznomernem bukovem sestoju v vasi Iška, 15 km južno od Ljubljane. Novembra leta 2002 smo začeli z lovom. Lovilne posodice smo praznili na 17-40 dni (odvisno od količine padavin) do januarje 2004. Vodila so živali, ki so hodile v določeno smer, usmerjala v lovilne posodice, tako da smo lahko ločeno ujeli živali, ki so hodile v določeno smer med dvema fazama. Ujeli smo 2367 strig iz 37 vrst (od 44 vrst, ki so že bile najdene v raziskovanem sestoju, Grgič 2005): 22 iz skupine Lithobiomor-pha, 11 iz skupine Geophilomorpha in 4 iz skupine Scolopendromorpha (Tab. 1). Najpogostejše sobile vrste: Eupolybothrus tridentinus, Harpolithobius anodus, Lithobius castaneus, Lithobius dentatus, Lithobius nodulipes, Lithobius validus, Strigamia acuminata in Strigamia transsylvanica. To so večinoma dobro mobilne strige, katerih telo pri odraslih je večje od 15 mm. Delež mladostnih osebkov v pasteh je bil majhen. Najpogostejša je bila vrsta Eupolybothrus tridentinus. Verjetno je glavni razlog za to velika telesna velikost, mobilnost in primernost metode vzorčenja. Ulov strig v pasteh je bil največji poleti in najnižji pozimi (Fig. 2), vendar noben mesec ni prišlo do izpada ulova strig. Strige so ektotermne živali in zato najbolj aktivne v toplem delu leta. Lov strig s talnimi pastmi z vodili se je izkazal za primerno metodo vzorčenja za ocenjevanje aktivnih migracij strig (Grgič 2005). Vrste so se razlikovale v frekvenci, obdobju in smereh migracije. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da so migracije strig odvisne od sezone in strukture gozda. Najdene so bile razlike v migracijah strig med meseci in med smermi migracij (Grgič & Kos, v pripravi). Metoda lova s talnimi pastmi z vodili ima določene prednosti, pa tudi nekatere slabosti. Je ena od najučinkovitejših metod lova talnih členonožcev, hkrati pa omogoča določitev smeri aktivnih migracij osebkov (Grgič & Kos, v pripravi). Pasti so lahko postavljene skozi vse leto, tako da lahko ugotavljamo letno dinamiko in primerjamo aktivnost v različnih delih leta. Verjetno glavna slabost teh pasti je težavnost postavitve na mesto vzorčenja, saj je treba izkopati tri metre dolg in 20 cm globok jarek za vodila, kar lahko pri zelo kamnitih tleh predstavlja veliko oviro. Ko so pasti postavljene, pa jih lahko velike živali (npr. medved) uničij o in izkoplj ej o tako vodila kot tudi lovilne posodice. Slabost teh pasti paje tudi v tem, da nem ne morejo dati informacij o vrstah, ki živijo globlje v tleh ali so premajhne za lov s pastmi. Po Blower-ju (1955) večji lithobiidi preferirajo sloj stelj e, medtem ko se manj ši lithobiidi in geophilidi pojavljajo večinoma v globljih plasteh. S pastmi tako večinoma ulovimo površinske lithobiide, za majhne strige v tleh pa je bolj primerna metoda lova talno vzorčenje (Kos 1995a). Na ulov v talnih pasteh z vodili vplivajo okoljski dejavniki (klima, mikroklima, padavine, temperatura, tip in zgradba tal, vegetacija in drugi). Ker je vzorec strig z določenega vzorčnega mesta odvisen od uporabljene metode vzorčenja, je pri raziskavah združbe strig nujno treba natančno definirati uporabljeno metodo. Odločitev o metodi je povezana s cilji raziskave, zato je treba poznati prednosti in slabosti posamezna metode in vedeti, kakšne informacije lahko z njimi pridobimo. References Barber H. S. 1930: Traps for cave-inhabiting insects. J. Elisha Mitchell Soc. 46: 259-265. Frund H.C.; Balkenhol B. & B. Ruszkowski 1997: Chilopoda in forest habitat - islands in North -West Westphalia, Germany. Ent. scand. 51: 107-114. Grgič T. & I. Kos 2003: Centipede diversity of different development phases in an unevenly-aged beech forest stand in Slovenia. In: Hamer M. (ed.): Myriapodology in the New Millenium. (African Invertebrates 44). Natal Museum, South Africa: 237-252. Grgič T. & I. Kos 2005: Influence of forest development phase on centipede diversity in managed beech forests in Slovenia. Biodiversity and Conservation 14: 1841-1862. Grgič T. 2005: Dynamics of centipede (Chilopoda) communities in unevenly aged beech stand in southern Slovenia. Ph.D. Thesis, Biotechnical faculty, Department of Biology, Ljubljana: 155 pp. Kos I. 1988: Problems of qualitative and quantitative sampling of centipedes (Chilopoda). M.Sc. Thesis, Biotechnical faculty, Department of Biology, Ljubljana: 85 pp. Kos I. 1995a: The role of centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda) in the biocenosis of a xerophilic meadow. Ph.D. Thesis, Biotechnical faculty, Department of Biology, Ljubljana: 178 pp. Kos I. 1995b: Favna strig (Chilopoda) Kočevskega Roga (Slovenija). Centipedes fauna (Chilopoda) of Kočevski Rog (Slovenia). Razpr. Slov. akad. znan. umet., Razr. naravosl. vede 36: 107-127. Lock K.; De Barker D. & B. De Vos 2001: Centipede communities in the forests of Flanders. Pe-dobiologia 45: 27-35. Mesibov R.; Taylor R. J. & R. N. Brereton 1995: Relative efficiency of pitfall trapping and hand-collecting from plots for sampling of millipedes. Biodiversity and Conservation 4: 429-439. Perner J. & S. Schueler 2004: Estimating the density of ground-dwelling arthropods with pitfall traps using a nested-cross array. Journal of Animal Ecology 73: 469-477. Snyder B. A.; M. L. Draney & P. Sierwald 2006: Development of an optimal sampling protocol for millipedes (Diplopoda). Journal of Insect Conservation 10: 277-288. ACTA BIOLOGICA SLOVENICA LJUBLJANA 2009 Vol. 52, Št. 2: 115-176 ACS Bibliografija revije Acta Biologica Slovenica (1997- ) prej Biološki vestnik (1952-1995) The bibliography of the journal Acta Biologica Slovenica (1997- ) formerly Biološki vestnik (1952-1995) Boža Janžekovič Univerzitetna knjižnica Maribor, Univerza v Mariboru, Gospejna ulica 10, 2000 Maribor, Slovenija; University of Maribor Library, University of Maribor, Gospejna ulica 10, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; E-mail address: boza.janzekovic@uni-mb.si Izvleček. Predstavljena je strokovna bibliografija revije Acta Biologica Slovenica prej Biološki vestnik. V bibliografski pregled je vključenih vseh 918 znanstvenih in strokovnih člankov, ki so bili objavljeni v obdobju od 1952 do 2008. Članke je napisalo 642 avtorjev iz 29 držav, pisali so v 6 jezikih. Citiranih je 15.584 enot virov uporabljene literature. Ključne besede: Acta Biologica Slovenica, Biološki vestnik, strokovna bibliografija Abstract: The bibliography of the journal Acta Biologica Slovenica formerly Biološki vestnik is presented in the article. Bibliographical review from 1952 to 2008 comprises 918 scientific and professional articles. 642 authors from 29 countries, writing in 6 languages contributed their articles to the journal. They cited 15.584 references. Keywords: Acta Biologica Slovenica, Biološki vestnik, bibliography Uvod Slovenski biologi v letu 2009 praznujemo 57. obletnico izhajanja stanovske revije Biološki vestnik (BV) oziroma Acta Biologica Slovenica (ABS). Ob različnih tematskih številkah, ki predstavljajo razvoj in raziskovalce v biologiji, je to delo posvečeno pregledu znanstvenih in strokovnih objav, ki so izšle v BV in ABS. Namen članka je predstaviti bibliografski pregled revije ABS prej BA od 1952 do 2008. V bibliografijo so vključeni znanstveni in strokovni članki, ki so bili objavljeni v omenjenem obdobju izhajanja BA in ABS. V dopolnitev bibliografske predstavitve so še zbrani podatki o obsegu člankov (število strani), o številu uporabljenih referenc (številu uporabljene literature), o številu avtorjev, seznam držav iz katerih so avtorji objavljali, pregled jezikov v katerih so članki napisani in indeksiranje v bazah podatkov ter odmevnost (citiranost) v Science Citation Index (SCI). Material in metode Gradivo zbrano v strokovno bibliografijo revije BV in njenem nadaljevanju ABS obsega vse članke od 1. letnika iz leta 1952 do 51. letnika, ki je izšel leta 2008. Po tipologiji dokumentov/del za vodenje bibliografij v sistemu COBISS (www.cobiss.si) so vključeni: izvirni znanstveni članki (1.01), pregledni znanstveni članki (1.02), kratki znanstveni članki (1.03) in strokovni članki (1.04). Bibliografski zapisi so oblikovani tako, da so navedeni nujni identifikacijski elementi za prepoznavanje bibliografskih enot (člankov). Vsi zapisi zbrani v bibliografiji so izčrpani iz primarnega dokumenta, tj. iz izvirnih zvezkov revije. V bibliografijo niso vključena dela in prispevki, ki so bili objavljeni v stalnih ali občasnih rubrikah: Predgovor, kasneje tudi Urednikov uvodnik; Jubileji; Odmevi rubrika se je v 27. letniku (1979) preimenovala v Razmišljanja in odmevi-Contemplations and responses; Drobni prispevki-Miscellany; Nove metode- New methods; Favna in flora; Beležke; Kronika in društvene vesti, kjer so bila objavljena poročila in zapisniki sestankov, vabila na kongrese, tečaje ipd.; Srečanja; Biologija v šolah; Iz bioloških ustanov, ki se je začela v 3. številki 38. letnika (1990) in je izhaj ala do 4. številke 3 9. letnika (1991), v slednj i rubriki so bili prispevki o delovanju takrat novega Biološkega središča; Iz domačega in tujega slovstva, rubrika se je preimenovala v Prikaze knjig; AIK listki (to je kartonček standardizirane velikosti z bibliografskim zapisom članka) so bili prvič objavljeni v 20. letniku (1972) BV, ta način zbiranja in urejanja informacij se je v BA ohranil do 30. letnika (1982), ko se je začel razvoj računalniško podprtega knjižničarstva v Sloveniji; In memoriam; Vsebina; Našim sodelavcem, ki se je preimenovala v Navodila avtorjem. Na tem mestu izpostavljam, kot dokumenta časa, dva prispevka iz 15. letnika (1967), to sta Bibliografija poljudnoznanstvenih in strokovnih knjig s področja biologije avtorja Izidorja Ko-blarja na straneh 143-146; ter Abecedni seznam znanstvenih časopisov, ki jih prejema knjižnica Inštituta za biologijo v zameno za Biološki vest-nik avtorice Marije Majcen, na straneh 147-149. V naslednjem letniku je ista avtorica, Marija Majcen, objavila Seznam kupljenih znanstvenih in strokovnih časopisov Knjižnice Inštituta za biologijo. Iz teh treh člankov je v 20. letniku (1972) bila vpeljana rubrika Centralna biološka knjižnica je leta ... prejela, ki se je obdržala do 22. letnika (1974). Opis vsebine in struktura bibliografskega zapisa za posamezni članek je prilagojena širšemu krogu uporabnikov, kar pomeni, da zapisi niso strogo v skladu s pravili in standardi za bibliografske zapise. Kljub temu so ohranjeni vsi elementi potrebni za identifikacijo posameznega članka, ti so: - zaporedna številka bibliografskega zapisa; - priimek in ime prvega avtorj a (oziroma edinega) sledijo imena s priimki vseh nadaljnjih avtorjev, ki so med seboj ločeni z vejicami; - naslov članka in vzporedni naslov v tujem jeziku in podnaslov (če so navedeni); - letnica izida; - skrajšan naslov revije: BV za Biološki vestnik in ABS za Acta Biololgica Slovenica; - letnik revije; - številka v letniku; kjer je bila le ena številka na letnik je povzeta številka 1; če je izšla dvojna številka v enem zvezku je označeno z 2/3; - strani od - do obsega članka; ponekod so dodane še oznake za priloge (zemljevidi, vegetacijski popisi, skice in tabele) in - COBISS ID številka, ki omogoča povezavo z Vzajemno bibliografsko-kataložno bazo podatkov (COBIB.SI), v katero so vneseni vsi članki iz BV in ABS. Klasificiranje in urejanje bibliografskih zapisov je urejeno s pomočjo računalniškega programa COBISS (Kooperativni Online Bibliografski Sistem in Servis, spletni naslov: www.cobis. si; Vzajemna katalogizacija/Izpisi). Program omogoča izpis bibliografskih enot, torej člankov, po abecednem redu priimkov prvih avtorjev. Zaradi bibliotekarskega pravila, da se objave z več kot tremi avtorji, razvršča med abecedni red avtorjev po začetnici iz naslova, zato izpis ni povsem dosleden. Zato so bibliografski zapisi s tremi ali več avtorji razvrščeni po abecednem redu naslovov. Bibliografija je opremljena s kazalom avtorjev, kjer so po strogem abecednem redu navedeni vsi avtorji (vključno s sinonimi in dvojnimi priimki, kjer so mi bili poznani) in opremljeni z zaporedno številko bibliografskega zapisa. Predmetno kazalo in kazalo naslovov prav tako sodita v standardni prikaz bibliografije, vendar jih tukaj posebej ne predstavljam. Vsi obravnavani članki so vneseni v COBISS in so dosegljivi po svetovnem spletu. Rezultati Z izdajanjem strokovnega in znanstvenega glasila BV je v letu 1952 začela Biološka sekcija Prirodoslovnega društva Slovenije, izdalaje 16 letnikov. Leta 1968je izdajateljstvo prevzelo Društvo biologov Slovenije, ki ga izdaja še sedaj. V 57 letih izhajanja BV in ABS je izšlo 51 letnikov (volumnov) v obsegu 97 rednih in ena posebna številka, torej skupno 98 zvezkov. Do 20. letnika, ki je izšel leta 1972 so izhajale po ena številka na letnik. V obdobju od 1973 do 1987 sta izhajali po 2 številki na letnik, v obdobju 1988 - 1990 so izhajale po 4 številke na letnik. Z letom 1991 so se začele težave s kontinuiteto v izhajanju. Začele so izhajati dvojne številke s 3 zvezki na letnik. V letih od 1991 do 1997 so izšli le trije letniki. Po letu 2002 spet izhajata po dve številki in dva zvezka na letnik. Bibliografija BV in ABS obsega 918 znanstvenih in strokovnih člankov, tipologije 1.01 izvirni znanstveni članek, 1.02 pregledni znanstveni članek, 1.03 kratki znanstveni članek ter 1.04 strokovni članek (Priloga 1). Obravnavani članki so natisnjeni na skupno 9.317 straneh. Razpon strani posameznih člankov je od 2 do 239 strani, v povprečju obsega članek 10,1 strani, z mediano 9 strani na članek. 918 znanstvenih in strokovnih člankov je ustvarilo 642 posameznikov, vseh avtorstev s ponovitvami vred pa je 1.519 (Priloga 2). Posamezni članek je v povprečju napisalo 1,7 avtorja, mediana 1. Število avtorjev na članek je v razponu od 1 do 29 avtorjev. Iz poštnega naslova avtorja oziroma avtorjev članka sem razporedila avtorje po državah, pri tem me ni zanimalo dejansko državljanstvo ali narodnost posameznega pisca temveč inštitucija oziroma domač naslov, ki ga je navedel avtor v članku. Vseh 1.519 avtorjev izvira iz 29 držav Evrope, Amerike, Avstralije in Azije. Največ avtorjev 1.230, kar je 80,7 %, izvira iz Slovenije. Po številu sledijo avtorji iz: Hrvaške, Srbije in Avstrije (Tabela1). Članki so pisani v 6 različnih jezikih. Prevladujoči jezik je pričakovano slovenščina v kateri je napisano 540 člankov, oz. 58,8 % vseh. Po številu objav v katerem jeziku je članek, si sledijo: angleščina s 304 članki, oz. 33,11 %; nemščina s 43 člankov, oz. 4,6 %; hrvaščina z 18 članki, oz. 1,9 %; francoščina s 7 članki, oz. 0,7 %; v srbščina je napisan en članek, oz. 0,1 %; 5 člankov pa je dvojezičnih v slovenščini in angleščini oz. 0,54 %. Avtorji so v 918 člankih BV in ABS citirali 15.584 enot virov literature. V povprečju je v posameznem članku 17,2 citiranih virov z mediano 14, razpon virov pa je od 0 do 221 enot. Mednarodno odmevnost BV oz. ABS sem ugotavljala glede na indeksacijo in citiranost v mednarodnih bazah podatkov. Revijaje indeksirana samo v Biological Abstract in Zoological Records. Citiranost posameznih člankov BV in ABS sem preverjala v Web of Science, v bazi SCI je bilo v juniju 2009 skupno 51 citatov 30 različnih člankov. Najbolj citirana avtorji BV so Andrej Martinčič, Janez Matjašič ter Boris Sket. Žal pa novejših citatov z navedbo ABS še ni. Diskusija Biološki vestnik, iz predgovora v 1. letniku Biološkega vestnika: »Biološki vestnik« je znanstveno in strokovno glasilo Biološke sekcije Prirodoslovnega društva v Ljubljani. List bo objavljal izvirne razprave in članke s povzetkom v katerem od svetovnih jezikov, poročila iz domače in tuje strokovne literature, novosti z bioloških področij, poročila o kongresih, zborovanjih, društvene vesti in podobno. Posebna pozornost bo posvečena našim biologom, ki so izven inštitutov; te bo vestnik povezal z znanstvenimi ustanovami v večjih centrih in jim tako omogočil spremljanje znanosti v svetu, strokovni dvig in kvalitetnejše delo na terenu. Važna naloga Biološkega vestnika in njegovih sodelavcev je predvsem boj za znanstveno resnico proti vsem neznanstvenim idealističnim pojmovanjem v biologiji. Z boljšo strokovno vzgojo kadrov bo tudi širokim ljudskim množicam pripomogel h kulturnemu dvigu«. Prvi urednik BV je bil Viktor Petkovšek, pri urednikovanju mu je pomagal uredniški odbor v sestavi: Jovan Hadži, Hubert Pehani, Peter Us, Maks Wraber in Miroslav Zei. Prvi članek BV je Nauk o celicah nekoč in danes avtorja Jovana Hadžija in je skrajšano predavanje, ki ga je avtor imel 24. novembra 1951 v Biološki sekciji Prirodoslovnega društva. Uredništvo ga je sprejelo v objavo 26. maja 1952. Članek je razdeljen na »poglavja« označena z rimskimi številkami, opremljen je s povzetkom v nemščini in s seznamom uporabljene literature označene s Slovstvo. V prvi številki je objavljenih 13 člankov. Sledi jim rubrika Iz domačega in tujega slovstva, ker so seznami objavljene domače zoološke literature po letu 1945 in še predstavitve treh knjig. Nadaljuje se z rubriko Biologija v šolah, ki se začenja s seznamom poklicnih biologov v LR Sloveniji in s predstavitvami 3 učbenikov. Prva številka se nadaljuje z rubriko Kronika in društvene vesti, kjer so predstavljene naloge in delo Biološke sekcije Prirodoslovnega društva. Zadnji prispevek je obvestilo o Kongresu biologov Jugoslavije, na notranji strani platnice pa je natisnjeno navodilo avtorjem z naslovom Našim sodelavcem. Kot vsak dokument časa je tudi prva številka BV izredna. S prebiranjem člankov je opazen drugačen jezikovni slog, kot ga imajo znanstveni in strokovni članki danes. S čemer se nakazuje pozitivni razvoj ne le znanstvene in strokovne discipline, ampak tudi razvoj znanstvenega in strokovnega slovenskega jezika. Izpostavljam še 40., zadnji, letnik BA, ki je s številko 1 izšel leta 1992 in se zaključil z dvojno številko 3/4, ki je izšla leta 1995. Ta letnik sestavljajo 3 zvezki, ki so izšli s precejšnjim časovnim zamikom. S tem letnikom se tudi izteka ime BV. V štirih desetletjih izhajanja revije z imenom BV je bilo objavljenih 749 člankov. Acta biologica slovenica, iz Uvodnika k 1. številki 41. letnika, ki je izšel leta 1997: »Društvo biologov Slovenije je več kot štirideset let izdajalo Biološki vestnik, ki je objavljal znanstvene in strokovne članke pretežno domačih avtorjev. Tiskane prispevke so spremljali tudi po svetu, odmevna je bila tudi citiranost. V obdobju zadnjih nekaj let je izdajateljska aktivnost precej zamrla, vzroki so bili različni, nekateri tudi opravičeni. Potreben je bil nov zagon. Leta 1995 smo izbrali nov uredniški odbor, ki ga je potrdilo tudi Društvo biologov Slovenije. Pod starim imenom smo izdali še štiri številke 40. zvezka, določili pa tudi že novo ime Acta Biologica Slovenica (ABS). K temu nas je med drugim vodila misel, da bo novo ime sprejemljivejše za tujino. K sodelovanju smo povabili tuje strokovnjake različnih področij biologije, nekateri so člani uredniškega odbora, drugi možni recenzenti. Glasilo bo s tem pridobilo na vrednosti, saj vodilni domači in tuji sodelavci zagotavljajo kvaliteto publiciranja...«. Uvodnik je napisal prvi glavni in odgovorni urednik ABS Mihael Jožef Toman. Uredniški odbor so sestavljali: Branko Vreš (Tehnični urednik), Peter C. Dall, Matija Gogala, Nada Gogala, Peter Maček, Alenka Malej, Andrej Martinčič, Harald Niklfeld, Livio Poldini, Boris Sket, Robert Zorec, Mitja Zupančič. V prvem zvezku ABS je bilo objavljenih 5 člankov, Urednikov uvodnik in v rubriki Jubileji prispevek: Zoolog in speleobiolog Boris Sket, šestdesetletnik v avtorstvu Kazimirja Tarmana na straneh 55-57 in z obsežno bibliografijo jubilanta. V prvem letniku ABS je v četrti številki izšel jubilejni članek: Šestdesetletnica prof. dr. Nada Gogala v avtorstvu Maje Kovač na straneh 69-74 tudi z obsežno bibliografijo. V tej številki je bila še obj avlj ena rubrika Nove knjige. 43. letnik številka 2/3 je bila izdana kot tematska številka - Zbornik iz 3. srečanja slovenskega biokemijskega društva z mednarodno udeležbo, Portorož, 25. - 29. september 1999. Uredila sta ga: Tamara Lah in Tom Turk. V nadaljnjih številkah so obj avlj eni še nekateri življ enj ski jubilej i, obletnice institucij in žal tudi spomini na preminule. V desetletju in pol izhajanja je ABS objavil 169 člankov. Povzetek V delu so predstavljene znanstvene in strokovne objave člankov (strokovna bibliografija) revije Biološki vestnik oziroma Acta Biologica Slovenica. V 57 letih izhajanja revije BV oz. ABS je izšlo 918 znanstvenih in strokovnih člankov, ki smo j ih uredili v bibliografijo. Za izpis bibliografije smo uporabili programsko opremo COBISS (Kooperativni Online Bibliografski Sistem in Servis segment Vzajemna katalogizacija/Izpisi). Revijo je začela izdajati Biološka sekcija Prirodoslovnega društva v letu 1952. Od 1968. leta naprej je izdajateljstvo prevzelo Društvo biologov Slovenije. V 57 letih izhajanja revije je izšlo 51 letnikov v obsegu 97 rednih in ene posebne številke, torej 98 zvezkov. Članki so natisnjeni na 9.317 straneh. Razpon strani posameznih člankov je od 2 do 239 strani, v povprečju obsega članek 10,1 strani, z mediano 9 strani na članek. Članke je napisalo 1.519 avtorjev, dejanskih piscev člankov brez ponovitev pa je 642. Posamezni članek je v povprečju napisalo 1,7 avtorja (mediana 1). Število avtorjev na članekje v razponu od 1 do 29 avtorjev. Avtorji člankov delujejo v 29 državah. Največ avtorjev 1.230 (80,7 %) izhaja iz Slovenije. Po številu avtorjev sledijo: Hrvaška, Srbija in Avstrija. Članki so napisani v 6 jezikih, največ 540 (58,8 %) v slovenščini sledijo pa angleščina, nemščina, hrvaščina, francoščina ter srbščina. V obravnavanih člankov so avtorji uporabili 15.584 enot virov literature. V povprečju je v posameznem članku 17,2 citiranih virov (mediana 14), razpon virov pa je od 0 do 221 enot. Revija ABS prej BV je indeksirana v Biological Abstract in Zoological Records. V Web of Science, v bazi Science Citation Index je bilo v juniju 2009 skupno 51 citatov 30 različnih člankov BV in ABS. Summary The article summarises the scientific and professional articles (special bibliography) published in Biološki vestnik (BV) formerly Acta Biologica Slovenica (ABS). In 57 years, 918 scientific and professional articles were published. We used COBISS (Co-operative Online Bibliographic System & Services segment shared cataloguing/ print) for extracting the bibliography. In 1952 the Biology section of Natural History Society of Slovenia started publishing the journal. The Biological Society of Slovenia took over the publishing in 1968. 51 volumes of 97 regular and one special number (together 98 numbers) were published in 57 years of publishing. The articles are printed on 9,317 pages. The range of individual articles is from 2 to 239 pages, the average length of the article is 10.1 pages (median 9 pages) per article. Altogether 1.519 authors wrote these articles. Taking into account different articles of the same author, this is 642 different authors. 1.7 authors wrote only one article (median 1). The number of authors per article ranges from 1 to 29 authors. The authors of these articles work in 29 countries. The majority of authors are from Slovenia (80.7%), followed by Croatia, Serbia and Austria. The articles are written in 6 languages, mostly (540 or 58.8%) in Slovene, followed by English, German, Croatian, French and Serbian language. The authors of all discussed articles used 15,584 units of bibliography. In average there are 17.2 cited references in the individual article (median 14), the references range from 0 to 221 units. The journal ABS formerly BV is indexed in Biological Abstract and Zoological Records. In Web of Science, in the base Science Citation Index there were 51 citations from 30 different articles of BV in ABS in June 2009. Literatura Ambrožič M. 2004: Informacijski viri pri projektnem in raziskovalnem delu. V: Ambrožič M. (ur.): Informacijsko opismenjevanje, Zavod RS za šolstvo, Ljubljana, st. 13-68. Logar J. 1970: Uvod v bibliografijo. NUK, Ljubljana, 282 st. Žumer F. 2004: Bibliografije. V: Ambrožič M. (ur.): Informacijsko opismenjevanje, Zavod RS za šolstvo, Ljubljana, st. 128-145. http://home.izum.si/COBISS/bibliografije/ (dne: 10.9.2009) Tabela 1: Število avtorjev člankov iz različnih držav v reviji Acta biologica Slovenica prej Biološki vestnik. Table 1: The number of authors of the articles from different countries in Acta Biologica Slovenica formerly Biološki vestnik. Zap. št. Država avtorja Število avtorjev Delež avt 1. Slovenija 1230 80,7 2. Hrvaška 78 5,1 3. Srbija 31 2,1 4. Avstrija 30 2,0 5. Italija 18 1,2 6. Francija 14 0,9 7. Madžarska 13 0,9 8. Združene države Amerike 13 0,9 9. Češka 11 0,7 10. Bosna in Hercegovina 10 0,7 11. Velika Britanija 10 0,7 12. Nemčija 8 0,5 13. Švica 8 0,5 14. Nizozemska 7 0,5 15. Slovaška 7 0,5 16. Makedonija 6 0,4 17. Avstralija 5 0,5 18. Črna gora 5 0,5 19. Belgija 3 0,2 20. Kosovo 3 0,3 21. Kanada 3 0,3 22. Romunija 3 0,3 23. Jugoslavija 2 0,1 24. Španija 2 0,1 25. Poljska 1 0,1 26. Venezuela 1 0,1 27. Kuba 1 0,1 28. Japonska 1 0,1 29. Liechtenstein 1 0,1 Priloga 1: Bibliografija 918 znanstvenih in strokovnih člankov, volumna od 1 do 51, revije Acta biologica Slovenica prej Biološki vestnik. Supplement 1: The bibliography of 918 scientific and professional articles from 1st to 51st volume of Acta Biologica Slovenica formerly Biološki vestnik. 1. Accetto, Marko 1990: Floristične novosti iz gozdov slovenske Čičarije in Vremščice = Floristic novelties from the Slovene Čičarija and Vremenščica forest. BV 38 (2): 1-14. COBISS.SI-ID 15234306 2. Accetto, Marko 1990: Floristične zanimivosti iz subpanonskega sveta v Sloveniji = Floristically interesting data from the sub-Pannonian area in Slovenia. BV 38 (3): 42-74. COBISS.SI-ID 18325762 3. Accetto, Marko 1973: Prispevek k poznavanju razširjenosti vrste Gagea spathacea v Sloveniji. BV 21 (2): 111-115. COBISS.SI-ID 6187565 4. Accetto, Marko 1995: Pseudostellario-Quercetum roboris leucojetosum aestivi subass. nova v Krakovskem gozdu = Pseudostellario-Quercetum roboris leucojetosum aesti subass. nova in Krakovski gozd. BV 40 (3/4): 59-69. COBISS.SI-ID 3531309 5. Stušek, Peter, Gregor Belušič, Kazimir Drašlar, Gregor Zupančič 2000: Adaptation mechanisms in insect eyes = Adaptacijski mehanizmi v žuželčjem očesu. ABS 43 (3): 41-70. COBISS.SI-ID 830031 6. Gruden, Kristina, Blagajana Herzog-Velikonja, Maarten Anthonie Jongsman, Borut Štrukelj 2000: Adaptation of Colorado potato beetle to plant defense mechanism = Adaptacija koloradskega hrošča na obrambni mehanizem rastlin. ABS 43 (1/2): 89-92. COBISS.SI-ID 15884839 7. Al Sayegh-Petkovšek, Samar, Hojka Kraigher 2003: Mycorrhizal potential of two forest research plots with respect to reduction of the emission from the Thermal Power Plant Šoštanj = Mikorizni potencial dveh gozdnih raziskovalnih ploskev po zmanjšanju emisij iz Termoelektrarne Šoštanj. ABS 46 (1): 9-16. COBISS.SI-ID 545238 8. Krivograd-Klemenčič, Aleksandra, Gorazd Kosi, Nataša Smolar-Žvanut, Danijel Vrhovšek 2004: Algae of specific environments in Slovenia=Alge posebnih okolij v Sloveniji. ABS 47 (1): 31-43. COBISS.SI-ID 18839257 9. Aljančič, Marko, Boris Sket 1964: Primer akcidentalne superregeneracije pri močerilu (Proteus anguinus Laur.). BV 12 (1): 109-113. COBISS.SI-ID 62595585 10. Amon, Tomaž 1992: A new computer program for neuronal spike data evaluation = Nov računalniški program za obdelavo živčnih signalov. BV 40 (2): 1-8. COBISS.SI-ID 73128960 11. Hofferle, Špela, Ana Kramar, Peter Raspor, Franc Smrekar, Dejan Štebih, Jana Vojvoda, Jana Žel 2007: Anion-exchange chromatography using CIM DEAE disks as a method of choice for DNA isolation from lecithin = Ionsko-izmenjevalna kromatografija z uporabo CIM DEAE diskov kot metoda za osamitev DNA iz sojinega lecitina. ABS 50 (1): 19-29. COBISS.SI-ID 1865807 12. Schauer, Primož, Miha Likar, Branko Stanovnik, Miha Tišler 1972: Antiviral activity of 2,3 di-hydrothiazolo (2,3-b) benzimidozolium-bromide. BV 20 (1): 65-66. COBISS.SI-ID 19633413 13. Urbanc Berčič, Olga, Anton Brancelj, Alenka Gaberščik, Milijan Šiško 2002: Aquatic macrophytes of the mountain lake Krnsko jezero, Slovenia = Vodni makrofiti Krnskega jezera, Slovenija. ABS 45 (2): 25-34. COBISS.SI-ID 16180441 14. Aschan, Guido, Hardy Pfanz 2003: Non-foliar photosynthesis and its contribution to the overall carbon balance of plants. ABS 46 (2): 3-10. COBISS.SI-ID 222022656 15. Avčin, Andrej, Borut Vrišer 1983: Značilnosti združb sedimentnega dna obalnega morja Slovenske Istre na primeru Piranskega zaliva= The northern Istrian soft bottom communities: the example of Piran bay (North Adriatic). BV 31 (1): 129-160. COBISS.SI-ID 575823 16. Babnik, Jožefa, Drago Lebez 1968: The effect of the methyl cellulose on the catabolic processes in the spleenof normal and total body irradiated rats. BV 16 (1): 5-9. COBISS.SI-ID 62661377 17. Babnik, Jožefa, Franc Gubenšek 1967: Early effects of whole-body irradiation on isolated and perfused guinea-pig spleen. BV 15 (1): 3-10. COBISS.SI-ID 62648833 18. Babnik, Jožefa, Vladimir Cotič 1973: Proteolytic activity in the spleen after poisoning with lead acetat. BV 21 (1): 3-9. COBISS.SI-ID 62753025 19. Babnik, Jožefa, Drago Lebez 1971: Spleen catheptic activity in rats treated with hormones either before or afterirradiation. BV 19 (1): 93-98. COBISS.SI-ID 62696961 20. Babuder, Gorazd, Franc Pohleven 1997: Nekatere lastnosti gliv izoliranih iz rovov progastega lestvičarja Xyloterus lineatus Ol. (Col., Scolytidae) = Some characteristics of fungi found in the tunnels of the striped bark beetle Xyloterus lineatus Ol. (Col., Scolytidae). ABS 41 (1): 5-12. COBISS.SI-ID 159369 21. Bačic, Tomislav, Tatjana Tomic, Miroslav Orlov 1990: A preliminary report on accumulation of some inorganic anions in the Pinus halepensis Mill. needles (Pinaceae) from the region of Split = Preliminarni izvještaj o akumulaciji nekih anorganskih aniona u iglicama Pinus halepensis Mill. (Pinaceae) s področja Splita. BV 38 (3): 75-80. COBISS.SI-ID 18327042 22. Bakran-Petricoli, Tatjana, Marijana Krsnik-Rasol 1989: Protein pattern and peroxidase activity in normal tumor pumpkin tissue = Elektroforetska analiza proteina i aktivnosti peroksidaza u normalnom i tumorskom tkivu bundeve. BV 37 (3): 3-12. COBISS.SI-ID 63147777 23. Bastar, Manja-Tina, Zlata Luthar, Borut Bohanec 2003: Use of direct somatic organogenesis for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of onion = Uporaba neposredne somatske organogeneze za transformacijo čebule s pomočjo A. tumefaciens. ABS 46 (1): 3-7. COBISS.SI-ID 4203897 24. Batič, Franc, Andrej Martinčič 1985: Drevesna skorja kot kazalec onesnaženosti zraka = Tree bark as an air pollution indicator. BV 33 (1): 1-12. COBISS.SI-ID 63094017 25. Batič, Franc, Anton Kralj, Robert Mavsar, Tomaž Sinkovič 1997: Morfološka variabilnost populacij doba (Quercus robur L.) v Sloveniji. ABS 41 (2/3): 127-140. COBISS.SI-ID 1837945 26. Batič, Franc 1976: Prispevek k flori lišajev (Lichenophyta) na Slovenskem I. BV 24 (1): 61-67. COBISS.SI-ID 62857473 27. Batič, Franc 1978: Prispevek k flori lišajev (Lichenophyta) na Slovenskem II. BV 26 (1): 1-8. COBISS.SI-ID 62892289 28. Batič, Franc 1986: Stanje epifitske lišajske flore in pojav temperaturne inverzije v Ljubljanski kotlini = Epiphytic lichen vegetation and temperature inversion on the area of town Ljubljana. BV 34 (2): 