O N n t a s h ti e C čišč r u s oss v r e o t a o d o v f W orlds b o r i s k av u r marija lubšina tušek na stičišču svetov on the crossroad of worlds Na stičišču svetov On the Crossroad of Worlds Boris Kavur in Marija Lubšina Tušek koper 2 0 1 6 Vsebina Contents 7 | »Desetletje je dolgo obdobje v arheologiji!« 5 »Ten Years is a Long Time in Archaeology!« 15 | Stoletje in pol odkrivanj sledi Keltov na Ptuju in v njegovi okolici A Century and Half of Discovering Celtic Traces in Ptuj and Its Vicinity 31 | Naselbina na robu starega sveta The Settlement on the Edge of the Old World 43 | Zadnji stiki z zahodom Last Contacts with the West 49 | Dama z vzhoda The Lady from the East 73 | Skromna ženska The Modest Woman 79 | Druga dama Another Lady 89 | Mečenosec The Sword Bearer 113 | Zaključek Conclusion 123 | Bibliografija Bibliography Slika 1. Zemljevid najdišč vključenih v projekt Clash of Cultures (po Kavur 2014). Figure 1. Map presenting sites included in the project Clash of Cultures (according to Kavur 2014). »Desetletje je dolgo obdobje v arheologiji!« »Ten Years is a Long Time in Archaeology!« 7 To so bile besede, s katerimi sta Ruth in Vin- cent Megaw v uvodu pospremila drugo do- Ruth and Vincent Megaw used these words to accompany the second supplemented edition polnjeno izdajo, njunega impresivnega pregle- of their impressive overview of Celtic Art in Eu- da keltske umetnosti v Evropi (Megaw, Megaw 2001, rope (Megaw, Megaw 2001, 6). Their intention was to 6). Želela sta opozoriti, da je zgolj desetletje intenziv- point out that a decade of intensive research in Celtic nih raziskav keltske arheologije v Evropi znatno do- archaeology in Europe had profoundly changed their polnilo njuna spoznanja, formulirana v prvi izdaji ozi- comprehension of the subject, making the issuance of roma zgolj desetletje odkritij kasneje je predrugačenje a second edition a necessity. In the same manner, we postalo nujno. Na enak način lahko danes opazujemo can observe today deepened knowledge and under-tudi poznavanje in razumevanje arheologije mlajše že- standing of archaeology from the Late Iron Age, espe-lezne dobe ter znotraj slednje keltske arheologije v Slo- cial y Celtic archaeology in Slovenia some fifteen years veniji dobrih 15 let po pregledu stanja raziskav, ki ga je fol owing the overview presented in the jubilary 50th v jubilejni 50 številki Arheološkega vestnika podal Dra- number of Arheološki vestnik by Dragan Božič (1999). gan Božič (1999). Zgolj nekaj odkritij, nekaj najdb ter It took just a few discoveries, finds, publications, exhi-manjše število objav in razstav, predvsem pa kongresov bitions and conferences as valuable presentation and kot prostorov predstavitev in diskusij je radikalno do- discussion places to radical y supplement and alter polnilo in spremenilo dosedanje poznavanje poselitve previous knowledge about settlement on our territory našega prostora v času od sredine 4. do konca 1. stole- between the 4th and the end of 1st centuries BC. Coin-tja pred našim štetjem. Zdi se, kot da je splet srečnih cidental discoveries in the last decade opened new per- naključnih odkritij zadnjih let odprl perspektive, ki so spectives that were unclear for decades and explained desetletja ostajale nejasne in nedorečene, ter pojasnil historical processes reflecting economic and cultur-zgodovinske procese, ki so bili odraz ekonomskih in al contacts in the Late Iron Age. Today, fol owing the kulturnih stikov v mlajši železni dobi. Tako lahko da- work of generations of archaeologists and standing on nes, nadaljujoč delo generacij arheologov, stoječ na ra- the shoulders of giants, we can again evaluate the im-menih velikanov ponovno ocenimo pomen keltske portance of Celtic archaeological heritage in the terri-arheološke dediščine na področju vzhodne Sloveni- tory of eastern Slovenia and adequately present discov-je ter ustrezno prikažemo odkritja s področja okolice eries from the territory of Ptuj and its surroundings in 8 Ptuja v kontekstu slovenske ter, predvsem zaradi med- the context of Slovenian and, especial y due to the in-s narodnega značaja odkritij, evropske kulturne zgodo- ternational character of such discoveries, European ldr vine in arheološke dediščine. cultural history and archaeological heritage. o f w Zaradi specifične geografske lege današnjega ozem- Due to the specific geographic position of today’s Slo-d oa lja Slovenije ter njenih vplivov na poselitveno dinami- venia, influences on settlement dynamics and popula-ko ter gibanja populacij v prostoru je težko govoriti o tion movements in space, it is difficult to speak about ssro ro etnični, tako splošni kot specifični, pripadnosti praz- the ethnic, general as well as specific, affiliation of pre-e c godovinskih prebivalcev s tega prostora v prvem tisoč- historic communities on this territory in the first mil-h letju pred našim štetjem. Opazujoč arheološke podat- lennium BC. Observing archaeological data, we can n t ■ o ke pa lahko železnodobne najdbe razdelimo vsaj v dva divide Iron Age communities at least into two larg-v večja sklopa – na starejšo in mlajšo železno dobo, pri er chronological complexes – into the Early and Late etov čemer se zdi, da gre v zahodnem delu Slovenije veči- Iron Ages. It seems that in western Slovenia there was u s noma v posameznih regijah za nepretrgan kulturni ra- continuous cultural development running since way išč zvoj, ki se nadaljuje vse od sredine drugega tisočletja back in the middle of the 2nd mil ennium BC. On tič pred našim štetjem, predvsem na vzhodu pa vsaj med other hand, in the East, there was a gap between the a sn starejšo in mlajšo železno dobo zija vrzel. Zdi se, da ages. It seems that radical changes reflected in alter-pride do radikalnih sprememb, ki se odražajo v spre- ations of settlement patterns, technological modifi-membah poselitvenih vzorcev, spremembah tehnolo- cations and radical transformation in the stylistic de-gij ter radikalnih preobratih v slogovnem razvoju ma- velopment of material culture occurred at this time. terialne kulture. Do nedavnega se je lahko na podlagi Having observed the archaeological record, it seemed opazovanja arheoloških osTankóv sklepalo, da je pros- until recently that the territory of eastern Slovenia tor vzhodne Slovenije po koncu 6. stoletja pred našim was deserted after the end of the 6th century BC. This štetjem opustel, kar so povezovali z nomadskimi vdori was connected to the nomadic invasions and diseas- ter boleznimi, ki so jih slednji prinesli s sabo. Raziska- es carried by these nomads. Later research demon-ve zadnjih let pa so pokazale, da je poselitev sicer bila strated that settlement was scarce; however, we start-zagotovo redkejša, vendar se je počasi začelo odkrivati ed to slowly discover deeply buried traces of modest globoko zakopane sledi skromnih ostankov. remains. Najstarejše najdbe mlajšeželeznodobne keltske ma- Discoveries of earliest Late Iron Age Celtic material terialne kulture kažejo uvožene predmete in kultur- culture demonstrate imported object and cultural in-ne vplive, ki so na današnje ozemlje Slovenije prite- fluences which came to the territory of today’s Slovenia kali tako z vzhoda kot tudi z zahoda, z alpskega in s from the East and the West, from the Alpine and the 9 panonskega sveta ter se mešali z lokalnimi tradicija- Pannonian worlds, blended with local traditions. To- .« mi. Slednje danes prepoznavamo kot sestavljanko kul- day, the latter could be recognized as a compound of e . turnih skupin, nadaljujoč številne regionalne značil- cultural groups that continued numerous local charac-im nosti, razprostranjene na omejenem prostoru na eni teristics on a limited, expanding territory, thus creating g tno ter ustvarjajoč popolnoma nove tradicije in povezave completely new traditions and connections. Studying na drugi strani. Opazujoč arheološke najdbe se zdi, da the archaeological finds, it seems that the eastern and s a ls i sta v četrtem stoletju postala vzhodni in osrednji del central part of Slovenia became intensively celticised in rea Slovenije močneje keltizirana, poseljena s skupnostmi, the 4th century BC – settled with communities which za katere domnevamo, da so tako kulturno kot jezi- we assume were cultural y as well as linguistical y part ten y kovno sodile v skupino vzhodnih Keltov, medtem ko of an Eastern Celtic group. In the same period, on the .« ■ » je zahod (ozemlje Notranjske, Krasa, Primorja in Po- territory of western Slovenia (Notranjska, Kras, Pri-bje . sočja) ves čas zgolj selektivno sprejemal posamezne morje and Posočje), several elements of material cul-obd elemente materialne kulture ter posamezne prišleke, ture were selectively accepted and individual newcom-o o ki so, kljub sprejetju v lokalne skupnosti, nadaljeva- ers, despite the fact that they were accepted by local lg li svoje značilne kulturne tradicije vse do smrti ter še communities, continued their cultural traditions until o e d dlje. the end of their lives and beyond. Sredi četrtega stoletja pred našim štetjem so se na po- In the middle of the 4th century BC, newcomers, part dročju vzhodne Slovenije pojavili novi prišleki, ki so of the larger community designated as Eastern Celts, esetletje j bili del skupnosti, poimenovane kot vzhodni Kelti. appeared on the territory of eastern Slovenia. They »d Ljudstev, ki so v nekaj desetletjih poselila vzhodni del were people who over several decades settled in the osrednje Evrope, tam oblikovala svoje upravne in kul- eastern part of Central Europe, created their adminis-turne centre ter iz njih nekaj desetletij kasneje kreni- trative and cultural centers and from there, several dec- Slika 2. Pogled na staro mesto Ptuj (po Kavur 2014). Figure 2. View of the old town of Ptuj (according to Kavur 2014). la v osvajanje novih področij. Preko panonske ravni- ades later, launched their conquest of new territories. ce so se poljedelski vojščaki usmerili na vzhod proti Across the Pannonian Plain, these agricultural war-rudonosnemu hribovju Transilvanije, na jug proti so- riors headed east towards the ore rich hil s of Transyl-točju Save in Donave, ki varuje vhod na osrednji Bal- vania, south towards the confluence of Sava and Dan-kan ter dalje v Egejo – eden izmed najstarejših valov ube, protecting entry in and out of the central Balkans, poselitve pa se je zaustavil na vznožjih predalpskih hri- and further into the Aegean. One of the earliest waves bovij Štajerske. Njihova materialna kultura je odraža- of settlers ended at the foothil s of pre-Alpine moun-la prefinjen spoj tradicij keltske kulture mlajše železne tains of Štajerska. Their material culture reflected the dobe, ki so jo prinesli s seboj še iz osrednje Evrope, op- refined junction of Celtic Late Iron Age traditions 11 lemeniten z novo razvitimi tehnologijami in slogovni- brought from Central Europe and ennobled with new- .« mi značilnostmi krašenja predmetov, ki so jih ustvarili ly developed technologies and stylistic characteristics e .im v centrih eksplozije njihove nove kreativnosti na juž- of decorations from centers of creative explosion in g t nem Slovaškem in severnem Madžarskem, ter dalje southern Slovakia and northern Hungary and further no razvijali na svoji poti ter v novih domovih. developed along their journeys and in their new homes. s a ls i Sledi keltskih prišlekov na vzhodu, njihovi grobovi, Traces of Celtic incomers in the East, along with their rea ostanki naselij, izgubljeni in odloženi novci ter imena, graves, settlement remains, lost and deposited coins, ki so jih zapustili njihovi potomci, so bile skoraj stole- and names handed over by their descendants, were for ten y tje in pol predmet raziskave številnih generacij stari- almost one and half centuries the subject of research .« ■ » noslovcev in arheologov, posameznikov, ki so s svojim by numerous antiquarians and archaeologists – indi-znanstvenim delom ustvarili slovensko arheologijo ter viduals who with their scientific endeavors created bje .o njeno podobo v domači in mednarodni javnosti. Izko- Slovenian archaeology and its image before the na-bd pavanja, raziskave in objave keltskih najdb, kot tudi tional and international public. Excavations, research o olg njihove predstavitve, so pomemben del razvoja arhe- and publications of Celtic finds, as well as their pres-o ologije, vendar to poglavje zgodovine raziskav ni bilo entations, are an important element for the develope d nikoli izpostavljeno oziroma natančneje obravnavano ment of Slovenian archaeology, but this special epi-v širšem sklopu poskusov pisanja zgodovine razvoja ar- sode in the history of research was never presented or heologije na področju današnje Slovenije. Navadno so discussed in detail, especial y not in broader efforts esetletje j bili dogodki, ki so zaznamovali razvoj vedenja, pred- to write the history of the development of archeolo- »d stavljeni v uvodnih delih objav, naštevajoč zgolj zapo- gy on the territory of today’s Slovenia. Usual y events redje poglavitnih odkritij (Gabrovec 1966; Božič 1999), that marked the development of knowledge were pre-ali pa skriti v obširnih mozaikih raziskav predvsem sta- sented in the introductory parts of publications, list- Slika 3. Arheološka najdišča iz mlajše železne dobe na Ptuju (po Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011). Figure 3. Archaeological sites from the Late Iron Age in Ptuj (according to Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011). rejše železne dobe (Dular 2003; 2008). Posledično je ing mostly the succession of discoveries (Gabrovec za razumevanje problema nujna kratka predstavitev 1966; Božič 1999) or hidden in broad mosaics of re-razvoja vedenja in vede, omemba nekaterih poglavi- search mostly on the Early Iron Age (Dular 2003; tnih raziskovalcev ter prikaz časovnega zaporedja od- 2008). Consequently, to better understand the prob-kritij v zadnjih dveh stoletjih, ki vsebuje tudi omembe lem, it is necessary to provide a short presentation on nekaterih poglavitnih najdišč. Upoštevajoč specifično the development of knowledge in this field as well as lastno razvojno dinamiko znanosti, vezano predvsem to list some major researchers, including the mention-na oblikovanje inštitucij pred drugo svetovno vojno, ing of major sites and demonstration of the tempo-je potrebno vzporedno opazovati odkritja in raziska- ral succession of discoveries in the last two centuries. 13 ve mlajšeželeznodobnih osTankóv s področja Ptuja in Taking into consideration the specific development .« njegove okolice v slovenskem kontekstu. Tako regio- dynamics of science, linked mostly to the formation of e .im nalna zgodovina raziskav ni le kronološko nizanje od- institutions in the pre-World War II period, we should g t kritij, ampak postane v obdobje in usmeritve razisko- observe the discoveries and research on the Late Iron no valcev vpet proces ustvarjanja vedenja o preteklosti. Age in the region of Ptuj in a broader Slovenian con- s a l text. Therefore, the regional history of research is not s i Predvsem zaradi izjemnosti odkritih najdb, zaradi nji- r just a chronological ranking of discoveries, but also a ea hovega mesta v zgodovini raziskav keltske arheologije process of creating knowledge about the past that re-v Sloveniji kot tudi zaradi pomena za kulturno zgodo- flects the periods and orientations of scientists. ten y vino, moramo vrednotiti odkritja s področja Ptuja v .« ■ » širši kulturni in zgodovinski perspektivi – v perspekti- Considering the uniqueness of discovered finds, their vi dogodkov, ki so se v času od 5. do 4. stoletja pred na- place in the history of research on Celtic archaeology bje .o šim štetjem nahajali včasih na robu, včasih pa v samem in Slovenia as well as their importance for cultural his-bd osrčju političnih in ekonomskih sprememb prazgo- tory, we should evaluate discoveries from the region o olg dovinske Evrope. Področje Ptuja je, kljub navidezno of Ptuj in a broader cultural and historic perspective o redkim arheološkim najdbam iz teh obdobij, pred- – through the lens of events from the period of the e d stavljalo eno izmed strateško najbolj izpostavljenih lo- 5th and 4th century BC that occurred sometimes in kacij na katerih so se stikale stoletja stare ekonomske the center and sometimes on the fringes of economic poti. Poti, ki so po rečnih dolinah povezovale prostor changes in prehistoric Europe. The territory was, de-esetletje j osrednjih Alp in Panonije ter čez prelaze povezovale spite the seemingly rare finds from this period, one of »d prazgodovinsko keltsko Evropo s civilizacijami Sre- the strategical y most exposed locations upon which dozemlja, poti, po katerih so v sredini četrtega stoletja centuries-old economic connections crisscrossed. prišle prve manjše skupine keltskih priseljencev, po ka- Trails and passes along river val eys connected the ter- terih so v tretjem stoletju krenile proti jugu vojske kelt- ritories of Central Europe and Pannonia as well as pre-skih osvajalcev, po katerih so prihajali v drugem stole- historic Celtic Europe with Mediterranean civiliza-tju sredozemski trgovci ter poti, po katerih so v prvem tions. Trails created in the middle of the 4th century stoletju prikorakale rimske legije. BC by the first smal er groups of Celtic immigrants were fol owed in the 3rd century BC by conquering ar- *** mies, in the 2nd century by Mediterranean traders and in the 1st century by Roman legions. Pri nastanku te knjige so nama pomagali številni prija- 14 telji in sodelavci: Ivan Žižek, Aleksandra Nestorović, *** Nejka Uršič in Boris Farič (Pokrajinski muzej Ptuj- s -Ormož), Maja Janežič in Danilo Cvetko (ZVKDS During the production of this book we were assisted ldro CPA), Andrej Magdič (ZVKDS OE Maribor), Sa- by numerous friends and col aborators: Ivan Žižek, f w ška Colnarič (ZVKDS RC), Jonatan Vinkler, Mitja Aleksandra Nestorović, Nejka Uršič and Boris Farič d o Guštin in Aleš Ogorelec (Univerza na Primorskem), (Regional museum Ptuj-Ormož), Maja Janežič and a Andrej Ferletic in Jana Šubic Prislan (Goriški muzej), Danilo Cvetko (ZVKDS CPA), Andrej Magdič ssro Jože Lorber (Posavski muzej Brežice), Duško Belić, Je- (ZVKDS OE Maribor), Saška Colnarič (ZVKDS ro rica Kavur in Luder Tavit Sahagian. Za neskončno ra- RC), Jonatan Vinkler, Mitja Guštin and Aleš Ogore-e ch zumevanje in podporo pa se morava zahvaliti svojima lec (University of Primorskam), Andrej Ferletic n t najbližjima Martini Blečić Kavur in Ivanu Tušku. and Jana Šubic Prislan (Goriški muzej), Jože Lorber ■ ov (Posavje museum Brežice), Duško Belić, Jerica Kavur eto and Luder Tavit Sahagian. For endless understanding v and support we have to express our gratitude to our u s išč