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UDK 811.161.1'374:811.161.1'367
Eopuc Wcmmoem HopMan
BenopyccKnn rocygapcTBeHHbin yHHBepcHTeT (Benopyccua) boris.norman@gmail.com
Muxaun Wpbeeuu Myxun
ypa^bCKHH ^egepanbHbin yHHBepcHTeT (PoccuftcKaa ®egepa^a) mu-hi@ya.ru
O CHHTAKCHHECKOM KOMnOHEHTE .nEKCHHECKOH CEMAHTHKH1
B cTaTte yTBep^gaerca, hto b neKcHHecKoe 3HaHeHHe cnoBa BxoguT cHHTaKCHHecKHH KOMnoHeHT, KOTopHH KoHgeHcnpyeT b ce6e npegtigymue ynoTpe6neHHA cnoBa u b 3HaHHTenbHoH Mepe npegcKa3HBaeT (npegonpegenaeT) bo3moxhoctu ero ganbHeftmero Hcnonb3oBaHHA. cbh3l neKcuHecKoro 3HaneHHa u cHHTaKcHHecKHX npu3HaKOB geMOHcTpnpyeTca Ha npuMepe TaKHX pyccKHX rnaronoB, KaK do6aennmb u dononnnmb, o6ynamb u npenodaeamb, epamb u o6Manueamb u gp.
KaroneBbie caoBa: rnaron, neKcHHecKoe 3HaHeHue, cuHTaKcHHecKaa cTpyKTypa, npaMoft o6teKT, ynpaBneHue, nparMaTuKa
The article confirms that lexical meaning of a word includes syntactic component which condenses all previous uses of the word and predicts considerable possibilities of its future use. The link between the meaning and syntactic features is demonstrated on the example of Russian verbs dobavlyat' and dopolnyat' [to add], obuchat' andprepodavat' [to teach], vrat' and obmanyvat' [to deceive] and some others.
Keywords: verb, lexical meaning, syntactic structure, direct object, government, pragmatics
0	HcxogHaa gna Hac runoTe3a 3aKnroHaeTca b tom, hto b neKcuHecKyro ceMaHTuKy cnoBa BcTpoeH cunraKcuHecKun komhohcht, o6o6^aro^un Bce ynoTpe6neHua gaHHoro cnoBa b npegbigy^ux KoHTCKcTax u b 3HaHuTenbHoft cTcncHu npegonpegenaro^un ganbHcftmuc ero ynoTpc6ncHua. Hau6oncc oHCBugcH ^TOT KoMnoHCHT b cocTaBC rnaronbHoro 3HaHCHua, hto o6"bacnaeTca oco6oft — opraHu3yro^CH — (^yH^uen rnarona b npegno^eHuu. CunraKcuHecKun KoMnoHCHT b npuH^ne oTpa^acT opraHu3a^ro cooTBeTCTByro^ero $penMa, ogHaKo oh mo^ct «BbixBaTbiBaTb» u3 ^T0^0 $penMa KaKue-To gcTanu (cnoTbi), a KaKuc-To gpyruc — «He 3aMeHaTb», ocTaBnaTb b tchu. H3mchchuc (3aMCHa) cuHTaKcuHccKoro KoMnoHCHTa b kohchhom chctc cBugcTcnbcTBycT o6 u3mchchuu ncKcuHccKoro 3HaHCHua rnarona.
1	HccnegoBaHHe BtmonHeHo npu noggep^Ke nporpaMMti noBtimeHHa KoHKypeHTocnoco6HocTH YpanbcKoro ^egepanbHoro yHHBepcHTeTa (HoMep cornameHHa 02.A03.21.0006), a TaKwe Pocchhckoto ^oHga ^yHgaMeHTanbHMX HccnegoBaHHH — npoeKT N° 16-06-00340 «OTHomeHHa npoTHBonono^Hocra b cnoBape u gucKypce: neKcHKorpa^HHecKHH, KorHHTHBHo-gHcKypcHBHtm u nHHrBoKynbTyponorHHecKHH acneKTbi».
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Slavistična revija, letnik 64/2016, št. 1, januar-marec
1 HocuTenb a3MKa ucnonb3yeT b cBoen penu to unu HHoe cnoBo c ero CHHTaKCHnecKHMH HHTeH^HHMH HHTyHTHBHo u cnoHTaHHo. KaK nucan O. EcnepceH, «6onbmaa nacTb ^Tux geñcTBun onpegenaeTca TeM, hto roBopa^uñ caM genan b nogo6Hbix CHTya^HHx, a nocnegHee, b cbom onepegb, TeM, hto eMy npuxogunocb HeogHoKpaTHo cnbimarb ot gpyrux» (EcnepceH 1958: 28). Ho 3agana nuHrBucTa — BcKpMTb MoTHBHpoBKy ^T0^0 Bbi6opa, b tom nucne noKa3aTb, hto 3a BHemHe cuhohumuhhmmu rnaronaMu ctoht pa3Hbin «B3rnag» Ha cuTya^uro. npogon^HM ^HTaTy H3 EcnepceHa: «rpaMMaruKa, TaKHM o6pa3oM, cTaH0BuTca nacTbro gHHrBHCTHHecKoñ ncuxonoruu unu ncuxonorHHecKon nuHraucTuKu» (TaM ®e).
ygo6HMH ucxogHbin MaTepuan gna TaKoro uccnegoBaHua — cnoBapu. B HameM cnynae ochobhoh MaTepuan gna Ha6nrogeHun 6ygeT u3BneneH H3 cocTaBneHHoro nog pyKoBogcTBoM .HX. Ba6eHKo «OKcnepuMeffranbHoro cuHTaKcunecKoro cnoBapa» (Prn ^CC). Bce rnaronM pa3HeceHM 3gecb no ceMaHTunecKuM MogenaM, «oTpa^aro^HM TunoBbie cuTya^uu npo^ccyanbHo-co6brruHHoro Mupa» (h3 aHHOTa^HH k u3gaHuro).