1-12. COBISS.SI-ID 63123713 29. Batič, Franc, Andrej Martinčič 1982: Vpliv fluoridov iz tovarne Glinice in aluminija v Kidričevem na epifitsko floro lišajev = The influence of fluorides from the Aluminium reduction plant at Kidričevo, Slovenia, Yugoslavia, on the epiphytic lichen vegetation. BV 30 (2): 1-22. COBISS. SI-ID 63047937 30. Batič, Franc, Andrej Martinčič 1981: Vpliv onesnaženega zraka na propadanje klorofila v nekaterih vrstah presajenih lišajev = The influence of air pollution on the chlorophyll destruction in some transplanted lichen species. BV 29 (2): 1-22. COBISS.SI-ID 63023361 31. Bavcon, Jože, Blanka Druškovič, Nada Gogala 1999: Effects of UV-B radiation on growth and mitotic activity in the norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) = Vpliv UV-B sevanja na rast in mitotsko aktivnost pri smreki (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). ABS 42 (2): 9-16. COBISS.SI-ID 10578649 32. Bavcon, Jože 2000: The Ljubljana botanical garden - biodiversity of plants = Ljubljanski botanični vrt - biodiverziteta rastlinskega sveta. ABS 43 (3): 33-39. COBISS.SI-ID 825167 33. Bavcon, Jože 2007: Snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis L.) and its phenotypic diversity in Slovenia = Fenotipska raznolikost malega zvončka (Galanthus nivalis L.) v Sloveniji. ABS 50 (1): 53-58. COBISS.SI-ID 1866319 34. Mršic, Narcis, Hans Leo Nemeschkal, Franc Potočnik, Gabriele Schwammer, Herald Schwammer 1989: Ein Beitrag zur Herpetofauna der Quarner-Inseln (Jugoslawien - Croatien) = Prispevek k poznavanju herpetofavne kvarnerskih otokov (Jugoslavija - Hrvaška). BV 37 (1): 57-73. COBISS. SI-ID 9357314 35. Belušič, Gregor, Aleš Škorjanc, Gregor Zupančič 2007: Temperature dependence of photorecep-tion in the owlfly Libelloides macaronius (Insecta: Neuroptera: Ascalaphidae) = Temperaturna odvisnost fotorecepcije pri metuljčnici Libelloides macaronius (Insecta: Neuroptera: Ascalaphidae). ABS 50 (2): 93-101. COBISS.SI-ID 24313817 36. Kus, Breda, Marija Alačevic, Matjana Didek-Brumec, Helena Sočič 1986: Benomyl resistant mutants of Claviceps purpurea strains = Odpornost glive Claviceps purpurea proti benomilu. BV 34 (2): 43-52. COBISS.SI-ID 63124225 37. Berljak, Jasna, Mojca Marn Viršček, Darinka Koron 2003: In vitro plant regeneration from somatic tissue of strawberry Fragaria x ananassa Duch. = In vitro regeneracija poganjkov v somatskem tkivu jagode Fragaria x ananassa Duch. ABS 46 (1): 47-51. COBISS.SI-ID 1640296 38. Bernot, Ciril 1955: Prispevek k razvoju primordialnega kranija pezdirka (Rhodeus amarus Bl.). BV 4 (1): 23-36. COBISS.SI-ID 62491137 39. Bernot, Ciril 1952: Turbelarijska teorija knidarijev in novi živalski sistem. BV 1 (1): 114-127. COBISS.SI-ID 63270657 40. Bulog, Boris, Gregor Aljančič, Lilijana Bizjak-Mali, Marjanca Kos, Katarina Mihajl, Petra Maja Prelovšek 2000: Biology and functional morphology of Proteus anguinus (Amphibia, Caudata) = Biologija in funkcionalna morfologija človeške ribice (Proteus anguinus, Amphibia, Caudata). ABS 43 (3): 85-102. COBISS.SI-ID 819535 41. Blaženčič, Jelena, Olga Urbanc Berčič, Danijel Vrhovšek 1990: Makrofiti v jezerih Triglavskega narodnega parka = Macrophytes in the lakes of the Triglav national park. BV 38 (1): 1-14. COBISS.SI-ID 13190658 42. Sket, Boris, Jože Bole, Adam Benovic, Anton Brancelj, Janez Brglez, Marij Čuček, Božidar P. M. Curčic, Andrej Jaklin, Gordan S. Karaman, Ivan Katavic, Mladen Kerovec, Ivan Kos, Mirjana Legac, Narcis Mršic, Alenka Malej, Tone Novak, Svetozar Petkovski, Trajan Petkovski, Anton Polenec, Franc Potočnik, Vlasta Pujin, Branko Radujkovic, Zdravko Števčic, Kazimir Tarman, Ana Travizi, Milan Velikonja, France Velkovrh, Jasna Vidakovic, Dušan Zavodnik 1991: Bogastvo in raziskanost jugoslovanske favne : nižji nevretenčarji (Metazoa Invertebrata, ex. Insecta) = Richness and state of knowledge of the fauna of Yugoslavia : lower invertebrates (Metazoa: Invertebrata, ex. Insecta). BV 39 (1/2): 37-51. COBISS.SI-ID 9640968 43. Bole, Jože 1962: Congeria Kuščeri sp. n. (Bivalvia, Dreissenidae). BV 10 (1): 55-61. COBISS. SI-ID 62575105 44. Bole, Jože 1968: Ekološka klasifikacija podzemeljskih mehkužcev. BV 16 (1): 51-59. COBISS. SI-ID 62664193 45. Bole, Jože 1960: K problematiki rodu Lanzaia brusina (Gastropoda). BV 7 (1): 55-59. COBISS. SI-ID 62529537 46. Bole, Jože 1961: Nove Hidrobide (Gastropoda) iz podzemeljskih voda zahodnega Balkana. BV 9 (1): 59-69. COBISS.SI-ID 62548737 47. Bole, Jože 1960: Novi vrsti iz rodu Zospeum bourg. (Gastropoda). BV 7 (1): 61-64. COBISS. SI-ID 62531329 48. Bole, Jože 1974: Položaj mehkužcev v Hadžijevem sistemu. BV 22 (2): 217-222. COBISS.SI-ID 7000365 49. Bole, Jože 1978: Prispevek k poznavanju embiopterov (Embioptera, Insecta) Jugoslavije. BV 26 (2): 169-174. COBISS.SI-ID 62937089 50. Bole, Jože 1974: Znanstveno delo akademika Jovana Hadžija. BV 22 (2): 139-141. COBISS. SI-ID 62787073 51. Bole, Jože 1971: Zoogeografski pomen novejših malakoloških raziskav v Jugoslaviji. BV 19 (1): 115-124. COBISS.SI-ID 62716673 52. Bole, Jože 1958: Zoogeografski pregled malakofavne otoka Krka. BV 6 (1): 118-123. COBISS. SI-ID 62509825 53. Botosaneanu, Lazar, Boris Sket 1999: A new freshwater stygobiotic species of Cyathura (Isopoda: Anthuridae) from Bohol Island, the Philippines = Nova stigobiotska vrsta rodu Cyathura (Isopoda: Anthuridae) z otoka Bohol, Filipini. ABS 42 (2): 27-33. COBISS.SI-ID 10578905 54. Božič, Gregor, Mihej Urbančič 2003: The morphological and genetical characterisation of a native Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) population in the area of Pokljuka mire = Morfološke in genetske značilnosti naravne populacije smreke (Picea abies (L.)Karst.) na območju pokljuškega barja. ABS 46 (1): 17-25. COBISS.SI-ID 1145254 55. Bračko, Gregor 2000: Review of the ant fauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Slovenia = Pregled favne mravelj (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Slovenije. ABS 43 (4): 37-54. COBISS.SI-ID 809295 56. Brancelj, Anton 1987: Cyclopoida and Calanoida (Crustacea, Copepoda) from the Postojna-Planina cave system (Slovenia) = Ciklopoidi in kalanoidi (Crustacea, Copepoda) postojnsko-planinskega jamskega sistema (Slovenija). BV 35 (1): 1-16. COBISS.SI-ID 63124737 57. Brancelj, Anton 1990: Favnistični pregled ciklopodov (Crustacea:Cyclopoida) v podzemeljskih habitatih v Bosni in Hercegovini = A faunistic review of cyclopoida (Crustacea: Copepoda: Cyclopoida) in subterranean habitats from Bosnia and Herzegovina. BV 38 (2): 15-25. COBISS. SI-ID 15235074 58. Brancelj, Anton 1988: Harpacticoids (Harpacticoida, Copepoda) from the Triglav National Park (Slovenia; Yugoslavia) = Harpaktikoidi (Harpacticoida, Copepoda) Triglavskega narodnega parka (Slovenija, Jugoslavija). BV 36 (4): 1-16. COBISS.SI-ID 36099328 59. Brancelj, Anton 1986: Rare and lesser known harpacticoids (Copepoda Harpacticoida) from the Postojna - Planina cave system (Slovenia) = Redki in manj znani harpaktikoidi (Copepoda Harpacticoida) iz Postojnsko - Planinskega jamskega sistema. BV 34 (2): 13-36. COBISS.SI-ID 63123969 60. Brelih, Savo 1954: Prispevek k poznavanju favne plazilcev slovenskega ozemlja. BV 3 (1): 128-131. COBISS.SI-ID 62490113 61. Brelih, Savo 1963: Prispevek k poznavanju kvarnerskih kuščaric (Reptilia, Lacertidae). BV 11 (1): 107-113. COBISS.SI-ID 62592001 62. Brelih, Savo, Danica Tovornik 1963: Prispevek k poznavanju tekutov (Mallophaga) Jugoslavije. BV 11 (1): 97-106. COBISS.SI-ID 62591489 63. Brelih, Savo, Danica Tovornik 1961: Prispevek k poznavanju tekutov (Mallophaga) Jugoslavije I. BV 9 (1): 93-107. COBISS.SI-ID 62549505 64. Brelih, Savo, Danica Tovornik 1962: Prispevek k poznavanju tekutov (Mallophaga) Jugoslavije II. BV 10 (1): 85-100. COBISS.SI-ID 62577153 65. Brelih, Savo, Danica Tovornik 1964: Prispevek k poznavanju tekutov (Mallophaga) Jugoslavije IV. BV 12 (1): 121-127. COBISS.SI-ID 62596097 66. Brelih, Savo 1961: Sedem novih ras vrste Lacerta (Podarcis) sicula Raf. (Lacertidae, Reptilia) z Rovinjsko-Poreškega področja. BV 9 (1): 71-91. COBISS.SI-ID 62549249 67. Brelih, Savo 1955: Šakali (Canis aureus L.) na ozemlju Slovenije. BV 4 (1): 56-58. COBISS. SI-ID 62494977 68. Brglez, Janez, Rajko Rakovec, Nežka Snoj 1966: Digeni trematod Azygia lucii (Muller 1776), Luhe., 1909 v prebavilih sulca (hucho hucho L.)iz Savinje in Ljubljanice. BV 14 (1): 105-107. COBISS.SI-ID 62646785 69. Brglez, Janez, Rajko Rakovec, Nežka Snoj 1966: Trematodi iz rodu Asymphlodora Loos. 1899 v črevesju sulca (Hucho hucho L.) iz Ljubljanice. BV 14 (1): 99-103. COBISS.SI-ID 62646529 70. Bricelj, Mihael, Dezider Toth, Edita Karelova 1983: Vpliv neugodnega vodnega okolja na res-piratorno in dehidrogenazno aktivnost bakterij = The influence of a deficient water environment on the respiratory and dehydrogenase activity of bacteria. BV 31 (2): 127-138. COBISS.SI-ID 63063553 71. Brodar, Vida 1990: Dinamika relativne rasti somatometrijskih parametrov = The dynamics of the relative growth of somatometric parameters. BV 38 (1): 15-28. COBISS.SI-ID 13191938 72. Brodar, Vida, Meta Bogel 1971: Fenotipske variacije lobulusa pri dvojčkih in njihovih roditeljih. BV 19 (1): 11-17. COBISS.SI-ID 62670081 73. Brodar, Vida 1961: Fizični razvoj študentov Ljubljanske univerze v času štiriletnega študija. BV 8 (1): 79-92. COBISS.SI-ID 62539265 74. Brodar, Vida 1972: Korelacijski odnosi antropometričnih variabel ob koncu juvenilnega obdobja. BV 20 (1): 11-15. COBISS.SI-ID 62738945 75. Brodar, Vida 1981: Morfologija in telesni razvoj študentov po antropometričnih preiskavah v letih 1954-1964 = Physique and physical development of students according to anthropometrical investigations during the years 1954 to 1964. BV 29 (1): 1-28. COBISS.SI-ID 63015681 76. Brodar, Vida 1968: Prispevek k morfologiji rok in nog in nekateri vidiki dedovanja. BV 16 (1): 115-123. COBISS.SI-ID 62668289 77. Brodar, Vida 1961: Prispevek k problemu metopizma. BV 9 (1): 119-123, [1]f. pril. COBISS. SI-ID 62550017 78. Brodar, Vida 1991: Proučevanj e sekularnih procesov pri študentih = Evidence of secular processes in university students. BV 39 (4): 1-8. COBISS.SI-ID 35180544 79. Brodar, Vida 1988: Relativna variabilnost nekaterih somatometrijskih parametrov = Relative variability of some somatometric parametres. BV 36 (1): 1-12. COBISS.SI-ID 63137793 80. Brodar, Vida 1962: Skeletni grob iz Dobove. BV 10 (1): 117-121. COBISS.SI-ID 62578689 81. Budnar Lipogravšek, Ana 1953: Prispevek k paleobotaničnim raziskovanjem v Sloveniji in Srbiji. BV 2 (1): 78-81. COBISS.SI-ID 63276289 82. Bulog, Boris 1990: Čutilni organi oktavolateralnega sistema pri proteju Proteus anguinus, (Urodela, Amphibia) : I. Otični labirint = Sensory organs of the octavolateral system of Proteus anguinus, (Urodela, Amphibia) : I. Otic labyrinth. BV 38 (4): 1-16. COBISS.SI-ID 63169537 83. Bulog, Boris, Valika Kuštor 1977: Raziskave krovnih struktur vestibularnih čutnih organov planinskega pupka (Triturus alpestris). BV 25 (1): 27-37. COBISS.SI-ID 8269613 84. Bulog, Boris 1980: Surface ultrastructure of the inner ear sensory epithelia in the alpine newt (Triturus alpestris). BV 28 (1): 1-24. COBISS.SI-ID 1533775 85. Camloh, Marjana, Nada Gogala, Romana Ružič 1989: The micropropagation ofNephrolepis exaltata = Mikropropagacija vrste Nephrolepis exaltata. BV 37 (3): 23-32. COBISS.SI-ID 12997890 86. Cankar, Gabrijela, Drago Lebez, Miran Vardjan 1973: Smole v testi semen jelke Albeis alba mill. iz različnih provenienc. BV 21 (2): 135-138. COBISS.SI-ID 6955559 87. Carnelutti, Jan, Vladimir Bartol, Štefan Michieli 1965: III. Prispevek k favni lepidopterov Slovenije. BV 13 (1): 69-76. COBISS.SI-ID 62626817 88. Carnelutti, Jan 1971: IV. prispevek k favni Lepidopterjov Slovenije. BV 19 (1): 169-180. COBISS. SI-ID 62720769 89. Carnelutti, Jan, Štefan Michieli 1960: Nove podvrste metuljev iz Slovenije. BV 7 (1): 102-111. COBISS.SI-ID 8621613 90. Carnelutti, Jan 1989: Prispevek k favni lepidopterov Slovenije. BV 37 (1): 1-9. COBISS.SI-ID 9370882 91. Carnelutti, Jan, Štefan Michieli 1955: Prispevek k favni lepidopterov Slovenije. BV 4 (1): 43-55. COBISS.SI-ID 62493185 92. Carnelutti, Jan, Štefan Michieli 1960: Prispevek k favni lepidopterov Slovenije. BV 7 (1): 113-124. COBISS.SI-ID 8621869 93. Carnelutti, Jan 1978: V. prispevek k favni lepidopterov Slovenije. BV 26 (2): 175-182. COBISS. SI-ID 62937345 94. Strojnik, Tadej, Rastko Golouh, Janko Kos, Tamara Lah Turnšek, Boris Židanik 2000: Cathepsin B and stefins in tumors of human central nervous system = Katepsin B in sferin pri možganskih tumorjih pri ljudeh. ABS 43 (1/2): 73-81. COBISS.SI-ID 820047 95. Erhard, Christian, Franc Potočnik 1985: Ein Beitrag zur kenntnis der Hohlenfauna der Insel Krk = Prispevek k poynavanju jamske favne otoka Krka. BV 33 (1): 13-20. COBISS.SI-ID 63094273 96. Gunde-Cimerman, Nina, Janko Kos, Marta Krašovec, Pika Meško-Brguljan, Stanislav Šuškovič 2000: Circadian variations of serum cysteine proteinases and cystatins and their assessment in asthma = Cirkadiane variacije cisteinskih proteinaz in cistatinov v serumu in njihov pomen pri astmi. ABS 43 (1): 23 COBISS.SI-ID 15911463 97. Szerdahelyi, Tibor, Janos Balogh, Szilard Czobel, Szilvia Foti, Zoltan Nagy, Zoltan Tuba 2004: Coenological and synphysiological investigations on loess grassland vegetation(Salvio-Festucetum rupicolae) close to Godollo hills (Hungary). ABS 47 (1): 3-11. COBISS.SI-ID 226885888 98. Potrich, Christina, Gregor Anderluh, Peter Maček,Gabriella Viero, Mayra Tejuca, Gianfranco, Manestrina 2000: Construction of new immunotoxins by linking equinatoxin II to monoclonal antibodies via the biotin-avidin interaction. Cytotoxic effects on human tumor cells = Citotoksični efekti imunotoxinov sestavljenih iz ekvinatoksina II in monoklonskih protiteles na človeške tumorske celice. ABS 43 (1/2): 47-51. COBISS.SI-ID 826703 99. Piškur, Jure, Mikalvž Grabnar, Breda Kus, Zdravko Podlesek 1984: Control mechanisms of proline biosynthesis in Salmonella typhimurium = Kontrolni mehanizmi pri biosintezi prolina pri vrsti Salmonella typhimurium. BV 32 (1): 71-75. COBISS.SI-ID 25496537 100. Culiberg, Metka 1986: Palinološka raziskovanja na Lovrenškem in Ribniškem barju na Pohorju = Palynological investigations of two peat-bogs, Lovrenško and Ribniško barje from the Pohorje Mts. BV 34 (1): 1-14. COBISS.SI-ID 6170925 101. Culiberg, Metka 1984: Pelod rodu Eucommia v pliocenskih in pleistocenskih sedimentih na ozemlju Jugoslavije = Pollen of the genus Eucommia in the pliocene and pleistocene sediments on the territory of Yugoslavia. BV 32 (2): 1-8. COBISS.SI-ID 6062893 102. Czurda, Tanja, Miran Vardjan 1969: Les gibberellines dans la seve printaniere du bouleau Betula pendula Roth. BV 17 (1): 13-26. COBISS.SI-ID 63303937 103. Čadež, Polona, Ivan Mahne 1999: Dissimilatory nitrate reductase in Pseudomonas stutzeri, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Alcaligenes sp. = Disimilacijska nitratna reduktaza pri Pseudomonas stutzeri, Pseeudomonas fluorescens in Alcaligenes sp. ABS 42 (3): 3-12. COBISS. SI-ID 2307192 104. Čarni, Andraž 1995: Staudenfluren- und Ufervegetation (Verbande Filipendulion Segal 1966 und Senecion fluviatilis R. Tx. (1947)1950 em. 1967) im Krško - Becken = Vegetacija visokih steblik in obvodna vegetacija (zvezi Filipendulion Segal 1966 in Senecion fluviatilis R. Tx. (1947)1950 em. 1967) v Krški kotlini. BV 40 (3/4): 71-85. COBISS.SI-ID 3531565 105. Čarni, Andraž 2001: Vegetation of cultivated grasslands in the Goričko region (NE Slovenia) = Vegetacija gojenih travnikov na Goričkem (NE Slovenija). ABS 44 (4): 13-27. COBISS.SI-ID 20911917 106. Čelik, Tatjana 2004: Diverziteta dnevnih metuljev (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) v Regijskem parku Škocjanske jame = Diversity of butterfly fauna (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) in the Škocjanske jame Regional Park. ABS 47 (2): 95-111. COBISS.SI-ID 23118381 107. Černe, Mihaela 1991: Vpliv vodnega stresa na pridelek zelja = The influence of water stress on the yield if cabbage. BV Let 39 (1/2): 95-98. COBISS.SI-ID 25078018 108. Černy, Vladimir, Danica Tovornik 1972: The description of the larva and nymph of the Ixodes gibbosus Nuttall, 1916. BV 20 (1): 73-77. COBISS.SI-ID 62750721 109. Červek, Stanislav 1967: Collembola Smrekove drage. BV 15 (1): 87-95. COBISS.SI-ID 62655489 110. Červek, Stanislav, Andrej Blejec, Franc Potočnik 1983: Dekompozicija ekskrementov mokrice Porcellio scaber Latreille (Isopoda) v naravnih pogojih = The decomposition of the excrement of woodlose Porcellio scaber Latreille (Isopoda) in natural conditions. BV 31 (1): 107-128. COBISS.SI-ID 63052545 111. Červek, Stanislav 1974: Hife in spore v ekskrementih petih vrst kolembolov. BV 22 (1): 67-70. COBISS.SI-ID 62785537 112. Červek, Stanislav 1968: Mrazišče Unška koliševka in njeni Collembola. BV 16 (1): 61-65. COBISS.SI-ID 62664705 113. Červek, Stanislav 1977: Prehranjevalna preferenca mezoartropodov tal iz treh rastlinskih sestojev. BV 25 (1): 39-45. COBISS.SI-ID 62878721 114. Červek, Stanislav 1976: Uporaba stereoskan mikroskopa pri morfološki analizi konidiospor glive Aspergillus niger v iztrebkih pršice Belba gracilipes. BV 24 (1): 47-51. COBISS.SI-ID 62847233 115. Červeny, Jaroslav, Boris Kryštufek 1988: A contribution to the knowledge of the Bats of Central and Southern Dalmatia, Yugoslavia (Chiroptera, Mammalia). BV 36 (4): 17-30. COBISS.SI-ID 36100096 116. Červeny, Jaroslav, Boris Kryštufek 1991: First Record of Eptesicus nilssoni, Keyserling et Blasius, 1839 (Chiroptera, Mammalia) in Slovenia = Prva najdba Eptesicus nilssoni, Keyserling et Blasius, 1839 (Chiroptera, Mammalia) v Sloveniji. BV 39 (3): 21-26. COBISS.SI-ID 32797184 117. Čokl, Andrej, Matija Gogala, Matjaž Jež 1972: Analiza zvočnih signalov stenice Nezara viridula (L.). BV 20 (1): 47-53. COBISS.SI-ID 20673069 118. Čokl, Andrej, Eda Bogataj 1982: Factors affecting vibrational communication in Nezara viridula L. (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae) = Faktorji, ki vplivajo na vibracijsko komunikacijo pri stenici Nezara viridula L. (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae). BV 30 (1): 1-20. COBISS.SI-ID 63045121 119. Čokl, Andrej, Matija Gogala, A. Blaževič 1978: Principles of sound recognition in three pentato-mide bug species (Heteroptera). BV 26 (2): 81-94. COBISS.SI-ID 20688685 120. Čokl, Andrej 1972: Termorecepcija pri stenici vrste Oncopeltus fasciatus. BV 20 (1): 39-45. COBISS.SI-ID 62741505 121. Čopič, Alenka, Franc Gubenšek, Igor Križaj 2000: Novel receptors for secretory phospholipases A[sub]2 discovered in porcine cerebral cortex = Novi receptorji sekretornih fosfolipaz A[sub]2 v prašičjem cerebralnem korteksu. ABS 43 (1/2): 53-56. COBISS.SI-ID 15872807 122. Čuček, Marij 1983: Prispevek k poznavanju tardigradov Slovenije II = The fauna ofthe Tadigrada of Slovenia II. BV 31 (2): 23-28. COBISS.SI-ID 63057665 123. Čuček, Marij 1982: Prispevek k poznavanju favne tardigradov Slovenije (Ljubljansko barje) = The fauna of Tardigrada of Ljubljansko barje (SLovenia). BV 30 (1): 21-24. COBISS.SI-ID 63045377 124. Čuček, Marij 1985: Tardigradi Cerkniškega jezera in okolice = The Tardigrade fauna of lake Cerknica and it's surrounding in Slovenia. BV 33 (2): 1-10. COBISS.SI-ID 63103489 125. Dakskobler, Igor 1987: Carici umbrosae-Quercetum petraeae Poldini 1982 var. geogr. Sesleria autumnalis var. geogr. nova na Goriškem = Carici umbrosae-Quercetum petraeae Poldini 1982 var. geogr. Sesleria autumnalis var. geogr. nova in Goriška (Slovenia). BV 35 (2): 1-18. COBISS. SI-ID 33159680 126. Dakskobler, Igor 1997: Fitocenološka oznaka sestojev črnega hrasta Quercus ilex L. na Sabotinu in nad izvirom Lijaka (zahodna Slovenija) = Phytosociological characteristics of holm oak Quercus ilex L. stands on Mount Sabotin and above the source of the Lijak river (Western Slovenia). ABS 41 (2/3): 19-42. COBISS.SI-ID 7020249 127. Dakskobler, Igor 1995: Razširjenost vrst Lathyrus venetus (Mill.) Wohlf., Galeobdolon flavi-dum (F. Herm.) Holub in Veratrum nigrum L. v gozdnih združbah Posočja = The distribution of Lathyrus venetus (Mill.) Wohlf., Galeobdolon flavidum (F. Herm.) Holub and Veratrum nigrum L. in forest communities of the Soča Valley (western Slovenia). BV 40 (3/4): 7-21. COBISS. SI-ID 3527469 128. Dawson, Maureen, Christopher A. Smith 2000: Teaching molecular and cellular life sciences within the confines of biological and biomedical sciences = Poučevanje molekularne in celične biologije v okvirih bioloških in biomedicinskih ved. ABS 43 (1/2): 155-160. COBISS.SI-ID 13146329 129. Dekleva, Alenka, 1961: Prispevek k poznavanju zgradbe eritrocita in problema hemolize. BV 9 (1): 25-29, [1]f. pril. COBISS.SI-ID 62547969 130. Devetak, Dušan 1985: Detection of substrate vibrations in the antlion larva, Myrmeleon formi-carius (Neuroptera: Myrmeleonidae). BV 33 (2): 11-22. COBISS.SI-ID 51716 131. Devetak, Dušan 1988: The distribution of scorpionflies (Mecoptera, Insecta) in Slovenia = Razširjenost kljunavcev (Mecoptera, Insecta) v Sloveniji. BV 36 (2): 1-12. COBISS.SI-ID 1126148 132. Devetak, Dušan, Matija Gogala, Andrej Čokl 1978: Prispevek k fiziologiji vibroreceptorjev stenic iz družine Cydnidae (Heteroptera). BV 26 (2): 131-139. COBISS.SI-ID 3870468 133. Devetak, Dušan, Leon Senčič 2008: Zgodovina Oddelka za biologijo na Univerzi v Mariboru = The history of the Department of Biology at the University of Maribor. ABS 51 (2): 60-69. COBISS.SI-ID 16626952 134. Devide, Zvonimir, 1956: Branchiura sowerbyi Beddard v ribniku Botaničnega vrta v Zagrebu. BV 5 (1): 76-78. COBISS.SI-ID 62502657 135. Tušek-Žnidarič, Magda, Igor Kregar, Ana Prosenc, Peter Stegnar, Mirjana Škreblin 1992: Distribution and binding of mercury in some internal organs of the Mytilus galloprovincialis mussel from Kaštela Bay, Dalmatia = Razporeditev in vezava živega srebra v nekaterih organih školjke Mytilus galloprovincialis iz Kaštelanskega zaliva v Dalmaciji. BV 40 (2): 71-82. COBISS.SI-ID 73134592 136. Zechmann, Bernd, Renate Fuchs, Maria Muller, Gunther Zelling 2003: The Distribution and propagation of Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) within Styrian pumpkin plants. ABS 46 (2): 37-41. COBISS.SI-ID 222041344 137. Regvar, Marjana, Nada Gogala, Karmen Goljevšček, Nevenka Groznik 2001: Diversity of arbus-cular mycorrhizal fungi at various differetially managed ecosystems in Slovenia = Raznolikost arbuskularno mikoriznih gliv v različnih vplivanih ekosistemih v Sloveniji. ABS 44 (3): 27-34. COBISS.SI-ID 1048143 138. Dolinar-Osole, Zlata 1965: Human population in geographical isolation. BV 13 (1): 103-113. COBISS.SI-ID 62632449 139. Dolinar-Osole, Zlata 1960: Krvne skupine na otoku Susku. BV 7 (1): 125-131. COBISS.SI-ID 62535937 140. Dolinar-Osole, Zlata 1970: Nataliteta in otroška umrljivost v gorskem izolatu. BV 18 (1): 106-112. COBISS.SI-ID 63298049 141. Dolinar-Osole, Zlata 1971: Ocena umrljivosti glede na vzroke smrti. BV 19 (1): 19-25. COBISS. SI-ID 62670337 142. Dolinar-Osole, Zlata 1963: Prispevek k dednosti spastične familiarne paralize na otoku Krku. BV 11 (1): 115-121, [2] f. pril. COBISS.SI-ID 62592257 143. Drašlar, Kazimir, Matija Gogala 1976: Struktura stridulacijskih organov pri žuželkah iz družine Cydnidae (Heteroptera) : (študija s SEM). BV 24 (2): 175-200. COBISS.SI-ID 20673581 144. Drobne, Damjana, Pavel Ličar, Janko Rode 1991: Morfološka analiza želodca pri vrstah Tita-nethes albus, Ligidium hypnorum in Hyloniscus sp. (Isopoda, Crustacea) in njeni filogenetski vidiki = Functional morphology of the stomach in Titanethes albus, Ligidium hypnorum and Hyloniscus sp. (Isopoda, Crustacea) and its phylogenetic aspects. BV 39 (3): 1-10. COBISS. SI-ID 32775936 145. Drovenik, Božidar 1971: Cicindelidae in Carabidae Menine planine. BV 19 (1): 181-190. CO-BISS.SI-ID 8658733 146. Drovenik, Božidar 1997: Novejši favnistični podatki o rodu Bembidion na Balkanskem polotoku (Coleoptera, Carabidae) = Neuere faunistische Angaben uber die Gattung Bembidion auf der Balkanhalbinsel (Coleoptera, Carabidae). ABS 41 (1): 13-23. COBISS.SI-ID 5717293 147. Drovenik, Božidar, J. Hladil 1984: Prispevek k poznavanju družine Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) Jugoslavije = A contribution to the knowledge of the Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) of Yugoslavia. BV 32 (2): 9-20. COBISS.SI-ID 7764525 148. Drovenik, Božidar, J. Hladil 1984: Prispevek k poznavanju krasnikov (Buprestidae - Coleoptera) Jugoslavije = A contribution to the knowledge of the Buprestidae (Coleoptera) of Yugoslavia. BV 32 (1): 7-18. COBISS.SI-ID 7764781 149. Drovenik, Božidar 1989: Prispevek k poznavanju pokalic (Elateridae - Coleoptera) Slovenije = A contribution to the knowledge of the chick-beetles (Elateridae - Coleoptera) of Slovenia. BV 37 (2): 1-17. COBISS.SI-ID 9365250 150. Drovenik, Božidar, Janez Matjašič 1979: Rogači (Lucanidae - Coleoptera) Slovenije. BV 27 (2): 109-113. COBISS.SI-ID 7144493 151. Druškovič, Blanka 1988: Citogenetska bioindikacija. I, Uporaba citogenetske analize pri odkrivanju delovanja genotoksičnih polutantov na gozdno drevje : (Material in metode) = Cytogenetic bio-idication. I, Utilization of cytogenetic analysis for detection of the effects of genotoxic pollutants on forest trees : (Material and methods). BV 36 (3): 1-18. COBISS.SI-ID 36090368 152. Druškovič, Blanka 1988: Citogenetska bioindikacija. II, Prikaz načina ocenjevanja obremenjenosti genetskega materiala in ocena ogroženosti smreke na posamezni lokaliteti (Primer: Relacija Mežica-Črna-Javorje-Zavodnje = Cytogenetic bioindication. II, The kind of estimation of burdened genetic material and the assesment of menaced norway spruce on a certain locality (Relation Mežica- Črna- Javorje- Zavodnje. BV 36 (4): 31-44. COBISS.SI-ID 36100864 153. Druškovič, Blanka 1987: Citogenetski efekt polutantov v industrijsko obremenjenem predelu = Cytogenetic effects air pollutants in the industrial burdened area. BV 35 (1): 17-28. COBISS. SI-ID 63124993 154. Druškovič, Blanka, Sušnik Franc 1975: Kromosomska števila zastopnikov slovenske flore II. BV 23 (1): 9-24. COBISS.SI-ID 62826241 155. Druškovič, Blanka, Franc Sušnik 1976: Kromosomska števila zastopnikov slovenske flore III. Carex L., Juncus L. BV 24 (2): 115-131. COBISS.SI-ID 62861825 156. Druškovič, Blanka, Franc Sušnik 1979: Kromosomska števila zastopnikov slovenske flore IV. Salix L. BV 27 (2): 115-122. COBISS.SI-ID 62961665 157. Druškovič, Blanka, Milan Lovka 1995: Pregled določitev kromosomskih števil praprotnic in semenk v Sloveniji. BV 40 (3/4): 151-168. COBISS.SI-ID 77785 158. Druškovič, Blanka, Mitja Zupančič 1997: Problematika kariotipa smreke v Sloveniji = Unsolved problems regarding karyotyping the spruce of Slovenia. ABS 41 (2/3): 113-126. COBISS.SI-ID 6190637 159. Druškovič, Blanka 1985: Spremembe rastlinskih populacij v okolici topilnice svinca = Changes in plant populations around the lead smeltery. BV 33 (2): 23-38. COBISS.SI-ID 63104257 160. Dubravec, Katarina 1992: Novo nahajališče vrste Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Barton (Pyrolaceae) v Sloveniji = New site of Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Barton (Pyrolaceae) in Slovenia. BV 40 (3/4): 23-26. COBISS.SI-ID 73154048 161. Burasovič, Tatjana 1997: Učinki prašnih delcev v onesnaženem zraku na listne reže in količino klorofila v iglicah v SV Sloveniji = The efects of dust particles in polluted air on stomata and chlorophyll content in needles in Northeastern Slovenia. ABS 41 (1): 25-35. COBISS.SI-ID 78615040 162. Caaveiro, Jose M.M., Juan M. Gonzales-Manas, Ion Gutierrez-Aguirre, Sergio Paredes, Marianne Tribout 2000: An evaluation of some model systems commonly used in the study of the seaanemone toxin equinatoxin II with membranes = Ovrednotenje nekaterih modelov pri študiju interakcije ekvinatoksina II iz morske vetrnice z membranami. ABS 43 (1/2): 93-97. COBISS. SI-ID 13144025 163. Faganeli, Jadran, Jože Pezdič, Neda Fanuko Kovačič 1989: Chemical and isotopic composition of some phytoplankton species = Kemijska in izotopska sestava fitoplanktonskih vrst. BV 37 (4): 9-20. COBISS.SI-ID 9512450 164. Fanuko-Kovačič, Neda, Janko Rode, Kazimir Drašlar 1989: Microflora from the Adriatic mucous aggregations = Mikoflora iz jadranskih sluzastih agregacij. BV 37 (4): 27-33. COBISS.SI-ID 9513218 165. Fanuko-Kovačič, Neda 1981: Prispevek k poznavanju fitoplanktona v Tržaškem zalivu = A contribution to the knowledge of the phytoplankton of the gulf of Trieste. BV 29 (1): 67-82. COBISS.SI-ID 63016961 166. Fanuko-Kovačič, Neda, Peter Maček, Bojan Sedmak 1989: Testiranje školjk ob masovnem pojavu dinoflagelatov = Toxicity testing of mussels during the dinoflagellate bloom. BV 37 (4): 21-25. COBISS.SI-ID 9512962 167. Fasel, Michael 2006: The lynx in Liechtenstein = Ris v Liechtensteinu. ABS 49 (1): 53-54. COBISS.SI-ID 24310489 168. Fink, Martina, Marko Cotman, Damjana Rozman 2000: Sterol-dependent and cAMP-dependent regulation of lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase, an enzyme involved in cholesterol biosynthesis = Od sterolov odvisno in of cAMP-odvisno uravnavanje izražanja lanosterolne 14alfa-demetilaze, gena, ki kodira encim vključen v biosintezo holesterola. ABS 43 (1/2): 63-66. COBISS.SI-ID 12826841 169. Martinčič, Andrej, Franc Batič, Danijel Vrhovšek, P. Vrhunc 1979: Floristično-ekološka omej itev visokih barij v Sloveniji. BV 27 (1): 49-62. COBISS.SI-ID 16847065 170. Iskender Kaschl, Ulf, Volker Storch, Jasna Štrus, Primož Zidar 2002: Food choice experiments with cadmium nitrate dosed food in terrestrial isopod Oniscus asellus (Crustacea). ABS 45 (2): 3-14. COBISS.SI-ID 16159705 171. Šugar, Ivan, Ivo Puncer, Ivo Trinajstic, Mitja Zupančič 1995: Forets thermophiles de chene pubescent et de molinie (Molinio-Quercetum pubescentis Šugar 1981) dans la zone limitrophe de Croatie et de Slovenie = Termofilni gozd puhovca in navadne stožke (Molinio-Quercetum pubescentis Šugar 1981) na obmejnem območju Hrvaške in Slovenije. BV 40 (3/4): 113-124. COBISS.SI-ID 3532077 172. Francky, Andrej, Bojana Mozetič- Francky, France Megušar 1983: The nature ofthe synthesis of respiratory nitrate reductase in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. BV 31 (2): 1-22. COBISS.SI-ID 3708676 173. Sonjak, Silva, Tamara Glavina, Marjana Regvar, Metka Udovič 2007: Fungal colonization of the roots of selected halophytes from Sečovlje salterns = Glivna kolonizacija korenin izbranih halofitov iz Sečoveljskih solin. ABS 50 (1): 5-18. COBISS.SI-ID 1865551 174. Gaberščik, Alenka 1997: Makrofiti in kvaliteta voda = Aquatic macrophytes and water quality. ABS 41 (2/3): 141-148. COBISS.SI-ID 7021785 175. Gaberščik, Alenka, Tadeja Trošt Sedej 2000: Povečano ultravijolično B sevanje-stres za rastline = Enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation-stress for plants. ABS 43 (3): 71-84. COBISS.SI-ID 809551 176. Gaberščik, Alenka, Andrej Martinčič 1982: Produktivnost vrste Phragmites communis Trin. na Blejskem jezeru = Productivity of yhe reed (Phragmetes communis Trin.) on lake Bled, Slovenia, Yugoslavia. BV 30 (1): 25-44 + 1 f. pril. COBISS.SI-ID 63045889 177. Gaberščik, Alenka, Andrej Martinčič 2008: Razvoj rastlinske ekologije v Sloveniji: rastline skrajnih rastišč = The development of plant ecology in Slovenia: plants of extreme habitats. ABS 51 (2): 51-59. COBISS.SI-ID 25441241 178. Gaberščik, Alenka, Andrej Martinčič 1992: Spreminjanje lastnosti listov vodne dresni (Polygonum amphibium L.) v gradientu kopno/voda = Variations in leaf characteristics of water bistort (Polygonum amphibium) along land/water interface gradient. BV 40 (1): 1-11. COBISS.SI-ID 32763136 179. Gabrovšek, Karin, Nada Gogala 1997: Mycorrhizal spruce seedling growth, mineral and assimilation pigment content as affected by growth conditions and bacteria = Rast ter vsebnost mineralov in asimilacijskih pigmentov pri mikoriznih sejankah smereke v različnih rastnih razmerah in v prisotnosti bakterij. ABS 41 (4): 5-14. COBISS.SI-ID 78649600 180. Gabrovšek, Karin, Nada Gogala 1990: Vpliv nekaterih ektomikoriznih gliv narast sadik smreke (Picea abies/L ./Karsten) = The influence of some ectomycorrhizal fungi on the growth of Norway spruce (Picea abies/L./Karsten) seedlings. BV 38 (3): 47-56. COBISS.SI-ID 18324738 181. Geister, Iztok 1974: Interseksualna razlika dolžine peruti pri vrsti Chloris chloris (L.). BV 22 (1): 71-73. COBISS.SI-ID 62785793 182. Geister, Iztok 1980: Razširjenost brškinke (Cisticola juncidis Raf.) in vprašanje naraščanja in upadanja populacije. BV 28 (1): 25-44. COBISS.SI-ID 62980865 183. Germ, Mateja, Alenka Gaberščik 1999: The distribution and abundance of macrophytes of the lowland Ižica river (Slovenia) = Razporeditev in pogostost makrofitov v nižinski reki Ižici. ABS 42 (4): 3-11. COBISS.SI-ID 11529433 184. Germ, Mateja 2004: UV-B radiation screen and respiratory potential in phytoplankton in mountain lakes : Zaščita pred UV-B sevanjem in dihalni potencial fitoplanktona iz visokogorskih jezer. ABS 47 (2): 57-64. COBISS.SI-ID 1463887 185. Germ, Mateja, Alenka Gaberščik, Olga Urbanc Berčič 2000: The wider environmental assessment of river ecosystems = Širša okoljska ocena rečnega ekosistema. ABS 43 (4): 13-19. COBISS. SI-ID 808527 186. Godicl, Ljerka 1976: Floristična oznaka območja vzhodnega Kozjaka in zahodnih Slovenskih goric. BV 24 (1): 69-79. COBISS.SI-ID 62857985 187. Gogala, Andrej, 1991: New records for the heteroptera fauna of Slovenia (Yugoslavia) = Novi podatki za favno stenic (Heteroptera) Slovenije. BV 39 (1/2): 149-156. COBISS.SI-ID 63190273 188. Gogala, Andrej, Matija, Gogala 1986: Seznam vrst stenic, ugotovljenih v Sloveniji (Insecta: Heteroptera) = Check list of bug species recorded in Slovenia (Insecta: Heteroptera). BV 34 (1): 21-52. COBISS.SI-ID 7763757 189. Gogala, Andrej, Matija Gogala 1989: True bugs of Slovenia (Insecta: Heteroptera) = Stenice Slovenije II. (Insecta, Heteroptera). BV 37 (1): 11-44. COBISS.SI-ID 9354754 190. Gogala, Matija 1978: Akustični signali štirih vrst iz družine Cydnidae (Heteroptera). BV 26 (2): 153-168. COBISS.SI-ID 20676141 191. Gogala, Matija, Rajko Razpotnik 1974: Metoda oscilografske sonagrafije za biokaustične raziskave. BV 22 (2): 209-216. COBISS.SI-ID 20673325 192. Gogala, Matija, Štefan Michieli 1964: Monofazični in difazični retinogrami pri insektih. BV 12 (1): 13-20. COBISS.SI-ID 20605997 193. Gogala, Matija 1966: Die Photorezeption bei Troglophilus neglectus Kr. BV 14 (1): 91-96. COBISS.SI-ID 20607277 194. Gogala, Matija, Anton Moder 1960: Prispevek k poznavanju favne stenic Slovenije (Hemiptera - Heteroptera). BV 7 (1): 85-99. COBISS.SI-ID 20567853 195. Gogala, Matija, Štefan Michieli 1962: Sezonsko prebarvanje pri nekaterih vrstah stenic (Heteroptera). BV 10 (1): 33-44, [2] f. pril. COBISS.SI-ID 20605741 196. Gogala, Matija 1984: Vibration producing structures and songs of terrestrial Heterptera as systematic character = Vibracijski organi in napevi pri kopenskih stenicah (Heteroptera) kot sistematski znak. BV 32 (1): 19-36. COBISS.SI-ID 63067393 197. Gogala, Matija, Štefan Michieli 1966: Vpliv svetlobe in temperature na sezonsko prebarvanje pri Nezara viridula (L.)