«SeMHH He3HaeMa» m upaHCRUH cyöcTpaT «CncBa o ncHKy MrcpeBe»
Koncmanmun PaxHO
This article deals with the semantics of the image of the Unknown Land in the Tale of Igor's Campaign. It is proposed to examine it in the light of the warriors' classification of lands peculiar to the Ossetians and reflected in the Ossetian Nart sagas. The ancestors of the modern Ossetians, the Alans, were the closest neighbours and allies of the Slavic population of the Kievan Rus. Therefore many folklore motifs and religious conceptions of the Iranian peoples are present in the above-mentioned epic poem, including the direct parallels with the Nart epos. Some characters of the poem, for example, the bard Boyan, who turns into a weasel, a wolf or an eagle and is apostrophized as Veles's grandson, could not be explained correctly without bringing the Ossetian epic and mythology into the picture.
Keywords: the Tale of Igor's Campaign, Kievan Rus, Slavic mythology, Ossetian mythology, Nart epos, shamanism, Iranian substratum, Boyan, Syrdon, Soslan, the Unknown Land
TeMHHe MecTa «CnoBa o nonKy MropeBe» hb^hmtch He npocTO HMTepaTypoBegne-CKOM KHM ^MnonorMHecKOM npoöneMOM. ohm aKTUBHo Hcnonb30BanHCb u Hcnonb3yroT-CH, HeCMOTpH Ha CyÖ^eKTMBHOCTb u rMnOTeTMHHOCTb MX MCTOHKOBaHMH, gHH OÖOCHOBa-HMH TeX MHM MHHX MCTOpUHeCKMX TeopUM M npegnOHO^eHMM. OgHMM M3 HMX HBHHeTCH «3eMnH He3HaeMa»: 36mch fluBi, KHMHeTi Bp^xy gpeBa: BenuTi nocnymaTM 3eMnM He3HaeM^ -
M noMopuro,
M nocynuro, u Cypo^y, M Kopcynro,
M Te6^, TbMyTopoKaHbCKHM 6niBaHi! [CnoBo 1950, c. 12, IX, 37]. C ogHoM CTopoHH ^To cnoBocoHeTaHMe HBnHeTCH Bpoge 6h BnonHe noHHTHHM. CnoBo «He3HaMoMMM» go cux nop ^yHK^MOHMpyeT b yKpauHCKoM H3HKe. C gpyroM cto-poHH, HenoHHTHo ero 3HaHeHMe b gaHHoM KoHTeKCTe, noTpe6HocTb b Mcnonb3oBaHMM.
OgHa 3a gpyroM BHgBuranucb Bepcuu, HanpuMep, o tom, hto ^To CBugeTenbCTBo He3HaHMH yKa3aHHHX 3eMenb caMMM aBTopoM ^o^MH [MaxHOBe^b 1989, c. 197; Cyxo6o-
KOB 2012, c. 303]. Apyrue MccnegoBaTenM, HanpoTUB, yKa3HBanH, hto, cyga no mhofohmc-neHHHM ynoMMHaHMHM TMyTopoKaHM, aBTopy, bo3moäho, goBogunocb b Hen ÖHBaTb. m Torga «3eMnro He3HaeMy» cnegyeT noHMMaTb He öyKBanbHO, KaK HeH3BecTHyro, He3HaKO-Myro, a b cMHcne ee OTganeHHOcTM. «3eMnH He3HaeMa» - ^TO 3eMnH ganeKaa, yTpaneHHaa, MÖo pycMHH He MornM He 3HaTb Kopcyna, Cypo^a u, TeM 6onee, nocynbH, noMopbH u BoniM, KOTopHe b ^o^Me TaK^e ^urypupyroT KaK «3eMnu He3HaeMHe» [MaBpoguH 2002, c. 331; 3axapoB 1988, c. 219-220]. ^TM yneHHe cHUTanu, hto ga^e neneHe^cKue opgH He cyMenu HapymuTb cBH3b pyccKoro npugHenpoBbH c pyccKuMu ^e HM3OBbHMM floHa, TaMaHbro u KopneBoM. Ho ^TO yganocb cgenaTb ^0^0B^aM, cyMeBmuM npeBpaTuTb ko BpeMeHaM HanucaHua ^o^MH nocynbe, noMopbe u TMyTapaKaHcKun nponuB b «3eMnro He3HaeMy» [MaBpoguH 1946, c. 196]. «Hto TaKoe «3eMnH He3HaeMaH»? ^TO - HuKeM He ocBoeHHHe cTenu, rge 6pogM^M KoHeBHe nneMeHa, noneMy cTenu 6H^M HunenHon 3eM-neM - res nullius. B noHHTue 3eM^M Torga Bxoguno npegcTaBneHue u o HaceneHuu - pyc-ckom Hapoge: ^TO 6HnM 3eMnM 3HaeMHe. noHHTue o 3eMne He3HaeMoM cno^unocb gaB-ho; b ^TM cTenu b X BeKe BToprnucb neneHeru, ^o6egMB xa3ap u 3axBaTMB TeppuTopuro ot Bonru go flyHaa. Hepe3 cToneTue croga xnHHyna HoBaa BonHa - ^onoB^eB (KyMaHoB), KoTopHe oTTecHunu HacTb neHeHeroB b npegenH KueBcKoM Pycu; oHa B3Hna ux nog cBoe noKpoBuTenbcTBo KaK «cboux noraHHx». Ho 3eMnH He3HaeMaH oKa3anacb nog BnacTbro ^onoB^eB. OTcroga y pyccKux cno^unocb npegcTaBneHue o HeM, KaK o none ^onoBe^-kom. OgHaKo b HeM KoneBanu u gpyrue nneMeHa - KoByu, TopKu, neneHeru, noneMy no-HHTue «^onoBe^KaH 3eMnH» He BHTecHuno npe^Hero «3eMnH He3HaeMaH». M fluB «Knu-HeT 3eMnM He3HaeMoM», t. e. He TonbKo 3aHHToM ^onoB^aMM, ho gpyruMu KoneBHuKaMu, nogBnacTHHMu nocnegHuM. flpyrue cTpaHH b ^TOM o6pa^eHMM fluBa pacnono^eHH no nepu^epuu «3eMnM He3HaeMoM», u ohu nepeHucnaroTca fluBoM b onpegeneHHoM nopagKe: Bonra, noMopbe u t. g. nog BonroM noHuMaeTca CpegHHH Bonra c cunbHHM BynrapcKuM xaHcTBoM; no Bonre mna 6onbmaH TpaH3MTHaH ToproBna - Me^gy ^uTe-naMu BepxHeM Bonru, KaMH, KacnuMcKoro noMopba u cTpaH CpegHeM A3MM: Bce ^TM TeppuTopuu KoHTponupoBanucb BynrapcKuM xaHcTBoM, KaK paBHo u Hu^hhh Bonra, nyTb no KoTopoM oxpaHanca ot ^onoB^eB, rpa6MBmMx nogBnacTHHe 6ynrapaM nneMeHa. nocynue, KopcyHb, Cypo^ u TMyTopoKaHb He npuHucnanucb k He3HaeMoM 3eMne. nocynue 6Hno ^na^gapMOM pyccKux (gna HacTynneHuM npoTuB ^onoB^eB u o6opoHH ot ux HanageHuM), rge Bce goporu 6HnM xopomo M3BecTHH. nponnHB flHenp, aBTop nnHBeT «3ano3HHM nyTeM» k KopcyHro, Cypo^y u TMyTopoKaHb, 6HBmeM paHee bot-huhom HepHuroBcKux KHH3eM. ^TM nocnegHue 3eMnM He 6HnM gpy3bHMM ^onoB^eB u He co6MpanMCb yHuHTo^aTb gpy^uHH Mropa, KoTopHM cTpeMunca cgenaTb cBo6ogHHM ToproBHM nyTb no floHy u floH^y u BoccoeguHuTb TMyTopoKaHb c Pycbro. MTaK: Mropb BxoguT B cTenb, npoucxoguT conHeHHoe 3aTMeHMe, bo TbMe fluB, ucnyraHHHM pyccKuMu nonKaMu, B3neTaeT Ha gepeBo u npo6y^gaeT «3eMnro He3HaeMyro» nocnymaTb o npuHuHe ero ucnyra. KpuK fluBa pa3HOCMTCH no BceM TeppuTopuu, noKpHToM TbMoM conHeHHoro 3aTMeHMH, - «3HaeMHe cTpaHH» gep^aTca naccuBHo u ^gyT, a b «He3Hae-mom 3eMne» r3aK u KoHHaK npumnu b naHuKy u KuHynucb nepexBaTHBaTb khh3h Mropa y floHa» [ronoBeHHeHKo 1963, c. 35]. ^TO 3eMnM k rory u BocToKy ot CynH, rge KoHyroT ^onoB^H [OroHoBcKuM 1876, c. 46; Ha6oKoB 2004, c. 89; HepHoB 2006, c. 143], guKaa ^onoBe^KaH cTenb 3a BopcKnoM [naganKa 1914, c. 37], unu y^e - norpaHuHHHe c Pycbro ^onoBe^KMe 3eMnM noBon^ba, HeM3BecTHHe ^uTenaM ^eHTpanbHHx KHH^ecTB u yno-MHHyTHe BMecTe c gpyruMu KoHeBuaMu [CyMapyKoB 1989, c. 57-63]. Mnu ^e npaKTuHe-
CRM HMHeMHaH 3eMnH C caMoynpaBHHeMHM HaceneHueM, npeÖHBaBmuM b OTHOCMTenbHO MMpHHX OTHOmeHMHX C COCegHMMM KOHeBHMM HHeMeHaMM nogHenpOBbH [CyXOÖOKOB
2012, C. 304-305]. ^T0 3eMnH 3a BonroM khm 3a floHOM b CTopoHy KaBKa3a, Kyga KHH3bH paHee He COBepmanu noxogoB khm ^e COBepmanu, ho TaK gaBHO, hto 3a6HnoCb. M He-3HaKOMH ohm He Boo6^e gnH pyCUHoB, a gna Mropa u ero BoMCKa, ^0^T0My Bpa^ge6HH u TaaT B Ce6e onaCHoCTu gna Hux. fluB ^e npegynpe^gaeT BCe 3eMnH, gna KoTopHx ^TOT noxog onaCeH [nonKaHoB 1929, C. 50-51]. ^TO CTpaHHHe u HegoCTu^uMHe KyMaHCKue TeppuTopuu, ropoga u 3eMnu, Haxoga^ueCa nog BnagnneCTBoM KoneBHuKoB [Ševčenko 1991, p. 34; Besharov 1956, p. 61], yTpaneHHHe 3eMnu, ganbHue u qy^ue [BpyH 1880, C. 226; flamKeBuq 1899, C. 36; ^ko6coh 1964, C. 78; ragno 1994, C. 120]. Bygyqu yTpaqeH-hhmu, ohu CTanu norpaHuHHHMu, 3a ^Tu 3eMnu e^e 6opaTCa, u ^0^T0My ux Cygb6a e^e He pemeHa, oHa Heu3BeCTHa [^pi^aK 2008, C. 127-129]. HeKoTopne TonKoBaTenu nog-HepKuBaroT anoKanunTuqeCKuM xapaKTep Heu3BeCTHoCTu ^0n0Be^K0M CTenu, b koto-poM o6uTaroT 6e36o^HHe, HenuCTHe ^onoB^H [KneMH 1976, C. 111], n0TyCT0p0HH0CTb npegenoB qy^oro Mupa, K0T0pHe H0CaT HeonpegeneHHHM xapaKTep [raCnapoB 2000, C. 224]. ^T0 Heu3BeCTHaa gna qy^ux, HenoCBa^eHHHx, Bpa^ge6Haa 3eMna [By6H0B 2006, C. 404], ^apcTB0 CMepTu b ropu30HTanbH0M K0CMonoruu [TKaqeB 2003, C. 118-120]. K TaK0My T0nK0BaHuro 6nu30K B3rnag, CornaCHo K0T0p0My CaMa «3eMna He3HaeMa» - mu-^uqeCKaa TpugeBaTaa 3eMna, rge HaxoguTCa o6uTenb fluBa, oh BenuT noKopuTbCa eM u TeM CeMu peanbHHM 3eMnaM, rge ^uByT He pyCuHH, ho ux Bparu [nymuK 1990, C. 41-42, 119]. Croga ^e npuMHKaroT u Te, kto CHuTaeT, hto fluB npegynpe^gaeT BCe Te CTpaHH, K0T0pHM yipo^aroT nonKu Mropa, b tom quCne u «3eMnro He3HaeMy» - ^onoBe^Kyro CTenb [ryMuneB 1997, C. 387].
A6CypgH0CTb u HagyMaHH0CTb ^Tux BepCuM oqeBugHH. Ha CaM0M gene Hurge hu B KaKux neTonuCax He Cogep^uTCa yKa3aHuM Ha nonHHM oTxog u uCHe3H0BeHue pyC-CKoro HaCeneHua u3 CTenu. ^T0 BHMHCen, TaK0M ^e, KaK HeKaa Mu^uneCKaa CMemaH-H0CTb C nonoB^aMu b 6pogHu^K0M Cpege, 6ygT0 6h uMeBmaa C00TBeTCTBua b 6HTy pyC-CKux ropogoB. M KapTa 0rp0MH0M CnnomHon ^0n0Be^K0M 3eMnu gaBHo yCTapena nog HanopoM apxeonoruqeCKux gaHHHx. He aBnanuCb MeCT0M o6uTaHua uCKnroquTenbHo KoqeBHx nneMCH u Hu30Bba flHenpa. M3yHeHue MHoroquCneHHHx apxeonoruqeCKux MaTepuanoB b CoeguHeHuu C aHanu30M gaHHHx gpyrux uctohhukob npuBoguT apxe-onoroB, cne^uanu3upyro^uxca Ha gpeBHocTax yKpauHCK0M CTenu, k TaKuM BHBogaM. Ha npoTa^eHuu IX-XIV BeK0B ro^Hoe nogHenpoBbe 6Hno 3aHaT0 gByMa rpynnaMu HaceneHua - KoqeBHuKaMu, ^uBmuMu Ha CTenHHx npocTopax, u ocegnHM HaceneHueM, naMaTHuKu K0Toporo CK0H^eHTpup0BaHH, cpegu nponero, b gonuHe flHenpa u Ha ero ocTpoBax. Ocegnoe HaceneHue npo^uBano b w^hom nogHenpoBbe nocToaHHo Ha npo-Ta^eHuu IX-XIV BeK0B. KapTorpa^upoBaHue naMaTHuK0B ocegnoro HaceneHua gaeT B03M0^H0CTb roBopuTb 0 cnnomH0M 3aceneHH0CTu peruoHa, oco6eHHo b XII - nepBon nonoBuHe XIII BeK0B. M uMeHHo b ^T0T nepuog ero CBa3u c KueB0M 6Hnu Hau6onee uHTeHcuBHHMu. W^Hoe nogHenpoBbe, no K0T0p0My npoxogun oguH u3 Ba^Heömux ToproBHx nyTeM, Bcerga Bxoguno b cocTaB u c^epy uHTepecoB PyccKoro rocygapcTBa. ^T0 Hamno CBoe 0Tpa^eHue y^e b nepBHx goroBopax Pycu c Bu3aHTueM, rge Hu^-hum flHenp u CeBepHoe npuHepH0M0pbe npu3HaBanucb c^epoM pycuH0B. O Ba^HocTu ro^Horo nogHenpoBba gna KueBCKon Pycu CBugeTenbCTByeT, b qacTHocTu, CTpeMne-Hue pyccKux KHa3eM Bcerga gep^aTb nog K0HTponeM Onembe - Ba^HHM CTpaTeruqe-ckum u ToproBHM nyHKT B ycTbe flHenpa. OqeBugHo, nog K0HTponeM KueBa Haxogunca
M gpyroM CTpaTerunecKM Ba^HHM nyHKT - ocTpoB XopTH^a, KOTopHM cny^Mn MecTOM coÖMpaHMH pyccKMX BOMCK nepeg noxogaMU npoTUB KoneBHMKOB. BnacTb KueBCKUx KHH3eH pacnpocTpaHHnacb Ha HaceneHue ro^Horo nogHenpoBbH, a KOHTponb Hag ^He-npoBCKMM ToproBHM nyTCM Bcerga HaxoguncH y KueBCKux KHH3eH. Ocegnoe HaceneHue B ro^HOM nogHenpoBbe, HecMOTpH Ha KonunecTBeHHHe KoneöaHUH, npo^uBano no-cTOHHHO, HTO HaxoguT nogTBep^geHue b öecnpepHBHocTu cy^ecTBOBaHUH äu3hu Ha pHge noceneHuM c IX go XIV BeKa, a TaK^e npeeMcTBeHHocTu paga ocoöeHHocTen MaTe-puanbHoM KynbTypH, hto oTpa3unocb b goMocTpoeHuu, norpeöanbHoM oöpage u Kepa-MunecKoM KoMnneKce. Ochobom xo3HMcTBa ocegnoro HaceneHua cny^uno 3eMnegenue, a TaK^e cKoToBogcTBo. Cy^ecTBoBanu pa3HHe npoMHcnH, ocoöeHHo 3HaHuTenbHyro ponb urpana pHÖonoBna. CenbcKuM xo3hmctbom 3aHuManucb Ha Bcex noceneHuax. Pe-MecneHHoe npou3BogcTBo ÖHno pa3BuTo TonbKo Ha oTgenbHHx noceneHuax. Ha hux 3aHuManucb nnaBKoM u oöpaöoTKoM ^ene3a, u3roToBneHueM pa3nuHHHx u3genuM u3 ^BeTHHx MeTannoB, KaMHH, koctu. 3HaHuTenbHHx ycnexoB gocTurno roHHapHoe npou3-BogcTBo. OcoöeHHo mupoKoe pa3BuTue peMecna Ha oTgenbHHx naMHTHuKax oTMeneHo B XII - nepBoM nonoBuHe XIII BeKa. Xo3hmctbo b ochobhom ÖHno HaTypanbHHM. Bonb-muHcTBo HeoöxoguMHx B noBcegHeBHoM äu3hu u3genuM HaceneHue M^hofo nog-HenpoBbH u3roToBnHno caMo. floMamHuM xapaKTep uMeno u3roToBneHue pa3nuHHHx MenKux npegMeToB u3 gepeBa, koctu, KaMHH, npageHue, TKaHecTBo. OgHaKo HeKoTopne BugH npou3BogcTBa - nnaBKa u oöpaöoTKa ^ene3a, oöpaöoTKa ^BeTHHx MeTannoB, u3roToBneHue KpynHHx u3genuM u3 KaMHH - cocpegoTanuBanucb b pyKax oTgenbHHx c^e^uanucTOB-peMecneHHUKOB. ^eHTpH, rge peMecneHHaa geHTenbHocTb nonynuna 3HaHuTenbHoe pa3BuTue BHgenaroTcH Ha ocHoBe KapTorpa^upoBaHua. BonbmuHcTBo ux ^yHK^uoHupoBano b XII-XIII BeKax. ^TU ^e noceneHua urpanu 3HaHuTenbHyK ponb u B ToproBne, hto nogTBep^gaeTca HanuHueM Ha hux öonbmoro KonuHecTBa npu-bo3hhx u3genuM. K ^TUM öonbmuM noceneHuHM c pa3BuTHM peMecnoM u ToproBneM - ToproBo-peMecneHHHM ^eHTpaM - THroTenu öonee MenKue noceneHua. B ^THUHecKOM cocTaBe HaceneHua cnaBaHe npeoönaganu. AHTpononoru oTMenaroT TaK^e Hanunue He-öonbmoro KonuHecTBa ocegnHx anaHoB (upaHOH3HHHHe anaHH KoMnaKTHo oöuTanu b necocTenHoM nogoHbe, CeBepHoM npua3oBbe, Ha Hu^HeM u CpegHeM Bonre, a TaK^e Ha CeBepHoM KaBKa3e [ByöeHoK 1997; ByöeHoK 2004; ByöeHoK 2011]). MaTepuanbHaa KynbTypa ocegnoro HaceneHua M^hofo nogHenpoBba XII - nepBoM nonoBuHH XIII BeKoB oHeHb 6nu3Ka KueBopyccKoM. HaönrogaeTca eguHcTBo b cnocoöe goMocTpou-TenbcTBa, b norpeöanbHoM oöpage, KepaMuHecKoM KoMnneKce, opyguax Tpyga u Haöo-pe yKpameHuM. nocnegHuM noHTu nonHocTbro coBnagaeT c KueBopyccKuM. rnuHaHaa nocyga b nogaBnaro^eM öonbmuHcTBe cnyHaeB To^e uMeeT aHanoru b CpegHeM nogHenpoBbe. Mhofo oö^ero b Haöope cenbCKOxo3HMCTBeHHHx opyguM, npuHeM He TonbKo B Tunonoruu u pa3Mepax, ho u b TexHonoruu ux U3^OTOBneHUH. Ta ^e KapTuHa - u npu cpaBHeHuu pa3nuHHHx peMecneHHUHecKux uHcTpyMeHToB. BnuaHue KoHeBHUKoB npocne^uBaeTca TonbKo b HeKoTopHx Tunax yKpameHUM u opy^ua. B3auMooTHome-huh ocegnoro cnaBaHcKoro HaceneHua c KoHeBHUKaMu b ochobhom Hocunu MupHHM xapaKTep. O6 ^TOM cBugeTenbcTByeT oTcyTcTBue ucKyccTBeHHHx yKpenneHUM b Mä-hom nogHenpoBbe. Ochobom MupHHx oTHomeHUM, oHeBugHo, cny^unu B3auMoBHrog-HHe ^KOHOMUHecKue cbh3u. OgHaKo bo BpeMH npuxoga hobhx opg ocegnoe HaceneHue BHHy^geHo ÖHno oTcTynaTb b öonee 6e3onacHHe paMoHH, k ToMy ^e oho npuHUMa-no nocunbHoe yHacTue b MeÄgoyco6u^ax, KoTopHe coTpacanu Pycb u cTenHHe 3eMnu.