1.1 ^.onycTHM, mm HMeeM geno c cuTyaquen, b kotopoh k HeKoeMy 6onbmoMy u MHo^ecTBeHHoMy o6beKTy npucoeguHaeTca HeKaa Manaa nacrb (KoTopaa BongeT b cocTaB 6onbmoro o6beKTa). B cnoBape oHa onucMBaeTca TaK: «npu3HaK npegMeTa KonHHecTBeHHo u3MeHaeTca (yMeHbmaeTca, yBenunuBaeTca) caM0np0u3B0nbH0 unu b pe3ynbrare KaKoro-n. B03gencTBHa» (Prn ^CC: 291). OgHa H3 gByx 6a30Bbix ceMaHTHHecKHx Mogenen—^T0 «cy6beKT—npeguKar u3MeHeHHa KonunecrBeHHoro npu3HaKa — o6beKT» (TaM ®e). A cpegu neKcunecKux BapuamoB ^TOH Mogenu, cpegu nponux (eunumamb nmo U3 ^e^o, npuyMHo:amb nmo, pacrnupxmb nmo u t. g.), yKa3aHM rnaronM donomxmb nmo neM u doóaemmb nmo k neMy. Bot ohu Hac cennac u 6ygyT uHTepecoBaTb.
B ogHoM cnynae, oneBugHo, roBopa^uñ KoH^HTpupyeT cBoe BHuMaHue Ha ^noM (Ha MH0®ecTBeHH0M o6beKTe): fídonomun emopym ^aey hobumpa3denoM. Bo BTopoM cnynae b cBeTnoe none BHuMaHua nonagaeT Ta nacrb ^neMeHT), KoTopaa npucoeguHaeTca k ^noMy: fí doóaeun hobuu pa3den ko emopoü znaee (unu: eo emopym ^naey). nonynaeTca, hto neKcnnecKoe 3HaneHue rnaronoB doóaemmb u donomxmb pa3nHnaeTca rnaBHbiM o6pa3oM cboum cuHTaKcunecKuM KoMnoHeHToM: paccTaHoBKon ynacrauK0B cuTya^uu u, cooTBeTcTBeHHo, BaneHTHocTaMu, KoTopbie gon^Hbi 6bTb b npegno^eHuu otkpmtm.
-3cho, hto rnaronM doóaemmb u donomxmb uMewT b cBoeM 3HaneHuu «hto-to o6^ee», ho gocTaroHHo nu ^T0^0 o6^ero gna Toro, hto6m noMe^arb ux b oguH neKcuKo-ceMaHTunecKHH Knacc? CnuTarb ux cuHoHuMaMu mo^ho TonbKo npu oneHb rpy6oM u noBepxHocraoM nogxoge k ^aKTaM a3MKa. Torga, Mo^eT 6MTb, doóaemmb (nmo k neMy) u donomxmb (nmo neM) — ^T0 KoHBepcuBM? Cp. y ro.^,. AnpecaHa: «XoTa_ KoHBepcuBM cny^ar gna BMpa^eHHa pa3nHHun, uMero^ux ceMaHTHHecKyM npupogy, ^Tu pa3nunna cBa3aHM ucKnronuTenbHo co cnoco6oM ocMMcneHua roBopa^uM HeKoTopon cuTya^uu; caMa cuTya^ua, HanpuMep, cuTya^Ha BMurpMma-npourpMma, ocTaeTca npu ^T0M Heu3MeHHon» (AnpecaH 1974: 258). TaKon oTBeT To^e HegocTaTonHo BepeH — xoTa 6m noToMy, hto o6beMM 3HaneHun ^Tux rnaronoB He coBnagaroT. ^T0 nerKo nogTBepguTb npuMepaMu. Mo^ho cKa3aTb doóaeumb conu e cyn, ho HeB03M0®H0 *donomumb cyn conbm.
E. ro. HopMaH, M. ro. MyxuH: O CHrnaKCHHecKOM KOMnoHeHTe neKCHHecKoft ceMaHTHKH 3
mo^ho cKa3aTb: doôaeumb KpacKy e pacmeop, ho Henb3a: *dononHumb pacmeop KpacKou. mo^ho CKa3aTb: Teou cnoea doôaeunu MHe yeepemocmu, ho Henb3a: *Teou cnoea dononHunu MomyeepeHHocmb u t. g.
H geno He T0nbK0 b tom, hto doôaenxmb — 3HanuTenbH0 6onee HacroTHbrä rnaron, noKpbiBaro^uH, ecTecTBeHHo, 6onee mupoKUH cneKTp CHTya^HH. no gaHHMM Ha^H0HanbH0^0 Kopnyca pyccKoro a3biKa (HKPH), nacTOTa ynoTpe6neHua b penu doôaenxmb nonra b 10 pa3 Bbime, neM nacTOTa dononHumb. Ecnu nomn «Brny6b» ceMaHTHKH ^THx rnaronoB, to mm o6Hapy®uM TaM nepu^epuHHbie, ho gH$$epeH^HanbHHe ceMbi, TaK unu uHane cooTHoca^ueca co CTpyKTypon 0Tpa®aeM0r0 $peHMa. B doôaenxmb npucyTcTByeT HeaBHoe npegcTaBneHue o «pyHH0M» MaHunynupoBaHHH (nero HeT y dononHumb) u o HanpaBneHHocTu gencTBHH (doôaeumb mo®ho He T0nbK0 k neMy-mo, ho h eo nmo-mo); 3gecb MeHee, neM b dononHxmb, o^yTHMa ceMaHTUKa npe^uKca u t. n. Co cBoen cTopoHbi, b 3HaneHHH dononHumb ecTb ^neMeHT 'genaTb nonHbiM', oTcyTCTByro^uH b doôaenxmb. BbiBog: dononHumb nmo neM u doôaenxmb nmo k neMy (unu nmo eo nmo) — KBa3HK0HBepcuBbi, cm. (AnpecaH 1974: 275-76).
HHTepecHo, hto npu peneBon pegy^uu npuBegeHHbix Bbime Bbipa^eHUH mm nonynuM $pa3bi c npaMbiM gononHeHueM, cooTBeTcTBeHHo: M dononHun emopym ^naey u M doôaeun Hoeuñ pa3den (ho He «M dononHun HoeuM pa3denoM» u He «M doôaeun ko emopoü ^naee»). !3ro nognepKHBaeT $yHKquoHanbHyro 3HanuMocTb npaMoro o6ieKTa u ero HenocpegcTBeHHyro cBa3b c rnaronbHon ceMaHTUK0H. 3nuMHHupoBaHHHH ®e nneH npegno^eHua o6o3HanaeT tot ^neMeHT ^peHMa, K0T0pbiH «yxogHT B TeHb».