(Heteroptera). BV 14 (1): 83-90. COBISS.SI-ID 20606765 198. Gogala, Nada, 1969: Amanitin und Phalloidin - Wachstumshemmstoffe fur hohere Pflanzen. BV 17 (1): 27-32. COBISS.SI-ID 24726061 199. Gogala, Nada, 1975: Hormonalni vpliv gob Calocybe georgii Fr. in Agricus campestre Fr. na rast in razvoj trav v »čarovniškem risu«. BV 23 (1): 89-96. COBISS.SI-ID 62835713 200. Gogala, Nada, Miran Vardjan 1989: The location of the cause of dormancy, viability and seed decay in the silver fir Abies alba Mill. = Lokacija vzrokov dormantnosti, viabilnosti in propada semen jelke Abies alba Mill. BV 37 (3): 33-42. COBISS.SI-ID 12999426 201. Gogala, Nada, 1967: Rastne snovi gobe Boletus edulis var. pinicolus Vitt. in njihovo delovanje na kaleče seme bora Pinus silvestris L. BV 15 (1): 29-39. COBISS.SI-ID 24725805 202. Gogala, Nada 1972: Rastne substance pri nekaterih mikoriznih, parazitskih in saprofitskih glivah. BV 20 (1): 55-63. COBISS.SI-ID 24726317 203. Gogala, Nada, Tatjana Tišler, Jana Žel 1982: Vpliv herbicidov na rast višjih gliv (Basidiomycetes) = The influence of herbicides on the growth of higher fungi (Basidiomycetes). BV 30 (1): 45-57. COBISS.SI-ID 196057 204. Gogala, Nada 2008: Začetniki raziskovalnega in pedagoškega dela na področju fiziologije rastlin v Sloveniji = Beginners of research and pedagogical work at the field of plant physiology in Slovenia. ABS 51 (2): 45-50. COBISS.SI-ID 25440985 205. Gregori, Janez 1975: Gnezdenje planinskega hudournika (Apus melba L. 1758) v Sloveniji. BV 23 (1): 103-106. COBISS.SI-ID 62836481 206. Grgič, Tanja, Ivan Kos 2001: Temperature preference in some centipede species of the genus Lithobius Leach, 1814 (Chilopoda: Lithobiidae) = Temperaturna preferenca nekaterih vrst strig rodu Lithobius Leach, 1814 (Chilopoda: Lithobiidae). ABS 44 (3): 3-12. COBISS.SI-ID 1033295 207. Grosman, Mitja, Peter Stušek 1982: Parametri odbite svetlobe s kril metuljev = Parameters of reflected light from butterfly wings. BV 30 (1): 59-84. COBISS.SI-ID 63046145 208. Grosman, Mitja 1977: Retinotaktilne povezave pri gekonu Hemidactylus turcicus (L.). BV 25 (2): 121-128. COBISS.SI-ID 14475565 209. Gunde-Cimerman, Nina, Sanja Cerovac, Polona Zalar 2001: Biodiversity of filamentous fungi in the saltpans Sečovlje = Biotska pestrost gliv Sečoveljskih solin. ABS 44 (1/2): 25-30. COBISS. SI-ID 1051983 210. Hadži, Jovan 1952: Nauk o celicah nekoč in danes. BV 1 (1): 5-13. COBISS.SI-ID 7897645 211. Hamdorf, Kurt, Matija Gogala, Peter Stušek 1978: Methods of simultaneous photometry and electrophysiology of insect eyes. BV 26 (2): 107-130. COBISS.SI-ID 20676653 212. Diminic, Danko, Milan Glavaš, Boris Hrašovec, Nenad Potočic 2004: Harmful impact of exceptional cold air outbreak in april 1997 on silver fir in Croatia. ABS 47 (1): 27-30. COBISS.SI-ID 226888192 213. Harris, Peter C. 2000: Molecular analysis of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease = Molekularne analize dominantne autosomske policistične bolezni ledvic. ABS 43 (1/2): 117-123. COBISS.SI-ID 13144793 214. Heinz, W. 1980: Beitrag zur kenntnis der verbreitung des Carabus (Eucarabus) praecellens Pal-liardi. BV 28 (1): 45-48. COBISS.SI-ID 62981377 215. Herzog-Velikonja, Blagajana, Miklavž Grabnar 1990: Transformacija protoplastov seva Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 10716 s plazmidno DNA = The transformation of Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 10716 protoplasts by plazmid DNA. BV 38 (1): 73-82. COBISS.SI-ID 13204482 216. Hoenigman, Janez 1954: Novosti s področja jadranskega zooplanktona : o najdbi elobiopsidov. BV 3 (1): 106-116. COBISS.SI-ID 62485249 217. Horvat, Bogdan, 1988: Distribution of Dinocras megacephala (Klapalek, 1907) (Plecoptera: Perlidae) in Yugoslavia = Razširjenost vrste Dinocras megacephala (Klapalek, 1907) (Plecoptera Perlidae) v Jugoslaviji. BV 36 (4): 45-58. COBISS.SI-ID 36102400 218. Hrabe, Sergej 1963: Oligochaeta limicola from Slovenia. BV 11 (1): 67-75. COBISS.SI-ID 62585345 219. Hrabe, Sergej 1973: On a collection of Oligochaeta from various parts ofYugoslavia. BV 21 (1): 39-50. COBISS.SI-ID 62754305 220. Hrabe, Sergej 1963: On Pelodrilus bureschi Mich. BV 11 (1): 67-75. COBISS.SI-ID 62585601 221. Glasenčnik, Erika, Franc Batič, Dieter Grill, Maria Muller, Cvetka Ribarič-Lasnik 2003: Impact of air pollution on the mitotic activity in meristematic cells in shallot (Allium cepa L. var as-calonicum) = Vpliv onesnaženega zraka na mitotsko aktivnost v meristematskih celicah šalotke (Allium cepa L. var ascalonicum). ABS 46 (1): 27-33. COBISS.SI-ID 546262 222. Muller, Maria, Andreja Urbanek Krajnc, Bernd Zechmann, Gunther Zelling 2003: Inter- and intracellular distribution of modulated glutathione in plant tissues. ABS 46 (2): 17-20. COBISS. SI-ID 222025984 223. Istenič, Lilijana 1976: Endolimfatični organ pri močerilu (Proteus anguinus Laurentis, Urodela, Amphibia). BV 24 (1): 53-60. COBISS.SI-ID 62856961 224. Istenič, Lilijana 1971: Izhodišče za reševanje ekološke problematike človeške ribice (Proteus anguinus Laur. 1768). BV 19 (1): 125-130. COBISS.SI-ID 62717697 225. Istenič, Lilijana, Boris Bulog 1979: Strukturne diferenciacije ustno-žrelne sluznice pri močerilu (Proteus anguinus Laur.). BV 27 (1): 1-12. COBISS.SI-ID 1737807 226. Iunc, Erika, Poldini Livio 1992: First results of impollination and seed dispersions in Karst associations = Prvi rezultati o opraševanju in razširjanju semen in plodov v kraških združbah. BV 40 (3/4): 125-136. COBISS.SI-ID 73175296 227. Jan, Jurij, Marina Komar, Marjan Milohnoja 1976: The content of polychlorinated hydrocarbons in fish in Slovenia. BV 24 (2): 109-114. COBISS.SI-ID 62860033 228. Janežič, Franc, 1980: Contarinia istriana sp. N. (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) v cvetnih šiškah Coro-niččaemerus L. in C. Emeroides Boiss. et spr. BV 28 (1): 49-58. COBISS.SI-ID 62981633 229. Janežič, Franc, 1978: Dasyneura contini sp. (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) v listnih šiškah Cotinus coggyriascop. in Contarinia coronillae sp. n. (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) v listnih šiškah Cornilla emerus L. in C. emeroides Boiss et. spr. BV 26 (1): 9-21. COBISS.SI-ID 62892545 230. Janežič, Franc, 1953: Drugi prispevek k poznavanju mikološke flore Slovenije. BV 2 (1): 59-65. COBISS.SI-ID 63275777 231. Janežič, Franc, 1956: Kdaj se pojavljajo v Sloveniji metulji škodljivih zimskih pedicev?. BV 5 (1): 107-114. COBISS.SI-ID 62505985 232. Janežič, Franc, 1990: Piranea spartii gen. n. sp. n. (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) in den geschlossenen Bluten von Spartium junceum L. = Piranea spartii gen.n.sp.n. (Diptera, cecidomyiidae) v zaprtih cvetih Sparium junceum L. = Piranea spartii gen.n.sp.n. (Diptera, cecidomyiidae) in the closed flowers of Spartium junceum L. BV 38 (1): 29-34. COBISS.SI-ID 13193474 233. Janežič, Franc, 1954: Prispevek k poznavanju kaparjev v Sloveniji. BV 3 (1): 123-127. COBISS. SI-ID 62486273 234. Janežič, Franc, 1955: Prispevek k poznavanju mikoflore Slovenije III. BV 4 (1): 3-6. COBISS. SI-ID 62490881 235. Janežič, Franc, 1966: Prispevek k poznavanju mikoflore Slovenije IV. BV 14 (1): 21-27. CO-BISS.SI-ID 62634497 236. Janežič, Franc, 1976: Prispevek k poznavanju mikoflore Slovenije V. BV 24 (1): 81-88. COBISS. SI-ID 62858497 237. Jerala, Roman, Eva Žerovnik 2000: Dimerization of human stefin A under parttially denaturing conditions = Dimerizacija humanega stefina A v delno denaturajočih razmerah. ABS 43 (1/2): 83-87. COBISS.SI-ID 2352922 238. Jerman, Igor, Anton Jeglič, Dušan Fefer 1989: Magnetna stimulacija normalnih in prirezanih smrekovih kalic = Magnetic stimulation of normal and cut spruce seedlings. BV 37 (1): 45-56. COBISS.SI-ID 9355778 239. Jezernik, Kristijan, Nada Pipan 1979: Študij razvoja notranjih membranskih sistemov v celicah eksokrinega pankreasa pri miši s tehniko zamrznjenega jedkanja. BV 27 (1): 13-20. COBISS. SI-ID 62938881 240. Jezernik, Kristijan, Nada Pipan 1986: Vpliv stimulirane sekrecije na tesne stike acinusnih celic parotide = The influence of stimulated secretion on the tight junction in paratid acinar cells. BV 34 (1): 53-60. COBISS.SI-ID 7764013 241. Jež, Matjaž 1983: Osnovne karakteristike favne dnevnih metuljev (Lepidoptera, Diurna) Slovenskega Podravj a = General characteristics of the day-butterflies (Lepidoptera, Diurna) in Slowenian Podravje. BV 31 (1): 83-106. COBISS.SI-ID 63052033 242. Jogan, Nejc 1999: Dryopteris submontana (Fraser-Jenk. & Jermy) Fraser-Jenk. - neglected species from Dryopteris villarii agg. in the flora of Slovenia = Dryopteris submontana (Fraser-Jenk. & Jermy) Fraser-Jenk. - prezrta vrsta iz Dryopteris villarii agg. v flori Slovenije. ABS 42 (4): 39-45. COBISS.SI-ID 11529177 243. Jogan, Nejc 1990: Prispevek k poznavanju razširjenosti trav v Sloveniji = A contribution to the knowledge of the distribution of grasses in Slovenia. BV 38 (2): 27-37. COBISS.SI-ID 15235586 244. Jovanovic, Ljubinko, Sonja Veljovic, Vaskrsija Janjic 1991: Parametri vodnog režima i fotosinteze kod dve linije kukuruza različite otponosti na sušu = The water regime and photosynthesis parameters in two maize lines differing in drought susceptibility. BV 39 (1/2): 103-108. COBISS. SI-ID 25080834 245. Jurc, Maja, Nada Gogala, Marjana Regvar 1997: Ergosterol content of endophytic fungi from the needles of the Austrian pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) = Ergosterol endofitnih gliv v iglicah črnega bora (Pinus nigra Arn.). ABS 41 (4): 23-32. COBISS.SI-ID 333734 246. Jurečič, Stane, Primož Schauer 1969: Resorbcija glicina v želodcu in tankem črevesu (ileum) bele podgane po totalnem obsevanju y žarki gama (600 r). BV 17 (1): 3-7. COBISS.SI-ID 63302913 247. Kaligarič, Mitja 1987: Floristične novosti iz Slovenske Istre = Floristical news from Slovenian Istria. BV 35 (2): str.19-26. COBISS.SI-ID 3296516 248. Kaligarič, Mitja, Nejc Jogan. 1990: Floristične novosti iz Slovenske Istre 2 = New floristical discoveries from Slovenian Istia 2. BV 38 (3): 57-64. COBISS.SI-ID 18325250 249. Kaligarič, Mitja 2001: Vegetation patterns and responses to elevated CO2 from natural CO2 springs at Strmec (Radenci, Slovenia) = Vegetaciski vzorci in odzivi na povišano koncentracijo CO2 okrog naravnega vrelca CO2 Strmec (Radenci, Slovenija). ABS 44 (1/2): 31-38. COBISS. SI-ID 14770905 250. Karaman, Gordan S., Boris Sket 1990: Bogiidiella sinica sp. n. (Crustacea: Amphipoda) from southern China = Bogidiella sinica sp. n. (Crustacea: Amphipoda) iz južne Kitajske. BV 38 (1): 35-48. COBISS.SI-ID 6356185 251. Karaman, Gordan S., Boris Sket 1989: Niphargus species (Crustacea: Amphipoda) of the Kvar-ner - Velibit Islands (NW Adriatic, Yugoslavia) = Vrste rodu Niphargus (Crustacea: Amphipoda) na kvarnersko-velebitskih otokih (SZ Jadran, Jugoslavija). BV 37 (2): 19-36. COBISS.SI-ID 9366530 252. Karaman, Gordan S. 1987: On some freshwater Gammaridean species new or interesting to the fauna of Italy : Contribution to the knowledge of the Amphipoda 160 = O nekim slatkovodnim gamaridnim vrstama novih ili interesantnim za faunu Italije : 160. prilog poynavanju amfipoda. BV 35 (1): 29-44. COBISS.SI-ID 63126273 253. Karaman, Mladen S. 1962: Galathea bolivari Zar. novi dekapod za Jadransko more. BV 10 (1): 69-70. COBISS.SI-ID 62576385 254. Karaman, Spasenija 1972: Beitrag zur kenntnis der Oligochaetenfauna Jugoslawiens. BV 20 (1): 95-105. COBISS.SI-ID 62752001 255. Karaman, Spasenija 1974: Beitrag zur kenntnis der Susswasseroligochaeten Sloweniens. BV 22 (2): 223-228. COBISS.SI-ID 62806273 256. Karaman, Spasenija 1976: The second contribution to the knowledge of the freshwater oligochaeta of Slovenia. BV 24 (2): 201-207. COBISS.SI-ID 62863361 257. Karaman, Spasenija 1983: Third contribution to the knowledge of the freshwater oligochaeta of Slovenia = Tretji prispevek k poznavanju sladkovodnih oligohetov Slovenije. BV 31 (2): 29-36. COBISS.SI-ID 63057921 258. Karaman, Spasenija 1987: Trichodrillus strandi (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae), a new element in the fauna of Yugoslavia = Trichodrilus strandi (Oligochaeta, Lunmbricidae), nova vrsta ya favno Jugoslavije. BV 35 (2): 27-30. COBISS.SI-ID 63127809 259. Karpati, Zoltan 1968: Beitrage zur kenntnis der dendroflora Sloweniens. BV 16 (1): 17-22. COBISS.SI-ID 62661889 260. Kastori, Rudolf, Novica Petrovič, Živko Sava Stankovič 1991: Mogučnost primene antitrans-piranata u biljnoj proizvodnji = Possibilities of using antitranspirants in plant production. BV 39 (1/2): 109-114. COBISS.SI-ID 25088514 261. Kem, William R. 2000: Ion channel toxins as molecular models for the design of new drugs = Toksini, ki delujejo na ionske kanalčke, kot molekularni modeli za načrtovanjenovih zdravil. ABS 43 (1/2): 125-129. COBISS.SI-ID 13145049 262. Kerekeš, Gordana 1986: Vpliv kovin na talno favno vodotokov = The influence of metals on zoobentic fauna. BV 34 (1): 15-20. COBISS.SI-ID 63116545 263. Kerovec, Mladen 1985: A contribution to the knowledge of fresh water Oligochaeta in Yugoslavia = Prilog poznavanju vodenih maločetinjaša (Oligochaeta) Jugoslavije. BV 33 (1): 21-26. COBISS.SI-ID 63094529 264. Kerovec, Mladen 1980: Fauna maločekinjaša (Oligochaeta) Hrvatske. BV 28 (2): 39-48. COBISS. SI-ID 63003137 265. Kezer, James 1962: The chromosome number ofthe european cave salamander, Proteus anguineus. BV 10 (1): 45-48, [5] pril. COBISS.SI-ID 62573569 266. Kiauta, Boštjan 1968: Kromosomske razmere v spermatogenezi potočnega kačjega pastirja Cor-dulegaster boltoni (Donovan, 1807) (Odonata: Cordulegasteridae). BV 16 (1): 87-94. COBISS. SI-ID 62666753 267. Kiauta, Boštjan 1961: Prispevek k poznavanju odonatne favne Slovenije. BV 8 (1): 31-40. COBISS.SI-ID 62537729 268. Kiauta, Boštjan 1972: Scientific results of the Yugoslav 1969 Haimalaya expedition. BV 20 (1): 109-119. COBISS.SI-ID 62752257 269. Kiauta, Boštjan 1969: Zbirka kačjih pastirjev z Notranjskega Krasa in Primorske v Tržaškem prirodoslovnem muzeju s seznamom in zoogeografsko analizo favne tega ozemlja. BV 17 (1): 101-111. COBISS.SI-ID 63305985 270. Kofol-Seliger, Andreja, Tone Wraber 1987: Eine neue Unterart von Silene retzdorffiana (K. Maly) Walters aus dem Kosovo-Gebiet (SW-Serbien) = Nova podvrsta vrste Silen retzdorffiana (K. Maly) Walters s Kosovega (jugozahodna Srbija). BV 35 (2): 95-102. COBISS.SI-ID 33166848 271. Kofol-Seliger, Andreja, Tone Wraber 1979: Nova podvrsta volnate lepnice (Silene veselskyi subsp. widdere subsp. nova) z Dravskega Kozjaka v Sloveniji. BV 27 (2): 123-134. COBISS. SI-ID 62962433 272. Kolb, Dagmar, Edith Stabentheiner 2003: Investigation of plant surfaces with environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) : a comparison with conventional SEM. ABS 46 (2): 11-15. COBISS.SI-ID 222024960 273. Konjajev, Aleksander 1977: Laični predhodniki nekaterih klasičnih dognanj v mikrobiologiji. BV 25 (1): 75-79. COBISS.SI-ID 62883585 274. Konjajev, Aleksander 1952: O nastanku in razvoju avtotrofije. BV 1 (1): 128-138. COBISS. SI-ID 63271169 275. Kopitar, Metod, Štefan Stražiščar 1975: Proteinases from rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes obtained by subcutaneous impantation of plastic sponges. BV 23 (1): 1-8. COBISS.SI-ID 15707431 276. Koren, Iztok, Marko Jonozovič, Ivan Kos 2006: Status and distribution of the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx L.) in Slovenia in 2000-2004 and comparison with the years 1995-1999 = Status in razširjenost risa (Lynx linx L.) v Sloveniji med leti 2000-2004 in primerjava z obdobjem 1995-1999. ABS 49 (1): 27-41. COBISS.SI-ID 22568153 277. Korica, Bogdan 1977: Prilog istaživanju flore otoka Sušca. BV 25 (2): 85-94. COBISS.SI-ID 62883841 278. Kos, Ivan, 1987: Contribution to the knowledge of taxonomy and distribution of Lithobius val-idus Meinert 1872 (Chilopoda, Lithobiidae) in Slovenia (Yugoslavia) = Prispevek k poznavanju taksonomije in razširjenosti vrste Lithobius validus Meinert 1872 (Chilopoda, Lithobiidae) v Sloveniji. BV 35 (2): 31-46. COBISS.SI-ID 33160960 279. Kos, Ivan, 1988: Prispevek k poznavanju favne skupine Lithobiomorpha (Chilopoda) v Sloveniji = Contribution to the knowledge of fauna Lithobiomorpha (Chilopoda) in Slovenia (Yugoslavia). BV 36 (2): 13-24. COBISS.SI-ID 36087552 280. Košir, Alija, Miroslav Kališnik 1961: Endokrinij in malignomi: vpliv spremenjenega ravnosvesja med tireotropnim hormonom hipofize in ščitničnim hormonom na rast transplantiranega sarkoma pri beli laboratorijski miši. BV 9 (1): 16-23, [2] pril. COBISS.SI-ID 62547713 281. Košir, Alija 1952: Nekaj misli k Strongovim mutacijskim poskusom. BV 1 (1): 14-18. COBISS. SI-ID 63268353 282. Košir, Alija 1954: O pljučnem raku. BV 3 (1): 62-69. COBISS.SI-ID 62482689 283. Košir, Alija 1961: Zur Morphologie der Mastozytenvermehrung. BV 9 (1): 9-13, [3] pril. CO-BISS.SI-ID 62547201 284. Košir, Martin 1974: Description of a new Zercon and a Prozercon species from Yugoslavia and the record of Zercon plumatopilus (?) Athias-Henriot, 1961 (Acarina, Mesostigmata: Zerconidae). BV 22 (1): 75-88. COBISS.SI-ID 62786305 285. Košir, Petra, Lojze Marinček 1999: Predhodno poročilo o raziskavah javorjevih gozdov v Sloveniji = Preliminary report on research of maple forests in Slovenia. ABS 42 (3): 53-58. COBISS. SI-ID 10577369 286. Kovač, Maja, Mercedes Wrischer 1989: Ultrastructural changes in the silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) seeds durin germination = Ultrastrukturne spremembe med kalitvijo semen jelke *Abies alba Mill.). BV 37 (3): 43-56. COBISS.SI-ID 13001218 287. Krajnčič, Božidar 1982: Effects of kinetin on floral induction and floral development in the species Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrrhiza. BV 30 (1): str.85-104. COBISS.SI-ID 7653380 288. Krajnčič, Božidar 1976: Lemnaceje na področju Slovenije. BV 24 (2): 133-143. COBISS.SI-ID 7651076 289. Krajnčič, Božidar 1974: Prispevek k poznavanju lemnacej severovzhodne Slovenije. BV 22 (1): str.21-28. COBISS.SI-ID 7652612 290. Krajnčič, Božidar, Franc Bavec 1986: Raziskava učinkov abscizinske kisline (ABA) na mor-fogenezo cvetov vrtste Lemna minor L. = Research of abscisic acid (ABA) effects on flower morphogenesis in the species Lemna minor L. BV 34 (1): 61-68. COBISS.SI-ID 7764269 291. Krajnčič, Božidar 1985: Regulacija cvetne indukcije z ABA in EDDHA. BV 33 (2): 39-52. COBISS.SI-ID 6776068 292. Krajnčič, Božidar, Zvonimir Devide 1982: Vpliv aminokislin na cvetno indukcijo vrst Lemna minor in Spirodela polyrrhiza. BV 30 (1): 105-120. COBISS.SI-ID 7654148 293. Kralj, Dragica, Franc Sušnik 1967: Ugotavljanje poliploidnosti pri hmelju Humulus lupulus L. BV 15 (1): 67-71. COBISS.SI-ID 62654721 294. Kralj, Dragica 1971: Žlahtnjenje hmelja s križanjem. BV 19 (1): 41-60. COBISS.SI-ID 62671105 295. Krašovec, Rok, Igor Jerman 2002: Adaptive mutation: shall we survive bacterial genetic skills? =Adiptivna mutacija: bomo preživeli genetske veščine bakterij?. ABS - 45 (2): 15-24. COBISS. SI-ID 499596 296. Krušnik, Ciril 1984: Mladoletnice (Insecta, Trichoptera) Triglavskega narodnega parka = The caddisflies (Insecta, Trichoptera) of the Triglav national park. BV 32 (1): 37-44. COBISS.SI-ID 941647 297. Krušnik, Ciril 1990: Nove vrste mladoletnic (Insecta, Trichoptera) za favno Slovenije = New species of caddisflies (Insecta, Trichoptera) to the fauna of Slovenia. BV 38 (2): 39-44. COBISS. SI-ID 35405568 298. Krušnik, Ciril 1987: Prispevek k poznavanju favne mladoletnic (Insecta, Trichoptera) Pohorja. BV 35 (2): 47-60. COBISS.SI-ID 33162240 299. Krušnik, Ciril 1991: Prispevek k poznavanju mladoletnic (Insecta, Trichoptera) jugozahodnega roba Krasa = A contribution to the knowledge of the caddis-fly fauna (Insecta, Trichoptera) from the southwestern edge of the Karst. BV 39 (3): 11-20. COBISS.SI-ID 32791296 300. Kryštufek, Boris 1984: Distribution of martens (gen. Martes Pinel, 1792, Carnivora, Mammalia) in Slovenia = Razširjenost kun (gen. Martes Pinel, 1792, Carnivora, Mammalia) v Sloveniji. BV 32 (2): 21-26. COBISS.SI-ID 5701380 301. Kryštufek, Boris 1983: New subspecies of Pitymys liechtensteini Wettstein, 1927 from Yugoslavia = Nova podvrsta Pitymys liechtensteini Wettstein, 1927 iz Jugoslavije. BV 31 (1): 73-82. COBISS.SI-ID 5698308 302. Kryštufek, Boris 1977: Nove vrste sesalcev v favni Slovenije. BV 25 (1): 47-49. COBISS.SI-ID 5694468 303. Kryštufek, Boris 1984: Novi in redki netopirji (Chiroptera, Mammalia) = New and rare bats (Chiroptera, Mammalia) in the Slovene fauna. BV 32 (1): 45-54. COBISS.SI-ID 5700612 304. Kryštufek, Boris 1974: Nyctalus leisleri Kuhl 1818 (Chiroptera, Mammalia) v Sloveniji. BV 22 (1): 89-90. COBISS.SI-ID 5694212 305. Kryštufek, Boris 1979: Prispevek k poznavanju sesalcev Bjelasice. BV 27 (1): 21-32. COBISS. SI-ID 5694724 306. Kryštufek, Boris 1983: Razširjenost rovk v Sloveniji (Soricidae, Insectivora, Mammalia). BV 31 (1): 53-72. COBISS.SI-ID 5698052 307. Kryštufek, Boris 1982: Sesalci (Mammalia) Ljubljanskega barja = The mammals (Mammalia) of Ljubljansko barje, Yugoslavia. BV 30 (2): 33-56. COBISS.SI-ID 5849864 308. Kryštufek, Boris 1985: Variability of Apodemus agrarius (Pallas, 1771)(Rodentia, Mammalia) in Yugoslavia and some data on its distribution in the northwestern part of the country = Variabilnost vrste Apodemus agrarius (Pallas, 1771)(Rodentia, Mammalia) v Jugoslaviji ter nekaj podatkov o njegovi razširjenosti v severozahodnem delu države. BV 33 (1): 27-40. COBISS. SI-ID 5715716 309. Kryštufek, Boris 1986: Variability of enamel tooth pattern in Microtus arvalis from Dalmatia (Rodentia, Mammalia) = Variabilnost vzorca meljakov pri vrsti Microtus arvalis iz Dalmacije. BV 34 (2): 37-42. COBISS.SI-ID 5741060 310. Kržič, Nina, Alenka Gaberščik, Mateja Germ 2004: The phenotypic plasticity of Glyceria fluitans growing over the water/land gradient. ABS 47 (2): 65-73. COBISS.SI-ID 18830041 311. Kugonič, Nives, Boštjan Pokorny, Melita Šešerko 2004: Pollution of garden soils and vegetables in the Šalek Valley. ABS 47 (1): 21-25. COBISS.SI-ID 645334 312. Kuštor, Valika 1977: Ožigalke sladkovodnega jamskega hidroida Velkovrhia enigmatica in njih sistematski pomen. BV 25 (1): 51-54. COBISS.SI-ID 8269869 313. Labuda, M. 1981: Aedes (Ochlerotatius) Zammitii, member of Aedes mariae complex (Diptera; Culicidae) in Yugoslavia=Aedes (Ochlerotatus) Zammitii, člen kompleksa Aedes mariae (Diptera; Culicidae) v Jugoslaviji. BV 29 (2): 23-26. COBISS.SI-ID 63023617 314. Lafarue, Francoise, Tine Valentinčič 1973: Diplosoma carbosum Von Drasche, 1883 (Ascidie Composee, Nord Adriatique) et Essai de cle tabularie des especes europeennes du genre diplosoma. BV 21 (2): 139-151. COBISS.SI-ID 62767873 315. Lambeau, Gerard 2000: Receptor for the growing family of secreted phospholipases A2 = Re-ceptorji za vedno večje število sekretornih fosfolipaz A2. ABS 43 (1/2): 131-136. COBISS.SI-ID 13145305 316. Lambeck, Huug J. P. 1968: Contribution to the knowledge of the syrphid fauna of the Republic of Sloveniaand adjacent territories (Diptera: Syrphidae). BV 16 (1): 95-102. COBISS.SI-ID 62667521 317. Lanišnik-Rižner, Tea, T. Turk 2000: 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in lower eucaryotes = 17beta-hidroksisteroidne dehidrogenaze pri nižjih evkariotih. ABS 43 (1/2): 27-30. COBISS. SI-ID 12831449 318. Lavoie, J., J. G. Pilon, M. A. Ali 1978: Etude histologique et morphometrique de la croissance de la partie photosensible de l'oeil compose d'enllagma boreale Selys (Odonata: Coenagrionidae). BV 26 (2): 141-151. COBISS.SI-ID 62934017 319. Lazar, Jože 1973: Nekaj novih taksonov v flori alg Slovenije. BV 21 (1): 51-61. COBISS.SI-ID 62754561 320. Lazar, Jože 1964: Pregled flore alg Pomurja. BV 12 (1): 21-42. COBISS.SI-ID 62594305 321. Lazar, Jože 1960: Pripombe k razvoju heterokontnega rodu Ophioytium naegeli. BV 7 (1): 11-15. COBISS.SI-ID 62526209 322. Lazar, Jože 1960: Prispevek k flori alg Slovenije. BV 7 (1): 17-28. COBISS.SI-ID 62526465 323. Lazar, Jože 1954: Prispevek k flori alg Slovenije III. BV 3 (1): 70-77. COBISS.SI-ID 62482945 324. Lebez, Drago, Vito Turk 1967: Influence of pH on the extractability of cathepsin. BV 15 (1): 11-16. COBISS.SI-ID 62649345 325. Lebez, Drago 1953: Prispevek k študiju strupa tarantele. BV 2 (1): 27-35. COBISS.SI-ID 63274753 326. Lešnik, Mario 1997: S povečanjem intenzivnosti pridelovanja povzročene spremembe na segetalni združbi Aphano-Matricarietum chamomillae R. Tx. 37 na območju Dravskega in Ptuj skega polja = Changes in the segetal weed community Aphano-Matricarietum chamomillae R. Tx. 37 caused by intensification of crop production on territory of Dravsko and Ptujsko polje (NE Slovenia). ABS 41 (2/3): 61-75. COBISS.SI-ID 1381420 327. Ličar, Pavel, Olga Urbanc Berčič, M. Godek 1980: Analiza histolopke zgradbe in ultrastrukture filtrov v želodcu pri Proasellus coxalis (Isopoda, Asellota). BV 28 (2): 1-20. COBISS.SI-ID 63002113 328. Ličar, Pavel 1971: Ekstrakcija in poizkus separacije rdečega pigmenta iz kril metulja Mesem-brynuspurpuralis (Brunn) Zygaenidae. BV 19 (1): 99-102. COBISS.SI-ID 62697473 329. Ličar, Pavel, Andrej Blejec, Olga Urbanc Berčič 1979: Mehanske lastnosti primarnega filtra v želodcu pri Asellus aquaticus cavernicolus (Isopoda, Asellota). BV 27 (1): 33-48. COBISS.SI-ID 62957057 330. Ličar, Pavel 1976: Morfologija in velikost želodca nekaterih taksonom družine Asellidae (Isopoda, Asellota). BV 24 (1): 39-46. COBISS.SI-ID 62846977 331. Ličar, Pavel, Alenka Kovačič 1990: Morfologija želodca in ultrastruktura njegovih filtrov pri taksonu Monolistra caeca (Isopoda, Crustacea) = The morphology of the stomach and the ul-trastructure of the stomach filters in Monolistra cacea (Isopoda, Crustacea). BV 38 (4): 17-28. COBISS.SI-ID 21475586 332. Ličar, Pavel, Boris Sket 1971: Morfologija želodca pri družinah Asellidae in Stenasellidae (Isopoda, Asellota) in njeni filogenetski vidik. BV 19 (1): 131-138. COBISS.SI-ID 62719233 333. Ličar, Pavel 1977: Površinska struktura hepatopankreasa in poreklo »srednjega črevesa« pri rasi Asellus aquaticus (Isopoda, Asellota) : preliminarno poročilo. BV 25 (2): 129-138. COBISS. SI-ID 14476077 334. Ličar, Pavel 1970: Predhodno poročilo o morfologiji želodca pri družini Asellidae (Isopoda Aquatica). BV 18 (1): 45-50. COBISS.SI-ID 63295233 335. Ličar, Pavel 1976: Želodec pri Asellus aquaticus ssp. (Isopoda, Asellota) in njegove filtracijske sposobnosti. BV 24 (2): 209-217. COBISS.SI-ID 62863617 336. Vodnik, Dominik, Jože Hladnik, Irena Maček, Urška Videmšek 2007: The Life of plants under extreme CO2 = Življenje rastlin pri ekstremni koncentraciji CO2. ABS 50 (1): 31-39. COBISS. SI-ID 24311513 337. Likar, Miha 1954: Bioluminiscenca pri mikrobih. BV 3 (1): 28-34. COBISS.SI-ID 62480129 338. Logar, Alvina, Igor Kregar, Drago Lebez 1969: Excretion of nitrogen compounds from the large intestine of rat after whole-body irradiation in absence of stressors. BV 17 (1): 9-12. COBISS. SI-ID 63303425 339. Lončaric, Elizabeta 1978: Die Vererbbakeit der puppenfarbe von Papilio machaon L. BV 26 (1): 23-26. COBISS.SI-ID 62893057 340. Lovka, Milan 1975: Prispevek k citologiji jugoslovanskih semenovk (Spermatophyta), I. BV 23 (1): 25-40. COBISS.SI-ID 62826497 341. Laass, J., C. Fuxjager, N. Gerstl, T. Huber 2006: Lynx in the Austrian Alps 2000 to 2004 = Ris v Avstrijskih ALpah v obdobju 2000-2004. ABS 49 (1): 43-49. COBISS.SI-ID 