fO^HOC.iaBHHCkaa HapojHan jeMOHO^ornn b 6aikaHCkOM kOHTekCTe1
Ama nnomnuKoea
The author describes a complex of specific characteristics of South Slavic demonology which also appears in other Balkan notions about demons.
H3yneHHe cnaBaHCKoft HapoflHoft fleMoHonorHH, h MH^onorHH b nenoM, b nocneflHHe roflbi 3HannrenbHo npoflBHHynocb, 6naroflapa, npexfle Bcero, nocnefloBarenbHo pa3pa6oTaHHHM noflxoflaM k BbifleneHHro CHCTeMbi npH3HaKoB onHcaHHa cnaBaHCKoro fleMoHonorHnecKoro nepcoHaxa (cm., pa6oTH C.M. Toncroft, .H.H. BHHorpafloBoft h flp. [1, 2]). Bbino^HeHHbie b pycne 3THonHHrBHCTHnecKoro HanpaBneHHa pa6oTH no cncTeMaTnnecKoMy onncaHnro cnaBaHCKoft fleMoHonorHH, KaK h cnenHanbHbie MoHorpa^nnecKne HCcnefloBaHHa (cm., HanpHMep, hx cnHcoK b pa6oTe [2, c. 19]), no3BonaroT onpeflenHTb cy^ecTBeHHbie xapaKTepHCTHKH o6^ecnaB^HCKHx MH^onoranecKnx aBneHHft b cnaBAHCKnx 3THoKynbrypHbix TpaflHnHax. Ha stom ^oHe CTaHoBHTca bo3moxhhm BH^B^eHHe KoMnneKca cnenH^HnecKnx nepT roxHocnaBaHCKoft fleMoHonorHH, KoTopHe moxho oTHecTH k TaK Ha3HBaeMHM "6a^KaHH3MaM". 9tot TepMHH npHMeHHM k aB^eHH^M HapoflHoft flyxoBHoft KynbTypH, Bo-nepBHx, o6^hm flna MHorHx 6a^KaHCKHx TpaflHnHft, Bo-BTopHx, oCo6eHHbiM no CpaBHeHHro C HHHMH (He6anKaHCKHMH) TpaflHnHaMH. BMecTe c TeM, Henb3a He npHHHMaTb bo BHHMaHHe h Ty cnenH^HKy 6a^KaHCKoft THnonorHH, KoTopyro oTMenaeT T.B. D,HBbAH: "OflHo H3 CBoftCTB "6aakahckocmu" b acneKTe 6anKaHCKoft MoflenH MHpa MoxeT cocToaTb b tom, hto h e -y h h k a n b h h e aBneHHa CKnaflbiBaroTra b y h h k a n b h y ro Mo3aHKy. 9to CBoftCTBo 6bino 3aMeneHo npH aHanrae 6anKaHCKnx a3hkob b acneKTe 6anKaHCKoro a3HKoBoro coro3a: no KaxfloMy H3 6anKaHH3MoB moxho o6pa3oBaTb a3HKoBHe coo6^ecTBa, BHxofla^He 3a npeflenH EanKaH, ho BHe EanKaH HeT a3HKa, KoTopHft o6naflan 6h HeoSxoflHMHM MHHHMyMoM 6anKaHH3MoB..." [3, c. 67].
flna 6onee KoMnaKTHoro npeflCTaBneHHa ochobhhx oco6eHHocTeft roxHocnaB^HCKoft "HH3meft" MH^onorHH c nenbro ee conocTaBneHHa c fleMoHonoraeft flpyrHx 6anKaHCKHx HapofloB BHflenHM HecKonbKo rpynn fleMoHoB b cooTBeTCTBHH c HaH6onee 3HanHMoft flna Kaxfloro H3 hhx nepToft, T.e. npeo6naflaro^eft b ero xapaKTepHCTHKe. npH TaKoft CMemaHHoft KnaccH^HKanHH ynHTHBaroTca pa3nHnHbie npH3HaKH: HnH ocHoBHaa ^yHKnHa fleMoHa, HnH MecTo o6HTaHHa, HnH (pexe) npoHcxoxfleHHe. B caMbix o6^nx nepTax flna SanKaHocnaBAHCKnx TpaflHnHft moxho
1 This article was financially supported by RGNF (grant N 96-40-06034 "Mifologiceskie osnovy slavjanskoj narodnoj kul'tury").
o6o3HaHHTb "Kiacc" b o a a h h x (no npH3HaKy MecTa oÖHTaHHa), "n e m h x" (TaKxe - no MecTy oÖHTaHHa), b o 3 a y m h h x aeMoHoB, rae ocoÖoe MecTo 3aHHMaroT 3MeenoaoÖHHe aeMoHonornnecKne nepcoHaxn (KoTopHe HepeaKo BocnpnHHMaroTca h KaK npeacTaBHTeiH BoaHoö Mn^onornHecKoö "^ayHbi"); x p a h h t e n e h aoMa, cena, MecTa (hto moxho BbiaennTb KaK xapaKTepHyro ^yHKnnro MHorHx ÖanKaHocnaBaHCKnx aeMoHoB, TaKXe BHe 3aBHCHMoCTH oT Hx oÖiHKa, KotopHH, oTMeTHM, HaCTo onHCHBaeTCa KaK 3MeenoaoÖHHÖ); "p y c a ji o k" (croaa nonaaaroT ÖanKaHocnaBaHCKne euae, caMoeuae, caModueu); aeMoHoB c y a b Ö h (oöhhho xeHCKne MH^onornnecKne nepcoHaxn, onpeaenaro^ne cyaböy MiaaeHna); b e a b m (nroan-aeMoHH, b ochobhom xeHCKoro nona, oÖnaaaro^ne cBepxtecTecTBeHHHMH cbohctbbmh h Haroca^ne Bpea nroaaM); b a m-n h p o b (aeMoHH-MepTBenbi, BbicacHBaro^ne KpoBb); aeMoHoB, nponcxona^nx ot a y m HeKpe^eHbix MnaaeHneB, yMepmHx poxeHnn h öepeMeHHbix xeH^HH, caMoyÖnän. KpoMe Toro2, b öaiKaHociaBaHCKoö aeMoHonornnecKon cHCTeMe onpeaenaeTca aocTaToHHo yHHBepcaibHHH coÖHpaTeibHHH "Kiacc" HeHHCToö chih - h e h h c t h, a TaKxe CTpamHiH^a nnn n y r a n a, h HaKoHen, - aeMoHH Ö o n e 3 h h (nepcoHH^HKanna pa3iHHHHx Öone3Hen). B oTaeibHyro rpynny (nnn rpynnH, b cooTBeTCTBHH c pa3HHMH npa3aHHKaMH) cneayeT BbiaennTb MH^onornnecKne nepcoHaxn, BpeMa noaBneHna kotophx CBa3aHo c onpeieHHHMH nepHoaaMH HapoaHoro KaneHaapa (HanpHMep, THn KapaKoHdwo - Ha CBaTKH, THn modopu,u - Ha nepBoö Heaene BennKoro nocTa h T.a.). npeanoxeHHaa Knaccn^HKauna b npnHnnne npHMeHHMa k pa3HHM cnaBaHCKHM 3THoKyibTypHHM TpaanunaM, nosTOMy cneayeT onpeaennTb, KaKHe rpynnH nepcoHaxeö H no KaKHM KoHKpeTHHM npH3HaKaM MoXHo CHHTaTb "cneUH^HHeCKH ÖaiKaHCKHMH", T.e. xapaKTepHHMH ana HapoaHoö aeMoHonornn roxHbix cnaBaH h hx ÖanKaHCKnx coceaeö.