closest Martina Blečić Kavur and Ivan Tušek. tič a sn Stoletje in pol odkrivanj sledi Keltov na Ptuju in v njegovi okolici A Century and Half of Discovering Celtic Traces in Ptuj and Its Vicinity 15 Arheološke raziskave na Ptuju, kot tudi v veči- ni mest, nastalih na področju nekdanjih rim- Archaeological research in Ptuj, as in the majority of larger cities formed on territories of skih kolonij, ki so v urbanem tkivu srednjeve- former Roman colonies, which in the urban ških naselbin zapustile nepregledne količine napisnih body of medieval settlements left hard-to-fol ow quanter reliefno okrašenih kamnitih spomenikov, so se tities of inscribed and decorated stone monuments, pravzaprav začele že v obdobju pozne renesanse. Pre- started actual y in the period of the late Renaissance. risovanje spomenikov, branje napisov ter interpretaci- The replication of monuments, the reading of inscrip-ja prepoznanega v kontekstu vedenja o zgodovini sta- tions and interpreting the recognized in the context rega veka so dominirali do sredine 19. stoletja, ko je se of knowledge on the history of Antiquity dominated je pozornost začela preusmerjati k arheološkim najd- until mid-19th century, when focus shifted toward ar-bam in njihovim interpretacijam. Prve zbirke, sesta- chaeological finds and their interpretations. First col-vljene iz naključnih najdb ter predvsem novcev, so lections, composed from accidental finds and mostly vzpodbudile interes za začetek pravih arheoloških raz- coins, piqued the interest to begin initial archeological iskav ob koncu 19. stoletja. S tujimi raziskavami so tudi research at the end of the 19th century. In 1893, the Mu-najdbe začele odhajati v tuje muzeje in da bi zajezili ta seum Society was founded in Ptuj to restrain the pro-proces, so leta 1893 na Ptuju ustanovili Muzejsko dru- cess of foreign research finds going to outlandish mu- štvo, ki je v stavbi tedanje gimnazije tudi postavilo svo- seums. It presented its col ection in the gymnasium je zbirke (Lamut 1993). Pet let kasneje je svojo privatno building of that day (Lamut 1993). Five years later, Pro-zbirko arheoloških najdb poklonil muzeju graški pro- fessor Franc Ferk of Graz donated his private col ec- fesor Franc Ferk, kar je povzročilo, da se je, izkazujoč tion of archeological finds to the Society, which out of zahvalo, še več desetletij ustanova uradno imenovala gratitude changed the building’s name to Municipal Mestni Ferkov muzej. Ferk Museum, which remains unchanged to this day. Najstarejšo arheološko najdbo, ki je bila že pred usta- The oldest archaeological find, the Celtic silver coin, novitvijo muzeja prepoznana kot sled keltske poseli- which prior to the establishment of the museum was tve na področju Ptuja, je predstavljal na pokopališču recognized as a trace of Celtic settlement on the terri-pri cerkvi Sv. Ožbalta okrog leta 1850 odkrit keltski tory of Ptuj, was discovered around 1850 in the ceme-16 srebrnik, ki je danes izgubljen. V desetletjih za tem so tery of St. Ozvald and is today lost. In the decades that s se prve najdbe, ki bi jih lahko povezovali s keltsko pri- fol owed, finds that could be linked to Celtic pres-ldr sotnostjo na področju Ptuja, začele pojavljati šele na- ence started to appear only accidental y. They started o ključno. Sistematično pa so se začele množiti s prvi- to multiply systematical y with the first archaeological f w mi arheološkimi raziskavami na koncu devetnajstega excavations at the end of 19th century. These shifted the d oa stoletja, katerih pozornost je bila usmerjena najprej focus toward the architectural remains of the Roman ssro na stavbne ostanke kasnejšega rimskodobnega mes- city, especial y on the territory of Grajski grič, Rabelč- ro ta – predvsem na področju Grajskega griča, Rabelčje ja vas and Panorama. In the immediate vicinity of the e c vasi in Panorame. V neposredni okolici mesta pa so town, first finds were discovered mostly in gravel pits h n t bile prve najdbe odkrite večinoma v gramoznicah – v – in Brstje on the left and in Skorba on the right bank ■ o Brstju na levem ter Skorbi na desnem bregu Drave, pa of Drava River. They were discovered also in Spodn-v tudi v Spodnji Hajdini pri izkopavanjih rimskih arhi- ja Hajdina during excavations of Roman architectur-etov tekturnih osTankóv ob nekdanji cesti (Smodič 1940; al remains along the former road (Smodič 1940; To-u s Tomanič-Jevremov 1985; 1992; Lubšina Tušek 2001; manič-Jevremov 1985; 1992; Lubšina Tušek 2001; 2002). išč 2002). tič One of the most intriguing finds discovered on the a sn Eno izmed najbolj skrivnostnih najdb, odkritih na po- territory of Ptuj is unfortunately known only from dročju Ptuja, poznamo žal zgolj iz poročila. Na seji a report. Viktor Skrabar reported the discovery of a Muzejskega društva 13. januarja 1905 je namreč Viktor Greek tetradrachm from the 3rd century BC at a Muse-Skrabar poročal o najdbi grške tetradrahme iz 3. sto- um Society meeting on January 13, 1905. A»precious« letja pred našim štetjem. Ob tem se omenja tudi najd- belt weighting 850 grams with a Greek inscription was ba »dragocenega« pasu težkega 850 gramov z grškim also mentioned at the meeting. We also know about napisom. O slednjem vemo tudi to, da sta ga tako du- the latter that academies in Vienna and Berlin authen-najska kot berlinska akademija potrdili za avtentične- ticated it and that it was sent to be displayed at an exhi- ga ter da so ga poslali na razstavo v Anglijo. Žal je od bition in England. Afterwards, it was lost (Vomer-Go-takrat za njim izginila vsaka sled (Vomer-Gojkovič, jkovič, Kolar 1993, 33). Both lost items, clearly reported Kolar 1993, 33). Oba danes izgubljena predmeta, o ka- in historical sources, would be a valuable source for terih viri jasno poročajo, bi bila dragocen vir za prikaz the demonstration of cultural contacts and long dis-kulturnih stikov ter trgovine na dolge razdalje v 3. sto- tance trade in the 3rd century BC. letju pred našim štetjem. First finds from the outskirts of the town were discov- Tudi na obrobju mesta so prve najdbe odkrili naključ- ered accidental y – in 1906 in Skorba on the second no – leta 1906 so v Skorbi na drugi dravski terasi ob ko- terrace of Drava River while digging a well to recover panju vodnjaka naleteli na ostanke, izvirajoče iz mo- the remains of a warrior’s grave. It consisted of an iron 17. škega bojevniškega groba – odkrili so železen meč, sword, spearhead, shield boss and two pottery frag-g .in sulično konico in ščitno grbo ter dva odlomka kera- ments ( Figure 4). During later excavations in 1922, two er mike ( Slika 4). Pri kasnejših izkopavanjih leta 1922 v ne- more ceramic vessels were discovered in the immedi-vo posredni bližini sta bili odkriti še dve keramični poso- ate vicinity: a pot and a bowl made on a fast-spinning isc di – lonec in skleda, izdelana na lončarskem kolesu za potter’s wheel which we could assume originate from f d kateri lahko domnevamo, da izvirata najverjetneje iz another grave in the same cemetery (Vomer-Gojk-lf oa drugega groba istega grobišča (Vomer-Gojkovič, Ko- ovič, Kolar 1993, 39). We can also most probably link d h lar 1993, 39). Verjetno lahko z ostanki slednjega pove- to the later a spearhead that was discovered in the viln zujemo tudi sulično ost, ki je bila leta 1935 odkrita v vasi lage in 1935 (Pahič 1966; Kavur 2012d). It is assumed ry a (Pahič 1966; Kavur 2012d). Prav tako naj bi iz Skorbe that from Skorba comes also the ceramic vessel, which tu en izvirala keramična posoda, ki jo je leta 1910 Pokrajin- was donated in 1910 by F. Pol ack to the Regional Mu-skemu muzeju Maribor podaril F. Pol ack, vendar na- seum in Maribor, though the exact location of its dis- .. ■ a c tančnejša lokacija odkritja najdbe ni znana. Prvo na- covery is unknown to date. The first detailed publi-j .n tančno objavo najdb iz Skorbe, kot tudi prvi članek, ki cation of finds from Skorba was presented in the first ivar se je ukvarjal s keltskimi najdbami iz okolice Ptuja, je article dealing with Celtic finds from the surround-kd leta 1923 v prvem zvezku beograjskega časopisa Stari- ings of Ptuj that was published in 1923 by Viktor Skral oo nar objavil Viktor Skrabar (Skrabar 1923). Slednji je bil bar in the first volume of Starinar journal (Skrabar n p v prvi polovici stoletja glavni organizator arheoloških 1923). He was the main organizer of archaeological ac-dejavnosti ter je tudi leta 1928, ob 25 letnici muzeja, so- tivities in the first half of the century and col aborated letje i deloval pri preselitvi zbirke v obnovljeno stavbo nek- in 1928, which marked the museum’s 25th anniversary, sto danjega dominikanskega samostana (Lamut 1993, 14). in the transfer of col ections to the restored building Presegajoč lokalni pomen za razvoj arheološke stroke of the former Dominican Monastery (Lamut 1993, 14). Slika 4. Železna meča iz Formina in Skorbe (detajla). Figure 4. Iron swords from Formin and Skorba (details). je odigral pomembno vlogo kot organizator sestan- Exceeding his local importance in the development of ka za pripravo projekta Arheološke karte Jugoslavije. the field of archeology, Skrabar organized the meet-Prav dobra raziskanost arheoloških najdišč v okolici ing for the preparation of the Archaeological Map of Ptuja, poznavanje odkritih najdb in zavzetost profe- Yugoslavia. A good state of knowledge about archae-sorjev Balduina Sarie in Josipa Klemenca so omogo- ological sites and discoveries in the vicinity of Ptuj as čili, da sta konec tridesetih let izšla dva zvezka, Blatt well as the enthusiasm of Professors Balduin Saria and Ptuj leta 1936 ter Blatt Rogatec leta 1938, ki sta vsebova- Josip Klemenc enabled the publication at the end of la tudi številne podatke o do tedaj poznanih prazgo- the 1930s of two volumes: Blatt Ptuj in 1936 and in 1938 dovinskih najdbah. Blat Rogatec. Both contained much information on 19 prehistoric finds that were known at the time. . Trideseta leta dvajsetega stoletja so bila obdobje obse- g .in žnih izkopavanj osTankóv rimskega mesta. Na njego- The 1930s were a period of large-scale excavations of erv vem obrobju so bili leta 1935 na robu dravske terase na remains in the Roman town. In 1935, Spodnja Hajdi-o severovzhodnem delu vasi Spodnja Hajdina odkriti na discovered the first fragments of La Tène-style pot-isc f d tudi prvi odlomki latenske keramike oziroma sledovi tery at the edge of the terrace of Drava River located poselitve. Izvirali so iz plasti pod rimsko stavbo, ozna- on the vil age’s northeastern fringes. The remains of lf oa čeno kot Q1, ki jo je Walter Schmid izkopaval v četr- a settlement were discovered in a layer below the Ro-d hn ti rimskega mesta, poimenovani Vicus Fortunae (Ka- man building designated as Q1, which was excavated vur 2012e). by Walter Schmid in the district of the Roman town ry a tu named Vicus Fortunae (Kavur 2012e). Istega leta so v Kolaričevi gramoznici jugozahodno en od vasi Formin na njivah na terasi, ki pada proti poto- In the same year, Roman and La Tène cremation and .. ■ a c ku Zvirinčici, odkrili latenske in rimske žgane ter ske- skeletal graves were discovered in the gravel pit of Kolar-j .n letne grobove. Velik del najdb, odkritih do leta 1940 je ič, located southwest of Formin vil age, on the fields of ivar prišel v Ptujski muzej, nekatere iz predvojne zbirke pa a terrace fal ing towards the Zvirinčica stream. A large kd je leta 1963 kupil Pokrajinski muzej Maribor. Najdbe proportion of finds discovered until 1940 arrived at the l oo so se v gramoznici vrstile vse do leta 1939, ko je Muzej- museum in Ptuj, while some of the pre-war discoveries n p sko društvo iz Ptuja sistematično izkopavalo del gro- were acquired in 1963 by the Regional Museum in Mar-bišča (Vomer-Gojkovič, Kolar 1993, 43; Kavur 2012b) ibor. Discoveries were made until 1939, when the Mu-letje i ( Slika 4). Nedaleč, na prvi dravski terasi, na delu, ki se seum Society in Ptuj systematical y excavated a part sto danes nahaja na umetnem otoku med kanalom hidro- of this cemetery (Vomer-Gojkovič, Kolar 1993, 43; Ka-elektrarne Formin ter tokom reke Drave, so leta 1937 vur 2012b) ( Figure 4). Not far away, on the first river ter- Slika 5. Bronast obroček s Panorame (po Kavur 2014). Figure 5. Bronze ring from Panorama (according to Kavur 2014). pri kopanju gramoza na kraju, kjer danes stoji hiša race in a part that today is an artificial island between Stojnci 137, tik severno ob cesti Ptuj – Varaždin odkrili the channel of Formin hydropower station and Dra-keltski skeletni grob s pridatki (Kavur 2012f). va River, a Celtic skeleton burial with grave goods was discovered in 1937 during the exploitation of gravel on Komisija muzejskega društva, ki jo je vodil Balduin grounds where house Stojnci 137 north on the Ptuj – Saria je pri pregledu najdišča v Forminu ugotovila, da Varaždin road is situated (Kavur 2012f). leži latenskodobno grobišče v bližini rimskodobne na- selbine (Vomer-Gojkovič, Kolar 1993, 42). Leta 1941 The Commission of the Museum Society led by Bal-je Walter Schmid nadaljeval z izkopavanji na obmo- duin Saria concluded after inspection that the Late čju Formina, kjer je zraven žganih in skeletnih grobov Iron Age cemetery is located near a Roman settle-21. odkril tudi ostanke treh hiš. Dve od njih je interpretiral ment (Vomer-Gojkovič, Kolar 1993, 42). In 1941, Wal-g . kot prazgodovinski, eno pa je datiral v rimsko obdob- ter Schmid continued with excavations on the territo-iner je. Najdbe z njegovih izkopavanj so potovale v Graz v ry of Formin, where he discovered, besides the skeletal vo tedanji Landesmuseum Joanneum (Lehrer, Modl, Pe- and cremated burials, the remains of three houses. He isc itler 2013, 90–92), leta 2014 pa je v okviru meddržavne- interpreted two of them as prehistoric and dated one f d ga sodelovanja Universalmuseum Joanneum velik del to the Roman period. Finds from his excavations trav-lf oa najdb iz Schmidovih izkopavanj vrnil v Pokrajinski eled to the Landesmuseum Joanneum in Graz, Aus-d h muzej Ptuj Ormož. tria (Lehrer, Modl, Peitler 2013, 90-92). In 2014, a large n proportion of finds from Schmid’s excavations were ry a Leta 1940 je Anton Smodič objavil daljši članek z opi- returned from the Universalmuseum Joanneum to tu som najdb iz Formina, dodal pa je še kratki omembi the Regional Museum Ptuj-Ormož due to an interna-en najdb iz Stojncev, Skorbe ter najdb s Ptuja (Smodič tional collaboration. 1940). Objava predstavlja prvi objavljeni takrat sodob- .. ■ a cj . ni katalog keltskih najdb ter hkrati do sedaj edini ce- In 1940, Anton Smodič published a longer article on n lovitejši pregled najdb s tega bogatega najdišča. Tudi finds from Formin, adding short observations of finds ivark v povojnem obdobju so bile v gramoznici odkrite na- from Stojnci, Skorba and Ptuj (Smodič 1940). His d ključne najdbe – leta 1945 je bila prinesena v Ptujski publication was the first published modern catalogue l oo muzej iz Formina dobro ohranjena sulična ost, leta of Celtic finds and to date is the only complete pres-n p 1952 predvsem rimskodobne najdbe (Vomer-Gojko- entation of finds from this rich site. Chance finds were vič, Kolar 1993, 47), leta 1961 pa poleg drugih najdb, od- also discovered in the gravel pit after WWII; a nice-letje i kritih pri delih v gramoznici, tudi del latenske kera- ly preserved spear point in 1945 and mostly Roman sto mične posode, deli železnih fibul, železna sulična ost finds in 1952 arrived at the Regional Musem Ptuj-Or-in železne škarje (Kavur 2012b). mož (Vomer-Gojkovič, Kolar 1993, 47). In 1961, during Najstarejšo najdbo z obrobja mesta Ptuja pa pred- work in the gravel pit, fragments of a La Tène ceram-stavlja bradavičast obroček oziroma zapestnica, ki ic vessel, fragments of iron fibulae, an iron spear point je bil odkrit leta 1938 na severnem pobočju Panora- and iron scissors were also discovered (Kavur 2012b). me in shranjen v tedanjem grajskem muzeju družine The first discovered find from the suburbs of Ptuj is Herberstein (Božič 1993) ( Slika 5). Ob njeni objavi je a knobbed bronze ring, found in 1938 on the north-Smodič omenil, da so na Panorami kot tudi na Graj- ern slopes of Panorama and kept in the castle muse-skem hribu poznane najdbe keltske keramike, vendar um owned by the Herberstein family (Božič 1993) ( Fig-je menil, da bomo le težko kaj zvedeli o njih, saj jih po- 22 ure 5). In the publication, Smodič mentioned also that krivajo rimske kulturne plasti (Smodič 1940). there are known finds of Celtic pottery on Panora- sld V prvih letih po vojni so se arheološke raziskave siste- ma as well as on Grajski Grič, but we will hardly learn ro matično usmerile na področje mesta Ptuja. To je bil something about them since they were covered by Ro-f w man cultural layers (Smodič 1940). čas, ko je muzej dobil za svojo kulturno-zgodovinsko d oa zbirko prostore na Ptujskem gradu ter pridobil zbirko In the first years fol owing WWII, archaeological re-arheoloških predmetov grofa Herbersteina, ki je bil ssro search systematical y focused on the territory of Ptuj. ro pred vojno veliki mecen Muzejskega društva ter pod- It was the time when the museum acquired rooms e c pornik številnih izkopavanj (Lamut 1993, 16). Razisko- h for its historic col ection on Ptujski Grad and ob- valna skupina pod vodstvom Josipa in Paole Korošec n t tained Count Herberstein’s col ection of archaeologi- ■ o ter Josipa Klemenca je v letih 1946 in 47 izkopavala na v cal items, who in the prewar period was a great patron turnirskem prostoru ptujskega gradu, v letih 1947 in 48 of the Museum Society and supporter of numerous etov na Panorami ter leta 1950 na Turnišču pri Ptuju. Razi- excavations (Lamut 1993, 16). A research group under u s skave so bile za slovensko arheologijo prelomnega po- the direction of Josip and Paola Korošec and Josip Kleišč mena tudi zaradi dejstva, da so avtorji v zelo kratkem menc excavated in 1946 and 1947 on Turnirski Prostor tič času objavili obsežne publikacije s predstavitvami re- a s on Grajski Grič and in 1947 and 1948 on Panorama fol- n zultatov raziskav. Pri izkopavanjih na Turnirskem pro- lowed by in 1950 in Turnišče near Ptuj. The research was storu je bil odkrit na zahodni strani kamnit zid, ki ga groundbreaking for Slovenian archaeology since the je Josip Klemenc interpretiral kot del obzidja keltske authors published in a very short period of time their naselbine. V odkopanih plasteh na tem področju so first comprehensive publications with the presentation bile odkrite le posamezne latenske najdbe – predvsem of results. During the excavation on Turnirski Prostor, a odlomki keramike ter bronast predmet, interpretiran stone wall was discovered on the western side which Jo-kot zatič (Božič 1993; Korošec 1997). Številčnejše la- sip Klemenc interpreted as a rampart of the Celtic set-tenske najdbe pa so bile odkrite na severozahodni stra- tlement. In excavated layers of this area, only individu- Slika 6. Bronast pas sklepanec iz Brstja (detajl). Figure 6. Bronze belt chain from Brstje (detail). ni mesta pri izkopavanjih na pobočjih Panorame, kjer al Celtic finds – mostly pottery fragments and a bronze je bil pred tem že odkrit bradavičast obroček. Tudi ob item interpreted as a bung – were discovered (Božič izkopavanjih leta 1948 na jugovzhodnem delu Panora- 1993; Korošec 1997). More numerous were discoveries me so bili odkriti odlomki latenske keramike ter fibu- of La Tène period finds in the northwestern part of the la tipa Almgren 65 (Pahič 1966; Kavur 2012c). town during excavations on the slopes of Panorama where the knobbed ring was previously found. Addi- V povojnem obdobju so se vrstile najdbe latenskih tional y, during an excavation in 1948 on the southwest-grobov v gramoznicah na obrobju Ptuja. Na njivah se- ern part of Panorama, fragments of La Tène-style pot-24 verno od vasi Brstje so pri širjenju gramoznice leta 1959 tery and a fibula of Almgren 65-type were discovered s verjetno uničili najmanj 3 latenske žgane grobove, od (Pahič 1966; Kavur 2012c). ldr katerih lahko na podlagi odkritih najdb enega pripi- o In the postwar period, numerous La Tène period graves šemo pokopu ženske, dva pa moškim. Na drugi stra- f w were discovered in gravel pits on the outskirts of Ptuj. ni poročajo, da so očividci trdili, da naj bi se vsi pred- d oa On fields north of Brstje vil age, at least three cremation meti nahajali skupaj v 1,5 metra globokem vkopu, kar graves were destroyed in 1959 during work to widen the ssro bi omogočalo predvsem drugačno interpretacijo ozi- ro gravel pit. Two of them could be interpreted as belong- roma omogočalo možnost, da je pri uničeni najdbi e c ing to males and one to a female. On the other hand, h šlo prej za depo. Dva odkrita železna meča sta bila iz- eyewitnesses claimed that all the finds were discovered n t gubljena, ostale najdbe pa so bile oddane v Pokrajin- ■ o together in a 1.5-meters-deep pit, which would enable a v ski muzej Ptuj. Danes so ohranjeni bronast pas skle- completely different interpretation, suggesting that the eto panec, fragment železnega meča, fragment železne v finds came from a destroyed depot. Two discovered iron sulične osti, bronasta zapestnica, bronasta fibula sre- u s swords were lost and all the other finds were delivered išč dnjelatenske sheme, steklen prstan, razlomljen steklen to the Regional Museum Ptuj-Ormož. These items are tič prstan in železen žebelj z večjo sferično glavico, ki je today preserved: a bronze belt, a fragment of an iron a s verjetno zakovica ščitne grbe (Vomer-Gojkovič, Ko- n sword, a fragment of an iron spear point, a bronze brace- lar 1993, 51) ( Slika 6). Pri poznejšem širjenju gramozni- let, a bronze fibula of a middle La Tène scheme, a glass ce proti severu je bil odkrit še en žgan grob brez pridat- finger-ring, a fragmented glass finger-ring, and an iron kov. Najdbe so si sledile še kasneje in poleti 1970 so pri nail with a spherical head which was most probably the širjenju gramoznice odkrili 3 cele keramične posode, rivet of a shield boss (Vomer-Gojkovič, Kolar 1993, 51) zvit železen meč z ostanki nožnice, železno sulično ost ( Figure 6) . Later, during work to further widen the grav-ter številne fragmente keramike, ki najverjetneje izvi- el pit, another cremation grave lacking any grave goods rajo iz enega moškega groba. Jeseni istega leta je na naj- was discovered. Additional finds fol owed and in 1970, dišču za Pokrajinski muzej Ptuj zaščitno izkopavanje during work to expand the pit even further, three com-vodila Marjana Tomanič-Jevremov (Kavur 2012a). plete vessels, a bent iron sword with remains of a scab- bard, an iron spear point and numerous pottery frag- V drugi polovici šestdesetih let je izšel poglavitni čla- ments were discovered – most probably coming from a nek za arheologijo mlajše železne dobe vzhodne Slove- single male grave. In autumn of the same year, Marjana nije. STankó Pahič je na posvetovanju z naslovom Kel- Tomanič-Jevremov from the Regional Museum Ptuj ti v Sloveniji. Problemi mlajše železne dobe v Mariboru leta conducted a rescue excavation on the site (Kavur 2012a). 1964 predstavil ter kasneje v Arheološkem vestniku šte- vilka 17 zraven ostalih referatov s srečanja objavil izbor In the mid- to late 1960s, a major article was published on 25 najpomembnejših keltskih najdb iz Podravja (Pahič the subject of late Iron Age archeology in Eastern Slove- . 1966). Slednje je v nekoliko širši, ter poljudneje pred- nia. STankó Pahič presented in Maribor in 1964 at the g .in stavljen kontekst umestil dve leti kasneje v predstavitvi Celts in Slovenia meeting a contribution entitled Problems erv predslovenske poselitve Slovenskih goric (Pahič 1968). of the Late Iron Age and published in the 17th number of o Natančneje pa je podatke o njihovih odkritjih predsta- Arheološki vestnik, which beside other presentations in-isc f d vil v številnih in obsežno napisanih geslih v knjigi Arhe- cluded a selection of the most important Celtic finds ološka najdišča Slovenije, kjer je zaokrožil topografsko in in the Podravje region (Pahič 1966). The latter was pre-lf oa zgodovinsko delo, ki sta ga že pred desetletji zastavila sented in a broader and more popular context two years d hn B. Saria in J. Klemenc (Lamut 1993, 21). later in a publication on pre-Slavic settlement in Sloven- ske Gorice (Pahič 1968). Information on these discov- ry a V začetku sedemdesetih let so se zaradi izgradnje hi- tu eries was presented in numerous meticulous descrip- drocentrale nadaljevala tudi zaščitna izkopavanja v en tions in the book Archaeological sites of Slovenia, where Forminu – v letih 1973 in 1974 je Iva Mikl Curk izkopa- he summed up topographic and historical work started .. ■ a c la ostanek nekropole, kjer je odkrila kar 61 rimskodob- j . decades ago by B. Saria and J. Klemenc (Lamut 1993, 21). n nih ter le dva latenska grobova (Mikl Curk 1975; Kavur ivar 2012b). Leta 1975 pa je raziskovalna skupina Regional- In the early 1970s, rescue excavations continued in kd nega muzeja Ptuj pod vodstvom Blagoja Jevremova na Formin due to the erection of a hydropower plant. In l oo robu dravske terase na vzhodni strani Spodnje Hajdi- 1973 and 1974, Iva Mikl Curk excavated discovered 61 n p ne pod rimskimi plastmi znotraj četrti Vicus Fortunae Roman and only 2 Late Iron Age graves (Mikl Curk odkrila mlajšeželeznodobni lončarski kompleks (To- 1975; Kavur 2012b) in the necropolis. In 1975, a research letje i manič-Jevremov, Guštin 1996). Sestavljali so ga ostan- team from the Regional Museum Ptuj-Ormož led by sto ki dveh kurišč, manipulativnega prostora ter lončar- Blagoje Jevremov discovered a Late Iron Age potters’ ske peči, v kateri so bili odkriti ostanki 5 skled. complex on the edge of a river terrace on the eastern Na širšem mestnem področju Ptuja oziroma njegovi side of Spodnja Hajdina below Roman layers of the severozahodni strani v Rabelčji vasi na področju nek- Vicus Fortune quarter. It consisted of the remains of danje Ziherlove, danes Rimske ploščadi, so bili v dru- two fire places, a preparation area and a pottery kiln, in gi polovici sedemdesetih let prejšnjega stoletja odkriti which five bowls were discovered (Tomanič-Jevremov, odlomki latenske keramike ter fibula tipa Mötschvil Guštin 1996). (Božič 1993). Raziskave so bile posledica procesa, ko se In the mid- to late 1970s, on the broader territory of je mesto Ptuj začelo intenzivno razvijati in večati, kar Ptuj, this is on its northwestern side in Rabelčja Vas je povzročilo izgradnjo novih stavbnih kompleksov na 26 in the area of former Ziherl, today’s Roman plat- robu tedanjega mesta. Sam obseg raziskav je prisilil, da s form, fragments of La Tène-type pottery and a fibu- so se zraven raziskovalne skupine muzeja, ki sta jo vo- ldr la of Mötschwil -type were discovered (Božič 1993). dila Blagoje Jevremov in Marjana Tomanič-Jevremov o vključili tudi profesorji s študenti iz oddelkov za arhe- The research was a consequence of Ptuj’s intensive f w ologijo Filozofskih fakultet iz Ljubljane, Zagreba in development and expansion, which caused the erec-d oa Beograda kot tudi sodelavci z Inštituta za arheologijo tion of new building complexes on the edges of the ssro ZRC SAZU in Zavoda za varstvo kulturne dediščine town. The sheer extent of research meant that beside ro ter še mnogi drugi (Lamut 1993, 18). the museum’s research team, led by Blagoje Jevremov e c and Marjana Tomanič-Jevremov, there were profes- h Konec sedemdesetih let pa so se vzporedno z obno- n t sors and students from Departments of Archaeolo- ■ o vitvenimi postopki arhitekture nadaljevala tudi izko- gy from Faculties of Arts from Ljubljana, Zagreb and v pavanja na Ptujskem gradu. Pri izkopavanjih Zavoda Belgrade as well as col aborators from the Institute of etov za varstvo kulturne dediščine iz Maribora in Regio- Archaeology SRC SAZU, the Monument Conserva-u s nalnega muzeja iz Ptuja so v sondah A in B na zahod- tion Institute and many others (Lamut 1993, 18). išč ni in severni strani ob obzidju v premešanih plasteh, ki tič so nastale z izravnavo terena, odkrili številne odlomke At the end of 1970s, excavations were conducted on a sn latenske keramike (Tušek M. 1981). Kasnejša izkopa- Grajski Grič in paral el with renovations on architec-vanja v letih 1987 in 1988 pod vodstvom Blagoja Jevre- ture. Excavations of the Monument Conservation In-mova in Marjane Tomanič-Jevremov iz Pokrajinskega stitute from Maribor and the Regional Museum Ptuj muzeja Ptuj pa so v sondi, ki je bila izkopana ob mo- discovered numerous fragments of La Tène-type pot-numentalni srednjeveški stavbi grajske žitnice, odkrila tery beside the ramparts in mixed layers in Trenches tri lončarske peči, pripisane latenskodobni obrtni de- A and B on the western and northern side (Tušek M. javnosti. Vkopane so bile v plast, ki je vsebovala najd- 1981). Later excavations conducted in 1987 and 1988 by be keramike iz pozne bronaste dobe, med in nad njimi Blagoje Jevremov and Marjana Tomanič-Jevremov pa so bili odkriti odlomki keramike iz mlajšega latena from the Regional Museum Ptuj revealed in an already (Tomanič-Jevremov, Guštin 1996; Tomanič Jevremov unearthed trench, beside the monumental medieval 2010) ter tudi starejši odlomki (Kavur 2014). Z njiho- granary building, the remains of three pottery kilns as-vo nedavno objavo je M. Tomanič-Jevremov (Toma- cribed to the La Tène period. They were dug into a layer nič Jevremov 2010), ki je pred tem z Mitjo Guštinom which included pottery finds of the Late Bronze Age in Janezom Dularjem že objavila mlajšeželeznodobne as well as in layers between and above them fragments lončarske komplekse na Hajdini (Tomanič-Jevremov, of the Late La Tène period (Tomanič-Jevremov, Guš- Guštin 1996) in v Ormožu (Dular, Tomanič Jevremov tin 1996; Tomanič Jevremov 2010) and older pottery 2009), dopolnila naše vedenje o keltskih obrtnih de- (Kavur 2014). By publishing on them, M. Tomnič Je-27 javnostih na področju vzhodne Slovenije. Še dalje na- vremov (Tomanič Jevremov 2010), who prior with Mit- . zaj v preteklost raziskav na Turnirskem prostoru pa ja Guštin and Janez Dular had already published on g .in nas je popeljala ena izmed zadnjih objav Paole Koro- Late Iron Age pottery complexes from Hajdina (To-erv šec. V članku je predstavila nekatere kovinske in kera- manič-Jevremov, Guštin 1996) and Ormož (Dular, To-o mične najdbe kot tudi razpravo o odkritem domnev- manič Jevremov 2009), supplemented our knowledge isc f d nem obzidju iz predrimskega obdobja (Korošec 1997). on Celtic craftsmen in the territory of eastern Slovenia. Looking further back into the annals of research lf oa Začetek devetdesetih let, natančneje leto 1993, ko je on Turnirski prostor leads us to one of the final publi-d h Pokrajinski muzej na Ptuju praznoval svojo stoletni- n cations by Paola Korošec: an article in which she pre- co obstoja z veliko pregledno razstavo, je bilo tudi ob- sented several metal and ceramic finds as well as led the ry a dobje predstavitve narejenega ter novega razmisleka o tu discussion on presumably wal s from pre-Roman times en nekaterih odkritjih. Razstavo je spremljala knjiga Ar- (Korošec 1997). chaeologia poetovienensis, kjer sta avtorici Mojca Vomer- .. ■ a c -Gojkovič in Nataša Kolar predstavili bibliografsko The early 1990s, especial y in 1993 when the Region-j .n podprto zaporedje vseh arheoloških raziskav na po- al Museum Ptuj celebrated its centenary with a com-ivar dročju mesta Ptuja ter njegove okolice (Vomer-Goj- prehensive exhibition, were an ideal time to present kd kovič, Kolar 1993). Vzporedno pa je izšel tudi Ptujski achievements and to reconsider several discoveries. The l oo arheološki zbornik ob 100-letnici muzeja in Muzejskega exhibition was accompanied by a book entitled Archae-n p društva, ki je vseboval posamezne razprave, poveza- ologia poetovienensis, in which authors Mojca Vomer-Go-ne s problemi in perspektivami ptujske arheologije. V jkovič and Nataša Kolar presented a bibliographical-letje i slednjem je Brane Lamut predstavil zgodovinoarheo- ly supported sequence of all archaeological research on sto loških raziskav na Ptuju (Lamut 1993), Dragan Božič the territory of Ptuj and its surroundings (Vomer-Gojk-pa je predstavil kritično vrednotenje treh kovinskih ovič, Kolar 1993). Paral el to that was published Ptujski ar- najdb s področja Ptuja – bradavičastega obročka, zati- heološki zbornik ob 100-letnici muzeja in Muzejskega društva, ča z izjedo ter fibule tipa Mötschwill (Božič 1993). Po- which included several discussions associated with the membna je predvsem analiza slednje, saj je na podlagi problems and perspectives of archeology in Ptuj. Brane morfoloških značilnosti fibul, pri čemer sta odločil- Lamut presented the history of archeological research no vlogo odigrali prav fibuli tega tipa s Ptuja in Formi- in Ptuj (Lamut 1993), while Dragan Božič presented a na, predlagal poimenovanje njihove lokalne skupine critical evaluation of three metal finds from Ptuj: the ter prikazal njihovo morfološko delitev in prostorsko knobbed ring, the bung with a notch and the fibula of razprostranjenost. Tri leta kasneje pa je v okviru med- Mötschwil -type (Božič 1993). Important is the analy-28 narodnega projekta Jantarna pot bil na Ptuju organizi- sis of the latter find since based on their morphological s ran mednarodni posvet na temo Kelti in romanizacija. characteristics, with fibulae from Ptuj and Formin hav-ldr Predstavitve s simpozija so bile objavljene v 47 številki ing played a key role, classification of their local groups o Arheološkega vestnika. was proposed and their morphological distinction as f w well as spatial patterning were demonstrated. Three d oa Zadnje desetletje prejšnjega stoletja je bilo obdobje in- years later, within the framework of the Amber Route tenzivnih gradbenih posegov manjših površin znotraj ssro project, an international conference entitled Celts and ro območja mesta Ptuja. V tem okviru so izmenično na Romanization was organized in Ptuj, with symposium e c različnih lokacijah potekala izkopavanja na področju h presentations subsequently published in the 47th num- med Osojnikovo in Potrčevo cesto v severovzhodnem n t ber of Arheološki vestnik. ■ o delu Ptuja. Ob izkopavanjih Zavoda za varstvo kultur- v ne dediščine Slovenije pod vodstvom Marije Lubšina The last decade of the preceding century was a pe-etov Tušek na področju stavbe policijske postaje je bila od- riod of intensive small-scale building interventions u s krita plast, ki je vsebovala latensko keramiko ter dob- in and around Ptuj. Within this framework, excava-išč ro ohranjeno bronasto fibulo z dvema kroglicama na tions were conducted on different locations between tič nogi (Lubšina Tušek 2001) ( Slika 7). Ista je leta 1999 pri Osojnikova and Potrčeva ulica in the northwestern a sn izkopavanjih v notranjosti Malega gradu na Prešerno- part of town. During excavations of the Institute for vi cesti odkrila v najstarejši plasti ostanke s konca sta- the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia led rejše železne dobe ter med njimi lepo ohranjeno pav- by Marija Lubšina Tušek, a layer which included La kasto fibulo (Kavur 2014, 13–17). Tène-style pottery and a well-preserved bronze fibula with two globules on the foot was discovered on the Sočasno pa se je Ptuju približal tudi največji arheološki territory of the police station (Lubšina Tušek 2001). projekt, izveden na področju Slovenije – zaščitna izko- In 1999, the same author discovered during excava-pavanja na trasah avtocest in hitrih cest. Da bi se ogni- tions in Mali Grad on Prešernova ulica remains from Slika 7. Bronasta fibula s kroglicama na loku iz Ptuja. Figure 7. Bronze fibula with two globules on the bow from Ptuj. 29. li mestu na eni ter nižje ležečemu akumulacijskemu je- the end of the Early Iron Age in the oldest layer and in g .in zeru na drugi strani, so načrtovalci velik del trase hitre them a well-preserved kettledrum fibula (Kavur 2014, er ceste, kot tudi že železnico pred tem, morali speljati 13-17). vo preko dravskih teras na področju Zgornje in Spodnje isc At the same time, the largest archaeological project Hajdine. Tako je že leta 2000 je raziskovalna skupina f d conducted on the territory of Slovenia approached Zavoda za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije razi- lf oa Ptuj, namely rescue excavations on the layout of high- skovala na robu dravske terase na jugovzhodnem delu d h ways and main roads. To avoid the town and the low- Spodnje Hajdine. Prvič so na tem področju odkrili la- n er-positioned accumulation lake, planners had to lead tensko kulturno plast z ostanki sledi nekdanje lesena ry a the main road, as well as the rail ahead of it, across the arhitekture ter več večjih jam, ki so vsebovale odlom- tu river terraces on the territory of Zgornja and Spodn- en ke keramike (Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2009; 2011). Po- ja Hajdina. The research group of the Institute for the dobne najdbe so bile odkrite leta 2008 dobrih tristo .. ■ a c Preservation of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia had al- j . metrov vzhodno na isti terasi v bližini cerkve Sv. Roka. n ready in the year 2000 done excavations on the edge ivar Poglavitno presenečenje oziroma odkritje, ki je spre- of Drava River terraces in the southeastern part of kd menilo podobo najstarejše keltske poselitve prostora Spodnja Hajdina. For the