KaK H3BecTH0, o^epa^Ha cBepTbiBaHua cuHTaKcuHecK0H K0H$H^ypa^HH cny^uT cBoero poga TecT0M gna ycTaH0BneHua xapaKTepa cuHTaKcunecKux cBa3en: «Ham MexaHH3M HHTyuTHBHoro onpegeneHua 3aBucuMocTu b cTpyKType npegno^eHua 0cH0BbiBaeTca Ha bo3mo®hocth h HanpaBneHuu cBepTbiBaHua gaHHoro npegno^eHua» (racnapoB 1971: 28).
^pe3BbraaHH0 br^ho b gaHH0M nnaHe npoBepuTb Hamu HHTyuTUBHbie npegcTaBneHua gaHHbiMH MaccuBa TeKcT0B. B tocthocth, Heo^HUMyro n0M0^b Mo^eT HaM 0Ka3aTb HKPH. no gaHHMM Kopnyca, nonHbrä BapuaHT K0H$H^ypa^HH c gByMa «npaBbiMH» aKTaHTaMu dononHumb nmo neM cocraBnaeT b pyccKux TeKcTax 0K0n0 27 % 0T Bcex Bxo^geHUH Ha dononHumb nmo (155 cnynaeB U3 573), b to BpeMa KaK nonHaa K0H$H^ypa^HH doôaeumb nmo k neMy He gocTuraeT u 1 % ot Bcex 3a$HKcupoBaHHHx cnynaeB doôaeumb nmo (42 npuMepa U3 4318) — cm. guarpaMMy 1.
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K veiuy				
				
				
				
				
\	m			
flOnO/IHHTb Htno no6aBHTb 4mo
flnarpaMMa 1: ynoTpeôneHue rnaronoB donomumb u doôaeumb c aKraHTaMH b Ha^oHanbHoM Kopnyce pyccKoro a3MKa.
!3to roBopuT, no-BuguMoMy, o tom, hto ponb KocBeHHoro oôteKTa b nogoÔHbix cmya^ax u3HananbHo «npuHu^aeTca» a3bmoM. Ho ecnu b KaKHx-To cnynaax ^Ta eguHu^ (oTpa^aro^aa, HanoMHUM, nonHo^HHbiH ^fleMeHT pe^epeHTHon cmya^u) nepeHocuTca b npecynno3uTuBHyro nacTb a3bmoBoro 3HaHua, to b gpyrux cnynaax oHa oTogBuraeTca b TeHb BnnoTb go nonra nonHoro HeynoMuHaHua.
2 B cBoe BpeMa b pyccKon rpaMMaTUKe rktubho pa3pa6arbiBaïïocb noHaTue cunbHoro u cnaôoro ynpaBfleHua, u ga^e npegnaranucb KoïïKHecTBeHHbie KpuTepuu gna pa3rpaHHHeHHa ^Tux Kareropun, cm.: (AnpecaH 1964; AnpecaH 1965; Coïïohu^ih 1966 u gp.). M^icib o HeoôxoguMocTu pa3nuHaTb «cunbHyro» u «cnaôyro TpaH3uTuBHocTb» BcTpenaeTca u b ôonee no3gHux nyônuKa^ax, cm. (^,®ycTu-®HHu 1990: 266-67 u gp.). Ho b ^ïïom ^Ta ugea co BpeMeHeM ôbina norao^eHa TeHbepoBcKHM yneHueM, KoTopoe npoTuBonocTaBnaeT b crpyKType $pa3bi «nepBbra», «BTopon» u «TpeTun» sktsht, a Bce BMecTe ohu npoTuBonocTaBnaMTca cupKoHcTaHTaM (oôcroaTeïïbcTBaM) — u ^T0^0 oKa3MBaeTca gocraronHo (cm.: TeHbep 1988: 121-41). npmeM rpaHu^ Me^gy «ynacrauraMu» raaro^bHoro gencTBua ycTaHaBnuBaeTca Ha ocHoBaHuu cKopee ceMaHTHnecKHx, neM $opMa^bHo-rpaMMaTHHecKux KpuTepueB. CKa^eM, T. tuboh BbicTpauBaeT HeKyro uepapxuro ceMaHTunecKHx Kareropun (TaKHx, KaK «nenoBenHocTb», «^enaHue», «Komponb», «aBHocTb» u t. n.), Hanu^ue kotopmx b co3HaHuu xapaKTepu3yeT cyôieKT b rayôuHHon cTpyKType (Givon 1984: 107).
OguH u3 caMMx Ba^Hbix u pacnpocrpaHeHHbix npu3HaKoB, cny^a^ux gna oTrpaHHHeHHa aKTaHToB ot cupKoHcTaHToB, ^T0 KaK pa3 cTeneHb o6a3areïïbHocTu nepBbix u Heoôa3arenbHocTu BTopbix. Be3 ynacraa aKTaHToB He Mo^eT ÔMTb nocTpoeHo rpaMMamHecKu npaBunbHoe BbicKa3biBaHue (cm.: nagyneBa 2002: 191-93). PaccMoTpeHHMH TonbKo hto Marepuan nogTBep^gaeT, hto ponb «BToporo aKTaHTa» ôonee cBoncTBeHHa npaMoMy gononHeHuro, u HH^ero cTpaHHoro unu hoboto b ^T0M HeT. HanoMHuM cnoBa, cKa3aHHbie nonBeKa Ha3ag: «.. .Oôhhho ynpaBnaroTca
E. ro. HopMaH, M. ro. MyxuH: O CHrnaKCHHecKOM KOMnoHeHTe neKCHHecKoft ceMaHTHKH 5
cunbHee, T.e. 6onbme TaroreroT k nonrocy 1, $opMbi c oöteKTHbiM 3HaneHueM, HeM ^opMbi c Heo6ieKTHHM 3HaneHueM. ^T0 KacaeTca He T0nbK0 BuHuTenbHoro npaMoro o6ieKTa, ho u ero cuHTaKcunecKux BapuamoB...» (AnpecaH 1965: 52-53).
