^aHp ncHxonorHnecKoro pOMaHa b yKpaHHCKOH h aHr^HHCKOH nHTepaType
nepBOH nonoBHHw XIX BeKa (E. rpe6HHKa, T. ge Kbhhch)
Denys Chyk, Vasyl Kucher
Tarns Shevchenko Regional Humanitarian Pedagogical Academy of Kremenets, Litseynyi Lane 1, Kremenets, UA - 47003 Ternopil Oblast, denyschyk@ukr.net, kuchervv2016@gmail.com
- 1.01 Izvirni znanstveni članek - 1.01 Original Scientific Article -
Prispevek prinaša primerjavo romana Doktor E. Grebinke z romanom Confessions of an English Opium-Eater T. de Quinceyja. Avtorja prispevka dokazujeta, da je Grebinkov roman prvi psihološki roman v ukrajinski književnosti. Opazno je, da se v analiziranih besedilih pojavljajo specifične in tipološko skupne značilnosti, kot so: pozornost, ki jo avtorja namenjata oblikovanju odraslega značaja, konflikt med družbo in sentimentalnim introvertiranim osebnostnim tipom, upo -dobitev iracionalne manifestacije nezavedne sfere protagonistov preko projekcije duše (anime), psihološke spremembe osebnosti zaradi uživanja alkohola ali drog.
In the article, E. Grebinka's novel The Doctor is analysed in comparison with the novel by Thomas de Quincey Confessions of an English Opium-Eater. The authors prove that the novel by E. Grebinka is the first psychological novel in Ukrainian literature. It is noted that among the specific and typologically common features of the analysed texts are as follows: the authors' attention to the formation of the adult character; a conflict between society and the sentimental introvert personality type; the depiction of the irrational manifestation of the protagonists' unconscious sphere through the anima projection; psychological changes in the personality structure due to alcohol or drug consumption.
Ključne besede: psihološki roman, zvrst, notranji svet, razpad osebnosti, sentimentalni introvertirani osebnostni tip, projekcija duše (anime)
Key words: psychological novel, genre, inner world, personality disintegration, sentimental introvert personality type, anima projection
BBegeHue
HcciegoBaTeiu CB_a3biBaroT 3apo®geHHe ®aHpa ncnxoioranecKoro poMaHa c koh-KpeTHMMH npoH3BegeHH3MH, b KOTOpbix ^rcrp BHHMaHHa aBTopa cMemaeTca Ha H3o6pa®eHHe cjokhwx npoTHBopennn b nepe^HBaHHax, ^MO^Hax h nyBCTBax jih-TepaTypHMx nepcoHa^en. TaK, riaBHbiMH «apxeTHnnnecKHMH» npoH3BegeHH3MH
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WaHp ncuxoJlo^u^ecKo^o poMaHa e yKpauHCKoû u a^jiuûcKou Jiumepamype
^T0^0 ®aHpa npuHaTO cHHTaTb poMaHM «La Princesse de Clèves» («npuH^cca KjeBcKaa») (1678) M.-M. ge Ha^aneT h «L'Histoire du chevalier Des Grieux et de Manon Lescaut» («HcTopua meBajbe ge rpue h MaHOH HecKO») (1731) A.-®. npeBO. HeKOTopbie npH3HaKH ncuxo^orunecKoro poMaHa npucy^u TaK^e TBop-necTBy ceHTHMeHTajucTOB, b HacTHocTH npou3BegeHuaM C. PunapgcoHa h
Pycco, a gajbHenmee pa3BHTHe ^T0^0 ®aHpa Ha6jrogaeTca b poMaHTHKOB Q. ge CeHaKyp), peajucTOB (®. ^ocToeBCKHH), MogepHucTOB (M. npycT). OgHaKO nepBMM «3aBepmeHHbiM» o6pa3^M ncuxo^orunecKoro poMaHa HacTO Ha3biBaroT HMeHHO «Le Rouge et le Noir: Chronique du XIXe siècle» («KpacHoe h ^epHoe: xpoHHKa XIX BeKa») CTeHgaja (1830), Begb ^y6ïïHKa^Ha ^T0^0 poMaHa O3HaMe-HOBaja noaBjeHue HOBoro ®aHpa b eBponencKon 6ojbmon npo3e.
nocTaHOBKa npo6^eMbi
B yKpaHHCKOH jHTepaType 3apo®geHue ncuxo^orunecKoro poMaHa Tpag^HOH-ho cBa3MBaroT c co^HaflbHO-^cHxoflo^HHecKHMH poMaHaMH «Hro6opa^KHe» A. CBHgHH^K0^0, «Pa3Be peByT bojm, Korga acju noïïHbi?» naHaca MupHoro h H. BujbiKa, noBecTaMH «nyTH-goporu», «Hejb h nojeïïb» H. ®paHKO - to ecTb He paHee BTopon nojOBHHM XIX b.1 B ^Ton cTaTbe 6ygeT cgejiaHa nonbiTKa o6o-cHoBaTb ugero, hto ncuxo^orunecRun poMaH b yKpauHcKon jHTepaType nepBMM BHegpuj yKpaHHcKHH nucaTejb E. rpe6uHKa b nepBon nojOBHHe XIX b. ^ja HayHHon apryMem^uu ^T0^0 npegnojmeHua pyccKoa3MHHbin poMaH «,3,OKTop» (1844) E. Tpe6HHKH conocTaBHM c ncuxojorHHecKHM poMaHoM «Confessions of an English Opium-Eater» (1821) («npn3HaHna aHrauncKoro onuoMaHa») 6puTaHcKO-ro jurepaTopa T. ge Kbhhch. HacKOJbKO HaM H3BecTHO, go cux nop TBopnecTBO T. ge Kbhhch He cpaBHHBaju c jHTepaTypHMM TBopnecTBOM E. rpe6HHKH.
TeopeTMHecKue npegnocbrnKM
B npo^cce ^aHpoBon ^B0ïïro^HH ncuxo^orunecKHÔ poMaH npuo6peTaj HOBbie MapKepM, HyTKo BocnpuHHMaa HoBMe cTpeMjeHua nucaTejen pacno3HaTb BHy-TpeHHMM nejoBenecKyM npupogy, b tom Hucje h pea^uu Ha bm3obm, KoTopMe o6MHHOMy HejoBeKy 6pocaeT co^HyM. TaK, yKpauHcKun jHTepaTypoBeg B. Tpu6 Ha3MBaeT «La Princesse de Clèves» M.-M. ge Ha^aneT nepBMM ncuxojorHHecKHM poMaHoM b MupoBon jHTepaType H3-3a HajHHua npoTHBocToaHua «jro6oBb - o6 -^ecTBeHHaa Mopajb». KaK ocHOBaTejbHH^ HoBoro ®aHpa, M.-M. ge Ha^aneT, no cjoBaM yneHoro, oTKpMBaeT HOByro gja coBpeMeHHon en npo3M «CHTya^Hro poMaHa», KoTopaa cocpegoToneHa Ha H3o6pa®eHuu 6opb6bi b gyme ®eHquHM
1 Ha Ham B3rjag, ucTopua ncuxogorunecKofi ôejjeTpucTHKH b yKpauHcKon jHTepaType BTopon nojoBHHM XIX b. cBa3aHa b nepByro oqepegb c TBopqecTBOM H. ®paHKO (noBecTH «nepexpecHi cTe^KH» («nyTH-goporu») (1990), «Lelum i Polelum» («Hejb h nojejb») (1887)). Bo BTopoH nojoBHHe XIX b. «hhctmx» o6pa3^OB ncuxogorunecKofi npo3M b yKpauHcKon jHTepaType He HaôjrogaeTca: KaK npaBHJO, xygo^ecTBeHHMM ncuxogoru3M b peajucTHHecKHx npou3BegeHuax HeoTgejHM ot c0^HagbH0^0 aHajH3a (poMaHM naHaca MupHoro h H. BujMKa «Xi6a peByTb bojh, aK acja noBHi?» («Pa3Be peByT bojm, Korga acja nojHM?») (1875), naHaca MupHoro «noBia» («fyja^aa») (1883-1884)).
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Denys Chyk, Vasyl Kucher
Me^gy CBo6ogoH nyBCTBa, cTpacTbM u ceMeÖHbiMu o6a3aHHocTaMu, o6^enpu-H3T0H MopanbM - ^Ta TeMa b 6ygy^eM CTaHeT nra6uMon u Tpagu^u0HH0H gna MHorux nucaTenen (rpu6 1956: 342). HecMOTpa Ha cMenocTb ^KC^epuMeHTa M.-M. ge Ha^aneT, kotopmh 3aKnrananca b nepeHOce TonbKo ogHoro ncuxonorunecKoro KOH^^HKTa u3 gpaMbi b poMaH, xygo^ecTBeHHHH ncuxonoru3M «La Princesse de Clèves» BnonHe ecTecTBeHeH, Begb ocHoBaH Ha tohhom u3o6pa®eHuu pagoBoro cnynaa.
