81
Contribution to the knowledge of 
Crataego-Prunetea Tüxen 1962 class  
in Bulgaria
Abstract
Mantle vegetation includes plant communities dominated mostly by shrubs and 
occurs in habitats where the typical tree layers meet difficulties to evolve. This 
study was conducted in three areas of Bulgaria – Western Balkan Range, Western 
Sredna Gora Mt. and the Fore-Balkan. Numerical classification and ordination 
were performed by PC-ORD and JUICE software packages. Diagnostic species 
were determined by calculating the Phi-coefficient. T wo associations and one 
plant community of the Berberidion alliance were recognized – Corno-Ligustretum 
Horvat ex T rinajstić & Z. Pavletić 1991, Pruno spinosae-Ligustretum vulgaris 
Tüxen 1952 and Elytrigia repens-Crataegus monogyna community. The latter 
considered as a successional stage of shrub encroachment into the grasslands. 
Its species composition is very close to that of the ass. Corno-Ligustretum. The 
species composition of ass. Pruno-Ligustretum represents a mixture of species 
characteristic for dry and mesic grasslands, fringe and forest vegetation. The 
Crataego-Prunetea class is still poorly studied in Bulgaria and much more data 
from all regions in the country have to be collected.
Iz vleček
V vegetacijo zastorja vključujemo rastlinske združbe v katerih prevladujejo 
predvsem grmovnice in jo najdemo na rastiščih, kjer se tipična drevesna plast ne 
more razviti. Raziskavo smo izvedli v treh območjih v Bolgariji – v zahodnem delu 
gorovja Balkan, zahodni Sredni Gori in osrednji predbalkanski regiji. Numerič-
no klasifikacijo in ordinacijo smo naredili s programoma PC-ORD in JUICE. 
Diagnostične vrste smo določili z izračunom fi-koeficienta. Določili smo dve 
asociaciji in eno rastlinsko združbo - Corno-Ligustretum Horvat ex T rinajstić & Z. 
Pavletić 1991, Pruno spinosae-Ligustretum vulgaris Tüxen 1952 in združba Elytrigia 
repens-Crataegus monogyna. Slednja je sukcesijski stadij zaraščanja travišč z grmov-
nicami. Njena vrstna sestava je zelo podobna asociaciji Corno-Ligustretum. Vrstna 
sestava asociacije Pruno-Ligustretum predstavlja mešanico vrst značilnih za suha in 
mezofilna travišča, gozdni rob in gozdno vegetacijo. Vegetacija razreda Crataego-
-Prunetea je v Bolgariji še vedno slabo raziskana in potrebno bo zbrati podatke še 
iz vseh regij v državi.
Key words: classification, forest 
edge, mantle vegetation, shrublands, 
syntaxonomy.
Ključne besede: klasifikacija, gozdni 
rob, zastor, grmišča, sintaksonomija.
Received: 1. 2. 2019
Revision received: 25. 7. 2019
Accepted: 18. 8. 2019
1 Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Department of Plant and Fungal Diversity and Resources, Sofia, Bulgaria.  
E-mail: kiril5914@abv.bg
2 T reti Mart 56, 5300, Gabrovo, Bulgaria.
Kiril Vassilev1 
, Momchil Nazarov2 & Nikolay Velev1 
DOI: 10.2478/hacq-2019-0013 19/1 • 2020, 81–97

19/1 • 2020, 81–97
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Kiril Vassilev, Momchil Nazarov & Nikolay Velev
Contribution to the knowledge of Crataego-Prunetea Tüxen 1962 class  
in Bulgaria
Introduction
Mantle vegetation includes plant communities domi-
nated by shrubs and small trees regularly presented by 
seral stages or permanent forest edge phytocoenoses 
united mainly in Crataego-Prunetea Tüxen 1962 (Syn.: 
Rhamno-Prunetea Rivas Goday & Borja Carbonell ex 
Tüxen 1962) class on a European scale (Mucina et al. 
2016, Amigo et al. 2017). This class comprises temperate 
continental and sub-Mediterranean shrubby structured 
vegetation developed on mesic to dry, neutro-basic and 
meso-eutrophic substrates (Theurillat et al. 1995, Sádlo 
et al. 2013, Mucina et al. 2016). Typically, this vegetation 
have secondary origin and develops on sites like forest 
clearings and abandoned seminatural grasslands (Sádlo 
et al. 2013). Syndynamical relations with the surround-
ing forest and grassland vegetation also exist (Čarni 
1995, Rodwell et al. 2002). Shrub mantle developing 
around woodlands is not mandatory. Some shade trees, 
like Spruce (Picea), Fir (Abies) and Beech (Fagus) tend to 
form low to the ground branches so to prevent thriving 
of light-loving shrubs (Ellenberg 1988). Natural mantle 
plant communities occur and thrive in habitats where 
the typical tree layers have difficulties to evolve (Pignatti 
& Pignatti 2014).
Typically these are thorn shrublands dominated by 
species mostly from the genera Acer, Cornus, Crataegus, 
Ligustrum, Prunus, Rhamnus, Rosa, Rubus and Sambucus 
(Sádlo et al. 2013, Aguiar & Vila-Viçosa 2017, Fitsailo 
2017). The Balkan’s temperate scrub and mantle vegeta-
tion is classified within Prunetalia spinosae Tüxen 1952, 
while the thermophilous is united under Paliuretalia 
Trinajstić 1978 orders (Mucina et al. 2016).
The Crataego-Prunetea class is barely studied in Bul-
garia and confirmed so far by one association – Coryle-
tum avellanae Soó 1927 and three plant communities 
only (Dimitrov et al. 2004, Pedashenko et al. 2015). 
More similar vegetation in Bulgaria is described and 
classified within different classes. The forest clearings of 
Rubetum idaei Pfeiff. 1936 (Sambuco-Salicion Tüxen & 
Neumann 1950) from Vitosha Mts. are related to class 
Epilobietea angustifolii Tüxen & Preising ex von Roshow 
1951 (Dimitrov et al. 2004). Sopotlieva et al. (2016) 
classified four shrub communities from Eastern Balkan 
Range [Pruno tenellae-Syringion (Jovanović 1979) Čarni 
et al. 2009] within class Quercetea pubescentis (Oberd. 
1948) Doing Kraft 1955.
The purpose of this study is to contribute to the knowl-
edge of the mantle vegetation in Bulgaria.
Material and methods
Study area
The study was conducted in three areas of Bulgaria 
belonging to the districts of Sofia and Gabrovo (Fig-
ure 1). The first area is located at the Western Balkan 
Range (Sofia district), the second at the Western Sredna 
Gora Mt. (Sofia district), while the third area included 
Strazhata hill – a part of the Forebalkan (Gabrovo dis-
trict). All study areas are partially included into the Nat-
ura 2000 network by seven Sites of Community Inter-
est (SCIs): Skalsko (BG0000263), Dryanovski manastir 
(BG0000214), Vitata Stena (BG0000190), Yantra River 
(BG0000610), Etropole-Baylovo (BG0001043), Drago-
man (BG0000322) and Rayanovtsi (BG0002001).
The climate in the studied areas is temperate to con-
tinental and characterized by warm summers and cold 
winters. The precipitation maximum occurs in May and 
June while the minimum in January and February (Velev 
2002). Three main geomorphological units can be rec-
ognized in the considered areas: 1) the Balkan Mountain 
system, which crosses the whole country from west to east 
and represented in this study by Mala Planina Mt., Mur-
gash Mt. and Etropolska Planina Mt., 2) the T ransitional 
zone including Sredna Gora Mt. and 3) the Forebalkan 
(including Strazhata hill) with alternating low mountain 
ridges and depressions (Stefanov 2002). Karst is the most 
common bedrock type in Strazhata hill, the southern part 
of Mala Planina Mt. and the northern part of the Western 
Sredna Gora Mt. Silicate substrates are widespread in the 
Western Balkan Range (Murgash Mt., Mala Planina Mt. 
and Sredna Gora Mt.). The soils of Strazhata hill are mo-
saic of Luvisol and Rendzic Leptosols, comprising more 
than 40% of carbonates (Ninov 2002). In the Western 
Balkan Range (part of Stara Planina Mt.) and the Western 
Sredna Gora Mt. soils are Dystric Cambisols and Umbric 
Leptosols (Ninov 2002).
Data sampling and analysis
Within the 2015–2018 field seasons 36 reléves from the 
studied areas were collected following the Braun-Blanquet 
approach (Braun-Blanquet 1965, Westhoff and van der 
Maarel 1973). The plot size was 64 m
2
, as recommended 
for shrub communities (Chytrý & Otýpková 2003).
Altitude, slope inclination and location were measured 
by Garmin eTrex Vista whereas the exposition was deter-
mined by a compass. Soil depth was estimated in three 
degrees as (1) shallow (<10 cm depth), (2) moderately 
deep (10–20 cm) and (3) deep (>20 cm).