CpeaH nepeHHcneHHHx rpynn necHbie ayxn - HanÖonee peaKo BCTpenaeMbie Ha BaiKaHax aeMoHH, hto Ha cnaBaHCKoM ^oHe npeacTaBiaeTca BecbMa BaxHoö oTiHHHTenbHoö ocoöeHHocTbro roxHocnaBaHCKoö aeMoHonornn b nenoM. KaK npaBnno, HCCieaoBaTenaMH oTMenaroTca nepcoHaxn THna cepö. rnyMcm MajKa, rnyMüHKa [4, c. 1820] (rocnoacTByro^ee b jiecy cy^ecTBo - KpacHBaa nnn, HaoöopoT, öe3oöpa3Haa xeH^HHa, cnocoÖHaa npeBpa^aTbca b xhbothhx, KonHy ceHa, pa3Hbie npeaMera) h Önn3Kne k Heö aeMoHH, cBa3aHHHe c necoM, noKpbiBaro^HM ropncTyro MecTHocTb: cepö. zopcm MajKa, naaHmcm MajKa [4, c. 19], Öonr. poaon. duea wem [5, c. 304]. B HecnaBaHCKHx öanKaHCKHx Tpaannnax aHanornn npocnexnBaroTca Ha ceBepe apeana - b pyMHHCKHx BepoBaHHax, rae noaoÖHHH nepcoHax Ha3HBaeTca Mama-Pädurii "MaTb jieca", Fata-Pädurii "aeBa neca", vîlva-codrului "ayx neca" [6, c.134].
Bonee xapaKTepHH ana roxHocnaBaHCKnx BepoBaHnö MH^onoraHecKne nepcoHaxn, CBa3aHHHe C BoaHHMH HCToHHHKaMH KaK MeCToM oÖHTaHHa. AHanorHHHH BocToHHocnaBaHCKoMy eodmoMy (cm. [7]) B.-cepö. eodeHu dyx (flxepaan), ro.-cepö. eodewaK (ByHHTpH).3 HHoraa xo3aHHoM peKH nnn Konoana CHHTaeTca aeMoH, nponcxoaa^nñ ot yTonneHHHKa: öonr. momK, monuK. HaHÖonee cnenn^nneH ana öanKaHocnaBaHCKoro apeana (ocoöeHHo b roxHbix ero perHoHax - MaKeaoHHH, Poaonax, CrpaHaxe) xray^nö Ha aHe o3epa (nnn Mopa) 3Meö-apaKoH c oaHoö nnn HecKonbKHMH ronoBaMH. BonrapH Ha3HBaroT aeMoHa mmh (nnpnH, ^eMnpxncapcKo, -3MÖon), nepHoropnbi - awdaja (KyHH,
2	nepeHHcnaeMHe aanee rpynnH no^poÔHo b cTaTbe He paccMaTpHBaroTca.
3	3aecb h aanee roxHocnaBaHCKHe HasBaHna MH^onornqecKHx nepcoHaxen aarorca H3 hctohhhkob, yKasaHHHx b pa6oTe "MaTepnanH ana 3THonnHrBncTnqecKoro n3yqeHna ÖanKaHocnaBaHCKoro apeana" [8].
CKaflap). no HapoflHHM npeflcTaBneHHaM 3to nyfloBH^e nocTOHHHO Tpe6yeT xepTB, rpo3a 3aKpHTb ot nrofleñ hctohhhkh BoflH. CxoflHbie noBepba ^HKcHpyroTca b ceBepHoñ TpenHH, rfle BoflaHoro flpaKoHa b xeHcKoñ nnocTacn Ha3HBaroT ^á|iia, a b myxckoh -SpáKoq [9, p. 261, 266], y pyMHH Boctohhoh TpaHcHnbBaHHH (balaur) [10, p.185]; y an6aHneB cnocoÓHocTb BbinHBaTb Bofly H3 hctohhhkob, 3aBanHBaTb hx 3eMneñ npHnncHBaeTca aHanorHHHoMy 3MeeBHflHoMy nepcoHaxy, oÓHTaro^eMy b Bofle h Ha3HBaeMoMy kulgedra (kulshedra) [11, s. 162; 12, c. 312].
TnnHHHbiMH, h b to xe BpeMa cnenH^mecKHMH, flna 6anKaHocnaBaHcKoro apeaba aBnaroTca Bo3flymHbie fleMoHbi, pa3Hoo6pa3He THnoB kotophx cy^ecTBeHHo BnHaeT Ha o6myro KapTHHy pacnpefleneHHa b npocTpaHcTBe npHpoflHbix flyxoB y roxHbix cnaBaH. H3BecTHbie b pa3Hbx cnaBaHcKHx 3oHax noBepba o 3Mee-nro6oBHHKe, neTaro^eM b BHfle BHxpa h BcTynaro^eM b nonoBbie oraomeHHa c flepeBeHcKHMH xeH^HHaMH, mHpoKo pacnpocTpaHeHH h Ha BanKaHax: 6onr. 3Meü, MaK. 3Mee, cep6. 3Maj, ro.-pyM. zmeu, pyM. zburator [10, p. 183, 192]. nofloÓHaa cKnoHHocTb k o6^eHHro c flepeBeHcKHMH fleBymKaMH xapaKTepHa h flna rpenecKoro fleMoHHnecKoro nepcoHaxa SpáKO^ [ 13, c. 277]. noceneHHe 3Mea y Bo3nro6neHHoñ xHTenH ceBepHo6onrapcKHx cen cBa3HBaroT c HacTynneHHeM 3acyxH, no3TOMy flna Bbi3biBaHHa floxfla coBepmaroT o6pafl H3raaHHa h3 cena 3Mea. HHbie HenoroflHbie aBneHHa b 6anKaHocnaBaHcKHx perHoHax TaKxe npHnHcbiBaroTca 3Mero, flpaKoHy (HnH HeBHflHMoMy cy^ecTBy, npeflnonoxHTenbHo, b ero o6nHKe), yHHHToxaro^eMy, "noxnparo^eMy" noceBH, ypoxañ b none. B KynbTypHo-a3HKoBHx TpaflHnHax 6anKaHcKHx cnaBaH stot 3Meenoflo6Hbiñ fleMoH HenoroflH HMeeT pa3HHe Ha3BaHHa: B.-cep6. ana, amdaja, ro.-B.-cep6. anaMywa, ro.-cep6. ana, naMwa, MaK. MMja, 3.-6onr. xana. PyMbiHbi nofloÓHoe cBepxtecTecTBeHHoe cy^ecTBo Ha3HBaroT balaur, an6aHnbi - kulgedra (kulshedra), rpeKH onaTb-TaKH - ^á|ia (3aMeTHM, hto neKceMa lamia b 3HaneHHax "fleMoH-flpaKoH", "npoxopnHBHH nenoBeK", nocneflHee, BepoaTHo, cBa3aHo c oco6eHHocTaMH flpeBHerpenecKoro npoo6pa3a "naMHH", pacnpocTpaHeHa b roxHHx perHoHax 6anKaHocnaBaHcKoro apeana). 9TOMy BpefloHocHoMy fleMoHy, no noBepbaM, KaK npaBHno, npoTHBocToHT flo6pbiñ 3a^HTHHK: 3Meñ, TaKxe neTaro^HH no Bo3flyxy h oxpaHaro^HH cBoe ceno ot HenoroflH. EMy npHnHcbiBaeTca cnocoÓHocTb npHHocHTb flonroxflaHHHH floxflb b cnynae 3acyxH. 3Mea-noKpoBHTena, KaK h 3Mea-nro6oBHHKa (HepeflKo 3to Boo6^e oahh h tot xe nepcoHax, HMeroqHH HecKonbKo ^yHKnHH), Ha3HBaroT 3Maj (B.