TecHHe ^KOHOMHHecKHe u nonuTM^ecKMe OTHomeHMH coegMHHHM ocegnoe cnaBHHCKoe HaceneHMe peruoHa c PyccKOM gep^aBOM, gna KOTopoM ro^Hoe nogHenpoBbe MMeno orpoMHoe cTpaTerunecKoe u ^K0H0MMHecK0e 3HaHeHMe. OHO, BepoaTHo, npegocTaBnano noMo^b npu npogBM^eHMM ToproBHX KapaBaHoB u npogBu^eHuu pyccKux gpy^uH. KoneBHUKM BocnpuHUManu 6onee BHcoKyro KynbTypy cnaBHH u 3aMeTHoro BnuHHUH Ha Hee He OKa3anM. Ocegnoe HaceneHue TaroTeno k KueBcKoM Pycu. B cBoro onepegb, oho npegcTaBnano co6om ^opnocT Pycu b cTenu u urpano 3HaHMTenbHyK ponb b ToproBHX oTHomeHuax [Ko3noBCbKMM 1992].
Tohho TaK ^e He npuHagne^anu ^onoB^aM TMyTopoKaHb, pyccKue ropoga nocy-nba, Cypo^, KopcyHb u 3eMnM noBon^ba. TMyTopoKaHcKoe KHH^ecTBo cny^uno gna KueBcKoM Pycu cTpaTerunecKu Ba^HHM ^opnocToM b CeBepHoM npunepHoMopbe u onopHHM nyHKToM pyccKoro npogBu^eHua b ^pMa3OBbe u Ha CeBepHHM KaBKa3, Hana-Toro MropeM u CBaTocnaBoM. Ho BMecTe c TeM co3gaHMe Ha TaMaHu pyccKoro KHa^e-cTBa cnoco6cTBoBano u pocTy caMoM TMyTopoKaHu, cTaBmeM b XI BeKe 3HaHMTenbHHM ToproBHM nyHKToM roro-BocToKa. MMeHHo b XI BeKe, KaK y6egMnM apxeonorunecKue uccnegoBaHua oTHocuTenbHo HegaBHero npomnoro, TMyTopoKaHb cTana 3HaHMTenbHO HaceneHHee, neM b npegmecTByro^uM nepuog, xoTa MaTepuanbHaa KynbTypa - KepaMu-HecKuM KoMnneKc, ^unu^a co cTeHaMu M3 caMaHa Ha KaMeHHoM ocHoBaHuu - npogon-^ana HocuTb, oneBugHo, MecTHHM xapaKTep, cBugeTenbcTBya o BnuaHuu Ha npumnoe cnaBaHcKoe HaceneHue anaHoB [^ko6coh 1964, c. 77]. Ha TaMaHcKoM nonyocTpoBe Ha
XI	BeK npuxoguTca geMorpa^unecKuM B3pHB, Korga Hucno cenbcKux noceneHuM He TonbKo He yMeHbmaeTca no cpaBHeHuro c xa3apcKMM BpeMeHeM, ho u cy^ecTBeHHo yBenuHuBaeTca. M xoTa MHorue M3 ^TMX noceneHuM npeKpa^aroT cBoe cy^ecTBoBaHue B nepBoM nonoBuHe XII BeKa, apxeonorunecKue uccnegoBaHua noKa3HBaroT, hto u Ha TaMaHcKoM nonyocTpoBe, u b ^pMa3OBbe b cepeguHe XII BeKa, ga u no3^e, ÄM3Hb npo-gon^anacb [BonKOB 2003, c. 108-114]. Apa6cKMe uctohhuku cepeguHH XII BeKa onu-cHBaroT TMyTopoKaHb KaK gpeBHuM ropog c MHo^ecTBOM ^uTeneM, KpynHHM ^po^Be-Taro^uM ToproBHM ^eHTp, Ha apMapKu KOToporo cie3^aroTca Ky^^H M3 pa3HHX cTpaH. B nogHuHeHuu y npaBuTeneM TMyTopoKaHu 6Hna 6onbmaa oKpyra. Ohu cnaBunucb My^ecTBOM, cMenocTbro u BouHcTBeHHocTbro, HaBoga cTpax Ha cocegeM. ropog oKpy-^anu BO3genaHHHe namHu u BuHorpagHuKu, 6oraTHe cena. O ero nognuHeHuu nonoB-^aM Hurge He roBopuTca [rpymeBcbKuM 1905, c. 508, 512; HacoHOB 1940, c. 97; ^ko6coh 1964, c. 78; KoHOBanoBa 1995, c. 63-66]. OTcyTcTBue Ha TaMaHu BM3aHTMMcKoM MOHeTH
XII	BeKa To^e 6pocaeTca b rna3a [Ka^gaH 1965, c. 289]. Bo BTopoM nonoBuHe XII BeKa BM3aHTMa, cyga no goroBopaM c ^eHy^3^aMM, paccMaTpuBana TMyTopoKaHb, Hapagy c Pycbro, KaK onacHoro KOHKypeHTa b ToproBne, c KOTopHM KOMMepnecKuM napTHepaM 3anpe^anocb uMeTb gena [nonKaHOB 1929, c. 60; HacoHOB 1940, c. 97; ^ko6coh 1964, c. 166, 170; Ka^gaH 1963, c. 96; Shepard 2006, p. 62-63; Jacoby 2007, p. 677; Jacoby 1994, p. 359-360]. TMyTopoKaH^H, cyga no BM3aHTMMcKMM ucTOHHuKaM, cnuTanucb Torga gyp-hhmu u HeBe^ecTBeHHHMu nrogbMu [Ka^gaH 1963, c. 96]. fflupBaHcKue ^e u ^py3MH-cKue cBegeHua no3BonaroT roBopuTb o BoeHHHX ^Kc^egM^Max ceBepoKaBKa3CKMX pycu-HOB B 3aKaBKa3be u o6 ux KoanM^MM c anaHaMu bo BTopoM nonoBuHe XII BeKa [flopH, c. 20-31, 388-390, 524-530; MaBpoguH 1938, c. 39; ragno 1994, c. 121-123]. B HacToa^ee BpeMa HeT HuKaKux apxeonorunecKux cBugeTenbcTB npucyTcTBua ^onoB^eB Ha TaMaHu B XII unu nepBOM nonoBuHe XIII BeKa [3axapoB 1988, c. 220-221; HxaMg3e 2001, c. 67]. 3aTo Ha caMOM ropogu^e HaMgeHa pyccKaa KaMeHHaa uKOHKa BTopoM nonoBuHH XII -
Havana XIII BeKOB [ApxunoBa 2009, c. 161-165]. B ^TOT nepuog öpogHMKM c CeBepHoro KaBKa3a BpeMH ot BpeMeHU npMHMMaroT ynacTMe b nonMTMHecKMX coöhtmhx Ha Cy3-ganb^MHe, hto goKa3HBaroT u apxeonorMHecKMe MaTepuanH ux norpeöeHMM [bohhh-KMH 1949, c. 56-58, 60-61]. B nepBOM nonoBUHe XIII BeKa TMyTopoKaHb c OKpecTHHMu 3eMnHMU Bce e^e npegcTaBnana coöoM OTgenbHoe KHH^ecTBO, npaBUTenb KOToporo npoBogun caMocTOHTenbHyro nonuTUKy [KoHOBanoBa 1995, c. 66-67; KoHOBanoBa 2009, c. 31]. CygH no BeHrepcKUM ucTOHHUKaM nepBOM nonoBUHH XIII BeKa, ee HaceneHueM HBnanucb npeuMy^ecTBeHHO pycuHH, KOTopHe ^opManbHO ucnoBegoBanu xpucTuaH-cTBO, HO npugep^uBanucb cBoux gpeBHux H3HHecKux oÖH^aeB [Ahhuhckum 1940, c. 78, 96]. O TaKOM ^THUHecKOM cocTaBe cBugeTenbcTByeT u TonoHuMuKa npua3OBbH Ha KaTanoHcKux u uTanbHHcKux nopTonaHax [Tanuc 1974, c. 88]. fla^e Bo BTopoM nonoBu-He XIII BeKa, nocne MOHronbcKoro HamecTBua, ropog ÖHn MecTOM o^uBneHHOM Me^-gyHapogHOM ToproBnu [nnaHO KapnuHu, PyöpyK 1911, c. 66; MaTy3OBa 1979, c. 211]. OcTaTKu ÖHnoM aBTOHOMuu TMyTopoKaHb coxpaHHna BnnoTb go nepBOM nonoBuHH XIV BeKa [KoHOBanoBa 1995, c. 67-68; KoHOBanoBa 2009, c. 116-117].
B nepBOM nonoBuHe XIV BeKe, cyga no apaöcKuM ucTOHHuKaM, npaBuTenu KaB-Ka3cKux HepKecoB, pycuHOB u anaHOB Bnanunu nonyaBTOHOMHoe cy^ecTBOBaHue, hb-nHHcb BaccanaMu TaTap [Tu3eHray3eH 1884, t. 1, c. 231, 233-234; nonKaHOB 1929, c. 58-59; nonHK 1964, c. 53-54; MaBpoguH 1938, c. 46; MaBpoguH 1980, c. 182]. B ^TO ^e BpeMH TMyTopoKaHb Bce e^e ynoMuHaeTcH b cnucKe pyccKux ropogoB [^pi^aK 2008, c. 107-108]. Hepe3 cto neT KaBKa3cKue pycuHH BMecTe c HepKecaMu u a6xa3aMu, no cbu-geTenbcTBy rpeKOB, cpa^anucb b pagax TaTapcKOM apMuu [MnoBaMcKuM 1882, c. 345]. nogTBep^gaeT ^TO ogHO ^paH^y3CKoe cBugeTenbcTBO Havana XV BeKa, no KOTopoMy pycuHH Bce e^e Bxogunu b Hucno ceBepoKaBKa3cKux HapogHocTeM, Hapagy c HepKe-caMu, ne3ruHaMu u anaHaMu [ranoHu^OHTu6yc 1980, c. 15]. ABcTpuMcKue uctohhuku nepBOM nonoBuHH XVI BeKa cBugeTenbcTByroT o coxpaHeHuu cnaBHHcKoro H3HKa u xpucTuaHcKoro 6orocny^eHuH Ha HeM y nogBeprmerocH accuMunH^uu agHraMu Hace-neHuH CeBepHoro KaBKa3a [rep6epmTeMH 1988, c. 59, 182].
OgHO3HaHHO He 6Hno onycTeBmuM u nogBnacTHHM ^onoB^aM nocynbe. C py6e-^a X-XI BeKa u go cepeguHH XIII BeKa TeHeHue peKu CynH u ee npuTOKOB HBnHnocb ycTOMHuBOM Mro-BocTOHHOM ^paHU^eM ro^HOM Pycu co cTenbro, a HHHe npegcTaBneH-HHe ropogu^aMu u 3MeeBHMu BanaMu MHoroHucneHHHe ocTaTKu gonroBpeMeHHHx o6opoHuTenbHHx coopy^eHuM HeKorga cocTaBnHnu cTpoMHyro u nocTOHHHO coBep-meHcTByeMyro cucTeMy 3a^uTH ocegnHx 3eMnegenbHecKux paMoHOB OT nocTOHHHHx KOHeBHuHecKux BTop^eHuM u Ha6eroB. CTpaTeruHecKu Ba^HHe 6pogH u nepenpaBH Hepe3 Cyny, KaK u ycTOHBmuecH BoeHHO-ToproBHe nyTu, Begy^ue Brny6b nepeHcnaB-ckoM 3eMnu u b HanpaBneHuu KueBa, KOHTponupoBana rpynna He6onbmux KpenocTeM, 6narogapH KOTopHM ^onoBe^Kue nepeMe^eHua Ha Pycb ga^e u3MeHunu cbou Mapm-pyTH. C oco6oM T^aTenbHocTbro yKpennanacb nepeacnaBcKuMu KHH3bHMu Hu^hhh Cyna - OTpe3OK 6epera OT ycTbH peKu go ^y6eH, nepeKpHBaBmuM cTOKunoMeTpoBHM cTenHOM Kopugop, npoTHHyBmuMca OT Openu go BepxoBbeB CynoH. fla^e b HaHane XII BeKa TyT cTpounucb HOBHe ^opTH - ^enHu, ^yKOMnb u gpyrue. npaBHM 6eper Ha ^TOM yHacTKe ycunuBanca BanaMu, ogHO- u gByx^apycHHMu ^CKap^aMU, cBH3HBaBmu-mu ropogu^a b Hepa3pHBHyro ^e^b. npuno^eHHHe TuTaHuHecKue ycunua no o6opoHe ro^HHx nogcTynoB k CTonu^e nepeacnaBcKoro KHH^ecTBa ganu cbou pe3ynbTaTH. no-noBe^Kue xaHH Bce pe^e nHTanucb npopBaTbca k nepeacnaBy HanpHMuK. Ohu BHHy^-
geHH öbinu Hcnonb30BaTb gna cbomx ^e^eH OKpy^HHe nyTU Hepe3 Bepxnee nocynbe M noygaMCKMe nepenpaBH. K Hanany XII BeKa Cyny, no MHeHuro apxeonoroB, Henb3H y^e paccMaTpuBaTb KaK KpaMHHM unu BHemHMM py6e^ rocygapcTBa. Ee ^yHK^HH ne-pexogaT k 6onee ro^HHM peKaM Pycu - ncny, BopcKne, Openu, rge B03HUKaroT pyccKue cTopo^eBHe 3acTaBH, noceneHua 6pogHUKOB u uHo^THUHecKux HaeMHUKOB. B nepBOM nonoBUHe XII BeKa Ha nocynbe neTonucaMu 3acBugeTenbcTBoBaH uHcTuTyT nocagHu-HecTBa. 3eMnegenbHecKoe HaceneHue 3a npegenaMu nocynbcKoro yKpenneHHoro paMoHa Hayqunocb He TonbKo BH^uBaTb b ycnoBuax nocToaHHoM BHemHeM onacHocTu, ho u npou3BoguTb gocTaToHHoe KonuHecTBo npogyKTa, Heo6xoguMoro gna gaHu cBoeM 3Ha-tu u KHa^ecKoMy nocagHuKy. O6 ^TOM roBopuT Hanunue ropogu^ u otkphthx noce-neHuM c KynbTypHHMu oTno^eHuaMu yKa3aHHoro BpeMeHu He TonbKo Bgonb ochobhhx neBHX npuToKoB ^Henpa k BocToKy ot CynH, ho u no 6eperaM BnagaBmux b hux pe-HymeK. B HeKoTopHx cnynaax no6nu3ocTu ot hux pacnonaranucb orpoMHHe Morunb-huku, HacHuTHBaBmue ot HecKonbKux gecaTKoB u go HecKonbKux coTeH, a to u THcaH norpe6eHuM. ^TO cBugeTenbcTByeT o6 ycToMHuBoM gnuTenbHoM ocegnocTu o6uTaTeneM 6acceMHa CynH. Pa3BuTue ropogcKoM äu3hu aBnaeTca onpegeneHHHM noKa3aTeneM cTeneHu 3aceneHHocTu u ocBoeHua ^TOM TeppuTopuu. BnnoTb go cepeguHH XII BeKa aKTuBHo cTpoaTca yKpenneHHHe KOMnneKcH, HacTb u3 KOTopHx cBa3aHa c oxpaHOM no-rpaHuHHOM nuHuu, a HacTb - c 3a^uTOM u 3aceneHueM BHyTpeHHux paMoHOB nocynba. Cyga no apxeonoruHecKuM gaHHHM, MecTHHe o6uTaTenu, cocegcTBOBaBmue c anaHaMu, npugep^uBanucb KaK xpucTuaHcTBa, TaK u a3HHecTBa. KepaMuKa u MeTannuHecKue u3-genua no3BonaroT nogTBepguTb ^yHK^uoHupoBaHue pyccKux ropogu^ bo BTopoM no-noBuHe XII - nepBOM nonoBuHe XIII BeKa. Mx cTpouTenbcTBo HecKonbKo coKpa^aeTca, HO Ha yHacTKe BepxneM CynH, HaxoguBmeMca nog ^^ugoM HOBropog-ceBepcKux KHa3eM, Bce e^e npegnpuHuMaroTca 3HaHuTenbHHe o6opoHHHe MeponpuaTua. nocynbcKaa rpa-HU^a cTana ogHuM u3 Ha6onee Hage^HHx py6e^eM KueBopyccKux 3eMenb [KopuHHHM 1992, c. 75-76, 116, 138-140; MopryHOB 1996; MopryHOB 1998; MopryHOB 2003; Mo^a 2007, c. 61-70; Cyxo6oKOB 2012, c. 291-292; nCP>^ 1846, c. 133].