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Contribution to the knowledge of Crataego-Prunetea Tüxen 1962 class  
in Bulgaria
All reléves were stored in the Balkan Vegetation Data-
base (Vassilev et al. 2016). The numerical classification 
was performed by PC-ORD (McCune & Mefford 1999) 
and JUICE 7.0 (Tichý 2002) software packages. Sørensen 
(Bray-Curtis) was used as distance measure and similarity 
was calculated by Ward’s clustering method. The species 
values were square-root transformed and three cut levels 
(0, 5, 25) were used.
The diagnostic species were determined by calculating 
the Phi-coefficient (Chytrý et al. 2002). All clusters were 
standardized to equal size (Chytry et al. 2006). Only the 
statistically significant Phi-coefficient values evaluated by 
Fisher’s exact test (P<0.05) were considered. The thresh-
old value for a species to be considered as diagnostic was 
set up at Phi-coefficient ≥ 0.3. Species with Phi-coeffi-
cient ≥ 0.5 were considered as highly diagnostic. The 
“Constancy” of the species was presented by percentages 
in the synoptic table. The relevant literature sources were 
considered also in order to explain the diagnostic role of 
the species.
Species with coverage above 50% at least in 5% of 
the reléves in any cluster were considered as dominants, 
whereas constant species were those having at least 50% 
presence in a cluster.
Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) was ap-
plied as an indirect ordination technique in order to re-
veal the major environmental gradients affecting the veg-
etation. Square root transformation and down-weighting 
of the rare species were applied.
The habitat’s ecological conditions were assessed using 
the “Ellenberg indicator values” (Ellenberg 1979, Ellen-
berg et al. 1992) and projected onto the ordination space. 
Hill et al. (2000) indicated that “Ellenberg indicator val-
ues” are applicable to other parts of Europe even though 
they were originally assigned to the Central European 
flora.
The nomenclature of vascular plants followed Delipav -
lov & Cheshmedzhiev (2003) and subsequently stand-
ardized according to the Euro+Med PlantBase. No-
menclature of the bryophytes followed Ganeva & Dull 
(1999) and Natcheva & Ganeva (2005). The floristic ele-
ments were interpreted according to Assyov & Petrova 
(2012). The species life forms assessments were based on 
the biological type of the species given in Delipavlov & 
Cheshmedzhiev (2003). The nomenclature of the high 
rank syntaxa was harmonized with Mucina et al. (2016). 
We also merged the following species into aggregates: 
Heracleum sphondylium agg. (Heracleum sphondylium, 
Heracleum sphondylium subsp. ternatum) and Potentilla 
recta agg. (Potentilla recta, Potentilla recta subsp. pilosa).
Figure 1: Map of the studied areas. 
The sampled localities expressed by 
different shapes giving the vegetation 
classification.
Slika 1: Zemljevid preučevanih 
območij. Lokacije vzorčenja so 
prikazane z različnimi znaki, ki 
predstavljajo tudi klasifikacijo 
vegetacije.

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Contribution to the knowledge of Crataego-Prunetea Tüxen 1962 class  
in Bulgaria
Results
Vegetation classification and ordination procedures re-
sulted in three well-differentiated groups of reléves (Figs 
1, 2). The clusters were well separated in the ordination 
space (Figure 3). The first axis (eigenvalue = 0.425, gradi -
ent length: 2.658) explained 11.35% of the total inertia 
and could be related to the moisture gradient. Ass. Pruno 
spinosae-Ligustretum vulgaris and Elytrigia repens-Cra-
taegus monogyna plant community were found in warm 
habitats, whereas ass. Corno-Ligustretum was character-
ized by more humid microclimate conditions. The vari-
ability expressed by the second axis (eigenvalue = 0.255, 
gradient length: 2.337) may be associated with the nutri-
ents availability. It explains 6.81% of the total inertia in 
the data set (3.746).
The clusters obtained were recognized and interpreted 
as follows:
The syntaxonomical scheme proposed:
Cl. Crataego-Prunetea Tüxen1962
Ord. Prunetalia spinosae Tüxen 1952
All. Berberidion vulgaris Br.-Bl. ex Tüxen 1952
1. Ass. Corno-Ligustretum Horvat ex T rinajstić 
& Z. Pavletić 1991.
2. Ass. Pruno spinosae-Ligustretum vulgaris 
Tüxen 1952.
3. Elytrigia repens-Crataegus monogyna plant 
community.
Dominant species: Crataegus monogyna, Syringa vulgaris, 
Rubus canescens, Rosa canina.
V egetation description: A moderately species-rich commu-
nity with closed horizontal structure and strongly domi-
nated by Crataegus monogyna. It had well-developed 
shrub and herb layers with cover 55-100% (average 
82%) and 30-95% (average 67%) respectively. These 
communities had well-developed herb layer also with 
highly abundant species such as Elytrigia repens, Clino-
podium vulgare, Fragaria viridis, Poa pratensis s.l. and 
Brachypodium pinnatum. Bryophytes and lichens did 
not form well-defined layers and their cover reached up 
to 8%. The hemicryptophytes prevailed (H – 51%), fol-
lowed by therophytes (T – 17%) and chamaephytes (Ch 
– 11%). Euro-Asiatic (Eur-As – 22%), sub-Mediterra-
nean (subMed – 14%), Euro-Mediterranean (Eur-Med 
– 11%) and Euro-Siberian (Eur-Sib – 11%) floristic ele-
ments were well presented in the species composition.
Ecology and distribution: This plant community type oc-
curred on slightly inclined terrains with varying aspects. 
Soils were shallow or moderately deep, frequently rich 
of skeleton materials in the region of Strazhata hill. The 
vegetation was sampled in the Western Balkan Range – 
Mala Planina Mt. (between Ponor and Bezden villages, 
near Vlado Trichkov and Tsarichina villages), Strazhata 
Elytrigia repens-Crataegus monogyna plant commu-
nity (Table 1, rel. 1–13)
Constant species: Crataegus monogyna (100%), Rosa 
canina (92%), Clinopodium vulgare (69%), Agrimonia 
eupatoria (69%), Rubus canescens (62%), Prunus spinosa 
(62%), Pyrus communis subsp. pyraster (62%), Galium 
verum (54%), Fragaria viridis (54%), Dactylis glom-
erata (54%).
Crataegus-Elytrigia
community
Corno-Ligustretum Pruno-Ligustretum
Figure 2: Classification dendrogram of the analyzed data set with 
clusters syntaxonomically interpreted.
Slika 2: Dendrogram analiziranih podatkov s sintaksonomsko 
interpretacijo klastrov.


  









	
	

 	

Figure 3: Ordination diagram of the analyzed data set along the first 
two DCA axes. Variables are passively projected onto the ordination 
space and articulated by eigenvectors. Vegetation units expressed by 
figures of different shapes.
Slika 3: Ordinacijski diagram DCA analiziranih podatkov. Spremenljiv-
ke so pasivno prikazane v ordinacijskem prostoru in izražene z lastnimi 
vektorji. Vegetacijske enote so predstavljene z znaki različnih oblik.