first time in this area, a lay-l oo današnje Slovenije, pa je bilo raziskano v letih 2006 in er was discovered with finds dating to the Late Iron n p 2007, ko je ekipa Zavoda za varstvo kulturne dedišči- Age, including the remains of former wooden ar-ne Slovenije pod vodstvom Marije Lubšina Tušek na chitecture and several pits with pottery fragments letje i področju grobišča iz starejše železne dobe v Sredni- (Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2009; 2011). Similar finds were sto ci odkrila v gomile vkopane tudi štiri keltske grobo- also discovered in 2008 some 300 meters to the east ve. Predstavitev moškega groba z bogato okrašenim on the same terrace near St. Rok church. mečem v zborniku Keltske študije II izdanem v Franciji A major discovery that changed the appearance of the (Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2009) je poskrbela za medna- oldest Celtic settlement in today’s Slovenia took place rodno prepoznavnost najdbe, ki je bila takoj vključe- in 2006 and 2007, when the research group of the In-na v poskuse pojasnitev keltskih migracij na prostoru stitute for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage of vzhodne Evrope (Megaw, Megaw 2012, 402) oziro- Slovenia led by Marija Lubšina Tušek also discovered ma najdba je bila vključena v katalog predmetov, ki four Celtic graves dug into tumuli on the area of an bodo izšli kot novi Supplement h klasičnemu katalogu Early Iron Age tumulus cemetery in Srednica. The Early Celtic Art (Megaw, v pripravi). Vsi pokopi pa so presentation of the male grave with an opulently dec-30 bili predstavljeni v zborniku orated sword in The Eastern Celts leta 2011 Keltske študije II published in France s (Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011). (Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2009) attained international ldr recognition, with the find immediately entering schol- o Leta 2014 je bila v okviru mednarodnega projekta Cla- arly efforts to explain Celtic migration on the territo-f w sh of Cultures prvič po 20 letih ponovno javnosti pred- ry of Eastern Europe (Megaw, Megaw 2012, 402). It d oa stavljena keltska arheološka dediščina Ptuja in njegove was also included in the catalogue of items that will be okolice. Razstava z naslovom Vse stvari štejejo (v majhnih published in the Supplement to the classical catalogue ssro ro količinah) …, ki jo je spremljal istoimenski katalog (Ka- Early Celtic Art (Megaw, in preparation). All burials e c vur 2014), je bila premierno prestavljena v Narodnem were presented in the 2011 publication of the The East-h muzeju Slovenije ter kasneje v Pokrajinskem muzeju ern Celts volume (Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011). n t ■ o Ptuj–Ormož in Pokrajinskem muzeju Celje. v In 2014, within the framework of the international eto Clash of Cultures project , for the first time in 20 years, v the Celtic archaeological heritage of Ptuj and its sur- u s išč roundings were again presented to the public. The ex- tič hibition entitled Everything Counts (In Smal Amounts)… a s accompanied by a catalogue with the same title (Ka- n vur 2014) premiered in the National Museum of Slo- venia, fol owen by the presentation in the Regional Museum Ptuj-Ormož and the Regional Museum in Celje. Naselbina na robu starega sveta The Settlement on the Edge of the Old World 31 Pred skoraj 30 leti, ko je pisala svojo disertacijo o starejši železni dobi na Štajerskem, je Biba Ter- Nearly 30 years ago, when she wrote her dissertation on the Early Iron Age in Štajerska, žan prav na primeru skromnih podatkov ter Biba Teržan noted, observing modest data redkih najdb iz Ptuja opozorila na čudne spremembe and rare finds from Ptuj, strange changes in the town’s v poselitvenem vzorcu – Ptujski grad, ena izmed naj- settlement pattern. Ptujski Grad, one of the most con-večkrat vedno znova poseljenih lokacij na področju stantly populated locations in eastern Slovenia, was vzhodne Slovenije, je ob koncu pozne bronaste dobe, apparently abandoned at the end of the Late Bronze ko so se vsepovsod drugod na Štajerskem oblikovala Age, at a time when larger and more massive wal s to večja in z masivnimi obzidji obdana utrjena višinska fortify settlements were being built everywhere else naselja, ki so označevala začetek novega obdobja že- in Styria, thus marking the start of a new era in the lezne dobe, očitno opustel (Teržan 1990; Dular 2013, Iron Age (Teržan 1990; Dular 2013, 73-75). New settle-73–75). Nove naselbine oziroma kratkotrajne sledi po- ments or short traces of human settlement occurred selitve so se pojavile na nižje ležečih terasah ob poto- in low-lying terraces near the Grajena Stream and in ku Grajeni na enem ter na Spodnji Hajdini na drugem Spodnja Hajdina on the other bank of Drava River. bregu Drave. Vendar pa so tudi tam najdbe kazale po- However, discoveries there also demonstrated a sim-dobno časovno sliko kot na drugih naselbinah vzhod- ilar chronological picture as in other settlements in ne Slovenije – najmlajše, med katerimi so bile tudi tri- eastern Slovenia, the youngest being trilobated bronze robe bronaste puščice, ki se jih je vedno tradicionalno arrowheads that were always traditional y interpreted razlagalo kot skitske oborožitvene elemente, niso pre- as elements of Scythian weapons and did not exceed segle obdobja starejšega dela Ha D (Dular, Tomanič the period of early Ha D (Dular, Tomanič Jevremov Jevremov 2013, 111). Zdelo se je, kot da ni najdb iz ob- 2013, 111). It seemed as if there were no finds from the dobja od sredine 6. stoletja do najstarejše keltske pose- period from the mid-6th century to the oldest Celtic litve prostora. Prav prisotnost trirobih puščic z Brinje- settlement in this area. It was the presence of trilobat-ve gore in Ptuja je navajala k pomisli, da je opustelost ed arrowheads from Brinjeva Gora and Ptuj that gave posledica skitskih vdorov oziroma posledica kuge, ki rise to the belief that the desolation was the result of so jo s sabo prinesli stepski nomadi z vzhoda in ki jo Scythian invasion or of a plague brought by steppe no-omenja v Georgikah rimski pesnik Vergil. To je tiste mads from the East, as cited by the Roman poet Virgil skrivnostne epidemije, ki sta jo v svojem branju kla- in his Georgics. The mysterious epidemic, mentioned sičnega avtorja Ana in Jaro Šašel časovno umestila v in readings of classic authors placed by Ana and Jaro čas še pred prihodom Keltov na področje zahodne Pa- Šašel in the period before the arrival of the Celts in the 32 nonije, ko naj bi povzročila popolno opustošenje ter area of western Pannonia, should explain the total de-s opustitev pokrajine (Teržan 1998; Šašel, Šašel 1980; struction and abandonment of the province (Teržan ldr Tankó 2005, 158). Tudi opazujoč arheološke ostanke se 1998; Šašel, Šašel 1980; Tankó 2005, 158). Even looking o je zdelo, kot da je prvič, odkar so ljudje poselili vzhod- at archaeological remains, it appears that for the first f w no Slovenijo, pokrajina okoli griča, ki se je dominan- time since people had settled in eastern Slovenia the d oa tno dvigal nad Dravo ter ravnico na drugi strani, za ne- landscape around the hill elevated dominantly above ssro kaj stoletij popolnoma opustela. the Drava River and the plain on the other side were ro completely abandoned for a few centuries. e c Kot že velikokrat doslej v arheologiji je ena sama drob- h na najdba popolnoma spremenila poznavanje zgodo- As is the case so often in archeology, only one smal n t ■ o vine. Leta 1999 je raziskovalna ekipa Zavoda za varstvo discovery completely changed the understanding of v kulturne dediščine Slovenije pod vodstvom Marije history. In 1999, field crew of the Institute for the Pro-etov Lubšina Tušek izvedla arheološka izkopavanja na pro- tection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia under the di-u s storu dvorišča Malega gradu na zahodnem robu da- rection of Mary Lubšina Tušek conducted archaeo-išč našnje Prešernove ulice na Ptuju. Gre za srednjeveški logical excavations in the courtyard of Mali Grad on tič objekt, postavljen na prvo dravsko teraso in ki je nas- the western edge of today’s Prešernova ulica in Ptuj. a sn tal najverjetneje z gradnjo mestnega obzidja v 13. sto- It was a medieval building erected on the first Drava letju, ko se že večkrat omenja na Ptuju obstoj »manj- River terrace and is likely to have arisen from the con- šega gradu«, ki je služil za namestitev ministerialov struction of town wal s in the 13th century, when the ob prihodu lastnikov Ptujskega gradu. V pisnih virih existence of a »smal er castle« in Ptuj, used to instal se objekt zanesljivo omenja stoletje kasneje, današnji ministerials upon the arrival of landlords from Ptuj izgled pa je dobil s prezidavami v 16. stoletju (Baš 1950; Castle, was repeatedly mentioned. In written sourc-Stopar 1990). Arheološke raziskave so odkrile arhitek- es, the building was reliably mentioned a century lat-turne ostanke, datirane od srednjega veka do prazgo- er, but its present-day appearance was created with dovine oziroma v sterilno geološko podlago vkopane reconstructions in the 16th century (Baš 1950; Stopar so se ohranile strukture, ki predstavljajo najverjetneje 1990). Archaeological research revealed architectural ostanke arhitekture iz obdobja starejše železne dobe remains dating from prehistory to the Middle Ages. (Lubšina Tušek 2001). Med odkritimi najdbami izsto- Preserved structures that most likely represent the re-pa dobro ohranjena bronasta pavkasta fibula – manjka mains of architecture from the Early Iron Age were ji zgolj igla ter ena pavka, le del peresovine ter ena pav- buried in the bedrock (Lubšina Tušek 2001). Among ka pa sta pokriti z močno korozijo. Gre za vlito fibulo the discovered finds is a wel -preserved bronze kettle-s samostrelno peresovino z razširjenim, v obliko pav- drum fibula with only its pin and a single kettledrum ke oblikovanim lokom ter štirimi pavkami na nogi, pri missing and another kettledrum and part of the coil 33 čemer je ena bila v preteklosti odlomljena. Samostrel- covered with strong corrosion. It is a cast fibula with .e . na peresovina ima na vsaki strani tri navoje ter odlom- a crossbow spring, an extended, kettledrum-shaped gd ljeno tetivo, za katero se kljub vsemu zdi, da je potekala bow and four kettledrums on the legs, one of which e eh po zunanji strani. Navita žica peresovine je šestkotne- was broken off in the past. The crossbow spring has n t ga preseka in sploščena oziroma sploščena z bikonič- on each side three coils and a broken off string, which t o no prirezanimi robovi. Igla je odlomljena, ohranjen seems however to have run around the outer side. The en je zgolj del, kjer je vidno, da je širši trak peresovine bil spring’s coiled wire has a hexagonal cross-section and skovan v ožjo iglo, katere začetek ima presek v obliki was flattened with biconical y beveled edges. The pin ettlem narobe obrnjene črke U ( Slika 8). is broken off and on its only preserved part it is notice- e sh able that the coil’s wider strip was forged into a narrow Telo fibule je bilo vlito v kalup ter kasneje brušeno in .. ■ t pin, whose start has a cross-section in the form of an kovano. Pavka na razširjenem loku ima v srednjem bu . inverted U-shape ( Figure 8). o delu večjo vdolbinico, okoli katere potekata v pravil- a r ni medsebojni razdalji dva grebena. Med njimi so vi- The fibula’s body was cast into a mold and then polished a n dne številne koncentrične črte, ki kažejo, da je bil ok- and forged. The kettledrum on the enlarged arc has in ras pavke stružen v vlito fibulo, kasneje pa so bili njeni its middle section a deeper depression, around which selbina robovi ter spodnja stran obrušeni, kar ustvarja delno two ridges run equidistantly from each other. There are n nepravilno obliko zunanjega roba pavke ( Slika 8). Po- numerous visible concentric lines between them, indi-daljšana noga koničnega preseka ima na vsaki stra- cating that the timpani’s decoration was first turned ni dva prevrtana izrastka pravokotnega preseka, v ka- into the cast of a fibula and its edges and the under-tera so bile vstavljene pavke. Ležišče za iglo poteka do side were later grinded to create its partial y irregularly prvih dveh lateralnih izrastkov ter je oblikovano v ob- shaped outer edge ( Figure 8). The extended foot with a liki črke V. Na spodnji strani je vidno, da je bila noga conical cross-section has two dril ed lateral outgrowths Slika 8. Bronasta pavkasta fibula iz Malega gradu in detajl pavke (po Kavur 2014). Figure 8. Bronze kettle drum fibula from Mali grad and a detail of the kettle drum (according to Kavur 2014). Slika 9. Odlomek keramične posode s Turnirskega prostora na Grajskem griču (po Kavur 2014). Figure 9. Vessel fragment from Turnirski prostor on the Castle hill (according to Kavur 2014). on each side and a rectangular cross-section into which two ridges run equidistantly from each other. The tim-the timpani were inserted. The needle’s bed extends to pani’s edge, however, finishes immediately fol owing the first two lateral growths and is V-shaped. On the un- the second ridge. The latter was damaged or removed derside, it is visible that the leg was additional y grinded in several areas due to grinding of the edge. before being inserted or forged into the timpani. The timpani’s leg consists of a hemispherical cap as well as All authors who discussed these fibulae fol owed a pin with an oval cross-section. As seen on their un- the formulation of Otto-Herman Frey, who consid-derside, they were made or cast in a two-part mold and ered kettledrum fibulae to represent a Western Hal - then again turned on the upper side. A deeper depres- statt-type of jewelry or costume which in the late Hal - sion is located in their center on the top, around which statt period (Ha D2 and D3) extended their scope to predno so vstavili oziroma vkovali pavke, dodatno south of the Alps (Frey 1971), where some local forms, obrušena. Pavke na nogi so sestavljene iz polkrožno one of them being our fibula, developed. The latter is oblikovanega klobuka in trna ovalnega preseka ter so thus one of the fibulae defined by various authors as bile, kot je vidno na njihovi spodnji strani, izdelane ozi- the Southern Alpine type of kettledrum fibulae due roma vlite v dvodelnih kalupih ter nato ponovno stru- to their distribution (Adam 1996; Nascimbene 2009; žene na zgornji strani. V njihovi sredini na vrhu se na- Tecco Hvala 2012). They were later designated in Alex-haja večja vdolbinica, okoli katere potekata v pravilni ia Nascimbene’s dissertation as the Southern Alpine medsebojni razdalji dva grebena, pri čemer se rob pav- type with a multiple leg and divided into two groups 36 ke zaključi takoj za drugim grebenom oziroma ga je according to the number of timpani on their leg (Vars brušenje roba na posameznih delih poškodovalo ozi- iants A and B). She has also produced the most com-ldr roma odstranilo. plete list of their finds to date and demonstrated their o f w distribution on a map (Nascimbene 2009). Vsi avtorji, ki so se ukvarjali s tovrstnimi fibulami, so d oa sledili formulaciji Otta-Hermana Freya, ki je menil, da Presently, there are 20 known examples of the first ssro predstavljajo pavkaste fibule zahodnohalštatski tip na- group with a shorter leg and two timpani on it. They ro kita oziroma noše, ki se je v poznem halštatu (Ha D 2 were distributed mainly in the Southern Alps area in e c in 3) razširil tudi na področje južno od Alp (Frey 1971), a band stretching from South Tyrol and Trento-Al-h n t kjer so se razvile nekatere lokalne oblike, med katere to Adige via Posočje to Dolenjska; several examples ■ o lahko štejemo tudi našo fibulo. Tako slednja sodi med were also discovered in ancient cities that were centers v fibule, ki so jih avtorji na podlagi njihove distribucije of contact between the Mediterranean and the Al-etov opredelili kot južnoalpski tip pavkaste fibule (Adam pine world – in Etruscan Spina and Adria (Tori 2006). u s 1996; Nascimbene 2009; Tecco Hvala 2012). Kasneje An example was recently discovered in the East, in Ik-išč jih je v svoji disertaciji Alexia Nascimbene, ki jih ime- ervár, Hungary (Nagy et alii 2012). tič nuje južnoalpski tip z večkratno nogo, razdelila glede a sn na število pavk na nogi v dve skupini in jih je poimeno- There are only six examples of the second group of vala kot varianto A in B ter navedla do danes najbolj fibulae having an extended leg and four timpani on popolno listo najdb ter njihovo razprostranjenost pri- it. This is the infrequent type of fibula that, neverthe-kazala na zemljevidu (Nascimbene 2009). less, demonstrates a similar distribution; they are lo- cated in a zone that stretches from Caverzano in the Iz prve skupine s krajšo nogo in dvema pavkama na Dolomites, through Posočje and the Adriatic Nesac-nogi poznamo danes 20 fibul, razširjene pa so bile tium, all the way to Ptuj. Their distribution thus indi-predvsem na področju južnih Alp v pasu, ki se razte- cates that Anne Marie Adam’s thesis that most fibu- za od Trenta oziroma Zgornjega Poadižja, preko Po- lae from Slovenia had four timpani on the leg and the sočja do Dolenjske, nekaj primerov je bilo odkritih ones from Trentino-Alto Adige had two timpani on tudi v antičnih mestih, ki so bila centri stikov sredo- the leg can no longer be supported. According to her zemskega in Alpskega sveta – v etruščanskih Spini in opinion, such distribution reflected the activity of var-Adriji (Tori 2006). Nedavno pa je bila odkrita tudi da- ious workshops producing these fibulae according to leč vzhodno ležeča fibula v Ikerváru na Madžarskem the same pattern (Adam 1983). Caverzano’s discover- (Nagy et alii 2012). ies unfortunately came from excavations on the site of Maseira in 1878, and there is information on their Iz druge skupine fibul s podaljšano nogo in s štirimi contexts of discovery (Nascimbene 1999). The same pavkami na nogi pa poznamo le 6 najdb. Gre za red-37 goes for the fibula from Nesactium, which also lacks . kejše fibule, ki kljub temu kažejo podobno razprostra- e . such context (Mihovilić 2001; 2013, 253). The only fibu- g njenost – nahajajo se v pasu, ki se razteza od Caverzana d lae with four timpani on the leg with known contexts e e pod Dolomiti, preko Posočja in jadranskega Nezakci- h were discovered in Most na Soči. Carlo Marchesetti ja vse do Ptuja. Tako njihova razprostranjenost kaže, n t stated that only a single larger glass bead was discov- da ne drži več teza Anne Marie Adam, ki je menila, t o ered beside the kettledrum fibula with four timpa- en da ima večina fibul s področja Slovenije štiri, s področ- ni and covered by a stone slab