24309977 342. Maček, Irena, Hardy Pfanz, Dominik Vodnik 2003: Growth and root respiration of C4 plants under CO2 enrichment = Rast in dihanje korenin C4 rastlin pri povečani koncentraciji CO2. ABS 46 (1): 35-39. COBISS.SI-ID 3900793 343. Maček, Jože, 1961: Drugi prispevek k poznavanju parazitske mikoflore na Štajerskem in Koroškem. BV 9 (1): 31-34. COBISS.SI-ID 9121837 344. Maček, Jože, 1971: Gradivo za poznavanje zoocecidijev Slovenije. BV 19 (1): 191-196. COBISS. SI-ID 9498413 345. Maček, Jože, 1975: Phyllactinia roboris (Gach.) Blum. - Relikt einer erloschenen eichenmehl-tauepiphytotie in Jugoslawien. BV 23 (1): 41-44. COBISS.SI-ID 62828289 346. Maček, Jože, 1965: Pomen ecidijev v razvojnem krogu Tranzschelia pruni spinosae (Pers.) Diet v Sloveniji. BV 13 (1): 31-33. COBISS.SI-ID 9498157 347. Maček, Jože, 1971: Prispevek k poznavanju družin Peronosporaceae in Erysiphaceae v Sloveniji. BV 19 (1): 197-202. COBISS.SI-ID 9094701 348. Maček, Jože, 1961: Prispevek k poznavanju parazitske mikoflore na Štajerskem in Koroškem. BV 8 (1): 27-30. COBISS.SI-ID 9122093 349. Maček, Jože, 1965: Prispevek k poznavanju parazitske mikoflore Slovenije. BV 13 (1): 35-40. COBISS.SI-ID 62625281 350. Maček, Jože, 1974: Zgodovinski oris raziskovanja mikromicetov v Sloveniji do druge svetovne vojne. BV 22 (1): 115-121. COBISS.SI-ID 9492781 351. Maier, Hainz Christian, Jože Bole 1975: Beitrag zur kenntnis der Gattung Zospeum bourguignat 1856 (Gastropoda: Ellobiidae). BV 23 (1): 97-102. COBISS.SI-ID 62835969 352. Malej, Alenka, 1989: Shifts in size-classes and structure ofnet zooplankton in the presence of the jellyfish Pelagia noctiluca (Scyphozoa) = Velikostni razredi in sestava mrežnega zooplanktona glede na prisotnost mesečinke Pelagia noctiluca (Scyphozoa). BV 37 (4): 35-45. COBISS.SI-ID 9514754 353. Marchant, Adam 1991: New molecular genetic techniques for the inference of evolutionary relationships = Nove molekularnogenetske tehnike za filogenetske raziskave. BV 39 (1/2): 1-22. COBISS.SI-ID 25072386 354. Marinček, Lojze, Ivo Puncer, Mitja Zupančič 1980: Ostryo-Fagetum in Slowenien. BV 28 (2): 125-136. COBISS.SI-ID 9097517 355. Marinček, Lojze, Mitja Zupančič 1977: Preddinarski submontanski bukov gozd v Ribniško-kočevski dolini. BV 25 (2): 95-106. COBISS.SI-ID 14474541 356. Marinček, Lojze 2001: Prispevek k poznavanju asociacije Abio albae-Carpinetum betuli = Contribution to the knowledge of the association Abio albae-Carpinetum betuli. ABS 44 (1/2): 39-52. COBISS.SI-ID 19477805 357. Marinček, Lojze 1995: Prispevek k poznavanju gozdov plemenitih listavcev v Sloveniji = Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Edellaubwalder in Slowenien. BV 40 (3/4): 87-99. COBISS.SI-ID 3515949 358. Martinčič, Andrej 1974: Alchemilla pseudoexigua sp. nov. BV 22 (2): 155-158. COBISS.SI-ID 62787585 359. Martinčič, Andrej 1997: Ekološko-fitocenološke dvoživke = Eco-phytocoenological amphibians. ABS 41 (2/3): 43-60. COBISS.SI-ID 7020505 360. Martinčič, Andrej 1988: Flora in vegetacija barja Drni pri Zelencih = Flora and vegetation of the Drni marshes near Zelenci (near the source of the river Sava Dolinka, Slovenia). BV 36 (3): 19-32. COBISS.SI-ID 36090624 361. Martinčič, Andrej, Danijel Vrhovšek, Franc Batič 1981: Flora v jamah Slovenije z umetno osvetlitvijo. BV 29 (2): 27-56 + [1] f. pril. COBISS.SI-ID 16824537 362. Martinčič, Andrej, Milan Piskernik 1985: Die Hochmoore Sloweniens : floristische, vegetations-kundliche und okologische Untersuchungen. BV 25 (): 1-239. COBISS.SI-ID 19730274 363. Martinčič, Andrej 1977: Prispevek k floristiki mahov (Bryophyta) v Sloveniji. BV 25 (1): 5-14. COBISS.SI-ID 62877953 364. Martinčič, Andrej 1976: Prispevek k floristiki mahov (Bryophyta) v Sloveniji, I. BV 24 (1): 89-93. COBISS.SI-ID 62858753 365. Martinčič, Andrej 1961: Prispevek k poznavanju flore slovenskega ozemlja. BV 8 (1): 3-8. COBISS.SI-ID 62536705 366. Martinčič, Andrej 1964: Prispevek k poznavanju mahovne flore Jugoslavije I. Durmitor (Črna gora). BV 12 (1): 43-49. COBISS.SI-ID 62594561 367. Martinčič, Andrej 1980: Prispevek k poznavanju mahovne flore Jugoslavije II - Šar Planina. BV 28 (2): 87-102. COBISS.SI-ID 63006209 368. Martinčič, Andrej 1990: Prispevek k poznavanju rodu Alchemilla L. v Jugoslaviji = A contribution ti the knowledge of Alchemilla genus in Yugoslavia. BV 38 (3): 23-38. COBISS.SI-ID 18323458 369. Martinčič, Andrej 1969: Prispevek k poznavanju rodu Alchemilla L. v Sloveniji. BV 17 (1): 33-41. COBISS.SI-ID 63304193 370. Martinčič, Andrej, Mira Štricelj 1983: Produktivitat aufden Hochmooren Sloweniens (Jugoslawien) die Wachstumsanalyse der Latsche (Pinus mugo) in den verschiedenen Hochmoorgesellschaften = Primarna produkcija na visokih barjih Slovenije analiza rastli ruševja (Pinus mugo) v različnih združbah. BV 31 (2): 37-52. COBISS.SI-ID 63058177 371. Martinčič, Andrej 1973: Reliktna flora v Škocjanskih jamah in njena ekologija. BV 21 (2): 117-126. COBISS.SI-ID 62767361 372. Martinčič, Andrej 1963: Rod Andreaea Hedwig v Jugosalviji. BV 11 (1): 15-19. COBISS.SI-ID 62580225 373. Martinčič, Andrej 1973: Rod Pilularia L. v flori Jugoslavije. BV 21 (1): 63-66. COBISS.SI-ID 62766593 374. Martinčič, Andrej 1992: Vegetacija razreda Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae (Nordh. 36) R. Tx. 37 v Sloveniji = The vegetation of the class Scheuchzerio-Caricatum fuscae (Nordh. 36) R. Tx. 37 in Slovenia. BV 40 (3/4): 101-111. COBISS.SI-ID 73160704 375. Martinčič, Andrej 1991: Vegetacijska podoba vrst iz rodu Schoenus L. v Sloveniji : I. Schoenus nigracans L. = Vegetational status of species from the genus Schoenus in Slovenia, I. Schoenus nigricans L. BV 39 (3): 27-40. COBISS.SI-ID 32800000 376. Martinčič, Andrej, Franc Batič 1979: Vpliv jamskega biotopa na neke morfološko-anatomske karakteristike cvetnic I. BV 27 (2): 135-146. COBISS.SI-ID 62963201 377. Martinčič, Andrej 1965: Zur Arealkennzeichnung einiger »Mediterranean« moossippen. BV 13 (1): 41-52. COBISS.SI-ID 62626049 378. Matic, Z., I. Stentzer 1985: Beitrag zur kenntnis der Hundertfussler (Chilopoda) aus Slowenien. BV 25 (1): 55-62. COBISS.SI-ID 63114753 379. Matic, Z. 1979: Nouveautes sur la faune des chilopodes de Yugoslavie. BV 27 (2): 147-155. COBISS.SI-ID 62968577 380. Matjašič, Janez, Boris Sket 1969: Biospeleološka raziskovanja Jugoslavije v obdobju 1962 -1967 v okviru Inštituta za biologijo Univerze v Ljubljani. BV 17 (1): 167-171. COBISS.SI-ID 7201325 381. Matjašič, Janez 1964: Doprinos k poznavanju naših temnocefalov. BV 12 (1): 129-131. COBISS. SI-ID 7200045 382. Matjašič, Janez 1952: Izvor in zoogeografija jamskih hroščev Slovenije. BV 1 (1): 90-98. CO-BISS.SI-ID 7195181 383. Matjašič, Janez, Boris Sket 1971: Jamski hidroid s Slovenskega krasa. BV 19 (1): 139-145. COBISS.SI-ID 7131181 384. Matjašič, Janez 1970: Nekatere morfološke posebnosti in nova nahajališča naših temnocefalov. BV 18 (1): 51-57. COBISS.SI-ID 7143213 385. Matjašič, Janez 1974: Nekateri pogledi na sistematsko razdelitev amerijev. BV 22 (2): 229-234. COBISS.SI-ID 7143725 386. Matjašič, Janez 1962: Nova jamska folikulinida (Euciliata, Heterotricha) iz Hercegovine. BV 10 (1): 49-53. COBISS.SI-ID 62574593 387. Matjašič, Janez 1960: O vjetreniških troglokarisih. BV 7 (1): 75-80. COBISS.SI-ID 62533889 388. Matjašič, Janez 1956: Opazovanja na jamskem suktoriju Spelaeophyra troglocaridis Stammer. BV 5 (1): 71-73. COBISS.SI-ID 7195437 389. Matjašič, Janez 1958: Postembrionalni razvoj jamske kozice troglocaris. BV 6 (1): 76-79. CO-BISS.SI-ID 62508289 390. Matjašič, Janez 1980: Taksonomska problematika družine Scutariellidae (Turbellaria, Temno-cephalidea). BV 28 (2): 159-168. COBISS.SI-ID 7143981 391. Matjašič, Janez 1956: Trematod iz jamske kozice Troglocaris. BV 5 (1): 74-75. COBISS.SI-ID 7195693 392. Matjašič, Janez 1958: Vorlaufige Mitteilungen uber Europaische Temnocephalen. BV 6 (1): 60-65. COBISS.SI-ID 62507521 393. Matošic, M., A. Ledic 1992: A contribution to the knowledge of internal organs morphology in some members of the family Salamandridae = Prilog poznavanju morfologije unutrašnjih organa u nekih predstavnika porodice Salamandridae. BV 40 (2): 9-15. COBISS.SI-ID 73130240 394. Matvejev, Sergej D., Ivo Puncer 1986: Karta biomov in skupine sorodnih biotopov Slovenije = The map of biomes and group of related biotopes of Slovenia. BV 34 (2): 53-64 + 1 f. pril. COBISS.SI-ID 63124481 395. Mavri, Urška, Mihael Jožef Toman 1998: Preliminary limnological investigation of the Divje jezero spring near Idrija = Preliminarne limnološke raziskave Divjega jezera pri Idriji. ABS 42 (1): 39-56. COBISS.SI-ID 9497305 396. Mayer, Ernest 1962: Asplenophyllitis confluens (Lowe) Alston - prvi intergenerični hibrid praproti v flori Jugoslavije. BV 10 (1): 3-5. COBISS.SI-ID 62551809 397. Mayer, Ernest, Darinka Trpin 1965: Dianthus sylvestris - kompleks v Jugoslaviji. BV 13 (1): 53-59. COBISS.SI-ID 62626305 398. Mayer, Ernest 1956: Genusa Aretia L. in Androsace L. v Jugovzhodnih apneniških Alpah. BV 5 (1): 18-31. COBISS.SI-ID 7204653 399. Mayer, Ernest 1953: O pojmovanju plodov in njihovi sistematski razdelitvi. BV 2 (1): 53-58. COBISS.SI-ID 7219757 400. Mayer, Ernest 1956: Pedicularis comosa L. - nova vrsta v flori slovenskega ozemlja. BV 5 (1): 11-17. COBISS.SI-ID 7204397 401. Mayer, Ernest, Kiril Micevski 1964: Prispevek k vrednotenju taksonov Hordeum marinum Huds. in Hordeum hystrix Roth. BV 12 (1): 51-58. COBISS.SI-ID 7216685 402. Mayer, Ernest 1952: Prispevki k flori slovenskega ozemlja III. BV 1 (1): 66-79. COBISS.SI-ID 7203373 403. Mayer, Ernest 1953: Prispevki k flori slovenskega ozemlja IV. BV 2 (1): 66-72. COBISS.SI-ID 7203885 404. Mayer, Ernest 1954: Prispevki k flori slovenskega ozemlja V. BV 3 (1): 91-101. COBISS.SI-ID 7204141 405. Mayer, Ernest 1988: Usoda in vsebina rokopisa A. Paulina »Uber botanische Naturdenkmaler in Krain« = Schicksal und Inhalt des Manuskriptes von A. Paulin »Uber botanische Naturdenkmaler in Krain« = The fate and contents of A. Paulin's manuscript »Uber botanische Naturdenkmaler in Krain«. BV 36 (3): 33-52. COBISS.SI-ID 36091136 406. Mayer, Ernest 1968: Zur kenntnis der Gattung Gentianella Moench in Jugoslawien II. Der G. aspera-, G. germanica-, und G. austriaca-Komplex. BV 16 (1): 23-28. COBISS.SI-ID 7218477 407. Mazej, Zdenka, Mateja Germ 2008: Competitive advantages of Najas marina L. in a process of littoral colonization in the lake Velenjsko jezero (Slovenia) = Tekmovalne prednosti vrste Najas marina L. pri kolonizaciji litorala Velenjskega jezera (Slovenija). ABS 51 (1): 13-20. COBISS. SI-ID 953558 408. Mazej, Zdenka, Mateja Germ 2005: The macrophytes of lake Velenjsko jezero, Slovenia - the succession of macrophytes after restoration of the lake = Makrofiti Velenjskega jezera, Slovenija - sukcesija makrofitov po restavraciji jezera. ABS 48 (1): 21-31. COBISS.SI-ID 704470 409. Mazej, Zdenka, Mateja Germ 2008: Seasonal changes in the contents of nutrients in five macro-phyte species from the lake Velenjsko jezero (Slovenia) = Sezonske spremembe vsebnosti hranil v petih vrstah makrofitov iz Velenjskega jezera (Slovenija). ABS 51 (1): 3-11. COBISS.SI-ID 953302 410. Mazej, Zdenka, Alenka Gaberščik 1999: Species composition and vitality of macrophytes in different types of lakes = Pojavljanje makrofitov in njihova vitalnost v različnih tipih jezer. ABS 42 (3): 43-52. COBISS.SI-ID 10574297 411. Medjedovic, Safer 1991: Osmotski spektri celijskog soka omorike, munike i molike iz arboretuma »Slatina« kod Sarajeva = Osmotic spectra of the cell sap in the pine-trees Picea omorika, Pinus heldreichii and Pinus peuce from the Arboretum »Slatina« near Sarajevo. BV 39 (1/2): 115-120. COBISS.SI-ID 63189249 412. Meglič, Andrej, Aleš Škorjanc, Gregor Zupančič 2007: The dynamics of light adaptation in As-calaphus (Libelloides macaronius; Neuroptera) = Dinamika svetlobne adaptacije pri metuljčnici (Libelloides macaronius; Neuroptera). ABS 50 (2): 71-84. COBISS.SI-ID 24313305 413. Merdic, Enrih 1992: Aedes riparius (Dyar & Knab, 1907), a newly recorded species of mosquitoes (Dipt., Culicidae) in Croatia = Aedes riparius (Dyar & Knab, 1907) nova vrsta u fauni komaraca (Dip., Culicidae) Hravtske. BV 40 (1): 13-17. COBISS.SI-ID 32763392 414. Meyer-Rochow, V. B. 1972: Beobachtungen an der Meerskusten-spinne Desidiopsis racovitzai Fage 1909 auf Rab (Adria). BV 20 (1): 79-80. COBISS.SI-ID 62750977 415. Michieli, Štefan, Jože Bole 1956: Morfološka, anatomsko-histološka in ekološka opazovanja na vrstah Haploembia solieri Ramb et Grassi in Embia mauritanica Luc. BV 5 (1): 90-106. COBISS. SI-ID 62504193 416. Michieli, Štefan 1953: Nastopanje južnih vrst metuljev v Ljubljani in okolici. BV 2 (1): 84-88. COBISS.SI-ID 63276801 417. Michieli, Štefan 1956: Nastopanje južnih vrst metuljev v Sloveniji. BV 5 (1): 115-120. COBISS. SI-ID 62506241 418. Michieli, Štefan 1958: Nekaj pripomb k postavljanju infraspecifičnih kategorij. BV 6 (1): 124-134. COBISS.SI-ID 62510081 419. Michieli, Štefan 1966: Perigrapha I - Cinctum Schiff. slovenica ssp. nova (Lepid.). BV 14 (1): 97-98. COBISS.SI-ID 62638849 420. Michieli, Štefan 1967: Sto let širjenja jamamaja (Antheraea yamamai Guer., Lepid.) v Sloveniji. BV 15 (1): 73-77. COBISS.SI-ID 62654977 421. Mikoš, Maja Zagorka 1991: Dicellophilus carniolensis (C.L.Koch, 1847) kot predstavnik družine Meistocephalidae (superfam. Geophilomorpha) = Dicellophilus carniolensis as a representative of the family Mecistocephalidae(superfam. Geophilomorpha). BV 39 (4): 9-18. COBISS.SI-ID 35180800 422. Mikoš, Maja Zagorka 1992: Ekološka analiza laboratorijske vrste Dicellophilus carniolensis (C.L.Koch, 1847) = Ecological analysis of a laboratory population of the species Dicellophilus carniolensis (C.L. Koch, 1847). BV 40 (1): 19-25. COBISS.SI-ID 32763648 423. Cimerman, Aleksa, Nina Gunde Cimerman, Elizabeta Pertot, Anka Puc 1985: Mikrobiološka zbirka Kemijskega inštituta Boris Kidrič v Ljubljani = Microbial culture collection of the Kemijski inštitut »Boris Kidrič« in Ljubljana. BV 33 (1): 79-94. COBISS.SI-ID 470153 424. Cimerman, Aleksa, Nina Gunde Cimerman, Elizabeta Pertot, Anka Puc 1985: Mikrobiološke zbirke = Microbial culture collections. BV 33 (1): 73-78. COBISS.SI-ID 469897 425. Milavec, Mojca, Maja Ravnikar, Maja Kovač 2001: Peroxidases in the early response of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Igor) susceptible to potato virus YNTN = Peroksidaze v zgodnjem odgovoru dovzetne sorte krompirja (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Igor) za krompirjev virus YNTN. ABS 44 (1/2): 3-11. COBISS.SI-ID 1051727 426. Milisav, Irina 2001: Translocases of the mitochondrial inner membrane = Translokaze v notranji mitohondrijski membrani. ABS 44 (1/2): 13-23. COBISS.SI-ID 14770649 427. Rupnik, Marjan, Marko Kreft, Mojca Kržan, Robert Zorec 2000: Millisecond measurements of Ca2+ and exocytosis in neuroendocrine and glial cells = Milisekundne meritve Ca2+ in eksocitoze pri endokrinih celicah in celicah glie. ABS 43 (1/2): 57-61. COBISS.SI-ID 830287 428. Miloševič, Rade, 1991: Produktivnost i vodne osobine linija i hibrida šečerne repe = Productivity and water properities of lines and hybrids of sugar beet. BV 39 (1/2): 121-124. COBISS.SI-ID 25091074 429. Mitič, Božena, Zinka Pavletič 1992: Morphologic and anatomical analysis of the leaves of Iris cengialti Ambrosi f. vochinensis Paulin = Morfološko - anatomska analiza listova taksona Iris cengialtia Ambrosi f. vochinensis Paulin. BV 40 (3/4): 1-5. COBISS.SI-ID 73153024 430. Mlakar, Jože 1987: Rod Polypodium v Sloveniji = The genus Polypodium in Slovenia. BV 35 (1): 45-58. COBISS.SI-ID 63126529 431. Mlinarič-Raščan, Irena, Tamara Lah, T. Turk 2000: Genetic and cellular mechanisms of hemat-opoietic dysregulation in murine motheaten phenotypes = Genetski in celični vidiki neuravnane hematopoeze pri moljastih miših. ABS 43 (1/2): 41-46. COBISS.SI-ID 13140441 432. Mlinšek, Borut 1971: Vloga okolja pri nastanku fenotipične distribucije kvantitativnih lastnosti. BV 19 (1): 3-10. COBISS.SI-ID 63282433 433. Horvat, Simon, Jim McWhir, Brad A. Freking, Juan F. Medrano 2000: Molecular basis of the high growth (hg) mutation in mice : isolation and characterization of candidate genes = Molekularna osnova mutacije za hitro rast (high growth, hg) pri miših : izolacija in evalvacija kandidatnih genov. ABS 43 (1/2): 17-21. COBISS.SI-ID 1113480 434. Cimerman Aleksa, Matic Legiša, Olga Urbanc Berčič, Ranka Berberovič 1982: Morphology of connidia of citric acid producing Aspergillus niger strains by scanning electron microscopy = Morfologija konidijev glive Aspergillus niger - sevov, ki proizvajajo citronsko kislino s pomočjo vrstičnega elektronskega mikroskopa. BV 30 (2): 23-31. COBISS.SI-ID 2555674 435. Mozetič, Patricija 1992: Rast vrste Artemia salina s prehrano na bazi monokultur enoceličnih alg = The growth of Artemia salina on monocultures unicellular alge. BV 40 (2): 17-27. COBISS. SI-ID 73130752 436. Mršic, Narcis 1980: A review of the Oligochaeta and some new species of earthworms (Lumb-ricidae) v Sloveniji. BV 28 (2): 27-38. COBISS.SI-ID 5850669 437. Mršic, Narcis 1982: Allolobophora altimontana sp. n. (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) a new species in Slovenia = Nova vrsta deževnika Allolobophora altimontana sp. n. (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) v Sloveniji. BV 30 (2): 57-62. COBISS.SI-ID 5850925 438. Mršic, Narcis 1986: Allolobophora biokovica sp. n. (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) and eartworm associations of the Biokovo (Croatia) = Allolobophora biokovica sp. n. (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) in deževniške združbe Biokova (Hrvaška). BV 34 (1): 69-80. COBISS.SI-ID 5864749 439. Mršic, Narcis 1987: Allolobophora oculata (Hoffmeister 1845) new earthworm species (Lumbricidae) in the fauna of Yugoslavia. BV 35 (1): 67-76. COBISS.SI-ID 5872173 440. Mršic, Narcis 1988: Allolobophora parva (Eisen 1874) - new species in the fauna of Slovenia - and degree to which earthworms (Lumbricidae) have been investigated in Yugoslavia=Allolobophora parva (Eisen 1874) - nova vrsta za favno Slovenije in stopnja raziskanosti deževnikov (Lumbricidae) Jugoslavije. BV 36 (1): 25-32. COBISS.SI-ID 36078592 441. Mršic, Narcis 1987: Alpodinaridella g.n. (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) and description of New Monotypic Subgenera = Alpodinaridella g.n. (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) in opis dveh novih monotipičnih podrodov. BV 35 (2): 61-66. COBISS.SI-ID 33163776 442. Mršic, Narcis 1982: Classification of some earthworm associations in Slovenia, worked out on the basic of the new coeficient of percentile sin=militarity = Klasifikacija nekaterih deževniških cenoz Slovenije na osnovi novega koeficienta procentualne podobnosti. BV 30 (2): 63-84. CO-BISS.SI-ID 5851437 443. Mršic, Narcis 1987: Craspedosoma montenegrina sp. n. (Diplopoda: Craspedosomatidae) = Craspedosoma montenigrina sp. n. (Diplopoda: Craspedosomatidae). BV 35 (1): 59-66. COBISS. SI-ID 5870893 444. Mršic, Narcis 1988: Description of a new subgenus and two new species of the genus Polydes-mus Latreille 1802 (Diplopoda) = Opisi novega podrodu in dveh novih vrst iz rodu Polydesmus Latreille. BV 36 (2): 33-54. 595.614 COBISS.SI-ID 36087808 445. Mršic, Narcis 1990: Description of a new subgenus, three new species, and taxonomic problems of the genus Allolobophora sensu Mršic and Šapkarev, 1988 (Lumbricidae, Oligochaeta) = Opisi novega podroda, treh novih vrst in taksonomska problematika rodu Allolobophora sensu Mršic and Šapkarev, 1988 (Lunbricidae, Oligochaeta). BV 38 (1): 49-68. COBISS.SI-ID 13195522 446. Mršic, Narcis 1988: Description of Five new Species of Earthworms of the Genus Dendrobaena Eisen 1874 (Lumbricidae) = Opisi petih novih vrst deževnikov iz rodu Dendrobaena Eisen 1874 (Lumbricidae). BV 36 (1): 13-24. COBISS.SI-ID 36078336 447. Mršic, Narcis 1987: Description of three new species of earthworm of the genus Octodriloides Zicsi 1986 (Oligochaeta : Lumbricidae) = Opisi treh novih vrst deževnikov iz rodu Octodriloides Zicsi 1986 (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). BV 35 (2): 87-94. COBISS.SI-ID 33165312 448. Mršic, Narcis 1985: Dyocerasoma (Desultorosoma) drimicum subg. n. ,sp. n. (Diplopoda: Craspedosomatidae) = Dyocerasoma (Delultorosoma) drimicum subg. n., sp. n. (Diplopoda: Craspedosomatidae). BV 33 (1): 53-60. COBISS.SI-ID 63104513 449. Mršic, Narcis 1986: Dyocerasoma (Dyocerasoma) biokovense sp. n. (Diplopoda: Craspedosomatidae) = Dyocerasoma (Dyocerasoma) biokovenses sp. n. (Diplopoda: Craspedosomatidae). BV 34 (1): 81-88. COBISS.SI-ID 5861421 450. Mršic, Narcis 1980: Herpetofauna of the Nepal valley of Langtang and its vicinity. BV 28 (1): 59-66. COBISS.SI-ID 5849901 451. Mršic, Narcis 1988: Interleptoiulus cernagoranus g.n., sp.n. (Diplopoda:Julidae) and a survey of the Tribus Leptoiulini in Yugoslavia = Interleptoiulus cernagoranus g.n., sp.n. (Diplopoda: Julidae) in pregled tribusa Leptoiulini za Jugoslavijo. BV 36 (2): 31-52. COBISS.SI-ID 36088064 452. Mršic, Narcis 1979: Naselitvene sukcesije deževnikov (Lumbricidae, Oligochaeta) v bukov les na Kočevskem. BV 27 (2): 157-164. COBISS.SI-ID 5849389 453. Mršic, Narcis 1986: New taxa of the Diplopods (Myriapoda, Diplopod) of Slovenia = Novi taksoni diplopodov (Myriapoda: Diplopoda) v Sloveniji. BV 34 (2): 65-78. COBISS.SI-ID 5865517 454. Mršic, Narcis 1980: Octolasium croaticum (Rosa 1895) nova vrsta deževnika (Lumbricidae, Oligochaeta) v Sloveniji. BV 28 (1): 67-82. COBISS.SI-ID 5850157 455. Mršic, Narcis 1977: Prispevek k poznavanju vrste Eisenia Lucens (Waga 1857) (Lumbricidae, Oligochaeta) v Sloveniji. BV 25 (2): 139-147. COBISS.SI-ID 5849133 456. Mršic, Narcis 1983: Research on fauna and associations of earthworms (Lumbricidae) in Dur-mitor, Crna Gora (Montenegro) = Favnistične in cenotske raziskave deževnikov (Lumbricidae) Durmitorja v Čeni gori. BV 31 (2): 53-66. COBISS.SI-ID 5851949 457. Mršic, Narcis 1984: Research on fauna and associations of earthworms (Lumbricidae) in Velebit and Kapela, Hrvatska (Croatia) = Favnistične in cenotske raziskave deževnikov (Lumbricidae) Velebita in Kapele na Hrvaškem. BV 32 (1): 55-70. COBISS.SI-ID 5852205 458. Mršic, Narcis 1989: Research on the fauna and associations of earthworms (Lumbricidae) in northeastern Serbia = Favnistične in cenotske raziskave deževnikov (Lumbricidae) severovzhodne Srbije, II. BV 37 (2): 37-60. COBISS.SI-ID 9367298 459. Mršic, Narcis 1985: Research on the fauna and associations of earthworms (Lumbricidae) in the region of Učka and Gorski Kotar = Favnistične in cenotske raziskave deževnikov (Lumbricidae, Oligochaeta) Učke in Gorskega Kotarja na Hrvaškem. BV 33 (1): 41-56. COBISS.SI-ID 5858861 460. Mršic, Narcis 1987: Schizmohetera sketi g. n., sp. n. (Diplopoda: Neotractosomatidae). BV 35 (1): 77-82. COBISS.SI-ID 5872685 461. Mršic, Narcis 1983: Seasonal dynamics of abundance, age structure and depth distribution of earthworms (Lumbricidae) in some associations in Slovenia = Sezonska dinamika abundance, starostnih stopenj in globinske distribucuje deževnikov (Lunbricidae) v nekaterih cenozah v Sloveniji. BV 31 (2): 67-82. COBISS.SI-ID 5852717 462. Mršic, Narcis, Jonče Šapkarev 1987: Survey of the earthworms (Lumbricidae) of Serbia in a restricted sense and description of new taxa. BV 35 (2): 67-86. COBISS.SI-ID 33164800 463. Munda, Alenka, Jelka Šuštar Vozlič, Metka Žerjav 2002: Identification of physiological races of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum occuring in Slovenia = Identifikacija fizioloških ras glive Colletotrichum lindemuthianum v Sloveniji. ABS 45 (1): 3-7. COBISS.SI-ID 1441128 464. Munda, Ivka-Marija 1958: O kvantiteti fitoplanktona na severovzhodnem bregu otoka Krka. BV 6 (1): 3-10. COBISS.SI-ID 15428653 465. Munda, Ivka-Marija 1954: O razporeditvi bentonskih alg na obrežnem področju rta Šila na Krku. BV 3 (1): 78-90. COBISS.SI-ID 62483201 466. Munda, Ivka-Marija 1963: Vpliv salinitete na asimilacijo in dihanje rjave alge Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol. BV 11 (1): 3-13. COBISS.SI-ID 15429421 467. Munda, Ivka-Marija 1960: Vplivi temperature na rezistenco vrste Closterium leibleinii Kutzing pri različnih koncentracijah kloridov. BV 7 (1): 3-9. COBISS.SI-ID 62525441 468. Jelic, Gordana, Mila Bogdanovic, Nevena Mihailovic, Milica Vučkovic 1991: Neki fiziološki parametri za merenje efekata suše u listu kukuruza = Some physiologic parameters in measuring the effects of drought in the maize leaf. BV 39 (1/2): 99-102. COBISS.SI-ID 25078786 469. Nenadovic-Mratinic, Evica 1991: Uticaj mikroklime na vodni režim jagode = The influence of the microclimate on the water regime of strawberries. BV 39 (1/2): 125-128. COBISS.SI-ID 25091842 470. Boben, Jana, Irena Mavrič, Nataša Mehle, Manca Pirc, Maja Ravnikar 2007: New molecular diagnostic methods for detection of Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus (CSNV) = Nove molekularne diagnostične metode zaznavanja virusa nekroze stebel krizantem (CSNV). ABS 50 (1): 41-51. COBISS.SI-ID 1866063 471. Nikolic, Miroslav 1954: Prispevek k problematiki ekološkega proučevanja briozojev v Jadranu. BV 3 (1): 167-171. COBISS.SI-ID 62490625 472. Nikolic, Toni, Vesna Štamol 1990: Coenological investigations of snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in some phytocoenoses of the Bijele Stijene (Velika Kapela), Croatia, Yugoslavia) = Cenološka istraživanj a puževa (Mollusca: Gastropoda) u nekim fitocenozama Bij elih Stijena (Velika Kapela, Hrvatska, Jugoslavija). BV 38 (4): 29-36. COBISS.SI-ID 369881 473. Nonveiller, Guido 1991: Bogatstvo i istraženost faune Jugoslavije: Insekti (Insecta) = The richness and degree of exploration of the fauna of Yugoslavia: the insec. BV 39 (1/2): 23-36. COBISS. SI-ID 25073154 474. Nosek, Josef 1983: A new proturan species from Yugoslavia Aceretomon kustorae n. sp. (Protura, Acerentomidae) = Acerentomon kustorae n. sp. iz Jugoslavije (Protura, Acerentomidae). BV 31 (2): 151-156. COBISS.SI-ID 63064321 475. Nosek, Josef 1963: Some Collembola from Kamniške Alpe. BV 11 (1): 89-95. COBISS.SI-ID 62586369 476. Novak, Tone, Valika Kuštor 1977: Izhodišča in pristop k ekološkim raziskavam podzemeljskih kopenskih biocenoz Slovenije. BV 25 (2): 149-164. COBISS.SI-ID 2324740 477. Vrhovšek, Danijel, Mihael Bricelj, Gorazd Kosi, Metka Kralj 1983: Ocena onesnaženosti Save od izvira do Ljubljane s pomočjo perifitona = Evaluation of polluted river Sava from its source to Ljubljana with a help of perifiton. BV 31 (2): 103-118. COBISS.SI-ID 2964297 478. Okamoto, Hiroshi, Matija B. Peterlin, Thomas P. Cujec 2000: Mechanisms by which the HIV-encoded Tat protein increases the efficiency of transcriptional elongation by RNA polymerase II = Mehanizem HIV-kodiranega Tat proteina, s katerim poveča učinkovitost transkripcije z RNA polimerazo II. ABS 43 (1/2): 99-108. COBISS.SI-ID 13144281 479. Hršak, Vladimir, Toni Nikolic, Mihovil Plazibat, Sven D. Jelaska, Dragan Bukovec 1999: Orchids of Medvednica Natural Park, Croatia = Orhideje Parka narave Medvednica, Hrvaška. ABS 42 (4): 13-37. COBISS.SI-ID 118974208 480. Weygand Buraševic, Ivana, Sanda Filipic-Ročak, Irena Landeka, Boris Lenhard, Ivan Mijakovic, Jasmina Rokov 2000: Organellar and cytosolic seryl-tRNA syntheses: structural, functional and evolutionary aspects = Strukturni, funkcionalni in evolucijski vidiki organelskih in citosolskih seril-tRNA sintetaz. ABS 43 (1/2): 109-116. COBISS.SI-ID 13144537 481. Urbanek Krajnc, Andreja, Bernd Zechmann, Gunther Zellnig, Maria Muller 2003: Organization of interphase microtubules and actin filaments in spruce callus cells after glutathione treatment. ABS 46 (2): 29-35. COBISS.SI-ID 222038016 482. Osvald, Jože, Marinka Kogoj-Osvald. 