-cep6.), 3Maü (6onr.), 3Mee (MaK.) HnH b cooTBeTcTBHH c ero oxpaHHTenbHHMH ^yHKUHaMH: 6onr. cuhophuk HnH cmypHUK, cbmp'dmuñ (cp. cunop "rpaHHna xo3añcTBeHHbix yroflHH"), MemHUK (ot Memda "Mexa"). AHanorHHHbiMH $yHKUH3MH (6opb6a co 3MeeBHflHHM npoTHBHHKoM, fleMoHoM HenoroflH) B roxHocnaBaHcKHx perHoHax, pacnonoxeHHHx 3anaflHee o6nacTeñ, TpaflHnHoHHo oTHoca^Hxca k 6anKaHocnaBaHcKoMy apeany, a HMeHHo b HepHoropHH, 3anaflHoñ Cep6HH, boctohhoh TepneroBHHe, o6naflaroT, no noBepbaM, nroflH, HafleneHHHe cBepxtecTecTBeHHHMH cnocoÓHocTaMH: (e)jedozowe, 3dyxanu, cmyeanu, cmyee (cmyxe) h T.n. flyx TaKoro nenoBeKa (HnH flaxe xHBoTHoro) bo BpeMa cHa noKHflaeT Teno h BcTynaeT b 6opb6y c Bo3flymHHMH fleMoHaMH, 3a^H^aa ceno h ypoxañ ot HenoroflH. B boctohhoh h roxHoñ Cep6HH ^yHKqHH 6opb6b co 3Meenoflo6HHM noxHTHTeneM ypoxaa, fleMoHoM 6ypH h HeHacTba npHnHcHBaroTca TaKxe nenoBeKy-3Mero, poxfleHHoMy ot 3Mea-3a^HTHHKa h o6biKHoBeHHoñ xeH^HHbi: B.-cep6. 3Mejaeu noeeK, (flxepflan) 3Majeeum noeeK, ro.-cep6. anoeum noeeK. B ceBepHoñ An6aHHH H3BecTHH noBepba o poxfleHHH fleTeñ c nepHmKaMH HnH mepcTbro y nneneñ, 3th MnafleHnbi - drangosi - o6naflaroT
CBepxtecTecTBeHHHMH BO3MOXHOCT3MH npn nepeMemeHnn no Bo3flyxy. Bo BpeMa hohhhx 6ypb ohh noflHnMaroTca n3 cbohx KpoBaToK n ycTpeMiaroTca b cpaxeHne co 3MeeM-apaKoHoM ("Kyibmeflpon"): 6opb6a 6biBaeT HacToibKo xapKon, hto Ha cieflyromee yTpo irofln HaxoflaT BoKpyr pa36pocaHHbie flepeBba, KoTopHe c KopHeM 6biin BHpBaHH ApaKoHoM b KanecTBe opyxna 6nTBH [10, s. 163]. nofloÓHbie croxera oneHb 6in3Kn TeM, hto n3BecTHH b HepHoropnn n boctohhoh TepneroBnHe no paccKa3aM o 6nTBe "cTyxoB" n nM nofloÓHbix nepcoHaxen co 3MeeM-npoTnBHnKoM. B HoBorpenecKnx noBepbax cooTBeTCTByromne Mn^oiornnecKne nepcoHaxn Ha3biBaroTca oxoi%eío, z®ti%ó "3amnTHnK MecTa" [14, c. 265]. BMecTe c TeM, rpen. Xxoi%£Ía - 3to n flyxn nepBo3ieMeHToB (oraa, Boflbi, Bo3flyxa, 3eMin) [9, p. 249-250]. nofl 3TnM TepMnHoM no cyTn oóteflnHaroTca caMbie pa3inHHbie flyxn-xpaHnTein ncronHnKoB, pacTnTeibHocTn (iecoB). no3ToMy H^eHeHne no MecTy o6nTaHna b HoBorpenecKoñ fleMoHoiornn, KaK n b roxHociaBaHCKon, HecKoibKo 3aTpy^HeHo, a nopon - HeBo3MoxHo. CBa3b 3Mea-flpaKoHa c Bo3flymHon cpeflon flia 6aiKaHCKoro apeaba oneBnflHa; oHa nociefloBaTeibHo npociexnBaeTca b npeflCTaBieHnax o caMHx pa3Hbix fleMoHax 3MeeBnflHoro, "flpaKoHoBoro" o6inKa. BMecTe c TeM, cnopaflHnecKH Bo3HnKaeT Bofla (o3epo, ncTOHHnK, Mope) KaK MecTo o6nTaHna fleMoHoB, Ha3HBaeMHx TaK xe, KaK n Bo3flymHbie (HanpnMep, MaK. cmuxuume - xnBymne b ray6oKnx MecTax peK cymecTBa xeHCKoro noia, CTpeMamneca yTonnTb neioBeKa, noflBoflHHe 3Men-flpaKoHH Tnna cep6. awdaja, 6oir. a^dpan, MaK., 6oir. aümh, n flp.), hto no3BoiaeT npeflnoioxnTb Bo3MoxHocTb oTpaxeHna b 3Tnx noBepbax npnMnTnBHbix npeflCTaBieHnn o KpyroBopoTe boah b npnpofle. Bo3flymHbie 3Men, npnHocamne floxflb, o6nTaroT b Bofle, nbroT Bofly n3 ncTOHHnKoB. TaK, y 6aHaTCKnx 6oirap 3Men jaMH cocTaBiaeT nacTb o6iaKa (ero "6proxo"). nepefl floxfleM jaMH cnycKaeTca BHn3 n BbiTarnBaeT n3 Mopa Bofly, hto6h HanoiHnTb ero o6iaKa [15, c. 202]. no pyMbiHCKnM noBepbaM, balaur nbeT Bofly n3 Mopa, a 3aTeM, noflHaBmncb HaBepx BMecTe c o6iaKaMn, BbiinBaeT ee b Bnfle floxia [10, p. 187] nin o6iaKa "HannBaroTca" BoflH, BcacbiBaa BMecTe c Hen 3MeeB [10, p. 182].
B noBepbax o 6opb6e 3amnTHnKoB ceibCKnx yroflnn co 3MeeBnflHHMn Bo3flymHHMn fleMoHaMn npeo6iaflaeT xapaKTepHbin flia 6aiKaHociaBaHCKnx HapoflHHx npeflCTaBieHnn MoTnB 3amnTH onpefleieHHoro MecTa, Hafleia 3eMin, CTpoeHna, floMa, Koioflna, ncTo^HnKa, flepeBa co ctopohh Mn^oiornnecKoro cymecTBa. 9Tn acmohh npeflCTaBiaroTca b pa3inHHbix o6inKax: 3Men, flpaKoHa, npon3omeflmero ot TeHn neioBeKa n nMeromero ero o6inK "xo3anHa", flxnHa n T.fl. Oco6oe MecTo b BepoBaHnax 6aiKaHCKnx ciaBaH 3aHnMaroT npeflCTaBieHna o flyxe KaKoro-in6o CTpoeHna, ero xpaHnTeie, nponcxoflamero ot 3aMypoBaHHoro b CTeHy neioBeKa nin 3aMypoBaHHon bo BpeMa CTponTeibCTBa TeHn. Ha3BaHna fleMoHa, KaK npaBnio, CBa3aHH c KopHeM * talasm (BepoaTHo, ot cooTBeTCTByromero TypenKoro KopHa b 3HaneHnn ' TeHb [10, p. 229]): b.-cep6. (^xepflan), MaK., 6oir. maiacon, 6oir. mama>M, mamchMm, 3.-MaK. maiac^M, ro.-MaK. (Oxpnfl) maiacoM, moiocoM; cp. pyMbiHCKoe Ha3BaHne fleMoHa 3Toro Tnna - tálásín. HHbie Ha3BaHna o6pa3oBaHH ot ciaBaHCKoro KopHa co 3HaneHneM 'TeHb' (6oir. cmKa, ceHKa, cenuw^e, cemuw,e) nin oTHocaTca k pofloBoMy o6o3HaneHnro fleMoHoB flaHHoro Tnna - "xo3anH" (6oir. cmonan, caü6m, naMecmnuK). B 3Tnx noBepbax name Bcero nepenieTaroTca npeflCTaBieHna o fleMoHax, o6nTaromnx b KaKoM-in6o MecTe, n fleMoHax, CTeperymnx MecTo, oxpaHaromnx ero KaK ot iroflen, TaK n ot Mn^nnecKnx cymecTB. no3ToMy b Ha3BaHnax Mn^oiornnecKnx nepcoHaxen npeBainpyeT 3HaneHne "xo3anH", "TeHb xo3anHa (3aMypoBaHHoro neioBeKa, xnBoTHoro)", a He ceMaHTnKa, CBa3aHHaa c
KOHKpeTHHM MeCTOM 06HTaHHa, THna BOCTOHHOCaaBaHCKHX H 3anaflH0CaaBaHCKHX Ha3BaHHH "BOflHHOH", "aemHH", "flOMOBOH".