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Contribution to the knowledge of Crataego-Prunetea Tüxen 1962 class  
in Bulgaria
hill (near Solari, Gaikinite, Parchovtsi, Spantsi, Ship-
chenite, between Sedyankovo and Vetrovo villages) and 
the Western Sredna Gora Mt. (near Negushevo and 
Belopoptsi villages). The bedrock type was calcareous 
and silicate.
Association Corno-Ligustretum Horvat ex Trinajstić & 
Z. Pavletić 1991 (Table 1, rel. 14–24)
Constant species: Crataegus monogyna (100%), Rosa cani-
na (82%), Quercus cerris (64%), Clinopodium vulgare 
(64%), Clematis vitalba (55%).
Dominant species: Crataegus monogyna, Cornus sanguin-
ea, Ulmus minor, Euonymus latifolius, Acer campestre.
Vegetation description: Moderately species-rich plant 
communities with closed horizontal structure and 
strongly dominated by Crataegus monogyna. The shrub 
layer was well developed with cover between 40 and 
100% (average 85%). The herb species diversity was 
lower compared to the Elytrigia repens-Crataegus mo-
nogyna community. The most abundant species in the 
herb layer was Brachypodium pinnatum. The shrub lay -
er was composed of species such as Crataegus monogy-
na, Cornus sanguinea, Ulmus minor, Prunus communis 
subsp. pyraster and Quercus cerris. Bryophytes covered 
up to 35% of the soil surface (average 8%). Hemicryp-
tophytes prevailed (H – 55%), followed by chamae-
phytes (Ch – 15%) and therophytes (T - 12%). The 
most frequent floristic elements in the species composi-
tion were those of Euro-Asiatic (Eur-As – 19%), Euro-
Mediterranean (Eur-Med – 13%), sub-Mediterranean 
(subMed – 11%) and European (Eur – 10%).
Ecology and distribution: This association was found on 
slightly inclined or flat terrains within mesic to wet 
habitats along roads, river banks and forest edges. Soils 
were moderately deep and occasionally nutrient-rich 
(Figure 3). Bedrock types were predominantly calcar-
eous and occasionally silicate. The sample plots were 
taken in the Western Balkan Range – Mala Planina Mt. 
(near Buchin prohod village), Strazhata hill (near Ve-
lichkovtsi, Ivanili, Sharanite, Mezhdene, Velkovtsi vil-
lages, between Kozi rog - Turhovo and Tsinga - Kopi-
lovtsi villages) and the Western Sredna Gora Mt. (near 
Negushevo and Baylovtsi villages).
Association Pruno spinosae-Ligustretum vulgaris 
Tüxen 1952 (Table 1, rel. 25–36)
(Syn.: Crataego monogynae-Prunetum spinosae Soó 1931)
Constant species: Crataegus monogyna (83%), Rosa cani-
na (75%), Quercus cerris (75%), Clinopodium vulgare 
(75%), Clematis vitalba (67%).
Dominant species: Prunus spinosa.
Vegetation description: Species-poor plant communities 
with a high abundance of the shrubs Crataegus monog-
yna, Prunus spinosa and Rosa canina. The shrub layer 
cover varied between 80 and 100% (average 91%). The 
herb layer cover was in the range between 5 and 60% 
(average 32%). Herb species with high cover and abun-
dance were Agrimonia eupatoria, Elytrigia repens and 
Poa pratensis s.l. The cryptogam presence varied from a 
well-developed layer to full absence and had the average 
cover of 4%. Hemicryptophytes (H – 56%) dominated 
the species composition followed by the chamaephytes 
(Ch – 13%) and therophytes (T – 13%). The floristic 
elements were presented by Euro-Asiatic (24%), Euro-
Mediterranean (17%), sub-Mediterranean (6%) and 
Boreal (6%) species.
Ecology and distribution: This association was found on 
slightly inclined or flattened terrains along roads, arable 
fields and forest edges. Soils were shallow to moder-
ately deep, nutrient-rich. The bedrock was calcareous 
or silicate. This vegetation was sampled in the Western 
Balkan Range – Mala Planina (near Buchin prohod, 
Ponor, Beledie Han, Bogyovtsi villages), Strazhata hill 
(near Parchovtsi, Kozi rog, Turhovo, Mezhdene villag-
es) and the Western Sredna Gora Mt. (near Petkovo, 
Gorna Malina, Belopoptsi, Gaytanevo villages).
Discussion
The studied locations represent semi-mountainous and 
mountainous areas with a great diversity of orographic, 
soil and ecological features. These areas are character-
ized by a significant variety of vegetation types. Many 
shrublands have a secondary origin and substitute former 
natural grassland vegetation types (Meshinev et al. 2000, 
Apostolova & Meshinev 2001, Yordanova 2001). In the 
1990s the share of the semi-natural grasslands has de-
creased tremendously. During the last 30 years, the shrub-
land presence significantly increased in the territory of the 
country. Meshinev et al. (2005) identified two main nega-
tive processes in the semi-natural grasslands: the invasion 
of woodland species due to abandonment and the con-
version of pastures to arable lands. Both trends lead to a 
decrease in the species richness.
We consider the Elytrigia repens-Crataegus monogyna 
plant community as a successional stage of shrub en-
croachment into the grasslands. The herb layer is still ad-
vanced in these communities (Figure 3). The shrub cover 
will continue to increase while the herb species number 
and cover will decrease in the course of the successional 
changes. The species composition of this plant communi-

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Kiril Vassilev, Momchil Nazarov & Nikolay Velev
Contribution to the knowledge of Crataego-Prunetea Tüxen 1962 class  
in Bulgaria
ty is very close to that of the ass. Corno-Ligustretum Hor-
vat ex Trinajstić & Z. Pavletić 1991 (Figure 2, Table 1). 
Depending on the local moisture available the seral stages 
have started from the Elytrigia repens-Crataegus monogyna 
community may succeed into ass. Corno-Ligustretum (in 
mesic or wet conditions) or into ass. Pruno spinosae-Ligus-
tretum vulgaris (in moderately dry conditions).
The Corno-Ligustretum Horvat ex Trinajstić & Z. 
Pavletić 1991 association is well-known from Croatia 
(Horvat 1962, Rauš et al. 1985, Trinajstić & Pavletić 
1991, Trinajstić 2002, 2008). Syntaxonomically it is 
very close to ass. Rhamno catharicae-Cornetum sanguineae 
Passarge 1962 found in the Czech Republic (Sádlo et al. 
2013). Some of its diagnostic species such as Acer camp-
estre, Ulmus minor, Alliaria petiolata are found in the spe-
cies composition of the Corno-Ligustretum. According to 
T rinajstić (2002) associations Corno-Ligustretum, Rhamno 
catharicae-Cornetum sanguineae and Pruno spinosae-Ligus-
tretum vulgaris of the Berberidion vulgaris alliance have 
very similar species composition.
The species composition of ass. Pruno spinosae-Ligustre-
tum vulgaris Tüxen 1952 represents a mixture of species 
characteristic for dry and mesic grasslands, fringe and for-
est vegetation. Čarni (1995) pointed out this association 
as having a large ecological distribution. This association is 
well-known from the Czech Republic (Sádlo et al. 2013), 
Slovakia (Hegedüšova & Valachović 2015), Slovenia 
(Čarni 1995) and Romania (Balazs 2008, Irina 2008, San-
da et al. 2008). Traditionally this association is accepted 
in Romania as ass. Crataego monogynae-Prunetum spinosae 
Soó 1931, which is a synonym of ass. Pruno spinosae-Li-
gustretum vulgaris Tüxen 1952. The Pruno-Ligustretum flo-
ristically and ecologically is very close to Rhamno cathar-
icae-Cornetum sanguineae and Corno-Ligustretum Horvat 
ex T rinajstić & Z. Pavletić 1991. The shrub layer has simi-
lar structure and species composition. In Bulgaria, such 
vegetation has been studied by Pedashenko et al. (2015) 
from Kongura reserve, SW Bulgaria, where the Rosa, Cra-
taegus, Prunus plant community was described.
The Berberidion vulgaris alliance unites vegetation 
which is a mixture of species typically for dry and mesic 
grasslands, ruderal herbaceous vegetation, forest clearings 
and forest (Sádlo et al. 2013), frequently dominated by 
continental thorny ans spiny shrub species such as Berber-
is vulgaris, Crataegus spp., Prunus spinosa, Pyrus pyraster, 
Rhamnus cathartica, Rosa spp. and Rubus spp. In the stud-
ied communities only two conservation significant spe-
cies were found – the Balkan endemics Cytisus jankae and 
Pastinaca hirsuta. Alliance Berberidion has a wide distribu-
tion in North Bulgaria and in the semi-mountainous and 
mountainous regions of the country. Since the sub-Med-
iterranean climate influence is present in South Bulgaria 
this vegetation forms there transitional shrub communi-
ties with Paliurus spina-christi (ord. Paliuretalia T rinajstić 
1978), Pinus nigra, Cytisus eriocarpus, Jasminum fruticans. 
The vegetation of Prunion fruticosae Tüxen 1952 alliance 
is poorly studied in the country (Tzonev et al. 2009). The 
Crataego-Prunetea class is still unwell known in Bulgaria. 
In order to reveal the whole syntaxonomical diversity of 
this vegetation type more data need to be collected from 
all biogeographical regions in Bulgaria.
Kiril Vassilev , https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4376-5575
Nikolay Velev , https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6812-3670
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Table 1: Analytic table of the Crataego-Prunetea Tüxen 1962 class.
Tabela 1: Analitična tabela združb razreda Crataego-Prunetea Tüxen 1962.
Ordinal relevé No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
Life form
Floristic elements
Layer
Relevé No. in Balkan  
Vegetation Database
19177
16399
16374
19223
16352
10341
19032
19059
18967
18944
18947
18979
18952
Constancy (%)
19173
19274
16365
19270
18959
18960
18933
19025
19017
19043
18990
Constancy (%)
19213
19195
19156
19122
18970
18957
19013
16357
16351
16366
19204
18984
Constancy (%)
Altitude [m] 651 875 827 712 914 622 582 629 486 443 491 655 484 577 714 872 915 397 434 555 576 474 466 451 721 661 580 571 591 477 623 673 940 826 772 326
Exposition [degree] 225 360 270 225 180 180 90 360 360 315 270 90 135 135 180 360 135 180 270 180 180
Inclination [degree] 5 3 5 3 8 3 80 5 2 5 3 5 10 3 8 8 3 3 5 3 3
T otal cover (%) 100 95 85 100 95 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 85 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 90 95 100 100
Cover of tree layer (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 80 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cover of shrub layer (%) 80 55 70 85 85 80 100 100 90 85 70 90 90 100 100 80 40 40 100 95 100 90 95 90 100 100 100 90 90 90 95 80 80 80 90 100
Cover of herb layer (%) 95 65 60 55 30 35 50 35 65 80 95 85 90 10 10 80 10 85 35 60 20 40 15 80 10 5 50 65 30 25 35 15 40 40 45 20
Cover of bryophytes (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 8 8 5 0 5 30 0 15 35 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 30
Cover of lichens (%) 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 30
Species number 33 26 27 40 18 16 18 21 16 27 23 26 21 14 24 35 24 30 21 23 20 23 13 24 13 11 11 13 16 21 22 19 19 21 24 16
Diagnostic species of Elytrigia repens-Crataegus monogyna community
H Boreal herb layer Elytrigia repens 3 2 2 2 2 + + + 2 2 2 + 1 100 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . + 2 2 2 2 1 . 2 2 . + 75
Ch SPont herb layer Crataegus monogyna 4 3 2 3 2 3 3 5 5 4 4 5 5 100 5 3 4 2 2 3 5 3 3 2 2 100 2 + 2 2 2 2 2 2 . . + 2 83
Diagnostic species of ass. Corno-Ligustretum
Ch subMed herb layer Cornus sanguinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . 2 . 2 2 . 4 . 3 4 55 . . . . . . . . . . . + 8
Ch subMed herb layer Ligustrum vulgare . . . . . 2 2 . . . . . . 15 + 2 . + 2 1 . 1 . . . 55 . . . . . . . . . . + 2 17
Diagnostic species of ass. Pruno-Ligustretum
Ch SPont shrub layer Prunus spinosa 2 2 2 + 2 3 3 . . . . + . 62 . . 1 . . . . . . . . 9 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 100
Ch sub-Med shrub layer Rosa canina . 2 4 + 2 + + 2 2 2 2 2 + 92 2 + + . 2 + + + . 2 2 82 + + 2 2 2 . 2 + 2 1 . . 75
Diagnostic species of all. Berberidion
H Eur-Med herb layer Agrimonia eupatoria 2 2 . . . + + + 2 2 2 + . 69 . . . . . + . + + 1 + 45 . + . 2 2 2 2 + 1 . 2 2 75
Ch sub-Med shrub layer Pyrus communis subsp. pyraster  . . 1 + . 2 2 . 2 2 2 2 . 62 . 2 2 . . + + . . 2 + 55 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Ch Eur-OT shrub layer Acer campestre . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . + 2 4 2 . . . 2 + 55 . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8
Ch Eur-Med shrub layer Ulmus minor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . 4 2 2 5 . . 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T Med herb layer Securigera varia . . + . . + . . . . . . + 23 . . + . . . . . . . . 9 . + . . . . . . + . . . 17
Ch Eur-Med shrub layer Viburnum lantana . . . 2 2 . . . . . . . . 15 . + . + + . . . . . . 27 . . . . . . . . . + + . 17
P sub-Med shrub layer Fraxinus ornus . . . . . . . . . . . + . 8 . . + . . . . . 2 . + 27 . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 8
P Eur-Med shrub layer Euonymus verrucosus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + 2 . + . . . . . . . 27 . . . . . . . . . . 2 . 8
Ch Med-Cas shrub layer Corylus avellana . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . 2 + . . . . . . 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Ch subMed shrub layer Cornus mas . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 + . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . + . + . 17
T Eur-Med shrub layer Bifora radians . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . + . . . . . . . 8
H Eur herb layer Asparagus officinalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . + . . . . . . . 9 . . . 2 . . . . . . . . 8
H Eur-As herb layer Buglossoides purpurocaerulea . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . 2 9 . + . . . . . . . . . . 8
P subMed shrub layer Prunus avium . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . + . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Diagnostic species of ord. Prunetalia spinosae, cl. Crataego-Prunetea
Ch Eur shrub layer Clematis vitalba 2 . . 2 . . + . . . . . . 23 1 . + 2 2 1 + . . . . 55 . . . . . . + . + . 1 . 25
H subBoreal herb layer Clinopodium vulgare . 2 + + . . . + + 2 2 2 2 69 . . + . + + + . + + + 64 . . . . + . + . . . . . 17
H subBoreal herb layer Geum urbanum . . . . . . + + . + . . . 23 1 + . + 2 + + 1 + . . 73 + + + . . . . . + . 3 2 50
Ch Eur-As shrub layer Prunus cerasifera . . . . 2 . . + . . . . + 23 + 3 2 . . . . 2 . . . 36 . . . 2 . . . . . . . 2 17
H Eur-As herb layer Veronica chamaedrys . . . . . . . + + 1 . + + 38 . . . . . . + + + . + 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-As herb layer Origanum vulgare . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . + . 8
Ch-P Carp-Bal shrub layer Syringa vulgaris . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-As herb layer Glechoma hederacea . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . + 8
P Eur-As shrub layer Euonymus europaeus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . + . . . 8
Ch Eur-Med shrub layer Euonymus latifolius . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . 4 . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Diagnostic species of cl. Trifolio-Geranietea
H subBoreal herb layer Fragaria vesca . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . + 2 . 2 . + + . . . 45 . . . . . . . . 2 1 . . 17
H Eur-Sib herb layer Fragaria viridis . 3 . 2 2 1 . 1 . . 2 2 . 54 . . . . . . . . 2 + . 18 + + . . . 2 1 . . . + . 42

