ACTAGEOGRAPHICA GEOGRAFSKI ZBORNIK SLOVENICA 2019 59 2 ACTA GEOGRAPHICA SLOVENICA GEOGRAFSKI ZBORNIK 59-2 • 2019 Contents Drago PERKO, Rok CIGLIČ, Mauro HRVATIN The usefulness of unsupervised classification methods for landscape typification: The case of Slovenia 7 Vladimir M. CVETKOVIĆ, Kevin RONAN, Rajib SHAW, Marina FILIPOVIĆ, Rita MANO,Jasmina GAČIĆ, Vladimir JAKOVLJEVIĆ Household earthquake preparedness in Serbia: A study of selected municipalities 27 Iwona CIEŚLAK Spatial conflicts: Analyzing a burden created by differing land use 43 Ivan PAUNOVIĆ, Verka JOVANOVIĆ Sustainable mountain tourism in word and deed: A comparative analysis in the macroregions of the Alps and the Dinarides 59 Nikola Darko VUKSANOVIĆ, Dragan TEŠANOVIĆ, Bojana KALENJUK, Milijanko PORTIĆ Gender, age and education differences in food consumption within a region: Case studies of Belgradeand Novi Sad (Serbia) 71 Special issue – Franciscean cadaster as a source of studying landscape changes Matej GABROVEC, Ivan BIČÍK, Blaž KOMAC Land registers as a source of studying long-term land-use changes 83 Ivan BIČÍK, Matej GABROVEC, Lucie KUPKOVÁ Long-term land-use changes: A comparison between Czechia and Slovenia 91 Lucie KUPKOVÁ, Ivan BIČÍK, Zdeněk BOUDNÝ Long-term land-use / land-cover changes in Czech border regions 107 Drago KLADNIK, Matjaž GERŠIČ, Primož PIPAN, Manca VOLK BAHUN Land-use changes in Slovenian terraced landscapes 119 Daniela RIBEIRO, Mateja ŠMID HRIBAR Assessment of land-use changes and their impacts on ecosystem services in two Slovenianrural landscapes 143 Mojca FOŠKI, Alma ZAVODNIK LAMOVŠEK Monitoring land-use change using selected indices 161 ISSN 1581-6613 9 771581 661010 ACTA GEOGRAPHICA SLOVENICA 2019 ISSN: 1581-6613 COBISS: 124775936 UDC/UDK: 91© 2019, ZRC SAZU, Geografski inštitut Antona Melika Internationaleditorialboard/mednarodniuredniškiodbor: DavidBole(Slovenia),MichaelBründl(Switzerland),RokCiglič(Slovenia), Matej Gabrovec (Slovenia), Matjaž Geršič (Slovenia), Peter Jordan (Austria), Drago Kladnik (Slovenia), BlažKomac (Slovenia), Andrej Kranjc (Slovenia), Dénes Lóczy (Hungary), Simon McCharty (United Kingdom), SlobodanMarković (Serbia), Janez Nared (Slovenia), Drago Perko (Slovenia), Marjan Ravbar (Slovenia), Nika Razpotnik Visković(Slovenia), Aleš Smrekar (Slovenia), Annett Steinführer (Germany), Mimi Urbanc (Slovenia), Matija Zorn (Slovenia) Editor-in-Chief/glavni urednik: Blaž Komac; blaz@zrc-sazu.si Executive editor/odgovorni urednik: Drago Perko; drago@zrc-sazu.si Chief editor for physical geography/glavni urednik za fizično geografijo: Matija Zorn; matija.zorn@zrc-sazu.siChief editor for human geography/glavna urednica za humano geografijo: Mimi Urbanc; mimi@zrc-sazu.si Chief editor for regional geography/glavni urednik za regionalno geografijo: Drago Kladnik; drago.kladnik@zrc-sazu.si Chief editor for spatial planning/glavni urednik za regionalno planiranje: Janez Nared; janez.nared@zrc-sazu.si Chiefeditorforruralgeography/glavnaurednicazageografijopodeželja:NikaRazpotnikVisković;nika.razpotnik@zrc-sazu.si Chief editor for urban geography/glavni urednik za urbano geografijo: David Bole; david.bole@zrc-sazu.si Chief editor for geographic information systems/glavni urednik za geografske informacijske sisteme: Rok Ciglič; rok.ciglic@zrc-sazu.siChief editor for environmental protection/glavni urednik za varstvo okolja: Aleš Smrekar; ales.smrekar@zrc-sazu.si Editorial assistant/uredniški pomočnik: Matjaž Geršič; matjaz.gersic@zrc-sazu.si Issued by/izdajatelj: Geografski inštitut Antona Melika ZRC SAZUPublished by/založnik: Založba ZRC Co-published by/sozaložnik: Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti Address/Naslov: Geografski inštitut Antona Melika ZRC SAZU, Gosposka ulica 13, SI – 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija The papers are available on-line/prispevki so dostopni na medmrežju: http://ags.zrc-sazu.si (ISSN: 1581–8314) Ordering/naročanje: Založba ZRC, Novi trg 2, p. p. 306, SI – 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenija; zalozba@zrc-sazu.si Annual subscription/letna naročnina: 20 € for individuals/za