^PyrOH 60abm0H 6a0K roXHOCaaBaHCKHX BepOBaHHH B fleMOHHHeCKHX 3a^HTHHK0B flOMamHero OHara HMeeT r0pa3fl0 6oabme C00TBeTCTBHH c aHaaorHHHbiMH npeflCTaBaeHHaMH boctohhhx h 3anaflHbix caaBaH. 3to noBepba O 3Meax-nOKpOBHTe^bHHuax flOMa, xmy^Hx HaH nofl noporoM, HaH nofl 0Har0M, HaH b OTBepcraax KaMeHHbix CTeH h npHHOca^Hx HeaoBeKy CHacTbe: cep6. 3Muja-nyeapKyha ('3Mea, CTepery^aa flOM'), 3Muja Kyhapuua ('flOMamHaa 3Mea'), MaK. (Beaec) caj6uja, 6oar. nyeapKa, nyeauKa, e^pmuKbw^a, doMomapm, (naoBflHBCKo) na3ume^Ka, cmonanrn, doMaKunn h T.n. HaHMeHOBaHHa, CBa3aHHbie C CeMaHTHKOH OXpaHH, 3a^HTH flOMa, a TaKXe ^yHKaHaMH x03aHHa. KpoMe Toro, b KaHecTBe Ha3BaHHa 3Toro Heo6biHHoro cy^ecTBa, CTepery^ero flOM (a TaKxe h aro6oe flpyroe CTpoeHHe, cp. ^yHKUHH "TaaacoMa"), y 6oarap h MaKeflOHneB bo3moxho yn0Tpe6aeHHe aeKceMbi o6^ero 3HaHeHHa - cmuxn, cmueo. y aa6aHneB noflo6HHe 3MeH-xpaHHTeabHHUbi flOMa H3BecTHH nofl Ha3BaHHeM vitore, BHyTpeHHaa ^OpMa KOTOpOrO - 'CTapblH, flpeBHHH' [11, s. 162, 201]): 3T0 MaaeHbKHe H TOaCTbie 3MeHKH c necTpHM pHcyHKOM Ha Koxe, xHByT b KaMeHHHx CTeHax flOMa h peflKO noKHflaroT CBoe y6exn^e; ecaH xe kto-to h3 flOMOHaflneB cayHaHHO yBHflHT vitore, to npHBeTCTByeT ee c ray60KHM noHTeHHeM. BceM paflOCTHHM h neHaabHbiM co6hth^m b aa6aHCK0M flOMe, no noBepbaM, npeflmecTByeT caa6bift cbhct 3MeftKH-xpaHHTeabHHnbi. EcaH b ceMbe BHMHparoT aroflH h pofl npeKpa^aeT CBoe cy^ecTBOBaHHe, roBopaT, hto vitore HaBcerfla noKHHyaa 3tot flOM [11, s. 162]. y caaBaH 3a npefleaaMH paccMaTpHBaeMoro apeaaa OTMeneHH MHoroHHcaeHHbie 3anpeTH BHroHaTb, y6rnaTb xmy^Hx HaH 3anoa3mHx b flOM yxeft, 3Meft (no caoBauKHM noBepbaM, flyma x03aHHa nepeceaaeTca b fl0M0B0r0 yxa), npeflnHcaHHa 0CTaBaaTb ana hhx M0a0K0 b 6arofleHKe, KopMHTb BMecTe c MaaeHbKHM pe6eHK0M h T.fl. TeM He MeHee b KOMnaeKce fleMOHoaorHHecKHx npeflCTaBaeHHH 6aaKaHCKHx caaBaH noflo6HHe noBepba HMeroT r0pa3fl0 6oabmee pacnpocTpaHeHHe; noHHTaHHe "3MeH nofl noporoM" HMeeT 3flecb oco6hh CTaTyc. H3o6paxeHHe 3MeH paflOM c flOMOM - TpaflHUHOHHHH mothb 6aaKaH0caaBaHCKHx yKpameHHH 06pafl0B0r0 xae6a, BHneKaeMoro Ha npa3flHHKH, CBa3aHHHe c HecTBOBaHHeM noKpoBHTeaa flOMa, h Ha TpaflHnHOHHO flOMamHHH y roxHHx caaBaH npa3flHHK PoxflecTBa.
^ro6onHTHHM aBaeHHeM b CBa3H c Ha3BaHHaMH MH^oaorHHecKHx nepcoHaxeft 6aaKaHCKHx 3TH0^0abKa0pHbix TpaflHnHH 0Ka3HBaeTca hx HHoe nepepacnpefleaeHHe no 0TH0meHHro k npHHaTOH flaa onHcaHHa caaBaHCKOH h SaaKaHCKOH MOfleaH MHpa onno3HnHH "BHyTpeHHHH - BHemHHH". ^eKCHHecKHe 06pa30BaHHa, CBa3aHHHe c rpeH. oxoi^eia, pacnpocTpaHaroTca He T0abK0 Ha o6o3HaHeHHe BHemHHx no 0TH0meHHro k flOMy npHpoflHHx fleMOHOB, ho h flyxoB-xpaHHTeaeft flOMa h flOMamHero OHara. TaK, b caoBapax 6oarapcKoro a3HKa OTMeHaeTca HecK0abK0 3HaHeHHH aeKceMH cmuxun, 0npefleaaeM0H KaK CHabHoe npoaBaeHHe npHpoflHbix aBaeHHH - cthxhh: HanpHMep, H. TepoB yKa3bBaeT 3HaHeHHa 1) MoryHero 3Mea-flpaK0Ha, poflCTBeHHoro "xaae"; 2) BeTpa, BHxpa, "caMOBHab": "caM0BHaa"H "cTHXHa" - cecTpbi-"BHxpymKH"; 3) peHHoro cy^ecTBa b o6aHKe xeH^HHbi-pbi6bi, KOTopoe TonHT HeaoBeKa b BOfle, 3anyTbiBaa ero b cbohx pacny^eHHbx Boaocax, a KpoMe Toro, - (4) MH^HHecKoro cy^ecTBa, noaBaaro^eroca b o6aHKe 3MeH b flOMe, rfle xpaHHTca Kaafl, t. e. chhohhm Ha3BaHHH doMornap, cmonanun, manacm [16, t. 5, c. 259]. Cp. TaKxe rpeH. oxoi%eiTvouv "flOMamHee npHBHfleHHe" [9, p. 258]. no cyTH, TaKoe pa3Mbrroe 3HaHeHHe caoB, o6o3HaHaro^Hx BHemHHe fleMOHHHecKHe CHab, CMemeHHe ceMaHTHKH BHemHero npHpoflHoro np0CTpaHCTBa h BHyTpeHHero,
npnHaaaexamero aoMy, oTpaxaeT mnpoKoe BocnpnaTne öan3Koro aoMy, "cBoero" npocTpaHcTBa, KoTopoe MoxeT oxpaHaTbca HecKoabKnMn cTyneHaMn 3amnTbi (3amnTa aoMa, ceaa, ceaa BMecTe c npnHaaaexamnMn eMy naxoTHHMn yroabaMn). npn 3tom aaa cTpyKTypH ÖaaKaHcKnx Mn^oaornnecKnx npeacTaBaeHnn xapaKTepHo to, hto BHemHne aeMoHnnecKne, npnpoaHHe cnabi cnocoÖHbi npoaBaaTbca b aroöon TonKe 3Toro npocTpaHcTBa, nocKoabKy noaHocTbro "cBonMn", ocBoeHHHMn (aaxe b caynae npeanoaaraeMon ^yHKunn 3amnTbi) cnnTaTbca He MoryT.