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Ordinal relevé No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
Life form
Floristic elements
Layer
Relevé No. in Balkan  
Vegetation Database
19177
16399
16374
19223
16352
10341
19032
19059
18967
18944
18947
18979
18952
Constancy (%)
19173
19274
16365
19270
18959
18960
18933
19025
19017
19043
18990
Constancy (%)
19213
19195
19156
19122
18970
18957
19013
16357
16351
16366
19204
18984
Constancy (%)
Altitude [m] 651 875 827 712 914 622 582 629 486 443 491 655 484 577 714 872 915 397 434 555 576 474 466 451 721 661 580 571 591 477 623 673 940 826 772 326
Exposition [degree] 225 360 270 225 180 180 90 360 360 315 270 90 135 135 180 360 135 180 270 180 180
Inclination [degree] 5 3 5 3 8 3 80 5 2 5 3 5 10 3 8 8 3 3 5 3 3
Total cover (%) 100 95 85 100 95 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 85 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 90 95 100 100
Cover of tree layer (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 80 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Cover of shrub layer (%) 80 55 70 85 85 80 100 100 90 85 70 90 90 100 100 80 40 40 100 95 100 90 95 90 100 100 100 90 90 90 95 80 80 80 90 100
Cover of herb layer (%) 95 65 60 55 30 35 50 35 65 80 95 85 90 10 10 80 10 85 35 60 20 40 15 80 10 5 50 65 30 25 35 15 40 40 45 20
Cover of bryophytes (%) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 8 8 5 0 5 30 0 15 35 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 30
Cover of lichens (%) 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 30
Species number 33 26 27 40 18 16 18 21 16 27 23 26 21 14 24 35 24 30 21 23 20 23 13 24 13 11 11 13 16 21 22 19 19 21 24 16
Diagnostic species of Elytrigia repens-Crataegus monogyna community
H Boreal herb layer Elytrigia repens 3 2 2 2 2 + + + 2 2 2 + 1 100 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . + 2 2 2 2 1 . 2 2 . + 75
Ch SPont herb layer Crataegus monogyna 4 3 2 3 2 3 3 5 5 4 4 5 5 100 5 3 4 2 2 3 5 3 3 2 2 100 2 + 2 2 2 2 2 2 . . + 2 83
Diagnostic species of ass. Corno-Ligustretum
Ch subMed herb layer Cornus sanguinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . 2 . 2 2 . 4 . 3 4 55 . . . . . . . . . . . + 8
Ch subMed herb layer Ligustrum vulgare . . . . . 2 2 . . . . . . 15 + 2 . + 2 1 . 1 . . . 55 . . . . . . . . . . + 2 17
Diagnostic species of ass. Pruno-Ligustretum
Ch SPont shrub layer Prunus spinosa 2 2 2 + 2 3 3 . . . . + . 62 . . 1 . . . . . . . . 9 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 100
Ch sub-Med shrub layer Rosa canina . 2 4 + 2 + + 2 2 2 2 2 + 92 2 + + . 2 + + + . 2 2 82 + + 2 2 2 . 2 + 2 1 . . 75
Diagnostic species of all. Berberidion
H Eur-Med herb layer Agrimonia eupatoria 2 2 . . . + + + 2 2 2 + . 69 . . . . . + . + + 1 + 45 . + . 2 2 2 2 + 1 . 2 2 75
Ch sub-Med shrub layer Pyrus communis subsp. pyraster  . . 1 + . 2 2 . 2 2 2 2 . 62 . 2 2 . . + + . . 2 + 55 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Ch Eur-OT shrub layer Acer campestre . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . + 2 4 2 . . . 2 + 55 . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8
Ch Eur-Med shrub layer Ulmus minor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . 4 2 2 5 . . 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T Med herb layer Securigera varia . . + . . + . . . . . . + 23 . . + . . . . . . . . 9 . + . . . . . . + . . . 17
Ch Eur-Med shrub layer Viburnum lantana . . . 2 2 . . . . . . . . 15 . + . + + . . . . . . 27 . . . . . . . . . + + . 17
P sub-Med shrub layer Fraxinus ornus . . . . . . . . . . . + . 8 . . + . . . . . 2 . + 27 . . . . . . . 1 . . . . 8
P Eur-Med shrub layer Euonymus verrucosus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + 2 . + . . . . . . . 27 . . . . . . . . . . 2 . 8
Ch Med-Cas shrub layer Corylus avellana . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . 2 + . . . . . . 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Ch subMed shrub layer Cornus mas . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 + . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . + . + . 17
T Eur-Med shrub layer Bifora radians . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . + . . . . . . . 8
H Eur herb layer Asparagus officinalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . + . . . . . . . 9 . . . 2 . . . . . . . . 8
H Eur-As herb layer Buglossoides purpurocaerulea . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . 2 9 . + . . . . . . . . . . 8
P subMed shrub layer Prunus avium . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . + . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Diagnostic species of ord. Prunetalia spinosae, cl. Crataego-Prunetea
Ch Eur shrub layer Clematis vitalba 2 . . 2 . . + . . . . . . 23 1 . + 2 2 1 + . . . . 55 . . . . . . + . + . 1 . 25
H subBoreal herb layer Clinopodium vulgare . 2 + + . . . + + 2 2 2 2 69 . . + . + + + . + + + 64 . . . . + . + . . . . . 17
H subBoreal herb layer Geum urbanum . . . . . . + + . + . . . 23 1 + . + 2 + + 1 + . . 73 + + + . . . . . + . 3 2 50
Ch Eur-As shrub layer Prunus cerasifera . . . . 2 . . + . . . . + 23 + 3 2 . . . . 2 . . . 36 . . . 2 . . . . . . . 2 17
H Eur-As herb layer Veronica chamaedrys . . . . . . . + + 1 . + + 38 . . . . . . + + + . + 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-As herb layer Origanum vulgare . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . + . 8
Ch-P Carp-Bal shrub layer Syringa vulgaris . . . . 4 . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-As herb layer Glechoma hederacea . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . + 8
P Eur-As shrub layer Euonymus europaeus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . + . . . 8
Ch Eur-Med shrub layer Euonymus latifolius . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . 4 . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Diagnostic species of cl. Trifolio-Geranietea
H subBoreal herb layer Fragaria vesca . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . + 2 . 2 . + + . . . 45 . . . . . . . . 2 1 . . 17
H Eur-Sib herb layer Fragaria viridis . 3 . 2 2 1 . 1 . . 2 2 . 54 . . . . . . . . 2 + . 18 + + . . . 2 1 . . . + . 42