1991: Primerjava posledic vpliva vodnega stresa na rast, razvoj ter pridelek koruze, sirka, zelja in paradižnika = Consequences due to water stress for the development and yield of corn, sorghum, cabbage and tomato plants. BV 39 (1/2): 129-136. COBISS.SI-ID 25092354 483. Stabentheiner, Edith, Andrea Gross, Gerhard Soj a, Dieter Grill 2003: Ozone biomonitoring using tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum »BelW3«. ABS 46 (2): 21-28. COBISS.SI-ID 222035200 484. Pajntar, Marjan 1965: Študija o tkivnih bazofilcih. BV 13 (1): 3-9, [1] pril. COBISS.SI-ID 62622977 485. Pajntar, Marjan 1965: Vpliv heparina, histamina ter njunih antidotov protamina in antistina na tkivne bayofilce (mast cells) pri beli miši. BV 13 (1): 11-24. COBISS.SI-ID 62623745 486. Paradiž, Jasna, Blanka Druškovič 2001: Assessment of cytogenic hazard for plants caused by highway traffic = Ocena citogenetskega tveganja za rastline zaradi avtocestnega prometa. ABS 44 (4): 3-12. COBISS.SI-ID 16177369 487. Paradiž, Jasna, Milan Lovka 1999: Bioassays for cytogenetic risk assessment in irradiated plants = Biotesti za oceno citogenske ogroženosti obsevanih rastlin. ABS 42 (2): 3-8. COBISS.SI-ID 10197209 488. Paradiž, Jasna, Milan Lovka 2004: Pollen grain bioassay for environmental contamination biomonitoring = Biomonitoring polucije okolja z analizo poškodovanosti pelodnih zrn. ABS 47 (2): 75-81. COBISS.SI-ID 1466703 489. Masson, Patrick, Marie-Therese Froment, Maurice Goeldner, Oksana Lockridge, Florian Nachon, Alexandra Weingand-Ziade, Weihua Xie 2000: The peripheral anionic site of butyrylcholineste-rase: from facts to functions= Periferno anionsko mesto na butilholinesterazi: od dejstev k vlogi. ABS 43 (1/2): 137-142. COBISS.SI-ID 13145561 490. Kovač, Maja, M. Luskovec, Barbara Vilhar, Maja Ravnikar 1997: Peroxidase activity during rooting of potato stem nodes on medium with and without jasmonic acid = Peroksidazna aktivnost med koreninjenjem nodijskih izsečkov stebla pri krompirju na gojišču z in brez jasmonske kislene. ABS 41 (4): 61-67. COBISS.SI-ID 78669312 491. Pertot, Marina, Livio Poldini 1992: An example of cartography of biotopes in the city of Trieste (NE Italy) = Primer kartiranja biotopov na Tržaškem (SV-Italja). BV 40 (3/4): 137-144. COBISS. SI-ID 73176320 492. Petauer, Tomaž 1980: Prispevek k poznavanju rodu Crategus L. v Sloveniji. BV 28 (2): 75-86. COBISS.SI-ID 63005953 493. Peterlin, Stane, Peter Skoberne, Tone Wraber 1985: Na poti k botanični »Rdeči knjigi« za Slovenijo = Towards the plant »Red data book« of Slovenia. BV 33 (2): 61-72. COBISS.SI-ID 63105281 494. Petkovšek, Viktor 1971: Clusijev prispevek k poznavanju mikoflore v jugovzhodni Panoniji. BV 19 (1): 61-71. COBISS.SI-ID 62671361 495. Petkovšek, Viktor 1966: Haplophyllum patavinum (L.) Juss., Do., Boiss. na Nanosu. BV 14 (1): 45-48. COBISS.SI-ID 62636545 496. Petkovšek, Viktor 1953: Letni ritem kalitve semen pri Echinocystis lobata. BV 2 (1): 15-18. COBISS.SI-ID 63273985 497. Petkovšek, Viktor 1970: Mezobrometalne in sorodne travne združbe na prehodu med predalpskim, dinarskim in submediteranskim območjem v Sloveniji : (predhodno poročilo). BV 18 (1): 3-12. COBISS.SI-ID 63292161 498. Petkovšek, Viktor 1952: Nekatere nove ali redke vrste rastlin na Slovenskem. BV 1 (1): 18-37. COBISS.SI-ID 63268609 499. Petkovšek, Viktor 1953: Nekatere nove ali redke vrste rastlin na SLovenskem II. BV 2 (1): 73-77. COBISS.SI-ID 63276033 500. Petkovšek, Viktor 1967: Ob štiristoletnici florističnih prizadevanj predhodnikov I. A. Scopolija. BV 15 (1): 51-62. COBISS.SI-ID 62654209 501. Petkovšek, Viktor 1966: Prispevek k poznavanju vegetacije rečnih obrežij v Sloveniji. BV 14 (1): 37-44. COBISS.SI-ID 62636033 502. Petkovšek, Viktor 1954: Razširjenost in tipološka problematika glacialnih reliktov na slovenskem. BV 3 (1): 132-146. COBISS.SI-ID 62490369 503. Petkovšek, Viktor, Andrej Seliškar 1977: Scilla pratensis W. et K. pomembna nova cvetnica za Slovenijo. BV 25 (2): 107-113. COBISS.SI-ID 14475053 504. Petkovšek, Viktor 1974: Travniška združba Bromo-Danthonietum calycinae Šugar 1972 in njena razširjenost v Sloveniji. BV 22 (1): 29-37. COBISS.SI-ID 62775041 505. Petkovšek, Zdravko 1963: Klimatske razmere v veliki dolini pri Škocjanskih jamah. BV 11 (1): 49-66. COBISS.SI-ID 1252708 506. Petrič, Meta 1954: Fotoperiodične reakcije pri Physalis peruviana L. BV 3 (1): 35-46. COBISS. SI-ID 62480641 507. Petrič, Meta 1970: Prispevek k morfologiji plodu pri vrsti Glaucium fulvum Sm. BV 18 (1): 13-18. COBISS.SI-ID 63293185 508. Petrič, Meta 1952: Vpliv svetlobe in toplote na dolgost življenjskega cikla pri višjih rastlinah. BV 1 (1): 139-146. COBISS.SI-ID 63271681 509. Petrovič, Nataša, Gugerli Paul 1992: Purification of potato virus M (PVM) = Čiščenje kropirjevega mozaičnega virusa (PVM). BV 40 (2): 29-33. COBISS.SI-ID 73131776 510. Petrovič, Novica, Vojijslava Momčilovic, Milun Petrovič 1991: Uticaj vodnog stresa na asimilaciju azota kod mladih biljaka šečerne repe = The effect of water stress on nitrogen assimilation by young sugar beet plants. BV 39 (1/2): 137-140. COBISS.SI-ID 25092610 511. Pevalek-Kozlina, Branka, Sibila Jelaska 1989: Adventitious root formation in the cloned micro-cuttings of Prunus avium = Tvorba adventivnog korijenja na kloniranim mikroreznicama vrste Prunus avium. BV 37 (3): 57-66. COBISS.SI-ID 63162113 512. Pipan, Nada 1965: Diferenciacija in vpliv rentgenskih žarkov na celice Langerhansovih otočkov. BV 13 (1): 25-29, [1] f. pril. COBISS.SI-ID 62624257 513. Pipan, Nada 1974: Lizosomski sistem celic črevesnega in želodčnega epitela ter proksimalnih tubulov pri miši med ontogenezo. BV 22 (2): 143-154. COBISS.SI-ID 62787329 514. Pipan, Nada 1961: O razvoju endoplazmatskega retikuluma v embrionalnig celicah eksokrinega dela trebušne slinavke pri miši. BV 8 (1): 41-48, [2] pril. COBISS.SI-ID 62538241 515. Pipan, Nada 1958: O vplivu nizkih koncentracij avreomicina na celice tkivnih kultur. BV 6 (1): 46-59. COBISS.SI-ID 62507265 516. Pipan, Nada 1962: Vpliv žarkov X na mitohondrije v času ontogeneze. BV 10 (1): 27-32, [3] pril. COBISS.SI-ID 62569473 517. Piškur, Jure 1987: The origin of mitochondrial membranes = Izvor mitohondrijske membrane. BV 35 (1): 83-89. COBISS.SI-ID 25497049 518. Besendorfer, Višnja, Branka Kolevska-Pletikapič, Marijana Krsnik-Rasol, Dražena Papeš 1989: Plant regeneration in the root callus cukture of Betula pendula Roth = Regeneracija biljaka u kalusu korijena vrste Betula pendula Roth. BV 37 (3): 13-22. COBISS.SI-ID 63161089 519. Plemenitaš, Ana, 2000: Activation of the MAP cascade by HIV nef affects the transcription of the pheromone response target gene FUS1 in Saccharomyces cerevisae = Aktivacija MAP kaskade z nef proteinom virusa HIV vpliva na transkripcijo gena FUS1 pri Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ABS 43 (1/2): 11-16. COBISS.SI-ID 12830681 520. Podgornik, Samo, Urška Mavri, Ignac Sivec 1999: Stonefly fauna (Insecta, Plecoptera) of the Lipnica Valley, NW Slovenia = Vrbnice (Insecta, Plecoptera) Lipniške doline. ABS 42 (3): 31-41. COBISS.SI-ID 79349 521. Podobnik, Andrej 1992: Asarum europaeum L. v Sloveniji = Asarum europaeum L. in Slovenia. BV 40 (2): 35-49. COBISS.SI-ID 73132288 522. Podobnik, Andrej 1978: Prispevek k poznavanju morfološke variabilnosti in razširjenosti agregata Aquilegia vulgaris v Sloveniji. BV 26 (1): 27-40. COBISS.SI-ID 62893313 523. Pogačnik, Tone 1961: Ocenitev kostnega volumna z antropometrijskimi metodami. BV 9 (1): 125-132. COBISS.SI-ID 62550785 524. Pogačnik, Tone 1973: Poskus ocenitve razvitosti mišičnega tkiva. BV 21 (2): 91-95. COBISS. SI-ID 62766849 525. Pogačnik, Tone, Bogo Škerlj 1961: Primerjava volumna okostja z volumnom podkožne tolšče. BV 8 (1): 73-78. COBISS.SI-ID 62539009 526. Pogačnik, Tone 1969: Prispevek k biotipologiji študentov Ljubljanske univerze. BV 17 (1): 161-166. COBISS.SI-ID 63307265 527. Pogačnik, Tone 1966: Volumen, delni volumen in specifična masa človeškega telesa. BV 14 (1): 117-126. COBISS.SI-ID 62647553 528. Pohleven, Franc, Nada Gogala 1986: The influence of natural cytokinins on the content of K, P, Ca and Na in the mycelium of the mycorrhizal fungus Suillus variegatus = Vpliv naravnih citokininov na vsebnost K, P, Ca in Na v miceliju mikorizne glive Suillus variegatus. BV 34 (2): 79-88. COBISS.SI-ID 24737581 529. Pohleven, Franc 1989: The influence of zeatin on the ion absorption and trancport in nycorrhizal fungus Suillus variegatus = Vpliv zeatina na absorbcijo in transport ionov v miceliju mikorizne glive Suillus variegatus. BV 37 (3): 67-78. COBISS.SI-ID 63163137 530. Pohleven, Franc, Nada Gogala 1977: Sinergistično delovanje IAA in KIN na rast micelija mikorizne glive Suillus variegatus. BV 25 (1): 15-18. COBISS.SI-ID 24726829 531. Poklar Ulrih, Nataša, Peter Maček, Gorazd Vesnaver 2000: Comparison of the acid and alkaline pH conformational states of pore-forming protein, equinatoxin II, by means of CD-spectrocsopy = Primerj ava kislih in bazičnih konformacij skih stanj »pore-forming« proteina, ekvinatoksina II, z uporabo CD-spektroskopije. ABS 43 (1/2): 37-39. COBISS.SI-ID 2502008 532. Pokorn, Dražigost, Bojan Accetto 1990: Distribution of subcutaneus adipose in old healthy people by sex and age in Ljubljana, Yugoslavia = Razporeditev podkožnega maščevja pri starejših ženskah in moških v Ljubljani. BV 38 (2): 45-54. COBISS.SI-ID 349145 533. Pokorn, Dražigost, Bojan Accetto 1989: Gradivo za antropometrični prikaz stare populacije na področju mesta Ljubljane = A contribution to the anthropometric survey of aged citizens in the city ofLjubljana. BV 37 (1): 75-90. COBISS.SI-ID 9359618 534. Pokorn, Dražigost 1980: Lega zaužitih obrokov hrane v želodcih poskusnih mišk in podgan pri različnih režimih prehrane. BV 28 (2): 49-68. COBISS.SI-ID 63005441 535. Poldini, Livio, Fabrizio Martini 1992: Preliminary analysis of the chorological patterns of the flora of Friuli - Venezia Giulia (Northeastern Italy) = Analiza modelov razširjenosti flore Furlanije-Julijske Krajine. BV 40 (3/4): 145-150. COBISS.SI-ID 73178112 536. Polenec, Anton 1966: Ein Okologisch-faunistischer beitrag zur Arachnidenfauna Sloweniens. BV 14 (1): 109-113. COBISS.SI-ID 62647297 537. Polenec, Anton 1962: Arahnidska favna in asociacije pozimi. BV 10 (1): 71-83. COBISS.SI-ID 62576897 538. Polenec, Anton 1972: Coelotes alpinus n. sp. BV 20 (1): 81-83. COBISS.SI-ID 62751233 539. Polenec, Anton 1958: Ekološka raziskovanja arahnidske favne iy nekaterih gozdnih tipov v okolici Kranja. BV 6 (1): 92-117. COBISS.SI-ID 62509569 540. Polenec, Anton 1964: Ekološka raziskovanja arahnidske favne v anemone-fagetum v Bohinju. BV 12 (1): 133-146. COBISS.SI-ID 62596609 541. Polenec, Anton 1974: Ekološko favnistična raziskovanja arahnidske favne v Slovenskih goricah v združbi Querceto-carpinetum subpanonicum. BV 22 (2): 235-240. COBISS.SI-ID 62807041 542. Polenec, Anton 1970: Ekološko favnistična raziskovanja visokogorske arahnidske favne v Sloveniji. BV 18 (1): 59-68. COBISS.SI-ID 63295745 543. Polenec, Anton 1969: Favnistično-ekološka raziskovanja arahnidske favne na Nanosu. BV 17 (1): 113-123. COBISS.SI-ID 63306241 544. Polenec, Anton, Konrad Thaler 1975: Harpactea rucnerorum n. sp. BV 23 (1): 135-137. COBISS. SI-ID 62838785 545. Polenec, Anton 1965: Raziskovanja arahnidske favne na Krasu. BV 13 (1): 77-85. COBISS. SI-ID 62627841 546. Polenec, Anton 1967: Raziskovanja arahnidske favne v Abieto-fagetum austroalpinum na Jezerskem. BV 15 (1): 79-85. COBISS.SI-ID 62655233 547. Polenec, Anton 1968: Raziskovanje terestične arahnidske favne na Krasu. BV 16 (1): 77-85. COBISS.SI-ID 62666497 548. Polenec, Anton 1961: Terestična arahnidska favna na južnih pobočjih Storžiča. BV 9 (1): 109-117. COBISS.SI-ID 62549761 549. Polenec, Anton 1963: Terestična arahnidska favna v gozdovih pod Nanosom. BV 11 (1): 79-88. COBISS.SI-ID 62585857 550. Vrhovšek, Danijel, Metka Kralj, Andrej Martinčič, Marija Štremfelj 1985: Pollution degree of the two Alpine rivers evaluated with Bryophyta species. BV 33 (2): 95-106. COBISS.SI-ID 2965577 551. Potočnik, Franc 1984: Mokrice (Isopoda terrestria) Slovenske obale Jadrana = Woodlouse (Iso-poda terrestria) of the Adriatic coast of Slovenia. BV 32 (1): 77-86. COBISS.SI-ID 63074817 552. Potočnik, Franc 1981: Mokrice (Isopoda terrestria) Triglavskega nacionalnega parka = The woodlouse (Isopoda terrestria) of the Triglav national park. BV 29 (2): 57-66. COBISS.SI-ID 63024129 553. Potočnik, Franc 1989: Pregled favne mokric (Isopoda terrestria) Jugoslavije = The survey of the fauna of woodlices (Isopoda terrestra) of Yugoslavia. BV 37 (2): 61-81. COBISS.SI-ID 9369858 554. Potočnik, Franc 1979: Prispevek k poznavanju favne mokric (Isopoda terrestria) Slovenije. BV 27 (1): 63-70. COBISS.SI-ID 62957569 555. Potočnik, Franc 1980: Prispevek k poznavanju favne mokric (Isopoda terrestria) v Sloveniji II - novevrste za favno Slovenije. BV 28 (2): 21-26. COBISS.SI-ID 63001345 556. Povž, Meta 1982: Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch) 1783 (Pisces) v Sloveniji = Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch) 1783 (Pisces) in Slovenia. BV 30 (1): 121-126. COBISS.SI-ID 63046657 557. Povž, Meta 1984: Ihtiofavna reke Mure I. = Ichtyofauna of the river Mura I. BV 32 (1): 87-92. COBISS.SI-ID 63075073 558. Povž, Meta 1983: Ihtiofavna Šmartinskega jezera = Ichtyofauna of the lake Šmartinsko jezero. BV 31 (1): 35-44. COBISS.SI-ID 63051009 559. Povž, Meta, Natalija Budihna, Joža Vovk 1981: Prva ugotovitev monogenega sesača Diplozoon paradoxum Normann, 1832 v Jugoslaviji = The monogenous tremetode Diplozoon paradoxum Normann, 1832 was recovered in Jugoslavia. BV 29 (1): 83-85. COBISS.SI-ID 63017473 560. Povž, Meta 1983: Spremembe v arealu dveh vrst podusti (Chondrostoma, Pisces) v Sloveniji = The change of the areal of two species from genus Chondrostoma (Pisces) in Slovenia. BV 31 (1): 45-52. COBISS.SI-ID 63051521 561. Prekoršek, Branko 1956: Nova nahajališča nekaterih redkih rastlinskih vrst v Sloveniji. BV 5 (1): 32-38. COBISS.SI-ID 62502401 562. Prekoršek, Branko 1964: Prispevek k flori praprotnic in cvetnic Slovenije. BV 12 (1): 59-63. COBISS.SI-ID 62594817 563. Prekoršek, Branko 1972: Prispevek k problematiki psevdosezonskega polimorfizma vrst rodu Gentianella Moench. BV 20 (1): 17-29. COBISS.SI-ID 62739457 564. Prekoršek, Branko 1974: Prispevek k problematiki psevdosredozemskega polimorfizma vrst rodu Gentianella Moench II. - monomorfna oblika Gentianella anisodonta var. calycina. BV 22 (2): 159-170. COBISS.SI-ID 62795265 565. Prekoršek, Branko 1971: Prispevek k taksonomiji vrst Gentianella austriaca - kompleksa. BV 19 (1): 73-81. COBISS.SI-ID 62695681 566. Avčin, Andrej, Nikki Meith-Avčin, Borut Vrišer, Aleksander Vukovič 1974: Primerjava bentoških združb Strunjanskega in Koprskega zaliva z ozirom na njihove polucijsko pogojene razlike. BV 22 (2): 171-208. COBISS.SI-ID 490063 567. Comino, Aleksandra, Apolonija Bedina Zavec, Radovan Komel, Mateja Manček Keber 2000: The product of ECM11 gene might couple the cell cycle events with the extracellular matrix composition = Produkt ECM11 gena verjetno povezuje regulacijo celičnega cikla z regulacijo izgradnje celične stene. ABS 43 (1/2): 67-71. COBISS.SI-ID 2340890 568. Pucher-Petkovic, Tereza 1952: O jadranskih kopepodnih rakih iz družine Sapphirinidae. BV 1 (1): 99-106. COBISS.SI-ID 63270145 569. Puncer, Franc 1961: Krvni pritisk za različne starosti pri klinično zdravih ljudeh. BV 9 (1): 133-137. COBISS.SI-ID 62551041 570. Purger, Jeno J., Boris Kryštufek 1991: Feral Coypu Myocastor coypus (Rodentia, Mammalia) in Yugoslavia = Prostoživeče nutrije Myocastor coypus (Rodentia, Mammalia) v Jugoslaviji. BV 39 (4): 19-24. COBISS.SI-ID 35181312 571. Purger, Jeno J., Tomislav Karanovic 1991: First Data on Small Mammal Fauna from Krnjeuša (Bosanska Krajina), as Obtained by a Barn Owl, Tyto alba (SCOP., 1769) Pellet Analysis = Prvi podaci o fauni sitnih sisara Krnjruše (Bosanska Krajina), dobijeni analizom sadržaja gvalica kukuvije (Tyto alba (SCOP.,1769). BV 39 (3): 41-44. COBISS.SI-ID 32801792 572. Pust, Moj ca, Mihael Jožef Toman 2006: Quantitative analysis of the macroinvertebrate community in the river Temenica(SE Slovenia) = Kvantitativna analiza združbe makroinvertebratov v reki temenici (JV Sklovenija). ABS 49 (2): 23-32. COBISS.SI-ID 22757593 573. Quarrie, Steve A. 1991: The Role of abscisic acid in regulating water status in plants. BV 39 (1/2): 67-76. COBISS.SI-ID 25076226 574. Rakovec, Rajko 1953: Opazovanje na skifozoju Stephanoscyphus mirabilis All. BV 2 (1): 40-46. COBISS.SI-ID 63275265 575. Rakovec, Rajko 1960: Prispevki k poznavanju vrste Parazoanthus axinella Schmidt. BV 7 (1): 39-53. COBISS.SI-ID 62528769 576. Rataj, Jelka 1954: Pomen števila oljnih kanalov vrste Athamantha cretensis L. za njeno sistematsko razdelitev v območju jugovzhodnih apneniških Alp. BV 3 (1): 102-105. COBISS.SI-ID 62484737 577. Ravnik, Vlado 1975: Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) Soo subsp. transsilvanica (Schur) Soo nova orhidejav flori Slovenije. BV 23 (1): 53-58. COBISS.SI-ID 62834177 578. Ravnik, Vlado 1972: Nekaj o problematiki orhideje Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) Soo s. lat. BV 20 (1): 31-37. COBISS.SI-ID 62740481 579. Ravnik, Vlado 1969: Nekaj pripomb k morfologiji in sistematiki skupine Helleborus niger l. s. lat. v Sloveniji. BV 17 (1): 43-58. COBISS.SI-ID 63304705 580. Ravnik, Vlado 1988: Plantago argentea Chaix in Vill.subsp. liburnics V. Ravnik subsp. nova = Plantago argentea Chaix in Vill. subsp. liburnica V. Ravnik subsp. nova. BV 36 (3): 53-62. COBISS.SI-ID 36091392 581. Ravnik, Vlado 1956: Prispevek k morfologiji in sistematiki genusa Nigritella rich. BV 5 (1): 3-10. COBISS.SI-ID 62501377 582. Ravnik, Vlado 1961: Prispevek k morfologiji in sistematiki genusa Nigritella Rich. II. BV 8 (1): 9-15. COBISS.SI-ID 62537217 583. Ravnik, Vlado, Franc Sušnik 1964: Prispevek k morfologiji in sistematiki genusa Nigritella Rich. BV 12 (1): 65-75. COBISS.SI-ID 62595073 584. Ravnik, Vlado 1953: Regeneracija plavuti somiča (Amiurus nebulosus Raf). BV 2 (1): 36-39. COBISS.SI-ID 63275009 585. Ravnikar, Maja, Nada Gogala 1989: The influence ofjasmonic acid on the development of virus-free potato plants in vitro = Vpliv jasmonske kisline na vzgojo zdravih rastlin krompirja in vitro. BV 37 (3): 79-88. COBISS.SI-ID 13005826 586. Ravnikar, Maja, Nada Gogala, Jana Žel 1984: Tissue culture of tomato (cv. Saint Pierre, F1, MI 13) = Tkivna kultura paradižnika (Saint Pierre, F1, MI 13). BV 32 (2): 27-40. COBISS.SI-ID 24727597 587. Regula, Ivan 1989: The presence of serotonin in the walnut (juglans cordiformis Carr.) = Prisustvo serotonina u orahu (Juglans cordiformis Carr.). BV 37 (3): 89-92. COBISS.SI-ID 63163393 588. Regula, Ivan 1991: Promjene osmotskog i vodnog potencijala u ekstenzorskim stanicama zglobnog jastučiča - kao osnova niktinastije = Changes in osmotic and water potentials in the extensoric cells of the pulvinus as the basis of nyctinasty. BV 39 (1/2): 141-148. COBISS.SI-ID 25093378 589. Regvar, Marjana, Branka Javornik 1997: Improved method for studies of mycorrhizal Norway spruce seedlings polypeptide patterns = Izboljšava metode za študij polipeptidnih vzorcev miko-riznih sejank smreke. ABS 41 (4): 15-22. COBISS.SI-ID 78651904 590. Rejic, Marjan 1973: Biološki indikatorji onesnaženja podzemnih voda. BV 21 (1): 11-15. CO-BISS.SI-ID 62753281 591. Rejic, Marjan 1956: Dve novi vrsti nifargid iz Slovenije. BV 5 (1): 79-84. COBISS.SI-ID 62502913 592. Rejic, Marjan 1954: K problematiki dveh vrst ciklopid. BV 3 (1): 117-122. COBISS.SI-ID 62485761 593. Rejic, Marjan 1974: Laboratorijski pripomoček za planktonske študije. BV 22 (2): 255-256. COBISS.SI-ID 62819073 594. Rejic, Marjan 1960: Prispevek k favni Slovenije. BV 7 (1): 69-73. COBISS.SI-ID 62531841 595. Rejic, Marjan 1962: Prispevek k favni Slovenije III. BV 10 (1): 63-68. COBISS.SI-ID 62575361 596. Rejic, Marjan 1953: Prispevek k poznavanju družine Cyclopidae G. O. Sars v Sloveniji. BV 2 (1): 82-83. COBISS.SI-ID 63276545 597. Rejic, Marjan 1960: Prispevek k spoznavanju favne Slovenije. BV 7 (1): 65-67. COBISS.SI-ID 62531585 598. Riedel, A., France Velkovrh 1976: Drei neuen Balkanische zonitiden (Gastropoda) und neue funde einiger selter Arten. BV 24 (2): 219-227. COBISS.SI-ID 62863873 599. Rode, Janko, Kazimir Drašlar 1998: The structure of the digestive system of woodlouse Cylisti-cus convexus de Geer (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscoidea): hindgut and hepatopancreas = Zgradba prebavila pri mokrici Cylisticus convexus de Geer (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscoidea): črevo in prabavne žleze. ABS 42 (1): 25-37. COBISS.SI-ID 211340 600. Rode, Janko, Kazimir Drašlar, Pavel Ličar 1998: The structure of the digestive system of wood-louse Cylisticus convexus de Geer (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscoidea): Proventriculus = Zgradba prebavila pri mokrici Cylisticus convexus de Geer (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscoidea): Proventrikel. ABS 42 (1): 13-23. COBISS.SI-ID 211084 601. Rodriguez, G. 1985: A new cavernicolous crab (Crustacea, Decapoda, Pseudothelphusidae) from Colombia = Nova jamska rakovica (Crustacea, Decapoda, Pseudothelphusidae) iz Kolumbije. BV 33 (2): 73-80. COBISS.SI-ID 63106305 602. Rošer-Drev, Alenka, Marjan Rejic 1995: Biološka analiza reke Pake = Biological analyse of the river Paka (Slovenia). BV 40 (2): 51-69. COBISS.SI-ID 9430 603. Rule, Gordon S., Kevin T. Hitchens 2000: Synergy of NMR and X-ray in structural biology = Sinergizem določanja bioloških struktur z NMR spektroskopijo in rentgensko difrakcijo. ABS 43 (1/2): 147-153. COBISS.SI-ID 13146073 604. Rupnik, Maja, Kristijan Jezernik 1990: Vpliv izolacije s kolagenazo IV na medcelične povezave in zgradbo celic pankreasa in obušesne slinavke = The influence of isolation with collagenase type IV on the cell junctions and cell ultrastructure of pancreatic and parotid acinar cells. BV 38 (4): 37-46. COBISS.SI-ID 21477634 605. Sacher, P. 1982: Erster nachweis von Araniella proxima (Kulczynski, 1885) fur Jugoslawien (Aranea, Araneide) = Araniella proxima (Kulczynski. 1885) najdena v Jugoslaviji (Araneae, Araneidae). BV 30 (2): 85-90. COBISS.SI-ID 63049473 606. Schauer, Primož 1967: The inhibitory effect of heparin on the development of cytopathogenic changes induced by vaccinia virus in chick embryo fibroblasts. BV 15 (1): 17-21. COBISS.SI-ID 62649601 607. Schauer, Primož 1966: Interferon. BV 14 (1): 3-15. COBISS.SI-ID 62633217 608. Mayer, Ernest 1966: Notulae ad floram Jugoslaviae. BV 14 (1): 29-36. COBISS.SI-ID 62634753 609. Schauer, Primož, Slava Šebek 1966: Pepsinogen in rat gastric mucosa after whole-body gamma irradiation. BV 14 (1): 17-20. COBISS.SI-ID 62633985 610. Schauer, Primož, Miha Likar 1973: Vpliv sprememb v kemični strukturi derivatov tiazolidin ocetne kislene na inhibicijo citopatogenih sprememb virusa vakcinije v kulturi celic HeLa in kurjih embrionalnih celic. BV 21 (1): 25-28. COBISS.SI-ID 62753793 611. FoTI, Szilvia, Janos Balogh,Sandor Bartha, Szilard Czobel, Zoltan Nagy, Zoltan Tuba 2004: Seasonal and daily pattern, temporal and spatial variability of ecosystem CO2-exchange in a temperature Pannonian loess grassland. ABS 47 (1): 13-20. COBISS.SI-ID 226886400 612. Vrhovšek, Danijel, Mihael Bricelj, Gorazd Kosi, Andrej Martinčič, Darja Skribe-Dimec 1982: The seasonal dynamics of periphyton on artificial substrate in lake Bled, Yugoslavia = Sezonska dinamika perifitona na umetnem substratu na Blejskem jezeru. BV 30 (2): 91-112. COBISS. SI-ID 16825561 613. Hadžihalilovic, Jasminka, Adisa Ahmic, Amir H.Halilovic, Hajrija Hamidovic, Fatima Jusupovic, Amra Nožinovic, Amela Šehic, Rifet Terzic 2005: Secular trend in body dimensions in boys from Tuzla region in period 1980-1996. ABS 48 (1): 33-44. COBISS.SI-ID 235089664 614. Sedmak, Bojan 1984: The determination of proteolytic activities in the sea anemone Condylactis aurantiaca = Ugotavljanje prisotnosti proteinaz v morski vetrnici Condylactis aurantiaca. BV 32 (1): 93-104. COBISS.SI-ID 63075585 615. Sedmak, Bojan, Gorazd Kosi 2002: Harmful cyanobacterial blooms in Slovenia - bloom types and microcystin producers = Škodljiva cianobakterijska cvetenja v Sloveniji - tipi cvetenj in proizvajalci mikrocistinov. ABS 45 (1): 17-30. COBISS.SI-ID 16180697 616. Seliškar, Andrej, Darinka Trpin, Brane Vreš 1995: Flora in vegetacija vlažnih rastišč Slovenije - I. Rod Lindernia All. = Flora in vegetacija on wet habitats in Slovenia - I. Genus Lindernia All. BV 40 (3/4): 45-58. COBISS.SI-ID 3527981 617. Seliškar, Andrej 1997: Potamogeton obtusifolius Mertens et Koch - nova vrsta za Slovenijo = Potamogeton obtusifolius Mertens et Koch - A new species in the flora of Slovenia. ABS 41 (2/3): 109-112. COBISS.SI-ID 7021529 618. Seliškar, Andrej 1983: Prispevek k poznavanju vegetacije razredov Lemnetea in Potamogetonetea v Sloveniji = A contribution to the knowledge of the clasess lemnetea and potamogetonetea in Slovenia. BV 31 (1): 25-34. COBISS.SI-ID 7765037 619. Serša, Gregor, Andrej Čokl 1978: Analiza vibracijskih signalov v trebušnjači kobilice vrste Dectucus verrucivorus (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae). BV 26 (2): 95-105. COBISS.SI-ID 62933761 620. Simčič, Tatjana 2004: Respiration rate and respiratory electron transport system (ETS) activity of chironomid larvae from mountain lakes (NW Slovenia) = Stopnja dihanja in aktivnost dihalnega elektronskega transportnega sistema (ETS) pri ličinkah trzač iz gorskih jezer (SZ Slovenija). ABS 47 (2): 77-88. COBISS.SI-ID 1464143 621. Simova-Tošic, Duška, Mitar Vukovic, Ignac Sivec 1990: Addendum to the fauna Tipulidae (Diptera) of Yugoslavia (IV) = Prispevek k favni Tipulidae (Diptera) Jugoslavije (IV). BV 38 (1): 69-72. COBISS.SI-ID 13204226 622. Simova-Tošic, Duška, Ignac Sivec 1978: Prispevek k poznavanju favne košeninarjev (Tipulidae, Diptera) v Sloveniji. BV 26 (2): 183-186. COBISS.SI-ID 62937601 623. Simova-Tošic, Duška, Ignac Sivec 1984: Second contribution to the crane flies fauna of Slovenia (Tipulidae, Diptera) = Drugi prispevek k poznavanju favne košeninarjev (Diptera, Tipulidae) v Sloveniji. BV 32 (2): 41-44. COBISS.SI-ID 63093249 624. Sivec, Ignac 1979: Prispevek k poznavanju favne vrbnic (Plecoptera, Insecta) v Sloveniji. BV 27 (2): 165-174. COBISS.SI-ID 62968833 625. Sivec, Ignac 1984: Redescription of Neoperla klapeki Banks holotype from Taiwan /Formosa/-(Plecoptera, Perlidae) = Ponovni opis holotipa vrste Neoperla klapaleki Banks s Formoze. BV 32 (1): 105-108. COBISS.SI-ID 63076353 626. Sivec, Ignac 1980: Rezultati entomoloških odprav v Nepal in Sri Lanko, Plecoptera. BV 28 (2): 69-74. COBISS.SI-ID 63005697 627. Sivec, Ignac 1985: Stoneflies (Plecoptera) from the Croatian national zoological museum in Zagreb = Zbirka vrbnic (Plecoptera) Hrvatskega narodnega zoološkega muzeja iz Zagreba. BV 33 (1): 57-60. COBISS.SI-ID 63094785 628. Sket, Boris 1979: Atlantasellus cavernicolus n. gen., n. sp. (Isopoda Asellota, Atlantasellidae n. fam.) from Bermuda. BV 27 (2): 175-183. COBISS.SI-ID 14162137 629. Sket, Boris 1985: Bogidiella (s.l.) gammariformis sp. n. (Amphipoda) from Ecuador = Bogi-diella (s.l.) gammariformis sp. n. (Amphipoda) iz Ekvadorja. BV 33 (2): 81-88. COBISS.SI-ID 14161369 630. Sket, Boris, Jonče Šapkarev 1986: Dina lepinja sp. n. (Hirudinea, Erpobdellidae), a new endemic leech from the ancient lake Ohridsko jezero = Dina lepinja sp. n., nova endemna vrsta pijavk (Hirudinea, Erpobdellidae) iz starinskega Ohridskega jezera. BV 34 (2): 89-92. COBISS.SI-ID 2929881 631. Sket, Boris 1988: Fauna of the hypogean waters of the San Andres (Saint Andrews) Island, Colombia = Favna podzemeljskih voda na Otoku San Andreas (Saint Andrews I.), Kolumbija. BV 36 (2): 77-82. COBISS.SI-ID 36089600 632. Sket, Boris 1964: Genus Sphaeromides Dollfus 1897 (Crust., Isopoda, Cirolanidae) in Jugo-slawien). BV 12 (1): 153-168. COBISS.SI-ID 62597121 633. Sket, Boris 1982: New Protojaniridae (Isopoda, Asellota) from Sri Lanka and some corrections of the taxonomy of the family = Nove oblike družine Protojaniridae (Isopoda, Asellota) iz Sri Lanke in nekaj popravkov k taksonomiji družine. BV 30 (1): 127-142. COBISS.SI-ID 14160857 634. Sket, Boris 1981: Niphargobates orophobata N.G., N. SP. (Amphipoda, Gammaridae S. l.) from cave waters in Slovenia (NW Yugoslavia) = Niphargobates orophobata N.G., N. SP. (Amphipoda, Gammaridae S. l.) iz jamskih voda Slovenije. BV 29 (1): 105-118. COBISS.SI-ID 14160345 635. Sket, Boris 1974: Niphargus stygius (Schiodte) (Amphipoda, Gammaridae) - die Neubeschreibung Desrenerotypus, Variabilitat, Verbreitung und Biologie der Art, I. BV 22 (1): 91-103. COBISS. SI-ID 62786561 636. Sket, Boris 1964: Nova aberatna vrsta postranice (Crust., Amphipoda) iz Slovenije. BV 12 (1): 147-152. COBISS.SI-ID 62596865 637. Sket, Boris 1985: Piscicola hadzii sp. n. (Piscicolidae, Hurudinea), a probably endemic species of leeches from Hercegovina, Yugoslavia = Piscicola hadzii sp. n. (Piscicolidae, Hurudinea), verjetno endemna vrsta pijavk iz Hercegovine. BV 33 (2): 89-94. COBISS.SI-ID 14161113 638. Sket, Boris, France Velkovrh 1981: Podzemelj ske živali v termalnih vodah = Subterranean animals in thermal waters. BV 29 (2): 91-119. COBISS.SI-ID 14159065 639. Sket, Boris 1970: Predhodno poročilo o ekoloških raziskavah v sistemu kraške Ljubljanice. BV 18 (1): 79-87. COBISS.SI-ID 63296513 640. Sket, Boris 1958: Prispevek k poznavanju naših amfipodov. BV 6 (1): 66-75. COBISS.SI-ID 62507777 641. Sket, Boris 2008: Prispevek k zgodovini raziskav biotske pestrosti v Sloveniji - kar zadeva nižje nevretenčarje = A contribution to the history of biodiversity research in Slovenia - lower invertebrates mainly. ABS 51 (2): 5-19. COBISS.SI-ID 25440217 642. Sket, Boris 1981: Razširjenost, ekološki značaj in pomen Panonske slepe postranice Niphargus valachicus (Amphipoda, gammaridae S. L.) = Distribution, ecological character and phyloge-netic importance of Niphargus valachicus (Amphipoda, gammaridae S. L.). BV 29 (1): 87-103. COBISS.SI-ID 14160089 643. Sket, Boris 1981: Rhynchobdellid leeches (Hirudinea, Rhynchobdellae) in the relic Ohrid lake region = Rilčaste pijavke (Hirudinea, Rhynchobdellae) v območju reliktnega Ohridskega jezera. BV 29 (2): 67-89. COBISS.SI-ID 14159321 644. Sket, Boris 1982: Some news about the subgenus Microlistra (Isopoda, Sphaeromatidae) in the subterranean waters of Yugoslavia = Nekaj novosti o podrodu Microlistra (Isopoda, Sphaeromatidae) iz podzemeljskihvoda Jugoslavije. BV 30 (1): 143-153. COBISS.SI-ID 14160601 645. Sket, Boris 1988: Speleobiological investigations in the Colombian Andes 1984 = Speleobiološke raziskave v kolumbijskih Andih 1984. BV 36 (2): 53-62. COBISS.SI-ID 5677785 646. Sket, Boris 1970: Uber Struktur und Herkunft der Unterirdischen Fauna Jugoslawiens. BV 18 (1): 69-78. COBISS.SI-ID 63296257 647. Sket, Boris 1988: Zooogeografija sladkovodnih in somornih rakov (Crustacea) v kvarnersko-velebitskem območju = Zoogeography of the freshwater and brackish Crustacea in the Kvarner-Velebit islands (NW Adriatic, Yugoslavia). BV 36 (2): 63-76. COBISS.SI-ID 5678041 648. Slapnik, Rajko 1998: Gastropods (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia, Pulmonata) of Kum, Posavsko hribovje (Slovenia) = Polži Kuma (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia, Pulmonata), Posavsko hribovje (Slovenija). ABS 42 (1): 57-67. COBISS.SI-ID 10727213 649. Slapnik, Rajko 1991: Nahajališča Carychium tridentatum (Risso 1826) in C. minimum O.F. Muller 1774 v Sloveniji in razširjenost C. mariae Paulucci 1878 (Gastropoda: Carychiidae) v Jugoslaviji = Localities of Carychium tridentatum (risso, 1826) and C. minimum O. F. Muller 1774 in Slovenia and distribution of C. mariae Paulucci 1878 (Gastropoda, Carychiidae) in Yugoslavia. BV 39 (3): 45-62. COBISS.SI-ID 32802816 650. Smerkolj, Z., Nada Gogala, Peter Stegnar 1979: Privzem 45Ca v ektomikorizno glivo Suillus variegatus. BV 27 (2): 185-188. COBISS.SI-ID 24727341 651. Sojar, Aleš 1980: Udeležba zračnega dihanja pri preskrbi močerila (Proteus anguinus) s kisikom. BV 28 (1): 83-98. COBISS.SI-ID 62981889 652. Turk, Vito, Jožefa Babnik, Franc Gubenšek, Igor Kregar 1975: Some charasteristics of cathepsin D isolated by classical purification procedure. BV 23 (2): 107-118. COBISS.SI-ID 8853799 653. Kus, Breda, Miklavž Grabnar, Miha Janc, Darja Žgur-Bertok 1975: Some properties of Salmonella typhimurium Harbouring Both F'proAB and HLY plas. BV 23 (2): 127-134. COBISS.SI-ID 62837505 654. Stankovic, Živko Sava, Milun Petrovič 1991: Vodni stres i fotosinteza = Water stress and photosynthesis. BV 39 (1/2): 77-84. COBISS.SI-ID 25076738 655. Starčič Erjavec, Marjanca, Matija Rijavec, Darja Žgur-Bertok 2006: Colicins of the Escherichia coli uropathogenic strain collection = Kolicini zbirke uropatogenih bakterij Escherichia coli. ABS 49 (2): 13-21. COBISS.SI-ID 22453977 656. Starčič Erjavec, Marjanca, Darja Žgur Bertok 2008: Prevalence, distribution and genetic association of adhesin gene sequences of Escherichia coli isolates from urinary tract infections in Slovenia = Prevalenca, porazdelitev in genetska asociacij a zapisov za adhezine v izolatih bakterije Escherichia coli iz okužb sečil v Sloveniji. ABS 51 (1): 21-31. COBISS.SI-ID 1946703 657. Starčič Erjavec, Marjanca, Darja Žgur Bertok 2006: The RepFIIA replicon of the natural Escherichia coli plasmid pRK100 = Replikon RepFIIA naravnega plazmida pRK100 bakterije Escherichia coli. ABS 49 (2): 3-12. COBISS.SI-ID 22454233 658. Starčič Erjavec, Marjanca, Wim Gaastra, Darja Žgur Bertok 2002: tra region of the natural conjugative Escherichia coli plasmid pRK100 is F-like = Regija tra naravnega konjugativnega plazmida pRK100 bakterije Escherichia coli je podobna plazmidu F. ABS 45 (1): 9-15. COBISS. SI-ID 16159193 659. Molinari-Jobin, Anja, C. Angst, Urs Breitenmoser, Christine Breitenmoser-Wursten, S. Capt, F. Zimmermann 2006: Status and distribution of the lynx in the Swiss Alps 2000-2004 = Status in razširjenost risa v Švicarskih Alpah 2000-2004. ABS 49 (1): 3-11. COBISS.SI-ID 24308953 660. Molinari, Paolo, Radames Bionda, Giorgio Carmignola, Marco Catello, Ermanno Cetto, Stefano Filacorda, Patrizia Gavagnin, Toni Mingozzi, Anja Molinari-Jobin, Massimiliano Rodolfi 2006: Status of the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in the Italian Alps: an overview 2000-2004 = Status risa (Lynx lynx) v Italijanskih Alpah: pregled za obdobje 2000-2004. ABS 49 (1): 13-18. COBISS. SI-ID 24309209 661. Stegnar, Mojca, Bojan Acceto 1973: Blood coagulation and blood fibrinolytic activity in rabbits. BV 21 (1): 17-23. COBISS.SI-ID 62753537 662. Stegnar, Peter, Anthony Robert Byrne, Lado Kosta 1973: Mercury uptake and its distribution on the organs of experimental rabbits. BV 21 (1): 29-38. COBISS.SI-ID 6832679 663. Stoch, Fabio 1998: Paracamptus gasparoi n. sp. (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) from cave waters in Slovenia = Paracamptus gasparoi n. sp. (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) iz jamskih voda Slovenije. ABS 42 (1): 5-11. COBISS.SI-ID 115567872 664. Stopar, Matej 2005: Thinning of Golden Delicious apples with the combination of ethephon and CPPU = Redčenje plodičev jablane sorte zlati delišes s kombinacijo etefona ter CPPU. ABS 48 (1): 45-48. COBISS.SI-ID 2118248 665. Strgar, Jelka 2008: How are age and gender related to attitude toward plants and animals? = Kako sta starost in spol povezana z odnosom do rastlin in živali?. ABS 51 (1): 33-38. COBISS.SI-ID 25442777 666. Strgar, Jelka 2005: Questions as a basis for comparison of biology textbooks and workbooks = Vprašanja kot izhodišče za primerjavo bioloških učbenikov in delovnih zvezkov. ABS 48 (2): 21-29. COBISS.SI-ID 235108608 667. Strgar, Vinko 1981: Genus Reynoutria v adventivni flori Slovenije = The genus Reynoutria Houtt. in the adventive flora of Slovenia. BV 29 (2): 121-136. COBISS.SI-ID 63024897 668. Strgar, Vinko 1977: Konstantnost barve rožnatih cvetov zvončice Campanula fenestrellata Feer. ssp. fenestrellata f. rosea. BV 25 (2): 115-119. COBISS.SI-ID 14478893 669. Strgar, Vinko 1979: Kromosomska števila treh balkanskih seslerij. BV 27 (1): 71-74. COBISS. SI-ID 62957825 670. Strgar, Vinko 1988: Der Nordwestteil des Areals des Komplexes Sesleria Juncifolia. 