K aMÖnBaaeHTHHM no ^yHKunn npeaocTaBaeHna noMo^n I HaHeceHna Bpeaa oraocnrca oanH n3 Hanöoaee xapaKTepHHx nepcoHaxen öaaKaHocaaBaHcKon Mn^oaornn - noaBaaromeeca c BeTpoM nan BnxpeM cymecTBo b oöanKe, KaK npaBnao, Moaoaon xeH^nHH npnBaeKaTeabHoö BHemHocTn: 6oar. caModuea, caMoeum, rnda, MaK. caMoeuaa, mda, cep6. sum. npn Bcen cneun^nnHocTn 3Toro öaaKaHcKoro nepcoHaxa yneHbiMn oTMeneHo HeMaao naearnnHbix nepT n oömnx npn3HaKoB c BocronHocaaBaHcKHMn "pycaaKaMn" n nM noaoÖHbiMn Mn^oaornnecKnMn cymecTBaMn [17, 18]. ,D,aa BocTonHocaaBaHcKnx, b nacraocra, noaeccKnx BepoBaHnn b pycaaoK 6oaee Tnnnrna cBa3b c onpeaeaeHHHM ce3oHoM nan KaaeHaapHbiM nepnoaoM (bo BpeMa uBeTeHna xnTa, Ha TponuKon Heaeae). Haannne y ÖaaKaHcKnx caaBaH ce3oHHHx (TponuKnx) aeMoHoB noaoÖHoro Tnna c cooTBeTcTByromnM Ha3BaHneM (B.-cepö. pyca^Ke, Öoar. pycarnÛKu, pycarnu) MoxeT ÖHTb oaHnM n3 ochobhhx apryMeHToB b noab3y nx oömecaaBaHcKnx KopHen. BnponeM, b Hapoae cTporo pa3aeaaroTca npeacTaBaeHna o "pycaannKax" n "caMoanBax": nepBbie noaBaaroTca ToabKo "Ha PycaacKon Heaeae" (Tponua) b nepnoa UBeTeHna pacreHna pycarne, pocen. [5, c. 304] B ueaax 3amnTbi ot Hnx coöaroaaeTca n paa 3anpeToB, b tom nncae - öhtobhx: öeanTb creHbi, npacTb, TKaTb, mnTb, Ba3aTb, cTnpaTb [19, c. 303-304]. Cneun^nKa ÖaaKaHcKnx npeacTaBaeHnn o "caMoanBax", "Bnaax" (noMnMo xaHpoBbx ocoöeHHocren ^oabKaopHbix TeKcToB c nx ynoMnHaHneM, a 3to, raaBHbM oöpa3oM, 3nnnecKne necHn o BCTpene repoeB c "BnaaMn" n "caMoBnaaMn") cBa3aHa, TaKHM oöpa3oM, c npocTpaHcTBeHHo-BpeMeHHbiMn paMKaMn nx oönTaHna nan noaBaeHna - ncxaronnTeabHo npnpoaHon cpeaon, b KoTopon oHn rocnoacTByroT He3aBncnMo ot BpeMeHn roaa n KaKnx-anöo aencTBnn neaoBeKa.
KoMnaeKc BepoBaHnn, cBa3aHHbix c nepcoHaxaMn Tnna "Bnabi", moxho cwraTb oömnM aaa Bcex 3THoKyabTypHHx ÖaaKaHcKnx Tpaanunn. PyMbrncKne "pycaann" - iele ("oHn"; Bo3MoxHbi n apyrne, caMHe pa3annHbie TaöyncTnnecKne Ha3BaHna: "Te", "npeKpacHHe", "MnaocTnBHe", "aoöpbie", "HexHHe", "ncKycHHe", "nyaecHbie", "yanBnTeabHHe", KaK n "3abie", "oaepxnMbie", "HeMnaocTnBHe", "cyMacöpoaHbie" n T.a. [6, c. 134]) oönTaroT Ha Heöe, b BeTpe, b ropax, rayxnx aecax, Ha HeoönTaeMbix ocTpoBax, BÖan3n ncTOHHnKoB. OHn "öpoaaT", aeTaroT no Bo3ayxy, npnneBaa n npnnaacbiBaa, name xe TaHuyroT Ha aepeBbax, ho nHoraa nx moxho yBnaeTb BÖan3n aoMa (noa cTpexon, Ha 3aöope) [6, c. 142]. AaöaHcKne "3aHbi" (zanët), kotophx TaKxe nacTO Ha3HBaroT onncaTeabHo jashtësmeja 'Haxoaamaaca cHapyxn', nus^e mallet 'Moaoanua, HeBecTa rop', npeacTaBaaroTca KaK KpacnBbie roHHe xeHmnHH; oHn aerKn n Bo3aymHbi, noMoraroT aroaaM nan xe HaKa3biBaroT Tex, Koro cnnTaroT npoBnHnBmnMnca [20, c. 263]. HoBorpenecKHe Nepâïôeç, no MHeHnro, HanpnMep, xnTeaen roxHoro HeaonoHHeca, -xeHcKHe cymecTBa HeoöbiKHoBeHHon KpacoTH, oaeTH b 3oaoTHe nan Öeabie oaexabi, b kotophx oHn aerKo nepeaBnraroTca no Bo3ayxy. Hx KpacoTa HnKoraa He yBaaaeT, oHn MoryT ÖHTb onacHH aaa nacTyxoB, nrparomnx Ha ^aenTe, nan roHomen, ryaaromnx BÖan3n ncToHHnKoB nan oanHoKo pacTymnx aepeBbeB [21, p. 168-169]. Ho noBepbaM ÖaaKaHcKnx
Hap0fl0B ohh (KaK h npyrne, H3BecTHHe Ha BanKaHax, MH^onornnecKHe nepcoHaxn) BCTynaroT b 6paK c npocTbiMH cMepTHbiMH, 0Tner0 poxnaroTCH He06biKH0BeHH0H KpacoTH (nnn cnnbi) neTH; cnHTaeTcH TaKxe, nTO nronn, 6biBmne b KOHTaKTe c "BHnaMH", npno6peTaroT cBepxtecTecTBeHHbie cBoñcraa: ohh HenonBnacTHbi crna3y, cnoco6Hbi BbinenHBaTb 3a6oneBmnx ot nap h MaraH h T.n., KaK, HanpHMep, cep6. eunewaK. B cenax rpennn HHorna 0 nenbix ceMeftcraax xoaht nereHnbi 0 tom, nTO ohh "poxneHbi ot Hepenn", a n0T0My, hko6h, o6nanaMT ynHBHTenbHbiMH, cBepxnenoBenecKHMH cBOHcraaMH, b tom HHcne - He06biKH0BeHH0H KpacOTOH [21, p. 169].