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Ordinal relevé No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
H Eur-As herb layer Galium album . . . . + . + . 2 + + + . 46 . + . . . . + + . . . 27 . . . + . + . . . + 2 + 42
H Eur-As herb layer Viola hirta . . . + . . . . . + . + . 23 . + + . + + + . . . . 45 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-Med herb layer
Dorycnium pentaphyllum subsp. 
herbaceum
2 . . 1 . . . + . . 2 + . 38 . . . . . . . . . + 2 18 . . . . . + 1 + . . . . 25
H Eur-Sib herb layer Trifolium alpestre . 2 2 . . . . + . . + + . 38 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H subMed herb layer Aremonia agrimonoides . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . + . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
B subBoreal herb layer Geranium robertianum . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . + . . . . 9 + . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Diagnostic species of cl. Molinio-Arrhenateratea
H Eur-As herb layer Dactylis glomerata 2 + . + + . . + 2 2 . . . 54 . + 3 . + + . + . . . 45 + . 2 + . . . . + . 2 . 42
H subBoreal herb layer Lathyrus pratensis . . . . . . + . . + + . . 23 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T-B Eur herb layer Lysimachia nummularia . . . . . . . . . + . . . 8 + . . . 2 . . + . . . 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Boreal herb layer Agrostis capillaris . 2 . . . . . + . . 2 . . 23 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . 2 + . . . . 17
H Eur-As herb layer Arrhenatherum elatius 2 . . . . . . . 3 . . . . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . 2 2 . + . . . . . 25
H Eur-As herb layer Alopecurus pratensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 . 2 2 . . . . . . . . 25
H Eur-Sib herb layer Achillea millefolium . . . . . . . . . . . . + 8 . . + . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . + . . . + . 17
H Eur-As herb layer Stellaria graminea . . . . . . . . . + + . . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-subMed herb layer Ranunculus polyanthemos . . . . . . . . . + . + . 15 . . . . + . . . . . . 9 . . . . + . . . . . . . 8
H Boreal herb layer Trisetum flavescens . . . . . . . . . . + . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Boreal herb layer Festuca rubra . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . 8 . . + . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T-B subMed herb layer Vicia grandiflora . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . + . . . . . . . . 8
H Eur-As herb layer Lolium perenne + . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
B-H Eur-Sib herb layer Pastinaca sativa . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . + . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Diagnostic species of cl. Festuco-Brometea
H Eur-As herb layer Galium verum 2 2 + . . + . . . . + + + 54 . . + . . . . . . . . 9 . . + . + + + + . . + . 50
H subMed herb layer Festuca dalmatica . . . + . . . . . . . 3 3 23 . . . . . . + . . . + 18 . . . . . 1 + + 2 . . . 33
H subMed herb layer T eucrium chamaedrys . + + 2 . . . . . . . + 2 38 . . + . . . + . . . . 18 . . . . . . + + + + . . 33
H Kos herb layer Poa pratensis s.l. 2 2 1 2 + + . + . 2 + 2 2 85 . . 1 . . . . . + . . 18 . + . 2 2 + 2 + 1 . . + 67
H SSib herb layer Brachypodium pinnatum . . . 2 . . 3 . . 2 2 2 + 46 . . . . . 3 3 2 . 2 3 45 . . . . . + . . . . . . 8
H Eur-As herb layer Medicago falcata 2 . . 2 + . . . . . . . . 23 . . + . . . . . . . + 18 . . . . . 1 + . . + . . 25
H Eur-subMed herb layer Helleborus odorus . . . . + . . . . . . . . 8 . . 1 2 . . + . . . . 27 . . . . . . . . . + . . 8
H Pont-Med herb layer Eryngium campestre + + + 1 + . . . . . . . . 38 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . + + . . 17
H Eur-As herb layer Euphorbia seguieriana subsp. niciciana  + . . + . . . . . . . . . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur herb layer Euphorbia cyparissias . . . . . . . + . + . . . 15 . + . . . . . . . + . 18 . . . . . . . + . . . . 8
H Eur-Med herb layer Filipendula vulgaris . . . + . . . + . . 2 + 2 38 . . + . . . . . . + . 18 . . . . . . + . . . . . 8
H subMed herb layer Achillea setacea + . . . . . . . . . + . . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . + . . . . . . 8
H Eur-Med herb layer Festuca pseudodalmatica 2 2 2 . . . . . . . . . . 23 . . . . . . . . + . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H subBoreal herb layer Sanguisorba minor + . . + . . . . . . . . . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . + . . . . 8
T Ap-Bal herb layer Orlaya grandiflora . . . . + . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Pont-Med herb layer Chrysopogon gryllus . . . + . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Pont herb layer Koeleria nitidula . + . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-Sib herb layer Vincetoxicum hirundinaria . . . . . . . . + . . . . 8 . . + . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-Sib herb layer Adonis vernalis . . . + . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . + . . 8
H Eur-Sib herb layer Cota tinctoria . . . + . . . . . . . . . 8 . . + . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H subMed herb layer Asperula purpurea . . + . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur herb layer Briza media . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . 2 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
B Eur-As herb layer Medicago lupulina + . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . + . 8
H subMed herb layer Onobrychis alba . . . + . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
B-H Eur-Sib herb layer Scabiosa ochroleuca . . . + . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Pan-Bal herb layer Festuca rupicola . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . 3 . . 8
H subMed-As herb layer Bothriochloa ischaemum 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . + . . . . . 8
B Eur-As herb layer Picris hieracioides + . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . + 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Kos herb layer Prunella vulgaris . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . + . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-Med herb layer Primula veris . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . + . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