HaHuHaa c IX BeKa, pycuHH 6Hnu o6hhhhmu o6uTaTenaMu b KpHMy, b HacTHo-ctu, b XepcoHe [rpymeBcbKuM 1905, c. 514; ^ko6coh 1964, c. 55, 163]. Me^gy XepcoHOM u Pycbro cy^ecTBOBanu ToproBHe cBa3u, xepcoHuTH HacTo e3gunu b Pycb, BuguMo c ^enbro KOMMep^uu, a KpoMe ^TUx noe3goK, ohu noggep^uBanu KOHTaKTH c pycuHaMu b ycTbe flHenpa, rge cy^ecTBOBano noceneHue xepcoHcKux pH6onoBOB u To^e Mor npo-ucxoguTb ToproBHM o6MeH [^Ko6coH 1964, c. 58; BorgaHOBa 1991, c. 77-78, 111]. Cyga no BceMy, uMeHHo 3HaHuTenbHHM ygenbHHM BecoM pycuHOB cpegu HaceneHua KpHMa o6iacHaroTca nonHTKu pyccKux KHa3eM pacnpocTpaHuTb Ha Hero cBoro BnacTb [rpymeBcbKuM 1905, c. 515]. y>Ke b X BeKe BcnegcTBue ux noxogoB Bu3aHTua 6Hna BHHy^-geHa npu3HaTb nonuTuHecKue npaBa Pycu b TaBpuKe u b CeBepHOM npuHepHOMopbe Boo6^e. Ee ^O3U^uaM 6Hn HaHeceH o^yTuMHM ygap. B nocnegyro^ee BpeMa Bnua-Hue uMnepuu b KpHMy o^y^aeTca Bce cna6ee u cna6ee, 3aTo npu pacKonKax XepcoHa BcTpeHaeTca pyccKoe opyKue, b tom Hucne 6poH3OBHM HaKOHeHHUK MeHa X BeKa, HaKo-HeHHUKu HOKeH KOH^a X - HaHana XI BeKa, 6poH3OBaa 6ynaBa. KpoMe Toro, b Morune HeKponona Ha 3anagHOM 6epery KapaHTUHHoM 6yxTH HaMgeHo norpe6eHue BoopyKeH-Horo pyccKoro BouHa X BeKa [^ko6coh 1964, c. 59-60; BorgaHOBa 1991, c. 79]. B XI BeKe yKa3aHua neTonuceM u gaHHHe apxeonoruu, b HacTHocTu HaxogKu neHaTeM, nogTBep-KgaroT to, hto ycunuBmaa TMyTopoKaHb, gepKaBmaa b 3aBucuMocTu ot ce6a ceBepo-
KaBKa3CKHe nneMeHa, npoöoBana pacmupHTb CBoro BnacTb Ha KpHM. BoccTaHue npo-
TMB BH3aHTHHCKOrO HaMeCTHMKa B CBH3H C COBepmeHHHM MM yÖMMCTBOM KHH3H tmj-TopoKaHM PocTMcnaBa - npegKa ^a^H^KOH guHacTHM, CBugeTenbCTByeT, hto nocnegHMM MMen 3HaHHTenbHoe HMcno ^pHBepÄeH^eB b XepcoHe [rpymeBCbKMM 1905, c. 510-511; Shepard 2006, p. 33, 51-52, 56-59; MaBpoguH 2002, c. 204-205]. ^To u nocnegyK^Me BoccTaHMH, onpoKMHyBmue, xoth m BpeMeHHo, BM3aHTMHCKyK BnacTb B ropoge, yKa-3HBaroT, c ogHoM CTopoHH, Ha maTKocTb ee, a c gpyron - Ha 3HaHeHMe TMyTopoKaHCKo-ro KHH^ecTBa, HBHHBmerocH b to BpeMH Hauöonee ycToMHUBon u peanbHon cunon b KpHMy [^koöcoh 1964, c. 77]. Bo BTopon nonoBUHe XI BeKa oTMenaeTca ycTaHoBneHue ToproBoM cbh3m ^onoB^eB c XepcoHoM, Kyga ohm Mornu cÖHBaTb npogyKTH cBoero cko-ToBogqecKoro xo3HHcTBa u ocoöeHHo paöoB - tot nonoH, KoTopHM cocTaBnan qyTb nu He ocHoBHyK ^enb ux HaöeroB Ha pyccKue 3eMnM. ^onoB^H ^0^T0My ÖHnu Ha nepBHX nopax cTonb ^e 3aMHTepecoBaHH b XepcoHe, KaK go Hux neneHeru [^koöcoh 1964, c. 78, 166]. B XII BeKe, ocoöeHHo bo BTopon ero nonoBUHe, cbh3m XepcoHa u Bcero Kpn-Ma c BM3aHTMeH ocnaönu. MMnepuH ga^e ^opManbHo oTcTynunacb ot öonbmuHcTBa cbomx KpHMcKMx BnageHMM [^KoöcoH 1973, c. 95; ^koöcoh 1964, c. 60, 80-81]. CnegyeT gyMaTb, hto ropog nocTeneHHo nepemen nog KoHTponb pycuHoB. OneBugHo, UMeHHo ^T0 cnocoöcTBoBano npunuBy 3eMnegenbHecKoro HaceneHua u pa3BMTMro ^K0H0MMKM nonyocTpoBa. MMeHHo b XII-XIII BeKax o^unu u pocnu cenbcKue nocenKU, o^unu M pa3BMBanMcb cTapne noceneHua u ropoga, TaKue, KaK ^CKM-KepMeH, Hy^yT-Kane, MaHryn. nnogopogHHe gonuHH roro-3anagHoro KpHMa co MH0^ecTB0M mctohhmkob nocTeneHHo rycTo 3acenMnMcb, o neM cBugeTenbcTByKT MHoronucneHHHe pyuHH cene-HMM c npucKanbHHMM nocTpoMKaMM, mupoKMx Mo^eHHx gopor, KanTa^M mctohhmkob, ocTaTKM pa3BMT0H cucTeMH MppM^a^MM c rnuHaHHMM BogonpoBogaMM u ogunaBmue KynbTypHHe pacTeHua, nacTo BcTpenaro^ueca cpegu HHHemHUx necHHx 3apocneH. no-noB^H He Hapymanu ^Ty ^aKTunecKyro He3aBMcMMocTb XepcoHa u ero KnuMaToB ot BM3aHTMM, HaxogKM KoneBHunecKUx Be^en b ropoge eguHUHHH. B XII-XIII BeKax, KaK M B npegmecTByro^MM nepuog, XepcoH 3aHMMan rocnogcTByro^ee nono^eHue no ot-HomeHuro ko BceM KHa^ecTBaM u 3aMKaM 3anagHoro KpHMa. flna Bcen ror0-3anagH0H HacTM nonyocTpoBa oh ocTaBanca He TonbKo eguHcTBeHHHM nopT0M, ho m önu^anmuM M, no cyTM, eguHcTBeHHHM phhkom cÖHTa cenbcK0x03aHcTBeHH0H ^pogyK^MM u pe-MecneHHHM ^eHTpoM, o neM cBugeTenbcTByeT u apxeonoruHecKUM MaTepuan. B Ky3HeH-hhx MacTepcKux ropoga, noMMMo MaccoBoro M3r0T0BneHMa pHÖonoBHoro UHBeHTapa, npoM3BogMnMcb u 3eMnegenbHecKMe opygua - comHUKU, cepnH, koch, MoTHru u T.n., HaxoguBmue ceöe cöht KaK b önu^anmux 0KpecTH0cTax u noceneHuax roro-3anagHoro Haropba, TaK, no Bcen BepoaTHocTU, u ceBepHee - b 0Kpyre EBnaTopuu, rge b ^T0 BpeMa B0306H0BMn0cb npoM3BogcTBo 3epHa. B xepc0HcK0H KepaMUKe npoaBnaroTca KynbTypHHe cBa3M c KueBcKoM Pycbro, b to ^e BpeMa aM^opH xepcoHcKoro npoM3BogcTBa b XII - nepB0H nonoBUHe XIII BeKa BcTpenaroTca nopon ga^e Ha cenbcKux noceneHuax HepHuroB^MHH, xepcoHcKMM nonuBHoM KpacHornuHaHHM KyBmuH XIII BeKa HangeH b KueBe. HanpoTMB, b XepcoHe oÖHapy^eHo HecKonbKo gecaTK0B oBpyncKux mu^epHHx ^pacnM^, pyccKue KepaMunecKue M3genMa TunuHHoM ^opMH u TexHUKU M3r0T0BneHMa c xapaKTepHHM 0pHaMeHT0M u KneMMaMM Ha gHe, b tom Hucne ropmKU, aHanoruHHHe npugHenpoBcKMM, KopHaÄe^ KueBcKoro Tuna, HaKoHeHHUKU Ho^eH MeneM, cepeöpa-HHe rpuBHH, KocTaHHe pyKoaTKM Ho^eM, nnacTUHKU gna rpeÖHa, 3onoTHe yKpame-Hua, B T0M Hucne KpynHoe BucoHHoe Konb^o, MHoroHucneHHHe 6p0H30BHe ^HKon^MM,
KpecTH c pyccKMMM HagnucHMM, ^e^M, gaTupyeMHe XI-XIII BeKaMM. MccnegoBaTenu gaBHo oTMeTMnu ^aKT mupoKoro pacnpocTpaHeHMH xapaKTepHoro gnH pyccKMX cocy-goB opHaMeHTa Ha roHHapHHX M3genMHX KopcyHcKMX MacTepoB, HaHMHaH c X-XI BeKoB BnnoTb go XIII BeKa, Korga ^Ta opHaMeHTa^MH ugeT pe3Ko Ha y6Hnb u noHTM McHe3aeT. XepcoH B XII-XIII BeKax ocTaBancH Bce e^e MHoronrogHHM ropogoM, caMHM 6onbmMM B KpHMy. 3gecb, noMMMo rpeKoB, ^unu apMHHe, xa3apH u anaHH. KpHMcKue anaHH, co-rnacHo BM3aHTMMcKMM McToHHMKaM, HacenHnu TaK^e 6nM^aMmMM k XepcoHy paMoH, bo rnaBe ux ctohhm MecTHHe KHH3bKM, ycneBmue, b npoTMBonono^HocTb ochobhom Macce anaH, npuHHTb xpucTuaHcTBo. CygH no ^HKon^MHM, KpecTaM, cocygaM co cnaBHHcKM-MM HagnucHMM u gpyiMM apxeonorunecKMM HaxogKaM, b caMoM ropoge cy^ecTBoBana K cepegMHe XIII BeKa 6onbmaH pyccKaH kohohmh, bo3mo^ho, 3aHMMaBmaH oTgenbHHM KBapTan [BeMMapH, CTpÄene^KMM 1952, c. 99; ^ko6coh 1958, c. 116-128; ^ko6coh 1964, c. 80-103, 166-167; nuopo 1990, c. 160; BorgaHoBa 1991, c. 79-80, 111, 113, 126, 135, 148; BepeMeMHMK 2004, c. 398; AneMaHb 2003, c. 313-317; By6eHoK 2004, c. 190-194]. B cepeguHe XIII BeKa ropoga u 3aMKM ro^Horo KpHMa y^e nnaTunu ^onoB^aM gaHb [nna-ho KapnuHM, Py6pyK 1911, c. 68]. reorpa^unecKue Ha3BaHMH Ha 3anagHoM no6epe^be KpHMa, cogep^a^ue yKa3aHMH Ha npucyTcTBue pycuHoB, BcTpeHaroTcH Ha ynoMHHy-THX BHme nopTonaHax [Tanuc 1974, c. 88, 97].
B CygaKe b boctohhom HacTu TaBpuKu y^e b cepeguHe X - cepeguHe XI BeKa b no-rpe6eHMHX u 3anonHeHMM ^unoro goMa nonagaroTcH KepaMUHecKue nucaHKu KueBcKo-ro npoM3BogcTBa. MaTepuanbHaH KynbTypa ropoga ^T0^0 BpeMeHu M3o6MnyeT pa3Hoo-6pa3HHMM gpyruMM HaxogKaMu KueBopyccKoro npoucxo^geHUH, MnnrocTpupyro^MMM caMHe pa3HonnaHoBHe HanpaBneHUH cBH3eM. ^T0 mu^epHHe ^pHcnM^a, npoucxogH-^ue M3 ^unHX goMoB, xo3HMcTBeHHHX noMe^eHMM u KynbToBHX o6ieKToB, KocTHHHe ^y^0BM^H, cTeKnHHHHe 6ycH, HaTenbHHM poM6oBMgHHM KpecT-MeganboH m3 ceporo mu^epa, o6Hapy^eHHHM b norpe6eHMM u UMero^UM npHMHe aHanoruu b pyccKUx gpeB-hocthx. Ha ^parMeHTe pyHKU KpynHoM aM^opH BHHBneHo KupunnuHecKoe rpa^^UTo. Oco6o cnegyeT BHgenuTb yHUKanbHyro noKa gnH Wro-BocToHHoro KpHMa HaxogKy ce-pe6pHHoM mecTMKoHeHHoM rpuBHH KueBcKoro Tuna, Mcnonb3oBaBmeMcH, no MHeHuro 6onbmMHcTBa c^e^ManMCT0B, TonbKo gnH KpynHHX rocygapcTBeHHHX ToproBHX onepa-^MM. O6Hapy^eHa 0Ha 6Hna bo BpeMH nogBogHHX uccnegoBaHUM b CygaKcKoM 6yxTe, u ee cBH3b c geHTenbHocTbro nopTa HecoMHeHHa. K K0H^y XI BeKa ^T0T ropog BHgenuncH KaK cpeg0T0HMe ToproBHX o^epa^MM. HaMgeHH b nopTy Cyrgeu u CBMH^0BHe neHa-TM-MonMBgoBynH ynoMHHyToro b ^o^Me gega MropH - khh3h TMyTopoKaHM Onera Cbh-TocnaBMHa. TaM ^e o6Hapy^eHa neHaTb e^e ogHoro TMyTopoKaHcKoro khh3h flaBuga MropeBMHa. yHUKanbHHM no KonuHecTBy u pa3Hoo6pa3Mro K0MnneKc neHaTeM no3Bo-nHeT cTaBMTb Bonpoc He TonbKo o6 ^K0H0MMHecKMX cbh3hx Wro-BocToHHoro KpHMa u TMyTopoKaHM, H0 M o6 0npegeneHH0M nonuTUHecKoM 3aBMcMMocTM ^T0M TeppuTopuu nonyocTpoBa ot KHH^ecTBa. B XII BeKe CygaK y^e ycnen npMo6pecTM 3HaHeHMe Ba^-Horo, ecnu He 0cH0BH0r0 ToproBoro ^eHTpa TaBpuKU. nocTeneHHo ToproBoe 3HaHeHMe XepcoHa nepemno k HeMy [MaMKo 2004, c. 221; MaMKo 2009, c. 311-318; MaMKo 2010, c. 45-47; ^ko6coh 1964, c. 78]. CygaK b K0H^e XII - HaHane XIII BeKa, cornacHo apa6cKMM McToHHMKaM, cTan MecT0M ToproBnu UHocTpaHHHX Ky^^0B c ^onoB^aMM, a npegMeT0M ee cny^unu pa6H u ceBepHHe Mexa [TM3eHray3eH 1884, c. 26]. TeM He MeHee, roBopuTb o nogHMHeHMM ropoga KunHaKaM He npuxoguTcH. O nocT0HHHHX ToproBHX cHomeHUHX ManoM A3mm c ^onoB^aMM u pyccKUMU b HaHane XIII BeKa, ocy^ecTBnHBmuxcH Hepe3
CygaK, paccKa3HBaroT u gpyrue B0CT0HHHe uctohhuku [^Ky6oBCKuM 1928, c. 66; non-KaH0B 1929, c. 51-58; ^ko6coh 1964, c. 78]. no coo6^eHuro ^naMaHgcKoro ucT0HHuKa, uMeHHo 3gecb ocy^ecTBnanacb ToproBna Me^gy Ky^^aMu u3 Pycu u Ky^^aMu u3 Ma-noM A3uu u B cepeguHe XIII BeKa [nnaHo KapnuHu, Py6pyK 1911, c. 66]. Ha npucyT-CTBue pyccKoro HaceneHua yKa3HBaroT ^HKon^uu u uK0HKa KueBCKoro npou3BogcTBa K0H^a XII - Haqana XIII BeKa, a TaK^e gpyrue pyccKue Be^u [nony6oapuH0Ba 1978, c. 126]. Bnarogapa HanaguBmuMca Me^gynapogHHM ToproBHM CBa3aM CygaK b XIII BeKe CTan 0TH0cuTenbH0 6onbmuM ToproBHM ropogoM. B HeM BCTpeqanucb caMHe pa3nuH-HHe ^THUHecKue ^neMeHTH: homumo 0CH0BH0r0 rpeqecKoro xpucTuaHCKoro HaceneHua, BepoaTHo, 3aHuMaBmeroca, KaK u no3gHee, peMecnaMu, 3gecb nocToaHHo ^unu apMaH-CKue, anaHCKue u pyccKue Ky^^H [^ko6coh 1964, c. 79; By6eH0K 2004, c. 194-197]. npu-MeqaTenbHH u pHCKaro^ue b 0KpecTH0CTax ropoga gpy^uHH pyccKux KHa3eM. B nep-B0M nonoBuHe XIII BeKa cy^ecTByroT u3BecTua o 6oraTHx pyccKux KonoHuax KpHMa u A30BCKoro no6epe^ba. BBugy npuxoga M0HronoB MHorue pyccKue Ky^^H u 6oraHu u3 CygaKa u gpyrux ropogoB, cornacHo apa6cKuM ucT0HHuKaM, 6e^anu Ha Kopa6nax no Mopro B Manyro A3uro. HaceneHue no6egHee yKpHnocb b ror0-3anagH0M Haropbe [Tu3eHray3eH 1884, c. 26, 27]. ^urypa pyccKoro Ky^^a - T0p^0B^a ceBepHHMu MexaMu - CTana b CygaKe b XIII BeKe, n0-BuguM0My, o6hhhom, cyga no ^naMaHgcK0My uctoh-HuKy [nnaHo KapnuHu, Py6pyK 1911, c. 67]. Mexa ^TU 6Hnu, HecoMHeHHo, pyccKoro npoucxo^geHua. Ohu gocTaBnanucb b CygaK CTapHM rpeqecKuM nyTeM, megmuM no flHenpy, a 3aTeM HepHHM MopeM, unu 3ano3HHM nyTeM, megmuM TaK^e no flHenpy, a 3aTeM HanpaBnaBmuMca b KpHM CTenbro Hepe3 nepeKon. ^T0 6Hnu gpeBHue, npo-TopeHHHe goporu pyccKux KapaBaH0B. PyccKue KHa3ba nogonry CTepernu Ba^Henmue nyHKTH ^TUx nyTen - MecTa c6opu^ pyccKux Kyn^0B [^ko6coh 1964, c. 79]. Mexa 6Hnu He eguHCTBeHHHM npegMeT0M ToproBnu. CornacHo T0My ^e ^naMaHgcK0My uctohhu-Ky, co Bcen Pycu Ha coneHHe 03epa oKono CygaKa e3gunu 3a conbro [nnaHo KapnuHu, Py6pyK 1911, c. 68].
fla^e Hepe3 HecKonbKo gecaTK0B neT nocne M0HronbCKoro HamecTBua TeppuTo-puu 0T CygaKa go nepeKona 6Hnu HaceneHH npeuMy^ecTBeHHo pycuHaMu, K0T0pHx Bce BpeMa ynoMuHaeT ^naMaHgcKuö uctohhuk BTopon nonoBuHH XIII BeKa. PycuH0B 6Hno oqeHb MHoro, ohu ucnoBegoBanu xpucTuaHCTBo u Heo6HHaMHo pbaHo u ynopHo conpoTuBnanucb TaTapcKuM o6HHaaM [nnaHo KapnuHu, Py6pyK 1911, c. 83-84], hto caM0 no ce6e CBugeTenbCTByeT o tom, hto ^T0 6Hno KopeHHoe HaceneHue noMopba, a He KaKue-T0 nepeceneHHHe HeBonbHuKu [rpymeBCbKun 1905, c. 514-515]. B apa6cKux ucT0HHuKax TaK^e ecTb CBegeHua o pyccKon KonoHU3a^uu b KpHMy bo BTopon nonoBuHe XIII BeKa. TaK, no coo6^eHuro nocnoB eruneTCKoro cynTaHa, ropog ConxaT (CTa-pHM KpHM) B ^T0 BpeMa Hacenanu nonoB^H, pycuHH u anaHH [Tu3eHray3eH 1884, c. 63; MaBpoguH 1938, c. 40; nonaK 1964, c. 38; ^ko6coh 1964, c. 105; ^ko6coh 1973, c. 106]. Cyga no coo6^eHuaM apa6cKux aBTopoB, bo BTopon nonoBuHe XIII BeKa npegcTaBuTe-nu ^TUx Tpex HapogoB Boo6^e aBnanucb HaceneHueM KpHMCKoro nonyocTpoBa, npu-HeM o6uTanu ohu TaM, oqeBugHo, npuMepHo b paBH0M KonuqecTBe [Tu3eHray3eH 1884, c. 192]. B K0H^e XIII BeKa ^uTenu CygaKa, KaK CBugeTenbCTByroT neTonucu, Bce e^e noggep^uBanu CBa3u c ^anu^K0-BonHHCKUM KHa^ecTB0M [nCP,n 1871, c. 605; CanMu-Ha 2004, c. 177].
rpy3UHCKue nuTepaTypHHe naMaTHUKu K0H^a XII-XIII BeK0B yKa3HBaroT Ha pyc-CKue noceneHua Ha Bonre [TpecK0B 1963, c. 250]. CornacHo apa6cKUM ucT0HHUKaM, bo
BTopoM nonoBuHe XII BeKa Hu^Haa Bonra u npuBon^cKaa Bo3BHmeHHocTb npe6HBa-nu bo BnacTu pycuHoB, npuHeM He M3 KueBa, a M3 Toro ^e ^anM^K0-B0nHHCK0^0 KHa-^ecTBa. PycuHH, HacenaBmue ^TM 3eMnM, noggep^uBanu cBa3b c ^anM^MeM, a TaK^e c pogcTBeHHHM um pyccKuM HaceneHueM cTeneM u cocegcTBoBanu y 6eperoB Kacnua c MecTHHMu anaHaMu [nonaK 1964, c. 38, 44-46]. Ecnu aBTop ^o^MH geMcTBuTenbHo 6Hn BHxog^eM M3 ^anM^K0-B0nHHCK0^0 KHa^ecTBa, to oh He Mor He 3HaTb ^TMx 3e-Menb u y^ TeM 6onee cHuTaTb ux yTpaHeHHHMu. TaKuM o6pa3oM, BHgBuraBmueca pa-Hee ucTonKoBaHua gaHHoro BHpa^eHua npoTuBopeHaT peanbHoMy nono^eHuro Be^eM.