XapaKTepHOH OTnnnHTenbHOH nepTOH nnH KOMnneKca 6anKaHcKHx BepoBaHHH, cBH3aHHHx c "BHnaMH", hb^hmtch noBepbH 06 06pa30BaHHH HeKoro onacHoro MecTa b BH^e Kpyra TaM, rne 3th ^aHTacranecKne cy^ecTBa TaHneBann nnn coBepmann Tpane3y. y roxHbix cnaBHH 3T0 MecTO (Ha KOTopoe He cMeeT cTynHTb nenoBeK, HHane 3a6oneeT, yMpeT, 6yneT nocTOHHHO T0cK0BaTb no "BHnaM") HMeeT cBoe Ha3BaHHe: cep6. eununo Kono, ro.-cep6. eununcKo Kono, B.-cep6. epsuno Kono, MaK. caMoeuncKo opo, 6onr. epsynoeo xopo, caModuecKo xopo, caModuecKo uzpano (uzpaeuw^e), caModuecKa mmern, caModuecKa co$pa, caModuecKa mpanesa. Cp. aHanornnHbie pyMbrncKHe BbipaxeHHH: hora, rotocol, rotogolul ielelor, o6o3Hanaro^ne MecTO, rne TaHneBann c00TBeTcTBeHH0 "ene" ("Te"): TaM BbicbixaeT HnH xenTeeT, nepHeeT TpaBa, KpyrnaH nonHHKa 0Ka3biBaeTCH BbixxeHHOH, KaK ot orHH [10, p. 212-213]. noBepbH 0 3a6oneBaHHH nenoBeKa, cTynHBmero Ha MecTO, rne ycTponnn nHp nono6Hbie xeHcKne nyxn npnponbi, H3BecTHH an6aHnaM: 06binH0 Tpane3a ycTpaHBaeTcH sthmh HeBHnHMbiMH cy^ecTBaMH b yenHHeHHbix TeHHCTbix MecTax, ho HHorna KOBapHbe nyxn nonynaMT ynoBonbcTBne b tom, nT06b pacnonoxHTbcH nocpenn noporn, h tot, kto cnynaHHO nepeBepHeT hx nocyny HnH 3aneHeT nynecHoe cy^ecTBO, nonynaeT ynap h 3a6oneBaeT [11, s. 161].
ConocTaBHTenbHHH aHanH3 cep6cK0H "BHnbi" h 6onrapcKoñ "caMonHBbi", nponenaHHHH C.M. ToncTOH h .H.H. BnHorpanoBOH Ha 0cH0Be npennoxeHHOH ceTKH npH3HaK0B, n0Ka3an 3HanHTenbH0e cxoactbo 3thx nepcoHaxeft Ha ^OHe 06pa30B 3ananH0cnaBHHcK0H "6orHHKH" h BocTonHocnaBHHcKoñ "pycanKH". 06^hmh nra "bhah" h "caMonHBb" npH3HaKaMH (no pa3HHM napaMeTpaM) 6binH npH3HaHbi: npeo6nanaro^HH npHBneKaTenbHHH BHemHHH o6nHK, cnoco6HocTb neTaTb no B03nyxy, nerKaa onexna, yKpameHHaa nepbHMH, KpbinbH, BpeMHnpenpoBOxneHHe rpynnaMH (xopoBonb Tpane3b), HeH3BecTH0e nponcxoxneHne (T.e. OTcyTcTBHe yKa3aHHH Ha hx nponcxoxneHne b TeKcTax), nro60Bb k My3biKe, neHHM, TaHnaM, npenpacnonoxeHHocTb k nronHM, nrparo^HM Ha My3HKanbHbx HHcTpyMeHTax, xapaKTepHbie cnenbi npe6biBaHHH b BHne KpyroB Ha TpaBe, cbohctbo KanenHTb nroneñ (nHmaTb 3peHHH, yMa, penH), nonenHTenbHbie ^yHKnnn (cnoco6HocTb HcnenHTb, BpaneBaTb), coxHTenbcrao c nronbMH, nro60Bb k MHomaM, repoHM, nacTyxaM, noxn^eHne h nonMeHa neTeH (penKO, ho cp. aHanornnHbie HOBorpenecKHe croxera: "HepeHnb" noxn^aroT KpacHBbix neTeH [21, p. 170]), BnacTb Han cthxhhmh (BeTpoM, 6ypeñ, HcTonHHKaMH), cnoco6HocTb 3aKpbiBaTb ot nroneñ ncTonHHKH boah [2], KpoMe Toro, b OTnnnne ot "6orHHKH" h "pycanKH", "BHna" h "caMonHBa" "npencTaMT b necHHx KaK 6onee ^0nbKn0pn30BaHHbe o6pa3H B0nme6HHn, MH^nnecKHx repoHHb" [2, c.38]. Mexny TeM, ecnn paccMaTpnBaTb cep6cKyro "Bnny" h 6onrapcKyro "caMonHBy" He KaK o6pa3bi poncTBeHHbx cnaBHHcKHx Hnn naxe roxHocnaBHHcKHx TpannnnH, a KaK o6pa3H THnonornnecKH 6nH3KHx 6anKaHcKHx 3TH0^0nbKn0pHbix (h KynbTypH0-H3HK0Bbx) TpannnHH, nTO b npnHnnne He HBnaeTcH HeB03M0XHHM b KanecTBe npoMexyTonHoro MeTona aHanH3a, to aHanorn 06pa30B "BHnb" h "caMonHBb" npaKTHnecKH c TeM xe Ha6opoM o6^hx
hah He3HaHHTeabHo BapbHpyro^Hxca npH3HaKoB oöHapyxHBaroTca b BepoBaHHax h ^oabKaopHHx TeKcTax flpyrnx öaaKaHcKHx TpaflHyHH.
BaraocTb k "BHaaM", no öaaKaHocaaBaHcKHM noBepbaM, oöHapyxHBaroT h xeHcKHe fleMoHH cyflbÖH. B pa3Hbix öoarapcKHx h rpenecKHx pernoHax oTMenaeTca cMemeHHe npeflcTaBaeHHH o fleMoHax cyflböH h "caMoflHBax", "HepeHflax", neMy cnocoöcTByeT hx onncaHHe KaK KpacHBHx MoaoflHx xeHqHH, noaBaaromnxca "H3BHe". BepoBaHHa b fleMoHoB, onpefleaaromnx cyflböy HoBopoxfleHHoro, flo chx nop flocTaTOHHo ycTOHHHBo coxpaHaroTca b MH^oaorHH öaaKaHcKHx caaBaH, b oTarnne ot hhhx caaBaHcKHx KyabTypHHx TpaflHyHH. y öoarap, cepöoB h MaKefloHyeB, KaK h y pyMHH, rpeKoB h aaöaHyeB, cymecTByroT pa3aHHHHe noBepba o Tpex (pexe flByx HaH oflHoH) xeHmHHax (KaK npaBHao, MoaoflHx KpacaBHyax), KoTopHe nocemaroT peöeHKa nocae ero poxfleHHa (HanpHMep, Ha TpeTHH fleHb) h cnopaT, BHcKa3HBaa cboh cyxaeHHa o öyflymeM MaafleHya; 3a caMoH raaBHoH h3 hhx ocTaeTca pemaromee caoBo (noflpoÖHee cm. [22, c. 42-63]). CepöcKHe h 3anaflHoöoarapcKHe Ha3BaHHa nyflecHHx npeflcKa3aTeabHHy cyflböH MaafleHya b ochobhom cBa3aHH c raaroaoM cydumu: cepö. cyheHuue, B.-cepö. (3aenap) npucydwane, öoar. (KrocTeHflHa) cydeHuuu. B oKpecTHocTax nnpoTa oTMeneHa cBa3b c aeKceMoHpod:ypodymhe, ypydymhe [23, c. 368]. B roxHHx pernoHax 6aaKaHocaaBaHcKoro apeaaa pacnpocTpaHeHH oöpa3oBaHHa ot pen-: MaK. mpemuuu, ro.-öoar. (naoBflHBcKo, PoflonH) HapmHuuu, HapenHuuu, 3.-poflon. HapenHu, penHuuu [22, c. 63]. Hanöoaee pacnpocTpaHeHHHMH öoarapcKHMH (KaK h pyMHHcKHMH) TepMHHaMH aBaaroTca oöpa3oBaHHa THna ypucHuuu (pyM. ursiotare [10, p. 427]), ot rpen. ôpiÇœ "onpefleaaTb, orpaHHHHBaTb" [13, c. 227]. HHorfla npeflcTaBaeHHa o xeHcKHx fleMoHax cyflböH caHBaroTca c noBepbaMH o fleMoHax öoae3HH, npHHHHaromnx Bpefl poxeHHye h HoBopoxaeHHoMy: cepö. 6a6uue, c.-B.-öoar. noycu [22, c. 46]. y aaöaHyeB xeHcKHe flyxn, onpefleaaromne cyflböy MaafleHya, Ha3HBaroTca miri, fati, c.-aaö. ore [12, 304] (c.-aaö. ore HepeflKo cBa3HBaroT h c oöo3HaneHHeM aeTaromnx BoKpyr xeHcKHx flyxoB, HeMeaaeHHo HcnoaHaromnx aroöoe xeaaHHe neaoBeKa, npo3BynaBmee KaK MenTa HaH npoKaaTHe [11, s. 162]). Ha TpeTbro Honb nocae poxaeHHa peöeHKa b oxHflaHHH hx noaBaeHHa ocTaBaaroT TpH öyaonKH, TpH namH c BofloH HaH MefloM, TpH MHHflaaHHKH; pacKaaflHBaroT floMamHHe flparoyeHHocTH, yflaaaroT co flBopa coöaK h oTKpHBaroT flBepH HacTexb [11, s.162]. ^aa HoBorpenecKHx pHTyaaoB, cBa3aHHHx c xeHcKHMH fleMoHaMH cyflbÖH (3flecb coxpaHaeTca hx cTapoe Ha3BaHHe - Moïpai), xapaKTepHH Te xe fleHcTBHa 3aflaöpHBaHHa: Ha TpeTbro Honb oTKpHBaroT flBepH, caxaroT Ha yenb coöaK h ocTaBaaroT cBeT b KoMHaTe, rfle flaa HeoÖHKHoBeHHHx noceTHTeabHHy HaKpHT hh3khh ctoahk c TpeMa cTyabaMH BoKpyr: Ha HeM - nnpoxHHe, MHHflaab, xaeö c MefloM h cTaKaH BoflH. MaTepH MaafleHyeB yBepeHH, hto BHflaT Tpex cTapyx (kxhhh neaonoHHec), menoToM oöcyxflaromnx cBoe pemeHHe, KoTopoe ohh 3aTeM 3anncHBaroT HecrapaeMbiMH nepHHaaMH Ha aöy peöeHKa [21, p. 183]. nofloöHHe noBepba h pmyaabHbie fleHcTBHa, o^opMaaromne npnxofl b floM xeHcKHx flyxoB cyflböH, pacnpocTpaHeHH b pa3aHHHHx pernoHax roxHocaaBaHcKoro apeaaa.