19/1 • 2020, 81–97
91
Kiril Vassilev, Momchil Nazarov & Nikolay Velev
Contribution to the knowledge of Crataego-Prunetea Tüxen 1962 class  
in Bulgaria
Ordinal relevé No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
H Eur-As herb layer Galium album . . . . + . + . 2 + + + . 46 . + . . . . + + . . . 27 . . . + . + . . . + 2 + 42
H Eur-As herb layer Viola hirta . . . + . . . . . + . + . 23 . + + . + + + . . . . 45 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-Med herb layer
Dorycnium pentaphyllum subsp. 
herbaceum
2 . . 1 . . . + . . 2 + . 38 . . . . . . . . . + 2 18 . . . . . + 1 + . . . . 25
H Eur-Sib herb layer Trifolium alpestre . 2 2 . . . . + . . + + . 38 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H subMed herb layer Aremonia agrimonoides . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . + . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
B subBoreal herb layer Geranium robertianum . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . + . . . . 9 + . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Diagnostic species of cl. Molinio-Arrhenateratea
H Eur-As herb layer Dactylis glomerata 2 + . + + . . + 2 2 . . . 54 . + 3 . + + . + . . . 45 + . 2 + . . . . + . 2 . 42
H subBoreal herb layer Lathyrus pratensis . . . . . . + . . + + . . 23 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T-B Eur herb layer Lysimachia nummularia . . . . . . . . . + . . . 8 + . . . 2 . . + . . . 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Boreal herb layer Agrostis capillaris . 2 . . . . . + . . 2 . . 23 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . 2 + . . . . 17
H Eur-As herb layer Arrhenatherum elatius 2 . . . . . . . 3 . . . . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . 2 2 . + . . . . . 25
H Eur-As herb layer Alopecurus pratensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 . 2 2 . . . . . . . . 25
H Eur-Sib herb layer Achillea millefolium . . . . . . . . . . . . + 8 . . + . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . + . . . + . 17
H Eur-As herb layer Stellaria graminea . . . . . . . . . + + . . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-subMed herb layer Ranunculus polyanthemos . . . . . . . . . + . + . 15 . . . . + . . . . . . 9 . . . . + . . . . . . . 8
H Boreal herb layer Trisetum flavescens . . . . . . . . . . + . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Boreal herb layer Festuca rubra . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . 8 . . + . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T-B subMed herb layer Vicia grandiflora . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . + . . . . . . . . 8
H Eur-As herb layer Lolium perenne + . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
B-H Eur-Sib herb layer Pastinaca sativa . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . + . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Diagnostic species of cl. Festuco-Brometea
H Eur-As herb layer Galium verum 2 2 + . . + . . . . + + + 54 . . + . . . . . . . . 9 . . + . + + + + . . + . 50
H subMed herb layer Festuca dalmatica . . . + . . . . . . . 3 3 23 . . . . . . + . . . + 18 . . . . . 1 + + 2 . . . 33
H subMed herb layer T eucrium chamaedrys . + + 2 . . . . . . . + 2 38 . . + . . . + . . . . 18 . . . . . . + + + + . . 33
H Kos herb layer Poa pratensis s.l. 2 2 1 2 + + . + . 2 + 2 2 85 . . 1 . . . . . + . . 18 . + . 2 2 + 2 + 1 . . + 67
H SSib herb layer Brachypodium pinnatum . . . 2 . . 3 . . 2 2 2 + 46 . . . . . 3 3 2 . 2 3 45 . . . . . + . . . . . . 8
H Eur-As herb layer Medicago falcata 2 . . 2 + . . . . . . . . 23 . . + . . . . . . . + 18 . . . . . 1 + . . + . . 25
H Eur-subMed herb layer Helleborus odorus . . . . + . . . . . . . . 8 . . 1 2 . . + . . . . 27 . . . . . . . . . + . . 8
H Pont-Med herb layer Eryngium campestre + + + 1 + . . . . . . . . 38 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . + + . . 17
H Eur-As herb layer Euphorbia seguieriana subsp. niciciana  + . . + . . . . . . . . . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur herb layer Euphorbia cyparissias . . . . . . . + . + . . . 15 . + . . . . . . . + . 18 . . . . . . . + . . . . 8
H Eur-Med herb layer Filipendula vulgaris . . . + . . . + . . 2 + 2 38 . . + . . . . . . + . 18 . . . . . . + . . . . . 8
H subMed herb layer Achillea setacea + . . . . . . . . . + . . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . + . . . . . . 8
H Eur-Med herb layer Festuca pseudodalmatica 2 2 2 . . . . . . . . . . 23 . . . . . . . . + . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H subBoreal herb layer Sanguisorba minor + . . + . . . . . . . . . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . + . . . . 8
T Ap-Bal herb layer Orlaya grandiflora . . . . + . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Pont-Med herb layer Chrysopogon gryllus . . . + . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Pont herb layer Koeleria nitidula . + . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-Sib herb layer Vincetoxicum hirundinaria . . . . . . . . + . . . . 8 . . + . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-Sib herb layer Adonis vernalis . . . + . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . + . . 8
H Eur-Sib herb layer Cota tinctoria . . . + . . . . . . . . . 8 . . + . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H subMed herb layer Asperula purpurea . . + . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur herb layer Briza media . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . 2 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
B Eur-As herb layer Medicago lupulina + . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . + . 8
H subMed herb layer Onobrychis alba . . . + . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
B-H Eur-Sib herb layer Scabiosa ochroleuca . . . + . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Pan-Bal herb layer Festuca rupicola . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . 3 . . 8
H subMed-As herb layer Bothriochloa ischaemum 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . + . . . . . 8
B Eur-As herb layer Picris hieracioides + . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . + 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Kos herb layer Prunella vulgaris . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . + . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-Med herb layer Primula veris . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . + . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

19/1 • 2020, 81–97
92
Kiril Vassilev, Momchil Nazarov & Nikolay Velev
Contribution to the knowledge of Crataego-Prunetea Tüxen 1962 class  
in Bulgaria
Ordinal relevé No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
B Eur herb layer Verbascum phlomoides + . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-OT herb layer Salvia nemorosa + . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
G Pont-Med herb layer Leopoldia tenuiflora . . . + . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-Sib herb layer Polygala major . . . + . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H SPont herb layer Potentilla argentea s.l. . + . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . + . . . . 8
Diagnostic species of cl. Quercetea pubescentis
P Eur-subMed low tree layer Quercus cerris . . . 2 . . 2 + . + . + . 38 . 2 + . 2 + + . + . 1 64 + . . . . 1 . . . . . . 17
H Eur-As herb layer Brachypodium sylvaticum . . + . . . . 2 . . . . . 15 . + + . 3 . . . 2 . . 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
P Eur low tree layer Quercus frainetto . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . 1 + 2 . . 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T Eur-As herb layer Galium aparine . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . 8 . + . + . + . . . . . 27 . . 2 . . . . . . . . . 8
H Boreal herb layer Festuca heterophylla . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . + + + . . . . . . . 27 + . . . . . . . . . . . 8
H Eur-As herb layer Carex remota . . . . . . . . . + . . . 8 . . . . 2 . . . 2 . 2 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-subMed herb layer Arum maculatum . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . + + . . . . . . . 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur herb layer Melica uniflora . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . 2 . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
P Eur-subMed low tree layer Quercus pubescens 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
P subMed low tree layer Carpinus orientalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . + . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur herb layer Geranium sanguineum . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . + . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
P Eur-subMed low tree layer Quercus pubescens agg. . . + . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-As herb layer Viola reichenbachiana . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Diagnostic species of cl. Carpino-Fagetea sylvaticae
H Eur-Sib herb layer Sanicula europaea . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . + . . . + . . 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Boreal herb layer Poa nemoralis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . + 2 + 2 . . . . . . 36 + . . . . . . . . . . . 8
P Eur-subMed low tree layer Carpinus betulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . 2 . . . . . 2 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur herb layer Euphorbia amygdaloides . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . 1 . . . . . + 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Other species
H Eur-As herb layer Cirsium arvense . . . + . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Ch Eur-Med shrub layer Rubus canescens 2 . . . . . 4 3 2 2 2 + + 62 . . . . + . + 2 . . + 36 . + . 2 3 2 . . . + . . 42
B-H Eur-Med herb layer Tragopogon orientalis + . + + . . . . . . . . . 23 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-As herb layer Alliaria petiolata . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + + . + . . . . . . . 27 + . . . . . . . . . . . 8
H Eur-Med herb layer Lathyrus niger . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . + + 2 . . . . . . . 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T Eur-Med herb layer Crepis pulchra . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . + 9 . . . . + . . . . . + . 17
T subMed herb layer Bupleurum affine . . + . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Boreal herb layer Carex hirta . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . 2 . . . . . . . . 8
H Kos herb layer Calystegia sepium . . . . . . . . . . . + . 8 . . . . . + + . . . . 18 . . . . . + . . . . . . 8
B Eur-Med herb layer Dipsacus laciniatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . + 8
H Eur-Med herb layer Clinopodium nepeta . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . + . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T Boreal herb layer Cardamine flexuosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . + . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T-B Kos herb layer Capsella bursa-pastoris . . . + . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H subMed-CAs herb layer Cruciata glabra . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . + . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T Boreal herb layer Anisantha sterilis . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-subMed herb layer Achillea collina . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . + . . 8
Ch Bal herb layer Cytisus jankae . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . 8
herb layer Ranunculus sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . + . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T Eur-As herb layer T aeniatherum caput-medusae + . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Ch Pont herb layer Thymus roegneri . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . 1 . . 8
H Eur-Med herb layer Ranunculus auricomus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . + . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H subMed herb layer Salvia verticillata . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Ap-Bal herb layer Ranunculus serbicus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Bal-Anat herb layer Scabiosa argentea . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . + . . . . 8
herb layer T araxacum sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . + . . . . . . + . . 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
B Eur-Med herb layer Cirsium vulgare . + . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . + . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . + . + . . 17
T-B Eur-As herb layer Conium maculatum . . . . . . + . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . + . . . . . + . . . 17
H Eur-Sib herb layer Cichorium intybus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . + . . . . 8