2.1	no3Ke ^Ta ugea Hamna ce6e orpaKeHue u cpegu ^puH^u^0B nparMaTuKu. ®uhckuh cuHTaKcucT X. HuKyna, o6cyKgaa npo6neMy 06nuraT0pH0CTu unu $aKynbTaTuBH0CTu gononHeHun b crpyKType $pa3bi, npuxoguT k BbiBogy, hto pemaro^aa ponb b ^T0M Bonpoce npuHagneKur npamaruHecKoH npupoge: «Bpag nu 6bino 6h omu6Kon yTBepKgarb, hto KaKgoe gononHeHue M0KeT 6biTb ony^eHo npu cooTBeTCTByro^ux ycnoBuax» (Nikula 2003: 500). ^,encTBuTenbH0, K0MMyHuKaTuBHaa uHTeH^ua roBopa^ero u cooTBeTCTByro^un K0HTeKCT MoryT no3BonuTb HenoBeKy BecbMa cB060gH0 o6oHTucb c h3hkobhmu npaBunaMu. Ho ecnu npuHHTb, hto roBopa^un <omenoHupyeT K0Mn0HeHTbi cMbicna b cooTBeTcTBuu co creneHbro ux K0MMyHuKaruBH0H 3HaHuMocTu» (BeprenbcoH, Ku6puK 1981: 343), to b KaHecTBe Hau6onee npuopuTeTHbix agpecoB pac^HuBarorca uMeHHo cuHTaKcunecKue ^03u^uu nogneKa^ero u npaMoro gononHeHua. XoTa n0HaTH0, hto $peHM0Baa opraHroaqua cuTya^uu, cooTHocuMaa c npegbigy^uM Ku3HeHHbiM 0nMT0M HenoBeKa, — ^T0 0gH0, a npeguKaTHo-aKTaHTHaa cTpyKTypa, 0TpaKaro^aa ero a3biK0B0H onbiT, — gpyroe. Ho b MHoroBeKTopHon MeHTanbHon geaTenbHocTu roBopa^ero (u cnymaro^ero) ^Tu KaHanbi o6pa6oTKu uH^opMaquu B3auMogeñcTByroT, u b pe3ynbrare MeKgy humu Bbipa6arbiBaK>Tca onpegeneHHbie Koppena^uu u «npegnoHTeHua» (cm.: HopMaH 2012: 126). ,3,na K0HKpeTH0r0 M0MeHTa peHu ^Tu cBa3u 0Ka3biBaroTca yKe Heoco3HaBaeMbiMu, 3anoKeHHbiMu b rny6uHe a3biK0B0H ^Bonro^uu, u 3aK0H0MepH0cTu cuHTaKcunecK0H opraHroaquu $pa3bi cTaH0BaTca Hacrbro a3biK0B0H «TexHuKu».
2.2	B Tom Ke (Prn ^CC) paccMaTpuBaeTca Knacc npegnoKeHun, «0T06paKaro^ux curyaquro peHeBoro coo6^eHua» (c. 195). Ba30Baa Mogenb: «cy6ieKT — npeguKar peHeBoro coo6^eHua — cogepKaHue coo6^eHua — agpecar». Ho BapuaHTbi Mogenu Knaccu$u^upyroTca, KaK u b npegbigy^eM cnyHae, Ha cyry6o ceMamuHecK0M 0cH0BaHuu, — gegyKTuBHo u, b 06^eM-T0, ycn0BH0. B Hacraocru, npegcTaBneH TaK0H neKcunecKHH BapuaHT gaHHon Mogenu: «^enoBeK coo6^aeT K0My-n. KaKue-n. ^aKTunecKue cBegeHua o kom-, HeM-n.» (TaM Ke). !3to nepexogHbie rnaronbi ^oeopumb, KOMMenmupoeamb, ua3ueamb, crnsamb, cooô^amb, nepedaeamb, yKa3bieamb, oôbxcHxmb... Ho b ^T0T Ke pag cnoBapb BKnronaeT: nocea^amb Ko^o eo nmo, npu3Haeambca e neM, omnumueambca o ueM, ^umupoeamb Ko^o-^mo... flpyroñ nogKnacc, gpyron BapuaHT («coBMe^eHHaa ceMamuHecKaa Mogenb») cogepKuT cMbicn: «Op^aHU3a^ua unu ee npegcTaBuTenb (npegcTaBuTenu) coo6^aeT uH^opMa^ro 0$u^uanbH0^0 xapaKTepa, genaa ee u3BecTHon MHoruM». !3Ta Mogenb peanu3yeTca c n0M0^bro rnaronoB usee^amb, m^opMupoeamb, yeedoMMamb, oónapodoeamb, panopmoeamb, pe3K>Mupoeamb, ceudemenbcmeoeamb u t. g. (c. 197). ^cho, hto ohu no-cBoeMy oTpaKaror pa3nuHHbie cropoHbi curyaquu peHeBoro o6^eHua. !3to o6^eHue M0KeT 6biTb nucbMeHHbiM unu ycTHbiM, uHCTUTy^uoHanbHHM unu uhtumhhm, uHguBugyanbHMM unu o6pa^eHHMM k KonneKTuBy.
KaK Ke roBopa^uñ opraHu3yeT gaHHyro cuTya^uro b cuHTaKcunecK0M
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Slavistična revija, letnik 64/2016, št. 1, januar-marec
nnaHe? B caMoM o6^eM Buge peHeBoe gencTBue nu6o a) HanpaBneHo Ha HenoBeKa (agpecaT uH$opMa^uu u 0Ka3biBaeica 06"beKT0M ^T0^0 gencTBua): MypHanucm uH^opMupoean ^opo^cKym o6^ecmeeHHocmb o meopx^uxcx 6e33aKOHuxx; Munb^e yeedoMunu o peMoHme; Muma y^oeopun cecmpy noumu Kynambcx u t. n., nu6o 6) HanpaBneHo Ha cogep^aHue coo6^eHua (T.e. Ha uH$opMa^uro): nemx paccKa3an MHe nocnedHue Hoeocmu; yuumenb o6bxcHun demxM npaeuno; Bodumenb o6bxenxem (naccawupaM) ocmaHoeKu u t. n. H xoTa u TaM, u TaM rnaron Tpe6yeT npaMoro gononHeHua, ogymeBneHHbin unu HeogymeBneHHbin xapaKTep nocnegHero HeTKo pa3nuHaeT TunoByro ceMaHTuKy. OnaTb-TaKu xapaKTepHo, hto B03M0®H0cTb ony^eHua 3aBucuMoro ot rnarona HneHa yKa3biBaeT Ha ero ^HTpa^bHoe unu nepu^epuHHoe nono^eHue b CTpyKType $penMa. TaK, mm CKopee CKa^eM MypHanucm uH^opMupoean o6^ecmeeHHocmb, HeM MypHanucm m$opMupoean o 6e33aKoHuxx. A pegy^upoBaHHaa $pa3a yuumenb o6bxcHun npaeuno BbirnaguT ecTecTBeHHen (Tpe6yeT MeHbme K0HTeKcTyanbH0n noggep^Ku), HeM yuumenb o6bxcHun demxM u t. n.