1 = The northwestern part of the areal of the droup Sesleria juncifolia L. 1. BV 36 (3): 63-78. COBISS. SI-ID 36092160 671. Strgar, Vinko 1990: Der Nordwestteil des Areals des Komplexes Sesleria Juncifolia, 2 : Posočje, Trnovski gozd = The northwestern part of the areal of the group Sesleria Juncifolia, 2 : Posočje, Trnovski gozd. BV 38 (3): 81-96. COBISS.SI-ID 18327298 672. Strgar, Vinko 1991: Der Nordwestteil des Areals des Komplexes Sesleria Juncifolia, 3 Nanos = The northwestern part of the areal Sesleria Juncifolia, 3 Nanos. BV 39 (4): 25-48. COBISS. SI-ID 35181568 673. Strgar, Vinko 1963: Prispevek k poynavanju adventivne fore Slovenije. BV 11 (1): 27-31. CO-BISS.SI-ID 62584065 674. Strgar, Vinko 1963: Prispevek k poznavanju flore Slovenije. BV 11 (1): 21-26. COBISS.SI-ID 62583553 675. Strgar, Vinko 1966: Prispevek k poznavanju flore Slovenije II. BV 14 (1): 49-51. COBISS.SI-ID 62636801 676. Strgar, Vinko 1987: Scopolia carniolica Jacq.f. hladnikiana (Biatz. et Fleischm.) E. Mayer -dedovanje barve cvetov in razmnoževanje = Scopolia carniolica Jacq. f. hladnikiana (Biatz. et Fleisch.) E. Mayer - dedovanje barve cvetov in razmnoževanje. BV 35 (2): 103-112. 35, št.2 (1987), 582.951:575.1 COBISS.SI-ID 33167616 677. Strgar, Vinko 1971: Sempervivum juvanii strgar spec. nova. BV 19 (1): 83-91. COBISS.SI-ID 62696449 678. Strgar, Vinko 1963: Seseli malyi Kerner tudi na ozemlju Slovenije. BV 11 (1): 15-19. COBISS. SI-ID 62584321 679. Strgar, Vinko 1976: Sesleria autumnalis (Scop.) F. W. Schultz in Mazedonien. BV 24 (2): 145-150. COBISS.SI-ID 62862337 680. Strgar, Vinko 1985: Sesleria na območju karte Postojna L 33-77 v južni Sloveniji = Sesleria in the region of the Postojna L 33-77 map in southern Slovenia. BV 33 (1): 61-72. COBISS.SI-ID 63095041 681. Strgar, Vinko 1980: Sesleria na subpanonskem vegetacijskem območju severovzhodne Slovenije in severozahodne Hrvatske. BV 28 (1): 99-116. COBISS.SI-ID 62982145 682. Strgar, Vinko 1982: Sesleria ujhelyii spec. nova. BV 30 (1): 155-170. COBISS.SI-ID 63047425 683. Strgar, Vinko 1966: Zur unterscheidung der Komplexe Sesleria calcaria und S. tenuifolia in Slowenien und Kroatien. BV 14 (1): 53-56. COBISS.SI-ID 62637057 684. Strgar, Vinko 1976: Vegetativno množenje blagajevega volčina (Daphne blagayana Freyer) s poletnimi potaknjenci. BV 24 (2): 151-159. COBISS.SI-ID 62862593 685. Strgar, Vinko 1973: Zurverbreitung von Sesleria angustifolia (Hackel & Beck) Deyl in Bosnien und Serbien sowie Seslaria autumnalis (Scop.) F. W. Schultz in Mazedonien. BV 21 (2): 127-133. COBISS.SI-ID 62767617 686. Strojan, Primož 2000: Prognostic value of cathepsins and their endogenous inhibitors in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck = Napovedni pomen katepsinov in njihovih endogenih inhibitorjev pri ploščatoceličnem karcinomu glave in vratu. ABS 43 (1/2): 31-36. COBISS.SI-ID 13138905 687. Lebez, Drago, Franc Gubenšek, Janez Kristan, Zvonimir Maretič 1968: Studies on labeled animal poisons IV. incorporation of Se-75 and P-32 in spider venoms. BV 16 (1): 11-15. COBISS.SI-ID 6438439 688. Stušek, Peter 1976: Funkcija ocelov pri dveh vrstah stenic: Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas) in Nezara viridula (L.). BV 24 (1): 19-31. COBISS.SI-ID 62846209 689. Stušek, Peter, J. Podlipnik 1976: Merjenje cirkadiane ritmike pri stenici Oncopeltus fasciatus Dallas z modificiranim avtomatskim aktografom. BV 24 (1): 31-38. COBISS.SI-ID 62846721 690. Stušek, Peter, Matija Gogala 1971: Spectral sensitivity of the ocellus and the compound eye of the bug Oncopeltus fasciatus Dallas. BV 19 (1): 103-108. COBISS.SI-ID 20631085 691. Stušek, Peter 1989: The oxygen consuption depending on the conformational state of visual pigment in Calliphora erythrocephala = Poraba kisika pri vrsti Calliphora erytrocephala, ki je odvisna od konformacijskega stanja vidnega pigmenta. BV 37 (1): 91-102. COBISS.SI-ID 9363202 692. Suhar, Alojz, Drago Lebez 1974: Catheptic activity and redox potentials in purified lysosomes. BV 22 (1): 3-10. COBISS.SI-ID 6958375 693. Surina, Boštjan 2005: Ranunculo traunfellneri-Paederotetum luteae : new rock crevices association from the Julian Alps (South-Eastern calcareous Alps) = nova asociacija skalnih razpok v Julijskih Alpah (jugovzhodne apneniške Alpe) = Ranunculo traunfellneri-Paederotetum luteae : nova sociacija skalnih razpok v Julijskih alpah (Jugovzhodne Apneniške Alpe). ABS 48 (2): 3-13. COBISS.SI-ID 1040339 694. Marboutin, E., C. Duchamp, P. Rouland, J. Leonard, J. Boyer, D. Michallet, M. Catusse, P. Migot, M. Vandel, P. Stahl 2006: Survey of the Lynx distribution in the French Alps: 2000-2004 population status analysis = Pregled razširjenosti risa v Francoskih Alpah: analiza statusa populacije za obdobje 2000-2004. ABS 49 (1): 19-26. COBISS.SI-ID 24309465 695. Sušnik, Franc, Milan Lovka 1970: Citološke in horološke raziskave rodu Ceterach Gars. v Sloveniji. BV 18 (1): 19-25. COBISS.SI-ID 63293441 696. Sušnik, Franc 1967: Kromosomska števila rastlinskih taksonov - II. BV 15 (1): 63-66, [1] f. pril. COBISS.SI-ID 62654465 697. Sušnik, Franc, Blanka Druškovič, Milan Lovka 1974: Kromosomska števila zastopnikov slovenske flore I. BV 22 (1): 39-56. COBISS.SI-ID 62784769 698. Sušnik, Franc, Blanka Druškovič 1968: Prispevek k morfologiji in citologiji taksona Pastinacia fleischmannii Hladnik ex Koch. BV 16 (1): 29-38. COBISS.SI-ID 62663425 699. Sušnik, Franc 1962: Število hromosomov nekaterih naših rastlinskih taksonov - I. BV 10 (1): 7-9. COBISS.SI-ID 62552577 700. Sušnik, Franc 1961: Taksonomska in horološka problematika taksona Ranunculus traunfellneri Hoppe. BV 8 (1): 17-26. COBISS.SI-ID 62537473 701. Sušnik, Simona, Aleš Snoj, Peter Dovč 1999: Ponovitve dinukleotidnih in trinukleotidnih motivov v genomu lipana (Thymallus thymallus, L.) = Dinucleotide and trinucleotide repeats in grayling (Tymallus thymallus, L). ABS 42 (3): 23-29. COBISS.SI-ID 906376 702. Svetina, Miran 1968: Dinamika rasti sulca - Hucho hucho (Linnaeus, 1758). BV 16 (1): 103-114. COBISS.SI-ID 62668033 703. Šajn-Slak, Alenka, Gorazd Kosi, Danijel Vrhovšek 2001: Eutrophication of Šmartinsko lake and its multiple use = Evtrofikacija Šmartinskega jezera in večnamenska uporaba. ABS 44 (3): 35-43. COBISS.SI-ID 1052495 704. Šilc, Urban 2001: Ruderal communities on sandy soil in south-eastern Slovenia = Ruderalne združbe na peščenih tleh v jugovzhodni Sloveniji. ABS 44 (1/2): 53-70. COBISS.SI-ID 19477293 705. Šircelj, Helena, Franc Batič, Andreja Bienelli Kalpič 1997: Effects of ozone on pigment and ascorbic acid content in white clover (Trifolium repens L. cv. 'Menna') leaves = Vpliv ozona na vsebnost pigmentov in askorbinske kislene v listih plazeče detelje (Trifolium repens L. cv. »Menna«). ABS 41 (4): 43-50. COBISS.SI-ID 2043769 706. Škerlj, Božo 1955: Age changes in partial body volumes of the human body. BV 4 (1): 59-66. COBISS.SI-ID 62495489 707. Škerlj, Božo 1954: Anthropometric approach to cross tissue analysis of the human body. BV 3 (1): 47-57. COBISS.SI-ID 62480897 708. Škerlj, Božo 1954: Prostornina in delne prostornine človeškega telesa. BV 3 (1): 58-63. COBISS. SI-ID 62481153 709. Škerlj, Božo 1953: Starostne spremembe v razdelitvi podkožne tolšče v človeškem telesu. BV 2 (1): 47-52. COBISS.SI-ID 63275521 710. Škorjanc, Aleš, Samo Batagelj, Kazimir Drašlar 2007: Thermal acclimatization does not affect the resting activity of type T1 tichobothrium in the firebug (Pyrrhocoris apterus; Heteroptera) = Temperaturna aklimatizacija ne vpliva na mirovno aktivnost trihobotrija tipa T1 pri rdečem škratcu (Pyrrhocoris apterus; Heteroptera). ABS 50 (2): 85-92. COBISS.SI-ID 24313561 711. Škornik, Metka, Tone Wraber 1988: Papaver victoris, novi rumenocvetni alpski mak v Julijskih Alpah = Papaver victoris, a new yellow flowering alpine poppy from ythe Julian Alps. BV 36 (3): 79-93. COBISS.SI-ID 36092672 712. Škornik, Sonja 2001: A contribution to the knowledge of dry grassland vegetation of the Bro-metalia erecti Koch 1926 order in Slovenia = Prispevek k poznavanju vegetacije suhih travišč reda Brometalia erecti Koch 1926 v Sloveniji. ABS 44 (4): 29-43. COBISS.SI-ID 12623624 713. Šmid, Nada, Miran Vardjan 1970: Les cytokinines dans la seve pritaniere du bouleau Betula pendula Roth. BV 18 (1): 27-36. COBISS.SI-ID 63293697 714. Šorgo, Andrej, Tatjana Verčkovnik, Slavko Kocijančič 2007: Laboratorijsko delo pri pouku biologije v slovenskih srednjih šolah = Laboratory work in biology teaching at slovene secondary schools. ABS 50 (2): 113-124. COBISS.SI-ID 16004360 715. Šoštaric, Renata, Zinka Pavletic 1997: Contribution to the knowledge of the area of the species Seseli tommasinii Reichenb. fil. (Apiaceae) = Prilog poznavanju areala vrste Seseli tommasinii Reichenb. fil. (Apiaceae). ABS 41 (2/3): 87-95. COBISS.SI-ID 7021017 716. Štamol, Vesna 1987: Medora almissana (Kuster, 1847), (Gastropoda: Clausiliidae) on the Island of Brač = Medora almissana (Kuster, 1847) (Gastropoda: Clausilidae) na otoku Braču. BV 35 (2): 113-124. 35, št.2 (1987), 594.3(497.13) COBISS.SI-ID 33168384 717. Štamol, Vesna 1991:. The Significance of clustering methods in the interpretation of similarities between communities = Značaj metoda grupiranja za tumačenje sličnosti zajednica. BV 39 (3): COBISS.SI-ID 32803840 718. Štefančič, Marija 1988: Primerjalna statistična analiza staroslovanskih populacij v luči naselitve Slovanov na Balkan = Comparative statistical analysis of the old Slavic populations in reference tothe Slav settlement in the Balkans. BV 36 (4): 59-76. COBISS.SI-ID 36103168 719. Štefančič, Marija 1971: Primerjava antropometrijskih podatkov osemletnega otroka iz Šentjerneja in otroka iste starosti iz Žalca in Griž. BV 19 (1): 27-34. COBISS.SI-ID 62670593 720. Štefančič, Marija 1981: Rast in razvoj glave v pozni otroški dobi = Growth and development of head in late childhood. BV 29 (1): 29-46. COBISS.SI-ID 63015937 721. Štefančič, Marija 2008: Razvoj raziskav fizične antropologije v Sloveniji = Review of research work of physical anthropology in Slovenia. ABS 51 (2): 21-33. COBISS.SI-ID 25440473 722. Štefančič, Marija 2000: Some aspect of secular growth changes in Slovene University students = Vidiki sekularnih rastnih sprememb pri študentih ljubljanske univerze. ABS 43 (3): 103-107. COBISS.SI-ID 825935 723. Štefančič, Marija, Tatjana Tomazo-Ravnik 1992: Vpliv športne aktivnosti na nekatere morfološke karakteristike ljubljanskih študentov in sekularne razvojne tendence pri športnikih = Secular trends in athletes and the influence of athletics on some morphological characteristics in Slovene university students. BV 40 (1): 27-34. COBISS.SI-ID 32764160 724. Števčic, Zdravko 1979: Autecological investigation of the crab Xantho poressa (Olivi, 1972). BV 27 (2): 189-198. COBISS.SI-ID 62970113 725. Števčic, Zdravko 1969: Lista desetonožnih rakova Jadrana. BV 17 (1): 125-134. COBISS.SI-ID 63306497 726. Števčic, Zdravko 1974: Način života u životinjskom svijetu. BV 22 (1): 105-113. COBISS.SI-ID 62786817 727. Števčic, Zdravko 1974: La structure cephalique et la classifacation des decapodes brachyoures. BV 22 (2): 241-250. COBISS.SI-ID 62807553 728. Štrus, Jasna, Andrej Blejec 1983: Reproductive activity in Asellus aquaticus (Crustacea, Isopoda) from Ljubljansko barje = Razmnoževanje vodnega oslička Asellus aquaticus (Crustacea, Isopoda) z Ljubljanskega barja. BV 31 (2): 83-92. COBISS.SI-ID 63062273 729. Šuštar, France 1976: Horološka in taksonomska problematika kompleksa Brachypodium pin-natum na območju Slovenije. BV 24 (1): 1-11. COBISS.SI-ID 62845441 730. Šuštar, France 1966: K problematiki genusa Thymus L. na območju Nanosa. BV 14 (1): 57-62. COBISS.SI-ID 62637313 731. Šuštar, France 1969: Thymus longicaulis Presl v Sloveniji II. BV 17 (1): 79-95. COBISS.SI-ID 63305473 732. Šuštar, France 1968: Thymus longicaulis Presl. v Sloveniji. BV 16 (1): 39-50. COBISS.SI-ID 62663937 733. Tarman, Kazimir 1968: Anatomy, histology of oribatid gut and their digestion. BV 16 (1): 67-76. COBISS.SI-ID 62666241 734. Tarman, Kazimir 1983: Dve zoogeografsko zanimivi vrsti oribatid (Acarina, Oribatida) = Two zoogeographically intersting species of oribatid mites (Acary, Oribatei). BV 31 (1): 13-24. COBISS.SI-ID 63050753 735. Tarman, Kazimir, Stanko Červek 1976: Favnistična in biocenotska analiza pedofavne na otoku Golem grad (Prespansko jezero). BV 24 (2): 229-243. COBISS.SI-ID 62864129 736. Tarman, Kazimir 1967: Gozdne in travniške cenoze Oribatid na Nanosu. BV 15 (1): 97-110. COBISS.SI-ID 62655745 737. Tarman, Kazimir 1977: Južne vrste v oribatidni favni Jugogoslavije. BV 25 (1): 63-73. COBISS. SI-ID 62883073 738. Tarman, Kazimir 1970: The oribatid mites as indicators of geological past. BV 18 (1): 89-95. COBISS.SI-ID 63297025 739. Tarman, Kazimir, Stanko Červek 1969: Oribatide in kolembole v strešnem mahu. BV 17 (1): 135-145. COBISS.SI-ID 63306753 740. Tarman, Kazimir 1972: Oribatide v periodično poplavljenih tleh. BV 20 (1): 85-88. COBISS. SI-ID 62751489 741. Tarman, Kazimir 1973: Oribatidna favna v poluiranih tleh. BV 21 (2): 153-158. COBISS.SI-ID 62768129 742. Tarman, Kazimir 1978: Oribatidne cenoze in njihova vrstna raznolikost. BV 26 (2): 187-192. COBISS.SI-ID 62937857 743. Tarman, Kazimir 1974: Pomen oribatid v pedozoološki diagnostiki. BV 22 (1): 11-20. COBISS. SI-ID 62774785 744. Tarman, Kazimir 1955: Prispevek k poznavanju oribatidne favne Slovenije. BV 4 (1): 37-42. COBISS.SI-ID 62492673 745. Tarman, Kazimir 1958: Prispevek k poznavanju oribatidne favne Slovenije II. BV 6 (1): 80-91. COBISS.SI-ID 62509057 746. Tarman, Kazimir 1984: Telesna drobnost oribatid in njihova raznovrstnost = Small size of oribatei mites and their species diversity. BV 32 (1): 109-116. COBISS.SI-ID 63076609 747. Tavželj, Jože 1955: Prispevek k tehniki hipofizektomije na laboratorijskih podganah. BV 4 (1): 67-69. COBISS.SI-ID 62495745 748. Lenarčič, Brigita, Katja Galeša, Edvard Moczydlowski, Vito Turk 2000: Thyropins, a group of new structurally related inhibitors = Tiropini, nova skupina strukturno sorodnih inhibitorjev. ABS 43 (1/2): 7-10. COBISS.SI-ID 15881511 749. Gspan, Mateja, Margareta Vrtačnik, Jana Ambrožič Dolinšek, Maja Kovač, Marjana Camloh, Jana Žel 2004: Tissue culture of pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Schultz Bip.) = Tkivna kultura bolhača (Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Schultz Bip.). ABS 47 (2): 41-52. COBISS.SI-ID 1244252 750. Tišler, Tatjana, Jana Zagorc-Končan 2007: Toxicity of effluents = Strupenost iztokov. ABS 50 (2): 103-112. COBISS.SI-ID 3937050 751. Toman, Mihael Jožef, Milenko Roš 1999: Biodegradation and concomitant biocenosis development in a fluidised bed reactor = Biokemijska razgradnja in razvoj spremljajoče združbe v reaktorju s fluidizirano biomaso. ABS 42 (2): 17-25. COBISS.SI-ID 10172121 752. Toman, Mihael Jožef, Milenko Roš 1992: Vpliv pomanjkanja raztopljenega kisika na organizme spremljajoče združbe v aktivnem blatu pri čiščenju odpadnih vod farmacevtske industrije = The effect of dissolved oxygen deficiency upon the concomitant biocenosis inactivated sludge at pharmaceutic al[!] waste water treatment. BV 40 (1): str.35-44. COBISS.SI-ID 32764416 753. Tomazo-Ravnik, Tatjana 1981: Sekularni trend pri šolskih otrocih v Sloveniji in Ljubljani med leti 1939-1979 = Secular trend in Ljubljana and Slovenia from 1939 to 1979 in school children. BV 29 (1): 47-66. COBISS.SI-ID 63016705 754. Tomažič, Iztok 2008: The influenece of direct experience on students' attitudes to, and knowl-edgeabout amphibians = Vpliv neposredne izkušnje na odnos in znanje učencev o dvoživkah. ABS 51 (1): 39-49. COBISS.SI-ID 25443545 755. Tome, Davorin 1989: Gnezditvene navade male uharice (Asio otus) na Ljubljanskem barju (Slovenija, Jugoslavija) = Nesting habits of the long-eared (Asio otus) in the Ljublana marshes (Slovenia, Yugoslavia). BV 37 (1): 103-110. COBISS.SI-ID 9364482 756. Tome, Staša 1990: Mali sesalci okolice Kočevja = Small mammals in the neighbourhood of Kočevje. BV 38 (2): 55-66. COBISS.SI-ID 15236098 757. Torelli, Niko, Bojana Križaj 1991: Bioelektrična določitev kondicije navadne jelke (Abies alba Mill.) in prognoziranje preživetja v območjih z zračno polucijo = Bioelectrical determination of the condition of the silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) and the prognostication of the tree survival in air polluted areas. BV 39 (4): 49-62. COBISS.SI-ID 35182080 758. Tortic, Milica 1976: Revision of Polypores in the herbarium of F. Dolšak. BV 24 (1): 13-17. COBISS.SI-ID 62845953 759. Tortic, Milica, František Kotlaba, Z. Pouzar 1975: Revision of Polypores in W. Voss's »Mycologia carnioloca«. BV 23 (1): 59-74. COBISS.SI-ID 62834689 760. Tortic, Milica 1969: Zapiski o poletni mikoflori v Julijskih Alpah. BV 17 (1): 59-66. COBISS. SI-ID 63305217 761. Toth, Dezider, Edita Karelova, Mihael Bricelj 1983: The regenerational ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exposed in a deficient water environment = Sposobnost obnove celic Pseudomonas aeruginosa v nezadovoljivem vodnem okolju. BV 31 (2): 139-150. COBISS.SI-ID 63064065 762. Tovornik, Danica 1978: Atipično leglo komarja Anopheles (An.) plumbeus stephens, 1828 v nedograjeni hiši. BV 26 (1): 41-46. COBISS.SI-ID 62894081 763. Tovornik, Danica, Marko Matjašič 1991: Bio-environmental differences between active and silent foci of tick-borne encephalitis in Yugoslavia = Bioekološke razlike med aktivnimi in tihimi žarišči klopnega encefalitisa v Jugoslaviji. BV 39 (4): 63-70. COBISS.SI-ID 35183360 764. Tovornik, Danica, Savo Brelih 1964: Biološka raziskovanja v endemskih področjih klopovega encefalitisa v Slovenijido leta 1963. BV 12 (1): 115-120. COBISS.SI-ID 62595841 765. Tovornik, Danica 1983: Culex (Neoculex) territans Walker, 1856, od 1958-1974 registriran v Sloveniji kot Culex (Neoculex) apicalis Adams, 1903 = Culex (Neoculex) territans Walker, 1856, from 1958 to 1974 registered in Slovenia as Culex (Neoculex) apicalis Adams, 1903. BV 31 (2): 93-102. COBISS.SI-ID 63062785 766. Tovornik, Danica, Vladimn Černy 1972: The ecology of the tick Ixodes gibbosus Nuttall, 1916 on the island of Brač (Yugoslavia). BV 20 (1): 89-94. COBISS.SI-ID 62751745 767. Tovornik, Danica 1988: Geographic Distribution and other Population Parameters of Ixodes (Exopalpiger) trianguliceps (Birula, 1895) in Yugoslavia = Geografska distribucija in drugi populacijski parametri klopa Ixodes (Exopalpiger) trianguliceps (Birula, 1895) v Jugoslaviji. BV 36 (1): 33-54. COBISS.SI-ID 36086528 768. Tovornik, Danica 1987: Morfološke značilnosti dveh pripadnikov podrodu Pholeoixodes Schulze, 1942: Ixodes Hexagonus leach in Ixodes Canisuga Johnston = Morphological features of two members of subgenus Pholeoixodes Schulze, 1942: Ixodes hexagonus Leach and Ixodes canisuga Johnston. BV 35 (2): 125-134. 35, št.2 (1987), 595.421:591.4 COBISS.SI-ID 33196800 769. Tovornik, Danica, Jelka Vesenjak- Hirjan 1969: Nekatere bionomske značilnosti navadnega klopa (Ixodes ricinus L) v Panonski pokrajini severozahodne Hrvaške. BV 17 (1): 147-160. COBISS. SI-ID 63307009 770. Tovornik, Danica 1990: O ekologiji larvalnih komarjev (Diptera: Culicidae) v manjši mirujoči mlaki na Ljubljanskem barju = On the ecology of larval mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in a small stagnant pool in the Ljubljansko braje. BV 38 (4): 47-68. COBISS.SI-ID 21478146 771. Tovornik, Danica 1987: On the bionomics of the Ixodes (Pholeoixodes) hexagonus Leach, 1815 in Slovenia (Yugoslavia) = O bionomiji klopa Ixodes (Pholeoixodes) hexagonus Leach, 1815 v Sloveniji. BV 35 (1): 101-120. COBISS.SI-ID 63127553 772. Tovornik, Danica 1984: Penetracija klopov (Ixodidae) v globoke plasti kože gostitelja = Penetration of ticks (Ixodidae) in the deep layers of the host's skin. BV 32 (1): 117-120. COBISS.SI-ID 63076865 773. Tovornik, Danica 1991: Podatki o klopih Ixodes frontalčis (Panzer, 1798) in Ixodes arboricola Schulze et Schlottke, 1929, najdenih na ptičih v Jugoslaviji = Data on ticks Ixodes frontalis (Panzer, 1798) and Ixodes arboricola Schulze etSchlottke, 1929 found on birds in Yugoslavia. BV 39 (1/2): 157-164. COBISS.SI-ID 25094658 774. Tovornik, Danica 1978: Preliminarna laboratorijska opazovanja bioloških sovražnikov komarskih larv. BV 26 (2): 193-198. COBISS.SI-ID 62938369 775. Tovornik, Danica 1962: Prispevek k poznavanju Anofelin (Diptera: Culicidae) v Sloveniji. BV 10 (1): 101-110. COBISS.SI-ID 62577921 776. Tovornik, Danica 1961: Prispevek k poznavanju klopov (Acarina, Ixodidae) v endemskih področjih meningoencefalitisa v Sloveniji. BV 8 (1): 57-71. COBISS.SI-ID 62538753 777. Tovornik, Danica 1989: Red Squirrel (sciurus vulgaris Linne, 1758) and Fat Dormouse (Glis glis Linne, 1766) as Hosts of Ixodid Ticks in Slovenia (Yugoslavia) = Veverica (Sciurus vulgaris Linne, 1758) in polh (Glis glis Linne, 1766) kot gostitelja iksoidnih klopov v Sloveniji (Jugoslavija). BV 37 (2): 83-96. COBISS.SI-ID 9370626 778. Tovornik, Danica, Jelka Vesenjak- Hirjan 1988: A revision of Ticks belonging to the Rhipicephalus sanguineus Complex (Latreille), collected in the Yugoslav Coastal Region = Revizija klopov iz skupine Rhipicephalus sanguineus kompleks (Latreille) zbranih v jugoslavanskem priobalnem območju. BV 36 (4): 77-84. COBISS.SI-ID 36107264 779. Tovornik, Danica 1990: The Significance of the birds (Aves) as the hosts and disseminators of ixodid ticks (Yugoslavia). BV 38 (2): 77-107. COBISS.SI-ID 15250178 780. Tovornik, Danica 1988: The Significance of the roe-deer (Capreolus capreolus Linne, 1758) as the hostand disseminator of ixodid ticks in SR Slovenia = Pomen srne (carpeolus carpeolus Linne, 1758) kot gostiteljice in diseminatrice iksoidnih klopov v SR Sloveniji (Jugoslaviji). BV 36 (4): 85-94. COBISS.SI-ID 36108800 781. Tovornik, Danica 1987: Teratological forms of Ixodid ticks = Teratološke oblkie iksodidnih klopov. BV 35 (1): 91-100. COBISS.SI-ID 63127297 782. Trilar, Tomi 1990: The small mammal community of the marshy meadows in the Ljubljansko barje area (Yugoslavia) = Združba malih sesalcev močvirnih travnikov Ljubljanskega barja (Jugoslavija). BV 38 (4): str.67-78. COBISS.SI-ID 21478914 783. Trinajstic, Ivo 1992: Aristolochia pallida Willd. (Aristolochiaceae) also in the flora of Slovenia = Aristolochia palida Willd. (Aristolochidaea) takoder i u flori Slovenije. BV 40 (3/4): 27-33. COBISS.SI-ID 73154816 784. Trinajstic, Ivo 1991: O problemu geneze i bogatstva recentne jugoslavenske flore. BV 39 (1/2): 53-66. COBISS.SI-ID 25075970 785. Trinajstic, Ivo 1997: Phytogeographical analysis ofthe illyricoid floral element = Fitogeografska analiza ilirikoidnega flornega elementa. ABS 41 (2/3): 77-85. COBISS.SI-ID 7020761 786. Trošt Sedej, Tadeja, Alenka Gaberščik 2001: The effect of enhanced UV-B radiation on Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) needles of two different age classes = Vpliv povečanega UV-B sevanja na iglice smreke (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) dveh starostnih razredov. ABS 44 (3): 13-25. COBISS.SI-ID 1052239 787. Trpin, Darinka 1974: Rod Hutchinsia R. Br. v jugovzhodnih apneniškihAlpah. BV 22 (1): 57-66. COBISS.SI-ID 62785281 788. Trpin, Darinka 1997: Vrsta Euphorbia prostrata Aiton v Sloveniji = Euphorbia prostrata Aiton in Slovenia. ABS 41 (2/3): 103-108. COBISS.SI-ID 7021273 789. Turk, Boris 1992: Citotaksonomija agregata Valeriana officinalis L. v Sloveniji = Vytotaxonomy of the Valeriana officinalis L. group in Slovenia. BV . 40 (1): 45-54. 40, št.1 (1992), 582 COBISS. SI-ID 32764672 790. Turk, Martina, Maja Rupnik 1999: Isolation and characterization of Clostridium difficile from children up to 24 months of age = Izolacija in karakterizacija bakterije Clostridium difficile pri otrocih starih do 24 mesecev. ABS 42 (3): 13-21. COBISS.SI-ID 10575065 791. Turk, Tom 2008: Biokemija na Oddelku za biologijo - dobrodošli v svetu toksinov = Biochemistry at the Department of biology - Welcome to the world of toxins. ABS 51 (2): 35-43. COBISS. SI-ID 25440729 792. Tušnik, Peter, Valentina Turk, Radovan Planinc 1989: Assessment of the level of pollution of the coastal sea in the eastern part ofthe gulf of Trieste = Ocenitev onesnaženja obalnega morja v vzhodnem delu Tržaškega zaliva. BV 37 (4): 47-64. COBISS.SI-ID 4969777 793. Tušnik, Peter, Planinc Radovan 1988: Concentrations of the trace metals (Hg, Cd) and its seasonal variations in Mytilus galloprovincialis = Koncentracije težkih kovin (Hg, Cd) in njihova sezonska dinamika v klapavicah Mytilus galloprovincialis iz Tržaškega zaliva. BV 36 (1): 55-62. COBISS.SI-ID 36086784 794. Tušnik, Peter, Neda Fanuko-Kovačič, Valentina Turk 1986: Ocenitev kakovosti morja v gojitvenem nasadu školjk v piranskem zalivu = The estimation of the seawater quality in the mariculaturing area of the bayof Piran. BV 34 (1): 89-99. COBISS.SI-ID 4964657 795. Urban, Stjepan 1954: Pokušaj teoretske koncepcije složenog organizma : prilog izgradjivanju organizmičke teorije. BV 3 (1): 18-27. COBISS.SI-ID 62479361 796. Urbanc-Berčič, Olga, Gorazd Kosi 1997: Katalog limnoflore in limnofavne Slovenije = Catalogue of limnoflora and limnofauna of Slovenia. ABS 41 (2/3): 149-156. COBISS.SI-ID 7022041 797. Urbanič, Gorazd, Mihael Jožef Toman, Ciril Krušnik 2000: Downstream changes in caddisfly fauna (Insecta , Trichoptera) in relation to environmental variables in the River Ščavnica (NE Slovenia): a multivariate approach using a Canonical Correspodence Analysis (CCA) = Spremembe favne mladoletnic (Insecta, Trichoptera) po toku reke Ščavnice v odvisnosti od okoljskih spremenljivk: multivariatna metoda z uporabo kanoničnekorespondenčne analize (CCA). ABS 43 (4): 21-35. COBISS.SI-ID 808271 798. US, Peter A. 1953: Nova pojmovanja teorije o rekapitulaciji. BV 2 (1): 5-14. COBISS.SI-ID 63273473 799. Valentinčič, Tine 1971: A contribution to the knowledge of pigments in some cave isopods. BV 19 (1): 147-157. COBISS.SI-ID 62720001 800. Vardjan, Miran 1958: Cvetna variabilnost pri vrsti Crocus neapolitanus Hor. ex Mord. BV 6 (1): 11-35. COBISS.SI-ID 62507009 801. Vardjan, Miran 1964: Kalitev semen svišča - Gentiana lutea subsp. symphandra Murb. BV 12 (1): 5-11. COBISS.SI-ID 62594049 802. Vardjan, Miran 1972: Kalitev svišča Gentiana lutea L. subsp. symphyandra Murb. v zvezi z delno ali popolno odstranitvijo teste ali z izpiranjem semen. BV 20 (1): 67-72. COBISS.SI-ID 62749953 803. Vardjan, Miran, Nada Gogala 1966: Pomen temperature in dolžine dneva za brstenje bulbil lilije Lilium bulbiferum L. BV 14 (1): 69-82. COBISS.SI-ID 24725549 804. Vardjan, Miran 1977: Synergism between giberellic and ascorbic acid or thiamine during the germination of Gentiana lutea subsp. symphyandra Murb. BV 25 (1): 19-25. COBISS.SI-ID 62878209 805. Vardjan, Miran, Marina Dermastija-Tomažič, A. Lorger, M. Piko-Ravnikar, Janez Plausteiner 1976: Variiranje askorbinske kisline med dozorevanjem plodov nekaterih rožnic v zvezi s svetlobnimi in temperaturnimi razmerami na rastlišču. BV 24 (2): 161-174. COBISS.SI-ID 62862849 806. Vardjan, Miran, S. Bantan, M. Krapež 1977: Variiranje askorbinske kisline med razvojem in skladiščenjem gomoljev krompirja sort vesna in bintje. BV 25 (1): 1-4. COBISS.SI-ID 62877697 807. Vardjan, Miran, Nada Gogala 1967: Variiranje rastnih snovi v cvetih in plodovih vrste Cymbalaria muralis G. M. Sch. BV 15 (1): 41-49. COBISS.SI-ID 24737837 808. Vardjan, Miran 1970: Vpliv kinetina na nastajanje epifilnih brstov pri Bryophyllum daigemon-tianum Berg. : (kratko poročilo). BV 18 (1): 37-38. COBISS.SI-ID 63294721 809. Vaupotič, Marjan, France Velkovrh 2002: Goli polži (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Milacidae, Limaci-dae, Boettgerillidae, Agriolimacidae, Arionidae) Slovenije = Slugs (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Milacidae, Limacidae, Boettgerillidae, Agriolimacidae, Arionidae) of Slovenia. ABS 45 (2): 35-52. COBISS.SI-ID 1274703 810. Vaupotič, Marjan, France Velkovrh 1997: Prispevek k poznavanju favne mehkužcev (Mollusca) v severovzhodni SLoveniji = Contribution to the knowledge of molluscan fauna (Mollusca) in Northeastern Slovenia. ABS 41 (1): 37-45. COBISS.SI-ID 7675437 811. Velikonja, Milan 1992: Prispevek k poznavanju sladkovodnih mahovnjakov (Bryozoa) Slovenije = A contribution to the knowledge of the freshwater Bryozoa of Slovenia. BV 40 (2): 83-88. COBISS.SI-ID 73135104 812. Velkovrh, France 1970: Dve novi podzemeljski hidrobiidi (Gastropoda). BV 18 (1): 97-106. COBISS.SI-ID 63297793 813. Velkovrh, France 1974: Ferrissia wautieri (Mirolli, 1960) (Gastropoda, Ancylidae) v Jugoslaviji. BV 22 (2): 251-254. COBISS.SI-ID 62818305 814. Velkovrh, France 1971: Eine neue Unterirdische Hydrobiide aus West-Istrien (Gastropoda, Prosobrancihia). BV 19 (1): 159-166. COBISS.SI-ID 62720513 815. Velkovrh, France 1971: Nove najdbe vrste Acicula stussineri (Boettger) 1884 (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia). BV 19 (1): 203-206. COBISS.SI-ID 62722049 816. Velkovrh, France 1972: Pripombe k razširjenosti dveh vrst rodu Spelaeodiscus brussina 1886 (Gastropoda, Pulmonata). BV 20 (1): 121-126. COBISS.SI-ID 62752513 817. Veranič, Peter, Maksimiljan Sterle 1988: Histokemična analiza kompleksnih ogljikovih hidratov v želodčni sluznici med prenatalnim in postnatalnim razvojem mišjega želodca = Histochemical analysis of gastric mucosa complex carbohydrates at prenatal andpostnatal development of a mouse stomach. BV 36 (1): 63-72. COBISS.SI-ID 36087040 818. Verčkovnik, Tatjana 2000: Biologija v prenovljeni šoli = Biology in the redeveloped school. ABS 43 (3): 21-32. COBISS.SI-ID 829775 819. Verčkovnik, Tatjana 1992: Slovenski botanični učbeniki. BV 40 (3/4): 169-180. COBISS.SI-ID 73179904 820. Vinterhalter, Branka, Dragan