CpeflH xeHcKHx nepcoHaxeH öaaKaHocaaBaHcKoH MH^oaorHH BHfleaaeTca cepö. eernmuua, MaK. eernmepKa, öoar. eew^uua, Mazbomuua h T.n., coBMemaromaa nepTH oöhhhoh xeHmHHH h cBepxtecTecTBeHHoro cymecTBa, xeHmHHa-fleMoH, npHHHHaromaa Bpefl oKpyxaromHM. K oömHM co caaBaHcKoH "BeflbMoH" ^yHKUHaM oTHocHTca oTönpaHHe MoaoKa y nyxHx KopoB, ypoxaa y cocefleH, HacHaaHHe Ha oKpyxaromnx öoae3HH, nop™. CneyH^HnecKH öaaKaHcKoH neproö moxho cwraTb npoaBaeHHe BaMnHpHnecKHx cbohctb "BemTHUbi": no roxHocaaBaHcKHM noBepbaM, oHa no HonaM flymHT arofleH, nbeT hx KpoBb,
noe^aeT MnaAeHneB, BbiHHMaeT nnoA H3 yTpo6bi MarepH, nHTaeTca MepTBCTHHOH h t.a. (cm. [24]). CooTBeTCTByro^ne BaMnnpHnecKHe nepTbi oÓHapyxHBaroTca y xeHcKHx fleMOHO^orHHecKHx nepcoHaxen, H3Becrabix b pyMHHCKHx, rpenecKHx h a^6aHCKHx noBepbax, nprneM, Ana o6o3HaneHHa BeAbMbi (TOHHee: BeAbMbi-BaMnHpa) b HecnaBaHcKHx 6anKaHcKHx a3HKax, KaK npaBHno, Hcnonb3yroTca neKceMH, cBa3aHHbie c KopHeM strig-: pyM. striga, an6. shtrige, striga, rpen. oxpí"ffka (cm. o6 stom TaKxe b pa6oTe r.n. KnenHKoBon [25], rAe AaroTca cooTBeTcTByro^ne 3HaneHHa Ana KapnaTcKoro peraoHa, HanpHMep, cnoBan., ro.-non. striga 'BaMnnp' [25, c. 116]). no Bcen bhahmocth, BaMnHpmecKHe cBoñcraa "crpHrH" HMeroT 6onee mnpoKoe pacnpocrpaHeHHe 3a npeAenaMH EanKaH, Ha hto yKa3HBaeT h 3HaneHHe nepBoncTonHHKa 3aHMcTBoBaHHa: naT. striga 'HonHaa nTHna, ^HnHH' h 'Kon^yHba, BeAbMa; BaMnHp' [25, c. 115]. TeM He MeHee, HMeHHo y pa3nHHHbix 6anKaHcKHx xeHcKHx AeMoHonorHHecKHx nepcoHaxeñ oco6eHHo pa3BHTH yKa3aHHbie ^yHKnHH. TaK, y an6aHneB H3BecTHH flBa BH^a Be^bM: b ceBepHon nacra TepprnopHH - sto striga, KoTopaa y6rnaeT nroAen, BbcacHBaa hx KpoBb HnH noeAaa neneHb [12, c. 312] (KpoMe Toro, "cTpHra" - sto cTapyxa, nepemeAmaa coTyro ro^oB^HHy xh3hh h npHo6peTaro^aa cbohctbo y6HBaTb nro^eñ cbohm AbixaHHeM, pacnpocTpaHaTb nyMy h Apyrae snHAeMHH, 3aHHMaTbca KonAoBcTBoM [11, s.163]); H3BecTHa an6aHnaM TaKxe h Lubia HnH meme lubia ("MaTb .Hro6Ha"), KoTopaa, no noBepbaM, npe^noHHTaeT Maco HoBopoxAeHHbix [12, c. 312; 11, s. 162]. KpoMe Toro, k xshckhm AeMoHaM-nro^oeflaM oraocaTca H3BecTHHe y an6aHneB kulshedra h sukennesa (aochobho "co6anHH rna3"); AeMoH c AByMa rna3aMH Ha n6y h AByMa Ha 3aTbinKe [11, s. 162]), y rpeKoB - ^á|ia, oxoTa^aaca 3a MnaAeHnaMH [9, p. 266; 21, p. 185]. 06HnHe xeHcKHx AeMoHonoranecKHx nepcoHaxen, HafleneHHbix npH3HaKaMH nroAoeAoB h BaMnHpoB, He Morno He oTpa3HTbca Ha cnenH^HKe roxHocnaBaHcKoro o6pa3a BeAbMH.