2.3 OHepegHon npuMep u oHepegHaa pe^epemnaa cuTya^ua. B (Prn ^CC) oHa paccMaTpuBaeTca b nogKnacce coBMe^eHHbix ceMaHTunecKux Mogenen co 3HaHeHueM «^enoBeK coo6^aei K0My-n. uH^opMaquro b npo^cce np0$eccu0HanbH0-rpyg0B0n geaienbHociu» (c. 197). ^onycTuM, crygeHTbi-uHo crpaH^i u3yHaK>T HepogHon gna hux pyccKun a3MK, u pyKoBoguT ^T0H ux pa6oTon npenogaBarenb — oh (^opMynupyeT npaBuna, npuBoguT npuMepbi, npegnaraeT Hurarb TeKcTbi u t. n. ,3,na npenogaBarena ^T0 — ero pa6oia. Mo^ho o6o3HaHuTb ^Ty cuTya^uro KaK nempoe npenodaem pyccKuü R3UK (uHocmpaH^aM) unu nempoe o6ynaem uHocmpaH^ee (pyccKoMy H3UKy). OHeBugHo, hto cn0B0$0pMbi, B3aTbie b cko6ku, o6nagaroi MeHbmen creneHbM cBa3u c rnaronoM u n0T0My MoryT 6biTb ony^eHbi — b oraunue ot npaMoro gononHeHua, K0Topoe u b nepBoM, u bo btopom cnyHae uMeeT o6nuraTopHbra xapaKTep. npaBoMepHo cHurarb, hto bo btopom npuMepe, no cpaBHeHuro c nepBbiM, npou3omen pe^penMuHr curyaquu, T.e. nepecipoHKa, nepecrpyKTypupoBaHue ee c noMo^bM a3biKoBbix cpegcTB. ^T0 e^e ogHa unnrocrpaqua Ha TeMy «BapuaruBHoe npegciaBneHue $penMa c n0M0^bro a3biK0Bbix eguHu^» Ho npogon^uM Ham ^KC^epuMeHT. Mo^eM nu mm, onyciuB bo $pa3e cunbHoynpaBnaeMbin ^neMeHT, 0gH0BpeMeHH0 «noBbicuTb paHr» cna6oynpaBnaeMoro? To ecTb cKa3aTb: nempoe npenodaem uHocmpaH^aM? no-BuguM0My, ga. Ho ^T0 cpa3y ®e bhocut hobmh 0TTeH0K b 3HaHeHue rnarona npenodaeamb: ceMaHTuKa gencTBua 3gecb 3aMeHaeica ceMaHTuKon geaienbHocru (nempoe npenodaem uHocmpaH^aM 3HaHuT 'neipoB pa6oTaeT c uHocrpa^aMu'). ^Ty Mbicnb nogTBep®gaK>T gaHHbie HKP.3. CoHeiaHue rnarona npenodaeamb c $opMon garenbHoro nagera BcipeHaeica He 6onee 200 pa3 Ha 3227 cnyHaeB ynoipe6neHua rnarona, unu npuMepHo b 6 % K0HTeKcr0B, to ecTb g0B0nbH0 pegKo. OgHaKo b npuBoguMbix 3gecb K0HTeKciax aKTyanu3upyeTca ceMaHTuKa geaienbHociu, HanpuMep:
Pa3Hu^a Mewdy meM, KaK mu npenodaemb cmydeHmaM u e.3pocnuM nmdxM, — KonoccanbHan (H. ^,ep6aK).
Hhmmu cnoBaMu, cumaKcunecKun K0Mn0HeHT 3HaHeHua o6Hapy®uBaeT ce6a u 3gecb. H nogo6Hbix npuMepoB b pyccK0M a3biKe — orpoMHoe MH0®ecTB0, cp.
E. ro. HopMaH, M. ro. MyxuH: O CHrnaKCHHecKOM KOMnoHeHTe neKCHHecKoft ceMaHTHKH 7
mop^oeamb neM h mop^oeamb nmo, 3anuMambcn neM h 3amMambc% c KeM, dapumb nmo KOMy h dapumb K0^0 neM, nopeamb nmo KOMy h nopeamb c KeM/neM, 6opombcx 3a nmo h 6opombcx npomue ne^o, wepmeoeamb neM h wepmeoeamb nmo Ha nmo, ^noeamb nmo mmy h ^noeamb K0^0 eo nmo h t. g. CgoBapu pyccKoro a3biKa b toh
Hgu HHOH Mepe $HKCHpyK)T ^TH pa3gUHHa.
3 CucreMa nognuHeHHbix rgarogy aKTaHTOB h B03M0®H0CTen guareTHHecKHx npeo6pa3OBaHHH cocTaBgaeT Ba^Hyro nacrb o6^en Tunogorn^ecKoH xapaKTepucTHKu a3bma. TaK, b guTeparype gaBHO n0Ka3aH0, hto b aHrauncKOM a3bme coneTaeMOCTb c pa3HbiMH TunaMu cy6ieKTa Bongo^aeT b ce6e pac^engeHue geKCunecKOH ceMaHTHKH rgaroga: The couple flew British Airways — ^TO 0gH0, a British Airways flew passengers — ^TO gpyroe (cm.: Gotz-Votteler 2007: 44-45). A E. HeBHH, uccgegoBaBmaa cuHTaKcuHecKoe noBegeHue aHrguncKHx rgarogoB, cMorga ux BOo6^e crpynnupoBaTb b geKcuKo-ceMaHTHnecKHe Kgaccbi Ha ocHOBaHuu Tpex TunoB «apryMeHTHMx agbrepHaquH»: MeguagbHon, KOHaTHBHOH u goKaruBHoft (Levin 1993: 23-55). CaMH ^TH Bugbi cuHTaKcunecKHx npeo6pa3OBaHHH npegcTaBgeHbi u b rpaMMaTHKe pyccKoro a3biKa, ho geKcunecraa ux peagroaqua cne^^HHHa, cp. arng. Peter drives a car — The car drives easily u pyc. nemp eodum Mammy — *Mamuna ne^KO eodumcx; aHrg. I watched the girl with interest — The girl was watched with interest u pyc. M cMompen Ha deeymvy c unmepecoM — Ha deeymvy cMompenu c unmepecoM (6yKB. *fleeymKa 6bwa cMompena c unmepecoM) u t. n. A, cra^eM, b cgoBeHcKoM a3bme A. ®ege ^HKcupyeT noaBgeHue paga rgarogoB, gga kotopmx ynoTpe6geHue c npaMbiM o6ieKToM cBugeTegbcTByeT He npocTo o «cy^eHuu coneTaeMocTHoro noga», ho o cne^agroa^u ux ceMaHTHKH — piratizirati programe, abstinirati glasovanje, blefirati veselje, foulirati nasprotnika u t. n. (Žele 2013: 167). CBoeo6pa3ue cucreMbi arcraHTHbix cgBuroB o6Hapy®HBaeTca h npu BMxoge 3a npegegbi guTeparypHoro a3MKa — b nacraocTH, npuMeHuregbHo k ^aproHHoMy MaTepuagy, cm. (Po3HHa 2002: 13-14).