posameznike, 28 € for institutions/za ustanove. Single issue/cena posamezne številke: 12,50 € for individuals/za posameznike, 16 € for institutions/za ustanove. Cartography/kartografija: Geografski inštitut Antona Melika ZRC SAZU Translations/prevodi: DEKS, d. o. o. DTP/prelom: SYNCOMP, d. o. o. Printed by/tiskarna: Tiskarna Present, d. o. o. Print run/naklada: 450 copies/izvodov The journal is subsidized by the Slovenian Research Agency and is issued in the framework of the Geography of Slovenia coreresearchprogramme(P6-0101)/revijaizhajaspodporoJavneagencijezaraziskovalnodejavnostRepublikeSlovenijein nastajav okviru raziskovalnega programa Geografija Slovenije (P6-0101). The journal is indexed also in/revija je vključena tudi v: SCIE – Science Citation Index Expanded, Scopus, JCR – Journal Citation Report/Science Edition, ERIH PLUS, GEOBASE Journals, Current geographical publications, EBSCOhost,Geoscience e-Journals, Georef, FRANCIS, SJR (SCImago Journal & Country Rank), OCLC WorldCat, Google scholar,and CrossRef. Oblikovanje/Design by: Matjaž Vipotnik Front cover photography: Exploration of the collapse dolines, such as the one at the Small Natural Bridge in RakovŠkocjan, has enabled a deeper understanding of karst processes in recent years (photograph: Matej Lipar).Fotografija na naslovnici: Raziskave udornice, kot je ta pri Malem Naravnem mostu v Rakovem Škocjanu, so v zadnjihletih omogočile globlje razumevanje kraških procesov (fotografija: Matej Lipar). LANDREGISTERSASASOURCE OFSTUDYINGLONG-TERM LAND-USECHANGES Matej Gabrovec, Ivan Bičík, Blaž Komac Land pattern with very narrow plots is clearly visible on the section of the 1823 Franciscean cadastral map of the municipality of Žerovnica in Slovenia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3986/AGS.7349 UDC: 911.2:711.14(4) 911.53(4) COBISS: 1.02 Land registers as a source of studying long-term land-use changes ABSTRACT: Land registers, or cadasters, contain information on land use because this is vital for land assessmentandtaxation.SomeEuropeancountriesproducedlandregisterscoveringtheirentireterritories asearlyasthenineteenthcentury. Inthefirsthalfofthenineteenthcentury,theHabsburgMonarchyproduced the Franciscean Cadaster, also known as the Stable Cadaster, which shows the traditional preindustrial culturallandscapeandmakesitpossibletoanalyzeland-usechangesorthetransformationofthetraditional culturallandscape. ThisspecialissueistheresultofcollaborationbetweenSlovenianandCzechgeographers, and it features six articles covering land-use changes from the perspective of natural geography, political geography,ecosystems,farms,andmetrics. Thearticles,whichexploretheprocessesofchangesatthenational andregionallevels,arebasedonthetextualpartoftheFranciscanCadaster,andthelocalstudiesarebased on the cartographic part of the cadaster. KEYWORDS:geography,agrariangeography,historicalgeography,land-usechanges,Francisceancadaster, Europe Zemljiški kataster kot vir proučevanja dolgoročnih sprememb rabe zemljišč POVZETEK: Zemljiški kataster vsebuje podatek o rabi zemljišč, ker je ta podatek pomemben za njihovo vrednotenjeinobdavčitev.Nekatereevropskedržavesožev19.stoletjuizdelalekatasterzaobmočjecelotne države.Habsburškamonarhijajevprvipolovici19.stoletjaizdelalatakoimenovanifranciscejskialistabilen kataster. Kataster prikazuje tradicionalno, predindustrijsko kulturno pokrajino in omogoča analize sprememberabezemljiščoziromapreobrazbotradicionalnekulturnepokrajine.Posebnaštevilkajerezultat sodelovanjamedslovenskimiinčeškimigeografi,obsegašestprispevkov,kiobravnavajosprememberabe zemljiščznaravno-terpolitičnogeografskega,ekosistemskega,kmetijskogospodarskegainmetričnegavidika. Članki,kiobravnavajoprocesespremembnadržavnialiregionalniravni,temeljijonapisnemdelu,krajevne študije pa na kartografskem delu franciscejskega katastra. KLJUČNEBESEDE:geografija,agrarnageografija,historičnageografija,sprememberabezemljišč,franciscejski kataster, Evropa Matej Gabrovec, Blaž Komac Research Center of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Anton Melik Geographical Institute matej@zrc-sazu.si, blaz@zrc-sazu.si Ivan Bičík CharlesUniversityinPrague,FacultyofScience,DepartmentofSocialGeographyandRegionalDevelopment bicik@natur.cuni.cz The paper was submitted for publication on March 14th, 2019. Uredništvo je prejelo prispevek 14. marca 2019. 