in grave number 2936 ja Trentina-zgornjega Poadižja pa dve pavki na nogi ter (Marchesetti 1993). B. Teržan, Fulvia Lo Schiavo and da so take distribucije odraz delovanja različnih delav-ettlem Neva Trampuž Orel, however, indicated that, beside e s nic, ki so producirale fibule na isto temo (Adam 1983). h the kettledrum fibula in grave number 94, a bronze Žal izvirata najdbi iz Caverzana iz izkopavanj iz leta .. ■ t bracelet fragment, a bow fragment of a bronze Certo- 1878 z lokacije Maseira ter nimata ohranjenih najdi- bu . sa-type fibula and a dark blue glass bead with a wavy o ščnih podatkov (Nascimbene 1999), podobno je tudi white line were also discovered (Teržan et alii 1984, T. a r s fibulo iz Nezakcija, ki nima poznanega konteksta 13, F; 1985, 58). a n odkritja (Mihovilić 2001; 2013, 253). Edini fibuli z štiri- mi pavkami na nogi s poznanim kontekstom sta bili To summarize, fibulae with four timpani do not pro-selbina odkriti v Mostu na Soči. Carlo Marchesetti navaja, da vide a good framework for their dating, which means n je v grobu 2936, ki ni bil pokrit s kamnito ploščo, bila that we can use the dating of fibulae only belonging zraven pavkaste fibule s štirimi pavkami odkrita zgolj to Variant A. Almost two decades ago, A. M. Adam večja steklena jagoda (Marchesetti 1993). B. Teržan, pointed out that we can use first of all two graves for Fulvia Lo Schiavo in Neva Trampuž Orel pa navajajo, accurate dating of this type of fibulae – grave number da so zraven pavkaste fibule v grobu 94 bili odkriti še 1484 from Most na Soči dated to the stage of Sv. Lucia odlomek bronaste zapestnice, fragment loka bronaste IIb, which would imply middle or third-quarter of the certoške fibule ter temnomodra steklena jagoda z belo 5th century BC, and grave number 5 from the Val e Tre-valovnico (Teržan et alii 1984, T. 13, F., 1985, 58). ba necropolis of Spina, where the rhyton of the Painter from Eretria was dated to the period around 425 BC. Če povzamemo, nam pravzaprav fibule s štirimi pav- Cast kettledrum fibulae represent a rare element in kami ne nudijo dobrih okvirjev za njihovo datiranje, territory south of the Alps. Taking into account both kar pomeni, da se lahko naslonimo zgolj na datacije fi- the tradition of research as well as the cultural history bul iz skupine A. Pred skoraj dvema desetletjema je A. of the fifth century BC, it appears that they represent M. Adam opozorila, da lahko za datiranje tega tipa fi-38 a local form of jewelry developed under the influence bul uporabimo predvsem dva groba oziroma zaprta of the penetration of technological innovations and s konteksta – grob 1484 iz Mosta na Soči z uvrstitvijo aesthetic elements from the Western Hal statt cultur-ld v stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIb, kar bi pomenilo sredino ozi- ro al circle. A. M. Adam, therefore, considered the fibula roma tretjo četrtino 5. stoletja, ter grob 5 z nekropole f w from Mechel, which was discovered at the very begin- Val e Treba v Spini, kjer lahko riton Slikarja iz Eretrie d o ning of the al eged spread channels due to its specific a datiramo v čas okoli 425 BC. Dejstvo je, da predsta- design, this having a larger timpani on the bow and a vljajo ulite pavkaste fibule na področju južno od Alp ssro smal er and more spherical timpani on the foot, a pro- ro redek element. Upoštevajoč tako tradicijo raziskav totype from which further development of this form e c kot tudi kulturno zgodovino petega stoletja pred na- h of fibulae in territory south of the Alps was conducted šim štetjem, kaže, da predstavljajo lokalne oblike naki- n t (Adam 1983). A larger number of fibulae of both vari- ■ o ta, ki so bile razvite pod vplivom prodora tehnoloških v ants in Most na Soči, their presence in rich as well as inovacij in estetskih elementov iz zahodnega halštat- eto more modest graves, and the distribution of individu- v skega kroga. Tako je A. M. Adam fibulo iz Mechla, u s al fibulae in the southeastern pre-Alpine area suggest ki je bila odkrita prav na začetku domnevne poti šir- išč that it is likely that the latter site could be defined as jenja, zaradi njene specifične oblikovanosti, to je več- tič one, if not the main center of production for this type je pavke na loku ter manjših in bolj kroglastih pavk na a sn of fibulae. An important site that also yielded a larger nogi, pojmovala kot prototip, iz katerega je vodil na- daljnji razvoju te oblike fibul na prostoru južno od Alp quantity of these fibulae was certainly the large center (Adam 1983). Večja količina fibul obeh variant v Mo- from the late Hal statt period in Dolenjska-Magda-stu na Soči, njihova prisotnost tako v bogatih kot tudi lenska Gora (Tecco Hvala 2012, 352-361). The Dra-skromnejših grobovih ter razširjenost posameznih fi- va River corridor, representing the main direction of bul v jugovzhodno-predalpskem prostoru kažejo, communication between the central Alps and the da lahko najverjetneje prav slednje najdišče pojmuje- Pannonian Plain, should be thirdly positioned due to mo kot enega, če ne že poglavitni center proizvodnje its historical importance and illustration of commu- tega tipa fibul. Prav tako pomembno mesto, ki jo prav nication processes in prehistoric times. It is a corri-tako potrjuje večja količina teh fibul, je zagotovo igral dor that was control ed on each side by two prehistor-veliki dolenski center poznega halštatskega obdobja ic settlements – Ptuj, almost at the entrance into the – Magdalenska gora (Tecco Hvala 2012, 352–361). Na val ey, and Gracarca, near St. Kanzian above Klopein-tretje mesto pa po pomenu zaradi zgodovinske izpo- er Lake upon leaving the latter in Carinthia. A kettle-vednosti oziroma ilustrativnosti procesov komunika- drum fibula with two timpani on the leg, which con-cije v prazgodovini moramo uvrstiti dravski koridor, sidering the size and production of the timpani, both ki predstavlja poglavitno komunikacijsko smer med on the bow as well as on the foot, appear identical to osrednjimi Alpami ter Panonsko nižino. Gre za kori- the fibula from Ptuj, was discovered in the latter settle-39 dor, ki sta ga na vsaki strani kontrolirali oziroma ob- ment (Gleischer 1997a). .e . vladovali prazgodovinski naselbini – skoraj ob vstopu gd v dolino Ptuj ter ob izstopu iz slednje na Koroško Gra- Finds from Ptuj and Ikervár demonstrate that, despite e e abandoning fortified hil -forts and terminating burials h carca pri Škocjanu nad Klopinjskim jezerom. Na sle- on the tumuli necropolis, smal er populations in the n t dnji je bila odkrita pavkasta fibula z dvema pavkama t o na nogi (Gleischer 1997a), ki glede na mere ter izdela- area from Styria all the way to Transdanubia still main-en vo pavk, tako na loku kot tudi na nogi, izgleda identič- tained contacts with centers in the West and South-no kot fibula iz Ptuja. west. Further evidence of long-distance contacts in 5th ettlem century BC were discovered in large-scale excavations e s Najdbi iz Ptuja in Ikervára kažeta, da so kljub opusti- associated with the construction of a motorway net-h tvi utrjenih gradišč ter koncu pokopavanja na gomil- work in eastern Slovenia. Fragments of horn-handled .. ■ t nih grobiščih maloštevilne populacije na prostoru od bowls were discovered in a pit, interpreted as earth bu .o Štajerske pa vse do Transdanubije še vedno vzdrževale cabin number 13 in Hotinja vas (Gerbec 2014, 280, Fig. a r stike s centri na zahodu ter jugozahodu. Dodatni do- 14.2.10, 1), which according to the handle’s form could a n kazi o stikih na dolge razdalje v 5. stoletju so bili odkri- be classified into Group B or Novo Mesto-type ac-ti pri obsežnih izkopavanjih povezanih z izgradnjo av- cording to the division of Károly Tankó (Tankó 2005, selbina tocestnega omrežja na področju vzhodne Slovenije. V n 156, Fig 1, Fig 2). Relative dating to Ha D2/3 was also jami, interpretirani kot zemljanka 13 v Hotinji vasi so confirmed by radiocarbon dating, which showed a pe-bili odkriti odlomki skodele s presegajočim ročajem riod from the 6th and 5th century BC (Gerbec 2014, 286, in rogovi (Gerbec 2014, 280, Sl. 14.2.10, 1), ki jo lahko Figure 2.14.17). glede na oblikovanje ročaja uvrstimo v skupino B ozi- roma tip Novo mesto tovrstnih skled po delitvi Káro- A fragment of a handle belonging to a horn-handled lyja Tanka (Tankó 2005, 156, Fig 1; Fig 2). Relativno bowl and a fragment of a horn were also discovered datacijo v Ha D2/3 je potrdila tudi radiokarbonska da- in earth cabins numbers SE 316 and SE 104 on the Pri tacija, ki je pokazala čas 6. in 5. stoletja pred našim šte- Muri site near Lendava in Prekmurje (Sankovič 2011, tjem (Gerbec 2014, 286, Slika 14.2.17). 202-203, G262, 216-217, G 340), where absolute dat- ing also demonstrated the 6th century, with the pos- Odlomek presegajočega ročaja sklede z rogovi ter od- sibility of continuation into the 5th century BC (Šavel, lomek roga sta bila odkrita tudi zemljanki SE 316 ter Sankovič 2011, 84, 86). The preservation, unfortunate-jami SE 104 z najdišča Pri Muri pri Lendavi v Prek- ly, does not al ow us a precise definition or division murju (Sankovič 2011, 202–203, G262; 216–217, G 340), between the two types of Novo Mesto and Veker-40 kjer sta absolutni dataciji prav tako pokazali 6. stoletje zug (Tankó 2005, 155); the Pri Muri site is located mid-s z možnostjo nadaljevanja v 5. stoletje (Šavel, Sankovič way between the two contemporary type distribu-ldr 2011, 84, 86). Žal pa ohranjenost ne omogoča natančne tions (Tankó 2005, Fig. 5, Fig. 6). It would be necessary o opredelitve oziroma ločitve med tipoma Novo mesto to look at the bowl fragment discovered in pit SE 104 f w in Vekerzug (Tankó 2005, 155), pri čemer se najdišče perhaps as a clue to which side it fal s on; the fragment d oa Pri Muri nahaja na sredini med razprostranjenostima consists of a vessel’s rim and wall with its shoulder dec-ssro obeh sočasnih tipov (Tankó 2005, Fig. 5, Fig. 6). Mor- orated with deeply impressed circles (Šavel, Sankovič ro da predstavlja namig, v katero stran bi se bilo potreb- 2011, 206-207, G286; 2014, 75, Figure 2.12; 77, Figure e c no ozreti, odlomek sklede odkrit v jami SE 104. Gre za h 2.19). n t odlomek ustja in ostenja posode, ki ima rame okraše- ■ o A similar pottery fragment was discovered during ex- no z globokimi vtisi krogov (Šavel, Sankovič 2011, 206 v cavations beside the granary on Turnirski Prostor of –207, G286; 2014, 75, Slika 2.12; 77, Slika 2.19). etov Ptuj Castle. It is a portion of the wall of a vessel’s abdo- u s Podoben odlomek keramike je bil odkrit pri izkopa- men, concave shoulder and vertical neck, in which the išč vanjih ob stavbi žitnice na Turnirskem prostoru na mouth is on the outside, inside and a little bit thick-tič Ptujskem gradu. Obsega del ostenja trebuha posode, ened and the shoulder is decorated with deep impres-a sn vbočeno rame ter navpičen vrat, pri čemer je ustje na sions of circles ( Figure 9). It was hand-built and only zunanji in notranji strani le malo odebeljeno, rame po- elaborated on a slowly rotating potter’s wheel. It was sode pa je okrašeno z globokimi vtisi krožcev ( Slika 9). made from a pottery mass containing fine sand and Oblikovan je bil prostoročno in zgolj dodelan na po- graphite. Marjana Tomanič Jevremov dated it along časi vrtečem se lončarskem vretenu. Izdelan pa je bil iz with other discovered pottery fragments – two of lončarske mase, ki je vsebovala droben pesek ter gra- which were wall fragments of grooved containers with fit. Marjana Tomanič Jevremov ga je, skupaj z drugi- a high content of graphite and a pot fragment with a mi odkritimi odlomki keramike, med katerimi sta dva thickened mouth – to Late La Tène period (Tomanič odlomka ostenij kaneliranih posod z visoko vsebno- Jevremov 2010, 196-198, Fig. 4, 3). However, due to its stjo grafita ter odlomek lonca z odebeljenim ustjem, manufacturing techniques, form and especial y deco-uvrstila v pozno latensko obdobje (Tomanič Jevremov ration style, it can be assumed that the fragment is old-2010, 196–198; Sl. 4, 3). Vendar pa zaradi njegove teh- er (Kavur 2014, 16-17). nike izdelave, oblike ter predvsem okrasa vtisnjenih krožcev na ramenu lahko domnevamo, da je odlomek This is a fragment of a type of hand-built vessels made starejši (Kavur 2014, 16–17). out of pottery mass having a high level of admixture of graphite, as noticeable on the shoulder decorat- Gre za odlomke posod izdelane prostoročno iz lon- ed with impressions. Most of these impressions were čarske mase z visoko vsebnostjo primesi grafita, ki so produced by fingers or larger awls, but were also some-41. na ramenu okrašeni z vtisi. Večinoma gre za vtise pr- times simply impressed circles. Such fragments are e .g stov ali večjega šila, včasih pa tudi za vtise krogov. To- known from Czech sites such as Horan, Bystřany in d e e vrstni odlomki so poznani s čeških najdišč kot so Prosetice (Budinský 1992, Tab. VII, 1; Tab. XXXI, 2, 4, h Hořani, Bystřany in Prosetice in (Budinský 1992, Tab. Tab. XLVI, 5) and Radovesice (Waldhauser 1993, 280) n t VII, 1; Tab. XXXI, 2, 4; Tab. XLVI, 5), Radovesice and from Austrian sites. They belong to the group of t o en (Waldhauser 1993, 280) ter iz najdišč v Avstriji. Gre za hand-built pots which, during the processing of set-skupino prostoročno izdelanih loncev, ki jih je pri ob- tlement finds from the site of Inzersdorf-Walpers-delavi naselbinskih najdb z najdišča Inzersdorf-Wal- dorf in Lower Austria by Peter Ramsl, were defined as ettleme s persdorf v spodnji Avstriji Peter Ramsl opredelil kot a group with vertical edge and remodeled mouth and h skupino loncev z vertikalnim robom ter preoblikova- divided into two groups according to the presence or .. ■ t nim ustjem ter jih razdelil v dve podskupini glede na absence of graphite in the pottery’s mass. Most simi-bu .o prisotnost oziroma odsotnost grafita v lončarski masi larly shaped pots had the shoulder decorated with an a r iz katere so bili lonci izdelani. Večina podobno obliko- applied segmented rib. We must, however, stress that a n vanih loncev je imela rame okrašeno z apliciranim čle- the vessels from pit SE 266 dated by the author to the njenim rebrom, pri čemer lahko na omenjenem najdi- end of the Early Iron Age represent the younger ho-selbina šču izpostavimo posode iz jame SE 266, ki jo je avtor rizon of the first phase of settlement (Ramsl 1998, 21, n datiral v konec starejše železne dobe oziroma v mlaj- 45). On the other hand, as a means of comparison, we ši horizont prve faze poselitve najdišča (Ramsl 1998, can present the three lines of impressions decorating 21, 45). Na drugi strani lahko kot paralelo za okras iz- a small situla-shaped pot from pit SE 769 in Walpers-postavimo zgolj posode s tremi vrstami vtisov okrašen dorf Nord (Ramsl 1998, Taf. 70, 536). Due to the pres-manjši lonček situlaste oblike iz jame 769 z dela najdi- ence of pottery produced on a fast-spinning potter’s šča Walpersdorf Nord (Ramsl 1998, Taf. 70, 536). Večji wheel, the larger irregularly shaped pit was dated by vkop nepravilnih oblik je avtor na podlagi prisotnosti the author to the early part of the second phase of set-na hitro vrtečem se lončarskem kolesu datiral v starej- tlement, which he equates to Lt A (Ramsl 1998, 45). ši del druge faze poselitve, ki jo enači z Lt A (Ramsl Individual finds discovered in Ptuj can serve for us as 1998, 45). metaphors for the fragmentarily preserved and known Posamezni najdbi, odkriti na Ptuju, nam služita za me- archaeological record. Roman, Medieval and modern tafori fragmentiranosti ohranjenega in poznanega ar- construction activity in the area of today’s town thor-heološkega zapisa. Rimskodobna, srednjeveška in mo- oughly damaged or removed traces of previous settle-42 derna gradbena dejavnost je na področju današnjega ments that can now be reconstructed solely on the ba-s mesta temeljito poškodovala in premestila sledove sis of individual items, reflecting all the little things ld predhodnih poselitev, sledove, ki jih lahko danes re- that count when writing cultural history. Addition-ro konstruiramo zgolj na podlagi posameznih predme- al y, if the bronze kettledrum fibula from Mali Grad f w tov – vseh majhnih stvari, ki štejejo pri pisanju kultur- indicates that settlement in Ptuj had occurred in the d oa ne zgodovine. In če nam bronasta pavkasta fibula iz 5th century BC at the end of trading contacts spread-Malega gradu kaže, da se je naselbina na Ptuju v 5. sto- ing from the Late Hal statt centers of northern Ita-ssro ro letju nahajala na koncu dometa trgovskih stikov izvi- ly, Posočje and Dolenska, then the pottery fragment e c rajočih iz poznohalštatskih centrov severne Italije, Po- from Turnirski Prostor demonstrates that at the end h sočja in Dolenjske, potem nam odlomek keramike s of the 5th century BC the influence of centers of devel-n t ■ o Turnirskega prostora pokaže, da se je ob koncu 5. sto- opment in eastern La Tène style were present in the v letja do področja današnjega Ptuja že razširil vpliv sre- area of today’s Ptuj. These contacts and the paths by etov dišč razvoja vzhodnega latenskega sloga. Ti stiki, ozi- which they took place became the corridor that East-u s roma poti po katerih so potekali, bodo v sredini 4. ern Celts fol owed when arriving as first new immi-išč stoletja postali koridor po katerem se bodo na pros- grants to the area of eastern Slovenia in mid-4th centič tor vzhodne Slovenije priselili prvi novi priseljenci – tury BC. a sn vzhodni Kelti. Zadnji stiki z zahodom Last Contacts with the West 43 Še do nedavnega je bila fibula tipa Münsingen edi- ni predmet, ki bi ga morda lahko povezali s sta- The Münsingen-type fibula was until recently the only item that could possibly be associat-rejšelatensko poselitvijo področja Ptuja. Posa- ed with Early La Tène settlement in the Ptuj mezni avtorji navajajo, da je bila najverjetneje odkrita area. Individual authors stated that it was most proba-na področju Ptuja in se je nahajala že v predvojni in- bly discovered in this area and was mentioned already ventarni knjigi Herberstainove zbirke, kjer najdišče si- in the pre-war inventory book from Herberstein’s col-cer ni bilo navedeno, nahajala pa se je med predmeti, lection, in which the site of discovery was not stated izvirajočimi s Panorame (Tomanič-Jevremov, Guštin differently, although it was listed between artifacts de-1996). Gre za manjšo fibulo z masivnim odebeljenim rived from Panorama hill (Tomanič-Jevremov, Guš- lokom polkrožne oblike in okroglega preseka. Ima tin 1996). It is a smal er fibula with a massive thickened ohranjeno samostrelno peresovino s tremi navoji in bow of semicircular shape and a round cross-section. Preserved is a crossbow spring with three