H. ruH36ypr CHHTaeT ocHoBaTeneM ncuxonorunecKoro poMaHa mBe^ap-CKo-$paH^3CKoro poMaHTUKa E. KoHCTaHa. B ero poMaHe «Adolphe» («Agonb^)») (1816) uccnegoBaTenbHu^ 3aMenaeT tohhhh ncuxonorunecKuö aHanu3 u pag ncuxonorunecKux otkpmtuh. B nacTHocTu, nucarenb He TonbKo npocne^uBaeT u3MeHeHua gymeBHbix cocto.huh nepcoHa^en, ho u nbrraeTca 3arnaHyTb b Mup 6ecco3HaTe^bHoro, onepe^aa ^KC^epuMeHTbI MogepHucToB XX b. (ruH36ypr 1999: 248-249). HecMoTpa Ha KaTeropuHHocTb onpegeneHHbix BbiBogoB H. Tuh-36ypr (TaK, HauBbicmee gocTu^eHue ncuxonorunecKoro poMaHa oHa HaxoguT TonbKo b TBopnecTBe HbBa ToncToro (ruH36ypr 1999: 243), cnegyeT 3aMeTuTb, hto yneHaa npegno^una BnonHe onpegeneHHbrä peecTp ^aHpoBbix npu3HaKoB ncuxonorunecKoro poMaHa. npe^ge Bcero, penb ugeT o HeTpuBuanbHocTu nuTe-paTypHoro ncuxonoru3Ma, ero npou3BogHocTu ot HenpegcKa3yeMoro noBegeHua nepcoHa^a, b kotopom cuHTe3upyMTca KaK norunecKue gencTBua, TaK u napa-goKcanbHbie. 06ycnoBneHHocTb nocTynKoB nepexoguT ot ogHocTopoHHocTu k MHorocTopoHHocTu - u B ^T0M 3aKnMHaeTCa pa3BuTue BHyTpeHHeH aHanuTuKu poMaHa (ruH36ypr 1999: 257). ®unoco$cKue oTcTynneHua npuo6peTaMT ®aHpo -Boe 3HaneHue, aBTop npu6eraeT k npaMbiM, nacTO oTKpoBeHHbiM pa3MbimneHuaM, BBepaa ux HuTarenra. Koe-rge TaKue oTcTynneHua Ka^yTca o6peMeHuTenbHbiMu u HeHy^HbiMu gugaKTunecKuMu Be^aMu, eguHcTBeHHaa ^nb KoTopbix - ynuTb u npogBuraTb aBTopcKyra ugera. ABTopcKaa aHanuTuKa He 0^^03u^u0HHa ero MuMe3ucy, a gononHaeT ero (ruH36ypr 1999: 281). nocnegyra^uM Ha6nrageHu-eM H. ruH36ypr aBnaeTca apryMeHTupoBaHHoe o6ocHoBaHue Heo6xoguMocTu paccMaTpuBaTb o6pa3 KaK guHaMuHHyra cucTeMy, b kotopoh oTHomeHua Me^gy cocTaBnaM^uMu ^neMeHTaMu ^opMupyMT xapaKTep. XapaKTep BbicTynaeT eguHcTBoM, c^opMupoBaHHbiM no onpegeneHHoMy ocHoBononarara^eMy npuH-^u^y, HanpuMep, ucxoga u3 ugen 6uonorunecKoro geTepMuHu3Ma, ucropunecKon c^e^u$uKu cMeHbi noKoneHun unu MopanbHo-$unoco$cKon 3aganu (ruH36ypr 1999: 245).
B ge$uHu^uax ncuxonorunecKoro poMaHa coBpeMeHHbie nuTeparypoBegbi b ochobhom a^eHTupyraT BHuMaHue Ha tom, hto b TaKoM npou3BegeHuu Mbicnu, HyBcTBa u M0TUBa^uu nepcoHa^en Bbi3biBawT paBHbiH unu 6onbmun uHTepec, neM BHemHee gencTBue noBecTBoBaHua (Kuiper 2012: 38). HeKoTopbie nuTepa-TypoBegbi oTgaMT npegnonTeHue TepMuHy «poMaH xapaKTepa», nocKonbKy b ncuxonorunecKoM poMaHe cra^eT KoH^HTpupyeTca Ha MoTuBax rnaBHoro repoa (noneMy oh unu oHa genaeT to unu ^To), u Ha tom, KaK rnaBHbrä repon npoaBuT ce6a KaK nuHHocTb (Abrams 2009: 227-228). npuMenaTenbHbiM aBnaeTca tot $aKT, hto npaocHoBon gna ncuxonorunecKoro poMaHa cnuTaeTca aBaHTrapHbrä poMaH (b nepByM onepegb, ynoMaHyTbie Bume poMaHbi «La Princesse de Clèves» M.-M. ge Ha^aneT u «L'Histoire du chevalier Des Grieux et de Manon Lescaut»
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WaHp ncuxoJlo^u^ecKo^o poMaHa e yKpauHCKoû u a^jiuûcKou Jiumepamype
A.-®. npeBo) (TaMapneHKo 2008: 9). C TaKHM BbiBogoM Henb3a He cornacuTbca, Begb co6biTua, Hapymaro^ue HopMbi pernaMeHTupoBaHHoñ ®h3hh bo Bcex ee npoaBneHuax - ot HacTHoro go rocygapcTBeHHoro - craMynupyroT u3MeHeHua gymeBHHx cocroaHun nepcoHa^eñ.
HffrepecHo, hto coBpeMeHHaa ncuxonorua noHHMaeT nuHHocTb ucKnMHu-TenbHo KaK gHHaMHnecKyM cucTeMy. Hcxoga h3 ^T0^0 nocTynaTa, coBpeMeHHbiñ pyccKHH nuTepaTypoBeg E. ®apuH0B cHuTaeT, hto npu aHanu3e o6pa3a nuTe-paTypHoro repoa cnegyeT BbigenaTb gBe cTopoHbi: coBoKynHocTb ycToaBmuxca noBegeHnecKux npu3HaKoB (xygo^ecTBeHHaa xapaKTeponorua) u cMeHHbie npo-^ccbi BHyTpeHHen ncuxuHecKoñ ®u3hu (ncuxonoruHecKuñ aHanu3). ,3,pyryro cTopoHy o6pa3a nuTepaTypHoro nepcoHa^a yHeHbiñ npegnaraeT u3yHaTb KaK caosHHH npo^cc c^e^u$uHecKux ^M0^u0HanbH0-uHTenneKTyanbHbIx peaK-^uH HenoBeKa Ha B03geñcTBua cpegbi, co6cTBeHHbie BocnoMuHaHua, cy^geHua oKpy^aro^ux, a TaK^e Ha cmyaraBHbie BneHaTneHua Hepe3 cucTeMy pa3nuHHbix acco^ua^uH (®apuH0B 2016: 282). CooTBeTCTByro^ue BHyTpeHHue ncuxuHecKue npo^ccbi MoryT 6biTb u ynpo^eHHbiMu, oTpa^aa KaKyM-T0 ogHy ncuxuHecKyro HepTy xapaKTepa, unu ®e $opMupoBaTb cno^Hbie 06pa30BaHua, nopo^gaa onpe -geneHHbie nocTynKu nepcoHa^a.
TaKuM 06pa30M, ncuxonoruHecKuñ poMaH mo^ho 0xapaKTepu30BaTb KaK cno^HHH ®aHp, gna K0Toporo c^e^u$uHecKUMu aTpu6yTaMu aBnaMTca: aK-^HTupoBaHue Ha BHyTpeHHeñ ncuxonoruHecKoñ cpege nepcoHa^eñ, KoTopaa, b cbom onepegb, Bbipa^aeT cno^Hyro raMMy HyBcTB - cnegcTBue K0H$nuKTa c BHemHuMu $aKTopaMu; cuHTe3 norunecKux u cnoHTaHHbix, He noggaro^uxca pa^u0HanbH0My o6"bacHeHuro geñcTBuñ nepcoHa^eñ; ^cuxono^u3a^ua 6htobhx cuTya^uñ; ncuxonorunecKaa MHorocTopoHHocTb npo3auHHocTu u n0BcegHeBH0-
ctu KaK TaK0BbiX. OCHOBHaa HaCTb
HccnegoBaTenu pegKo npu6eranu k onpegeneHuro ®aHpa poMaHa «,3,0KT0p» E. rpe6uHKu, a^eHTupya BHuMaHue, KaK npaBuno, Ha TeMaTuKe u o6pa3oc$epe npou3BegeHua. B HacTHocTu, H. KpyTuK0Ba npocne^uBana b rnaBH0M o6pa3e poMaHa (no ee cnoBaM - «po6Koro MeHTaTena») npe^ge Bcero BnuaHue H. rorona (noBecTu «HeBcKuñ npocneKT» u «3anucKu cyMacmegmero») (KpyTÍK0Ba 1957: 138-140). B. KynemoB o6o3HaHun npou3BegeHue E. rpe6uHKu KaK noBecTb o 6nar0p0gH0M pa3H0HuH^, Buga b TeKcTe K0HTypbi HaTypanbHoñ mKonbi (KynemoB 1965: 45). C. 3y6K0B HeHeTKo onpegenan ®aHpoByro pa3H0BugH0cTb «,3,0k-Topa» KaK «BenuKuñ poMaH», b K0T0p0M pacKpbrra TeMa HacToa^eñ go6poTbi u npeBocxogcTBa «ManeHbKoro HenoBeKa» Hag nomnoñ cpegoñ (3y6K0B 1979: 236). H. 3agopo®Haa, K0HcTaTupya uMero^ueca b nuTepaTypoBegeHuu pa3nuH-Hue ®aHpoBHe xapaKTepucTuKu npou3BegeHua, TaK^e Ha3biBaeT ero p0MaH0M (3agopo®Ha 2000: 127). A. BpañKo 0TMeHaeT cno^Hyro ®aHpoByro cTpyKTypy poMaHa, onpegenaa ee KaK oco6yro $opMy c0^uanbH0^0 HappaTuBa, b K0T0p0M pa3BepHyT0 ^K3ucTeH^uanbHbIñ oïïht «ManeHbKoro HenoBeKa» c ucnonb30BaHueM cM^eTHMx npueM0B poMaHa BocnuTaHua (BpañKo 2005: 51).