1 Introduction Thisspecialissueof ActageographicaSlovenica featuresarticlesdealingwithland-usechanges. Theseries of articles presented continues the long-standing tradition of exploring land-use changes in Slovenian geography (Ilešič 1950; Medved 1970; Gabrovec and Kladnik 1997; Gabrovec and Kumer 2019), and thecollaboration with fellow researchers from the Czech Republic (Bičík, Jeleček and Štěpánek 2001; Bičík et al. 2015) extends this research into other parts of central Europe. The six articles featured in this spe­cialissuearepresentedingreaterdetailinSection3ofthisarticlebuthereitissufficienttosaythatland-use changes are discussed from the perspective of natural geography, political geography, ecosystems, farms, and metrics. Landuseisanimportanthumanfootprint(Komac2009)inalandscape,andlandscapechangesreveala great deal about the geographical processes shaping it (Šmid Hribar et al. 2017; Špulerová et al. 2017; GeršičGabrovecandZwitter2018).Justasterritorialityistheprimaryexpressionofsocialpower,land-use changesareanimportantaspectofthehistoricalrelationshipsbetweensocietyandspace.Land-usechanges inEuropereflectacombinationoftracesoffeudal,industrial,andpostindustrialprocesses,includingset-tlement,whereas elsewheretheinfluencesofprecolonial land use onlaterprocessescan beobserved. For example, the earliest European settlers in the Americas had a clear preference for sites with a long histo­ry of Native American occupation located on productive wide floodplains (Coughlan and Nelson 2018). Surprisingly,evenintoday’stechnology-andinformation-basedsociety,agricultureremainsthemost importantfactorinland-usechangeonEarth,consideringthatapproximatelyathirdofitssurfaceisused forgrowingcropsorgrazing. Agriculturallandtransformationhas beenespeciallyrapidinthepastthree hundred years (Ramankutty et al. 2006). Various types of sources are available for determining land use and its changes. Remote sensing has been at the forefront in recent decades, and various textual and cartographic historical sources are avail-ableforolderperiods.Landregisters,orcadasters,arekeyamongtheseandtheirintroductionisconnected with the economic transformation mentioned above. Land registers usually entail parcel-based informa­tion systems featuring information on land use and the related rights and restrictions (Foški et al. 2018). Theyincludeatextualpart andagraphic sectionorcadastralmaps,which showtherelative andabsolute locations of parcels in a specific area (usually a cadastral district). Maps are produced at a scale of one to severalhundreduptoonetoseveraltensofthousands.Historically,thereweretworeasonsformaintaining records on land use: fiscal and legal. Income and the related taxation depend on land use, which is hence the key piece of information of any land register. The land register itself is a useful tool for recognizing and controlling land rights, such as ownership (Lisec and Navratil 2014). Theapplicabilityofland-registerdatatoanalysesconductedattheregionalleveldependsonthemethod of publishing these data and varies by country and historical period. If land use is marked on cadastral maps in different colors, scanning and georeferencing these maps makes it possible to include land-use dataingeographicalinformationsystemsandanalyzeland-usechanges(PetekandUrbanc2004;Yanget al. 2014). The publication of summary tables on land use at the municipal level by year allows comparativestudies of long-term land-use changes (Bičík, Jeleček and Štěpánek 2001; Petek and Urbanc 2004; Bičík et al. 2015; Gabrovec and Kumer 2019). 