Vinterhalter 2003: Effect of sucrose nutrition on the histological structure of carob shoot cultures. ABS 46 (2): 55-60. COBISS.SI-ID 222054656 821. Viršček Marn, Mojca, Jasna Berljak, Darinka Koron 2003: Influence of in vitro propagation on the economically important traits of strawberry cv. Marmolada = Vpliv in vitro razmnoževanja na ekonomsko pomembne lastnosti jagod cv. Marmolada. ABS 46 (1): 41-45. COBISS.SI-ID 1639784 822. Vlahovič, Petar 1962: Dr. Božo Škerlj i njegov doprinos etnološkoj nauci. BV 10 (1): 123-133. COBISS.SI-ID 62578945 823. Vodnik, Dominik, Mirjam Mihelčič, Nada Gogala 1997: Isolation of root associated fungi from Erica herbacea and their tolerance to lead = Izolacija gliv, povezanih s koreninami rese Erica herbacea in njihova toleranca na svinec. ABS 41 (4): 35-42. COBISS.SI-ID 78663680 824. Vogrin, Nuša 1999: Common spadefoot toad (Pelobates fuscus fuscus L.) occurrence in Dolenj ska, SE Slovenia = Česnovka (Pelobates fuscus fuscus L.) živi na Dolenjskem. ABS 42 (2): 35-36. COBISS.SI-ID 9198344 825. Šumak, Matjaž, Dušan Fefer, Miklavž Grabnar, Anton Jeglič, Igor Jerman 1990: Vpliv različnih jakosti magnetne stimulacije (50 Hz) na bakterije E. Coli = The influence of different intensities of magnetic stimulation (50Hz) on bacteria E. coli. BV 38 (2): 67-76. COBISS.SI-ID 15240706 826. Vraspir-Porenta, Olga 1967: Vpliv preludina na plodnost mišjih samic. BV 15 (1): 23-27, [1] f. pril. COBISS.SI-ID 62649857 827. Vreš, Branko 1987: Florističen pregled Košenjaka z okolico (severna Slovenija) = The floristic view of Košenjak with its surroundings (Northern Slovenia). BV 35 (2): 135-150. Let. 35, št. 2 (1987), 581.9(497.4) COBISS.SI-ID 5905453 828. Vreš, Branko 1997: Mimulus guttatus Fischer ex DC. v Sloveniji = Mimulus guttatus Fischer ex DC. in Slovenia. ABS 41 (2/3): 97-103. COBISS.SI-ID 5901101 829. Vreš, Branko 2005: Vrsta Geum allepicum Jacq. v Sloveniji = Geum allepicum Jacq. in Slovenia. ABS 48 (2): 15-20. COBISS.SI-ID 25274925 830. Vrhovšek, Danijel 1975: Obogatanje[!] alg v go-mediju pri različnih fizikalnih in kemičnih pogojih. BV 23 (1): 75-88. COBISS.SI-ID 62835201 831. Vrhovšek, Danijel, Martina Zupan, Andrej Blejec 1984: The occurrence ofOscillatoria rubecens[!] in lake Bled = Pojavljanje alge Oscillatoria rubescens v Blejskem jezeru. BV 32 (2): 45-56. COBISS.SI-ID 63093505 832. Vrhovšek, Danijel, Gorazd Kosi, Marko Zupan 1981: Ocena stanja Blejskega jezera v obdobju od septembra 1979 do decembra 1980 na podlagi fitoplanktona in fizikalno-kemičnih parametrov = The condition of lake Bled from september 1979 to december 1980 evaluated phytoplankton and physico-chemical parameters. BV 29 (2): 157-180. COBISS.SI-ID 16825305 833. Vrhovšek, Danijel, Gorazd Kosi 1981: Primerjava stanja Blejskega jezera s pomočjo indikatorskih vrst alg v različnih obdobjih od leta 1890 = Comparison of lake Bled condition with a help of indicator species of Algae at different periods from 1890. BV 29 (2): 137-156. COBISS.SI-ID 4353497 834. Vrhovšek, Danijel 1976: Prispevek k flori alg (Algophyta) na slovenskem I. BV 24 (1): 95-97. COBISS.SI-ID 62859009 835. Vrhovšek, Danijel, Gorazd Kosi 1981: Prispevek k flori alg (Algophyta) na slovenskem II = A contribution to the algae of Slovenia II. BV 29 (1): 119-127. COBISS.SI-ID 16824025 836. Vrhovšek, Danijel, Andrej Martinčič, Franc Batič 1976: Spreminjanje količine kisika v Blejskem jezeru v letih 1974-1976. BV 24 (2): 99-108. COBISS.SI-ID 62859521 837. Vrišer, Borut 1986: Biološka obrast na apnenčastem substratu, zaščitenem pred morskim ježem Paracentrotus lividus (L.) = Bio-fouling on limestone experimental plates, protected from the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (L.) (Piran bay, gulf of Trieste, northern Adriatic). BV 34 (1): 101-114. COBISS.SI-ID 573263 838. Vrišer, Borut 1991: Meiofauna of the southern Part of the Gulf of Trieste (Northern Adriatic) : II. problems of the mesoscale spatial distribution = Meiofauna južnega dela Tržaškega zaliva : II. problematika prostorske distribucije. BV 39 (1/2): 165-176. COBISS.SI-ID 25095682 839. Vrišer, Borut 1989: Meiofavna južnega dela Tržaškega zaliva : I. Taksonomska struktura in abundanca = Meiofauna off the southern part of the gulf of Trieste (Northern Adriatic) : I. Community structure and abundance. BV 37 (4): 65-76. COBISS.SI-ID 9516802 840. Vrišer, Borut 1992: Meiofavna južnega dela Tržaškega zaliva. III., Favna in združbe harpaktikoidov (Copepoda : Harpacticoida) = Meiofauna of the southern part of the gulf of Trieste (Northern Adriatic). III., Harpacticoida (Copepoda): Fauna and Communities. BV 40 (2): 89-106. COBISS. SI-ID 73135616 841. Vrišer, Borut 1979: Metoda kombiniranega vzorčevanja bentoške in nektonske frakcije makro-favne na muljevitem dnu. BV 27 (1): 87-89. COBISS.SI-ID 582223 842. Vrišer, Borut 1979: Modifikacije meiofavne v umetno poluiranem lagunarnem ekosistemu. BV 27 (1): 75-86. COBISS.SI-ID 584015 843. Vrišer, Borut 1978: Raziskovanja biološke obrasti v Piranskem zalivu. BV Let 26 (1): 47-59. COBISS.SI-ID 508751 844. Vrišer, Borut 1984: Strukturne in kvantitativne značilnosti meiofavne v notranjosti Piranskega, Strunjanskega in Koprskega zaliva = The structure and abundance of meiofauna in the inner parts of Piran, Strunjan and Koper Bays (Gulf of Trieste, North Adriatic). BV 32 (1): 121-136. COBISS.SI-ID 493135 845. Vrišer, Borut 1986: Vpliv organskega onesnaženja na meiofavno priobalnih glinastih muljev Koprskega zaliva = The effect of organic pollution on mud meiofauna communities (Bay of Koper, Gulf of Trieste, Northern Adriatic). BV 34 (2): 93-104. COBISS.SI-ID 492879 846. Vukadinovic, Vladimir, Tihana Teklic 1991: Modeliranje raspolživosti vode u računarskoj simulaciji produktivnosti pšenice = A Modelling of water availability in the computer simulation of the wheat produstivity. BV 39 (1/2): 85-94. COBISS.SI-ID 25077506 847. Vukovič, Aleksander 1980: Asociacije morskih bentoških alg v Piranskem zalivu. BV 28 (2): 103-124 + [4] f. pril. COBISS.SI-ID 63006465 848. Wheatley, Mark, Stuart R. Hawtin, Helen C. Howard 2000: Neurohypophysial peptide hormone receptors: glycosylation, ligand recognition and effector coupling = Receptorji nevrofizioloških peptidnih hormono V: glikozilacija, prepoznavanje ligandov in spojitev z efektorji. ABS 43 (1/2): 143-146. COBISS.SI-ID 13145817 849. Wittmann, Christiane, Hardy Pfanz 2003: Light-modulation of bark photosynthesis in birch (Betula pendula Roth.). ABS 46 (2): 49-54. COBISS.SI-ID 222052864 850. Wolfl, Manfred 2006: Present status and distribution of the lynx in the German Alps 2000-2004 = Status in razširjenost risa v Nemških Alpah 2000-2004. ABS 49 (1): 51-52. COBISS.SI-ID 24310233 851. Wraber, Maks 1954: Dinamika vegetacijskega razvoja in izmena drevesnih vrst v gozdu. BV 3 (1): 147-166. COBISS.SI-ID 7747373 852. Wraber, Maks 1969: Fitocenoze kot podlaga za ekološke raziskave. BV 17 (1): 69-78. COBISS. SI-ID 7748653 853. Wraber, Maks 1956: Fitosociološka in ekološka analiza razširjenosti dendroflore na Pohorju. BV 5 (1): 39-70. COBISS.SI-ID 7789613 854. Wraber, Maks 1970: Fitosociološke raziskave v Sloveniji in njihov pomen za naravoslovje. BV 18 (1): 39-43. COBISS.SI-ID 7748909 855. Wraber, Maks 1961: Gozdna vegetacija Slovenskih goric. BV 9 (1): 35-57. COBISS.SI-ID 7748141 856. Wraber, Maks 1952: O gozdnogospodarskem in kulturnoznanstvenem pomenu pragozdnih rezervatov. BV 1 38-66. COBISS.SI-ID 7780141 857. Wraber, Maks 1955: O problemu vegetacijskega klimaksa na Pohorju. BV 4 (1): 7-22. COBISS. SI-ID 7747629 858. Wraber, Maks 1958: Predalpski jelov gozd v Sloveniji. BV 6 (1): 36-45. COBISS.SI-ID 7747885 859. Wraber, Maks 1953: Tipološka podoba vegetacije višjih predelov Pohorja. BV 2 (1): 89-109. COBISS.SI-ID 7747117 860. Wraber, Maks 1964: Vegetacija slovenskega bukovega gozda v luči ekologije in palinologije. BV 12 77-95. COBISS.SI-ID 7748397 861. Wraber, Tone 1979: Die Schwarzfohrenvegetation des Koritnica-Tales (Julische Alpen). BV 27 (2): 199-204. COBISS.SI-ID 62972417 862. Wraber, Tone 2007: Alojzij Jenčič (1874-?), rastlinski fiziolog iz Ribnice na Dolenj skem=Alojzij jenčič (1874-?), the plant physiologist from Ribnica (Dolenj sko/Lower Carniola, Slovenia). ABS 50 (1): 59-63. COBISS.SI-ID 24312281 863. Wraber, Tone 1972: Arbutus unedo L. in Myrtus communis L. v Slovenski Istri. BV 20 (1): 127-133. COBISS.SI-ID 62752769 864. Wraber, Tone 1982: Aster squamarus (Sprengel) Hieron, tudi v Sloveniji (Prispevek k poznavanju adventivne flore Koprskega) = Aster squamatus (Sprengel) Hieron, also in Slovenia (a contribution ti the knowledge of the advetive flora of Koper region). BV 30 (2): 125-136. COBISS.SI-ID 63049985 865. Wraber, Tone 1966: Astragalus penduliflorus Lam. in A. depressus L., novi vrsti v flori Julijskih Alp. BV 14 (1): 63-67. COBISS.SI-ID 61164801 866. Wraber, Tone, Vitomir Mikuletič 1965: Daphne blagayana Freyer na severozahodni meji svojega areala. BV 13 (1): 61-67. COBISS.SI-ID 61164545 867. Wraber, Tone 1990: De Gentiana nopcsae Javorka notula. BV 38 (3): 39-46. COBISS.SI-ID 18324226 868. Wraber, Tone 1988: The discovery of Dianthus nitidus Waldst.& Kit. in Montenegro (Yugoslavia) = Odkritje klinčka Dianthis nitidus Waldst. & Kit. v Črni gori. BV 36 (4): 95-102. COBISS. SI-ID 36121088 869. Wraber, Tone 1986: Die Felsenmiere (Minuartia rupestris) - Vegetation der Julischen Alpen = The Minuartia rupestris vegetation in the Julian Als = Vegetacija s skalno črvinko (Minuartia rupestris) v Julijskih Alpah. BV 34 (1): 115-124. COBISS.SI-ID 63116801 870. Wraber, Tone 1964: Floristične novosti iz Julijskih Alp. BV 12 (1): 97-108. COBISS.SI-ID 61163521 871. Wraber, Tone 1971: Floristika v Sloveniji v letih 1969 in 1970. BV 19 (1): 207-219. COBISS. SI-ID 62722305 872. Wraber, Tone 1967: Floristika v sloveniji v letu 1967. BV 15 (1): 111-126. COBISS.SI-ID 61170945 873. Wraber, Tone 1969: Floristika v Sloveniji v letu 1968. BV 17 (1): 173-192. COBISS.SI-ID 63307777 874. Wraber, Tone 1975: Gladiolus imbricatus L. v Sloveniji. BV 23 (2): 119-126. COBISS.SI-ID 62361345 875. Wraber, Tone, Maruša Palma 1982: Die Identitat von Polygala nicaeensis subsp. carniolica mit Polygala nicaeensis subsp. forojulensis = Istost podvrste Polygala nicaeensis subsp. carniolica s podvrsto Polygala nicaeensis subsp. forojulensis. BV 30 (2): 113-124. COBISS.SI-ID 63049729 876. Wraber, Tone 1969: Leontodon tenuiflorus (Gaud.) Rchb. v Julijskih Alpah. BV 17 (1): 97-99. COBISS.SI-ID 63305729 877. Wraber, Tone 1963: Linnaea borealis L., planta rediviva slovenske flore. BV 11 (1): 43-48. COBISS.SI-ID 61162241 878. Wraber, Tone 1983: Napačne navedbe v flori Slovenije (1-6) = Spurious indications in the flora of Slovenia (1-6). BV 31 (1): 1-12. COBISS.SI-ID 63050241 879. Wraber, Tone 1983: Nekatere nove ali redke vrste v flori Julijskih Alp (V) = Some new or rare species in the flora of the Julian Alps (V). BV 31 (2): 119-126. COBISS.SI-ID 63063297 880. Wraber, Tone 1960: Prispevki k poznavanju slovenske flore. BV 7 (1): 29-37. COBISS.SI-ID 61160961 881. Wraber, Tone 2000: Prvo desetletje (1920-1930) študija biologije na ljubljanski univerzi = First decade (1920-1930) of Biology Studies at the University of Ljubljana. ABS 43 (3): 5-20. CO-BISS.SI-ID 829519 882. Wraber, Tone 1992: Rod Adonis v Sloveniji - primer za historično floristiko = The genus Adonis in Slovenia - a case in point of historical floristics. BV 40 (1): 55-63. COBISS.SI-ID 32764928 883. Wraber, Tone 1992: The spur pansy (Viola cornuta L.) in the Julian Alps - a »perfect botanical crime«? = Rogata vijolica (Viola cornuta L.) v Julijskih Alpah -«popoln botanični zločin?«. BV 40 (3/4): 35-43. COBISS.SI-ID 73156096 884. Wraber, Tone 1981: Vicia loiseleuri (M.B.) D. Litvinov, a hitherto neglected species from the V. Hirsuta group = Vicia loiseleurii (M.B.) D. Litvinov, doslej prezrta vrsta iz skupine V. hirsuta. BV 29 (2): 181-192. COBISS.SI-ID 63025409 885. Wraber, Tone 1984: Das vorkommen von Hedysarum hedysaroides (L.) Schinz & Thellung in Jugoslawien = Pojavljanje vrste Hedysarum hedysaroides (L.) Schinz & Thellung v Jugoslaviji. BV 32 (2): 57-64. COBISS.SI-ID 63093761 886. Wraber, Tone 1962: Vrste reda Lycopodiales v Sloveniji. BV 10 (1): 11-25. COBISS.SI-ID 61160193 887. Wraber, Tone 1988: Zum Vorkommen von Centranthus longiflorus Steven auf der Balkanhal-binsel = On the occurrence of Centranthus longiflorus Steven on the Balkan peninsula. BV 36 (3): 33-52. COBISS.SI-ID 36093440 888. Zajc, Irena 1992: An attempt to reveal DNA restriction polymorphism in Hirudinea DNA = Poskus ugotavljanja restrikcijskega polimorfizma DNA pri pijavkah. BV 40 (2): 107-115. COBISS.SI-ID 73138176 889. Zavodnik, Dušan 1962: K problematiki severnojadranske sardele (Sardina pilchardus Walb.). BV 10 (1): 111-115. COBISS.SI-ID 62578177 890. Zavodnik, Dušan 1960: O koperodu(!) Cancerilla tubulata dal., ektoparazitu na kačjerepu Am-phipholis squamata (D.Ch.). BV 7 (1): 81-83. COBISS.SI-ID 62535169 891. Zavodnik, Dušan 1956: Prispevek k poznavanju jadranskih koriceidov. BV 5 (1): 85-89. COBISS. SI-ID 62503937 892. Zavodnik, Dušan 1965: Prispevek k poznavanju naselja Cystoseira barbata (Good. & Wood.) C. Ag. v severnem Jadranu. BV 13 (1): 87-101. COBISS.SI-ID 62631937 893. Zavodnik, Dušan 1961: Seznam jadranskih ehinodermov in njihova globinska razširjanost. BV 8 (1): 49-55. COBISS.SI-ID 62538497 894. Zavodnik, Dušan 1956: Tetramerna Anseropoda placenta Pennant v Jadranskem morju. BV 5 (1): 121-122. COBISS.SI-ID 62506497 895. Zei, Miroslav 1953: Pojav spolnosti, diferenciacija spola in njegova inverzija pri vretenčarjih s posebnim ozirom na ribe. BV 2 (1): 19-26. COBISS.SI-ID 63274497 896. Zei, Miroslav 1952: Ribarstvena biološka raziskovanja na vzhodnem Jadranu. BV 1 (1): 107-114. COBISS.SI-ID 63270401 897. Zei, Miroslav 1954: Znanstveno delo profesorja Jovana Hadžija : od sedemdesetletnici. BV 3 (1): 7-17. COBISS.SI-ID 62479105 898. Zellnig, Gunther, Andreas Perktold 2003: Diurnal variation of chloroplast fine structures of spinach. ABS 46 (2): 43-47. COBISS.SI-ID 222050816 899. Zerbo, Dorjana, Marija Štefančič 1997: Telesne karakteristike enajstletnih šolarjev iz Kopra = Physical characteristics of 11-year-old schoolchildren from Koper. ABS 41 (1): 47-54. COBISS. SI-ID 6940889 900. Zerbo, Dorjana, Matjaž Fležar, Marija Štefančič 2002: Ventilatory and anthropometric variables in healthy female students from the University of Ljubljana = Ventilacijski in antropometrični parametri zdravih študentk Univerze v Ljubljani. ABS 45 (1): 31-38. COBISS.SI-ID 16159449 901. Zidar, Primož 2005: The influence of zinc on the accumulation of cadmium and copper in the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber (Crustacea, Isopoda) = Vpliv cinka na akumulacijo kadmija in bakra pri kopenskem enakonožcu Porcellio scaber (Crustacea, Isopoda). ABS 48 (1): 3-12. COBISS.SI-ID 20882393 902. Martinčič, Andrej, Franc Batič, K. Gams, K. Vogelnik, Danijel Vrhovšek 1975: Zimska fotosin-tetska aktivnost vrste Ilex aquifolium L. BV 23 (1): 45-52. COBISS.SI-ID 62828545 903. Zirnich, K. 1952: Artemisia verlotorum Lamotte in Aristida gracilis Elliot - dve novi adven-tivnirastlini Goriške okolice. BV 1 (1): 79-81. COBISS.SI-ID 63269377 904. Zlatolas, Katarina, Peter Veranič, Kristijan Jezernik 2005: Analysis of cell motility with a successive sequence of images = Analiza gibanja celic s serijo zaporednih fotografij. ABS 48 (1): 13-20. COBISS.SI-ID 20710361 905. Zupančič, Mitja, Andraž Čarni 1988: Nova združba rdečega bora v slovenskem predpanonskem obrobju = A new association of the Scots pine in the Slovenian prepannonian borderland. BV 36 (3): 107-126. COBISS.SI-ID 36094208 906. Zupančič, Mitja 1997: Pregled fitocenoloških raziskav v Sloveniji = A survey of phytocoenologi-cal research in Slovenia. ABS 41 (2/3): 5-17. COBISS.SI-ID 6192429 907. Zupančič, Mitja 1980: Smrekovi gozdovi Evrope in Balkanskega polotoka I. BV 28 (2): 137-158. COBISS.SI-ID 27537453 908. Zupančič, Mitja 1982: Smrekovi gozdovi Evrope in Balkanskega polotoka II. = The spruce forests of middle Europe and Balkan peninsula, II. BV 30 (1): 171-188. COBISS.SI-ID 27537709 909. Zupančič, Mitja 1990: Smrekovi gozdovi Evrope in Balkanskega polotoka III : kritični pogled na smrekove gozdove Bosne = The Spruce forest of middle Europe and the Balkan Peninsula, III : A critical view on the spruce forest of Bosnia. BV 38 (3): 5-22. COBISS.SI-ID 18322434 910. Zupančič, Mitja 1982: Sphagno-Piceetum R. Kuoch 1954 v Sloveniji : predhodno obvestilo = Sphagno-Piceetum R. Kuoch 1954 in Slovenia : Preliminary report. BV 30 (2): 137-150. COBISS. SI-ID 9028653 911. Žagar, Marjan 1971: Gibanje prebivalstva na Gabrovškem pri Litiji. BV 19 (1): 35-40. COBISS. SI-ID 62670849 912. Žagar, Marjan 1973: Prebivalstvo med Šentjernejem in Gorjanci. BV 21 (2): 97-109. COBISS. SI-ID 62767105 913. Žel, Jana, Marina Dermastia, Nada Gogala 1989: The isolation and regeneration of protoplasts from the mycorrhizal fungi Lactarius piperatus and Suillus variegatus = Izolacija in regeneracija protoplastov mikoriznih gliv Lactarius piperatus in Suillus variegatus. BV 37 (3): 93-100. CO-BISS.SI-ID 13009922 914. Žel, Jana, Saša Ivanovič Maja Ravnikar 1997: Micropropagation of garlic (Allium sativum L. cv. Ptujski spomladanski trough bulb formation on isolated basal plates = Mikropropagacija česna Allium sativum L. cv. 'Ptujski pomladanski' in tvorba čebulic na izoliranih bazalnih ploščah strokov. ABS 41 (4): 51-59. COBISS.SI-ID 78668544 915. Žel, Jana, Alenka Marolt 2000: The influence of IAA and JA on the growth of tabacco hairy root cultures established by two strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes = Vpliv IAA in JA na rast laskaste koreninske kulture tobaka vzpostavljene s pomočjo dveh sevov bakterije Agrobacterium rhizogenes. ABS 43 (4): 3-11. COBISS.SI-ID 809039 916. Žener, Borut 1971: Die Verschmelzungsfrequenz der Komplexaugen bei verschiedenen Farbs-tadien der Wanze Nezara viridula (L.). BV 19 (1): 109-114. COBISS.SI-ID 62715905 917. Žgur-Bertok, Darja, Miklavž Grabnar 1988: The plasmid determined caracteristics of ten porcine Escherichia coli strains = Plazmidno določene lastnosti desetih sevov vrste Escherichia coli prašičjega vira. BV 36 (1): 33-54. COBISS.SI-ID 36087296 918. Žibert, Simon 1952: Zapresličenje travnikov Ljubljanskega barja in obolenja pri konjih. BV 1 (1): 82-89. COBISS.SI-ID 63269633 Priloga 2: Imensko kazalo avtorjev znanstvenih in strokovnih člankov od 1. do 51. letnika revije Acta biologica Slovenica prej Biološki vestnik. Številka za imenom avtorja povezuje avtorja s članki v izpisu bibliografije. Supplement 2: Authors index of scientific and professional articles from 1st to 51st volume of Acta Biologica Slovenica formerly Biološki vestnik. The number following the author's name links the author to the record in the bibliography Accetto, Bojan 532, 533, 661 Accetto, Marko 1, 2, 3, 4 Ahmic, Adisa 613 Al Sayegh-Petkovšek, Samar 7 Alačevic, Marija 36 Ali, M. A. 318 Aljančič, Gregor 40 Aljančič, Marko 9 Ambrožič-Dolinšek, Jana 749 Amon, Tomaž 10 Anderluh, Gregor 98 Angst, C. 659 Aschan, Guido 14 Avčin, Andrej 15, 566 Babnik, Jožefa (Joža) 16, 17, 18, 19, 652 Babuder, Gorazd 20 Bačic, Tomislav 21 Balogh, Janos 97, 611 Bakran-Petricioli, Tatjana 22 Bartha, Sandor 611 Bastar, Manja-Tina 23 Batagelj, Samo 710 Batič, Franc 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 169, 221, 361, 376, 705, 836, 902 Bavcon, Jože 31, 32, 33 Bavec, Franc 290 Bedina Zavec, Apolonija 567 Belušič, Gregor 5, 35 Benovic, Adam 42 Berberovič, Ranka 434 Berljak, Jasna 37, 821 Bernot, Ciril 38, 39 Besendorfer, Višnja 518 Bienelli-Kalpič, Andreja (Bienelli, Andreja) 705 Bionda, Radames 660 Bizjak-Mali, Lilijana 40 Blaženčic, Jelena 41 Blaževič, A. 119 Blejec, Andrej 110, 329, 728, 831 Boben, Jana 470 Bogataj, Eda 118 Bogdanovic, Mila 468 Bogel, Metka 72 Bohanec, Borut 23 Bole, Jože 42 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 351, 415 Botosaneanu, Lazar 53 Boyer, J. 694 Božič, Gregor 54 Bračko, Gregor 55 Brancelj, Anton 13, 42, 56, 57, 58, 59 Brečko Damjana (Drobne, Damjana) 144 Breitenmoser, Urs 659 Breitenmoser-Wursten, Christine 659 Brelih, Savo 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 764 Brglez, Janez 42, 68, 69 Bricelj, Mihael 70, 477, 612, 761 Brodar, Vida 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80 Budihna, Natalija 559 Budnar Lipoglavšek, A. 81 Bukovec, Dragan 479 Bulog, Boris 40, 82, 83, 84, 225 Byrne, Anthony Robert 662 Caaveiro, Jose M. M. 162 Camloh, Marjana 85, 749 Cankar, Gabrijela 86 Capt, S. 659 Carmignola, Giorgio 660 Carnelutti, Jan 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93 Catello, Marco 660 Catusse, M. 694 Cerovac, Sanja 209 Cetto, Ermanno 660 Christian, Erhard 95 Cimerman, Aleksa 423, 424, 434 Cimerman, Nina 96 Comino, Aleksandra 567 Cotič, Vladimir 18 Cotman, Marko 168 Cujec, Thomas P. 478 Culiberg, Metka 100, 101 Czobel, Szilard 97, 611 Czurda, Tanja 102 Čadež, Polona 103 Čarni, Andraž 104, 105, 905 Čelik, Tatjana 106 Černe, Mihaela 107 Černy, Vladimn 108, 766 Červek, Stanislav (Stanko) 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 735, 739 Červeny, Jaroslav 115, 116 Čokl, Andrej 117, 118, 119, 120, 132, 619 Čopič, Alenka 121 Čuček, Marij 42, 122, 123, 124 Curčic, Božidar P. M. 42 Dakskobler, Igor 125, 126, 127 Dawson, Maureen M. 128 Dekleva, Alenka (Dekleva-Likar, Alenka) 129 Dermastia, Marina (Dermastija-Tomažič, Marina) 805, 913 Devetak, Dušan 130, 131, 132, 133 Devide, Zvonimir 134, 292 Didek-Brumec, Matjana 36 Diminic, Danko 212 Dolinar-Osole, Zlata (Dolinar Zlata) 138, 139, 140, 141, 142 Dovč, Peter 701, Drašlar, Kazimir 5, 143, 164, 599, 600, 710 Drobne, Damjana (Brečko, Damjana) 144 Drovenik, Božidar 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150 Druškovič, Blanka 31 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 486, 697, 698 Dubravec, Katarina 160 Duchamp, C. 694 Burasovič, Tatjana 161 Epšek, Mateja (Germ, Mateja) 408 Faganeli, Jadran 163 Fanuko-Kovačič, Neda (Fanuko, Neda) 163, 164, 165, 166, 794 Fasel, Michael 167 Fefer, Dušan 238, 825 Filacorda, Stefano 660 Filipic-Ročak, Sanda 480 Fink, Martina 168 Fležar, Matjaž 900 Foti, Szilvia 97, 611 Frankovic Kerekeš, Gordana 262 Francky, Andrej 172 Freeking, Brad A. 433 Froment, Marie-Therese 489 Fuchs, Renate 136 Fuxjager, C. 341 Gaastra, Wim 658 Gaberščik, Alenka 13, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 183, 185, 310, 410, 786 Gabrovšek, Karin 179, 180 Galeša, Katja 748 Gams, K. 902 Gavagnin, Patrizia 660 Geister, Iztok 181, 182 Germ, Mateja 183, 184, 185, 310, 407, 408, 409 Gerstl, N. 341 Glasenčnik, Erika 221 Glavaš, Milan 212 Glavina, Tamara 173 Godicl, Ljerka 186 Goeldner, Maurice 489 Gogala, Andrej 187, 188, 189 Gogala, Matija 117, 119, 132, 143, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 211, 690 Gogala, Nada 31, 85, 137, 179,180, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 245, 528, 530, 585, 586, 650, 803, 807, 823, 913 Goljevšček, Karmen 137 Golouh, Rastko 94 Gonzales-Manas, Juan M. 162 Grabnar, Miklavž 99, 215, 653, 825, 917 Gregori, Janez 205 Grgič, Tanja 206 Grill, Dieter 221, 483 Grosman, Mitja 207, 208 Gross, Andrea 483 Groznik, Nevenka 137 Gruden, Kristina 6 Gspan, Mateja 749 Gubenšek, Franc 17, 121, 652, 687 Gugerli, Paul 509 Gunde-Cimerman, Nina 209, 423, 424 Gutierrez-Aguirre, Ion 162 Hadži, Jovan 210 Hadžihalilovic, Jasminka 613 Halilovic, Amir H. 613 Hamdorf, Kurt 211 Hamidovic, Hajrija 613 Harris, Peter C. 213 Hawtin, Stuart R. 848 Heinz, W. 214 Herzog-Velikonja, Blagajana 6, 215 Hitchens, T. Kevin 603 Hladil, J. 147, 148 Hladnik, Jože 336 Hoefferle, Špela 11 Hoenigman, Janez 216 Horvat, Bogdan 217 Horvat, Simon 433 Howard, Helen C. 848 Hrabe, Sergej 218, 219, 220 Hrašovec, Boris 212 Hršak, Vladimir 479 Huber, T. 341 Iskender Kaschl, Ulf 170 Istenič, Lilijana (Istenič, Lili) 223, 224, 225 Iunc, Erika 226 Ivanovič, Saša 914 Jaklin, Andrej 42 Jan, Jurij 227 Janc, Miha 653 Janežič, Franc (Janežič, Franjo) 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236 Janjic, Vaskrsija 244 Javornik, Branka 589 Jeglič, Anton 238, 825 Jelaska, Sibila 511 Jelaska, Sven D. 479 Jelic, Gordana 468 Jerala, Roman 237 Jerman, Igor 238, 295, 825 Jezernik, Kristijan 239, 240, 604, 904 Jež, Matjaž 117, 241 Jogan, Nejc 242, 243, 248 Jongsma, Maarten Anthonie 6 Jonozovič, Marko 276 Jovanovic, Ljubinko 244 Jurc, Maja 245 Jurečič, Stane 246 Jusupovic, Fatima 613 Kaligarič, Mitja 247, 248, 249 Kališnik, Miroslav 280 Karaman, Gordan S. 42, 250, 251, 252 Karaman, Mladen S. 253 Karaman, Spasenija 254, 255, 256, 257, 258 Karanovic, T. 571 Karelova, Edita 70, 761 Karpati, Zoltan 259 Kastori, Rudolf 260 Katavic, Ivan 42 Kem, William R. 261 Kerekeš, Gordana (Frankovic Kerekeš, Gordana) 262 Kerovec, Mladen 42, 263, 264 Kezer, James 265 Kiauta, Boštjan 266, 267, 268, 269 Kocijančič, Slavko 714 Kofol-Seliger, Andreja (Seliger-Kofol, Andreja) 270, 271 Kogoj-Osvald, Marinka 482 Kolb, Dagmar 272 Kolevska-Pletikapic, Branka 518 Komar, Marina 227 Komel, Radovan 567 Konjajev, Aleksander 273, 274 Kopitar, Metod 275 Koren, Iztok 276 Korica, Bogdan 277 Koron, Darinka 37, 821 Kos, Ivan 42, 206, 276, 278, 279 Kos, Janko 94, 96 Kos, Marjanca 40 Kosi, Gorazd 8, 477, 612, 615, 703, 796, 832, 833, 835 Kosta, Lado 662 Košir, Alija 280, 281, 282, 283 Košir, Martin 284 Košir, Petra 285 Kotlaba, František 759 Kovač, Maja 286, 425, 490, 749 Kovačič, Alenka (Zagorc, Alenka) 331 Kraigher, Hojka 7 Krajnčič, Božidar 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292 Kralj, Anton (Kralj, Tone) 25 Kralj, Dragica 293, 294 Kralj, Metka 477, 550 Kramar, Ana 11 Krašovec, Marta 96 Krašovec, Rok 295 Kreft, Marko 427 Kregar, Igor 135, 338, 652 Kristan, Janez 687 Krivograd-Klemenčič, Aleksandra 8 Križaj, Bojana 757 Križaj, Igor 121 Krsnik-Rasol, Marijana 22, 518 Krušnik, Ciril 296, 297, 298, 299, 797 Kryštufek, Boris 115, 116, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 570 Kržan, Mojca 427 Kržič, Nina 310 Kugonič, Nives 311 Kus, Breda 36, 99, 653 Kuštor, Valika (Valerija) 83, 312, 476 Laass, J. 341 Labuda, M. 313 Lafarue, Francoise 314 Lah Turnšek, Tamara (Lah, Tamara) 94 Lambeau, Gerard 315 Lambeck, Huug J. P. 316 Landeka, Irena 480 Lanišnik-Rižner, Tea 317 Lavoie, J. 318 Lazar, Jože 319, 320, 321, 322, 323 Lebez, Drago 16, 19, 86, 324, 338, 325, 687, 692 Ledič, A. 393 Legac, Mirjana 42 Legiša, Matic 434 Lenarčič, Brigita 748 Lenhard, Boris 480 Leonard, Y. 649 Lešnik, Mario 326 Ličar, Pavel (Pavle) 144, 327, 328, 329, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 335, 600 Likar, Miha 12, 337, 610 Limpel Kržan, Mojca (Kržan, Mojca) 427 Lockridge, Oksana 489 Logar, Alvina 338 Lončarič, Elizabeta 339 Lorger, A. 805 Lovka, Milan 157, 340, 487, 488, 695, 697 Luskovec, M. 490 Luthar, Zlata 23 MacWhir, Jim 433 Maček, Irena 336, 342 Maček, Jože 343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350 Maček, Peter 98, 166, 531 Mahne, Ivan 103 Maier, Hainz Christian 351 Malej, Alenka 42, 352 Manček Keber, Mateja (Manček, Mateja) 567 Manestrina, Gianfranco 98 Marboutin, E. 694 Marchant, Adam 353 Maretič, Zvonimir 687 Marinček, Lojze 285, 354, 355, 356, 357 Marn, Mojca (Viršček-Marn, Mojca) 37, 821 Marolt, Alenka 915 Martinčič, Andrej24, 29, 30, 169, 176, 177, 178, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 377, 550, 612, 836, 902 Martini, Fabrizio 535 Masson, Patrick 489 Matic, Z. 378 ,379 Matjašič, Janez 150, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, 391, 392 Matjašič, Marko 763 Matošič, M. 393 Matvejev, Sergej D. 394 Mavri, Urška 395, 520 Mavrič, Irena (Mavrič Pleško, Irena) 470 Mavsar, Robert 25 Mayer, Ernest 396, 397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 406 Mazej, Zdenka 407, 408, 409, 410 Medjedovič, Safer 411 Medrano, Juan F. 433 Meglič, Andrej 412 Megušar, France (Franc) 172 Mehle, Nataša 470 Meith-Avčin, Nikki 566 Merdič, Enrih 413 Meško-Brguljan, Pika 96 Meyer-Rochow, V. B. 414 Micevski, Kiril 401 Michallet, D. 694 Michieli, Štefan 87, 89, 91, 92, 192, 195, 197, 415, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420 Mihailovič, Nevena 468 Mihajl, Katarina 40 Mihelčič, Mirjam 823 Mijakovic, Ivan 480 Mikoš, Maja Zagorka 421, 422 Mikuletič, Vitomir 866 Milavec, Mojca 425 Milisav, Irina 426 Milohnoja, Marjan 227 Miloševic, Rade 428 Migot, P. 694 Mingozzi, Toni 660 Mitic, Božena 429 Mlakar, Jože 430 Mlinarič-Raščan, Irena 431 Mlinšek, Borut 432 Moczydlowski, Edvard 748 Moder, Anton 194 Molinari, Paolo 660 Molinari-Jobin, Anja 659, 660 Momčilovic, Vojislava 510 Mozetič, Patricija 435 Mozetič-Francky, Bojana 172 Mršic, Narcis 34, 42, 436, 437, 438, 439, 440, 441, 442, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448, 449, 450, 451, 452, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457, 458, 459, 460, 461, 462 Muller, Maria 136, 221, 222, 481 Munda, Alenka 463 Munda, Ivka-Marija (Ivka) 464, 465, 466, 467 Nachon, Florian 489 Nagy, Zoltan 97, 611 Nemeschkal, Hans Leo 34 Nenadovic-Mratinic, Evica 469 Nikolic, Miroslav 471 Nikolic, Toni 472, 479 Nonveiller, Guido 473 Nosek, Josef 474, 475 Novak, Tone 42, 476 Nožinovic, Amra 613 Okamoto, Hiroshi 478 Orlov, Miroslav 21 Osvald, Jože 482 Pajntar, Marjan 484, 485 Palma, Maruša 875 Papeš, Dražena 518 Paradiž, Jasna 486, 487, 488 Paredes, Sergio 162 Pavletic, Zinka 429, 715 Perktold, Andreas 898 Pertot, Elizabeta 423, 424 Pertot, Marina 491 Petauer, Tomaž 492 Peterlin, Matija B. 478 Peterlin, Stane 493 Petkovski, Svetozar 42 Petkovski, Trajan 42 Petkovšek, Viktor 494, 495, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 502, 503, 504 Petkovšek, Zdravko 505 Petrič, Meta 506, 507, 508 Petrovič, Nataša 509 Petrovic, Milun 510, 654 Petrovic, Novica 260, 510 Pevalek-Kozlina, Branka 511 Pezdič, Jože 163 Pfanz, Hardy 14, 342, 849 Piko-Ravnikar, M. 805 Pilon, J. G. 318 Pipan, Nada 239, 240, 512, 513, 514, 515, 516 Pirc, Manca 470 Piskernik, Milan 362 Piškur, Jure 99, 517 Planinc, Radovan 792, 793 Plausteiner, Janez 805 Plazibat, Mihovil 479 Plemenitaš, Ana 519 Podgornik, Samo 520 Podlesek, Zdravko 99 Podobnik, Andrej 521, 522 Pogačnik, Tone (Anton) 523, 524, 525, 526, 527 Pohleven, Franc 20, 528, 529, 530 Poklar Ulrih, Nataša 531 Pokorn, Dražigost 532, 533, 534 Pokorny, Boštjan 311 Poldini, Livio 226, 491, 535 Polenec, Anton 42, 536, 537, 538, 539, 540, 541, 542, 543, 544, 545, 546, 547, 548, 549 Potočic, Nenad 212 Potočnik, Franc 34, 42, 95, 110, 551, 552, 553, 554, 555 Potrich, Cristina 98 Povž, Meta 556, 557, 558, 559, 560 Prekoršek, Branko 561, 562, 563, 564, 565 Prelovšek, Petra Maja 40 Prosenc, Ana 135 Puc, Anka 423, 424 Pucher-Petkovic, Tereza (Pucher, Terezija) 568 Pujin, Vlasta 42 Puncer, Franc 569 Puncer, Ivo 171, 354, 394 Purger, Jeno J. 570, 571 Pust, Mojca 572 Quarrie, Steve A. 573 Radujkovic, Branko 42 Rakovec, Rajko 68, 69, 574, 575 Raspor, Peter 11 Rataj, Jelka 576 Ravnik, Vlado 577, 578, 579, 580, 581, 582, 583, 584 Ravnikar, Maja 425, 470, 490, 585, 586, 914 Razpotnik, Rajko 191 Regula, Ivan 587, 588 Regvar, Marjana 137, 173, 245, 589 Rejic, Marjan 590, 591, 592, 593, 594, 595, 596, 597, 602 Remžgar, Staša (Tome, Staša) 756 Ribarič-Lasnik, Cvetka 221 Riedel, A. 598 Rijavec, Matija 655 Rode, Janko 144, 164, 599, 600 Rodolfi, Massimiliano 660 Rodriguez, G. 601 Rokov, Jasmina 