KoHenHo, Hegb3a Tpe6oBarb ot cuHTaKcunecKHx npu3HaKoB, hto6m ohh nogHocTbM h neTKo oTpa^agu geKcnnecKoe 3HaneHue rgaroga: a3MK gga ^T0^0 cgumKoM «MaroK». runoTe3a o tom, hto «cgoBa c oguHaKoBbiM ugu cxogHbiM 3HaneHueM HMeroT oguHaKoBbie ugu cxogHbie Ha6opM cuHTaKcnHecKux npu3HaKoB, h Hao6opoT» (AnpecaH 1967: 26), oKa3agacb, oneBugHo, cgumKoM cugbHon, «MaKcuMagucTcKon», ogHaKo o6^aa ugea B3aHMoo6ycgoBgeHHocTH ceMaHTHHecKHx h cuHTaKcHHecKHx npu3HaKoB ocTaeTca arcryagbHoH. ,3ga Hac oHa npuHHMaeT, KaK y^e roBopugocb, Bug cuHTaKcnHecKoro KoMnoHeHTa, BcrpoeHHoro b geKcnnecKoe 3HaneHue. H npe3BbraaHHo Ba^Ho, hto ^TOT KoMnoHeHT cooraocuTca co crpyKTypon ^penMa: robopa^un Bongo^aeT b a3biKoBon eguHH^ cbom TpaKTOBKy pe^epenraon cuTyaquu (cp. ugero «rpaMMaTHKH gga npogyKTHBHbix peneBbix gencTBun» H. r. MugocgaBcKoro — MugocgaBcKHH 2008: 209-17).
3.1 PaccMoTpuM e^e oguH npuMep H3 pyccKoro a3biKa. Tgarogbi epamb u o6Manueamb 3Hanar 'roBopuTb HenpaBgy, BBoguTb b 3a6gy®geHue'. npu ^TOM HHTeHcuBHocTb gencTBna, npegcTaBgeHHoro b rgaroge epamb, cugbHee, neM tot ®e npu3HaK b rgaroge o6Manueamb. HocuTegb a3bma HHTyHTHBHo o^y^aeT, hto epamb
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Slavistična revija, letnik 64/2016, št. 1, januar-marec
— «rpyöee», ho Ha ïtom ero noBepxHocTHbie MeTaa3biKOBbie 3HaHua 3aKaHHuBaK>Tca.
HeMe^Kaa uccgegoBaregbHu^ C. ,3,ëHHuHrxayc npoaHagu3upoBaga Öogbmyro rpynny pyccKux «rgarogOB g®u» (o6Monueamb1, o6Manueamb2, usMenamb, mamb, epamb1, epamb2 (Kneeemamb), epamb3 ($anbmueumb), Kneeemamb, 6pexamb, eudyMueamb, eyanupoeamb, myManumb, KOMyfynupoeamb) u gp. c noMO^bro Haöopa ceMaHTunecKux npu3HaKOB — trkux, KaK ynacTue C0^uagbH0^0 MOMeHTa, uHCTpyMeHTajbHoCTb, oTKjoHeHue OT HopMM, ^Kc^peccuBHaa o^HKa u t. n. (Dönninghaus 1999: 143-44). B pe3ygbrare nogynugacb BecbMa cgo®Haa KapTuHa, KOTopyro mo®ho ucrogKOBarb krk ceMamunecKoe noge c cyönogaMu ge3UH$opMa^uu, ge3opueHTaquu, oÖMaHa KaK TaKOBoro u omuÖKu. BHyTpu Ka®goro u3 hux, b cBoro OHepegb, Bbigegarorca Öogee HacTHbie TeMbi, Bpoge «ucKa®arb», «KjeBeTaTb», «^amaîupoBarb», «cuMygupoBarb» u t. n., npegcTaBgeHHbie pa3HbiMu HacxaMu penu. OgHaKO Bca ^Ta nogpoÖHaa Kgaccu^uKaqua coBepmaeTca b paMKax hucto ceMacuogoranecKoro aHagu3a; cuHTaKcuHecKue npu3HaKu gaHHoro Kgacca cjOB ocraroTca «3a KagpoM».
HHbie npu3HaKu cmyaquu oÖMaHa — ^gb, cnocoö, ucnogb3OBaHue «xmpbix npueMOB u ygoBOK», o^HKa co cropoHbi Haögrogarega u t. n. — ynuTbiBarorca A. M. ngoTHuKOBOH, KOTopaa peKOHcTpyupyeT nogpoÖHbrä «KorHuTuBHbrä c^Hapun OÖMaHa» (ngoTHuKOBa 2006: 75-79). H onaTb-TaKu mo®ho npegnogo®uTb, hto gaHHMe 3HaneHua trk ugu uHane gog^Hbi Hamu cBoe Bbipa®eHue b TeKcTe — Hepe3 coBOKynHocTb cuHTaKcuHecKux npu3HaKOB. ^Ta Mbicgb nogTBep®gaeTca npuBoguMMMu uccgegoBaregbHu^H npuMepaMu. B HacTHocTu, cgegyro^aa ^uTaTa u3 poMaHa M. ^ocroeBcKoro «YHu^eHHbie u ocKopögeHHbie» cogep^ur b ceöe yKa3aHue Ha to, hto cuTya^ua oÖMaHa MO®eT BKgroratb b ceöa uHcTpyMeHT:
B ^emep6yp^e on, pasyMeemca, CKopo 6u ee omucKan, nod kokum 6u uMeneM ona nu eopomunacb e Poccum; da deno e moM, nmo 3a^paHu^Hue e^o a^eHmu e^o nownbiM ceudemenbcmeoM o6Manynu: yeepunu e^o, nmo ona wueem e odnoM ko-KoM-mo 3o6pomennoM ^opo^umKe e mwnou repManuu...