Bo3mo^ho, ^enecoo6pa3HO paccMaTpuBaTb ero KaK opMeHTanM3M, nepeBog c He-M3BecTH0^0 HaM a3HKa, rge oho uMeno cBoe c^e^M^MHecKoe 3HaHeHMe u oTKyga ero ycBounu. OgHaKo uccnegoBaHua bo3mo^hhx 0pMeHTanM3M0B b «CnoBe» gaBHo npe-BpaTunucb B 6eccMHcneHHoe KonomeHue b TropKCKux a3HKax, oTKyga oguH 3a gpyruM go6HBaroTca TepMuHH, b KaKoM-To Mepe ^oHeTuHecKu cxo^ue c y^OTpe6neHHHMM. Ta-kom nogxog o6^eKTMBHO BegeT k o6ec^eHMBaHMro BocToKoBegHecKux mTyguM, 3aMHKa-Huro ux B paMKax TonbKo ogHoro HanpaBneHua u ganbHeMmeM ^onMTM3a^MM.
flonycTuMHM u ucTopuHecKu o6ocHoBaHHHM Morno 6h 6HTb o6pa^eHMe k gaH-HHM ceBepoupaHCKoM TpagM^MM, HocuTenaMu KoTopoM 6HnM 6nMÄaMmMe cocegu u co-ro3HMKM pycuHoB - anaHH, npegKu coBpeMeHHHx oceTuH. TeM 6onee, hto cooTBeTCTBua HeKoTopHM ranaKcaM ^o^MH TaM y^e o6Hapy^eHH. B HacTHocTu, b oceTuHCKoM Hap-tobckom ^^oce, KoTopHM BocxoguT k cKu^o-capMaTCKuM BpeMeHaM, oTMeHeHo cuHee buho (c'^x arag) [A6aeB 1990, c. 540]. Ba^Ho, hto b OceTuu, ecnu HenoBeK He ycTpauBan BoBpeMa noMuHKu, to Ka^gHM Mor ynpeKHyTb ero b tom, hto ero MepTBHe egaT TpaBy, He uMea cBa^eHHoro xne6a, HepHoro nuBa u cuHero BuHa [naMaTHuKu 1992, c. 371; raTueB 1876, c. 11]. M conyTCTByro^uM nocnegHeMy b onucaHuu BenuKoKHa^ecKoro cHa o6HHaM cHnaTb Ha noHo noKoMHuKa ^eMHyr M3 KonHaHoB To^e HaxoguT ce6e napan-nenb b ^orpe6anbHO-^OMMHanbHOM o6pagHOCTM gpeBHux MpaHoa3HHHHx KoHeBHuKoB cTenu [Tonnb 1936, c. 300; Ha6oKoB 2004, c. 98]. CaM coh BenuKoro KHa3a CBaTocna-Ba BceBonogoBuHa paccMaTpuBaroT KaK HeTKoe onucaHue o6pagoB, coBepmaeMHx Hag yMepmuM KHa3eM b KueBCKoM Pycu. Cboum noxogoM b cTenb MonogHe KHa3ba Mropb u BceBonog co6MpanMCb «noxuTuTb» cnaBy cTaporo CBaTocnaBa. Bo3mo^ho, ^TM nogo-3peHMa BnacTonro6MBoro KHa3a aBunucb noBogoM gna Hero yBugeTb bo cHe ^ecToKyro KapTuHy co6cTBeHHoM cMepTu u nocnegyro^ero npuroToBneHua Tena k ^orpe6eHMro. no MHeHuro HeKoTopHx uccnegoBaTeneM, coh cogep^uT yKa3aHMe Ha 6anb3aMMpoBaHMe Tena KHa3a [CTenaHoB 1978, c. 149]. ^TO To^e uMeeT npaMHe K0ppec^0HgeH^MM b no-rpe6anbHoM o6page MpaHoa3HHHHx cTenHaKoB, npe^ge Bcero cku^ob. CKu^cKue npa-BuTenu ucnonHanu, noMuMo npoHux, puTyanbHHe u KynbToBHe ^yHK^MM, ux BnacTb Hocuna caKpanbHHM xapaKTep u caHK^MOHMpoBanacb cBHme. nHmHHe noxopoHH u noMuHKu 6HnM BH3BaHH oco6hm noHuTaHueM yMepmux Bo^geM, BepoM cku^ob b ux Mory^ecTBo, npogon^aro^eeca u nocne cMepTu [BeccoHoBa 1983, c. 65]. 06pag 6anb-3aMMpoBaHMa TpynoB ^apeM, KaK u oco6hm KynbT ^apcTBeHHHx MepTBe^OB, o KoTopoM uMeroTca oTpHBoHHHe gaHHHe, 6Hn BocnpuHaT y cku^ob 3a^agHHMM MpaH^aMM. CoxpaHeHue Ten ^apeM, bo3mo^ho, 6Hno cBa3aHo c npegcTaBneHuaMu o ^apcTBeHHOM 6narogaTM-xBap^Ha, o6MTaro^eM b rpo6HM^e ^apa ko 6nary ero npeeMHuKoB u Bcex nro-geM Boo6^e [BoMc 1987, c. 65-66; Ba6aeBa 1995, c. 88; MeMTapHuaH 2001, c. 60-61, 96].
TaM ^e, bo cHe CBaTocnaBa BceBonogoBuHa roBopuTca o tom, hto BopoHH, Kne-BaBmue pacnaToro roTaMu gpeBHero KHa3a Byca, ot ranM^Koro ropoga nnecHecKa u
geöpu KucaHu HecyTcH ganbme Ha ror, «k^ CuHeMy Mopro». «CuHee Mope» - o6o3HaHe-Hue HepHoro Mopa KaK reorpa^uHecKoe Ha3BaHue. Oho BcTpeHaeTcH b ^o^Me HeogHo-KpaTHo, npuHeM uHorga b KoHTeKcTax, He ocTaBnaro^ux coMHeHUH b leorpa^uHecKoM tohhoctu: «O6uga... B^cnnecKana ne6eguHHMu KpHnH Ha Cuh^mi Mope y floHy nne-^yHro», «ce 6o roTbcKiH KpacHHH g^BH B^cn^ma Ha 6pe3^ CuHeMy Mopro», «nen^roHu Kopa6nu Ha Cuh^ Mop^». TonoHUM «CuHee Mope» HBnaeTcH KanbKoM cku^ckofo Ha-3BaHUH HepHoro Mopa (a^siv-, oceTUHcKoe guropcKoe sxsin 'TeMHo-cepHM, 'TeMHo-cu-hum'), KoTopoe 6Hno 3auMcTBoBaHo gpeBHUMu rpeKaMu u coxpaHeHo b rpeHecKoM Ha-3BaHuu HepHoro Mopa növto^ Ä^sivo^ 'TeMHo-cuHuM noHT'. BnocnegcTBuu rpeKu nepe-genanu d^sivo^, ocMHcnHBmeeca umu KaK 'HerocTenpuuMHHM, b su^sivo^ 'rocTenpuuM-hhm': növto^ Eu^sivo^. Cku^ckum 3auMcTBoBaHueM HBnaeTcH TaK^e agHrcKoe Ahyn, Ahyna 'HepHoe Mope', '6or HepHoro Mopa'. noMUMo cku^ckofo u oceTUHcKoro, cnoBo mupoKo npegcTaBneHo b gpyrux upaHcKux H3HKax: xoTaHo-caKcKoe ä^^eina, ä^ana, ä§em, corguMcKoe 'ys'yn'y, 'ys'ynh, 'ys'yn'k, Mugra axšIn, nymTy šin, b ^eHcKoM poge šna, BaxaHcKoe yiš, Tag^uKcKoe guaneKTHoe xing, myrHaHcKoe, pymaHcKoe, xy^cKoe, 6ap-TaHrcKoe xin, capHKonbcKoe xeyn, H3ryneMcKoe šin, opMypu §in, opMypu norapcKoe xin, KaHurypaMcKoe šin, KypgcKoe šin, hešin, nepcugcKoe xašin, xašen, aBecTuMcKoe axšaena, gpeBHenepcugcKoe axšaina, nexneBuMcKoe axšen, xšenen, xašen, zray-i-Xašen 'HepHoe Mope' [A6aeB 1949, c. 21, 38, 158; A6aeB 1958, c. 220-221; Vasmer 1923, S. 20-21, 60; ^peMMaH 1930, c. 647-651; ^ep^eH6ep^ 1965, c. 36, 137; Bailey 1979, c. 12, 26-27, 346; naxanuHa 1975, c. 299; BoHiapg-^eBUH, rpaHToBcKuM 1974, c. 23-24; MapTHHoB 1983, c. 52; Open 1986, c. 108; CanMaHoB 1992, c. 84; Gharib 1995, p. 27; KyMaxoB, KyMaxoBa 1998, c. 71-74; Morgenstierne 1974, p. 102; CTe6nuH-KaMeHcKUM 1999, c. 427; ^a6onoB 2010, c. 324; PacTopryeBa, ^genbMaH 2000, c. 284-286; fflanomHUKoB 2007, c. 286; JuanGalan 2010, p. 247; Hchf 2009, c. 237]. ^TO Hacnegue ceBepHoupaHcKoM rugpoHUMuu, coxpaHUBmeecH b MecTax npe^Hero o6uTaHUH cku^ob, capMaToB u anaH. BecbMa HacTo 3ByHUT B ^o^Me pegKuM gnH BceM KueBopyccKoM u Boo6^e gpeBHeM u cpegHeBeKoBoM nuTepaTypH ^^UTeT «cuhum». O6o3HaHeHUH ^T0^0 ^BeTa HeT hu b Bu6nuu, hu y roMepa. OBuguro u Beprunuro ^uanKu Ka3anucb HepHHMu. 3a HeuMeHueM co6cTBeHHoro cnoBa gnH o6o3HaHeHUH cuHero ^BeTa BU3aHTUM^H nonb3oBanucb ucKyccTBeHHHM o6opoToM «nepcugcKUM ^BeT». HeT ynoMUHaHUM cuHero ^BeTa ga^e b oHeHb no3gHeM KopaHe. A bot gpeBHUM u KoHeBoM Boctok nonb3oBancH cuhumu u rony6HMu KpacuTenHMu, nro-6un ux oTTeHKu, pa3Be hto KpoMe rny6oKoro TeMHo-cuHero, ^BeTa Tpaypa b upaHcKoM Mupe. KaK pa3 ^TO TpaypHoe o^y^eHue HeoTBpaTUMocTu rpagy^ero poKa npu3BaHH B ^o^Me nepegaTb ^BeTOBHe ^^UTeTH. CTaHoBUTcH hbhhm ^enaHue BHgenuTb o6pa3 «noMopuH» KaK cuHero Boo6^e. npuHepHoMopbe npo3HBanocb cuhum KpaeM 3agonro go ^onoB^eB, e^e b paHHecKu^cKyro nopy u, BuguMo, 3HaHUTenbHo paHbme. Bot Kyga Hepe3 capMaTcKoe u anaHcKoe nocpegcTBo yxogHT rny6uHHHe uctoku BgoxHoBeHUH aBTopa ^o^MH [^eneKoB 1978, c. 147; OMapxanu 2005, c. 64-65, 154-155]. ynoMHHyToe B ^o^Me npo3Bu^e ^anu^K0^0 khh3h ^pocnaBa - OcMoMHcn - To^e HaxoguT ToHHoe cooTBeTcTBue B cku^ckom uMeHocnoBe: 'OKta^aadSn^ [HanuBaMKo 2001, c. 75-77].
Tohho TaK ^e u b cuTya^uu c Be^uM Bohhom, KoTopHM, noMUMo npeBpa^eHuM b BonKa u opna, «pacT^KameTcH», to ecTb y6eraeT «MHcniro no gpeBy», cnegyeT oTKa3aTb-ch ot KoH^eKTyp u npuMKHyTb K Heo^ugaHHoM u 6necTH^eM ^TUMono^uu, cornacHo KoTopoM «MHcnb» ^o^MH npogon^aeT oco6oe cnaBHHcKoe *myslb (numb omohumuh-Hoe *myslb 'MHcnb'), KoTopoe pogcTBeHHo oceTUHcKoMy mystul^g 'nacKa', npoucxo-
ga^eMy M3 cKu^cKoro a3HKa [A6aeB 1965, c. 28, 38, 123, 129-131; A6aeB 1949, c. 50; Tpy6aHeB 1974, c. 26; ^ypaBneB 2005, c. 208]. ^TOT noBKuM u 6hctphM b gBu^eHuax 3BepeK 3aHMMaeT goBonbHo Ba^Hoe MecTo b ^onbKnope oceTuH, c hum cBa3aHH o6-pagH u noBepba, b tom Hucne u npegcTaBneHua o6 o6opoTHax. B HapTOBcKOM ^^oce xTOHuHecKuM M3o6peTaTenb cTpyHHoro uHcTpyMeHTa CHpgoH, cnacaacb 6ercTBOM ot Bpara, npeBpa^aeTca b nacKy u ygupaeT b nog3eMHHM Mup MepTBHx, nocpegHuKOM c KOTopHM OH BHcTynaeT [A6aeB 1973, c. 143; HonueB 1996, c. 9-13; rycanoB 1987, c. 70-71; MpoH 2007, 86; ManbcaroB 1969, c. 276-277; ManbcaroB 1970, c. 68, 70; flaK-xunbroB 2012, c. 557, 559-560; BonbHaa 2002, c. 113; AnupoeB, OpnoB 1978, c. 12; flan-raT 1972, c. 146-148, 422].
napannenu c ceBepHoupaHcKoM Mu^onorueM 6ygyT oco6eHHo oHeBugHH, ecnu yHecTb, HTO 3gecb ynoMaHyTo He npocToe gepeBo, a MupoBoe gpeBo, oTpa^aro^ee koc-MonoruHecKue npegcTaBneHua a3HHHMKOB. nepBHM M3BecTHHM Bonno^eHueM TaKux npegcTaBneHuM Ha TeppuTopuu yKpauHH aBnaeTca ^urypa cKu^cKoro 6o^a-TBop^a Ha 6poH3OBOM HaBepmuu M3 ypoHu^a ^Hcaa ropa 6nM3 flHenponeTpoBcKa. OneHb noxo-^ee gpeBOBugHoe HaBepmue 6Hno HaMgeHo b cKnene npegcTaBuTena cku^ckoM 3HaTM cepeguHH V BeKa go H.^. Ha TeppuTopuu aHTuHHoro ropoga HuKOHua BO3ne cena Pokco-naHH OBuguononbcKoro paMoHa OgeccKoM o6nacTM, a ^parMeHT TaKoro ^e - b HacHnu KypraHa y cena MapbaHOBKa HoBOMocKOBcKoro paMoHa flHenponeTpoBcKoM o6nacTM. ^eHTpanbHHM cTBon cnuBaeTca c ^urypoM My^cKoro uTu^annunecKoro 6o^ecTBa, ot ocHOBaHua cTBona oTxogaT HeTHpe BeTBu c ugy^uMu no hum ^urypKaMu HeTBepoHorux ^uBOTHHx. ^TO M3o6paÄeHMe MupoBoro gpeBa co BceMu npucy^uMu eMy aTpM6yTaMM, M3BecTHHMM B uHgoeBponeMcKoM Mu^onoruu. ^eHTpanbHaa ^urypa - HecoMHeHHo, 6o^-TBope^, 6or He6a, ^p0M0BepÄe^, 6o^ecTBo nnogoHoca^ux cun npupogH. Hag ro-noBOM ero npao6pa3 - open, cTaBmuM ero cuMBonoM. Xu^HHe ^TM^H, cuga^ue Ha BeT-Bax - nogHuHeHHHe. ^uBOTHHe Ha BeTBax, cKopee Bcero BonKu, - ero noMo^HuKu. Ha ^e^0HKax, Bonno^aro^ux nbro^ueca c He6a cTpyu go^ga, nogBemeHH KonoKonbHuKu,
1. CKUcßcKoe pumyanbHoe Haeepmue U3 ypoHum,a Hucax Fopa e6nu3u ^opo^a ffHe-nponempoBCKa (yKpauHa). EpoH3a. Cepe-duHa V BeKa do H.^.
nogBecKu b Buge ^onyMecH^eB u KpyrnHe, cuMBonu3upyro^ue, HecoMHeHHO, rpoM u He6ecHHe cBeTuna. TaKoe TonKOBaHue cku^ckux HaBepmuM nogTBep^gaeTca Mu^ono-ruHecKuMu napannenHMu. B uHgoeBponeMcKoM Mu^onoruu ^eHTpoM caKpanu3OBaHHO-ro HeTHpexyronbHoro Mupa BHcTynaeT MupoBoe gpeBO, c KOTopHM cBH3aH o6mupHHM KOMnneKc maMaHcKux npegcTaBneHuM o 6o^ecTBe, 3anonHHro^eM co6oro BceneHHyro. Ha ^TOM gepeBe HaxoguTca 6or rpo3H, nopa^aro^uM 3MeH y KopHeM gepeBa. B TO ^e BpeMH 6o^ecTBO Ha gepeBe o6nagaeT npopoHecKuMu, Be^uMu ^yHK^UHMU - o6hhho ^TO nepBoyHUTenb KongoBcTBa, nepBHM maMaH (HanpuMep, cKaHguHaBcKuM OguH). B pa3BUTHx naHTeoHax ^TOT o6pa3 6onee Bcero cooTBeTcTByeT BepxoBHOMy 6o^ecTBy, TBop^y 6oroB u nrogeM, ceMaHTUHecKUM ^KBUBaneHTOM KOToporo HBnaeTcH open, o6uTaro^uM Ha MupoBOM gepeBe. Oh, KaK BnacTenuH ^TU^, caM BHcTynaeT HepegKO B ponu TBop^a BceneHHOM, nepBoyHUTena KongoBcTBa, BpaHeBaHUH, nepBoro maMaHa unu ^e pogoHaHanbHUKa u TBop^a Bcex maMaHOB. B ABecTe cBH^eHHHM open o6uTaeT Ha KocMUHecKOM gepeBe, KOTopoe uMeHyeTca gepeBOM Bcex uc^eneHuM. B HapTOBcKOM ^^oce rHe3go opna TaK^e HaxoguTca Ha BepxymKe MupoBoro gpeBa, pacTy^ero b ^ap-cTBe MepTBHx, TO ecTb KopHHMu yxogH^ero b hu^huM Mup. K0M^03U^UH HaBepmuH c ^hcoM ropH OTpa^aeT cpaBHUTenbHO no3gHuM ^Ta^ pa3BUTUH ^T0^0 o6pa3a, Korga XO3HUH MupoBoro gpeBa MHcnunca b ochobhom aHTponoMop^HHM, a open npegcTaB-nancH ero cuMBonoM u gBOMHUKOM [BeccoHOBa 1983, c. 42; AKumeB 1984, c. 24; Mopo3 1977, c. 66; TaKa3OB 2012, c. 140-141; MnbUHcKaa 1967, c. 298-299; MeTenKUH 2006, c. 55]. B cBoro OHepegb nacKa b Mu^onoruu oceTUH HBnanacb BnacTenuHOM Hag MHmaMu u gpyruMu MenKUMu xTOHUHecKUMu 3BepbKaMu. ^0^T0My eM noKnoHHnucb. TaKue ^e npegcTaBneHUH cy^ecTBOBanu o nacKe y Tag^uKOB, BaxaH^eB, my^HaH^eB, 6apTaH-^^eB, pymaH^eB, H3^yneM^eB, umKamuM^eB, TaTOB, Mugra, KX0Bap^eB u muHa [A6aeB 1973, c. 143; MeTTMap 1986, c. 295; TyannaroB 2001, c. 185; HoHueB 1996, c. 15-16; CeMe-HOB 2005, c. 129-130; CeMeHOB 2009, c. 313-314; CTe6nuH-KaMeHcKuM 1999, c. 235]. B TaKOM cnyHae ^opMyna BoHHOBa TpoMcTBeHHoro npeBpa^eHUH ucTonKOBHBaeTca KaK maMaHcKoe nyTemecTBue ^eB^a, ero «pacT^KaHie», to ecTb 6er no MupoBOMy gpeBy, no TpeM c^epaM KocMoca: b o6pa3e opna (cuMBona He6a) - nog o6naKaMu, b o6pa3e BonKa (cuMBona 3eMnu) - no 3eMne, b o6pa3e nacKu (cuMBona nog3eMHoro Mupa) - bhu3 no cTBony MupoBoro gpeBa. MMeHHO ^TU unu OHeHb 6nu3Kue k hum 300M0p^HHe o6pa3H B ^onbKnopHHx u ^^UHecKUx cKa3aHUHx o MupoBOM gpeBe npegcTaBnaroT Tpu c^epH Mupo3gaHUH [noTe6HH 1914, c. 229; MBaHOB, TonopoB 1973, c. 76-77; fflapHnKUH 1976, c. 16, 18, 19; Mopo3 1977, c. 65-66, 71-72; Ebcmkob 1988, c. 144-146; ^ypaBneB 2005, c. 207-208; ByTaHaeB 2006, c. 151] u eguHcTBeHHO bo3moähh b gaHHOM KOHTeKcTe. TpexypoBHeBaH Mogenb Mupa, cBH3b BHyTpu KOTopoM ocy^ecTBnaeT gepeBO, HBnaeTcH OTnuHUTenbHOM oco6eHHocTbro oceTUHcKux penuruo3HO-Mu^onoruHecKux BO33peHuM, ^onbKnopa u ^TH0^pa^uu [TaKa30B 2012, c. 137, 139; ^xyp6aTU 2005, c. 123-129, 137; Can6ueB 2013, c. 134, 138, 214-215]. B ^enoM ^T0T KOMnneKc ugeM HaxoguT aHanoruu B maMaHcKux KynbTax. TaKoe TonKOBaHue o6pa3a BoHHa nogTBep^gaeTca TeM, hto u b gpyrux ^parMeHTax ^o^MH oh BHcTynaeT KaK o6nagaTenb cBepx^ecTecTBeHHHx cno-co6HocTeM («B^^iM»), KaK maMaH, BonxB, ochobhoM ^yHK^ueM KOToporo HBnaeTcH no-cpegHUHecTBO Me^gy nrogbMu u cBepx^ecTecTBeHHHMu cunaMu - 6oraMu u gyxaMu.