coils, with iglo, tetiva pa žal manjka. Krajša noga je na delu, kjer se its pin unfortunately missing. The shorter leg is on the vanjo prilega igla, okrašena s poševnimi vrezi. Na lok part where the pin fits in and is decorated with oblique prislonjena noga je razširjena s predrto ovalno ploš- incisions. The bow-leaning leg is extended with a čico s prirezanimi robovi, ki se zaključuje v manjšem punctured oval plate with cut edges ending in a smal palmetastem izrastku ( Slika 10). palmette-shaped projection ( Figure 10). Pri klasifikaciji fibul tipa Münsingen je Frank Roy In his classification of Münsingen-type fibulae, Frank Hodson podobne primere uvrstil v tretjo, najmlajšo Roy Hodson attributed similar examples to the third skupino fibul z diskom, okrašenim z emajlom (Hod- and youngest group of fibulae with a disc decorated son 1998). Gre za obliko fibul, ki se pojavljajo koncen- with enamel (Hodson 1998). It is a form of fibulae that trirano na treh območjih – na prostoru severozahod- appear concentrated in three areas: in northwestern Slika 10. Fibula tipa Münsingen in detajl ploščice s palmeto. Figure 10. Fibula of Münsingen type and a detail of the plate with a palmette. ne Madžarske in jugozahodne Slovaške; na prostoru Hungary and southwestern Slovakia, southwestern jugozahodne Češke ter na prostoru zahodne Švice. Czech Republic, and western Switzerland. Known Izven tega področja so znani primerki iz Durrnber- specimens outside these areas originate from Dürrnberg, Pottenbrunn and Mannersdorf in Austria, Rast ga, Pottenbrunna in Mannersdorfa v Avstriji, Rasta in Bavaria and Ptuj. Differences between them are ev-na Bavarskem ter Ptuja. Razlike med njimi so opazne ident also in the decorative plating on the leg – on the tudi pri okrasnih oblogah na nogi – na eponimnem eponymous site of Münsingen-Rain, the plate was najdišču Münsingen-Rein je bila ploščica na nogi ve- mostly decorated with enamel (Hodson 1998), and činoma okrašena z emajlom (Hodson 1998), češki pri- Czech examples with a slightly thinner bow are dec-meri, ki imajo tudi nekoliko tanjši lok, pa so okrašeni s orated with fitted plates from materials described by 45 pritrjenimi ploščicami iz materialov, ki jih je Pavel San- Pavel Sankot as »organic« (Sankot 1998). Jozef Bujna, est kot opisal kot »organske« (Sankot 1998). Jozef Bujna, who mapped them, divided them initial y into sever-e wh ki jih je kartiral, jih je sprva razdelil v več skupin gle- al groups depending on the shape of rivets that hold de na obliko zakovic, ki držijo emajl oziroma košče- the enamel and according to bone decoration (Bujna ith t 1998) – an element not preserved in the Ptuj find. He no oblogo (Bujna 1998) – elementa, ki se pri najdbi iz ts w demonstrated that it is this form of Münsingen-type Ptuja ni ohranil. Pokazal je, da gre za tisto obliko fibule fibula, which appears widespread for the first time in tacn tipa Münsingen, ki se prvič pojavi razprostranjena na o the wider area beginning in Lt B1, specifical y in Lt širšem območju z začetki v času Lt B1, natančneje v B1b, which is the earlier phase of the Dux-Münsin-st ca Lt B1b, kar predstavlja starejšo fazo horizonta Dux- gen horizon. Variability in their forms, despite signif- -Münsingen. Variabilnost njihovih oblik pa je kljub m ■ l icant standardization, is likely the result of their pro- od občutni standardizaciji najverjetneje posledica delo- duction in various workshops. Their locality is also oh vanja različnih delavnic, ki so jih izdelovale. Njihovo confirmed by the fact that they have been found in a lokalnost potrjuje tudi dejstvo, da so se v grobovih na graves in different areas in combination with various i z z različnih območjih nahajale v kombinacijah z različni- forms of ring-shaped jewelry (Bujna 1998). Bujna later tik on further elaborated on this topic and divided fibulae ji s mi oblikami obročastega nakita (Bujna 1998). Kasneje n from Slovakia into six groups according to bow shape d je Bujna svojo delitev dodatno preciziral ter fibule na za and cross-section, plate size and shape on the foot, and Slovaškem razdelil v 6 skupin glede na obliko in presek spring execution (Bujna 2003). Having observed it in loka, velikost in obliko ploščice na nogi ter glede na iz- detail, we can conclude that the fibula from Ptuj does vedbo tetive (Bujna 2003). Pri natančnejšem opazova- not belong to any of the proposed Slovak groups, since nju lahko zaključimo, da fibula iz Ptuja ne ustreza naj- all the fibulae of its size (about 6 cm) have a large plate bolj nobeni od predlaganih slovaških skupin, kajti vse on the foot and a flattened, wide bow. fibule njene velikosti (okoli 6 cm) imajo veliko plošči- Good comparisons, however, can again be found at co na nogi ter sploščen in širok lok. the eponymous cemetery of Münsingen-Rain, where a similar fibula was discovered in female grave num- Ponovno pa lahko dobre primerjave najdemo na epo- ber 61, which was dated to Lt B1 (Martin-Kilcher 1973, nimnem grobišču Münsingen-Rain, kjer se je podob- 27-28). Unlike in Slovakia, fibulae from the Alps have a na fibula nahajala v ženskem grobu 61, ki je bil datiran v massive bow with a circular cross-section and a small-Lt B1 (Martin-Kilcher 1973, 27–28). Za razliko od Slo- er plate on their foot. Consequently, it appears likely vaških, poznajo v Alpah fibule, ki imajo masiven lok 46 that the fibula from Panorama originates from Swiss okroglega preseka ter manjšo ploščico na nogi. Posle- workshops and represents the oldest La Tène find on s dično se zdi verjetneje, da fibula s Panorame izvira iz Ptuj territory and, at the same time, the last that came ldr švicarskih delavnic ter predstavlja najstarejšo latensko o from the West in the first half of the 4th century. najdbo na področju Ptuja ter hkrati zadnjo, ki je še v f w prvi polovici 4. stoletja prišla z zahoda. Another find that could already be somewhat young- d oa er was discovered in 1979 on Turnirski Prostor of Ptuj Druga naključna najdba, ki pa bi že lahko bila nekoli- ssro Castle. During rescue excavations around the square ko mlajša, je bila odkrita leta 1979 na področju Turnir- ro tower, several medieval skeletal burials were discov- e c skega prostora na Ptujskem gradu. Pri zaščitnih izko- h ered at the southern wall. A foot fragment of a bronze pavanjih okoli kvadratnega stolpa ob južnem obzidju n t fibula of Duchcov-type and several decorated pieces je bilo odkritih več srednjeveških skeletnih pokopov, ■ ov of bronze sheet were discovered northeast of grave severovzhodno od groba številka 1, ki se je nahajal ob eto number 1 at the tower’s northwest corner (Tušek I. v severozahodnem vogalu stolpa, pa sta bila odkrita od- 1981, 15, T 3, 5, 6). The fibula’s deformed foot with a u s lomek noge bronaste fibule tipa Duchcov ter več okra- small, round globule on a lightly ribbed leg and a flat-išč šenih kosov bronaste pločevine (Tušek I. 1981, 15, T. 3, 5, tič tened clamp merely leaning against the bow are part 6). Deformirana noga fibule z manjšo okroglo krogli- a s of a fibula that could already be dated to Lt B2. This n co na rahlo narebreni nogo ter razkovano objemko, ki is a quite common form of fibulae, and Austrian sites se zgolj naslanja na lok, je del fibule, ki jo lahko datira- are particularly important for their dating, where mo že v čas Lt B2. Gre za dokaj pogosto obliko fibul, similar finds were discovered in pairs, for example, in za datacijo pa so pomembna predvsem avstrijska naj- grave numbers 99 and 1003 in Pottenbrunnn (Ramsl dišča, kjer poznamo podobne fibule v paru na primer 2002a, Taf. 45, 3; Taf. 79, 3, 10). This fibula represents iz grobov 99 in 1003 iz Pottenbrunnna (Ramsl 2002a, the oldest discovery that could be associated with the Taf. 45, 3; Taf. 79, 3, 10). Fibula predstavlja najstarejšo material culture of the newcomer Eastern Celts, ex-najdbo, ki bi jo lahko povezali z materialno kulturo, ki kaže tako smer, iz katere, ter obdobje, v katerem so se hibiting both the direction from which and the peri-na področje Ptuja naselili novi prišleki – vzhodni Kel- od in which they settled in the area of Ptuj. ti. The discovery of their remains occurred randomly in Do odkritja njihovih osTankóv je prišlo naključno, 2006 and 2007 during excavations at the site of Sred-ko so v letih 2006 in 2007 raziskali najdišče v Srednici nica near Spodnja Hajdina. Despite damage caused pri Spodnji Hajdini. Kljub močni poškodovanosti za- by intensive agricultural activities, the remains of settlements were discovered dating to the Copper, radi intenzivne poljedelske obdelave zemljišča so bili Bronze and Iron Ages. Furthermore, a cemetery from odkriti naselbinski ostanki iz bakrene, bronaste in že-47 the Early and Late Iron Age and the remains of a large lezne dobe, grobišče iz starejše in mlajše železne dobe number of wooden buildings, which can be linked est ter ostanki večjega števila lesenih stavb, ki jih lahko po- to a Roman provincial settlement as well as activities e w vezujemo z rimsko provincialno poselitvijo ter aktiv- h on the outskirts of the former city, were found. The nostmi na obrobju nekdanjega mesta. Vsekakor najza- remains of a settlement dated to the later part of the ith t nimivejši del najdišča predstavljajo ostanki naselbine, Early Iron Age are certainly the site’s most interesting ts w ki jo lahko datiramo v mlajši del starejše železne dobe. part. It likely consisted of up to 25 buildings, and not tac Štela je verjetno do 25 stavb, nedaleč proč v zahod- n far away in the western part of the excavated area, just o nem delu izkopanega področja, tik na robu terase, pa on the edge of the river terrace, there was a cemetery. It st c se je nahajalo še grobišče, ki je obsegalo 27 skoraj po- a comprised of 27 almost completely flattened earthen polnoma zravnanih zemljenih gomil s centralno grob- mounds with a central grave pit and a perimeter ditch. m ■ lo no jamo ter obodnim jarkom. Le malo kasneje pa so d Shortly upon arrival, the Celtic newcomers chose for o keltski prišleki za svoje pokope izbrali nekdanje grobi- h their burials the former burial grounds and dug in four a šče ter v robni del grobišča vkopali še štiri grobove ( Sli- graves at the marginal part of the cemetery ( Figure 11). i z z ka 11). Čeprav se je nahajalo nedaleč proč od urbanega Although located far away from urban areas, no topo-tik področja, niso bile ohranjene nobene topografske sle- graphical traces were preserved and no finds from this ji sn di oziroma iz preteklosti s tega področja ni bilo znanih d area were found in the past. We can assume that the za najdb. Domnevamo lahko, da so bile gomile že izrav- mounds were flattened already in the Roman period, nane v rimskem obdobju, ko je prostor na dravski tera- when settlers were intensively arriving on the territory si bil intenzivno poseljen, za končno uničenje ter izbris along the Drava River terrace, while modern machine pa je zagotovo poskrbelo sodobno strojno obdelova- cultivation of the land can surely be blamed for its final nje zemljišča. destruction and erasure. Slika 11. Delen načrta izkopane naselbine in grobišča v Srednici (po Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2009; 2011). Figure 11. Partial plan of the excavated settlement and cemetery in Srednica (according to Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2009; 2011). 48sldro f w d oa ssro ro e ch n t ■ ov etov u s išč tič a sn Dama z vzhoda The Lady from the East 49 Mlajšeželeznodobni grob, označen z zapo- redno številko 4, je bil vkopan na severni Grave number 4 dated to the Late Iron Age was dug into the circumferential ditch on the strani v zasutja obodnega jarka starejšeže- northern side of mound number 4 dated to leznodobne gomile številka 4, ki se je nahajala na juž- the Early Iron Age located in the cemetery’s southern nem delu grobišča. Podolgovata jama je bila dolga 2,6 part. The oblong pit was 2.6-meters-long and 2.2-me-in široka 2,2 metra ter usmerjena od jugozahoda pro- ters-wide. It ran from the southwest to northeast and ti severovzhodu ter zapolnjena s temnim drobnozrna- was fil ed with dark, fine-grained sediment contai-tim sedimentom, ki je vseboval več večjih prodnikov. ning several large pebbles. Up to 15 centimeters of lar-Do 15 centimetrov veliki prodniki so obdajali južni ge pebbles surrounded the grave pit’s southern part – del grobne jame oziroma zgornji del slabo ohranje- including the upper part of a badly preserved skeleton nega skeleta ( Slika 13; 14). Ohranili so se zgolj zobje ter ( Figure 13; 14). Only its teeth and parts of long bones, deli dolgih kosti, ki so se stikali s kovinskimi pridatki particularly its hand and feet bones which were in con- – kosti rok in nog, ki so bile v stiku z bronastimi za- tact with bronze bracelets and ankle-rings touching pestnicami in nanožnicami. the metal grave goods, were preserved. Komplet keramičnih posod je bil položen ob glavo A set of ceramic vessels was laid at the head of the de-pokojnice – odkriti sta bili posoda z zaobljenim tele- ceased. A pot with a rounded body and a long narrow som in dolgim ozkim vratom in izvihanim ustjem ter neck with an everted mouth as well as a bowl with a skleda z S-profiliranim robom. Na njenih prsih sta se S-profiled mouth were discovered. Two fragments of nahajala dva dela železne ovratnice, ostanki dveh moč- an iron col ar, further remains of two highly weath-no preperelih železnih fibul, bronasta fibula tipa Du- ered iron fibulae, a bronze fibula of Duchcov-type and chcov ter jantarni obroček bikoničnega preseka. Na an amber ring with a biconical cross-section were also Slika 12. Fotografija groba številka 4 iz Srednice. Figure 12. Picture of grave number 4 from Srednica. discovered on her chest. On her hands, positioned next to the body, there were fragments of a strong- ly weathered iron bracelet, a massive bronze brace- let with a thickening end and a bronze bracelet made from twisted wire with a loop. The hol ow, two-piece metal ring, discovered along the right hip of the de- ceased, was probably part of or the main decoration of a belt. Her foot position can be reconstructed based on the location of the ribbed bronze ankle-rings, with- 51 in which preserved bone parts were found (Lubšina st Tušek, Kavur 2011). A fragment of a bent iron tube – a e e decorated with oblique lines, hammered dotted cir- h cles and most probably part of the col ar – was also dis- m t covered in the grave ( Figure 15). ro y fd A massive bronze bracelet with a thickening end was a e l also discovered in the grave, representing the oldest h find of this kind in Slovenia ( Figure 16). The largest a ■ td number of similar finds, with most of them slightly o younger and dating to Lt C1, were discovered in Slo- zh venia at Kapiteljska njiva cemetery in Novo Mesto, a z vm where they are known from grave numbers 199a, 402, ad 608, 656 and 681 (Križ 2006, 165, T. 59, 9; 198, T. 92, 4; 205, T. 99, 5; 2001, 117, No. 266, 140, No. 399; 150, No. 452; 153, No. 465). In the greater Alpine region, the dis- coveries of massive bracelets with a thickening end are known from grave numbers 57 (Penninger 1972, Taf. 64, 8) and 110 in Dürrnberg. The latter grave also con- tained, among other finds, a sword of Hatvan-Boldog- Slika 13. Risba groba številka 4 iz Srednice type and two bowls, comparable in form with bowls (po Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011). from grave numbers 6 and 7, as well as a flask-shaped Figure 13. Illustration of grave number 4 from Srednica vessel, comparable to a similar form from grave num- (according to Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011). 52sldro f w d oa ssro Slika 14. Risba keramičnih posod iz groba številka 4 (levo, po Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011). ro Figure 14. Illustration of pottery from grave number 4 (left, according to Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011). e ch rokah, ki so ležale ob telesu, so bile odkrite masiv- ber 6 in Srednica (Moosleitner 1974, Taf. 174, 2, 9, 16, 17; n t ■ o na bronasta zapestnica z odebelitvijo, zapestnica iz Taf. 175, B 10). Similar bracelets are known in Switzer-v prepletene bronaste žice ter odlomki močno prepe- land from grave numbers 7b and 15 in Pratteln, grave etov rele železne zapestnice. Dvodelni votli predrti obroč, numbers 10, 11 and 44 in Münsingen, grave number 2 u s najverjetneje del ali okras pasne garniture, je bil odkrit in Spiez (Viol ier 1916, Pl. 16, 17) as well as from grave išč ob desnem boku pokojnice. Pozicijo njenih nog lah- number B4 in Grabelsdorf, Austria (Gleirscher 1997b, tič ko rekonstruiramo na podlagi lege narebrenih nanož- 49, Fig. 4, 2). Despite their presence in the Alpine re-a sn nic iz bronaste pločevine, znotraj katerih so se ohrani- gion, the massive bronze bracelets with thickening li deli kosti (Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011). V grobu je bil ends are quite rare on the territory of Eastern Celts odkrit tudi odlomek železne zavite cevke z okrasom and are also morphological y different; the surface poševnih črt ter vtolčenih krožcev s piko, ki je bil naj- above the bulge is slightly flattened. In reviewing an-verjetneje del ovratnice ( Slika 15). nular jewelry on the territory of Slovakia, J. Bujna men- tioned only two discoveries from grave numbers 1/76 Masivna bronasta zapestnica z odebelitvijo, odkri- in Branč and 16 in Maňa dated to the late Lt B (Bujna ta v grobu, predstavlja najstarejšo tovrstno najdbo na 2005, 83-86, Obr. 67, Obr. 69, Tab. 47). We could also Slika 15. Risba kovinskih in jantarnih najdb iz groba številka 4 (po Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011). Figure 15. Illustration of metal and amber finds from grave number 4 (according to Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011). Slika 16. Bronasta fibula tipa Duchcov in masivna bronasta zapestnica z odebelitvijo iz groba številka 4 (po Kavur 2014). Figure 16. Bronze fibula of Duchcov type and a massive bronze bracelet with a thickening from grave number 4 (according to Kavur 2014). področju Slovenije ( Slika 16). Največje število podob- add the find discovered in grave number 543 in Horný nih najdb, pri čemer jih je večina nekoliko mlajša in bi Jatov-Trnovec nad Váhom cemetery (Beňadik 1957, jih lahko datirali v Lt C1, je bilo v Sloveniji odkritih na 165, Taf. 13, 1). grobišču Kapiteljska njiva v Novem mestu, kjer so po- Observing the multiplicity and distribution of such znane iz grobov 199a, 402, 608, 656 ter 681 (Križ 2006, bracelets, we can reject the opinion of authors who in-165, T. 59, 9; 198, T. 92, 4; 205, T. 99, 5; 2001, 117, št. 266; terpreted the thickening ends as an unremoved left-140, št. 399; 150, št. 