3gecb nownoe ceudemenbcmeo — uHcTpyMeHT oÖMaHa, nognepKuBaro^un HaMepeHHbiH xapaKTep nocgegHero. OKa3biBaeTca, oÖMaHbiBarb mo®ho neM-mo (c noMO^bro Hero-To), b to BpeMa KaK «BpaTb HeM-TO» Hegb3a.
OöparuMca b cBa3u c ^TUM BHOBb k (Prn ^CC). CgoBapb pa3HocuT rgarogbi epamb u o6Manueamb no pa3HbiM cuHTaKcunecKuM MogegaM. TunoBaa ceMaHTuKa nepBOH u3 hux — «^egoBeK cooö^aeT agpecary hto-j. (KaKue-g. cBegeHua, u3Becrua u t. n.) o kom-, HeM-g.» (c. 195). CeMaHTuKa BTopon — «^egoBeK BegeT ceöa KaKuM-g. oöpa3OM, nocTynaeT KaK-g., coBepmaeT KaKue-g. nocrynKu» (c. 235).
^encTBuTegbHO, epamb — npeuMy^ecTBeHHO peneBoe gencTBue, b to BpeMa KaK o6Manueamb mo®ho u nocTynKaMu, noBegeHueM. Ho oöparuM BHuMaHue Ha ocoöeHHocTu cuHTaKcunecKoro noBegeHua gaHHbix rgarogoB. B cTpyKTypy 3HaneHua o6Manueamb BcTpoeHa uH^opMaqua o Hagunuu y gencTBua oöteKra — ^T0 HegoBeK, KOToporo oÖMaHbiBaror. no gaHHbiM HKP.3, u3 5238 Bxo^geHun Ha ^T0T rgarog npuMepHO nogoBuHa — 2327 npuMepoB (44,4 %) — cogep®ar gonogHeHue Ko^o-^mo. A rgarog epamb KOH^mpupyeT BHuMaHue HocuTega a3biKa Ha caMOM ^arcre g®u, BbiBoga u3 noga 3peHua HegoBeKa, KOTopbrä cTaHOBuTca 0ÖieKT0M (ugu agpecaroM) ^T0H MaHu^yga^uu. CTarucTuKa noKa3HBaeT (cm. guarpaMMy 2): u3
E. ro. HopMaH, M. ro. MyxuH: O CHrnaKCHHecKOM KOMnoHeHTe neKCHHecKoft ceMaHTHKH 9
10321 Bxo®geHuñ Ha rnaron epamb TonbKo 339 (3,3 %) peanroyrorr BaneHTHocrb c gaTenbHbiM nage®oM: epamb mmy (KCTaTu, gaTenbHbra nage® — Boo6^e caMbin pegKun B cucTeMe pyccKux nage®eH).
	KOMy				
					
					
Koao-nmo					
\	m				
1					
OÖHaHblBaTb Bpatb
^HarpaMMa 2: ynoTpe6neHue rnaronoB oÔMamieamb u epamb c aKTaHTaMu b Ha^u0HaflbH0M Kopnyce pyccKoro a3biKa.
CpaBHuM ecTecTBeHHoe: Hmo mu epemb? u ManoBepoaTHoe Hmo mu
oÔMamieaemb? — npu HopMaTuBHoM Hmo mu Mena oÔMamieaemb?
4 Bonpocbi o cooTHomeHuu ceMaHTuKu u cuHTaKcuca, ceMaHTuKu u nparMaTuKu — ogHu u3 KnKweBbix b coBpeMeHHon nuHraucTuKe. H3BecTHbie c^e^uaïïucTbI no ucKyccTBeHHoMy uHTenneKTy — P. ffleHK, H. BupH6ayM u ,3®. Men — HacTauBaror Ha Heo6xoguMocTu uHTerpanbHoro npegcraBneHua ceMamuHecKux u npamaTuHecKux 3HaHun. no ux MHeHuro, b co3HaHuu Hocurena a3biKa «He cy^ecTByeT "cnoBapa", a ecTb To^bKo "^H^uKno^egua". Hnane roBopa, neKcuKoH TecHo cBa3aH c nponuMu HamuMu 3HaHuaMu u HeoTgenuM ot hux» (ffleHK, BupH6ayM, Men 1989: 33). CooTBeTcTBeHHo, Ka®goe caobo penpe3eHTupyeT ^parneHT MHoroo6pa3Horo nenoBenecKoro onbrra, c^oKycupoBaHHbin b naMaTu. npegcraBneHue o toh unu uhoh ®u3HeHHon cuTya^uu ($penM) BKAKraeT b ce6a MHo®ecTBo ^ïïeMeHT0B, Haxoga^uxca gpyr c gpyroM b cno®Hbix oTHomeHuax. H b npuBegeHHbix Bbime npuMepax mh BuguM, KaK B3rnag roBopa^ero Ha cuTya^uro cnoco6eH BbixBaTbiBaTb u3 Hee Te unu uHbie geTanu u b to ®e BpeMa 3arymeBbiBaTb, oTganaTb uhhc ^fleMeHTbI ^peHMa. CuHTaKcuc ®e oKa3biBaeTca caMbiM ecTecTBeHHbiM uHcTpyMeHToM gna crpyKTyproa^u crnyaquu, ee ynopagonuBaHua u npegcraBneHua b Buge KoHKpeTHon «KapTuHKu». ^H^uKno^eguHecKaa uH$opMa^ua, KoTopon o6nagaeT roBopa^uñ (3HaHua o «nono®eHuu gen»), BbiHy®geHHo yKnagbiBaeTca b ero penu b npoKpycToBo no®e toh unu uhoh npeguKaTHo-aKTaHTHoñ cxeMbi.