C^e^u^UKa ugeonoruu, npogyKTOM KOTopoM HBnaeTcH maMaHU3M, o6ycnoBnu-BaeT cuHKpeTUHHocTb ^urypH maMaHa KaK caKpanbHoro nu^a. Oh coHeTaeT b ce6e caMHe pa3nuHHHe ^yHK^uu - Äpe^a, ^popu^aTenH, KongyHa, 3HaxapH, co3gaTenH u
paccKa3HMKa cKa3aHMM. HacTo maMaHH HBnHroTcH rnaBHHMU xpaHUTenHMU ycTHoro ^^MHecK0^0 TBopHecTBa. Co BpeMeHeM npoucxoguT c^e^ManM3a^MH pa3HHX cTopoH gyx0BH0M KynbTypH: noHBnHroTcH npo^eccuoHanbHHe cBH^eHHocny^UTenu, npegcKa-3aTenM, cKa3MTenM, a 3aTeM u ^o^TH, Ka^gHM m3 K0T0pHX HeceT b ce6e rpy3 ocBH^eH-HHX TpagM^MeM nepe^MTK0B, cBugeTenbcTB rny60K0M gpeBHocTU [EBcroK0B 1984, c. 88; ^nMage 1998, c. 32]. B HapT0BcK0M ^^oce oceTUH CHpgoH, M3o6peTaTenb My3HKanbH0-ro MHcTpyMeHTa u 0gH0BpeMeHH0 nepBHM ^o^T, HaxogHcb Ha BepmuHe gpeBa, Mo^eT o6o3peBaTb Bce Tpu c^epH MMpo3gaHMH, BugeTb gena 6oroB u nrogeM. Ero npM3HaroT Bce3Haro^MM (sppstzonffig). MMeHHo eMy npuHagne^UT HecTb gaTb mmh HeK0T0pHM 6ygy^MM cnaBHHM B0MHaM. CeM ^UBy^UM Ha oKpauHe ceneHUH pancog Mygp, ho ny-KaB M K0BapeH, HacTo Mcnonb3yeT bo 3no MaruHecKyro xuTpocTb, cTpouT ko3hm repoHM, noxM^aeT y Hux ckot. B 6onbmMHcTBe cKa3aHMM oh 6egeH, ho b HeK0T0pHX BepcuHX ^^oca, Hao6opoT, caMHM 6oraTHM, eMy npuHagne^aT HeucHucnuMHe cTaga. Ero rnaB-Hoe opy^ue - ^T0 h3hk, ocTpHM, HgoBUTHM u 6ecno^agHHM. ^T0 ceHTenb pa3gopoB M Bpa^gH, 3aHMH^MK M nogcTpeKaTenb ccop, o6opoTeHb, UMero^UM MHoroHucneHHHe cbh3m c hm^hmm, nog3eMHHM MupoM, noce^aro^MM ero u ga^e M3pegKa npM3Haro^MM-ch ogHMM M3 ero 6oroB. CBH3aH oh m co cMepT0H0cH0M, Kaparo^eM cunoM 3eMnM. Mho-rga ^T0T KynbTypHHM repoM, o6nagaro^MM BHemHUM cxogcTB0M c guKUM 3BepeM, npu-3HaeTcH po^geHHHM, KaK u Bpa^ge6HHM eMy conHpHHM BMTH3b CocnaH, ot KaMHH. M3-3a npoucxo^geHMH ot XT0HMHecKoro 3Meenogo6Horo geM0Ha Bog unu oKa3aBmerocH Ha 6epery peKU gbHBona bmth3m He npuHUMaroT ero b cBoe o6^ecTBo, cHUTaroT Hy^gHM M numb nocne co3gaHMH mm cTpyHHoro MHcTpyMeHTa CMTya^MH MeHHeTcH. 3a ^eB^0M npM3HaH0 npaBo 6HTb pHgoM c BouHaMU, cny^UTb ux cnaBe. B ^^oce npHMo cKa3aH0, HT0 necHM cnaraeT UMeHHo oh. Ctomt eMy BHHCHUTb H0BHe ^aKTH - oh onpegenHeT ux g0CT0MHCTB0, HpaBCTBeHHyro M MopanbHyro 3HaHMM0CTb, hto6h BKnroHUTb b ^^M-HecKyro necHb. Oh ^e HanoMUHaeT BouHaM o gonre Kp0BH0M MecTU, noKa3HBaeT rny-6MHy HpaBCTBeHHoro nageHUH HegpyroB. ^eT0^Mce^, 6nrocTMTenb HpaB0B u Mopanu, 0H cgenan opy^ueM cnoBo u My3HKanbHHM UHCTpyMeHT - cTaTb npM3HaHHHM repoeM M0ÄH0 6Hno TonbKo cTaB BocneTHM, TonbKo BocneToe genanocb npecTU^HHM. npo-cnaBneHue repoeB 6mtb m ux ^egpocTU coHeTaeTCH c BHCMeuBaHueM Bcero ocTanbHoro [HapTH 1989, c. 188-191, 195, 198, 204, 207, 212; HoHueB 1996, c. 9-25; MeneTUHCKuM 1957, c. 58-60; MeneTUHCKuM 2004, c. 353; A6aeB 1965, c. 98, 100-101; A6aeB 1990, c. 193, 196-197; A6aeBa 1978, c. 43; Hm6mpob 1984, c. 48, 50, 54, 88; Hm6mpob 2008, c. 34, 52, 55, 59, 72, 105; fl3M^^0MTH 1992, c. 77; TyannaroB 2001, c. 104, 160-162, 165-169; KoHueB 1998, c. 222, 235; CoKaeBa 2011, c. 71; Can6MeB 2013, c. 10-11, 16, 18; Bbenb 2003, c. 68; KpucTonb 2003, c. 153; flroMe3Mnb 1976, c. 92-94, 103, 108-109, 111, 128; flroMe3Mnb 1990, c. 16, 42, 65, 73, 76, 171, 194, 205; flanraT 2004, c. 58-59; ^a^apaeB 2000, c. 254-258, 264, 276]. «CMHcneHHM» Bohh, BocneBaBmuM bomhh, b ^o^Me Ha3HBaeTCH n0T0MK0M xT0HMHecKoro 3Meenogo6Horo 6o^ecTBa Beneca, cBH3aHHoro co ckotom, gu-
KMMM ÄMB0THHMM, B0g0M, KnHTB0M C n0M0^bro 3eMnM, KaMHHMM, 3arpo6HHM MMp0M, M oTo^gecTBneHHoro no3^e b 6anT0-cnaBHHCK0M nepcneKTUBe c HepT0M. nocBH^eHHHe Benecy cBHTunu^a coopy^anucb B03ne peK Ha oKpauHax ropogoB. Bohh noMHUT yco-6M^H npomnoro, oh cnoco6eH npu noMo^M cBoero KpacHopeHUH «y^eK0TaTM nniKH», T0 ecTb 3acTaBMTb npaBMTeneM HaHaTb B0MHy, ero xapaKTepucTUKU KHH3eM nopoM pe3-KM, CapKaCTMHHH M 6e3^anocTHH.
BoaH BocneBaeT noxogH KHa3eM, «cBUBaa cnaBH o6anonH cero BpeMeHu», to ecTb coeguHaa 6Hnoe c rpagy^uM, a ero My3HKanbHHM uHcTpyMeHT HagenaeTca cBepx^e-cTecTBeHHHMu cBOMcTBaMu. ^unKOBHM nepe6op cTpyn ero Be^uMu ^anb^aMU cpaB-HUBaeTca c HanycKaHueM coKonoB Ha cTago 6enHx ne6egeM, ga6H Ta, KOTopyro HacTurnu nepBOM, nena necHb KHa3baM. ^TOT o6pa3 HaxoguT cooTBeTcTBua b cnaBaHcKOM cBa-ge6HOM ^onbKnope, rge b o6pa3e xu^hom oxoTa^eMca ^TU^H, KaK npaBuno, coKona, npegcTaBnanca KeHux, a b o6pa3e go6HHu-ne6egymKu - HeBecTa. CTpyHH - KUBHe. CaM BoaH bo BpeMa neHua nopxaeT no MupoBOMy gepeBy, npeBpaTUBmucb b conoBba. 3nopagHo npegpeKaeT oh 6egcTBua BpaKge6HHM npaBUTenaM. OceTUHcKuM Ke ^^UHe-ckum co3gaTenb cTpyHHoro uHcTpyMeHTa, gaKe 6ygyHu npuHaT b cpegy bouhob, TOKe ocTaeTca 6onbme noxoK Ha Kpe^a, maMaHa. Oh npeBpa^aeTca b cnyHae Heo6xoguMo-ctu b nacTOHKy, cuHU^y, nogHUMaeTca b He6o, cnoco6eH onpegenaTb npomnoe u 6y-gy^ee - Bce, hto 6Hno, u Bce, hto 6ygeT, gaKe non 6ygy^ero HOBopoKgeHHoro, npeg-cKa3HBaeT to, hto npou3OMgeT Ha paccToaHuu, b tom Hucne Heu36eKHHe HecHacTba, go6HBaeT oroHb, gaeT coBeTH no HacTu npuHeceHua b KepTBy cKOTa, o6ycTpoMcTBa b goMe caKpanbHoro ^eHTpa u 3HaeT ceKpeTH Mupo3gaHua. BpeMeHaMu npoaBneHue gapa npegBugeHua conpoBOKgaeTca 3nopagcTBOM no noBogy Heu36eKHocTu HecHacTba, o KOTopoM gpyrue He nogo3peBaroT. CHpgoHy BegoMH TaMHH Hucen, KOTopHe oh, oHe-BugHo, u BonnoTun b cBoeM u3o6peTeHuu. HapTOBcKuM ^^oc gaeT BO3MOKHocTb npeg-nonoKUTb, HTO My3HKanbHHM uHcTpyMeHT KaK aTpu6yT KpeHecKoro cocnoBua b gane-KOM npomnoM caKpanu3upoBanca, cBa3HBanca c ^popu^aHueM u KepTBonpuHomeHu-aMu, a ucnonHeHue repouHecKux necHoneHuM Hocuno caKpanbHyro ^opMy. CTpyHHHe My3HKanbHHe uHcTpyMeHTH Hagenanucb y oceTuH Bonme6HHMu cBoMcTBaMu - oHu Mornu roBopuTb HenoBeHecKUM ronocoM, 3ByKu ux cTpyn BO3Hocunucb k He6ecaM. Mh-cTpyMeHT 6Hn cpegcTBOM maMancKoro nyTemecTBua ^eB^a b Mupax. npegcTaBnenua o puTyanbHo-MaruHecKOM ponu My3HKanbHoro uncTpyMenTa oTpaKanocb u na ero geKopaTUBHOM o^opMnenuu. B Tpagu^uoHHOM uncTpyMenTapuu oceTun cTpynnHe BHgenanucb Boo6^e oco6hm 6oraTcTBOM geKopa, necmuM ceMuoTUHecKyro Harpy3Ky. Mx geKu yKpamanucb cuMBonaMu MupoBoro gepeBa b Buge cnupanbHHx 3aBUTKOB, uc-xoga^ux U3 o6^ero cTepKna. Cy^ecTBOBanu uncTpyMenTH c u3o6paKeHueM ronoBH ^TU^H, na neKOTopHx u3o6paKeHua ^TU^ pa3Me^anucb nag cTpynaMu. ^urypKa opna ecTb na capMaTcKOM My3HKanbHOM uncTpyMenTe KOH^a I. - naHana II. BeKa go H.^. U3 OnbBuu. CxogHHM o6pa3OM o^opMnanucb pe3HHe Konconu ropcKux gepeBannHx xpa-MOB. flaHHHe oceTuncKOM ^THO^pa^uu noKa3HBaroT, hto u3BneHeHue 3ByKa na cTpyn-HoM My3HKanbHoM uHcTpyMeHTe cooTHocunocb c ceKcyanbHHM aKToM, coeguHeHueM MyKcKoro u KencKoro naHana, a TaKKe c Tep3aHueM xm^hukom cBoeM KepTBH, npoxo-guBmuM Hepe3 Bcro KynbTypy upancKoro Mupa [flroMe3unb 1976, c. 94; Hu6upoB 1984, c. 25, 137; TyannaroB 2001, c. 96, 162, 168, 170, 201; KpucTonb 2003, c. 155-156; KoHueB 1998, c. 222-235; HapTH 1989, c. 237, 241, 477; OniMnuK 2007, c. 89, 91, 92; OniMnuK 2006, c. 287-288; ^a^apaeB 2000, c. 264-267, 274-279]. XoTa aBTop ^o^MH u oTKa3HBa-eTca cnegoBaTb Boany, TeM ne Menee nocToanno k neMy o6pa^aeTca. B ^^oce napogoB, y KOTopHx 6HTOBan maMaHU3M, cogepKaTca tohho TaKue Ke o6pa^eHua ucnonnuTena, cHUTaBmeroca U36paHHUKOM BHcmux cun, k cboum 3HaMeHUTHM npegmecTBennuKaM -u K peanbHHM nu^aM, npocnaBnennHM cKa3UTenaM negaBnero npomnoro, u k nepBOMy U3 Hux - MU^UHecKOMy npegKy. EgBa nu mokho coMneBaTbca b tom, hto TaKoro poga o6pa^eHua b apxauHHoM ^^UKe u ^o^Me reneTUHecKU cBa3aHH c maMancKOM Tpagu^u-
2. CapMamcKaa ap^a U3 aHmuHH0^0 sopoda Onbeuu (yKpauHa) u eepeKOHcmpyK^ua. ffe-peeo. KoHe^ I - Hanano II eeKa do H.^.
eM, Begb cHUTanocb, hto y cKa3MTena bo BpeMa ucnonHeHua ^^oca Mo^eT 0TKpHBaTb gap ocoöoro BugeHua. ^TH0^pa^MHecKMe MaTepuanH cBugeTenbcTByroT, hto hm ogHo maMaHcKoe KaMnaHue He HaHUHaeTca 6e3 npegBapuTenbHoro npM3HBaHMa maMaH0M cbomx gyxoB-noKpoBMTeneM, c noMo^bro K0T0pHx oh 3aTeM u coBepmaeT nyTemecTBue B MH0M Mup. 3HaHMTenbHaa ux HacTb - ^T0 npegKU caMoro maMaHa unu ero poga, UMero-^ue BnacTb Hag npupogHHMU noKycaMU. KaMnaro^uM yKa3HBan Ha to, hto oh aBnaeT-ca HacnegHMK0M maMaHa, MnagmuM 6paT0M unu nneMaHHMK0M HecKonbKux maMaH0B, oöpa^anca 3a noMo^bro k cBoeMy n0K0MH0My gage, öaöymKe, npocun öogpocTU u My-^ecTBa y yMepmero gega. nepeHucnanucb Bce npegKU u MecTa ux po^geHua. yHUBep-canbHocTb ^T0^0 ^neMeHTa oö^acHaeTca ^yHgaMeHTanbHHM nono^eHueM ugeonoruu TpagM^M0HH0^0 oö^ecTBa: HenoBeK Mo^eT goöuTbca Hero-nuöo ucKnronuTenbHo c no-Mo^bro 6oroB u oöo^ecTBneHHHx npa^ypoB, cnegya ux apxeTunuHecKoMy noBegeHuro. fflaMaHcKue o6pagH conpoBo^ganucb pu^MoBaHHHM HaneB0M. Ka^gHM maMaH caM coHMHan M ucnonHan cBoro Menoguro. ruMHH 6HnM MHguBugyanbHHMU, u k maMaHy npuxogunu nrogu, hto6h HacnaguTbca ero neHueM. MHorue HapogH Bepunu, hto cto-a^MM maMaH gon^eH 6HTb xopomuM My3HKaHT0M u cKa3MTeneM. npu ^T0M maMaHa Mornu o6BMHMTb, HT0 0H cna6, ecnu ero ctmxm rpy6H, a KaMnaHue 3ByHMT He TaK cnag-K0 gna cnyxa. no Mepe BHHneHeHua ^yHK^MM cKa3MTena m3 maMaHcKoro K0MnneKca MecTo maMaHcKux gyx0B-npegK0B 3aHMManM y^e He pogoBHe, a npo^eccuoHanbHHe noKpoBMTenM cKa3MTenbcKoro peMecna, ocMHcnaeMHe b KaHecTBe ero MU^UHecKux oc-H0B0n0n0^HMK0B, nereHgapHHx ^eB^0B gpeBHocTU, noMHa^ux nereHgapHoe nepBoe BpeMa, ^^oxy KocMUHecKoro nepB0TB0peHMa, y K0T0pHx ucnonHUTenu ^^oca u npocaT 6narocnoBeHMa. K hum o6pa^anMcb c TpagM^M0HHHMM npM3HBaMM [Ebckkob 1984, c. 86; Mopo3 1977, c. 68-70; $yHK 2005, c. 19-20, 260-261, 264-267, 338-340, 365-367; flaMnunoBa 2012, c. 153, 163; KeHUH-^oncaH 1987, c. 12-13, 69, 80, 147; KeHUH-^oncaH 1995, c. 38, 40-45; KeHUH-^oncaH 2000, c. 80-81; KeHUH-^oncaH 2011, c. 20, 23, 30, 33-34]. npu ^T0M y oceTUH nogo6HHe B033BaHMa agpecoBanucb UMeHHo Bce T0My ^e reporo HapT0BcKoro ^^oca CHpgoHy, K0T0pHM co3gan cTpyHHHM UHcTpyMeHT [rypueB 1991, c. 34-35].