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Denys Chyk, Vasyl Kucher
3acgy®uBaeT BHHMaHHa ^aHpoBoe onpegegeHue «,3,OKTopa» H. EepHagcKon -egBa gu He eguHcTBeHHon nonbiTKu neTKO BbiacHUTb ^aHpoByro npupogy npou3-BegeHua b c0BpeMeHH0M yKpauHcKOM guTepaTypoBegeHuu. HccgegoBaTegbHu^ OTMenaeT, hto ^TOT poMaH nucaTega, b OTgunue ot gpyrux ero npoH3BegeHHH, noneMy-TO ocTagca b CTopoHe BHHMaHHa gurepaTypoBegoB, u OTgegbHO ocTaHaB-guBaeTca Ha pa36ope paHHux KpuTunecKux ot3mbob o «,3,OKTope», goKa3MBaa HenpaBoMepHocTb BMBogoB B. EeguHCKoro o tom, hto npou3BegeHue yKpauH-CKoro nucaTega HMeeT Bce npu3HaKH MopagbHo-onucaTegbHoro onepKa. PoMaHy E. rpe6uHKu, no yTBep^geHuro H. EepHagcKon, npucy^ cuHTe3 npu3HaKoB pa3guHHMx ^aHpoBbix pa3HOBugHocTen: poMaHa BocnuTaHua, MopagbHo-onucaTegbHoro u ncuxogorunecKoro poMaHoB (EepHagcbKa 2004: 53). BnponeM, uccgegoBaregbHu^ ocTaHoBugacb TogbKo Ha KOHCTaTa^HH ^aHpoBoro cuHTe3a b poMaHe, ho He pa3BHBaeT nogpo6Ho cbom ap^yMeHTa^Hro.
B Hamen cTaTbe mm npoaHagu3upyeM c^e^H$HKy ^aHpoBon npupogM poMaHa E. rpe6uHKu b cpaBHeHuu c poMaHoM T. ge Kbhhch, ucxoga He TogbKo u3 xpoHogorunecKon 6gu3ocTu ^y6gHKa^HH npoH3BegeHHH, ogHHaKOBOH cTugeBon npuHagge^HocTu (k poMaHTH3My), ho h cxogcTBa b cy6"beKTHBHon TpaKToBKe oco6eHHocTen pe^e^^HH TpaBMaTunecKoro onMTa u KoHcTpyupoBaHua cyge6 nepcoHa^en, KoTopMe nonMTagucb 3aMeHHTb Heyganu b peagbHon ®h3hh ug-gM3opHMM cnacTbeM u ygoBogbcTBueM nepe3 3goynoTpe6geHue gypMaHoM ugu agKorogeM. CnuTaeM, hto aBTopcKoe BHHMaHHe k u3MeHeHuaM, KoTopMe npouc-xogaT c negoBenecKUM co3HaHueM u uHguBugyagbHocTbro, Tpe6yroT geTagbHoro paccMoTpeHua, Begb ^TO no3BoguT BMacHUTb He TogbKo xygo^ecTBeHHyro opuru-HagbHocTb npou3BegeHHH, ho h ^aHpoByro Tunogoruro uccgegyeMon ^aHpoBon pa3HoBugHocTu - ncuxogorunecKoro poMaHa nepBon nogoBUHM XIX b.
B poMaHax «^oktop» h «Confessions of an English Opium-Eater» aBTopM nMTaroTca noKa3aTb ^opMupoBaHue xapaKTepa B3pocgoro negoBeKa, onucMBaa oco6eHHocTu geTcKux geT, a TaK^e 3aBucuMocTb ot MaKpoco^HagbHbIx (BguaHue o6^ecTBa) u MHKpoco^HagbHMx (BguaHue OKpy^aro^en cpegM - ceMbu u gpy-3en) ycgoBun. ®opMupoBaHue geTcKoro xapaKTepa rgaBHoro repoa b E. Tpe6uHKu u T. ge Kbhhch cBa3aHo c HenpocTMMu oTHomeHuaMu c poguTegaMu u gu^Mu, ux 3aMeHaro^uMu - oneKyHaMu. y^e b paHHeM Bo3pacTe geTu gumeHM pogu-TegbcKoro BHHMaHHa u Tenga u, no MHeHuro nucaTegen, ^TO 3aKgagMBaeT b xa-paKTepM nepcoHa^en ocHoBy gga 6ygy^ux «mhhmmx no6eroB» U3 peagbHocTu.
T. ge Kbhhch, onucMBaa guHHMH gguTegbHMH onMT onuoMaHa, onpegegeH-hmm o6pa3oM H3MeHaeT $aKTM U3 cbohx paHHux geT. Ero guTepaTypHbin repon b ceMb geT TepaeT o^a u cTaHoBUTca npegMeToM 3a6oTM neTbipex oneKyHoB. MeHaa mKogy 3a mKogon, MagbHUK He MO^eT npuo6pecTu gpy3en, u, 6ygynu gumeHHMM ceMenHoro yroTa, HaxoguT yTemeHue b mTygupoBaHuu rpenecKoro a3MKa. noHaTHo, hto TaKoe HaeronHUBoe o6yneHue npuHocuT cboh ngogM -BcKope npuge^HMH yneHUK ocTaBgaeT no3agu He TogbKo cBepcTHUKoB, ho h ynuTegen (Quincey 1985: 7). HeyToMUMoe o6yneHue aBgaeTca nonbiTKon HanTu cboh co6cTBeHHMH yroTHMH, «3aKpMTMH», KaMepHbin Mup - Ha 3aMeHy ToMy, kotopmh Morgu 6m npeggo^HTb poguTegu (caM T. ge Kbhhch Ha3MBaeT ^TOT nepuog BpeMeHeM noucKa yMcTBeHHMx ygoBogbcTBun).
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WaHp ncuxoJlo^u^ecKo^o poMaHa e yKpauHCKoû u a^jiuûcKou Jiumepamype
HBaH CeBproruH b poMaHe E. rpe6uHKu BocnuTbiBaeTca b nocToaHHOM CTpaxe pa3raeBaTb o^a. nocToaHHbie poguTegbcKue HacTaBgeHua npuBoguT K TaKOMy ®e pe3ygbrary, KaK u b poMaHe aHrguncKoro nucaTega, - HBaH HaxoguT y6e®u^e B KHurax. CaM OTe^ oneBugHO, He noHHMaa nary6HocTu cBoeH npe3MepHOH u 6e3ocHOBaregbHOH CTporocTu B BOcnuTaHuu, CTaHOBHTca ^CTOKHM ucTpe6uTe-geM ecTecTBeHHOH geTcKoH Becegocru u ^hbocth:
^TeHue 6biga ogHa npucTaHb, Kyga Mor yKpbiTbca MogogoH CeBproruH ot ceMeHHbix 6ypb h Be^Horo Bop^aHua CBoero o^a. KHHra, KaKaa 6m hh 6biga, sa^uqaaa BaHro, KaK go6pbifi 6acTuoH, ot poguTe^bCKux BbicTpegoB, u BaHa nogro6Hg cbohx 6garoge-Te^eH-3a^uTHHKoB, nogro6Hg KHuru; H3 hhx oh cocTaBHg gga ce6a oco6eHHbiH Mup; K hhm oh ygagagca H3 ceMeHHoro Kpyra, rge BcTpe^ag 6ecnpecTaHHbie BbiroBopbi, cgoBHo b Kpy^oK Becegbix, HeB3bicKaTegbHbix TOBapu^efi, Me^Tag Hag hhmh, ngaKag, a HHorga u cMeagca. (rpe6iHKa 1981: 412)
B uTore KHuru, «3a^u^aa» HBaHa ot HeMoraBHpoBaHHbix poguTegbcKux Ha-nagoK, ^opMupyroT ero MupoBo33peHue, KoTopoe He HMeeT Hunero o6^ero c peagbHoH ®u3Hbro. KHuru, KOTopbie napeHb ®agHO BnuTbiBaeT, He aBgaeTca H3McKaHHMMu npou3BegeHuaMu - ^T0 TunuHHbie o6pa3^i pocchhckoh Mac-coboh guTeparypbi: 3gecb nepeBogHbie ceHTHMeHTagbHbie poMaHbi HeMe^K0^0 nucaTega A. Ko^6y u $paH^3cKOH nucaregbHu^i C. ^aHguc, Hpe3BbinaHHO nonygapHbie b koh^ XVIII - nepBbix gecaTugeTuax XIX bb.; He MeHee nonygapHbie roTunecKue poMaHbi A. P^gKgH$$, aBTo6uorpa$ua H3BecTHoro 6op^ 3a OTMeHy pa6cTBa b BpuTaHcKoH uMnepuu A. ^KBHaH0 (E BecceH), 6orocgoB-cKue npou3BegeHua u TOMy nogo6Hoe. nog BguaHueM TaKux npou3BegeHuH, a TaK^e npu nogHOM npeHe6pe®eHuu pogHbix k ero BocnuTaHuro ^opMupyeTca MegaHxoguHecKHH xapaKTep HBaHa CeBproruHa. noKa3aTegbHo BbicKa3aHHoe hm b gHeBHHKe y6e®geHue, hto ^eH^uHbi gog^Hbi 6biTb Bbime My^nuH b Mopagb-hom ngaHe - Begb TaKOBbi ^K3agbTHpoBaHHMe ^eHcKue repouHu b poMaHax A. P^gKgH$$ u A. .Ha^OHTeHa, Hag kotopmmh mhhh HBaH cepgenHO npoguBaeT cge3M (rpe6iHKa 1981: 443). B koh^ koh^b, TaKoH ®e yroTHbin «khh^hhh 3aMOK» HBaH o6ycTpouT gga ce6a u no3®e, Korga, He cyMeB uHTerpupoBaTbca b cTygeHnecKyro o6^ecTBeHHocTb 6ygy^ux BpaneH, nogHocTbro OTgaeTca yne6e. CuMBogunecKHM aBgaeTca u to, hto b y^e noru6mero Bpana Hamgu KHury, b kotopoh ero gpyr HBaH naBgoBun y3HaeT nogapeHHbin Korga-To nepeBog u3BecT-hoh KHuru puMcKoro ucTopuKa I-ro b. go h. KopHegua HenoTa «Excellentium Imperatorum Vitae» («®H3HeonucaHua 3HaMeHHTbix nogKOBog^B»). ^TOT Tpyg, xoTa u 6big cocTaBgaro^en geKTypbi yneHUKOB b Pocchhckoh uMnepuu Hanaga XIX b., TeMaTunecKu BcTynaeT b guccoHaHc c 6ec^eTHoH u 6egHoH Ha repo-unecKue nocTynKu ®u3Hbro Mogogoro Bpana, KOTopbiH cTaHOBHTca ^epTBOH o6cToaTegbcTB, KOTOpbie, b OTgunue ot repoeB 6uorpa$uH gro6uMoro c6opHHKa, oh He MO^eT npeogogeTb.