19/1 • 2020, 81–97
93
Kiril Vassilev, Momchil Nazarov & Nikolay Velev
Contribution to the knowledge of Crataego-Prunetea Tüxen 1962 class  
in Bulgaria
Ordinal relevé No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
B Eur herb layer Verbascum phlomoides + . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-OT herb layer Salvia nemorosa + . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
G Pont-Med herb layer Leopoldia tenuiflora . . . + . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-Sib herb layer Polygala major . . . + . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H SPont herb layer Potentilla argentea s.l. . + . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . + . . . . 8
Diagnostic species of cl. Quercetea pubescentis
P Eur-subMed low tree layer Quercus cerris . . . 2 . . 2 + . + . + . 38 . 2 + . 2 + + . + . 1 64 + . . . . 1 . . . . . . 17
H Eur-As herb layer Brachypodium sylvaticum . . + . . . . 2 . . . . . 15 . + + . 3 . . . 2 . . 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
P Eur low tree layer Quercus frainetto . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . 1 + 2 . . 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T Eur-As herb layer Galium aparine . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . 8 . + . + . + . . . . . 27 . . 2 . . . . . . . . . 8
H Boreal herb layer Festuca heterophylla . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . + + + . . . . . . . 27 + . . . . . . . . . . . 8
H Eur-As herb layer Carex remota . . . . . . . . . + . . . 8 . . . . 2 . . . 2 . 2 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-subMed herb layer Arum maculatum . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . + + . . . . . . . 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur herb layer Melica uniflora . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . 2 . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
P Eur-subMed low tree layer Quercus pubescens 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
P subMed low tree layer Carpinus orientalis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . + . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur herb layer Geranium sanguineum . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . + . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
P Eur-subMed low tree layer Quercus pubescens agg. . . + . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-As herb layer Viola reichenbachiana . . . . . . . 2 . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Diagnostic species of cl. Carpino-Fagetea sylvaticae
H Eur-Sib herb layer Sanicula europaea . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . + . . . + . . 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Boreal herb layer Poa nemoralis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . + 2 + 2 . . . . . . 36 + . . . . . . . . . . . 8
P Eur-subMed low tree layer Carpinus betulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . 2 . . . . . 2 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur herb layer Euphorbia amygdaloides . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . 1 . . . . . + 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Other species
H Eur-As herb layer Cirsium arvense . . . + . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Ch Eur-Med shrub layer Rubus canescens 2 . . . . . 4 3 2 2 2 + + 62 . . . . + . + 2 . . + 36 . + . 2 3 2 . . . + . . 42
B-H Eur-Med herb layer Tragopogon orientalis + . + + . . . . . . . . . 23 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-As herb layer Alliaria petiolata . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + + . + . . . . . . . 27 + . . . . . . . . . . . 8
H Eur-Med herb layer Lathyrus niger . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . + + 2 . . . . . . . 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T Eur-Med herb layer Crepis pulchra . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . + 9 . . . . + . . . . . + . 17
T subMed herb layer Bupleurum affine . . + . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Boreal herb layer Carex hirta . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . 2 . . . . . . . . 8
H Kos herb layer Calystegia sepium . . . . . . . . . . . + . 8 . . . . . + + . . . . 18 . . . . . + . . . . . . 8
B Eur-Med herb layer Dipsacus laciniatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . + 8
H Eur-Med herb layer Clinopodium nepeta . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . + . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T Boreal herb layer Cardamine flexuosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . + . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T-B Kos herb layer Capsella bursa-pastoris . . . + . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H subMed-CAs herb layer Cruciata glabra . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . + . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T Boreal herb layer Anisantha sterilis . . . . . 2 . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-subMed herb layer Achillea collina . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . + . . 8
Ch Bal herb layer Cytisus jankae . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . 2 . . . . . 8
herb layer Ranunculus sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . + . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T Eur-As herb layer T aeniatherum caput-medusae + . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Ch Pont herb layer Thymus roegneri . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . 1 . . 8
H Eur-Med herb layer Ranunculus auricomus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . + . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H subMed herb layer Salvia verticillata . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Ap-Bal herb layer Ranunculus serbicus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Bal-Anat herb layer Scabiosa argentea . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . + . . . . 8
herb layer T araxacum sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . + . . . . . . + . . 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
B Eur-Med herb layer Cirsium vulgare . + . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . + . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . + . + . . 17
T-B Eur-As herb layer Conium maculatum . . . . . . + . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . + . . . . . + . . . 17
H Eur-Sib herb layer Cichorium intybus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . + . . . . 8

19/1 • 2020, 81–97
94
Kiril Vassilev, Momchil Nazarov & Nikolay Velev
Contribution to the knowledge of Crataego-Prunetea Tüxen 1962 class  
in Bulgaria
Ordinal relevé No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
H Eur herb layer Carex otrubae . . . . . . . . . + + . . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-Med herb layer Sambucus ebulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . + + . . . . . . . . 17
T Eur-As herb layer Seseli annuum . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . + . . . . . . . . 8
Ch Eur herb layer Thymus odoratissimus . + . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
B Eur-Med herb layer Carlina vulgaris . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . + . . . . 8
B Eur-Sib herb layer Knautia arvensis . + . + . + . . . . . . . 23 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . + . . . + + 25
T Boreal herb layer Erigeron annuus . . . + . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Boreal herb layer Equisetum sylvaticum . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . + . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Kos herb layer Plantago lanceolata . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . + . + . . . . . . 17
B-H Eur-As herb layer Falcaria vulgaris . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 8
T Eur-Med herb layer Euphorbia platyphyllos . . . . . . . . . + . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Ch Eur-Sib herb layer Genista tinctoria . + . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T-B Eur-Med herb layer Geranium pusillum . . . . . . . . . + . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-Med herb layer Carduus crispus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . + . . 8
T Boreal herb layer Bromus hordeaceus + . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . + . . . . . . 8
T-B Eur-As herb layer Lactuca serriola . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . . . . . . . . . . 8
H Kos herb layer Convolvulus arvensis . + . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . + . . . 8
H Eur-Med herb layer Heracleum sphondilium agg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . + . . + . . . . . . 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T-B subMed herb layer Bromus squarrosus . . + . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
P subMed shrub layer Pinus nigra . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T Eur-As herb layer Chaerophyllum nodosum . . . . + . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-subMed herb layer Poa compressa . + . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-Sib herb layer Hypochaeris maculata . . . + . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T Eur-As herb layer Geranium rotundifolium . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . + . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
P Eur-As/Paleo herb layer Juglans regia . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . 8 . . . . . . . . + . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Kos herb layer Hypericum perforatum . + . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . + . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . + + 1 . . 25
Ch Eur-As shrub layer Hedera helix . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . 2 . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H subMed-CAs herb layer Cruciata laevipes . . . . . . . . + + . + + 31 . . . . . . . + . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T-B Eur-As herb layer Daucus carota + . . + . . . . . . . . . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . + . 8
H subMed herb layer Digitalis lanata . . . + + . . . . . . . . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . + . . 8
H Med herb layer Potentilla pedata . . . + . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Ch-P Eur herb layer Malus sylvestris . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . + . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H subMed herb layer Prunella grandiflora . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . + . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Boreal herb layer Polygonatum latifolium . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . 1 . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T Eur-Sib herb layer Lapsana communis . . . . + . + . . . . . . 15 + + . . + + . . . . . 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T Eur-As herb layer Geranium dissectum + . . . . + . . + . . + + 38 . . . . . + . . + . . 18 . . . . + + . . . . . . 17
B subMed herb layer Centaurea stoebe + . + . . . . . . . . . . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T Eur-CAs herb layer Vicia villosa . + 2 . . . . . . . . . . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-As herb layer Lysimachia vulgaris . . . . . . + . . . 2 . . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-Sib herb layer Aegopodium podagraria . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . + . . . . . . . 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Ch-P Eur-Med herb layer Malus pumila  . . . . . . . 1 + . . . . 15 . 2 . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T Med-CAs herb layer Torilis leptophylla . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . 1 . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T subMed herb layer Xeranthemum cylindraceum . . . . . . . . . . . . + 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 8
T Eur-CAs herb layer Vicia villosa agg. + . . . . . . . . . . . + 15 . . . . . + . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . + . 8
T Eur-As herb layer Torilis japonica . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . 1 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Boreal herb layer Urtica dioica . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . + 8
herb layer Viola sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . + . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T Eur-Sib herb layer Trifolium arvense . . . . . + . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T Eur-As herb layer Odontites vernus . . + . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . + . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H-Ch Eur herb layer Thymus pulegioides . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . + . . . . . 8
H Boreal herb layer Rumex acetosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . + . . . . . . + . 17
T Eur-As herb layer Silene vulgaris + . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T Eur-Med herb layer Vicia sativa agg. + + . . . . . . . . . . . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . + . . 8