B ^o^Me roBopuTca, hto BoaH BocneBan noxogH KHa3eM b maMaHcKOM ^KCTa3e - «neTaa yMOM nog o6naKH^, pu^a b Tpony TpoaHro Hpec nona Ha ropH». y oceTuH cy^ecTBOBano noBepbe, hto gymu HeKOTopHx cTapHx nrogeM, HageneHHHx KongoB-ckumu c^0C06H0CTaMM, b TOM Hucne yMeHueM BnagaTb b TpaHc u npo3peBaTb 6ygy-^ee, nog HobhM rog bo BpeMa KpenKoro npogon^uTenbHoro cHa ocTaBnanu Teno u ocy^ecTBnanu cTpaHcTBue b TauHcTBeHHyro cTpaHy BepxHero Mupa, M3 KOTopoM b pogHyro o6^MHy Mornu npuHecTu unu cHacTbe u ypo^aM, unu 6one3HM. TaKue none-TH 6HnM gna KongyHOB He6e3onacHH, nocKonbKy gyxu MepTBHx npecnegoBanu ux, cTpenaa M3 nyKOB [fflaHaeB 1870, c. 28-29; raTueB 1876, c. 26-27; Munnep 1882, c. 270-272; HMHMHag3e 1993, c. 123-124; An6opoB 2006, c. 230-236; HM6MpoB 1984, c. 25-26; HM6MpoB 2008, c. 34, 37, 378-380; TyannaroB 2001, c. 210-211; nepuoguHe-cKaa 1987, c. 101, 141-142; nepuoguHecKaa 1989, c. 28-29; ^^eHK0 2001, c. 73-75]. AHanoruHHHe ^KCTaTMHecKMe nyTemecTBua gymu b noTycTopoHHuM Mup, b to BpeMa, Korga HenoBeK npe6HBan b 6ecc03HaTenbH0M cocToaHuu, nogo6HOM cHy, M3BecTHH y gpeBHux ro^HoupaHCKux Äpe^0B, nocTuraBmux TaKuM 06pa30M MMpo3gaHMe. B ux BugeHuax oco6eHHo uHTepecHH ropH, Haxoga^ueca b ^eHTpe Mupa [nexneBuMcKaa 2001; HyHaKOBa 2004, c. 12, 15, 27, 35, 44, 47, 63-64, 67, 83, 101, 105, 119, 150, 153, 156-157, 192, 206, 224, 243, 255-256; An6opoB 2006, c. 235; BoMc 1987, c. 141; Boh-rapg-^eBuH, rpaHTOBCKuM, c. 106-111; ^nMage 2002, c. 282-283; ^nMage 1999, c. 291293]. y gapgoB ruHgyKyma maMaH BTopun neHuro gyxoB-noMo^HuKOB, u ero gyma B03H0CMnacb BBHCb. OTgenuBmucb ot Tena, oHa neTena Hag ropaMu u gonuHaMu, Hag Hy^uMu cTpaHaMu. B necHe maMaH onucHBan cBou npuKnroHeHua u 3noKnroHeHMa [MeTTMap 1986, c. 290-291; BacunoB 1992, c. 11]. y cku^ob u caKOB 0C06eHH0CTM penbe^a ocMHcnuBanucb b rno6anbHHx Mu^onoruHecKux aHTuHOMuax: ropH - gonH, 3eMna - Boga. flpeBHue MpaH^H cHuTanu cBa^eHHHe ropH onopoM 3eMnM, ochoboM MMpo3gaHMa. ^TM npegcTaBneHua BpeMeHu 06^eMpaHCK0^0 eguHCTBa, c^e^M^M-HecKu cBa3aHHHe c maMaHM3M0M, oTpa^anucb b cKu^o-caKCKOM ^^oce. npu ^T0M, BBugy oco6eHHocTeM cucTeMH KOHeBaHua, HecoMHeHHo, aKTyanM3MpoBanacb Mu^o-noreMa BceneHCKoM ropH. fflaMaH noce^an ee b cBoux MaruHecKux cTpaHCTBuax b noTycTopoHHuM Mup, oxBaTHBaBmux uHorga cTenu, peKu u neca. Bocxo^geHueM Ha ropy OH gocTuran ^eHTpa Mupa. ^epTBeHHHe HanpaBneHua, nepenpaBH u goporu, B TOM Hucne B caMHe TpygHogocTynHHe u oTganeHHHe MecTa 3eMHoM 30hh, Boo6^e 6HnM Ba^HH BO BpeMa KaMnaHua. nyTu, no KOTopHM maMaH ^po6Mpanca bo Bnage-Hua 6o^ecTB u gyxoB, ne^anu b pa3HHx Mupax. no hum ^e, cornacHo Tag^uKCKuM npegcTaBneHuaM, npuxogunu u gyxu. npu ^T0M y Ka^goro maMaHa 6Hna cBoa, npeg-Ha3HaHeHHaa gna Hero gopora - M3BMnMCTaa, co MHoruMu oTBeTBneHuaMu. CnepBa OH gon^eH 6Hn ee HaMTu. HeKOTopHe He BceM 6HnM gocTynHH. Co6cTBeHHo, maMaH-cKaa gopora, cTpaHCTBOBaHua u noneT, KOTopHM HacTo npoxogun Hag 3acHeÄeHHHMM ropHHMu xpe6TaMM, BHCTynanu ycTpoeHueM Mupa KaK ucKnroHuTenbHo maMaHCKuM geaHueM. fflaMaHCKue Bocxo^geHua unu Hucxo^geHua no ypoBHaM BceneHHoM 6HnM HanpaBneHH npe^ge Bcero Ha ee ynopagoHuBaHue. ropHHe BepmuHH 6HnM Bonno^e-HueM Mu^uHecKux MupoBHx rop, coeguHaro^ux 3eMnro c He6oM, u nyTb k hum Hec coeguHaro^yro ^yHK^Mro, KOTopyro cHuTanu paBH03HaHH0M K0CM0CBa3M no KaHany, yTBep^geHHOMy b cBepxcaKpanbHoM TOHKe npocTpaHCTBa, b ^eHTpe KocMoca, y ocu Mupa - no MupoBOMy gpeBy. TaK^e c gpeBHocTu ropa paccMaTpuBanacb KaK cuMBon pogoBHx KOHeBuM, noHeMy u cTaHOBunacb MecTOM oTnpaBneHua pogoBHx KynbTOB.
y BHcoKux ropHHx xpe6T0B npocunu xopomyro norogy, nyqmyro ^u3Hb, go6poe 3gopoBbe. ^TU B033peHua ucTopuHecKu 6Hnu CBa3aHH c uHgoupaHCKUMu penuruo3-HHMU ugeaMu. Bo BpeMa KaMnaHua maMaHH HenpeMeHHo nogHManucb k ropaM KaK rnaBHHM caKpanbHHM opueHTupaM MecTHocTu. ^T0 6Hnu MecTa coBepmeHua puTy-anoB. flyxu-xo3aeBa nocnegHux HacTo 6Hnu noKpoBUTenaMu maMaH0B, b tom Hucne u Tag^uKCKux, noMoraa um npu KaMnaHuu u nepegaBaa um ^u3HeHHyro cuny CK0Ta. B maMaHCKux npu3HBax npucyTCTByroT o6pa^eHua k hum, nocKonbKy uMeHHo TaK ycTaHaBnuBanacb CBa3b c npegKaMu, K0T0pHe BHnonHanu ^yHK^uu np0p0K0B, no-M0^HUK0B u xpaHUTeneM. CnepBa ynoMUHanucb 6nu^Hue ropH, n0T0M ganbHue, u, HaK0He^, gocTuranacb pogoBaa ropa. C ^KCTaTUHecK0^0 nyTemecTBua Ha ropy, nog-nuparo^yro He6o, HaHUHanca nyTb maMaHa b uhom Mup, Ha npoTa^eHuu K0Toporo gyxu o6yHanu ero necHaM, KaK B03HeceHue Ha ropy oh o^y^an u B03Bpa^eHue b Mup nrogeM. TaM oh oHu^anca nocne npe6HBaHua b nog3eMH0M ^apcTBe. K TexHUKe maMaHCKoro nyTemecTBua npu6eran u CKa3UTenb, oTnpaBnaacb b Mup 6oraTHpeM, o K0T0pHx 0H nen [KocapeB 2003, c. 155, 279; ByTaHaeB 2006, c. 124, 142; Hobuk 2004, c. 90-91; noTanoB 1991, c. 5, 25-27, 137-140; AneKceeB 1992, c. 113, 129, 139-141, 143, 152; Blacker 1999, p. 8, 49-50, 60-64, 141, 162, 240, 300-309; ^nuage 1999, c. 146, 157, 162-163, 173, 176, 188-189, 204-206, 212, 217, 223, 242, 265, 267, 286, 289, 302, 327, 332, 356-357, 359; BoHrapg-^eBUH, rpaHT0BCKUM 1974, c. 29-31, 35, 45-55, 62-66, 68, 71-72, 84-86, 104-105, 111; CMonaK 1991, c. 135, 137; KeHUH-^oncaH 1987, c. 143, 149; KeHUH-^oncaH 1995, c. 40, 194, 229-230, 283-284; KeHUH-^oncaH 2002, c. 376; KeHUH-^oncaH 2006, c. 92-93; KeHUH-^oncaH 2008, c. 144-145; KeHUH-^oncaH 2009, c. 259-260; MypogoB 1975, c. 100, 109, 113-114; BacunoB 1984, c. 62-63, 65, 68, 70, 73-74, 75; $yHK 2005, c. 87-88, 101, 106, 110, 181, 331-333, 340-343, 351, 354; ByTaHaeB 2006, c. 124, 127-128, 132, 134, 137; flaMnunoBa 2012, c. 164; AKumeB, Aku-meB 1981, c. 149; AKumeB 1984, c. 21-23, 90]. BoMcKa gyxoB y maMaH0B Tag^uK0B u ux cocegeM, cpa^aBmueca c BparaMu, 0TBeHaroT B0eHH0M TeMaTUKe neceH npugBop-Horo ^eB^a [CyxapeBa 1975, c. 51-55, 66-67; MypogoB 1975, c. 113-114; TaM^aHoB, McMaunoB 1986, c. 120-124, 127; BacunoB, Hua3KnHHeB 1975, c. 125, 128-131; BacunoB 1970, c. 93-117; BacunoB 1986, c. 96; BacunoB 1992, c. 100, 187, 201].
^UTupyeMHe aBTopoM ^o^MH CTpoKu BoaHa uHorga nepeKnuKaroTca c ceBe-poupaHCKUM ^^ocoM: «PeK^ BoaH^ u xogH Ha CBaT^cnaBna ^^c(He)TBop^a CTaparo BpeMeHu^: «Ta^Ko tu ronoBH, KpoM^ nneHro; 3no tu T^ny, KpoM^ ronoBH» [CnoBo 1950, C. XLIV, 49]. HecoMHeHHo, peHb ugeT o npoBegmeM ^u3Hb b nocToaHHHx noxo-gax BenuK0M KHa3e CBaTocnaBe MropeBUHe, K0Toporo y6unu neHeHeru u cgenanu U3 ero ronoBH puTyanbHyro Hamy [MaxH0Be^b 1989, c. 209-210; ffleBHyK 1989, c. 248, 262; Ba6KUH 1950, c. 398; Or0H0BCKUM 1876, c. 125; CKnapeHKo 2003, c. 111-112]. Co^ane-Hue ^eB^a o cygb6e o6e3rnaBneHHoro u He norpe6eHHoro Hagne^a^uM 06pa30M npa-BUTena, c K0T0p0M oh cpaBHUBaeT PyccKyro 3eMnro, uMeeT cooTBeTCTBue b yn0MaHyT0M B HapT0BCKux CKa3aHuax oceTUH o6HHae, cornacHo K0T0p0My Henb3a 6Hno npegaBaTb 3eMne 3HaMeHUTHx nuHHocTen, ecnu HegocTaBano KaK0M-nu6o HacTu Tena, uHaHe Mup oxBaTUT TbMa, MpaK u xaoc [flroMe3unb 1990, c. 191; fflaHaeB 1876, c. 16; ^a^apaeB 2000, C. 245; HapTH 1989, c. 285]. Cyga no apxeonoruHecKUM gaHHHM, ^T0 npegcTaBneHue BocxoguT K CKu^0-capMaTCK0My BpeMeHu [nuKanoB 2011, c. 19-20]. C ^en0CTH0CTbro Tena yMepmero BnagHKu b CTenHoM upaHCKoM Tpagu^uu, KaK y^e roBopunocb, 6Hnu CBa3aHH npegcTaBneHua o 6narononyHuu CTpaHH.
Tohho TaK ^e ynoMaHyTaa BHme 3aragoHHaa, 3noBe^aa 06Mga, KoTopaa «B^cTana... b^ cunaxi fla^b6o^a BHy-Ka», To ecTb pyccKoro KHa3a - noToMKa ConH^a, a 3aTeM, «BCTynuBi g^Boro Ha 3eMnro TpoaHro, BicnnecKana ne6e-guHHMu KpHnH...» y Mopa, Hanpamu-BaeTca Ha aHanoruu c geMoHuHecKoM geBymKoM M3 oceTuHCKoro HapToBCKo-ro ^^oca, KoTopaa, BCTpeTuB y o3epa ogHoro M3 BMTa3eM, npegno^una eMy B3aTb ee b ^eHH, ho b oTBeT nonyHuna oTKa3 u ocKop6neHMa. Torga oHa nog-Hana pyKu, KoTopHe npeBpaTunucb b KpHnba, Bcnopxnyna u yneTena, npu-^po3MB o6MgeBmeMy ee BouHy MecTbro. BcKope MecTb cBepmunacb, u o6ugHuK geBH CocnaH, HageneHHHM conapHH-mu HepTaMu, ^o^M6 [Dumezil 1965, p. 135-145; flroMe3Mnb 1990, c. 109-110]. M3o6paÄeHMa KpHnaToM 6o^MHM xa-paKTepHH e^e gna cku^ckofo ucKyc-cTBa [ApTaMoHoB 1961, c. 67-71; ne-TpoB 1968, c. 40-42, BeccoHoBa 1983, c. 86-88, 94-95; PaeBCKuM 2006, c. 371]. 3gecb ctout BcnoMHuTb u o6 orpoMHHx ^urypax ne6egeM, BHpe3aHHHx b gepHe Ha 3onbHMKe VI-V BeKoB go H.^. b cene no^apHaa BanKa 6nM3 nonTaBH, cBugeTenbCTByro^ux o KynbTe ^TMx ^TM^ y HaceneHua necocTenu cku^ckofo BpeMeHu [PH6aKoB 2002, c. 296-299]. O noHuTaHuu ux ^e b cpege cku^ob ro^HoM CM6MpM cBugeTenbCTByeT ^aKT Haxo^geHua apxeonoraMu b ^a3HpHKCKMx KypraHax gepeBaHHHx M3o6paÄeHMM ne6egeM, a TaK^e HeTHpex ^urypoK ^ToM ^TM^H, cmuTHx M3 BoMnoKa u Ha6MTHx MexoM ceBepHoro oneHa. no BceM BuguMocTu, nogo6-HHe M3genMa ^pegHa3HaHanMCb gna puTyanbHHx ^eneM [ra6yeB 2002, c. 25]. Ha ^TO yKa-3HBaroT napannenu b maMaHucTuHecKux KynbTypax [KyKameB 2002, c. 38-43; noTanoB 1991, c. 83-84]. npuMeHaTenbHo, hto cuMBonuKa 0pHMT0300M0p^HHx o6pa3oB ^o^MH, ^pM3HaHMe ux Ba^Horo cMHcna u oHeHb bhcokofo MecTa b uepapxuu npupogHHx ^opM npaMo cBa3aHH co cKu^o-capMaTCKuM 3BepMHHM cTuneM. OTHomeHua Me^gy ^TMMM o6pa3aMM, KaK u b gpeBHeM ucKyccTBe MpaHoa3HHHHx KoHeBHuKoB, CMMBonM3MpoBanM cyTb KocMuHecKux u co^ManbHHx oTHomeHuM. Mx nopoguna ogHa u Ta ^e T^aTenbHo pa3pa6oTaHHaa cucTeMa onucaHua Mupa [^eneKoB 1976, c. 258-263; BarHep 1976, c. 250-256].
«flpy^uHy TBoro, KHa^e, ^TM^b KpunH npuoge, a 3BepM KpoBb ^onM3ama» [CnoBo 1950, c. XXXIV, 45]. B gpeBHeupaHCKux penuruax cMepTb noHuManacb KaK pa3gene-Hue op^aHM3Ma Ha cocTaBnaro^ue ^neMeHTH u BoccoeguHeHue nocnegHux co cTuxua-mu KocMoca. ^TM ^neMeHTH He MCHe3anM 6eccnegHo, a ^MpKynMpoBanM bo BceneHHoM u Mornu nepexoguTb b gpyrue cy^ecTBa, coxpaHaacb u Bo3po^gaacb Hepe3 yHuHTo-^eHue. Pac^opMupoBaHue Tena npoucxoguno no KocMonoruHecKoM cxeMe MupoBoro
3. OöteMHax ^u^ypKa neöedx, yKpamaemax CKU^CKym no-^pe6anbHym noeo3Ky, U3 na3upuKCKUx KypsaHoe e ropHOM Anmae (PoccuücKaa 0e^epa^ua). BoünoK. V ecK do H.^.
4. C^eHa mep3aHun b npyce HUMHe^o Mupa Ha CKU^CKOÜ ^apcKoü neKmopanu U3 Kyp^aHa Toncmaa Mo^una B03ne ^opo^a OpdMOHUKud3e ffHenponempoBCKoü o6-^lacmu (yKpauHa). 3onomo. IV BeK do h. ^.
gepeBa. no^uparo^ue Tpyn ^TU^H u 3Bepu 3gecb MapKupoBanu, onu^eTBopHnu c^epH Mupa u npupogHHe ctuxmu, b KoTopHe yxogunu HacTU^H cy^HocTu yMepmero. Ha cy-^ecTBoBaHue TaKux BepoBaHuM yKa3HBaroT b cku^ckom u caKcKoM ucKyccTBe U3o6pa-^eHUH xu^hukob, y6uBaro^ux u noegaro^ux TpaBoagHHx äubothhx, c^eHH Tep3a-HUH, Hepa3pHBHo cBH3aHHHe c MupoBHM gepeBoM. BepoHTHo, ^TOT ^po^ecc cHUTancH a6conroTHo Heo6xoguMHM, o6ecneHUBaro^uM Bocnpou3BogcTBo äu3hu u KonneKTUBa, noggep^aHue cy^ecTByro^ero Mupo3gaHUH. McxogH U3 KoHTeKcTa norpe6eHUM, b ko-TopHx 6Hnu HaMgeHH u3o6pa^eHUH c^eH HanageHUH u Tep3aHUH, moäho yTBep^gaTb, hto ohu 6Hnu cBH3aHH TonbKo c BHcmuMu cnoHMu cku^ckofo o6^ecTBa. npe^ge Bcero ^TO KacaeTcH 3anagHHx peruoHoB cku^ckofo Mupa, rge gaHHHe u3o6pa^eHUH npoucxogHT npaKTUHecKu U3 Bcex u3BecTHHx ^apcKUx KypraHoB, a TaK^e HeKoTopHx KypraHoB BHcmeM 3HaTu [AKumeB, AKumeB 1981, c. 146-147; Ky3bMUHa 1976, c. 69-70; Ky3bMUHa KoHb b penuruu 1977, c. 106-107; Ky3bMUHa 1979, c. 44; Ky3bMUHa C^eHa Tep3aHUH 1979, c. 78-83; PaeBcKuM 1978, c. 124-126; PaeBcKuM 2006, c. 334, 335, 337, 361, 392, 393, 405, 437-441, 448, 466, 470, 473-474, 481, 483-485, 492, 533, 545; nonu-goBUH 2006, c. 360-373]. B Mu^onoruu u o6pHgHocTu cku^ob, MaccareToB u anaHoB HenoBeHecKoM KpoBu npugaBanocb Ba^Hoe 3HaHeHue, eM npunucHBanucb MucTUHecKue cBoMcTBa [Pug 2006, c. 19-20, 62, 71, 130, 139, 161-164, 175-177, 182, 208, 224, 258, 264, 272; AneMaHb 2003, c. 396].