KaK BuguM, ^opMupoBaHue geTCKux xapaKTepoB b uccgegyeMbix npou3Be-geHuax npaMO 3aBucuT ot paBHogymua poguTegen ugu oneKyHOB. CeBproruH E. rpe6uHKu u repoH T. ge Kbhhch nMTaroTca nocTpouTb co6cTBeHHMe BMgyMaH-Hbie MupM, b kotopmx OHu aBgaroTca ycnemHMMu u nepBMMu, hto npuBoguT k 3aMKHyTocTu ux xapaKTepoB. B KOHcTpyupoBaHuu cooTBeTcTByro^ux o6pa3OB
— 223 —
Denys Chyk, Vasyl Kucher
Ha6iMgaeM 0TKa3 aBTopoB ot cxeMaTu3Ma, ogHOTunHocTu, Haiunue a^eHTa Ha 3aBHCHM0CTH cTaHOBieHua xapaKTepa HeiOBeKa ot BHemHHx o6cToaTeibcTB.
CiOKHbift u npoTHBopenHBHH BHyTpeHHuft Mup riaBHbix nepcoHaKeft cono-cTaBiaeMbix poMaHoB npoaBiaeTca b pa3iuHHbix cuTya^uax. KaK mm npociegu-iu BHme, CHanaia hm ygaeTca «npaTaTbca» b htchuu, ho c Bo3pacToM Ha3peBmuft koh^iukt TpeöyeT KapguHaibHoro pa3pbiBa c pogHbiM, ho BpaKge6HbiM OKpyKe -HueM. ®opMa ucnoBegu, KOTopaa b poMaHe T. ge Kbhhch rpaHunuT c aBTopcKoft Heo6xoguMocTbM caMoaHaiu3a, gocTuraeTca b npou3BegeHuu E. rpeöuHKu BBe-geHueM b TeKcT ^parneHTOB gHeBHUKa Moiogoro HBaHa CeBpMruHa, u3 KOTopbix HHTaTeib y3HaeT, hto pogHbie BocnpuHuMaiu MHomy KaK TynoyMHoro, hu Ha hto He cnocoÖHoro ypoga. B koh^ koh^b, TaK Ke BocnpuHuMaMT u repoa T. ge Kbuhcu ero HeTBepo oneKyHoB, He noHuMaw^ux ero geTcKux u MHomecKux nepeKUBaHUH.
,3,ia BHemHero B3pocieHua cboux nepcoHaKeft nucaTeiu npoBogaT ux Hepe3 puTyai uHu^ua^uu - u3 cpegbi gBopaHcKux ceMeft BHe3anHo nepeMe^awT Ha ^uaibHbie hu3m, rge um npuxoguTca aganTupoBaTbca k 6egcTBOBaHuM. ,3,ia T. ge Kbuhcu onm ioHgoHcKoro 6pogaru 6mi peaibHbiM 6uorpa$unecKuM ^aKTOM, u, KaK aBTop yTBep^gaeT bo MHorux cboux npou3BegeHuax, HacToa^eft mKOiOft BbiKuBaHua, noBiuaBmeft Ha ero MupoBocnpuaTue u cTaHoBieHue iuhhoctu. B poMaHe u3o6paKeH ogapeHHbift Moiogoft gBopaHuH, KoTopoMy Hagoeio o6yneHue u tot y6eraeT u3 mKOibi b «6oibmoft Mup», rge ero KgeT MHOKecTBO ucnbrraHuft. TaK Ke u CeBpMruH nocie cMepTu o^a BbrayKgeH caMocToaTeibHo 3apa6a-THBaTb Ha xie6, pa6oTaa o6hhhhm KaH^iapucTOM. ^py3ba Moiogbix iMgeft BHcTynaMT KaK deus ex machina, cnoco6cTBya ux nocTynieHuM b yHuBepcuTeTbi u noMoraa u36aBuTbca ot TpygHocTeft.
B ucciegyeMHx poMaHax onucaH onpegeieHHbift ncuxoiorunecKuft Tun, ocHOBHbie nepTH KoToporo HaxoguM b Tunoioruu iuHHocTeft mBeft^pcKoro ncuxuaTpa K. r. WHra: CeBpwruH u HappaTop b poMaHe aHriuftcKoro nucaTeia npegcTaBiaMT uHTpoBepTHbift HyBcTByM^uft Tun. ^ia TaKux iMgeft xapaKTe-peH MeiaHxoiunecKuft TeMnepaMeHT, u ux u3-3a 3aKpbiTocTu u MOiHaiuBocTu, KaK npaBuio, He noHuMaMT OKpyKaw^ue. ^ia o6oux nepcoHaKeft xapaKTepHo ucnoib3oBaHue MacKu pe6eHKa uiu MacKu npocTaKa, hto noMoraeT cKpbiBarb ucTuHHHe motubh ux nocTynKoB (WHr 1998: 473). nocToaHHoe «caMonorpy-KeHue» u 3a^uKIeHHOCTb npegcTaBuTeieft gaHHoro uHTpoBepTHoro Tuna Ha co6cTBeHHHx cy6beKTuBHbix nepeKuBaHuax HacTO omu6oHHO BocnpuHuMaMTca KaK 6e3gymHocTb uiu 6e3pa3iunue.
B poMaHax yKpauHcKoro u aHriuftcKoro nucaTeieft c^e^u$uKy KOMMyHu-Ka^uu uHTpoBepTHHx HyBcTByM^ux TunoB mokho noHaTb Ha npuMepe c^h, onucHBaM^ux 6aii. KaK OTMenaeT MHruaHcKuft aHaiuTuK fflapn, iMgu ^T0^0 Tuna cTapaMTca He BbicTaBiaTb ce6a HanoKa3, co3gaBaa BOKpyr ce6a 3a-ragoHHyM aTMoc^epy He3aBucuMocTu u caMocToaTeibHocTu. Ha MHoroiMgHbix co6paHuax um HeKOM^opTHO, noTOMy hto 6iOKupyeTca ux o^HOHHaa $yH^ua (fflapn 2008: 104). HMeHHO TaK HyBcTByeT ce6a Ha cBagb6e cecTpbi CeBpMruH: eMy npoTuBHH KpuKu, Beceibe, myM. H3-3a ero 3acTeHHuBocTu rocTu omu6oHHO npuHuMaMT ero 3a ciyry, 0Te^ cuioft u 6paHbM 3acTaBiaeT TaH^BaTb Kagpuib co ciyKaHKoft. npa3gHuK gia CeBpMruHa cTaHOBuTca HacToa^uM agoM - oh
- 224 --Slavia Centralis 1/2020
WaHp ncuxoJlo^u^ecKo^o poMaHa e yKpauHCKoû u a^jiuûcKou Jiumepamype
ga^e TmeTHO nbrraeTca cnpaTaTbca ot Bcex b 6y$eTe. TaK ®e HyBcTByeT ce6a b o6mecTBe h repon T. ge Kbhhch.