2 Brief historical overview LandedpropertieswererepresentedonamaptoalimitedextentinancientMesopotamia.TheRoyalRegistry of ancient Egyptwascreated inabout3000 BC(Kainand Baigent 1992), andin China the taxation system basedonlandsurveyrecordswasestablishedinAD700.TheRomanscarriedoutalandsurveyinAD300, andtheyheldregularanddetailedcensuses,suchas EmperorVespasian’sAD77surveymapinCampania (Larsson1996;KainandBaigent1992).SincetheClassicalperiod,accuratecadastralrecordshavebeenan important tool for proving ownership of land, which in turn earned people substantial privileges such as citizenship (Manville 1990); this predominated until the twentieth century (Heater 1990; Vilfan 1996). ThedemiseoftheRomanEmpirealsosawtheendofpropertyregistration. Landregistersatthelevel ofregionsandcountriesbegantobereestablishedinEuropeduringthesixteenthcentury.Europeancoun­ triesthatstandoutintermsofeitheranearlyintroductionofthelandregisteroritsquality, which makes itpossibletostudylanduseatleastfromthenineteenthcenturyonward,arepresentedbelow.TheNetherlands was among the first to introduce a land register, and its introduction was connected with collecting taxes forthemaintenanceofdikesinthepoldersandacquiringnewland. On1:3,000to1:5,000cadastralmaps fromthe firstthird ofthe sixteenth century showingthe areanorthof thetownofAlkmaar,different col-orswerealsousedtoindicatelanduse(KainandBaigent1992).Alandregistercoveringtheentirenational territory was produced in the first half of the nineteenth century, featuring 1:1,250 to 1:5,000 maps and providing information on theowner, land use,quality,and yield for each parcel (Kain and Baigent1992). AverylongtraditionofpropertytaxationandassessmentistypicalofSweden(Mansberger2015).The Swedish landsurveywas established in 1628 under KingGustavus Adolphus. The1636 instructions gave surveyorsadetailedcolorschemeinordertostandardizepresentationonthemaps:»Cultivatedfieldswere to be colored gray, meadows green, mosses yellow, fences black, lakes light blue, rivers dark blue, bound-ariesred,forestsdarkgreen,andstonyslopeswhite«(KainandBaigent1992,54).Themapswereproduced atascaleof1:5,000and1:3,333.Theforestsandwastelandaroundthevillageswerenotincluded,andthere­forealargepartofthenationalterritorywasnotsurveyed(KainandBaigent1992).Atthetimeitwascreated, theSwedishlandregisterwasthemostextensivecartographicworkinEurope.Unlikemodernaerialpho­tos, the cadastral maps it contained make it possible to analyze land-use changes over a period of three hundredyears.Cousins(2001)conductedsuchananalysisona2.2×2.8kmareainNynässouthofStockholm. In France, discussions on designing a land register began as early as the end of the eighteenth centu­ry and systematic work began in 1807 after the relevant law was adopted. Work was completed in 1850. Cadastral maps used various scales, ranging from 1:500 to 1:5,000, and the textual part of the land regis­ter also contained summary tables on land use in individual municipalities. The land register has been used as a source for several studies of changes in land use as well as visible aspects of the rural landscape (CloutandSutton1969).PerpilouwasthefirstresearcherinFrancetobasehisanalysesofland-usechanges on cadastral maps, such as the one presented in his study of the Limousin region, which he conducted basedonsummarytablesonlanduseinninehundredmunicipalities(Perpilou1959).JuillardandAngrand (1961)producedmapsofnineteenth-andtwentieth-centurylanduseineasternFrancebasedonthetex­tualpartofthelandregister.Acomprehensivevolumeaboutland-usechangesinnineteenth-centuryFrance wasauthoredbyClout(1983).Gabet(1965)usedthecadastralmapsforgeomorphologicalresearch –specif­ically, for measuring cliff retreats. InDenmark,manyoftheattributesandhistoryoftheNapoleoniclandregisterscanbeobserved.The Danish land register was established in 1844. Its text andmapshave beenupdated continuallyever since. ThefirstDanishlandregisterwascreatedin1688butitcontainednomaps.Thelandwassurveyedatascale of 1:4,000 in the last two decades of the eighteenth century. Each map included a village and the associ­atedcultivatedareas.Thelandregisterisstillusedtocollectlandtaxes,buttoamuchsmallerextentbecause thepropertytaxhasbeenbasedonthemarketvalueoftheindividualpropertiessince1903(Enemark1992; 1994). InNorway,themostextensivebodyofhistoricalmapsismadeupofthecadastralmapsdesignedafter the 1857 Land Consolidation Act,which brought about anextensivereorganization ofagricultural areas. These 1:2,000 maps make it possible to