452; 153, št. 465). V širšem alpskem over of the casting process (Penninger 1972, 93; Mos-prostoru poznamo najdbo masivne zapestnice z ode- leitner 1974, 75) and recognize in their form a formal belitvijo iz grobov 57 (Penninger 1972, Taf. 64, 8) in 55 design wish of their manufacturers. Based on individ- 110 iz Dürrnberga, ki je med ostalimi najdbami vse- st ual examples and contexts, it can be concluded that boval tudi meč tipa Hatvan-Boldog ter dve skledi, ki a sta glede na obliko primerljivi s skledami iz grobov 6 in the massive bronze bracelets with a thickening end e eh 7, ter stekleničasto posodo, ki je primerljiva s podob- are characteristic of the material culture of the area m t no iz groba 6 iz Srednice (Moosleitner 1974, Taf. 174, between the central Alps and southern Slovakia. The ro 2, 9, 16, 17; Taf. 175, B 10). Podobne zapestnice pozna- oldest finds are known from the period of late Lt B, y fda mo iz Švice iz grobov 7b in 15 iz Prattelna, grobov 10, but they become especial y popular in early Lt C on e l 11 in 44 iz Münsingena ter groba 2 iz Spieza (Viol ier the territory of southeastern Alps, where the thicken-h 1916, Pl. 16, 17) ter iz Avstrije iz groba B4 iz Grabelsdor- ing end develops into a flattened applied knob. a ■ tdo fa (Gleirscher 1997b, 49, Fig. 4, 2). Kljub prisotnosti v One of the most significant »international« jewelry zh alpskem prostoru, so masivne bronaste zapestnice z elements of late Lt B is represented by a small bronze odebelitvijo dokaj redke na področju vzhodnih Kel-a z v fibula of Duchcov-type with a ribbed bow ( m Figure 18). tov, pri čemer so tudi morfološko drugačne – površi- ad The oldest examples of this form of fibulae were dated na nad odebelitvijo je nekoliko sploščena. Pri pregledu to Lt B1 (Bujna 2003, 46-48, Obr. 5) and are known pri-obročastega nakita s področja Slovaške je J. Bujna na- marily from graves named after a great hoard in Duch-vedel zgolj dve najdbi iz grobov 1/76 in Branča ter gro- cov, Czech Republic. We should focus only on those ba 16 iz Maňe, ki ju je datiral v pozni Lt B (Bujna 2005, from a large number that are most similar to the find 83–86, Obr. 67, Obr. 69, Tab. 47), dodali pa bi lahko še in Srednica, e.g. fibulae from grave number 1 in České najdbo iz groba 543 z grobišča Horný Jatov – Trnovec Kopisty (Zápotocký 1973, 166, Obr. 2, 1) and 13 in Maňa, nad Váhom (Beňadik 1957, 165, Taf. 13, 1). Slovakia (Beňadik 1983, 98, Taf. 6, 4, 6). In the latter Opazujoč številnost in razprostranjenost tovrstnih za- grave, an amber ring, similar to the example from our pestnic lahko zavrnemo mnenje avtorjev, ki sta odebe- grave, as well as two pairs of similar ankle-rings made Slika 17. Jantarni obroček iz groba številka 4 in njihova distribucija (zgoraj) (po Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011; Kavur 2014). Figure 17. Amber ring from grave number 4 and their distribution (above) (according to Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011; Kavur 2014). litev razlagala kot neodstranjen ostanek postopka vli- from bronze metal sheet were also discovered (Beňavanja zapestnice (Penninger 1972, 93; Mosleitner 1974, dik 1983, 89, Taf. 6, 10, 90, Taf. 7, 1, 2, 5, 6). Two sets of two 75) ter v oblikovanju vidimo specifično oblikovno ho- similar fibulae in graves that also contained similar an-tenje izdelovalcev. Na podlagi posameznih primerov kle-rings made from bronze sheet were found in grave in kontekstov lahko zaključimo, da so masivne bro- numbers 100 and 113 in the same cemetery (Beňadik naste zapestnice z odebelitvijo značilnost materialne 1983, 118, 124, Taf. 35, 1, 2, 4, 5; Taf. 41, 3, 4, 5, 6). In Hunga-kulture s prostora med osrednjimi Alpami ter južno ry, similar fibulae were discovered in grave numbers 4 Slovaško. Najstarejše najdbe poznamo že iz obdob- in Kosd (Márton 1933, T. 17, 5), 3 in Gyom-Egei Halom ja poznega Lt B, posebej popularne pa postanejo v za- (Szabó 1988, Fig. 29) and Ménföcsanok (Szabó 1992, 57 četku Lt C na področju jugo-vzhodnih Alp, kjer se iz 21). A similar fibula is known from Kulm near Weiz in st odebelitve razvije okras v obliki apliciranega splošče- Austria (Kramer, Kramer 1998, 12, Abb. 2). a e e nega okroglega gumba. h Probably the most important discovery in the grave, m t Enega najbolj značilnih »mednarodnih« nakitnih ele- which certainly can be interpreted as its owner’s em-ro mentov poznega dela Lt B predstavlja manjša brona- blem of prestige, is the amber pendant in the form of a y fd sta fibula tipa Duchcov z narebrenim lokom ( Slika 18). ring with a biconical cross-section ( a Figure 17). In his re- e l Najstarejši primerki take oblike fibule so bili datirani view of amber finds on the territory of Moravia, Mi-h že v Lt B1 (Bujna 2003, 46–48, Obr. 5). Poimenovane loš Čižmář demonstrated that ring-shaped pendants a ■ td so bile po depoju iz Duchcova na Češkem, poznamo with a biconical cross-section appear most numerous-o pa jih predvsem iz grobov. Izmed obsežnega števila iz- ly in the Carpathian Basin, especial y in southern Slo-zh postavljamo zgolj tiste, ki so najbolj podobne najdbi iz vakia (Čižmář 1997) in grave numbers 7 in Bajč-Vl-a z vm Srednice – npr. fibuli iz grobov številka 1 iz České Ko- kanov, 233 in Horný Jatov-Trnovec nad Váhom, 19 in ad pisty (Zápotocký 1973, 166, Obr. 2, 1) ter 13 iz Maňe na Ižkovce, 12 in Kamenin as well as in grave number 4 Slovaškem (Beňadik 1983, 98, Taf. 6, 4, 6). V slednjem je in Szomód-Kunderhegy, Hungary (Vadász 1987, 241 bil odkrit tudi jantarni obroček, podoben primeru iz Pl. 2, 4). Their largest number was discovered in Velka našega groba, kot tudi dva para podobnih nanožnic iz Maňa cemetery, with individual examples also known bronaste pločevine (Beňadik 1983, 89, Taf. 6, 10, 90, Taf. in somewhat distant Čižkovice (Zápotocký 1973, 165, 7, 1, 2, 5, 6). Dva kompleta dveh podobnih fibul v gro- Def. 1, 3; Čižmář 1997, 37-38). In Velka Maňa, an amber bovih, ki sta vsebovala tudi podobne nanožnice iz bro- pendant was found in a child’s grave number 74, while naste pločevine, sta bila odkrita tudi v grobovih 100 in a second discovered one was hung on a silver chain in 113 z istega grobišča (Beňadik, 1983, 118, 124, Taf. 35, 1, 2, female grave number 124 (Beňadik 1983, 112, Taf. 29, 12; 4, 5; Taf. 41, 3, 4, 5, 6). Na Madžarskem so bile podob- 128, Taf, 45, 11). The combination of an amber pendant ne fibule odkrite v grobovih 4 iz Kosda (Márton 1933, and two hol ow ankle-rings was discovered in grave T. 17, 5), 3 iz Gyom-Egei Haloma (Szabó 1988, Fig. 29) numbers 125 and 138 (Beňadik 1983, 130, 131, 138, Taf. 47, ter iz Ménföcsanaka (Szabó 1992, 21), iz Avstrije pa jih 13; Taf. 48, 3, 5; Taf. 55, 11, 12, 15, 16 ). An amber ring was poznamo iz Kulma pri Weizu (Kramer, Kramer 1998, also discovered in grave number 182 in Malé Kosihy 12, Abb. 2). cemetery. It contained two hol ow ankle-rings and, amongst other finds, the rest of a bowl and a pot simi- Verjetno najpomembnejšo najdbo v grobu, ki jo za- lar to vessels from grave number 7 in Srednica (Bujna gotovo lahko razlagamo kot emblem prestiža njene 1995, 141, Taf. 22, 3, 9, 12, 13, 14). 58 lastnice, pa predstavlja jantarni obesek v obliki obroč- s ka z bikoničnim presekom ( Slika 17). V pregledu najdb A larger concentration of amber ring finds was dis-ld jantarja s področja Moravske je Miloš Čižmář poka- r covered in a cemetery in Dürnnberg, Austria (Pauli o zal, da se obeski v obliki obročkov z bikoničnim prese- 1978, 140), in grave numbers 97 and 105 together with a f w kom najpogosteje pojavljajo na področju Karpatskega bowl similar to the one from grave number 6 in Sred-d oa bazena, natančneje na prostoru južne Slovaške (Čiž- nica (Pauli, Penninger 1974, T 164, 7; 168, B 2; 169, A mář 1997). Tam so bili odkriti v grobu številka 7 v Bajč- ssro 9). A further example was discovered in grave number ro -Vlkanovu, grobu številka 233 v Horný Jatov–Trnovce 107 together with a bowl similar to the one from grave e c nad Váhom, grobu 19 v Ižkovcah, grobu 12 v Kameni- number 7 (Moosleitner 1974, 170, 4, 13). They were also h nu ter na Madžarskem v grobu številka 4 iz Szomód- n t discovered in grave numbers 4 and 5 along with two ■ o -Kunderhegyja (Vadász 1987, 241, Pl. 2, 4). Največje šte- ankle-rings made of bronze sheet (Penninger 1972, v vilo je bilo odkrito v grobišču Velká Maňa, posamezni Taf. 1, E 6, Taf. 4, 6, 10, 11). A similar combination of etov primeri pa so bili odkriti nekoliko oddaljeni tudi v finds was discovered in double grave number 10, which u s Čižkovicah (Zápotocký 1973, 165, Obr. 1, 3; Čižmář held a bowl similar to the one from grave number 6 in išč 1997, 37–38). V Velki Maňi je bil jantarni obesek odkrit Srednica. Two amber rings were also discovered in tič v otroškem grobu številka 74, drugi, obešen na srebr- grave number 19, which also included a fragment of a a sn no verižico, pa v ženskem grobu številka 124 (Beňadik bronze bracelet made from twisted wire with a loop 1983, 112, Taf. 29, 12; 128, Taf, 45, 11). Kombinacija jantar- (Penninger 1972, Taf. 10, A 3, 4, 5, 13, Taf. 19, A 8, 9). nega obeska in dveh votlih nanožnic je bila odkrita v grobovih 125 in 138 (Beňadik 1983, 130, 131, 138, Taf. 47, 13; The distribution of finds demonstrated that the max-Taf. 48, 3, 5; Taf. 55, 11, 12, 15, 16). Jantarni obroček je bil imum concentration of burials sites with amber rings odkrit tudi v grobu 182 z grobišča Malé Kosihy, v gro- was located in the central part of the Carpathian ba-bu pa sta bili zraven dveh votlih nanožnic odkriti med sin, while individual sites with a large number of the ostalim tudi skleda in lonec, podobna enakima poso- latter were located both in the Alps (Dürnnberg) as dama iz groba 7 iz Srednice (Bujna 1995, 141, Taf. 22, 3, well as in the Eastern Carpathians (Pişcolt) ( Figure 17). 9, 12, 13, 14). They represent objects from female burials made from the most exotic raw materials. The fact that many are Večja koncentracija najdb jantarnih obročkov je bila hung on silver chains al ows us to recognize their bear-odkrita v grobišču v Dürnnbergu v Avstriji (Pauli ers as elite members of Eastern Celtic society. Unlike 1978, 140), kjer so bili odkriti v grobovih 97 in 105 sku- discoveries in the Carpathian basin and in the eastern paj s skledo, ki je podobna skledi iz groba 6 iz Sredni- Alps, amber rings from finds in the western Alps to-ce (Pauli, Penninger 1974, T 164, 7; 168, B 2; 169, A 9), wards the West and stretching all the way to Cham-ter grobu 107 skupaj s skledo, ki je podobna skledi iz pagne are slightly different. Although similar in size, 59 groba 7 (Moosleitner 1974, 170, 4, 13). Prav tako so bili these rings are a little thicker and mostly younger ac-st odkriti v grobovih 4 in 5, kjer je bil odkrit skupaj z dve- cording to accompanying finds in graves that mostly a ma nanožnicama iz bronaste pločevine (Penninger e e can be dated to Lt C1. Rings were found, for example, h 1972, Taf. 1, E 6; Taf. 4, 6, 10, 11). Podobna kombinacija across Switzerland (Viol ier 1916, Pl. 32, 22), including m t najdb je bila odkrita tudi v dvojnem grobu številka 10, in Stäfa, in grave number 1 in La Cuannaz, Blessenss ro v katerem je bila odkrita tudi skleda podobna skledi iz y f (Kaenel 1990, Pl. 63, T. 1, 1), in grave number 2 in Bern da groba 6 iz Srednice. Kar dva jantarna obročka pa sta Tiefenauspital (Stähli 1977, Taf. 21, 9) and in grave e l bila odkrita v grobu številka 19, v katerem je bil odkrit h number 161 in Münsingen-Rain cemetery (Hodson tudi odlomek bronaste zapestnice iz prepletene žice z 1968, 145, Pl. 71, 111). a ■ td osmico (Penninger 1972, Taf. 10, A 3, 4, 5, 13; Taf. 19, A o A hol ow, two-piece metal ring united from two parts zh 8, 9). without rivets was also discovered in grave number 4 a z v Pregled razprostranjenosti je pokazal, da se največja m in Srednica ( Figure 18). Due to its design characteris- ad koncentracija najdišč pokopov z jantarnimi obročki tics, it could be classified as an example of Group 2, ac-nahaja na področju osrednjega dela Karpatske kotline, cording to the typological division proposed by Bar-posamezna najdišča z večjim številom slednjih pa se ry Raftery. It is a form typical of the Lt B period, when nahajajo tako v Alpah (Dürnnberg) kot tudi v vzhod- rings measured between 3 and 4 centimeters (Raftery nih Karpatih (Pişcolt) ( Slika 17). Predstavljajo predme- 1988, 2, 5). We should note, however, that the Sredni-te iz najbolj eksotične surovine, ki se nahaja v ženskih ca example is among the group’s smal est rings. Such pokopih, pri čemer tudi dejstvo, da se velikokrat na- rings were located mainly in the abdomen area of fe-hajajo obešeni na srebrne verižice kaže, da lahko v nji- male graves, while graves in Rezi-Rezicseri, Hunga-hovih nosilkah prepoznamo pripadnice samega vrha ry (number 22) and Srednica they were discovered vzhodnokeltske družbe. Za razliko od Karpatskega on the side of the deceased (Raftery 1988, 13; 1998, 65). Slika 18. Votli dvodelni železni obroček iz groba številka 4. Figure 18. Hollow two-piece iron ring from grave number 4. bazena ter vzhodnih Alp so najdbe jantarnih obročk- A similar ring was discovered in grave number 1 in ov v zahodnih Alpah ter zahodno, kjer se razprostira- Keszhthely-Felsö-Dobogó, Hungary, together with jo vse do Champagne, nekoliko drugačne. Čeprav po- the remains of a fibula comparable to the one in grave dobne velikosti, so obročki malo debelejši, predvsem number 4 (Horváth 1987, 148, Pl. 9, 2, 3). A hol ow, two-pa so mlajši in jih lahko glede na spremljevalne najd- piece metal ring was discovered along with two hol ow be v grobovih datiramo večinoma v Lt C1. Nobročki ankle-rings of bronze metal sheet in the grave number so bili odkriti na primer na področju Švice v Stäfi (Vi- 53 in Maňa, Slovakia (Beňadik 1983, 104, Taf. 21, 5-7). A ol ier 1916, Pl. 32, 22), grobu številka 1 v La Cuannazu v similar combination, but with more examples consist-Blessenss (Kaenel 1990, Pl. 63, T. 1, 1), grobu številka 2 ing of two sets of hol ow ankle-rings from bronze met-v bernskem Tiefenauspitalu (Stähli 1977, Taf. 21, 9) ter al sheet and three hol ow, two-piece metal rings, was discovered in grave number 331 in Malé Kosihy, Slo-grobu 161 z grobišča Münsingen-Rein (Hodson 1968, vakia (Bujna 1995, 155, Taf. 36, 10-14). These rings were, 145, Pl. 71, 111). however, sometimes discovered in men’s graves like V grobu številka 4 iz Srednice je bil odkrit tudi votli grave III in Nagydém, Hungary (Hunyady 1942, T. 12, dvodelni predrti železni obroč, ki je bil spojen iz dveh 16). Ludvig Pauli pointed out that most of these graves delov brez zakovic ( Slika 18). Glede na njegove oblikov- can be dated to the late Lt B period (Pauli 1978, 195), ne značilnosti ga lahko uvrstimo med primer Skupine as shown by the discovery of grave number 62 in Bel-2 po tipološki delitvi, kot jo je predlagal Barry Raftery. grade’s Karaburma necropolis (Todorović 1972, T. 22, Gre za obliko značilno za obdobje Lt B oziroma pri- 7; Raftery 1988, 8). In his interpretation of these finds, mere, ki so veliki od 3 do 4 centimetre (Raftery 1988, 2, Pauli considered them cult objects due to the fact that 5), pri čemer je potrebno izpostaviti, da sodi v Sredni- they were discovered mostly in children’s and female ci odkriti obroček med manjše. Tovrstni obroči se na- graves and were not very commonly used as part of hajajo v ženskih grobovih večinoma na področju tre- sword belt sets in men’s graves (Pauli 1978, 206-211). buha, v grobu 22 iz madžarskega Rezi-Rezicserija in A rare find is also the fragmented bracelet made from Srednice pa je bil, tako kot v Srednici, odkrit na stra- twisted bronze wire with a loop discovered in grave 61 ni ob boku pokojnice (Raftery 1988, 13; 1998, 65). Po- number 4 ( Figure 19). Such bracelets were analyzed sta doben obroč je bil na Madžarskem odkrit v grobu 1 iz and mapped by Mitja Guštin in his review of jewel-e e Keszhthely-Felsö-Dobogó skupaj z ostanki fibule, ki h ry made from twisted wire in the area between the je primerljiva z železno fibulo iz našega groba (Hor- m t Alps and the Carpathians. He pointed to the concen- ro váth 1987, 148, Pl. 9, 2, 3). Votli predrti dvodelni železni tration of these finds in the area of southern Slovakia y f obroč je bil odkrit skupaj z dvema votlima nanožnica- d (Guštin 1991, 48-49, Abb. 25, Abb. 26; 2009, 478-479, a ma iz bronaste pločevine v grobu 53 iz Maňe na Slova- e l Abb. 2, Abb. 3). This type of bracelet was discovered in h škem (Beňadik 1983, 104, Taf. 21, 5–7). Podobna kom- this area in grave number 20 in Blučina, together with a ■ t binacija, vendar z več primeri, sestavljena kar iz dveh d a pair of hol ow, two-piece metal rings (Schwappach o kompletov votlih nanožnic iz bronaste pločevine in 1975, 136, Taf. 22, 20, 25, 26) and a pair of finely ribbed zh treh votlih predrtih dvodelnih železnih obročev je ankle-rings made from bronze sheet (Ludikovský a z v bila odkrita v grobu 331 z grobišča Malé Kosihy (Buj- m 1970, 525, Obr. 5, 5, 10, 11, Obr. 8, 6, 9, 10). A similar brace- a na 1995, 155, Taf. 36, 10–14). Včasih pa so obroči odkri- d let was discovered in double grave number 28 in Maňa ti tudi v moških grobovih kot na primer v grobu III iz cemetery, where it was discovered together with a pair Nagydéma na Madžarskem (Hunyady 1942, T. 12, 16). of ribbed ankle-rings from bronze metal sheet and a Ludvig Pauli je opozoril, da jih večinoma lahko datira- bowl similar to grave number 7 in Srednica (Beňadik mo v končno obdobje Lt B (Pauli 1978, 195), kot kaže 1983, 96, Taf. 13, 8, Taf. 13, 12, 13, Taf. 14, 5). In grave num-tudi najdba iz groba 62 iz beograjske nekropole Kara- ber 401 in Horný Jatov-Trnovec nad Váhom cemetery, burma (Todorović 1972, T. 22, 7; Raftery 1988, 8). V svo- the deceased was given only a single hol ow ankle-ring ji interpretaciji tovrstnih najdb je menil, glede na to, da of bronze metal sheet along with a similar bracelet niso prav pogosti kot del pasnih garnitur za pripenja- (Beňadik 1957, 161, Taf. 9, 1, 5). Even more similarities nje meča v moških grobovih, ampak se nahajajo veči- to finds in Srednica were discovered in grave number Slika 19. Odlomki prepletene zapestnice z osmico iz bronaste žice iz groba številka 4, detajl zapestnice ter njihova distribucija (po Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011; Kavur 2014). Figure 19. Fragments of a bracelet made from twisted wire with a loop from grave number 4, a detail of the bracelet and their distribution (according to Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011; Kavur 2014). Slika 20. Votli narebreni nanožnici iz bronaste pločevine iz groba številka 4. Figure 20. Hollow ribbed ankle rings from bronze metal