KaK yTBep^gai K. r. roHr, MHmieHHe HHTpoBepTa aBiaeTca no cBoen cyTH MHCTHnecKHM: xog HacToa^en ®h3hh b HeM BMTecHaeTca, a Ha CMeHy npuxogaT 6ecco3HaTeibHbie $aKTbi (roHr 1998: 465). KaK ciegcTBue, y HHTpoBepTa xopo-mo pa3BHTa $aHTa3ua, rge apxauKa npuo6peTaeT ocMbicieHHbie, ho, OHeBHgHO, MHHMHe $opMbi, KOTopbie BcTynaroT b npoTHBopenue c peaibHocTbro, HMea nacTO HenoHaTHMH h n0T0My y^acaro^un xapaKTep. ^KC^aHCHa apxauHHbix ncuxunecKux $opM ^p0B0^HpyeT BO3BpameHue k npHMHTHBHon ncuxoioruu, Korga aKTHBH3HpyroTca onpegeieHHbie apxeranbi, Ka^y^ueca MarunecKHMu h Hppa^HOHaflbHMMH B H3MepeHHaX o6bIHHOrO, npHBMHHOrO H OcMbic^eHHOrO. KaK mm noiaraeM, TaKHM Hppa^H0HaIbHbIM npoaBieHueM c^epbi 6ecco3HaTeibHoro raaBHMx repoeB b o6ohx poMaHax ecTb apxeTun anuMu.
KaK H3BecTHO, anuMa aBiaeTca yHaciegoBaHHMM KOiieKTHBHbiM 06pa30M ®eH^HHH b My^cKOM 6ecco3HaTeibHOM. AnuMa - HanoiOBHHy oco3HaHHbin ncu-xHnecKHH KOMnieKc, KOTopoMy npucyma aBTOHOMHaa $yH^ua (roHr 1994: 256). KaK npaBHio, anuMa npoeKTupyeTca cHanaia Ha MaTb - nepBoro Hocureia ^T0^0 gymeBHoro o6pa3a, 3aTeM - Ha gpyrux ®eH^HH, KOTopbie b toh hih hhoh crene-hh BO36y®garoT nyBcTBa. 06pa3 auuMu, KOTopbin HageiaeT MaTb b ria3ax cbraa «cBepxneiOBenecKHM» cuaHueM, nocTeneHHO cTupaeTca nog gencTBueM tphbh-aibHon noBcegHeBHocTH h TeM cümhm nonagaeT nog BiacTb 6ecco3HaTeibHoro, He Tepaa npu ^T0M Hunero H3 cBoen nepBHHHoro Hanpa^eHua h hhcthhkthbhoh noiHOTbi. C Tex nop oh ^poe^HpyeT ce6a npu nepBon ®e bo3mo®hocth, to ecTb Torga, Korga KaKoe-TO ^eHcKoe cymecTBO npoH3BogHT cuibHoe BnenaraeHue, «npo6uBaa» o6bigeHHocTb (roHr 2013: 101). B ucciegyeMbix HaMH TeKcTax ot-cyTCTBHe MaTepen b geTcTBe (T. ge Kbhhch) hih hx BTopocTeneHHocTb h naccuB-HocTb b BocnHTaHHH cMHa (E. rpe6uHKa) npuBogaT k nepeHocy MaTepuHcKoro KOMnieKca bo B3pociOM BO3pacTe Ha onpegeieHHbix ®eH^HH - h peaiH3yroTca nepe3 $opMHpoBaHHe a6coiroraoro BocTopra h o6o®aHua.
KaK 3aMenaeT C. 3y6KOB, b poMaHe «^oktop» 3aMbicei E. rpe6uHKH boc-npoH3BecTH cio^HocTb BHyTpeHHen ®h3hh neiOBeKa onpegeiaeT pacKpbrrue gyxoBHoro Mupa nepcoHa^a «H3HyTpu». HcciegoBaTeib TaK^e y6egnreibHO yTBep^gaeT, hto Moiogon Bpan 6ecco3HaTeibHO TaHeTca k roiuu h ^0^T0My gocTaTOHHO 6mio ogHoro-gByx BcTpenHbix maroB, ogHon He oneHb yganHO pa3MrpaHHon c^hm, hto6m oh 6e3gyMHO 6pocuica b lOBymKy (3y6KOB 1962: 183-184). ^encTBHTe^bHO, E. rpe6uHKa geMOHH3upyeT KpacoTy roían: cHanaia OHa Ka^eTca CeBproruHy BoniomeHueM He6ecHoro 6o®ecTBa c hhctoh gymon, HacToa^HM 6pHiinaHTOM, ho Ta^eiMe ®H3HeHHMe o6cToaTeibcTBa 3acTaBiaroT geBymKy Ta^eio pa6oTaTb h 6pocaroT Ha gHO o6mecTBa.
TaKaa ®e npegaHHocTb ^eHcKon KpacoTe, HanoiHeHa HecBoncTBeHHMM en caKpaibHMM cmmciom b rpe3ax h MenTax repoa, H3o6pa®eHa b poMaHe «Confessions of an English Opium-Eater». CHanaia paccKa3HHK Biro6iaeTca b nopTpeT npeiecTHon (He?)3HaKOMKn, KOTopbin bhcht Hag KaMHHOM b ero KOMHaTe - oh HageiaeT ee 6o®ecTBeHHbiMH nepTaMn u cBepxtecTecTBeHHMM cnoKoncTBueM, cpaBHHBaeT c BoroMaTepbro u roTOB BenHO co3ep^aTb ee He-6ecHyro KpacoTy (Quincey 1985: 9-10). OnbiT niaTOHunecKon Biro6ieHHocTH
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Denys Chyk, Vasyl Kucher
OH nepe^HBaeT C MOnOgOH npOCTUTyTKOH ^HH, C KOTOpOH 3HaKOMUTCa Ha nOH-goHCKoft ynu^. ^Dhmh 6pogara onpaBgbiBaeTca nepeg HUTaTeneM, hto 3Han HeMano npocTHTyTOK, ho c hhmh, KaK u c ero nogpyroft, y Hero 6binu TonbKO gpy^ecKue oraomeHua. BnponeM, oh KnaHeTca ^HH b BepHOCTu u o6e^aeT Ha Hen ^eHUTbca - ho, noTepaB nM6uMyM HaBcerga, Monogoä gBopaHUH Bbi6upaeT aco^uanbHoe yeguHeHue u onuyM.
np0TUB0CT0aHue c auuMou aBnaeTca BnonHe HopManbHbiM npo^ccoM gna My^HHHH - MHorue u3 ee CMbicnoB u npoaBneHun unu nogaBnaMTca, unu uc-KnMnaMTca u3 C03HaTenbH0H ®h3hh. K. r. roHr OTMenaeT, hto nogaBnaMTca, KaK npaBuno, Te TeHgeH^uu, KOTOpbie uMeKT aco^uanbHbIH xapaKTep, u npeg-CTaBnaMT b coBoKynHocTu TaK Ha3biBaeMoro «CTaTucTunecKoro npecTynHUKa». CnegyeT a^eHTupoBaTb, hto ^TO He npecTynHbie HaKnoHHocTu, a nepTbi, ko-Topbie HapymaMT co^uanbHbIe ycnoBHocTu, Mopanb, pecneKTa6enbHocTb u t. g. (roHr 1991: 180-181). HeyMeHue HaäTu guanor c co6cTBeHHoft auuMou npuBoguT k He3gopoBbiM gna nuHHOCTu nocnegcTBuaM. ncuxonor T. TuTapeHKo OTMenaeT, hto npuHaTue CBoeft aHUMu aBnaeTca npoaBneHueM MygpocTu, npo^unaKTUKoft u3numHeft meneTunbHOCTu, purugHocTu, 6e3oTBeTCTBeHHocTu, Hego6po®e-naTenbHocTu, ga^e bo3mo®hoh anKO^onu3a^uu (TuTapeHKo 2003: 118). HraK, npoeKTupoBaHue nepcoHa^aMu poMaHoB co6cTBeHHoft aHUMu Ha MaTepeft, no3®e - Ha 3HaKOMbix rneH^HH, npuBoguT k ^opMupoBaHUM u HapacTaHUM koh-^nuKTHOCTu, ceKcyanbHMM npo6neMaM u npuo6peTeHUM ycTonnuBoro BneneHua k anKoronM / onuyMy.
ronua u ^HH Bonno^aMT gBOHCTBeHHyM npupogy aHUMu: c ogHoft CTopoHbi, geBymKu aBnaMTca HocuTenaMu HeecTecTBeHHOH KpacoTbi, Ka^yTca He3eMHbi-mu co3gaHuaMu c aHrenbCKOH gymoft u hhctmmh noMbicnaMu, c gpyroft - ohu nopo^geHue o6^ecTBeHHoro 3na, ero Hu3MeHHbix CTpacTeft. ^. HoäMaHH Ha-3bBaeT gBa nonMca aHUMu cooTBeTCTBeHHo nono^uTenbHoft u OTpu^TenbHOH aHUMOH. HffrepecHo, hto HeraTuBHyM aHUMy («MHaa BegbMa») oh CBa3biBaeT He c $u3unecKOH CMepTbM, a c ncuxo-gyxoBHoft. no6egy HeraTUBHOH aHUMu oh BuguT b ge3UHTe^pa^uu nuHHOCTu, KoTopaa CBa3aHa c ynoTpe6neHueM Be^ecTB, cnoco6cTByM^ux onbaHeHuM (HoäMaHH 2014: 183-184).