analyze changes in the cultural landscape (Domaas 2007; Hamre, Domaas and Austad 2007). Unlike France and the Scandinavian countries, during the nineteenth century Germany was not yet united,butconsistedofmanysmallerstates.Land-registerdevelopmentvariedbystateandwasinfluenced byFrench,Dutch,andScandinavianmodels(KainandBaigent1992).Basedonthecartographicandtex­tual parts of the Bavarian land register, which has been kept continually since the mid-nineteenth century, Bender et al. (2005) analyzed cultural landscape changes and used them to produce a scenario of future development. The Milanland registeristhe predecessorof theHabsburglandregister. Lombardyand theDuchyof Milan were part of the Habsburg Monarchy at that time, and the survey there was carried out from 1720 to1723,withmapsproducedatascaleof1:2,000.Duringthe1750s,theTheresianCadasterwasdesigned in the monarchy, followed by the Josephinian Cadaster between 1785 and 1788. It was completed in four years; however, the surveys were conducted hurriedly with the main objective of determining the areas of land parcels, and no or only limited graphical documentation was provided (Lisec and Navratil 2014). TheJosephinianCadasterprovidedthebasisfortheFrancisceanCadaster,whichisexaminedbythearti­cles featured in this special issue and presented below. 3 Articles What all the articles in this special issue have in common is the Franciscean Cadaster, often also referred toastheStableCadaster. Itwascreatedinthe Habsburghereditarylandsbetween1818and1828following the reforms introduced by Emperor Francis I and it succeeded the Josephinian Cadaster. This cadaster is the key data source for the territory of the former Habsburg Monarchy. It was produced in the first half ofthenineteenthcenturyfortheAustrianpartoftheempire,whichincludedwhatisnowAustria,Czechia, and Slovenia, and parts of what is now Italy, Croatia, Poland, Ukraine, and Romania, and in the second halfofthe nineteenth century for theHungarianpart,which included whatisnow Hungary andCroatia, and parts of Romania, Serbia, and Slovenia (Lisec and Ferlan 2017). The importance of this cadaster as thesourceforstudyingthenineteenth-centuryculturallandscapeanditslatertransformationsisdemon­stratedbyPetekandUrbanc(2004),andBičíketal.(2015),andanoverviewofliteratureonland-usechanges based on this source was prepared by Gabrovec and Kumer (2019). ThefirstarticleinthisspecialissueofActageographicaSlovenica,titled»Long-termland-usechanges: A comparison between Czechia and Slovenia « (Bičík, Gabrovec and Kupková 2019), is the first compar­ative study of land-use changes in two central European countries over a period of two centuries using uniformquantitativemethods.Thedrivingforcesofland-usechangehavebeencomparableinbothcoun-tries. However, the Czech cultural landscape was more significantly transformed due to nationalization andcollectivization,whereasinSloveniafragmentedprivatepropertycontributedtopreservingnineteenth­centuryculturallandscapeelements.Thearticlehelpsbetterunderstandpast,presentandfutureland-use changes in central Europe. The second article, titled»Long-term land-use / land-coverchanges in Czech border regions« (Bičík, Kupková and Boudný 2019), discusses the long-term impact of borders and border regimes on land use. TheauthorsusedtheCzech–GermanandCzech–Austrianbordertopresentland-usechangesinninethou­sandterritorialunitsbetween1845and2012,andtheyalsoconductedapilotstudyofalocalityintheeastern partof theKrkonošeMountains. They establisheda significant increaseinforests and grasslandsaccom­panied by an extreme decrease in arable land in the second half of the twentieth century, driven by the politicalchangesafter1945and1989.After1990,thelandscapechangesintheCzechRepublicweregreater than those in Austria and Germany. The article »Land-use changes in Slovenian terraced landscapes« (Kladnik et al. 2019) presents long­term land-use changes in eight areas of various Slovenian landscapes. It offers a comparison of changes onterracedandnon-terracedlandfromtheearlynineteenthcenturytothepresentandatypologicalclas­sificationofland-usechange;specifically,extensification,afforestation,grassovergrowth,intensification, andurbanization. Itdemonstrateslargedifferencesininfluencingfactorsandthe