19/1 • 2020, 81–97
95
Kiril Vassilev, Momchil Nazarov & Nikolay Velev
Contribution to the knowledge of Crataego-Prunetea Tüxen 1962 class  
in Bulgaria
Ordinal relevé No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
H Eur herb layer Carex otrubae . . . . . . . . . + + . . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-Med herb layer Sambucus ebulus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . + + . . . . . . . . 17
T Eur-As herb layer Seseli annuum . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . + . . . . . . . . 8
Ch Eur herb layer Thymus odoratissimus . + . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
B Eur-Med herb layer Carlina vulgaris . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . + . . . . 8
B Eur-Sib herb layer Knautia arvensis . + . + . + . . . . . . . 23 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . + . . . + + 25
T Boreal herb layer Erigeron annuus . . . + . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Boreal herb layer Equisetum sylvaticum . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . + . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Kos herb layer Plantago lanceolata . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . + . + . . . . . . 17
B-H Eur-As herb layer Falcaria vulgaris . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 8
T Eur-Med herb layer Euphorbia platyphyllos . . . . . . . . . + . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Ch Eur-Sib herb layer Genista tinctoria . + . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T-B Eur-Med herb layer Geranium pusillum . . . . . . . . . + . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-Med herb layer Carduus crispus . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . + . . 8
T Boreal herb layer Bromus hordeaceus + . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . + . . . . . . 8
T-B Eur-As herb layer Lactuca serriola . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . . . . . . . . . . 8
H Kos herb layer Convolvulus arvensis . + . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . + . . . 8
H Eur-Med herb layer Heracleum sphondilium agg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . + . . + . . . . . . 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T-B subMed herb layer Bromus squarrosus . . + . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
P subMed shrub layer Pinus nigra . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T Eur-As herb layer Chaerophyllum nodosum . . . . + . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-subMed herb layer Poa compressa . + . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-Sib herb layer Hypochaeris maculata . . . + . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T Eur-As herb layer Geranium rotundifolium . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . + . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
P Eur-As/Paleo herb layer Juglans regia . . . . . . . . . 2 . . . 8 . . . . . . . . + . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Kos herb layer Hypericum perforatum . + . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . + . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . + + 1 . . 25
Ch Eur-As shrub layer Hedera helix . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . 2 . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H subMed-CAs herb layer Cruciata laevipes . . . . . . . . + + . + + 31 . . . . . . . + . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T-B Eur-As herb layer Daucus carota + . . + . . . . . . . . . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . + . 8
H subMed herb layer Digitalis lanata . . . + + . . . . . . . . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . + . . 8
H Med herb layer Potentilla pedata . . . + . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Ch-P Eur herb layer Malus sylvestris . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . + . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H subMed herb layer Prunella grandiflora . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . + . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Boreal herb layer Polygonatum latifolium . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . 1 . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T Eur-Sib herb layer Lapsana communis . . . . + . + . . . . . . 15 + + . . + + . . . . . 36 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T Eur-As herb layer Geranium dissectum + . . . . + . . + . . + + 38 . . . . . + . . + . . 18 . . . . + + . . . . . . 17
B subMed herb layer Centaurea stoebe + . + . . . . . . . . . . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T Eur-CAs herb layer Vicia villosa . + 2 . . . . . . . . . . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-As herb layer Lysimachia vulgaris . . . . . . + . . . 2 . . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-Sib herb layer Aegopodium podagraria . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . + . . . . . . . 18 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Ch-P Eur-Med herb layer Malus pumila  . . . . . . . 1 + . . . . 15 . 2 . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T Med-CAs herb layer Torilis leptophylla . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . 1 . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T subMed herb layer Xeranthemum cylindraceum . . . . . . . . . . . . + 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . 1 . . . . . . 8
T Eur-CAs herb layer Vicia villosa agg. + . . . . . . . . . . . + 15 . . . . . + . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . + . 8
T Eur-As herb layer Torilis japonica . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . 1 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Boreal herb layer Urtica dioica . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 + . . . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . + 8
herb layer Viola sp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . + . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T Eur-Sib herb layer Trifolium arvense . . . . . + . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T Eur-As herb layer Odontites vernus . . + . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . + . . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H-Ch Eur herb layer Thymus pulegioides . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . + . . . . . 8
H Boreal herb layer Rumex acetosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . + . . . . . . + . 17
T Eur-As herb layer Silene vulgaris + . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T Eur-Med herb layer Vicia sativa agg. + + . . . . . . . . . . . 15 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . + . . 8

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96
Kiril Vassilev, Momchil Nazarov & Nikolay Velev
Contribution to the knowledge of Crataego-Prunetea Tüxen 1962 class  
in Bulgaria
Ordinal relevé No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
H Eur-As herb layer Vicia cracca . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . + . 8
H Eur-Med herb layer Salvia pratensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . + + . . 17
T Eur-Med herb layer Vicia pannonica . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . + . 8
P Eur shrub layer Tilia platyphyllos . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . 2 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-As shrub layer Veratrum nigrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . + . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T-B subMed herb layer Trifolium incarnatum . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Bal herb layer Pastinaca hirsuta . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . + . . . . . . . 8
H Eur-Med herb layer Potentilla recta agg. . . + . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . + . . . . . . . 8
T Eur-As herb layer Torilis arvensis . . + . . . . . + + . . . 23 . . . . . . . + + + . 27 . . . . . + . . . . . . 8
T Kos herb layer Polygonum aviculare s.l. . . . + . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Ch Eur-Med shrub layer Ligustrum ovalifolium . . . 3 . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
1 - Gorna Malina municipality, near Negushevo village,  16.06.2018, N42.70872, E23.71056; 2 - Mala planina mt., near Tsarichina 
village, 05.07.2015, N42.70873, E23.22315; 3 - Mala planina mt., near Vlado Trichkov village, 13.07.2016, N42.70874, 
E23.33069; 4 - Gorna Malina municipality, near Belopoptsi village, 27.06.2018, N42.70875, E23.76526; 5 - Mala planina mt.,  
between Ponor and Bezden villages, 01.08.2015, N42.70876, E23.08443, 6 - Gorna Malina municipality, between Negushevo 
and Stolnik villages, 16.06.2018, N42.70877, E23.73527; 7 - Strazhata hill, near Velkovtsi village, 24.07.2018, N42.70878, 
E25.36151; 8 - Strazhata hill, between Sedyankovtsi and Vetrovo villages, 27.07.2018, N42.70879, E25.30603; 9 - Strazhata 
hill, near Spantsi village, 04.07.2018, N42.70880, E25.28901; 10 - Strazhata hill, near Sulari village, 02.07.2018, N42.70881, 
E25.31035; 11 - Strazhata hill, near Gaikinite village, 02.072018, N42.93939, E25.29759; 12 - Strazhata hill, near Shipchenite 
village, 05.07.2018, N42.93724, E25.28312; 13 - Strazhata hill, near Parchovtsi village, 03.07.2018, N42.94926, E25.2871; 14 
- Gorna Malina municipality, between Gorna Malina and Negushevo villages, 14.06.2018, N42.71331, E23.69862; 15 - Gorna 
Malina municipality, near Baylovo village, 04.08.2018, N42.64397, E23.81471; 16 - Mala planina mt,  near Buchin prohod village, 
03.08.2015, N42.97145, E23.16265; 17 - Gorna Malina municipality, near Baylovo village, 03.08.2018, N42.65629, E23.85497; 
18 - Strazhata hill, near Ivanili village, 03.07.2017, N42.64397, E25.30305; 19 - Strazhata hill, near Ivanili village, 03.07.2018, 
N42.95165, E25.3105; 20 - Strazhata hill, near Sharanite village, 01.07.2018, N42.92248, E25.31983; 21 - Strazhata hill, near 
Velkovtsi village, 23.07.2018, N42.94662, E25.31983; 22 - Strazhata hill, near Mezhdene village, 22.07.2018, N42.94987, 
E25.31983; 23 - Strazhata hill, between Tsinga and Kopilovtsi villages, 25.07.2018, N42.97739, E25.41811; 24 - Strazhata hill, 
between Kozi rog and Turhovo villages, 20.07.2018, N42.94151, E25.28404; 25 - Gorna Malina municipality, near Belopoptsi 
village, 26.06.2018, N42.66765, E23.78989; 26 - Gorna Malina municipality, near Gorna Malina village, 21.06.2018, N42.69152, 
E23.73611; 27 - Gorna Malina municipality, between Aprilovo and Gaytanevo villages, 13.06.2018, N42.64946, E23.70823; 28 
- Gorna Malina municipality, near Petkovo village, 11.06.2018, N42.69318, E23.64388; 29 - Strazhata hill, near Kozi rog village, 
04.07.2018, N42.96259, E25.27363; 30 - Strazhata hill, near Parchovtsi village, 03.07.2018,  N42.9459, E25.30037; 31 - Strazhata 
hill, near Mezhdene village, 22.07.2018, N42.9585, E25.34302; 32 - Mala planina mt.,  between Bogyovtsi and Beledie han villages, 
03.08.2015, N42.88069, E23.15369; 33 - Mala planina mt.,  near Ponor village, 01.08.2015, N42.93418, E23.10527; 34 - Mala 
planina mt.,  near Buchin prohod village, 03.08.2015, N42.96085, E23.15528; 35 - Gorna Malina municipality, near Gaytanevo 
village, 25.06.2018, N42.63873, E23.78717; 36 - Strazhata hill, near T urhovo village, 19.07.2018, N42.98639, E25.22194;

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Kiril Vassilev, Momchil Nazarov & Nikolay Velev
Contribution to the knowledge of Crataego-Prunetea Tüxen 1962 class  
in Bulgaria
Ordinal relevé No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
H Eur-As herb layer Vicia cracca . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . + . 8
H Eur-Med herb layer Salvia pratensis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . + + . . 17
T Eur-Med herb layer Vicia pannonica . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . + . 8
P Eur shrub layer Tilia platyphyllos . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . 2 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Eur-As shrub layer Veratrum nigrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . + . . . . . . . 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
T-B subMed herb layer Trifolium incarnatum . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
H Bal herb layer Pastinaca hirsuta . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . + . . . . . . . 8
H Eur-Med herb layer Potentilla recta agg. . . + . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . + . . . . . . . 8
T Eur-As herb layer Torilis arvensis . . + . . . . . + + . . . 23 . . . . . . . + + + . 27 . . . . . + . . . . . . 8
T Kos herb layer Polygonum aviculare s.l. . . . + . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
Ch Eur-Med shrub layer Ligustrum ovalifolium . . . 3 . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . 0