TaKuM o6pa3oM, b o6oux TeKCTax Ha6nMgaeM no6egy HeraTUBHOH aHUMu, KoTopaa npuBoguT k 3aBucuMocTu nepcoHa^eä ot onbaHaM^ux Be^ecTB. T. ge Kbuhcu onucbiBaeT o6pa3 ®h3hh onuoMaHa, KOTopbin Hacna^gaeTca yeguHeHHOH ®u3HbM b ropHoM goMe. He OTpu^a BpegHocTb CBoeft npuBbiHKu nocToaHHo ynoTpe6naTb onuyM, nucaTenb c npucTpacTueM onucbiBaeT ee npeuMymecTBa: cpegcTBo He npocTo yTonaeT gymeBHyM 6onb ot yny^eHHbix BO3MO®HOCTeä u HepagocTHbx BOcnoMUHaHun, ho u gaeT BO3MO®HOCTb no3HaTb ce6a u «otkop-peKTupoBaTb» geftcTBuTenbHocTb. HapKoTuK ^p0B0^upyeT CHoBugeHua u rpe3bi, b KoTopbix onuoMaH to BCTpenaeTca c 6biBmuMu gpy3baMu, to nepeHocuTca b ^K3OTUHecKue BOCTOHHbie CTpaHbi u CTaHoBuTca nonHonpaBHbiM «o6nagaTeneM» npocTpaHCTBeHHoro-BpeMeHHoro KoHTuHyyMa:
Müh apxHTeKTypHbie BugeHua CMeHHnHCb BugeHuaMH o3ep — cepeöpucTbix boahux npocTpaHCTB. /.../ B Moux BugeHuax Bogbi npeo6pa3Hnu cboh nuK: H3 npo3pa^Hbix O3ep, cuaM^ux KaK 3epKano, ohh npeBpaTunucb b Mopa h OKeaHbi. A TyT HacTynuna BenuKaa nepeMeHa, KoTopaa, pa3Bopa^HBaacb MegneHHO, KaK cbhtok, gonrue Meca^i,
- 226 --Slavia Centralis 1/2020
WaHp ncuxoJlo^u^ecKo^o poMaHa e yKpauHCKoû u a^jiuûcKou Jiumepamype
cyguga HenpepbiBHbie MyKu; u geficTBHTegbHo — a He 6big H36aBgeH ot hhx BngoTb go pa3pemeHHa Moero cgy^aa. n^a grogefi, qacTo aBgaBmuxca MHe b BugeHuax, noHa^a-gy He HMegu Hago mhoh gecnoTH^ecKofi BgacTH u He Tep3agu MeHa. Tenepb ^e Ha^ago pa3BHBaTbca to, ^to a Ha3Bag 6m TupaHuefi qegoBe^ecKoro gH^a. Bo3mo^ho, b ^TOM noBHHHb HeKue ^^H3ogbI Moefi goHgoHcKofi ^H3HH. KaK 6m to hh 6bigo, HMeHHo Tenepb Ha BogHyro^uxca Bogax oKeaHa Ha^HHagu aBgaTbca MHe gH^a; Bca noBepxHocTb ero oKa3bBagacb EHMoqeHHofi 6ecqucgeHHbiMH gu^MH, o6pa^eHHbiMH k He6ecaM; gH^a Moga^ue, rHeBHbie, nogHbie oT^aaHua B3gbiMagucb Tuca^aMH, MupuagaMH, noKogeHba-mh, BeKaMH — BogHeHue Moe 6bigo 6ecKoHe^Ho, a pa3yM MeTagca u B3gbiMagca BMecTe c oKeaHoM. /.../ Ha Tbica^y geT 6big a norpe6eH b KaMeHHMX capKo^arax, BMecTe c MyMuaMH u c^HHKcaMH, b y3Kux Kopugopax, b cepg^ BeKoBe^Hbix nupaMug. KpoKogugbi gapugu MHe cMepTegbHbe no^gyu; a ge^ag b Mep3Kofi cgu3H, cpegu TpocTHHKa u HugbcKofi thhm. (fle Kbhhch 2000: 109-112)
T. ge Kbhhch oxotho geguTca cbohm onbrroM nepBoro ynoTpe6geHua onuyMa - b to BpeMa mupoKo pacnpocTpaHeHHoro Hegopororo npoTHBo6ogeBoro npenapaTa, kotophh npunucHBagu ot MHorux HegyroB nanueffraM y^e c geTcKoro Bo3pac-Ta. HecMoTpa Ha omu6onHoe acconuupoBaHue ynoTpe6geHue 3Toro HapKoTHKa TogbKo c KypeHueM, ero mupoKo ucnogb3oBagu b BHKTopuaHcKofi AHrguu h b ^ugKoM Buge cnupToBofi HacTofiKH - gaygaHyMa. noaTOMy, gocgoBHo Ha3HBaa ce6a b Ha3BaHHH poMaHa «an English Opium-Eater» (aHrg. - «noegaregb onuyMa»), T. ge Kbhhch, no MHeHuro HeKoTopHx uccgegoBaTegefi, xoTeg conocTaBHTb ce6a b nepByro onepegb He c coBpeMeHHHKaMH, a c 3K3oTunecKHM TypenKHM 6paT -ctbom, KoTopoe, no npegaHuro, sko6h noTpe6gago onuyM b chpom Buge (Bepre 2012: 142). BnepBHe cgynafiHo KyngeHHbifi b anTeKe gga cHaTua cugbHofi 6ogu, onuyM go KoHna ®h3hh cTaHeT cnyTHHKoM nucaTega u npunuHofi ero cgo^Horo cTaHoBgeHua KaK nucaTega.
CBoe npou3BegeHue «Confessions of an English Opium-Eater» T. ge Kbhhch paccMaTpuBag He TogbKo KaK npegocTepe^eHue gga Tex coBpeMeHHHKoB, ko-TopHe He 3aMenagu yrpo3 cucTeMaranecKoro ynoTpe6geHua onuyMa, ho h KaK HeKyro geKgapanuro HapKo3aBucuMHx xygo^HHKoB, $ugoco$oB u peguruo3HHx geaTegefi, KoTopHe, no cgoBaM nucaTega, cocTaBgagu negbifi Kgacc 6puTaHcKofi aguTH (KaK, HanpuMep, H3BecTHbifi npegcTaBHTegb «O3epHofi mKogH» C. T. Kogbpug®) (Foxcroft 2007: 29). HeMenKufi hctophk KygbTypH B. ffluBegb6ym oTMenaeT onpegegeHHoe Bocxu^eHue 3anagHoeBponeficKux guTepaTypHo-xy-go^ecTBeHHHx KpyroB XIX BeKa ckphthmh Bo3Mo®HocTaMH TBopnecKoro Boo6pa®eHua, KoTopHe no3Bogag oTKpHTb onuyM, u ga^e numeT o HacToa^eM KygbTe HapKoTunecKux Be^ecTB. TBopnecKufi negoBeK co3HaTegbHo cTaHoBugca aconuagbHofi guHHocTbro, hto6h b cbohx 3aTBopHunecKux rpe3ax «6e®arb» b MH^unecKue BocTonHHe cTpaHH, KoTopHe BHrogHo oTgunagucb ot cKyHHofi u nocTHgofi ®h3hh 6yp®ya, u gaBagu orpoMHHfi noTeHnuag gga caMoBbipa^eHua (ffluBegb6ym 2007: 217-219). T. ge Kbhhch nepBHM H3 nucaTegefi yKa3HBaeT Ha onacHocTH, KoTopHe TauT ynoTpe6geHue onuyMa (npuBHKaHua u cTpagaHua bo BpeMa nonHToK oTKa3aTbca ot npueMoB HapKoTHKa), u npu 3tom b 6eggeTpucTH-necKofi $opMe oTKpoBeHHo geguTca cbohm TpaBMaranecKHM ohhtom.
OnucHBaa HapKoranecKue rpe3H u «6o®ecTBeHHbie oTKpoBeHua», KoTopHe noaBgagucb nocge Ka^goro npueMa onuyMa, T. ge Kbhhch BcKogb3b KacaeTca u TeMH ynymeHHHx Bo3Mo®HocTefi HapKo3aBucuMoro negoBeKa, KoTopHfi, 6ygynu
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Bbic0K006pa30BaHHbiM h TaiaHTiuBbiM, He cnoco6eH peaiu3oBaTb ce6a b ®h3hh. ^Ty ®e TeMy nogHHMaeT E. rpe6uHKa b CBoeM poMaHe «,3,oktop». HBaH CeBproruH nocie HHTpur cBoeH ®eHbi h ee ceMbu HaxoguT yTemeHHe b aiKoroie, npury-niaa ropeHb oco3HaHHa ce6a Bbi6pomeHHon Ha ®H3HeHHyro o6oHHHy cTapoH u HeHy^Hon MapuoHeTKH.