rateofland-usechange between terraced and non-terraced land, which reflect both economic growth and the general economic and political-administrative situation in Slovenian regions. Inthearticle»Assessmentofland-usechangesandtheirimpactsonecosystemservicesintwoSlovenianrurallandscapes«(RibeiroandŠmidHribar2019),theauthorsusetwopilotareastoexplorethelinksbetween land use, landscape changes, and ecosystem services. They state that, from the perspective of ecosystem services,intensificationandovergrowthshouldberestricted. Thepaperpresentsanapproachthatcanbe used as a support tool for decision-making in managing and governing landscapes. Thearticle»Monitoringland-usechangeusingselectedindices«(FoškiandZavodnikLamovšek2019) presentsvariousland-usechangeindicesdevelopedbytheauthorsorderivedfromlandscapemetrics.They were calculated for five selected sites in agricultural land (i.e., fields) for the time when the Franciscean Cadaster was introduced and for 2015. It was found that the numerical values mostly reflect the visually detected land-use changeswelland show land-use fragmentation. The indices could be usedas an objec­tive approach in systems monitoring land-use change. 4 Conclusion National authorities introduce land registers to assess and tax property. Information on land use, which is an important cultural landscape element, is an integral part of these registers. Except for rare previous examplesinsmallerareas,Europeancountries beganintroducinglandregistersatthenational levelduring theeighteenthcentury,butitwasnotuntilthenineteenthcenturythatthefirstcountriesbeganintroducing land registers with appertaining maps for their entire national territory. The Habsburg Monarchy stands out among these for having produced the high-quality Franciscean Cadaster, or Stable Cadaster, for the Austrianpartofthemonarchyinthefirsthalfofthenineteenthcentury.Thiscadasterthusshowsthecul­turallandscapeatapreindustrialstage,whichiswhyitcanalsobedescribedasatraditionalculturallandscape. The central topic covered in this issue is land-use change or the transformation of the traditional cultur-allandscape,withallarticlesusingtheFrancisceanCadasterastheirprimarydatasource.Casesarepresented fromSloveniaandCzechia.Theauthorsuseddatafromboththetextualandcartographicpartsofthecadaster. The textual part was used in articles dealing with the national and regional levels, and the cartographic part was used in case studies at the level of individual municipalities. All the articles deal with the coun­tryside, which predominated in the nineteenth century. Agricultural land use is thus at the forefront of the studies presented, with authors interested not only in the changes in the area and share of individual land-usetypes,butalsothefragmentationoflanduseand itsconnectionwithotherfactors,suchasrelief characteristics, cultivated terraces, and state borders. Land use is connected with the ecosystem services andthelevelofbiodiversityinindividuallandscapes,bothofwhichcanincreaseordecreasewithchanges in land use. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: This work was supported by project GA ČR GBP410/12/G113 »Historical GeographyResearchCentre«(FacultyofScience,CharlesUniversityinPragueandTheInstituteofHistory, AcademyofSciencesoftheCzechRepublic,v.v.i.)andbytheresearchprogrammeGeographyofSlovenia (P6-0101) financed by the Slovenian Research Agency. 5 References Bender, O., Boehmerb, H. J., Jens, D., Schumacher, K. P. 2005. Using GIS to analyse long-term cultural landscape change in Southern Germany. Landscape and Urban Planning 70-1. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2003.10.008 Bičík,I.,Gabrovec,M.,Kupková,L.2019:Long-termland-usechanges:AcomparisonbetweentheCzechia and Slovenia. Acta geographica Slovenica 59-1. DOI: https//:doi.org/10.3986/AGS.7005 Bičík, I., Jeleček L., Štěpánek, V. 2001: Land-use changes and their social driving forces in Czechia in the 19th and 20th centuries. Land Use Policy 18-1. 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