06cy®gaeMaa TeMa uMeeT oTHomeHue u k o6^eñ npo6neMaTuKe KorHuruBHon geaTenbHocTu nenoBeKa, u k Bonpocy o nocnegoBaTenbHocru ynacrua oTgenbHbix a3HKoBHx ypoBHeñ b peneBon geaTenbHocTu. B HegaBHeñ cBoen cTaTbe u3BecTHbra
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Slavistična revija, letnik 64/2016, št. 1, januar-marec
aMepuKaHCKun juHrBucT (gaBHun onnoHeHT H. XoMCKoro) y.	nucaj hto
cuHTaKCHHecKHe (rpaMMaTHHecKHe) CTpyKiypbi a3biKa «no onpegejeHuro He MoryT HanpaMyro B3aHMogencTBoBaTb c MbimjeHueM. <...> .^eKCUKaïïU3a^Ha u JUHeapu3a^HH ucKa^aror cuHTaKCHnecKHe crpyKTypbi, yBejunuBaa paccroaHue Me^gy humu u MbimjeHueM»	2015: 79-80). ^0^T0My npo^cc nopo^geHua
TeKCTa	BbiCTpauBaeT npuMepHo cjegyro^uM o6pa3oM: Mucnu — ceMaHmuKa
— cuHmaKcuc — ^oHono^un — seyKu. C Hamen tohkh 3peHua, cuHTaKCHHecKun KoMnoHeHT npucyTCTByeT y^e Ha «ceMamuHecKoM» ypoBHe, «BHyTpu» jieKcmecKoro 3HaneHua — bo bchkom cjynae, Bbi6op raarojbHoro npeguKaTa npegonpegejaeT u cuHTaKCKHecKuH «KocTaK» 6ygy^en $pa3bi.
4.1	Ha6jrogeHua Hag MarepuajoM cjoBapen npoxogaT npoBepKy b peneBoñ npaKTuKe. B ^T0M njaHe 6ojbmon uHTepec npegcTaBjaroT ^aKTbi peneBbix oTKjoHeHun ot HopM ynpaBjeHua. KaK npaBujo, ^T0 He npocTo «omu6Ku», a npoaBjeHua a3biKoBoñ aHajoruu: u3MeHaro^aaca coneTaeMocTb CBugeTejbCTByeT o tom, hto rjaroj nonagaeT b c$epy BjuaHua gpyroro rjaroja, T.e. CTaHoBuTca C hum 6ju3kum no 3HaneHuro. Cp. npuMepbi u3 coBpeMeHHbix ra3eTHbix TeKCToB, Tuna ^opemb aymcaudepy, Hacnedoeamb epemuKaM, co6ecedoeamb mucKamenbH^y, Kypupoeamb nodnmeHHbiMu, Haxne6ambcn c npo6neMOMu, eecmucb Ha annoducMeHmu u t. n. A bot noKa3aTejbHbie ^uTaTbI u3 HoBenmen xygo^ecTBeHHoñ juTepaTypbi:
OdHa pen^un 6e3 cKOHdana Hacnedyem ^py^oü, MupHo denn cen^eHHoe npocmpaHcmeo (A. TeHuc, «6 najb^B») — cp.: conymcmeyem uju nodpawaem ^py^oü u t. n.
Bo33pu Ha Hac u Ha hux. ^o^oeopu k hom bmcokum Tboum ^cnepaHmo. flau 3HaK (C. Cokojob, «TpeBo^Haa KyKojKa») — cp.: o6pamucb k hom u t. n.
^onojHuTejbHHe npuMepbi u3 xygo^ecTBeHHbix u ^y6ïïu^ucTUHecKux npou3BegeHun npuBogaTca b (HopMaH 2011). 3aKpbiBaTb Ha hux raa3a KaK Ha aBHbie peneBbie onjomHocTu He no3BojaeT ux peryjapHbrä xapaKTep. Hao6opoT, ux cjegyeT TpaKToBaTb KaK npoaBjeHua ®u3hu a3biKa, a uMeHHo — uHrepeHTHoro CTpeMjeHua k o^TUMU3a^uu jeKcunecKon cucTeMbi u oneparaBHoñ nepecTponKu ceMaHTunecKux CBa3en Me^gy cjoBaMu.
4.2	Ho o6^yro KapTuHy B3auMogeHCTBua cuHTaKcunecKux npu3HaKoB c jeKCKHecKoá ceMamuKon marola mo^ho nojynuTb TojbKo o6paruBmucb k CTarucTKHecKoH o6pa6oTKe peneBbix gaHHbix. !3tu gaHHbie «yKpynHaroT» KapTuHy, ohu He TojbKo no3BojaK>T Bepu$u^upoBaTb TeopeTKHecKue nojo^eHua, Kacaro^ueca cuHTaKcunecKoro KoMnoHeHTa jeKcunecicoro 3HaneHua, ho uHorga cnoco6Hbi u u3MeHuTb Hamu umyuTuBHbie npegcraBjeHua o nojo^eHuu gej (cm.: nep^B 2006). ^to ®e KacaeTca HocuTeja a3biKa, to oh b CBoen peneBoñ npaKTuKe e^egHeBHo CTaBuT ^KC^epuMeHT, ucnbrrbiBaro^uH Ha nponHocTb CBa3u jeKcuKu u cuHTaKcuca. YnoMaHyTHe Bbime oTKjoHeHua b rjiarojbHoM ynpaBjeHuu — ^KCTpeMaïïbHbiH cjynaH, BocnpuHuMaeMbm Ha $oHe HopMajbHo pa6oTaromHx MexaHu3MoB.
E. ro. HopMaH, M. ro. MyxuH: O CHrnaKCHHecKOM KOMnoHeHTe neKCHHecKoft ceMaHTHKH 11
^HTEPATyPA
ro. AnPEoaH, 1964: O cugbHoM u cga6oM ynpaBgeHuu (onm KogunecTBeHHoro aHagroa). BonpocuR3UK03nanuR 3. 32-49.
--, 1965: OnbiT onucaHua 3HaneHHH rgarogoB no hx cuHTaKcuHecKHM npu3HaKaM (THnaM ynpaBgeHua). Bonpocu R3UK03nanuR 5. 51-66.
--, 1967: 3KcnepuMenmanbHoe uccnedoeanue pyccKo^o ^na^ona. MocKBa: HayKa.
--, 1974: ^eKcuuecmx ceManmuKa: CunonuMunecKue cpedcmea R3UKa. MocKBa: HayKa.
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Povzetek
Članek potrjuje tezo, da leksikalni pomen besede vključuje skladenjsko prvino, ki v sebi združuje vse prejšnje rabe besede in v veliki meri napoveduje možnosti njene nadaljnje rabe. Povezava med leksikalnim pomenom in skladenjskimi prvinami je prikazana na primeru ruskih glagolov, kot so goöaBgaTb in gonomaTb 'dopolnjevati', oöynarb in npenogaBaTb 'poučevati', BpaTb in oÖMaHbiBarb 'varati, zavajati'.
Osnovo in okvir predlagane teorije predstavljajo najnovejši dosežki leksikalne semantike (delo raziskovalnih skupin pod vodstvom J. D. Apresijana in L. G. Babenko), dela o skladenjski kompatibilnosti (H. Nikula, B. Levin idr.) in podatki iz jezikoslovne statistike.