BecbMa xapaKTepHH u npegcTaBneHUH o cMepTu BouHa b ^o^Me: KHH3b M3HcnaB, chh BacunbKoB «u3poHu ^eMHro^Hy gymy U3i xpa6pa T^na Hp^c^ 3naTo o^epenie» [CnoBo 1950, c. XXXIV, 45]. ^Ta ^pa3a o6 oTneTaHuu gymu He npocTo yKa3HBaeT Ha 3HaHUMoe gnH ceBepoupaHcKoM KynbTypH o6e3rnaBnuBaHue [racnapoB 2000, c. 83]. y upaH^eB, B tom Hucne y KoHeBHx, 3onoTHe rpuBHH nogHepKUBanu 6orogaHHocTb Bna-ctu u cny^unu, Hapagy c gpyruMu yKpameHUHMu, uhcufhuhmu ^apH - oTnuHUTenb-HHMU 3HaKaMu ero gocTouHcTBa. npocTHe cMepTHHe, pagoBHe o6^uhhuku He uMe-nu npaBa HageBaTb nogo6HHe Be^u, Hocuna ux TonbKo 3HaTb. B TaKux u nogo6HHx yKpameHUHx u3o6pa^eHH BenbMo^u Ha penbe^ax nepcenonH, Cy3 u ManoM A3uu, Ha cTaTye, HaMgeHHoM b ErunTe. rpuBHH, 6pacneTH u nepcTHu Hocunu u nepcugcKue ^apu. MHorga ohu nocHnanu b nogapoK yKpameHUH unu oge^gy co cBoero nneHa. Mogy ^Ty BBenu MuguM^H: ux ^apb npenogHec cBoeM goHepu k cBagb6e 6pacneTH u rpuBHH. OguH U3 nepcugcKux BnagHK nocnan b gap KunuKuMcKoMy ^apro cgenaHHHe U3 3ono-
Ta rpuBHy, 6pacneT, MeH u nepcugcKuM koctmm. no cnoBaM rpeHecKux aBTopoB, npu nepcugcKOM gBope cHUTanocb BenuKoM HecTbro 6HTb no^anoBaHHHM ^apcKUM nogap-kom: KOHeM c 3onoTHMu ygunaMu, 3onoToM rpuBHoM u 6pacneT0M, 3onoTHM MeHOM u nepcugcKUM nnaTbeM [Ky3bMUHa B cTpaHe 1976, c. 56-57; ^^eHK0 2006, c. 339-340]. ffleMHHe rpuBHH 6Hnu 3HaHUMH B cku^ckoM KynbType, b to BpeMH KaK c ^eMHy^uHoM OTO^gecTBnanacb 6eccMepTHaH gyma b KynbType pogcTBeHHHx cKu^aM nap^HH, a TaK-^e y co^guM^eB, KypgoB, nepcoB, b cTapuHHHx norpe6anbHHx npuHUTaHuax u 3aKnu-HaHUHx oceTUH [Me^epcKuM, Me^epcKaa 1987, c. 146-147; BparuHcKuM 1972, c. 135; 3yeB 2002, c. 196-198; ^nuage 2002, t. 2, c. 320-323, 463-464; Henning 1977, p. 169-173; Corbin 1986, p. 193, 237-238, 240, 241, 253; Corbin 1978, p. 22-25, 124-125; Eliade 1991, p. 125-150; Moosa, p. 195-197, 201, 203-204; OMapxanu 2005, c. 41; BugeHrpeH 2001, c. 19, 25-27, 80, 84, 101, 154; raTueB 1876, c. 23-24].
nepeKnuKaeTcH c oceTUHcKUM Mup0B033peHueM u onucaHue noTepu gymu, no-BToparo^eecH b onucaHuu KpoBonponuTHoM 6utbh Ha HeMure, - «^ubot^ KnagyT^, BeroT^ gymy ot^ Tena». Ka^gHM HenoBeK, KaK nonaranu oceTUHH, uMeeT cBoero gBOMHUKa - gymy (üd, od). OHa Heo^yTUMa u HeBuguMa rna30M. Teno HenoBeKa, no ux MHeHuro, HBnanocb gna Hee numb BMecTunu^eM, o6onoHKoM. ^u3Hb b HenoBeKe noggep^uBaeTcH ero gymoM, OHa ocHOBa ero ^u3UHecKoro cy^ecTBOBaHUH. flyma mo-^eT noKugaTb Teno BpeMeHHO - bo BpeMH cHa, KaK y^e roBopunocb, u o6MopoKa unu HaBcerga, ho Torga HacTynaeT cMepTb. nocne HacTynneHUH cMepTu gyma OTgenaeTcH ot ^u3UHecKoM o6onoHKu. B HapTOBcKOM ^^oce paccKa3HBaeTcH, KaK BUTH3b ynan Ha 3eM-nro HUHKOM c KOHH, u TyT ^e ero gyx OTneTen ot Tena. Haxogacb go nopH go BpeMeHu B onpegeneHHOM cbh3u c ceMbeM, gyma npogon^aeT ^uTb ganbme [MaroMeTOB 1974, c. 310; Hu6upoB 2008, c. 37, 43]. AHanoruHHHe npegcTaBneHUH 6HT0Banu y naMupcKux Tag^uKOB, rge npu3HaK0M Toro, hto gyma noKUHyna Teno, cHUTanacb KpoBb, u y cpeg-HeBeKOBHx nepcoB [XucMaTynnuH, KproKOBa 1997, c. 188-189; MeMTapHUHH 2001, c. 115; Ba6aeBa 1993, c. 26-28, 31-32].
^o^Ma Bce BpeMH npoHBnaeT HepTH apxauHHoM naHupaHcKoM penuruo3HocTu, rny60K0 OTMeHeHHoM BoeHHoM ^TUKoM. ^T0My Tuny penuruo3HocTu, cyga no KnaccuHe-ckum ucTOHHUKaM, OTBeHana penuruH cku^ob, capMaTOB u anaH [Hbonu 2002, c. 40]. B ropeBaHuu o KHH3bHx Mropro u BceBonogy roBopuTca o Hux, hto «o6a 6arpHHaH cTn^-na noracocTa». B goMocTpouTenbHOM TBopHecTBe oceTUH o6pa3 MupoBoro gpeBa 6Hn npegcTaBneH ^aKTUHecKu numb r0pu30HTanbH0M cTpyKTypoM. OTcroga MupoBoe gpeBO cTano opraHU3yro^uM HaHanoM puTyana, peanu3yeMoro b pa3BUTuu ^TUKeTa ^op^eB. npocTpaHcTBO Tpagu^U0HH0^0 ^unu^a ^op^eB cTaHOBunocb cTpyKTypoM cumbo-nuHecKux 0^^03U^UM: My^cKoro u ^eHcKoro, poguTeneM u geTeM, xo3HeB u rocTH u T.g. CMHcnoBOM u npocTpaHcTBeHHOM ocbro ^ToM cTpyKTypH cny^un ^eHTpanbHHM cTon6, HTO Hamno OTpa^eHue b ero Ha3BaHUHx u cuMBonuHecKux 3HaHeHUHx. Hau6o-nee apxauHHoe Ha3BaHue ^eHTpanbH0^0 cTon6a coxpaHunocb y HeKOTopHx KaBKa3^eB: u KonoHHa, u, b cnyHae ee OTcyTcTBUH, npegnonaraeMoe MecTO, rge OHa gon^Ha 6Hna cTOHTb, Ha3HBanucb «cpeguHHHM cTon6oM», OTpa^aH KocMonoruHecKyro ponb Mupo-BOM ocu KaK ^eHTpa BceneHHoM. npu Tpaype Ha ^T0 MecTO, cHUTaBmeeca cBH^eHHHM, ca^anu ^eH^uHy, KOTopaa 6Hna caMoM cTapmeM U3 pogcTBeHHU^ yMepmero. y oce-TUH cy^ecTBOBan o6pHg, nocBH^eHHHM po^geHuro u nepBHM rogaM ^u3hu HOBopo-^geHHoro. nocne pogoB pe6eHKa Tpu pa3a npoHocunu BOKpyr ^eHTpanbH0^0 cTon6a o6^eceMeMHoM KOMHaTH. CMHcn ^T0^0 puTyana 3aKnroHancH b noKa3e pe6eHKa 6oraM
M noKpoBMTenHM ^unu^a, K0T0pHM conpoBo^gancH npocb6aMM 6narocnoBMTb m 3a-^MTMTb H0Bopo^geHHoro. 3aTeM HenocpegcTBeHHo y cTon6a coBepmanu o6pHg yKna-gHBaHMH pe6eHKa b KonH6enb (avd^nb^tt^n) m 6narogapMnM 6oroB 3a 6narononyHHoe pa3pemeHMe pogoB. A poBHo Hepe3 rog y cpeguHHoro cTon6a ycTpauBanu MoneHUH b HecTb nepBoro roga ^m3hm pe6eHKa. Bo3ne Hero cT0Hna bo BpeMH cBagb6H HeBecTa, m TaM ^e ma^ep cHUMan c Hee Kucero. y MHorux KaBKa3CKMx HapogoB cpeguHHHM cTon6 6Hn 06ieKT0M o6pHgoB, cBH3aHHHx c ^epTBonpuHomeHueM, - k ^eHTpanbH0My cTon-6y npMBH3HBanM ^epTBeHHoro 6apaHa unu 6HHKa gnH ux ocBH^eHUH m M3rHaHMH m3 Hux 3nHx gyxoB. OgHaKo y 6onbmMHCTBa HapogoB CeBepHoro KaBKa3a ^eHTpanbHHM cTon6 MMen Ha3BaHMe, cooTBeTCTByro^ee ero ochobhom npocTpaHCTBeHHo-cuMBonuHe-CK0M ^yHK^MM, - ^MKCMpoBaTb 0CH0BHHe HopMH noBegeHMH naTpMn0KanbH0M CeMbM. y oceTMH ^eHTpanbHHM cTon6 Top^ecTBeHHo Ha3HBancH s^ryz^d, to ecTb «aHren ro-noBH» (b 3HaHeHMM rnaBH poga), y cocegHux c hmmm HapogoB, Ha ^TH0^eHe3 K0T0pHx noBnuHnu anaHH, - «CT0n6-0Te^», «cTon6 KopHH» (b 3HaHeHMM poga). ^eHTpanbHHM cTon6 HBnHncH cmmbohom He TonbKo pogoBoro ^unu^a, goMa, ho m caMoro poga, npo-gon^eHue K0Toporo oh o6ecneHMBan. OTcroga o6HHaM HeK0T0pHx KaBKa3CKMx HapogoB nepeHocMTb m3 cTaporo goMa b hobhm ^T0T cTon6, K0T0pHM nepegaBancH no HacnegcTBy M3 noKoneHMH b noKoneHMe. B npuHUTaHUHx ^naKanb^M^H oceTUH m mx cocegeM Ha3H-BaroT n0K0MHHx My^HMH ^eHTpanbHHMM cTon6aMM (c^gyndz, c^gindzs) cBoeM ceMbu M cBoero poga, nponaBmuMU unu ocTaBmuMUcH Ha KpoBaBHx nonHx 6mtb [CynuMeHKo 1997, C. 20-21, 38-40; KapnoB 2001, c. 93-95; naMHTHUKU 1992, c. 139, 143, 414; raTueB 1876, c. 20; Hm6mpob 1970, c. 177; Munnep 1882, c. 293; mapamMg3e 2004, c. 35; Maro-MeT0B 2011, C. 341; ManbcaroB 1959, c. 166]. Motmb KpymeHUH onopHoro cTon6a goMa B CBH3M C rM6enbro BouHa ecTb b ucTopuHecKux necHHx KypgoB [fl^anunoB 2003, c. 97].
OgHaKo oco6o npuBneKaeT uccnegoBaTeneM ^o^MH cbommm oHeBugHHMU cbh-3HMM C peanbHHM H3HK0BHM M ga^e ^onbKnopHHM K0HTeKCT0M UpaHCKoM TpagM^MM MMeHHo MM^MHecKMM fluB, KnuHy^MM Ha BepmuHe gpeBa, BenH^UM nogHUHUTbCH «3eMnM He3HaeM^» m npegBe^aro^UM, HapHgy c 3aTMeHMeM, cygb6y pyccKoro BoMcKa. ^T0 TepM0M0p^H0e cy^ecTBo m3 upaHCKoM Mu^onoruu. Ero mmh tohho cooTBeTCTBy-eT upaHCKMM TepMMHaM, 0TH0CH^MMCH K ^enoMy Knaccy MU^onoruHecKux cy^ecTB. CnepBa ^T0 6HnM aM6MBaneHTHHe He6ecHHe 6o^ecTBa, no3^e, npu npuHHTUu gpeBHU-MM MpaH0H3HHHHMM nneMeHaMM gpyrux penuruM, npe^ge Bcero 3opoacTpM3Ma, cnoBo nogBeprnocb ceMaHTUHecKoM TpaHC^opMa^MM c nono^UTenbHoro, T0HHee, BenuKoro, BepxoBHoro 6o^ecTBa, Ha 0TpM^aTenbH0e m cTano o6o3HaHaTb 3noe 6o^ecTBo, 3noro gyxa, geM0Ha. B 6onee no3gHMe nepuogH npaKTUHecKU bo Bcex upaHCKux H3HKax ^T0 cnoBo y^e o6o3HaHano geM0Ha, HeHUcToro, 3noro gyxa unu Hego6po^enaTenbHoe cKa-30HH0e cy^ecTBo (aBecTUMCKoe daeva-, gpeBHenepcugcKoe daiva-, cpegHenepcugcKoe M H0B0nepcMgcK0e dew, MaHuxeMcKoe dyw, corguMCKoe 6yggMMCKoe, MaHuxeMcKoe 6yw, xpucTuaHCKoe dyw, Sew, nap^HHCKoe dev, dyw, 6aKTpMMCKoe deo, xoTaHo-caKCKoe dyü, KnaccMHecKoe nepcugcKoe dev, gapu dew, HrHo6cKoe d^w, dew, d^v, 6enyg^MMCKoe u Ma3eHgapaHCKoe maMep3agM deb, KypgcKoe KypMaHg^u u copaHU dev, rypaHU dew, Ta-nHmcKoe, runHHCKoe, Ma3eHgapaHCKoe, coBpeMeHHoe nepcugcKoe div, HauHU, KypgcKoe a6gyM, Kemeu, 6axTMHpcKoe div, caHrecapu, cuBeHgu, BoHumyHU, Koxpygu, 3e^peM, cegeu, ra3M, Ka^poHU dib, aBpoMaHU dew, TaTCKoe döu, KyM3apM daywi, Tag^UKCKoe dev, pymaHCKoe, xy^cKoe Siw, dew, 6apTaHrcKoe, pomopBCKoe Siw, capHKonbCKoe Sayw, Ssyw, MyHg^aHCKoe diw, liw, umKamuMCKoe u caHrnuHCKoe lew, a^raHCKoe lews, Ba-
He^u lew, BaxancKoe liw, liv, Mugra liw, a3ryneMcKoe 6iw, dew, myrnancKoe 6ew). C no-6egoM ^cxaTono^uu 3opoacTpu3Ma, o6iaBUBmero o6ieKTOM noKnonenua Knacc 6oroB axypa, a ne geBOB, ^TOT nepconaK Mor coxpanuTb cBoro 3HaHUMocTb na nepu^epuu, b TOM Hucne cku^ckom, upancKoro Mupa. M KaK pa3 pannecKU^cKaa ero TpaKTOBKa 6h-TOBana cpegu Tex upaHoa3HHHHx nneMen cTenu, c KOTopHMU KOHTaKTupoBan cnaBan-ckum Mup [ronoBeHHeHKo 1963, c. 36-37; Jacobson 1966, p. 292-294, 702; BopT 1978; To-nopoB 1995, c. 514; 3anu3HaK 2004, c. 130; AngpeeB 1957, c. 246; Gershevitch 1954, p. 7, 168, 192, 211, 237; Morgenstierne 1974, p. 32; MypogoB 1979, c. 29-30, 107; Bailey 1979, p. 166; BacunoB 1992, c. 238-242; Gharib 1995, p. 150-151; CTe6nuH-KaMeHcKUM 1999, c. 225-226; ^a6onoB 2001, c. 304-305; Mann 2009, c. 53; ^genbMaH 2002, c. 162-164, 204; PacTopryeBa, ^genbMaH 2003, c. 306-310; ^genbMaH 2005, c. 532-539; Bielmeier 2005, p. 12; Henr 2009, c. 231].
Cyga no oceTuncKOMy KOMno3UTy c neMopaTUBHHM 3HaHeHueM svdiw, svdew, o6o3HaHaBmeMy Kongyna, geMona, 3noro gyxa, u Ha3BaHuro 6oKecTBa Avdiwag b ^^oce [BeHBenucT 1965, c. 146; Dumezil 1960, p. 217-218; flroMe3unb 1976, c. 138-140; flroMe-3unb 1986, c. 210; MBanoB, TonopoB 1966, c. 29; A6aeB 1939, c. 6, 30, 82; A6aeB 1958, c. 84, 199-200; Henr 2009, c. 231-232], fluB y cnaBan aBnaeTca UMenno cku^ckum 3auM-cTBOBanueM. OgnaKo, na nam B3rnag, e^e cy^ecTBennee to, hto ^opMynH, b KOTopHx fluB ynoMunaeTca b ^o^Me, mokho conocTaBUTb c ^opMynaMU, gomegmuMU go namero BpeMenu U3 upancKoro ^onbKnopa u coxpanuBmuMU cooTBeTcTByro^yro upancKyro neKceMy. noMUMo Menee BHpa3UTenbHHx npuMepoB, Bpoge ^parMenTOB U3 MyngKan-ckux cKa3OK: diw-än hämlä kar 'guB 6pocunca (Kunynca)'; diw-än ka vay lask, yäki lärzä da jon-i diw-ghon laghäy 'Korga guB ero (repoa cKa3Ku) yBugen, TOTHac gpoKb oxBaTuna ero Teno, nanoMunaro^ux KOHCTpyK^uro ^o^MH «36uca fluBi», npucTanbnoro BHUMa-Hua 3acnyKUBaeT ucKnroHUTenbnoe cxogcTBo BHpaKenua 6oap «yKe BpiKeca fluBi na 3eMnro» u Toro oTpHBKa U3 MyngKancKOM cKa3KU, rge nocne onucanua no6egH nag guBOM roBopuTca ziyä da zamin, diw marä 'guB Tpecnynca o6 3eMnro u cgox'. CoBnage-Hue cyge6 upancKoro geBa u cnaBancKoro fluBa, o6HapyKeHHoe b MyngKancKOM ^onb-Knope, oHenb BaKHo [Open 1988, c. 135]. TeM 6onee, hto motub nagenua geBa, cyga no BceMy, 3HaKOM u aBecTuMcKoM Mu^onoruu [MBanoB, TonopoB 1973, c. 76]. B ^onbKnope ropHHx TagKUKOB nepeg noaBnenueM g^Ba He6o TeMneeT. no Mnenuro BaxaH^eB, Korga guBy nopa npuMTU, Becb Mup cpa3y gpoKUT, BOKpyr cTanoBUTca TeMHo, cBeT MepKneT [CKa3KU u nerengH ropnHx TagKUKOB 1990, c. 106; CKa3KU napogoB naMupa 1976, c. 114]. ABecTuMcKue g^BH TOKe norpyKaroT Bcenennyro bo MpaK. Onu peByT npu cTon-KHOBenuu go6pa u 3na, u ot ux peBa cogporaeTca Mup. ^TO nanoMunaeT fluBa U3 ^o^-MH, pearupyro^ero na cpaKenue [3opoacTpuMcKue 1997, c. 271; HynaKOBa 2004, c. 107; KopornH 1983, c. 57, 59, 113; MocenKuc 2006, c. 44]. MccnegoBaTenu, BnpaBe, cnego-BaTenbHo, npegnonaraTb ne npocTo 3auMcTBOBaHue, a npeeMcTBennocTb ^opMyn, TeK-ctob, ^onbKnopnHx npegcTaBnenuM - TonbKo yHUTHBaa ^TO o6cToaTenbcTBo, mokho ucKaTb nogxog k nuTepaTypoBegHecKoM TpaKTOBKe o6pa3a fluBa.