480 Roš, Milenko 751, 752 Rošer-Drev, Alenka 602 Rouland, P. 694 Rozman, Damjana 168 Rule, Gordon S 603 Rupnik, Maja (Sterle, Maja) 604, 790, Rupnik, Marjan 427 Ružič, Romana 85 Sacher, P. 605 Schauer, Primož 12, 246, 606, 607, 608, 609, 610 Schwammer, Gabriele 34 Schwammer, Herald 34 Sedmak, Bojan 166, 614, 615 Seliškar, Andrej 503, 616, 617, 618 Senčič, Leon 133 Serša, Gregor 619 Simčič, Tatjana 620 Simova-Tošic, Duška 621, 622, 623 Sinkovič, Tomaž 25 Sivec, Ignac 520, 621, 622, 623, 624, 625, 626, 627 Sket, Boris 9, 42, 53, 250, 251, 332, 380, 383 628, 629, 630, 631, 632, 633, 634, 635, 636, 637, 638, 639, 640, 641, 642, 643, 644, 645, 646, 647 Skoberne, Peter 493 Skribe-Dimec, Darja 612 Slapnik, Rajko 648, 649 Smerkolj, Z. 650 Smith, Christopher A. 128 Smolar-Žvanut, Nataša 8 Smrekar, Franc 11 Snoj, Aleš 701 Snoj, Nežka 68, 69 Sočič, Helena 36 Soja, Gerhard 483 Sojar, Aleš 651 Sonjak, Silva 173 Stabentheiner, Edith 272, 483 Stahl, P. 694 Stankovic, Živko 260, 654 Stanovnik, Branko 12 Starčič Erjavec, Marjanca 655, 656, 657, 658 Stegnar, Mojca 661 Stegnar, Peter 135, 662, 650 Stentzer, I. 378 Sterle, Maja (Rupnik, Maja) 790 Sterle, Maksimiljan 817 Stoch, Fabio 663 Stopar, Matej 664 Storch, Volker 170 Stražiščar, Štefan 275 Strgar, Jelka 665, 666 Strgar, Vinko 667, 668, 669, 670, 671, 672, 673, 674, 675, 676, 677, 678, 679, 680, 681, 682, 683, 684, 685 Strojan, Primož 686 Strojnik, Tadej 94 Stušek, Peter 5, 207, 211, 688, 689, 690, 691 Suhar, Alojz 692 Surina, Boštjan 693 Sušnik, Franc 154, 155, 156, 293, 583, 695, 696, 697, 698, 699, 700 Sušnik, Simona 701 Svetina, Miran 702 Szerdahelyi, Tibor 97 Šajn-Slak, Alenka 703 Šapkarev, Jonče 462, 630 Šebek, Slava 609 Šehic, Amela 613 Šešerko, Melita 311 Šilc, Urban 704 Šircelj, Helena 705 Šiško, Milijan 13 Škerlj, Božo 525, 706, 707, 708, 709 Škorjanc, Aleš 35, 412, 710 Škornik, Metka 711 Škornik, Sonja 712 Škreblin, Mirjana 135 Šmid, Nada 713 Šorgo, Andrej 714 Šoštarič, Renata 71 Štamol, Vesna 472, 716, 717 Štebih, Dejan 11 Štefančič, Marija 718, 719, 720, 721, 722, 723, 899, 900 Števčič, Zdravko 42, 724, 725, 726, 727 Štremfelj, Marija 550 Štricelj, Mira 370, 765 Štrukelj, Borut 6 Štrus, Jasna 170, 728 Šugar, Ivan 171 Šumak, Matjaž 825 Šuškovič, Stanislav 96 Šuštar Vozlič, Jelka 463 Šuštar, France 729, 730, 731, 732 Tarman, Kazimir 42, 733, 734, 735, 736, 737, 738, 739, 740, 741, 742, 743, 744, 745, 746 Tavželj, Jože 747 Tejuca, Mayra 98 Teklič, Tihana 846 Terzič, Rifet 613 Thaler, Konrad 544 Tišler, Miha 12 Tišler, Tatjana 203, 750 Toman, Mihael Jožef (Toman, Mihael J.) 395, 572, 751, 752, 797 Tomazo-Ravnik, Tatjana 723, 753 Tomažič, Iztok 754 Tome, Davorin 755 Tome, Staša (Remžgar, Staša) 756 Tomič, Tatjana 21 Torelli, Niko 757 Tortič, Milica 758, 759, 760 Toth, Dezider 70, 761 Tovornik, Danica 62, 63, 64, 65, 108, 762, 763, 764, 765, 766, 767, 768, 769, 770, 771, 772, 773, 774, 775, 776, 777, 778, 779, 780, 781 Travizi, Ana 42 Tribout, Marianne 162 Trilar, Tomi 782 Trinajstič, Ivo 171, 783, 784, 785 Trošt Sedej, Tadeja (Trošt, Tadeja) 175, 786 Trpin, Darinka 397, 616, 787, 788 Turk, Boris 789 Turk, Martina 790 Turk, Tom 791 Turk, Valentina 792, 794 Turk, Vito 324, 652, 748 Tušek-Žnidarič, Magda 135 Tušnik, Peter 792, 793, 794 Udovič, Metka 173 Urban, Stjepan 795 Urbanc-Berčič, Olga 13, 41, 185, 327, 329, 434, 796 Urbančič, Mihej 54 Urbanek Krajnc, Andreja (Urbanek, Andreja) 222, 481 Urbanič, Gorazd 797 Us, Peter A. (Us, Peter) 798 Valentinčič, Tine 314, 799 Vandel, M. 694 Vardjan, Miran 86, 102, 200, 713, 800, 801, 802, 803, 804, 805, 806, 807, 808 Vaupotič, Marjan 809, 810 Velikonja, Milan 42, 811 Veljkovič, Sonja 244 Velkovrh, France (Franc) 42, 598, 638, 809, 810, 812, 813, 814, 815, 816 Veranič, Peter 817, 904 Verčkovnik, Tatjana 714, 818, 819 Vesenjak-Hirjan, Jelka 769, 778 Vesnaver, Gorazd 531 Vidakovič, Jasna 42 Videmšek, Urška 336 Viero, Gabriella 98 Vilhar, Barbara 490 Vinterhalter, Branka 820 Vinterhalter, Dragan 820 Viršček Marn, Mojca (Marn, Mojca) 37, 821 Vlahovič, Petar 822 Vodnik, Dominik 336, 342, 823 Vogelnik, K. 902 Vogrin, Nuša 824 Vojvoda, Jana 11 Vovk, Joža 559 Vraspir-Porenta, Olga 826 Vreš, Branko 616, 827, 828, 829 Vrhovšek, Danijel 8, 41, 169, 361, 477, 550,612, 703, 830, 831, 832, 833, 834, 835, 836, 902 Vrhunc, P. 169 Vrišer, Borut 15, 566, 837, 838, 839, 840, 841, 842, 843, 844, 845 Vrtačnik, Margareta 749 Vučkovic, Milica 468 Vukadinovic, Vladimir 846 Vukovič, Aleksander 566, 847 Vukovic, Mitar 621 Žagar, Marjan 911, 912 Žel, Jana 11, 203, 586, 749, 913, 914, 915 Žener, Borut 916 Žerjav, Metka 463 Žerovnik, Eva 237 Žgur-Bertok, Darja (Žgur, Darja) 653, 655, 656, 657, 658, 917 Žibert, Simon 918 Židanik, Boris 94 Weingand-Ziade, Alexandra 489 Weygand-Buraševic, Ivana 480 Wheatley, Mark 848 Wittmann, Christiane 849 Wolfl, Manfred 850 Wraber, Maks 851, 852, 853, 854, 855, 856, 857, 858, 859, 860 Wraber, Tone 270, 271, 493, 711 861, 862, 863, 864, 865, 866, 867, 868, 869, 870, 871, 872, 873, 874, 875, 876, 877, 878, 879, 880, 881, 882, 883, 884, 885, 886, 887 Wrischer, Mercedes 286 Xie, Weihua 489 Zagorc, Alenka 311 Zagorc-Končan, Jana 750 Zajc, Irena 888 Zalar, Polona 209 Zavodnik, Dušan 42, 889, 890, 891, 892, 893, 894 Zechmann, Bernd 136, 222, 481 Zei, Miroslav 895, 896, 897 Zellnig, Gunther 136, 222, 481, 898 Zerbo, Dorjana (Zebro-Šporin, Dorjana) 899, 900 Zidar, Primož 170, 901 Zimmermann, F. 659 Zirnich, K. 903 Zlatolas, Katarina 904 Zorec, Robert 427 Zupan, Marko 832 Zupan, Martina 831 Zupančič, Gregor 5, 35, 412 Zupančič, Mitja 158, 171, 354, 355,905, 906, 907, 908, 909, 910 NAVODILA AVTORJEM 1. Vrste prispevkov ZNANSTVENI ČLANEK je celovit opis originalne raziskave in vključuje teoretični pregled tematike, podrobno predstavljene rezultate z diskusijo in sklepe ter literaturni pregled: shema IMRAD (Introduction, Methods, Results And Discussion). ABS v tej kategoriji objavlja tudi metodološke članke, v kolikor gre za izvirno metodo, ki še ni bila objavljena drugje ali pa gre za nov in izviren način uporabe sicer že znane metode. Oceno o izvirnosti sprejme uredništvo, če je potrebno po posvetu z recenzenti. Priporočena dolžina članka je do 15 strani z dvojnim razmikom vrstic vključno s tabelami in slikami. Recenzirata ga dva recenzenta. PREGLEDNI ČLANEK objavi revija po posvetu uredniškega odbora z avtorjem. Število strani je lahko večje od 15. KRATKA NOTICAje originalni prispevek z različnih bioloških področij (sistematike, biokemije, genetike, fiziologije, mikrobiologije, ekologije itd.), ki ne vsebuje podrobnega teoretičnega pregleda. Njen namen je seznaniti bralca s preliminarnimi ali delnimi rezultati raziskave. Dolžina naj ne presega 5 strani. Recenzira ga en recenzent. KONGRESNA VEST seznanja bralce z vsebinami in sklepi pomembnih kongresov in posvetovanj doma in v tujini. DRUŠTVENA VEST poroča o delovanju slovenskih bioloških društev. 2. Originalnost prispevka Članek, objavljen v reviji Acta Biologica Slovenica, ne sme biti predhodno objavljen v drugih revijah ali kongresnih knjigah. 3. Jezik Besedila naj bodo pisana v angleškem jeziku, izjemoma v slovenskem, če je tematika zelo lokalna. Kongresne in društvene vesti so praviloma v slovenskem jeziku. 4. Naslov prispevka Naslov mora biti kratek, informativen in razumljiv. Napisan mora biti v angleškem in slovenskem jeziku. Za naslovom sledijo imena avtorjev in njihovi polni naslovi (če je le mogoče, tudi številka faxa in/ali e-pošta). Jasno mora biti označeno, kdo je korespondenčni avtor in k kateremu avtorju spada kateri naslov, če je naslovov več. 5. Izvleček — Abstract Podati mora jedrnato informacijo o namenu, uporabljenih metodah, dobljenih rezultatih in zaključkih. Dolžina za znanstveni članek naj bo do 250 besed, za kratko notico pa 100 besed. Članek mora imeti izvleček napisan tako v angleščini kot v slovenščini. 6. Ključne besede — Keywords Število naj ne presega 10 besed, predstavljati morajo področje raziskave, predstavljene v članku. Člankom v slovenskem jeziku morajo avtorji dodati ključne besede v angleškem jeziku. 7. Tekoči naslov — Running title Krajša verzija naslova, ki naj nima več kot 60 znakov s presledki 8. Uvod Nanašati se mora le na tematiko, ki je predstavljena v članku ali kratki notici. 9. Slike in tabele Tabele in slike (grafi, dendrogrami, risbe, fotografije idr.) naj v članku ne presegajo števila 10, v članku naj bo njihovo mesto nedvoumno označeno. Ves slikovni material naj bo v elektronski obliki. Tabele naj bodo tipkane na posebnih straneh (v tabelah naj bodo le vodoravne črte). Naslovi tabel in slik ter legende so v slovenskem in angleškem jeziku. Pri citiranju tabel in slik v besedilu uporabljamo okrajšave (npr. Tab. 1 ali Tabs. 1-2, Fig. 1 ali Figs. 1-2; Tab. 1 in Sl. 1). V naslovu legende uporabimo polno ime (npr. Figure 1, Table 2 itd.) pisano krepko, ki mu sledi kratek naslov slike ali tabele prav tako pisan krepko. Če ima slika več panelov, morajo biti le-ti nedvoumno označeni z velikimi tiskanimi črkami (A, B, ...). V legendi mora biti vsak del slike pojasnjen v abecednem vrstnem redu. Pojasnilo za vsak panel se začne s krepko veliko tiskano črko (A), pomišljajem in nato nadaljuje z besedilom. 10. Kvaliteta slikovnega materiala. S prvo številko 53. letnika ABS prehaja na povsem elektronski način obdelave slikovnega materiala. Vse slike je tako potrebno poslati izključno v elektronski obliki. Vse slike v reviji so bodisi popolnoma črno-bele bodisi v sivinah (ang. halftone). Avtorje naprošamo, da že v osnovi slike pripravijo v pravilni obliki in se s tem izognejo nepotrebnim zamudam pri pripravi za tisk, predvsem zaradi morebitnih problemov s kontrasti in ločljivostjo. Jasnost in ločljivost na slikah in grafih predstavljenih informacij je odgovornost avtorja. Uredništvo si pridržuje pravico, da zavrne nejasne in slabo berljive slike in grafične prikaze. Ločljivost slik s sivinami mora biti najmanj 300 d.p.i., za popolnoma črno-bele pa 600 d.p.i. Najmanjše črke in številke na sliki ne smejo biti manjše od 8 pik (višina 2 mm). Debelina črt naj ne bo tanjša od 0,5 pike. Družine pisav, ki so dovoljene na slikah, so Times, Times New Roman, Helvetica in Arial, pri čemer naj bodo vse slike v posameznem članku opremljene z istim tipom pisave. Slike naj bodo pripravljene v TIFF, EPS ali PDF formatu, pri čemer je najprimernejši TIFF format (končnica *.tif). Pri shranjevanju slik v *.tif datoteke avtorjem predlagamo uporabo LZW ali ZIP kompresije za zmanjšanje velikosti datotek. Za fotografije je sprejemljiv tudi JPEG format (končnica *.jpg) z nizko stopnjo kompresije, pri čemer si uredništvo prav tako pridržuje pravico zavrnitve fotografij slabe kvalitete. Preden pošljete sliko v EPS formatu se prepričajte, da so vsi znaki v njej zapisani pravilno (npr. odprite in si oglejte datoteko s programom Ghostview oz. GSview - odvisno od operacijskega sistema) ali s programom Adobe Photoshop). Pri formatu PDF se prepričajte, da ste za pripravo *.pdf datoteke uporabili kompresijo, ki ne spreminja njene vsebine (primerni sta LZW ali ZIP, neprimerna pa JPEG, ki je sicer privzeta nastavitev). Slik narejenih v programih Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint ipd. brez pretvorbe v enega od zgoraj navedenih formatov ne bomo sprejeli v tisk, enako velja za slike iz drugih grafičnih programov (Corel Draw, Adobe Illustrator, ipd.). Slike naj bodo pripravljene v končni velikosti, ki bo objavljena v reviji. Širina slike je lahko največ 12,5 cm, višina pa 19 cm (širina in višina besedila na strani). 11. Zakjučki Članek končamo s povzetkom glavnih ugotovitev, ki jih lahko zapišemo tudi po točkah. 12. Povzetek — Summary Članek, ki je pisan v slovenskem jeziku, mora vsebovati še obširnejši angleški povzetek. Velja tudi obratno. 13. Literatura S prvo številko 53-ega letnika ABS prehaja na nov, poenostavljen način citiranja. Pomembne razlike so: Ni več uporabe malih velikih črk (»small caps«). V besedilu uporaba 'and' namesto '&' pri dveh avtorjih in 'et al.' namesto '& al.' pri več avtorjih. Pri citiranju člankov v besedilu v slovenskem jeziku se 'in' uporablja namesto 'and', 'in sod.' pa namesto 'et al.'. V seznamu literature si pri vseh avtorjih sledijo priimek in začetnica oz. začetnice imen. Uporabljene literaturne vire citiramo med tekstom. Če citiramo enega avtorja, pišemo Allan (1995) ali (Allan 1995), če sta dva avtorja (Trinajstic and Franjic 1994) oziroma pri članku v slovenščini (Trinajstic in Franjic 1994), če je več avtorjev (Pullin et al. 1995) oziroma v slovenščini (Pullin in sod. 1995). Kadar navajamo citat iz večih del hkrati, pišemo (Honsig-Erlenburg et al. 1992, Ward 1994a, Allan 1995, Pullin et al. 1995). V primeru, če citiramo več del istega avtorja, objavljenih v enem letu, posamezno delo označimo s črkami a, b, c itd. (Ward 1994a,b). Če navajamo dobesedni citat, označimo dodatno še strani: Toman (1992: 5) ali (Toman 1992: 5-6). Seznam literature uredimo po abecednem redu. Vsak zapis začnemo s priimkom prvega avtorja, vejico ter začetnico(ami) imen(a) in nadaljujemo na enak način s preostalimi avtorji ločenimi z vejicami. Sledi leto izdaje in naslov članka, mednarodna kratica za revijo (časopis), volumen, številka v oklepaju (neobvezno) in strani po naslednjem vzorcu: Mielke, M.S., Almeida, A.A.F., Gomes, F.P., Aguilar, M.A.G., Mangabeira, P.A.O., 2003. Leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and growth responses of Genipa americana seedlings to soil flooding. Experimental Botany, 50 (1), 221-231. Knjige, poglavja iz knjig, poročila, kongresne povzetke citiramo sledeče: Allan J. D. 1995: Stream Ecology. Structure and Function of Running Waters, 1st ed. Chapman & Hall, London, 388 pp. Pullin A. S., McLean I. F. G., Webb M. R., 1995. Ecology and Conservation of Lycaena dispar: British and European Perspectives. In: Pullin A. S. (ed.): Ecology and Conservation of Butterflies, 1st ed. Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 150-164. Toman M. J. 1992: Mikrobiološke značilnosti bioloških čistilnih naprav. Zbornik referatov s posvetovanja DZVS, Gozd Martuljek, pp. 1-7. 14. Format in oblika članka Članke sprejemamo izključno v elektronski obliki. Format naj bo Microsoft Word (*.doc) ali obogateno besedilo (*.rtf) v pisavi Times New Roman 12. Med vrsticami naj bo dvojni razmak, besedilo naj bo poravnano le levo, robovi besedila naj bodo 3 cm na vseh straneh, format papirja naj bo A4. Odstavki naj bodo med seboj ločeni s prazno vrstico. Naslov članka in naslovi poglavij naj bodo pisani krepko in v velikosti pisave 14 prav tako v pisavi Times New Roman. Morebitni naslovi podpoglavij naj bodo pisani v velikosti 12 ležeče. Vsa latinska imena morajo biti napisana ležeče. Uporabljene nomenklaturne vire navedemo v poglavju Metode. Glavnemu uredniku je potrebno oddati besedilo in ves slikovni material kot priponko elektronske pošte. Za namene recenzije so slike in tabele vključene v glavni *.doc ali *.rtf file (vsaka na svoji strani). Vseeno pa je ob oddaji rokopisa potrebno kot ločene priponke poslati tudi slike v obliki opisani pod točko 10. Vse strani (vključno s tabelami in slikami) morajo biti oštevilčene. Vse članke je potrebno pregledati glede strokovnih in jezikovnih napak pred pošiljanjem. Kontrolni seznam elementov članka v angleškem jeziku (Za članek v slovenskem jeziku se smiselno uporablja enaka shema z zrcalnim zaporedjem slovenskih in angleških delov): Angleški naslov - (Times New Roman 14, krepko) Slovenski naslov - (Times New Roman 14, krepko) Imena avtorjev, kjer morajo biti jasno označeni naslovi oz. pripadnost inštituciji in ime korespondenčnega avtorja- (Times New Roman 12) Naslov(i) avtor(jev) / naslovi inštitucij - (Times New Roman 12) fax in/ali e-poštni naslov korespondenčnega avtorja - (Times New Roman 12) Ključne besede v angleščini (keywords) - (Times New Roman 12) Ključne besede v slovenščini - (Times New Roman 12) Tekoč naslov (running title) - (Times New Roman 12) Abstract v angleščini - (Times New Roman 12) Izvleček v slovenščini - (Times New Roman 12) Uvod - (Times New Roman 12, naslov - Times New Roman 14 krepko) Material in metode - (Times New Roman 12, naslov - Times New Roman 14 krepko) Rezultati - (Times New Roman 12, naslov - Times New Roman 14 krepko) Diskusija - (Times New Roman 12, naslov - Times New Roman 14 krepko) Povzetek v slovenščini - (Times New Roman 12, naslov - Times New Roman 14 krepko) Legende slik; vsaka v angleščini in v slovenščini - (Times New Roman 12, naslov - Times New Roman 14 krepko, Oznaka za posamezno sliko in naslov slike - Times New Roman 12 krepko) Legende tabel; vsaka v angleščini in v slovenščini - (Times New Roman 12, naslov - Times New Roman 14 krepko, Oznaka za posamezno tabelo in naslov slike - Times New Roman 12 krepko) Zahvale (Times New Roman 12, naslov - Times New Roman 14 krepko) Literatura (Times New Roman 12, naslov - Times New Roman 14 krepko) Slike, ena na stran; oznaka slik levo zgoraj (Times New Roman 12 krepko) Tabele, ena na stran; oznaka tabele levo zgoraj - (Times New Roman 12 krepko) Oštevilčenje vseh strani - desno spodaj - (Times New Roman 12) 15. Recenzije Vsak znanstveni članek bosta recenzirala dva recenzenta (en domači in en tuji), kratko notico pa domači recenzent. Pri člankih z izrazito lokalno tematiko, ki so izjemoma pisani v slovenskem jeziku, sta oba recenzenta domača. Avtor mora v spremnem dopisu, ki mora obvezno spremljati rokopis, predlagati najmanj enega tujega in enega domačega recenzenta. Končna izbira recenzentov je kljub vsemu diskrecijska pravica uredništva. Recenzenti ostanejo za avtorje anonimni. Možni izidi recenzij so 1. Sprejeto brez pripomb, 2. V osnovi sprejeto a potrebuje manjše spremembe, 3. V osnovi sprejeto a potrebuje pomembnejše spremembe, 4. Sprejemljivo a potrebuje večjo predelavo, 5. Nesprejemljivo v predloženi obliki. V primeru ocen 3 in 4 pred sprejetjem v tisk ustreznost popravkov potrdijo še enkrat recenzenti, ki so jih zahtevali. V primeru zavrnitve korespondenčni avtor prejme pisno negativno odločitev glavnega urednika, originalne materiale se izbriše iz arhiva ABS na posebno zahtevo pa se jih tudi vrne avtorju. Po objavi korespondenčni avtor prejme članek v elektronski *.pdf obliki. INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS 1. Types of Articles SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES are comprehensive descriptions of original research and include a theoretical survey of the topic, a detailed presentation of results with discussion and conclusion, and a bibliography according to the IMRAD outline (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion). In this category ABS also publishes methodological articles, in so far as they present an original method, which was not previously published elsewhere, or they present a new and original usage of an established method. The originality is judged by the editorial board if necessary after a consultation with the referees. The recommended length of an article including tables, graphs, and illustrations is up to fifteen (15) pages; lines must be double-spaced. Scientific articles shall be subject to peer review by two experts in the field. REVIEW ARTICLES will be published in the j ournal after consultation between the editorial board and the author. Review articles may be longer than fifteen (15) pages. BRIEF NOTES are original articles from various biological fields (systematics, biochemistry, genetics, physiology, microbiology, ecology, etc.) that do not include a detailed theoretical discussion. Their aim is to acquaint readers with preliminary or partial results of research. They should not be longer than five (5) pages. Brief note articles shall be subject to peer review by one expert in the field. CONGRESS NEWS acquaints readers with the content and conclusions of important congresses and seminars at home and abroad. ASSOCIATION NEWS reports on the work of Slovene biology associations. 2. Originality of Articles Manuscripts submitted for publication in Acta Biologica Slovenica should not contain previously published material and should not be under consideration for publication elsewhere. 3. Language Articles and notes should be submitted in English, or as an exception in Slovene if the topic is very local. As a rule, congress and association news will appear in Slovene. 4. Titles of Articles Titles must be short, informative, and understandable. It must be written in English and in Slovene language. The title should be followed by the name and full address of the authors (and if possible, fax number and/or e-mail address). The affiliation and address of each author should be clearly marked as well as who is the corresponding author. 5. Abstract The abstract must give concise information about the objective, the methods used, the results obtained, and the conclusions. The suitable length for scientific articles is up to 250 words, and for brief note articles, 100 words. Article must have an abstract in both English and Slovene. 6. Keywords There should be no more than ten (10) keywords; they must reflect the field of research covered in the article. Authors must add keywords in English to articles written in Slovene. 7. Running title This is a shorter version of the title that should contain no more than 60 characters with spaces. 8. Introduction The introduction must refer only to topics presented in the article or brief note. 9. Illustrations and Tables Articles should not contain more than ten (10) illustrations (graphs, dendrograms, pictures, photos etc.) and tables, and their positions in the article should be clearly indicated. All illustrative material should be provided in electronic form. Tables should be submitted on separate pages (only horizontal lines should be used in tables). Titles of tables and illustrations and their legends should be in both Slovene and English. Tables and illustrations should be cited shortly in the text (Tab. 1 or Tabs. 1-2, Fig. 1 or Figs. 1-2; Tab. 1 and Sl. 1). A full name is used in the legend title (e.g. Figure 1, Table 2 etc.), written bold, followed by a short title of the figure or table, also in bold. Subpanels of a figure have to be unambiguously indicated with capital letters (A, B, ...). Explanations associated with subpanels are given alphabetically, each starting with bold capital letter (A), a hyphen and followed by the text. 10. The quality of graphic material Starting with the first issue of the 53rd volume the ABS will be processing the graphic material only electronically. All the figures have to be submitted in the electronic form. The ABS publishes figures either in pure black and white or in halftones. Authors are kindly asked to prepare their figures in the correct form to avoid unnecessary delays in preparation for print, especially due to problems with insufficient contrast and resolution. Clarity and resolution of the information presented in graphical form is the responsibility of the author. Editors reserve the right to reject unclear and poorly readable pictures and graphical depictions. The resolution should be 300 d.p.i. minimum for halftones and 600 d.p.i. for pure black and white. The smallest numbers and lettering on the figure should not be smaller than 8 points (2 mm height). The thickness of lines should not be smaller than 0.5 points. The permitted font families are Times, Times New Roman, Helvetica and Arial, whereby all figures in the same article should have the same font type. The figures should be prepared in TIFF, EPS or PDF format, whereby TIFF (ending *.tif) is the preferred type. When saving figures in TIFF format we recommend the use of LZW or ZIP compression in order to reduce the file sizes. The photographs can be submitted in JPEG format (ending *.jpg) with low compression ratio. Editors reserve the right to reject the photos of poor quality. Before submitting a figure in EPS format make sure first, that all the characters are rendered correctly (e.g. by opening the file first in the programs Ghostview or GSview - depending on the operation system or in Adobe Photoshop). With PDF format make sure that lossless compression (LZW or ZIP) was used in the creation of the *.pdf file (JPEG, the default setting, is not suitable). Figures created in Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint etc. will not be accepted without the conversion into one of the before mentioned formats. The same goes for graphics from other graphical programs (CorelDraw, Adobe Illustrator, etc.). The figures should be prepared in final size, published in the magazine. The dimensions are 12.5 cm maximum width and 19 cm maximum height (width and height of the text on a page). 11. Conclusions Articles shall end with a summary of the main findings which may be written in point form. 12. Summary Articles written in Slovene must contain a more extensive English summary. The reverse also applies. 13. Literature Starting with the first issue of the 53rd volume the ABS is introducing a new simplified citation system. The important differences are: No more usage of small caps. In text 'and' is used instead of '&' when referring to two authors and 'et al.' instead of '& al.' when referring to many. In the literature section the initials of name(s) follow the surname with all authors. References shall be cited in the text. If a reference work by one author is cited, we write Allan (1995) or (Allan 1995); if a work by two authors is cited, (Trinajstic et Franjic 1994); if a work by three or more authors is cited, (Pullin et al. 1995); and if the reference appears in several works, (Honsig-Erlenburg et al. 1992, Ward 1994a, Allan 1995, Pullin et al. 1995). If several works by the same author published in the same year are cited, the individual works are indicated with the added letters a, b, c, etc.: (Ward 1994a,b). If direct quotations are used, the page numbers should be included: Toman (1992: 5) or (Toman 1992: 5-6).The bibliography shall be arranged in alphabetical order beginning with the surname of the first author, comma, the initials of the name(s) and continued in the same way with the rest of the authors, separated by commas. The names are followed by the year of publication, the title of the article, the international abbreviation for the journal (periodical), the volume, the number in parenthesis (optional), and the pages. Example: Mielke, M.S., Almeida, A.A.F., Gomes, F.P., Aguilar, M.A.G., Mangabeira, P.A.O., 2003. Leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and growth responses of Genipa americana seedlings to soil flooding. Experimental Botany, 50 (1), 221-231. Books, chapters from books, reports, and congress anthologies use the following forms: Allan J. D. 1995: Stream Ecology. Structure and Function of Running Waters, 1st ed. Chapman & Hall, London, 388 pp. Pullin A. S., McLean I. F. G., Webb M. R., 1995. Ecology and Conservation of Lycaena dispar: British and European Perspectives. In: Pullin A. S. (ed.): Ecology and Conservation of Butterflies, 1st ed. Chapman & Hall, London, pp. 150-164. Toman M. J. 1992: Mikrobiološke značilnosti bioloških čistilnih naprav. Zbornik referatov s posvetovanja DZVS, Gozd Martuljek, pp. 1-7. 14. Format and Form of Articles The manuscripts should be sent exclusively in electronic form. The format should be Microsoft Word (*.doc) or Rich text format (*.rtf) using Times New Roman 12 font with double spacing, align left only and margins of 3 cm on all sides on A4 pages. Paragraphs should be separated by an empty line. The title and chapters should be written bold in font size 14, also Times New Roman. Possible sub-chapter titles should be written in italic. All scientific names must be properly italicized. Used nomenclature source should be cited in the Methods section. The text and graphic material should be sent to the editor-in-chief as an e-mail attachment. For the purpose of review the main *.doc or *.rtf file should contain figures and tables included (each on its own page). However, when submitting the manuscript the figures also have to be sent as separate attached files in the form described under paragraph 10. All the pages (including tables and figures) have to be numbered. All articles must be proofread for professional and language errors before submission. A manuscript element checklist (For a manuscript in Slovene language the same checklist is appropriately applied with a mirroring sequence of Slovene and English parts): English title - (Times New Roman 14, bold) Slovene title - (Times New Roman 14, bold) Names of authors with clearly indicated addresses, affiliations and the name of the corresponding author - (Times New Roman 12) Author(s) address(es) / institutional addresses - (Times New Roman 12) Fax and/or e-mail of the corresponding author - (Times New Roman 12) Keywords in English - (Times New Roman 12) Keywords in Slovene - (Times New Roman 12) Running title - (Times New Roman 12) Abstract in English - (Times New Roman 12) Abstract in Slovene - (Times New Roman 12) Introduction - (Times New Roman 12, title - Times New Roman 14 bold) Material and methods - (Times New Roman 12, title - Times New Roman 14 bold) Results - (Times New Roman 12, title - Times New Roman 14 bold) Discussion - (Times New Roman 12, title - Times New Roman 14 bold) Summary in Slovene (Times New Roman 12, title - Times New Roman 14 bold) Figure legends; each in English and in Slovene - (Times New Roman 12, title - Times New Roman 14 bold, figure designation and figure title - Times New Roman 12 bold) Table legends; each in English and in Slovene - (Times New Roman 12, title - Times New Roman 14 bold, table designation and table title - Times New Roman 12 bold) Acknowledgements - (Times New Roman 12, title - Times New Roman 14 bold) Literature (Times New Roman 12, title - Times New Roman 14 bold) Figures, one per page; figure designation indicated top left - (Times New Roman 12 bold) Tables, one per page; table designation indicated top left - (Times New Roman 12 bold) Page numbering - bottom right - (Times New Roman 12) 15. Peer Review All Scientific Articles shall be subject to peer review by two experts in the field (one Slovene and one foreign) and Brief Note articles by one Slovene expert in the field. With articles written in Slovene and dealing with a very local topic, both reviewers will be Slovene. In the compulsory accompanying letter to the editor the authors must nominate one foreign and one Slovene reviewer. However, the final choice of referees is at the discretion of the Editorial Board. The referees will remain anonymous to the author. The possible outcomes of the review are: 1. Fully acceptable in its present form, 2. Basically acceptable, but requires minor revision, 3. Basically acceptable, but requires important revision, 4. May be acceptable, but only after major revision, 5. Unacceptable in anything like its present form. In the case of marks 3 and 4 the reviewers that have requested revisions have to accept the suitability of the corrections made. In case of rejection the corresponding author will receive a written negative decision of the editor-in-chief. The original material will be erased from the ABS archives and can be returned to the submitting author on special request. After publication the corresponding author will receive the *.pdf version of the paper.