B poMaHax yKpauHcKoro h aHriuncKoro nucaTeieH riaBHbie nepcoHa^u aB-iaroTca ^epTBaMH, ho He cToibKo o6cToaTeibcTB h co6cTBeHHbix aM6H^HH, KaK o6^ecTBa, b kotopom ohh He cMoriu HaHTH CBoe MecTo. Hx MupoBocnpuaTue (cBoncTBeHHoe, KaK 6biio oTMeneHo BHme, gia onpegeieHHoro HHTpoBepTHoro Tuna ihhhocth), oneBugHo, npoTHBopeHUT o6menpuHaTbiM HopMaM u ^pHH^H-naM, h o6^ecTBo npuHocuT ux b ^epTBy - paccKa3HHKy b aHrauncKoM poMaHe ygaeTca H36e®aTb gaibHenmux koh^ihktob nyTeM go6poBoibHoro u3rHaHua, a reporo yKpauHCKoro npou3BegeHua cy^geHo pacniaTHTbca co6cTBeHHoH ®H3HbM - oh y6eraeT u3 neTep6ypra, 6ygynu Ta®eio6oibHbiM, u noru6aeT Ha poguHe. B o6oux npou3BegeHuax repou cnacaroTca 6ercTBoM u3 ctoih^i, koto-paa BHCTynaeT b TeKCTax Bonio^eHueM cui 3ia. Tonoc ctoih^i gapuT o6ohm My^HHHaM He ToibKo cnacTiuBbie MoMeHTbi Biro6ieHHocTH (xoTa ^TO iro6oBb He cTaia B3auMHoH), ho h pa3pymaeT ux cygb6bi. PaccKa3HHK poMaHa T. ge Kbhhch h repoH poMaHa E. rpe6uHKu HBaH CeBproruH, HecMoTpa Ha Bpo^geHHbie TaiaHTbi h 3HaHua, TaK u He cMoryT peaiH3oBaTbca b co^HyMe, kotophh He BocnpHHHMaeT ux TaKHMu, KaKue ohh ecTb - go6pogeTeibHHMH, HcKpeHHHMH u He^aibmBBKMu.
npoTaroHucTy «Confessions of an English Opium-Eater» ygaeTca cnacTucb 6ercTBoM b ropH, rge oh BegeT 3aTBopHHHecKyro ®H3Hb co ciy^aHKoft (yKa3HBaa Ha ^TO o6cToaTeibcTBo, oh c capKa3MoM 3aMenaeT, hto HHTaTeib KaK thhhhhmh npegcTaBHTeib Mopaiu3aTopcKoro o6mecTBa, Mo^eT npegB3aTo TpaKToBaTb o6a-3aHHocTu ero ciy^aHKH gocTaToHHo «mupoKo»), pa3MepeHHHH puTM KoToporo HapymaroT iumb rpe3bi u chh nog gencTBueM onuyMa. no6er ocymecTBiaeT h HBaH CeBproruH: oh H36aBiaeTca ot HacKBo3b ^aibmuBbix hobhx HieHoB ceMbu h npuaTeieH, u HaxoguT HacToa^ero gpyra ^eiKyHoBa - nocToaHHoro noceTHTeia neTep6yprcKux Ka6aKoB. nocie Toro, KaK ero o6MaHoM orpa6uiu, o CeBproruHe pacnpocTpaHaroTca io®Hbie ciyxu u cnieTHH - u ot Hero oTBopa-HHBaroTca Bce. ^oktop TaK^e cTapaeTca H36eraTb 6biBmux ^a^HeHTOB u gpy3eH, noToMy hto noHHMaeT, hto eMy HeT MecTa cpegu hhx, Begb oh noTepai Bce aTpu6yTM ycnexa - «iro6amyro» ®eHy, 6oibmoH goM, 3BaHbie o6egbi, HeMaiyro MegH^HHCKyro npaKTHKy.
E. rpe6uHKa, KaK u T. ge Kbhhch, onucbiBaeT nocTeneHHHH pacnag ihhho-cth cBoero repoa, npocie^HBaeT pa3BHTue ero 3a6oieBaHua - aiKoroiH3Ma. B poMaHe «^oktop» Ha6irogaeM goBoibHo tohhhh ncuxoioruHecKHH aHaiH3 6oibHbx aiKoroiH3MoM, kotophh b ochobhom coBnagaeT c Ha6irogeHuaMH coBpeMeHHbix naToncuxoioroB (EpaTycb 1974: 67-78): CeBproruH TepaeT cuiy boih, y Hero cHH^aeTca HHTeiieKT, b uepapxuu ero nocTynKoB goMHHupyeT mothb noTpe6HocTH b aiKoroie (noKa3aTeieH ^^H3og, Korga oh, oKoHHaTeibHo onycTHBmenca, o6MaHHBaeT 3HaKoMoro Moiogoro o^u^pa, hto6h pa3go6biTb geHbru Ha BogKy), oh TaK^e npugyMHBaeT caMoonpaBgaTeibHyro cucTeMy gia cBoeH nary6HoH npuBbiHKH, o6iacHaa 3a6oieBaHua HecoBepmeHcTBoM u hhhto-^ctbom. Ha nociegHux cTaguax 3a6oieBaHua CeBproruH BuguT y^acaro^ue
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WaHp ncuxoJlo^u^ecKo^o poMaHa e yKpauHCKoû u a^jiuûcKou Jiumepamype
^annro^HHa^HH (THnHHHMH xog ncnxHHecKoro paccTponcTBa H3-3a nocToaHHoro 3noynoTpe6neHHa anKoroneM, H3BecrabiH KaK delirium tremens), nogo6Hbie hoh-hmm KomMapaM paccKa3HHKa poMaHa T. ge Kbhhch.
BblBOflbl
«,3,oktop» E. rpe6nHKH h «Confessions of an English Opium-Eater» T. ge Kbhhch KaK ncnxonoranecKHe poMaHbi cTann caMo6biTHbiMH aBneHHaMH yKpauHcKon (raK^e h pyccKon) h aHrnnncKon nureparyp nepBon nonoBHHbi XIX b. cooTBeT-CTBeHHo. HecMoTpa Ha HeconocTaBHMocTb ganbHenmen pe^e^^HH npon3BegeHnn o6onx nncaTenen, cnegyeT oTMeraTb o6^ee gna aBTopoB oco6oe BHHMaHne k BHyTpeHHeMy Mnpy HenoBeKa, nnHHocTb KoToporo nocTeneHHo pa3pymaeTca nog Bo3gencTBHeM ncKyccTBeHHbix gypMaHoB.
HHgnBngyanbHoe KoHcTpynpoBaHne cyge6 nepcoHa^en, KoTopbie nonbrra-nncb 3aMeHHTb Heygann b peanbHon ®h3hh 3noynoTpe6neHneM gypMaHoM nnn anKoroneM, b nccnegyeMbix npon3BegeHnax HMeeT pag ranonornnecKHx coot-BeTcTBHn: nncarenn cTpeMaTca Hepe3 pnTyan HHH^Ha^HH npogeMoHcTpnpoBaTb ^opMHpoBaHne xapaKTepa B3pocnoro HenoBeKa. E. rpe6nHKa h T. ge Kbhhch H3o6pa®aroT nocTeneHHbrä pacnag nnHHocra cbohx repoeB. ,3,na aHanronpyeMbix npoH3BegeHHH xapaKTepHbiM aBnaeTca BHHMaHne nncaTenen k geTepMHHH3My: oco6eHHocTH geTcTBa, BnnaHne o6^ecTBa, ceMbH h gpy3en - Bce ^ra ^aKTopbi BjaaKT Ha cTaHoB^eHHe onpegeneHHoro ncnxonornnecKoro rana xapaKTepa nepcoHa^en, kotophh, b cooTBeTcTBHH c ranonornen nnHHocTen K. r. Wh-ra, othochm k HHTpoBepTHoMy HyBcTByro^eMy rany. Oco6eHHo Ba«HHM gna ^opMnpoBaHHa ncnxonornn nepcoHa^en cTaHoBHTca BnnaHne MaTepnHcKoro KoMnneKca: oTcyTCTBne MaTepn b geTcTBe (T. ge Kbhhch), BTopocTeneHHocTb h 6e3gencTBHe MaTepn b BocnnraHHH cbraa (E. rpe6nHKa) npnBogaT k nepeHocy MaTepnHcKoro KoMnneKca bo B3pocnoM Bo3pacTe Ha onpegeneHHbix ^h^hh (npoe^na aHHMbi).
B to ®e BpeMa cnegyeT oTMeraTb n rnaBHoe orannne: aBTo6norpa$HHecKaa ocHoBa poMaHa «Confessions of an English Opium-Eater» T. ge Kbhhch cgenana aBTopa cKaHga^bHo nonynapHbiM - h b ganbHenmeM oh acco^HHpoBanca TonbKo c ^THM npoH3BegeHHeM. Ecnn E. rpe6eHKa ocTaeTca b «paMKax» poMaHTH3Ma h peanH3Ma (o6pa3Ho roBopa, npe6biBaeT b TeHH 3eMnaKa H. rorona), to aHrnnn-ckhh nHTepaTop co3gaeT TeKcT, kotophh, 6ygynn npoH3BegeHHeM poMaHTH3Ma, aBnaeTca gna cBoero BpeMeHH npoH3BegeHHeM KoHTpKynbrypbi. B otohhhh ot yKpaHHcKoro nncaTena, T. ^e Kbhhch oco6oe BHHMaHne ygenaeT onncaHHaM 6pegoBHx h ^annM^HHa^HOHHHx BngeHnn (cnnTaeTca, hto HMeHHo ncnxoge-nnnecKaa ^o^THKa poMaHa T. ge Kbhhch oKa3ana BnnaHHe Ha eBponencKyro nHTepaTypy - b HacTHocra, Ha npoH3BegeHHa H. rorona, ffl. Bognepa h ^ocToeBcKoro).