OHeBugno, fluB ocTaBanca 3noBe^UM b KueBopyccKoM Tpagu^uu, 6ygyHU npu-ypoHen k MU^onoreMe MupoBoro gepeBa: «36uca fluBi, KnuHeTi Bpixy gpeBa», npeg-Be^aa gBUKenue ^onoB^eB k flony. Korga Ke na peKe Kaane «TbMa cb^t noKpHna: no PycKOM 3eMnu npocTpamaca ^onoB^u, aKU napgyKe rHe3go», Torga «yKe BpiKeca fluBi na 3eMnro». B ^TOM KOHTeKcTe b Tpagu^uoHHyro MU^onoreMy MupoBoro gpeBa yKnagHBaeTca u 3ooMop^HHM o6pa3 ^onoB^eB: rHe3go npuypoHeno k KopnaM Mupo-
Boro gpeBa b cnaBaHcKoM TpagM^MM; npaBga, TaM ^T0 3MeMHoe rHe3go, cooTBeTcTBy-ro^ee xToHUHecKUM cunaM u npeucnogHeM. Cy^ecTBeHHo, ogHaKo, hto b upaHcKoM, b T0M Hucne M cKM^0-capMaTcK0M KocMonoruM, no MHeHuro uccnegoBaTeneM, KomaHbu xu^HMKM (napgyc - renapg) Bonno^aroT pa3pymMTenbHyro cuny ctmxmmhhx 6o^ecTB 3eMnM, cMepT0H0cH0e HaHano, npoTMBonocTaBnaeMoe c^epe ämbhx, m hm^hmm, xto-HMHecKMM Mup [PaeBcKMM 2006, c. 391-393, 401, 437, 446-447, 456, 483, 537; BenoBa, neTpyxuH 2008, c. 87, 158; AKumeB 1984, c. 47-50; 3ace^Kaa 1980, c. 46-51; MnbUHcKaa 1971, c. 67-81; BonbHaa 2002, c. 78, 100; TyannaroB 2007, c. 5; nonugoBUH 2006, c. 358, 359, 361, 366-367]. Ckm^ckmm 3ooMop^HHM Kog TeM u oTnuHanca ot yHUBepcanbHoro, HT0 HM^HMM Mup o6o3HaHanca B HeM, Hapagy co 3MeaMM, TaK^e npu noMo^M xm^hhx 3BepeM. B HapT0BcK0M ^^oce oceTUH KomaHuM xm^hmk Tep3aeT cbom ^epTBH UMeHHo y KopHeM MupoBoro gepeBa, rge ero u BugaT BMTa3M [yap3MaTM 2004, c. 51; ra3gaH0-Ba 2007, c. 218-219; ^a^apaeB 2000, c. 37]. Mgea K0HTaKTa repoeB c noTycTopoHHMM MupoM coxpaHaeTca bo Bcex oceTUHcKux cKa3aHMax. OHa BHpa^aeTca KaK b o6nMKe HapToBcKux np0TMBHMK0B, TaK M B HeK0T0pHx gpyrux ^neMeHTax npegaHuM, k koto-pHM oTHocaTca M0TMBH nepenpaBH Hepe3 BogHyro nperpagy, TbMH, M3o6MnMa u nno-gopogua ganeKux 3eMenb [Apg3MH6a 1985, c. 131-132, 136-138, 155; TyannaroB 2001, c. 100], MMero^ue cooTBeTcTBua b ^o^Me. CBa3aHH no cBoeMy npoucxo^geHuro, ^yHK-^MaM, o6nMKy, BpeMeHU m nyTaM np0HMKH0BeHMa b B0cT0HH0cnaBaHcK0e a3HHecTB0 c upaHcKMM MupoM, B T0M Hucne c capMaTaMM M anaHaMM, no MHeHuro uccnegoBaTeneM, M gpyrue ynoMaHyTHe b ^o^Me 6o^ecTBa - Bor, Xopc, TpoaH, CTpM6or, BeTep-BeTpuno M fla^6or - 6or ConH^a, n0T0MKaMM, K0Toporo, KaK m y ckm^ob, aBnaeTca KHa^ecKaa guHacTua [Pirchegger 1947, S. 311-314; A6aeB 1949, c. 254, 565, 595-596; A6aeB 1965, c. 48-49, 109, 115-116; ronoBeHHeHKo 1963, c. 36-37; Jacobson 1966, p. 291-292, 701-702; Dujčev 1966, p. 263; MBaH0B, TonopoB 1966, c. 18, 67, 173; Tpy6aHeB 1967, c. 25-31; By-naxoBcbKMM 1978, c. 497, 504; MeHrec 1979, c. 192-195, 207-208; TypHaHMH0B 1990, c. 48-49; ^Ko6coH 1970, c. 617; Schmitt 1971, S. 193-199; BynaxoBcKuM 1978, c. 495-497; Kulišič 1979, s. 174, 177, 235; AKumeB 1984, c. 99; reM^op 1986, c. 41-45, 156-160; Bup-H6ayM 1986, c. 309-310, 315; BoHrapg-^eBUH, rpaHT0BcKMM 1988, c. 112; MapTHH0B 1989, c. 63-76; naHH0BcKM 1993, c. 53-54; TonopoB 1995, c. 512-513, 515, 519, 521-525, 528-530, 567, 570-574; BacunbeB 1995, c. 16-18; BacunbeB 1999; BacunbeB 2000, c. 7577; Ky3He^0B 1998, c. 249-262; roremBunu 1999, c. 296-297; KanoaH0B 2000, c. 160; 3yeB 2002, c. 179-180; fl3M^^0MTH 2003, c. 194-195; ^ypaBneB 2005, c. 626-627; HepH0B 2006, c. 78; KaM6onoB 2006, c. 175]. BnonHe bo3mo^ho, hto m noHaTue «3eMnM He3Hae-M0M» Mo^eT HaMTM McT0nK0BaHMe, xoTa 6h runoTeTMHecKoe, Ha upaHcKoM noHBe.
fleMcTBMTenbHo, b 0ceTMHcK0M ^onbKnope coxpaHunucb gaHHHe, K0T0pHe garoT gna ^T0^0 ocHoBaHua. y oceTUH, no cBugeTenbcTBy ^TH0^pa^0B, b cTapuHy, hto6h ot-nuHMTb cTpaHH M paM0HH 0T gpyrux no npM6HnbHocTM ux gna Ha6era cy^ecTB0Bana cooTBeTcTByK^aa cucTeMa TepMMH0B, HacTb m3 K0T0pHx BcTpeHaeTca b 0ceTMHcK0M ^^oce: svicog b^sts, to ecTb Hexo^eHHaa, HeuccnegoBaHHaa, HenpoBepeHHaa cTpaHa, sn^vn^ld b^stffi - HeTpoHyTaa cTpaHa, sn^sg^rst b^st® - Heo6cnegoBaHHaa cTpaHa, sn^vx^rd bssts, 6yKBanbH0 - HeM3paHeHHaa cTpaHa, to ecTb 6oraTaa, HenoTpe-Bo^eHHaa, cunbHaa. noxogH Tyga gaBanu oco6eHHo 6oraTyro go6HHy [HoHueB 1985, c. 124-125; HoHueB 1996, c. 166; flapHueBa 2012, c. 291; fl3M^^0MTH 1992, c. 109]. flna noucKa HeTpoHyTHx 3eMenb HepegKo npegnpuHUManucb ganeKue noxogH [A6aeB 1990, c. 221]. B 0gH0M m3 cKa3aHMM bomhh 0TnpaBnaroTca b ^KC^egM^Mro b cTpaHy, K0T0paa
MeHee gpyrux cnoMneHa (sn^sastd^r cy z^xx u), 0TKyga BugHo, hto noKopeHue He-o6cnegoBaHHHx 3eMenb npoxoguno ^0^Ta^H0 [fl3U^^0MTH 1992, c. 109]. BugHeMmux repoeB ^^oca BuguM HepegKo o3a6oHeHHHMu TeM, He ocTanacb nu rge-Hu6ygb TaKaa He-onycTomeHHaa umu o6nacTb (sn^x^rd bssts). CaM ^aKT, hto TaKaa o6nacTb rge-Hu-6ygb coxpaHunacb, 6Hn g0CTaT0HHHM motubom, hto6h 0TnpaBUTbca Tyga b noxog [A6aeB 1990, c. 220; ^xyp6aTU 2005, c. 130; flanraT 1972, c. 117, 310]. HegapoM cpa3y ^e nocne KpuKa fluBa, onoBecTUBmero orpoMHyro TeppuTopuro o Heo6xoguMoCTu no-KopuTbca u CMupuTbca co CBoeM cygb6oM, noaBnaroTca ^onoB^H, K0T0pHe oKpy^aroT Mropa co Bcex CTopoH. A ganee ynoMUHaroTca 6egcTBua uMeHHo b Tex 3eMnax, Kyga 6Hn HanpaBneH KpuK fluBa, - no Pocu u Cyne [HuKonaeBa 1997, c. 58]. Cyga no BceMy, «3eMna He3HaeMa» - ^T0 He yTepaHHHe gna pyccKux KHa3eM u 3a6HTHe umu 3eMnu, a, Hao6opoT, ux 6oraTHe u noKa e^e He noTpeBo^eHHHe Ha6eraMu, He onycTomeHHHe u He pa3rpa6neHHHe K0HeBHUKaMu BnageHua, K0T0pHM yrpo^aeT HamecTBue nonoBe^-Kux opg. K TaK0My npoHTeHuro o6a3HBaroT, noMUMo gaHHHx ucTopuu, napannenu c oceTUHCKUM ^nocoM.
^TU cooTBeTCTBua, HecoMHeHHo, MoryT cny^uTb e^e ogHUM g0Ka3aTenbCTB0M ayTeHTUHHocTu no^MH. Ha n0Tpe6H0CTu u3yHeHua «CnoBa o nonKy MropeBe» KaK na-MaTHUKa nucbMeHHocTu, B K0T0p0M TepMUHH, noHaTua, uMeHa, neKCuHecKue o6opoTH yKa3HBaroT Ha noHUMaHue aBTopoM a3HKa CTenHaK0B u 3HaHue ux BHyTpeHHen äu3hu, HacTauBanu gaBHo. npuMeHaTenbHo, hto Tenepb mo^ho roBopuTb o ^enHx pa3genax no^MH, coxpaHUBmux b ce6e ceBepoupaHCKue no npoucxo^geHuro neKceMH, peHeBHe o6opoTH, Knume u motubh. Ohu C03garoT ^enocTHyro u g0CTaT0HH0 cno^Hyro cucTeMy o6pa3oB.
^MTepaTypa
A6aeB B.M. M3 oceTUHCKoro ^noca: 10 HapT0BCKux CKa3aHUM, TeKCT, nepeBog, K0MMeH-Tapuu. - MocKBa-^eHUHrpag: u3gaTenbCTB0 AKageMuu HayK CCCP, 1939. - 134 c.
A6aeB B.M. M36paHHHe TpygH: Penurua, ^onbKnop, nuTepaTypa. - BnaguKaBKa3: Mp, 1990. - 640 c.
A6aeB B.M. McT0puK0-^TUM0n0^UHecKUM cnoBapb oceTUHCKoro a3HKa. - MocKBa-^e-HUHrpag: u3gaTenbCTB0 AH CCCP, 1958. - T. I. A-K'. - 656 c.
A6aeB B.M. McT0puK0-^TUM0n0^UHecKUM cnoBapb oceTUHCKoro a3HKa. - MocKBa-^e-HUHrpag: u3gaTenbCTB0 AH CCCP, 1973. - T. II. L-R. - 448 c.
A6aeB B.M. OceTUHCKUM a3HK u ^onbKnop: B 2-x t. - MocKBa-^eHUHrpag: u3gaTenb-CTB0 AH CCCP, 1949. - T. 1. - 601 c.
A6aeB B.M. CKu^o-eBponeöcKue u3ornoccH. Ha CTHKe B0CT0Ka u 3anaga. - MocKBa: HayKa, 1965. - 168 c.
A6aeBa 3.B. ^TrogH no 0ceTUHCK0My ^nocy. - ^xuHBanu: MpHCT0H, 1978. - 152 c.
AKumeB A.K. McKyccTBo u Mu^onorua caK0B. - AnMa-ATa: HayKa, 1984. - 176 c.
AKumeB A.K., AKumeB K.A. MHTepnpeTa^ua uccHKCKoro norpe6anbHoro o6paga // KynbTypa u ucKyccTBo gpeBHero Xope3Ma. - MocKBa: HayKa, 1981. - C. 144-153.
An6opoB B.A. ^TH0HUM «^ap^uaTs» oceTUHCKux HapTCKux CKa3aHUM. OceTUHCKue Be-gyHH u BegbMH «KypHcMsg3ayTs» u «BypKyg3ayTs» // flapban. - BnaguKaBKa3, 2006. - 1. - C. 224-239.
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6MpM. - HoBOCM6MpcK: HayKa, 1992. - 242 c. AneMaHb ArycTu. AnaHH b gpeBHux u cpegHeBeKoBHx nucbMeHHHx ucToHHuKax. - Mo-
cKBa: MeHeg^ep, 2003. - 608 c. AnupoeB M.ro., OpnoB M.M. 3ooHMMMa HapogoB CeBepHoro KaBKa3a // BonpocH ot-pacneBoM neKcuKu. - rpo3HHM: HeHeHo-MHrymcKuM rocygapcTBeHHHM ynuBep-cuTeT, 1978. - C. 5-15. AHgpeeB M.C., ne^epeBa E.M. ^^Ho6cKMe TeKCTH (c npuno^eHueM arHo6cKo-pyccKo-ro cnoBapa, cocTaBneHHoro M.C. AHgpeeBHM, B.A. ^MBmM^eM u A.K. nucapHuK).
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MocKBa: HayKa, 1985. - C. 128-168. ApTaMoHoB M.M. AHTponoMop^HHe 6o^ecTBa b penuruu cku^ob // ApxeonoruHecKuM c6opHMK rocygapcTBeHHoro ^pMMTaÄa. - ^eHuHipag: M3gaTenbCTBO rocygap-cTBeHHoro ^pMMTaÄa, 1961. - C. 57-87. ApxunoBa E. KaMeHHaa uKoHKa c TaMaHu c M3o6paÄeHMeM BouHa-MyHeHuKa cb. rne6a // BopMCo-^ne6cKMM c6opHMK. - Paris: Association des amis du centre d'histoire et civilisation de Byzance, 2009. - BHn. 1. - C. 160-182. Ba6aeBa H.C. flpeBHue BepoBaHua ropHHx Tag^uKoB ro^Horo Tag^uKucTaHa b no-xopoHHo-noMuHanbHoM o6pagHOCTM (KOHe^ XIX - HaHano XX bb.). - flymaH6e: floHum, 1995. - 156 c.
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The Unknown Land and the Iranian Substratum in the Tale of Igor's Campaign
Kostyantyn Rakhno
There is an episode in the Tale of Igor's Campaign, where the monstrous Div is aroused; he shrieks a command to the Unknown Land, to the Volga, coastal area, Sula Region, Surozh, Korsun, and to the idol of Tmutorokan. Despite numerous treatments, this is one of the darkest places in the poem, because it remains unclear what "unknown" means. According to the written sources and archaeological evidence, all the listed territories were well-known for the Ruthenians in the late 12th century. Therefore, it seems to be reasonable to regard it as an oriental loanword, a translation from another language, where it had its specific meaning.
An appeal to some data of North Iranian tradition could be acceptable and historically grounded. Its bearers were the closest neighbours and allies of the Kievan Rus - the Alans, the ancestors of the modern Ossetians. Moreover, direct equivalents for some ha-pax legomena of the poem have been already discovered there. Particularly, in the Ossetic Nart epos, which dates back to the Scythian and Sarmatian time, "dark blue wine" is recorded. It is connected with traditional funeral rites as well as an old Scythian custom of strewing pearls on the bosom of a dead man from a quiver, mentioned in the exposition of the Great Duke Sviatoslav Vsevolodovych's dream. This dream contains the description of sepulchral rites, being performed over the ruler and, probably, including embalming, characteristic for the Iranian-speaking inhabitants of steppe regions. The denotation of the Black Sea as the "Dark Blue Sea" also originated in the Scythian substratum.
Many folklore motifs and religious conceptions of the Iranian peoples are present in the Ruthenian epic poem, including the direct parallels with the Nart epos. Some characters of the poem, for example, the bard Boyan, who turns into a weasel, a wolf or an eagle and is apostrophized as the Slavic chtonic god Veles's grandson, could not be explained correctly without bringing the Ossetian epic and mythology into the picture. The earliest representations of his moving on a Cosmic Tree are the Scythian poletops, connected with shamanistic ideas. The Ossetian epic bard Syrdon, associated with the creation of a stringed instrument, was born from a chtonic demon and changed himself in a weasel and other creatures. He has the features of a priest and a shaman; he eulogizes warriors and caustically blames them for crimes and minor offences, which is comparable with Boyan's glorifications and sharp references to dukes. The technique of religious ecstasy, in which Boyan makes his spiritual travels, has parallels in the shamanic practice of the Ossetians, the Persians, and the Dards from the Hindu Kush. The description of such his travels into supernatural realms with mountains and dales on a divine path is very similar to the classical shamanism, its Tajik version included.
Boyan's regret at the destiny of the Great Duke Sviatoslav, decapitated and not buried in the proper way, with which he compares the land of the Rus, has a direct equivalent in the custom, mentioned in the Nart sagas of the Ossetians, in accordance with which it was not allowed to commit a famous person to earth, if any part of his body was absent, or else darkness, shadows, and chaos would have possession of the world. Judging by the archaeological evidence, this belief could be a Scythian and Sarmatian legacy. The idea of the prosperity of a country being connected with the integrity of the body of the deceased sovereign is found in the steppe Iranian tradition.
In exactly the same way, the mysterious, sinister Obida, which comes among the forces of Dazhbog's grandson, i.e. the Ruthenian duke - a descendant of the Sun, and then, having stepped like a maiden onto the land of Troyan, has splashed her swan's wings upon the sea automatically makes a comparison with a demonic girl from the Os-setian Nart epos, who meeting one of the knights with near the lake, proposed him take her to wife, but in response she refused and was outraged. Then she raised her hands, which changed into the wings, spread them and flew off, threatened the warrior, immediate revenge. The revenge happened shortly thereafter, and the offender of this maiden, who is Soslan, endowed by solar features, was killed. Moreover, swans were of great importance in the Scythian culture. It is noteworthy that the symbolism of ornithomorphic and zoomorphic images of the poem, the recognition of their important meaning and very high position in the hierarchy of natural forms are directly connected with the Scythian and Sarmatian animal style. The relations between these images, like in the ancient art of the Iranian-speaking nomads, symbolized the essence of cosmic and social relations. They were caused by the same carefully elaborated system of the description of the world.
The poem says that the wings of birds cast shadows upon the duke's armed force and that beasts were licking their blood. In the ancient Iranian religions, death was comprehended as the decomposition of a body into constituent components and the reunification of the last ones with the rudiments of the cosmos. These components did not disappear without a trace, but circulated in the universe and could pass into other beings, being preserved and revived through destruction. The disassembly of a dead body was occurring in the cosmological scheme of the World Tree. Here, birds and wild beasts, devouring a corpse, marked, personified the spheres of the world and the elements, into which the particles of the essence of the deceased went. In the Scythian and Saka art, the images of predators, killing and devouring herbivorous animals, the scenes of torment, inseparably linked with the World Tree testify to the existence of such beliefs. Probably, this process was regarded as being absolutely necessary, ensuring the reproduction of life and community, the maintenance of the existing cosmos. Proceeding from the context of burials, in which portrayals of the scenes of aggression and laceration were found, it is possible to insist that they were connected only with the upper classes of the Scythian society. Human blood was very important in the mythology and ceremonial rites of the Scythians, the Massagetaes, and the Alans, the mystic properties were ascribed to it.
Also rather typical are the ideas about the death of a warrior in the poem: he dripped out his pearly soul from his brave body through a golden necklace. Among the Iranian peoples, including the nomads, golden torches underscored the divinity of authority and served, together with other adornments, as the insignias of a king, i.e. as distinctive marks of his rank. They were significant in the Scythian culture. In addition, the immortal soul was identified with a pearl in the culture of the Parthians, akin to the Scythians, as well as among the Soghdians, the Kurds, the Persians, in the ancient funeral lamentations and invocations of the Ossetians. The description of the loss of soul by its separation from the body during a bloody battle has something in common with the Ossetian world view. The mention of two blood red pillars in the lamentation over the dukes Igor and Vsevolod is connected with the cult of a bearing pillar in a traditional Ossetian house. It was worshipped as Axis mundi and the ritual centre of a dwelling. In the keening, the weepers of the Ossetians and their neighbours call the late men central
pillars of their family and their kin, missing or left on the battlefields. The similar motif of the collapse of the bearing pillar of a house in connection with the death of a warrior is present in the historic songs of the Kurds.
However, the one attracting the most of attention of the researchers of the poem by its apparent connection with the real linguistic and even folklore context of Iranian tradition is the mythical Div, who is crying on the top of a tree, ordering the Unknown Land to obey and foreshadowing, equally with the solar eclipse, the destiny of the Ru-thenian army. The etymology of his name is unquestionably Iranian. Div is a Scythian loanword among the Slavs. However, more important is the fact that those formulae, in which Div is mentioned in the poem, could be compared with the formulae, which exist hitherto in Iranian folklore and have retained the proper Iranian lexeme. They are present, for example, in Munjani fairy tales. The circumstances of Div's appearance have parallels in the folklore of the Wakhi people and Tajik highlanders as well as in ancient Avestan texts. Therefore, researchers are correct in assuming not just an adoption, but a continuity of formulae, texts, folklore beliefs; merely by taking this circumstance into consideration, an approach to the philological interpretation of Div's image could be found.
Alanian roots could also be traced in the image of the Cumans as a brood of cheetahs, connected in Iranian mythology and ancient art with the underworld. In the opinion of researchers, other divine beings, mentioned in the poem, such as Bog, Khors, Troyan, Stribog, Veter-Vetrilo, and Dazhbog, a sun god whose descendants (as among the Scythians) were considered to be the members of ruling princely dynasty, are connected by their origin, functions, look, times and routes of penetration into the East Slavic paganism with the Iranian world, including the Sarmatians and the Alans.
The conception of the Unknown Land could also find its probable interpretation on the Iranian ground. The information supporting this has, in fact, survived in Osse-tian folklore. According to the evidence of ethnologists, a proper system of terms aimed to differentiate countries and regions in accordance with their profitability for raids existed among the Ossetians in the old days. Part of them is found in the Ossetian Nart sagas. Leaning on these Ossetic data, the Unknown Land could be interpreted as an unexplored, untouched, unspoiled country, campaigns against which would yield especially rich spoils. The Unknown Land was apparently not areas lost by Russian dukes and forgotten by them, but, quite the contrary, their rich possessions, still undisturbed by forays, not empty, and not plundered by nomads. They are threatened by the invasion of Cuman hordes. In addition to historical facts, parallels with Ossetian epos oblige such a reading.
These correspondences undoubtedly could be further proof for the authenticity of the poem. For a long time, scientists insisted on the need to study the Tale of Igor's Campaign as a literary monument, in which terms, notions, names, phrases denote the author's comprehension of the language of the inhabitants of steppe regions and his familiarity with their inner life. It is noteworthy that it is possible to speak about the whole parts of the poem, which conceal the lexical elements, locutions, cliches, and mythological motifs of Northern Iranian extraction. They create the integral and sufficiently involved system of images.