Co6cTBeHHo "BaMnHp" (AeMoH-noKoñHHK, KpoBonHftna), H3Becrabm pa3HHM eBponeñcKHM HapoAaM, b 6anKaHcKHx sraoKynbrypHbix TpaAHnHax o6naAaeT onpeAeneHHHMH oco6eHHocTaMH. y Bcex cnaBaH BaMnHp - sto "noKoñHHK, Bcraro^HH no HonaM H3 Moranbi; oh BpeAHT nroflaM h cKoTy, nbeT hx KpoBb, HaHocHT y^ep6 xo3ancTBy" [26, c. 283]. B BepoBaHHax 6anKaHcKHx cnaBaH BaMnHp HepeAKo oToxAecranaeTca c xoa^hm MepTBenoM b o6nHKe nenoBeKa, noKpHToro mepcrbro, HnH BonKa, nca; b stom cnynae Ha3BaHHa AeMoHa oTpaxaroT KoHTaMHHannro co cnaBaHcKHM "BonKonaKoM" (nenoBeKoM-BonKoM): cep6., nepHor. (KyHH) eyKodmK, 6onr. ernKodmK, ebnKOmK, 6j>pkomk, noA aHanorHHHbiMH Ha3BaHHaMH stot nepcoHax H3BecTeH an6aHnaM h rpeKaM (an6. vurkollák, vurvollák, rpen. PoupKÓ^aKa;), hto TpaKTyeTca KaK 3aHMcTBoBaHHe H3 cnaBaHcKHx a3HKoB [12, c. 311; 13, c. 277], cp. TaKxe c.-an6. lugát, luvgát (bo3moxho - b ocHoBe poMaHcKoe loup "BonK" h garou "KonAyH" [11, s. 201]) - MepTBenH-MycynbMaHe c orpoMHHMH HorTaMH, 3aMoTaHHHe b HcTneBmHe TpanKH, norno^aro^He Bce, hto HaxoflaT, h Ayma^He nroAen [11, s. 163]. B ceBepHon An6aHHH BaMnHpaM npHnHcHBaeTca BH3HBaHHe nyHHoro 3aTMeHHa: no noBepbaM, ohh HanaAaroT Ha Mecan h noeAaroT ero [12, c. 311]. ^pyroñ, THnHHHHH Ana roxHocnaBaHcKHx npeAcTaBneHHH nyTb pa3BHTHa o6pa3a - "oKocreHeHHe" BaMnHpa, kotophh nepe3 40 AHen nocne cMepTH npHo6peTaeT nnoTb h KpoBb, nocne nero xHBeT o6^ihhoh xH3Hbro cpeAH nroAen: 3.-6onr. OKOcmnuK, c.-6onr. mvmenuK h ap. fleTH, poxAeHHHe ot BaMnHpa (cep6. eaMnupoeuhu, eaMnupnema, 6onr. eaMnupdwuu), KaK h Bce 6anKaHocnaBaHcKHe AeMoHonorHnecKHe nepcoHaxH, npoH3omeAmHe ot AeMoHa h o6bmHoro nenoBeKa, npHo6peTaroT cnoco6HocTb 6opoTbca c AeMoHaMH, b AaHHoM cnynae - BaMnHpaMH.
noBepba o AeMoHax, npoHcxoAa^Hx ot Aym HeKpe^eHHx MnaAeHneB, mHpoKo pacnpocTpaHeHH b eBponeñcKHx KynbTypHHx TpaAHnHax, BepoBaHHe b hx npe6HBaHHe
BoKpyr nroflen (ocoöeHHo b nepBbie 40 flHen nocne cMepTH) HaBecTHbi boctohhhm cnaBaHaM, ocoöeHHo pacnpocTpaHeHH ohh y yKpaHHneB. B roxHocnaBaHcKoM apeane flymH-fleMoHH yMepmHx flo Kpe^eHHa fleTen nofl caMHMH paaHHMH HaaBaHHaMH (na^e 3to oöpaaoBaHHa ot cnaB. KopHa nae-, HanpHMep, B.-cepö. naeuje, MaK. naeou, öonr. naeu, HnH ot rnaronoB co aHaneHHeM "nnaKaTb, KpnnaTb, cBHcTeTb", HanpHMep, repneroB. nnaKaeau, jayd, B.-cepö. ceupau, a TaKxe h MHorHe flpyrne) HaBecTHH Ha Bcen TeppHTopHH, BKnronaa XopBaTHro h CnoBeHHro. no paaHHM noBepbaM, ohh neTaroT BoKpyr nroflen, HaflaBaa npoHaHTenbHHe aByKH, nacro HMeroT oönHK HeoöbiHHbix nrnu;, h, KaK npaBHno, npHHHHaroT Bpefl öepeMeHHHM h poxeHHnaM, a TaKxe TeM, kto cnbimHT hx ronoc h.h HacMexaeTca Hafl paaflaro^HMHca aByKaMH. OTflenbHHe cBefleHHa o flymax-fleMoHax HeKpe^eHbix fleTen oTMeneHbi y pyMHH, HanpHMep, noBepba oö hx HanafleHnax Ha Mecan, kotophh ohh noeflaroT, neM BHaHBaroT aaTMeHHe [12, c. 311], o noce^eHHH "npHKonHHaMH" cbohx MaTepen b HaKaaaHHe aa to, hto aanann hx b flHH npaaflHHKoB [6, c. 140] h flpyrHe, rfle, npexfle Bcero, omy^aeTca hx craTyc "BaMnnpoB" h.h "npHBHfleHHn".
OnacHbiMH flna HoBopoxfleHHoro h ero MaTepH y öanKaHcKHx cnaBaH cnnraroTca TaKxe MH^HHecKHe cy^ecraa, npoHaomeflmHe ot yMepmHx poxeHHn h öepeMeHHbix xeH^HH. HpeflcTaBneHHa o xeHcKHx fleMoHax, HaabiBaeMbix nexycu, naycKU, noycu (Ha HoBorpen. Ae%oioa "poxeHHna" [27, c. 379]), apMenm, epMennuÛKu, pacnpocTpaHeHH b öonrapcKo-MaKefloHcKoM apeane (y cepöoB flna oöoaHaneHHa onacHbix flna poxeHHnbi h HoBopoxfleHHoro fleMoHoB öoneaHH ynoTpeönaroTca HaHMeHoBaHHa cnaBaHcKoro nponcxoxfleHna - 6a6uue, 6anKe, 6a6une [28, c. 35-36]). B ceBepHon TpenHH cnnraeTca, hto flo copoKa flHen poxeHHne yrpoxaeT "Ap|j£VOÇ, noaTOMy poflcTBeHHHKH h önHxanmne flpyaba craparoTca He ocraBnaTb ee oflHy, a flna öonbmen HaflexHocTH cpaay nocne poxfleHHa peöeHKa xeHmnHe Ha flBepb cnanbHH BemaroT motok npaxH, c^HTaa, hto TaKHM oöpaaoM "cBaaann" onacHoe MH^onorH^ecKoe cy^ecrao [9, p. 124]. PaannnHbie MeToflH aa^nrbi poxeHHnbi ot fleMoHoB b nepBbie HeflenH nocne pofloB mHpoKo HaBecTHH h b öanKaHocnaBaHcKHx perHoHax.
HpeflcTaBneHHHÖ oö^nn oöaop ochobhhx ocoöeHHocTen fleMoHonorHH öanKaHcKHx cnaBaH cflenaH c nenbro oöoaHa^HTb ee Komypbi b oö^eöanKaHcKoM KoHTeKcTe, oTMeTHB HeKoTopbie, no HameMy MHeHHro, yanoBbie tohkh THnonorHnecKnx KaTeropHanbH^rx h aabiKoBbix (KaK Ha ^opManbHoM, TaK h Ha ceMaHTnnecKoM ypoBHe) cooTBeTcTBHH roxHocnaBaHcKon h öanKaHcKon MH^onorHnecKnx cHcTeM.
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M., 1995. C. 283-286.
27.	EtarapcKH eTHMoaoraroH peHHHK. T. 3. Co^na, 1986.
28.	PafleHxoBHh MHToaomxa Snha Be3aHa 3a po^eae fleTeTa // ETHo-KyaTypoaomxn 3SopHHK.
Ka. 1. CBp^nr, 1995. C. 35-40.
npHHaTte coKpameHHa
aaS. - aaSaHcKnn
Soar. - SoarapcKnn
b.- boctohho-
rpeH. - rpenecKHH
3.- 3anaflHo-
MaK. - MaKefloHcKnn naoBfl. - naoBflnBcKnn poflon. - pofloncKnn pyM. - pyMMHcKHH c.- ceBepo-
c.-B.- ceBepo-BocToHHo-cepS. - cepScKnn ro.- roxHo-ro.-B.- roro-BocToHHo-
Südslawische Volksdämonologie im balkanischen Aspekt
Anna Plotnikova
Der Artikel ist der Typologie der balkanischen volkstümlichen Weltdarstellungen gewidmet. Die Hauptgruppen der Figuren der niedrigeren Schicht der Dämonologie werden im Kontext anderer balkanischer Traditionen betrachtet. Es werden einige Knotenpunkte der wichtigsten typologischen Parallelen der südslavischen und balkanischen mythologischen Systeme identifiziert.