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HHTEPATyPA
Hoc TeH EEPrE, 2012: npeKpacHaa ^^oxa onuyMa. Smoke: eceMupHax ucmopux KypeHux. nog peg. CaHgepa H. ,0^ujMeHa u ^^oy CroHb. nep. c aHrj. A. BajuaxMeToBoM, A. He-Tyqero, H. MamKoBoM. MocKBa: HoBoe juTepaTypHoe o6o3peHue. 141-154.
HiHa EEPHA^CBKA, 2004: YKpamcbKuñ poMaH: meopemuHHi npoôneMu i waHpoea eeo-nnyix. Kuïb: AKageMBugaB.
OjeKcaHgp EPAHKO, 2005: PoMaH CBreHa rpeôÎHKu «.flpKTop» sk co^ajbHuM HapaTuB: TeKcT Ta iHTepTeKcT. Cnoeo i Hac 3, 51-64.
Eopuc EPATYCB, 1974: ^cuxono^UHecKUü aHanu.3 usMeHeHuú nuHHocmu npu anKo^onu3Me. MocKBa: H3gaTejbcTBo Mockobckoto yHuBepcuTeTa.
Hugua rHH3EYPr, 1999: O ncuxono^u^ecKoü npo.se. MocKBa: Intrada.
CBreH rPEEIHKA, 1981: ^oKTop. noBecTb. CBreH rpeôiHKa. Teopuy S moMax. Peg. Kojeria: C. 3yÔKoB (rojoBa), E. A. ^epKaq, B. H. MuKuTacb. Kuïb: HayKoBa gyMKa, 1980-1981. T. 2: npo3oei meopu 1841-1845. 406-560.
BjaguMup TPHE, 1956: H30paHHue paôomu: cmambu u neKyuu no 3apyôewHoû nume-pamype. CocT. T. Hypbe-rpu6. BcTyn. ct. r. OpugjeHgepa. MocKBa: Xygo^ecTBeHHaa juTepaTypa.
EBreHuM ^APHHOB, 2016: «Xag^u-MypaT» KaK rjyôoKoe npoHuKHoBeHue bo BHyTpeH-hum Mup qejoBeKa, ci^opMupoBaHHoro KyjbTypoM BocToKa. EBreHuM ^apuHoB. fleKyuu o numepamype. ^uano^ ^nox. MocKBa: ACT. 257-296.
HrogMuja 3A^OPO^HA, 2000: Ce^eH rpeôiHKa: ïïimepamypHa nocmamb. Kuïb: Tbím iHTep.
CepriM 3YEKOB, 1962: Ce^eH naenoem rpeôiHKa. Kuïb: ^ep^aBHe BugaBHu^TBo xygo^-Hboï jiTepaTypu.
—, 1979: PyccKax npo3a r. 0. KeumKu u E. n. rpeôeHKu e KoHmeKcme pyccKo-yKpauHCKux numepamypHbix cexseû. Kuïb: HayKoBa gyMKa.
ToMac ^e KBHHCH, 2000: Hcnoeeôb aH^nuHaHUHa, nnôumenx onuyMa. nepeBog c aHrjj. MocKBa: HagoMup, HayKa.
HiHa KPYTIKOBA, 1957: ^o^onb ma yKpaïHCbKa nimepamypa (S0-80 pp. XIX cmopiHHx). Kuïb: ^ep^aBHe BugaBHu^TBo xygo^Hboï jiTepaTypu.
BacujuM KYHEfflOB, 1965: HamypanbHan mKona e pyccKoü numepamype XIX eeKa. MocKBa: npocBe^eHue.
^pux HOHMAHH, 2014: BenuKax Mamb. MocKBa: ^oôpocBeT, K^Y
HaTaH TAMAP^EHKO (rj. Hayq. peg.), 2008: ^o^muKa: cnoeapb aKmyanbHbx mepMuHoe u noHxmuû. MocKBa: H3gaTejbcTBo KyjaruHoM; Intrada.
TeTaHa THTAPEHKO, 2003: Mummeeuü ceim ocoôucmocmi: y Mewax i 3a MewaMu ôy-deHHocmi. Kuïb: Huôigb.
,^ap^J mAPn, 2008: Tunu nuHHocmu: nH^oecKax munono^u^ecKax Modenb. nep. c aHrj. B. 3ejeHcKoro. CaHKT-neTepôypr: A3ÔyKa-KjaccuKa.
Bojb^raHr fflHBEHBEYffl, 2007: CMaKu pan: CoyixnbHa icmopix npxHo^ie, sôyÙHuKie ma dypMaHie. nep. 3 hím. Kuïb: KpuTuKa.
Kapj r. roHr, 2013: npo apxeTun i3 ocoôjuBoro yBaroro ^ogo noHaTTa aHiMu. Kapj r. roHr. Apxemunu i KoneKmueHe HeceidoMe. nepeKj. 3 hím. K. Kotkik. HayK. peg. yKp. Bug. O. OemoBe^. HbBÍB: AcTpojaôia. 80-105.
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— WaHp ncuxoJlo^u^ecKo^o poMaHa e yKpauHCKou u a^nuucKou numepamype ... -
—, 1998: ^cuxoJlo^u^ecKue munu. nep. c HeM. C. Hopue, nepepa6oTaHHbrn u gonogHeH-hmh B. 3egeHCKUM. nog o6^efi pega^uefi B. 3egeHCKoro. MocKBa: yHuBepcuTeTcKaa KHura, ACT.
—, 1994: ^cuxono^uR 6ecco3HamenbHo^o. nep. c HeM. MocKBa: KaHoH.
—, 1991: ncuxogorua u pegurua. Kapg r. WHr. Apxemun u cumboj. Coct. u BCTyn. ct. A. M. PyTKeBu^a. MocKBa: PeHeccaHc. 129-202.
M. H. ABRAMS, Geoffrey G. HARPHAM, 2015: A Glossary of Literary Terms. Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning.
Louise FOXCROFT, 2007: The Making of Addiction: The «Use and Abuse» of Opium in Nineteenth-Century Britain. Aldershot, England: Ashgate.
Kathleen KUIPER, 2012: Prose: Literary Terms and Concepts. New York: Britannica Educational Pub.
Thomas de QUINCEY, 1985: Confessions of an English Opium-Eater and Other Writings. Ed. with an introduction by G. Lindop. Oxford-New York: Oxford University Press.
PSIHOLOŠKI ROMAN V UKRAJINSKI IN ANGLEŠKI KNJIŽEVNOSTI 1. POLOVICE 19. STOLETJA (E. GREBINKA, T. DE QUINCEY)
Prispevek prinaša primerjavo romana Doktor E. Grebinke z romanom Confessions of an English Opium-Eater T. de Quinceyja. Avtorja prispevka analizirata posebnosti žanrske narave romana E. Grebinke v primerjavi z romanom Thomasa de Quinceyja, ki ne izhajajo samo iz časovne bližine objave del in istega tipa romantike, temveč tudi iz podobnosti v individualni interpretaciji značilnosti sprejemanja travmatične izkušnje in usode literarnih oseb, ki sta skušali neuspeh v resničnem življenju nadomestiti z iluzorno srečo in uživanjem drog oz. alkohola. Pozornost, ki jo avtorja namenjata spremembam, ki se dogajajo v človekovi zavesti in individualnosti, zahteva podrobno preučitev, saj ne omogoča le odkrivanja umetniške izvirnosti del, temveč tudi tipologije preučevane zvrsti.
Avtorja dokazujeta, da je roman E. Grebinke prvi psihološki roman v ukrajinski književnosti. Doktor E. Grebinke in Confessions of an English Opium-Eater Thomasa de Quinceyja sta kot psihološka romana postala izvirni pojav ukrajinske (in tudi ruske) ter angleške književnosti prve polovice devetnajstega stoletja. Glavna protagonista obeh pisateljev - ukrajinskega in angleškega - sta žrtvi, ne toliko okoliščin in lastnih prizadevanj kot družbe, v kateri nista mogla najti svojega mesta. Njuna svetovna nazora nasprotujeta splošno sprejetim normam, stereotipom in načelom, zato se družbi odrečeta. Pripovedovalcu v angleškem romanu se uspe izogniti nadaljnjim konfliktom s pomočjo prostovoljnega pregnanstva, medtem ko si junak ukrajinskega romana vzame življenje. Opazno je, da se v analiziranih besedilih pojavljajo posebne in tipološko pogoste značilnosti, kot npr. težnja avtorjev po oblikovanju odraslega značaja, konflikt med družbo in sentimentalnim introvertiranim osebnostnim tipom, upodobitev iracionalne manifestacije nezavedne sfere protagonistov preko projekcije duše (anime), psihološke spremembe osebnosti zaradi uživanja alkohola ali drog.
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