sheet from grave number 4. noma v otroških in ženskih grobovih, da gre za kultne 8 in Hurbanovo-Bacherov Majer cemetery. This in-predmete (Pauli 1978, 206–211). cluded a bracelet of twisted wire with a loop, a massive bronze bracelet with a thickening end and a few frag- Dokaj redko najdbo, ki je bila prav tako odkrita v gro- ments of an amber ring, as known in grave number 4. bu 4, predstavlja razlomljena zapestnica, izdelana iz A pot similar to the one in grave number 6 was also prepletene bronaste žice z osmico ( Slika 19). Tovrstne discovered in the grave, in addition to a bowl and two zapestnice je analiziral in kartiral Mitja Guštin v svo- massive bronze rings with a lens-shaped cross-section, jem pregledu nakita, izdelanega iz prepletene žice na as known in grave number 7 (Beňadik 1957, 62-64, Taf. področju med Alpami in Karpati. Opozoril je na kon- 24, 1, 2, 14, 15, 17). centracijo tovrstnih najdb na področju južne Slovaške 65 (Guštin 1991, 48–49, Abb. 25, Abb. 26; 2009, 478–479, The ribbed hol ow ankle-rings made of bronze met-sta Abb. 2, Abb. 3). Na Slovaškem je bila tovrstna za- al sheet represent one of the main characteristics of e eh pestnica odkrita v grobu 20 v Blučini skupaj s parom female burials in the Lt B period ( Figure 20). Accord-m t votlih dvodelnih predrtih obročev (Schwappach 1975, ing to the typology of J. Bujna, examples with narrow ro 136, Taf. 22, 20, 25, 26), kot tudi s parom narebrenih vo- grooves and narrow ridges similar to the ankle-rings y fd tlih nanožnic iz bronaste pločevine (Ludikovský 1970, discovered in grave number 4 joined group C3, data e l 525, Obr. 5, 5, 10, 11, Obr. 8, 6, 9, 10). Podobna zapestnica ing to the late Lt B2 period. In Slovakia, similar finds h je bila odkrita tudi v dvojnem grobu številka 28 z gro- were discovered in grave numbers 8 in Kamenín, 192 a ■ td bišča Maňa, kjer je bil odkrit tudi par narebrenih vot- and 335 in Malé Kosihy, t 1/58 in St. Michal, 1/54 in Šahy, o lih nanožnic iz bronaste pločevine ter skleda podobna 233a in Trnovec nad Váhom and 9A in Dubník (Bujna zh skledi iz groba 7 iz Srednice (Beňadik 1983, 96, Taf. 13, 8, 2005, 29-36, Obr. 16, Obr. 19, Tab. 17). In Hungary, sim-a z vm Taf. 13, 12, 13, Taf. 14, 5). V grobu številka 401 z grobišča ilar pairs of ankle-rings were discovered in grave num-ad Horný Jatov – Trnovec nad Váhom pa je skupaj s po- bers 2, 26 and 51 in Rezi cemetery, where Laszlo Hor-dobno zapestnico pokojnica imela priloženo zgolj eno váth dated them to Lt C1 (Horváth 1979; 1997, 89). A samo votlo nanožnico iz bronaste pločevine (Beňadik hol ow, two-piece metal ring was discovered in grave 1957, 161, Taf. 9, 1, 5). Še največ podobnosti z najdbami iz number 26 (Horváth 1987, 161, Pl. 22, 11, 13, 15). Simi-Srednice pa je bilo odkritih v grobu 8 z grobišča Hur- lar ankle-rings were discovered in grave number 14 in banovo – Bacherov Majer. Ta je vseboval zapestnico Magyarszerdahely-Homoki dűlő cemetery (Horváth iz prepletene žice z osmico ter masivno bronasto za- 1987, 151, Pl. 12, 2, 3). Further finds are known from Kosd pestnico z odebelitvijo ter nekaj odlomkov jantarne- cemetery (Hunyady 1942, T. 28, 2) and grave number 1 ga obročka, kot jih poznamo iz groba 4. Prav tako pa from Hévíz-Vörösmarty Street in Budapest (Horváth je v njem bil odkrit tudi lonec, podoben loncu iz groba 1987, 146, Pl. 7, 2). Slika 21. Detajl okrašene železne cevi in zaključka železne ovratnice iz groba številka 4. Figure 21. A detail of the decorated iron tube and endings of an iron necklace from grave number 4. Slika 22. Železna fibula iz groba številka 4. Figure 22. Iron fibula from grave number 4. 6, ter skleda in dva masivna bronasta obroča lečastega Iron fragments that can be attributed to the remains preseka, kot jih poznamo iz groba 7 (Beňadik 1957, 62– of one or two col ars are among the unique discov-64, Taf. 24, 1, 2, 14, 15, 17). eries in the grave. Two iron rods ending with a slight- ly flattened bulge can be described as the remains of Narebrene votle nanožnice, izdelane iz bronaste plo- the first col ar ( Figure 21). It can be assumed that these čevine predstavljajo eno izmed poglavitnih značilnos- are the remains of col ars made of iron due to their ti ženskih pokopov obdobja Lt B ( Slika 20). Primeri z size and shape as well as their position on the chest ožjimi kanelurami ter ožjimi grebeni, podobni nanož- of the deceased. The fragment of an iron tube deco-nicam, odkritih v grobu 4, so bili v tipologiji J. Bujne rated with oblique and transverse incisions and dou-združeni v skupino C3, datirano v pozno obdobje Lt ble-impressed circles with a dot in the center can be at-B2. Na Slovaškem so bile podobne odkrite v grobu 8 tributed to the same or another col ar ( Figure 21). It is a v Kamenínu, v grobovih 192 in 335 v Malé Kosihy, gro- decoration typical of the Early La Tène period and a bu 1/58 v Sv. Michalu, grobu 1/54 v Šahy, grobu 233a v decoration characteristic of mainly bracelets. For ex-Trnovec nad Váhom ter grobu 9A iz Dubnika (Bujna ample, bracelets decorated with impressed circles with 2005, 29–36, Obr. 16, Obr. 19, Tab. 17). Na Madžarskem a dot in the center were found among the smooth, so bili pari podobnih nanožnic odkriti v grobovih šte- hol ow ones from grave number 24 in Bučany ceme-vilka 2, 26 in 51 v grobišču Rezi, kjer jih je Laszlo Hor- tery (Bujna, Romsauer 1983, 312, Taf. VIII, 1a, 4a) and váth datiral v Lt C1 (Horváth 1979; 1997, 89), pri čemer a number of ones from Mannersdorf (graves 8, 10, 13, se je v grobu 26 nahajal tudi votli dvodelni predrti žele- 22, 114, 115, 116, 153, 165). In their presentation, P. Ramsl zni obroč (Horváth 1987, 161, Pl. 22, 11, 13, 15). Podobne emphasized their concentration and their extremely nanožnice so bile odkrite v grobu 14 na grobišču Ma- rare occurrence in the area between Switzerland and gyarszerdahely-Homoki dűlő (Horváth 1987, 151, Pl. Hungary (Ramsl 2011, 113), which can probably be at-12, 2, 3), ena pa je znana tudi z grobišča Kosd (Hunyady tributed to the poor state of preservation of thin-cor- Slika 23. Keramični posodi iz groba številka 4. Figure 23. Pottery from grave number 4. 1942, T. 28, 2) ter groba 1 iz Héviza – ulice Vörösmarty rosive material as well as the bad state of conservation (Horváth 1987, 146, Pl. 7, 2). of finds from Czech and Slovak sites. An example of a younger col ar made from iron sheet metal and deco- Izjemno najdbo odkrito v grobu pa predstavljajo že- rated with only one transverse incision was discovered lezni odlomki, ki bi jih lahko pripisali osTankóm ene in grave number 29 in Karaburma, Belgrade (Todor-ali dveh ovratnic. Kot ostanka prve ovratnice bi lah- ović 1972, T. XI. 1). Depending on the size and curva-ko opisali dve železni palici, ki se zaključujeta z neko- ture of the iron tube from Srednica, we can assume liko sploščeno odebelitvijo ( Slika 21). Glede na velikost that it is rather a fragment of a col ar than of a bracelet. in obliko kot tudi pozicijo na prsih pokojnice, lahko domnevamo, da gre za ostanke ovratnice izdelane iz Fragments of three heavily corroded iron fibulae were 69 železa. Isti ali drugi ovratnici pa lahko pripišemo tudi also found in the grave; the state of their preserva-sta odlomek železne cevi okrašen s poševnimi in prečni- tion enabled the reconstruction of only a single exam-e eh mi dvojnimi vrezi ter vtolčenimi krožci s piko na sredi- ple, whose preserved fragments suggest that the oth-m t ni ( Slika 21). Gre za okras, značilen za starejšelatensko ers were de-like shape. Preserved is a fibula of Early La ro obdobje oziroma značilen za okraševanje predvsem Tène scheme with a flat bow and a leg with a small by-y fd zapestnic. Z vtisi krožcev s piko so bile okrašene na conical ball leaning towards the bow ( a Figure 22). Such e l primer gladke votle zapestnice it groba 24 z grobišča iron fibulae were, due to their poor state of preserva-h Bučany (Bujna, Romsauer 1983, 312, Taf. VIII, 1a, 4a) ter tion, a rare discovery. Jiri Waldhauser dated them to a ■ td številne zapestnice iz Mannersdorfa (grobovi 8, 10, 13, the older part of Lt B, while warning that the fibu-o 22, 114, 115, 116, 153, 165). Pri njihovi predstavitvi P. Ramsl la with the backward-turned leg ending with a smal - zh opozori na njihovi izjemno koncentracijo ter njiho- er ball or a larger undecorated disc on the foot dates a z vm vo redko pojavljanje na prostoru od Švice do Madžar- to Lt B2 (Waldhauser 1978, 120, Abb. 47, 122, Abb. 59). ad ske (Ramsl 2011, 113), kar pa lahko najverjetneje pripiše- Two ceramic vessels were also discovered in the grave: mo tudi slabi ohranitvi tankega korozivnega materiala a drinking set consisting of a larger bowl and a ce-kot tudi slabi restavriranosti najdb s Slovaških in Če- ramic »flask« with a round bel y, a long, thin neck, ških najdišč. Na primer odlomek mlajše, najverjetne- and an everted mouth. The bowl, shaped like the ex-je, ovratnice iz železne pločevine, okrašen z zgolj enim ample from grave number 4 ( Figure 23), was discov-prečnim vrezom, je bil odkrit v grobu 29 iz Karaburme ered in grave number 37/2 in Dürrnberg (Schwap-v Srbiji (Todorović 1972, T. XI. 1). Glede na velikost in pach 1975, 128, Taf. 14, 2; 1979, 51, Abb. 25, 15). A similar zakrivljenost železne cevi iz Srednice, pa lahko dom- bowl was discovered in grave number 3 in Maňa, Slo-nevamo, da gre prej za odlomek ovratnice kot pa za- vakia, in which, among other things, two hol ow, two-pestnice. V grobu so bili odkriti tudi odlomki treh močno ko- piece metal rings were found (Beňadik 1983, 86, Taf. 3, rodiranih železnih fibul, pri čemer je stanje ohranje- 7). Further examples are known from grave number 62 nosti omogočalo rekonstrukcijo zgolj ene, glede na in Malé Kosihy (Bujna 1995, 130, Taf. 11, C, 1) and grave ohranjene odlomke pa lahko domnevamo, da sta tudi number 1 in Palárikovo II (Paulík, Zachar 1975, 310, drugi de bili podobne oblike. Ohranjena je fibula sta- Obr. 22, 1). rejšelatenske sheme s ploščato razkovanim lokom in Due to its unusual shape, with an almost spherical y nogo z manjšo bikonično kroglico, ki se naslanja na rounded bel y, we can compare the »linsenflasche« lok ( Slika 22). Tovrstne železne fibule so zaradi njiho- 70 from grave number 4 ( Figure 23) with similar finds ve slabe ohranjenosti redka najdba in Jiři Waldhauser s from grave number 51 in Dürnnberg, Austria (Pen- jih je datiral v starejši del Lt B, pri čemer pa je tudi opo- ld ninger 1972, Taf. 57, A 12). A similar vessel was discov- r zoril, da lahko fibule z nazaj zavito nogo z manjšo kro- o ered in grave number 53 in Jászberény-Cserőhalmi glico, diskom ali večjim neokrašenim diskom na nogi f w cemetery in Hungary (Kaposvári 1969, 190, 194, Fig. 9, datiramo v Lt B2 (Waldhauser 1978, 120, Abb. 47, 122, d oa 2; Fig. 13, 39) and in grave number 2 in Palárikovo II – Abb. 59). Mohyla, Slovakia, in which a bowl comparable to the ssro ro V grobu sta bili odkriti dve keramični posodi – pivski one from grave number 7 in Srednica was also found e c servis sestavljen iz večje sklede ter keramične »stekle- (Paulik, Zachar 1975, 313, Obr. 25, 2, 5). Both graves can h nice« z okroglim trebuhom, dolgim ozkim vratom in be dated to the Lt B period. If we today look at a very n t ■ o izvihanim ustjem. Skledo podobne oblike, kot jo poz- old map that was published in 1979 by Frank Schwap-v namo iz groba 4 ( Slika 23), so odkrili tudi v grobu 37/2 v pach, on which he demonstrated the spatial distribu-etov Dürrnbergu (Schwappach 1975, 128, Taf. 14, 2; 1979, 51, tion of this type of pottery from the Lt A and B pe-u s Abb. 25, 15). Na drugi strani na Slovaškem pa je bila po- riods, we see that at the time he did not know about išč dobna skleda odkrita v grobu 3 z grobišča Maňa, v ka- finds stretching southwest of Lake Balaton (Schwap-tič terem sta med drugimi najdbami bila odkrita tudi dva pach 1979, 11, Map. 2). Taking into account the design a sn votla predrta dvodelna železna obroča (Beňadik 1983, development of such vessels, whose makers in the lat-86, Taf. 3, 7). Podobni skledi sta bili odkriti tudi v gro- er stages tended to model elevated and thinned necks, bovih 62 grobišča Malé Kosihy (Bujna 1995, 130, Taf. 11, we can observe that finds dated to Lt B in the area of C, 1) in 1 grobišča Palárikovo II (Paulík, Zachar 1975, Hungary and Slovakia have a long neck and a smal - 310, Obr. 22, 1). er, but no more lens-like, oval-shaped body (Schwap- pach 1979, 19). The vessel that could be described as Zaradi njene nenavadne oblike, to je skoraj kroglas- most similar to the find from grave number 4 was dis-to zaobljenega trebuha, lahko »lečasto steklenico« iz covered in Lower Austria in grave number 233 in Pot- groba 4 ( Slika 23) primerjamo z najdbo podobne poso- tenbrunn, together with a flask similar to the one from de iz groba 51 iz Dürnnberga v Avstriji (Penninger 1972, grave number 9 in Srednica (Ramsl 2002, Taf. 53, 14b, Taf. 57, A 12). Na Madžarskem je bila podobna stekleni- 19). časta posoda odkrita v grobu 52 z grobišča Jászberény- Taking into consideration the finds from grave num- -Cserőhalmi (Kaposvári 1969, 190, 194, Fig. 9, 2; Fig. 13, ber 4 and the dating of comparable discoveries in the 39), na Slovaškem pa v grobu 2 z grobišča Palárikovo II area between the central Alps and the foothil s of the – Mohyla, kjer je v grobu bila odkrita tudi skleda, ki jo Carpathian Mountains and the southeastern part of lahko primerjamo s skledo iz groba 7 iz Srednice (Pau- the Pannonian Plain, the skeletal burial of the woman lik, Zachar 1975, 313, Obr. 25, 2, 5). Oba groba lahko dati- from Srednica could be dated to late Lt B. In his rela-71 ramo v obdobje Lt B. Če pogledamo danes že zelo sta- tive chronology of La Tène burials in the area of Mora-st ro karto, ki jo je leta 1979 objavil Frank Schwappach, a via, Miloš Čižmář listed grave number 20 of Blučina e e na kateri je prikazal prostorsko distribucijo tovrstne h among typical graves of Lt B2, which, among other keramike v obdobju Lt A in Lt B, vidimo, da takrat ni m t grave goods, included a bracelet of twisted wire with poznal najdb, ki bi segale jugo-zahodneje od Blatne- ro a loop (Čižmář 1975, 423-426, Abb. 5, 2). Similar dating y f ga jezera (Schwappach 1979, 11, Map. 2). Upoštevajoč d was supported by J. Bujna, who included these brace- a razvoj oblikovanja tovrstnih posod, katerih izdeloval- e l lets in his group H3-Ac of ring-shaped jewelry (Buj- h ci so v poznem obdobju težili k modeliranju povišane- na 2005, 64-71, Obr. 50, Obr. 54). The combination of ga in zoženega vratu, vidimo, da imajo najdbe, datira-a ■ td jewelry is also an important dating factor; in her study o ne v Lt B s področja Slovaške in Madžarske dolg vrat of female attire in graves of Münsingen-Rain cem-zh ter manjše, ne več lečasto, ampak prej ovalno obliko- etery in Switzerland, Steffi Martin-Kilcher demon-vano telo (Schwappach 1979, 19). Posoda, ki bi jo lahko a z vm strated that the tradition of wearing, beside the same opisali kot še najbolj podobno najdbi iz groba 4, je bila ad pair of hol ow, ribbed ankle-rings, different bracelets odkrita v Spodnji Avstriji v grobu 233 iz Pottenbrunna – decorated on the right hand and smooth on the left skupaj s stekleničasto posodo, podobno posodi iz gro- hand – started to dominate at the end of Lt B1 (Mar-ba 9 iz Srednice (Ramsl 2002, Taf. 53, 14b, 19). tin-Kilcher 1973). The situation is similar in grave num- Upoštevajoč najdbe iz groba 4 ter datacije primerlji- ber 4 in Srednica, where a smooth bracelet with a mas-vih najdb s področja od osrednjih Alp do vznožja Kar- sive thickening end was discovered on the left hand, patov ter jugovzhodnega dela panonske nižine, lahko while an iron bracelet and a bracelet of twisted bronze skeletni pokop ženske iz Srednice datiramo v pozno wire with a loop were found on the right hand. obdobje Lt B. V svoji relativni kronologiji latenskih pokopov s področja Moravske je Miloš Čižmář uvr- stil med značilne grobove stopnje Lt B2 tudi grob 20 The complex jewelry set composed of various bronze iz Blučine, ki je med drugimi pridatki vseboval tudi and iron objects – three iron and one bronze fibula, zapestnico iz prepletene žice z osmico (Čižmář 1975, two bronze and one iron bracelet, bronze ankle-rings, 423–426, Abb. 5, 2). Podobno datacijo je zagovarjal iron col ars, a hol ow, two-piece metal ring and an am-tudi J. Bujna, ki je te zapestnice uvrstil v svojo skupino ber ring – indicates that the deceased buried in the H3-Ac obročastega nakita (Bujna 2005, 64–71, Obr. grave belonged to the elite of their society. She was 50, Obr. 54). Za datacijo pa je pomenljiva tudi kom- wearing fashionable items that are found widespread binacija nakita – v svoji študiji noše ženskih pokopov in the area between the central Alps and the south-72 na keltskem grobišču Münsingen-Rein v Švici je Ste- ern Carpathians and, taking into account the com-s ffi Martin-Kilcher pokazala, da ob koncu Lt B1 začne bination, we can assume that the objects indicate her ldr prevladovati ob tradiciji nošnje parov enakih narebre- origin from the area of southern Slovakia and north-o nih votlih nanožnic tudi nošnja različnih zapestnic – ern Hungary. In her, we can also see the partner of the f w okrašene na desni ter gladke na levi roki (Martin-Kil- sword bearer, who as a herald of new fashion trends d oa cher 1973). Situacija, ki je podobna tudi v grobu 4 iz and a guardian of traditions, led the march into new ssro Srednice, kjer se na levi roki nahaja gladka masivna za- settlement areas. ro pestnica z izboklino, na desni roki pa železna zapestni- e ch ca ter zapestnica iz prepletene bronaste žice z osmico. n t ■ o Kompleksnejša nakitna garnitura iz bronastih in žele- v znih predmetov – treh železnih in ene bronaste fibule, etov dveh bronastih in ene železne zapestnice, bronastih u s nanožnic in železnih ovratnic, železnega dvodelne- išč ga predrtega obročka in jantarnega obročka kaže, da tič je pokojnica pokopana v grobu 4 pripadala vrhu te- a sn danje družbe. Nosila je modne predmete, ki jih naj- demo razprostranjene na prostoru od osrednjih Alp do južnih Karpatov, upoštevajoč kombinacijo pa lah- ko domnevamo, da predmeti nakazujejo njen izvor s prostora južne Slovaške oziroma severne Madžarske. V njej lahko vidimo sopotnico mečenosca, ki je kot znanilka novih modnih trendov ter čuvarka tradicije, vodila pohod poselitve novih območij. Skromna ženska The Modest Woman 73 Mlajšeželeznodobni grob številka 6 je bil vkopan v severni del starejšeželeznodob- Grave number 6 dated to the Late Iron Age was dug into the northern part of Early Iron ne gomile številka 6. Jama nepravilne ob- Age mound number 6. The irregular pit was like je bila dolga 1,8 ter široka 0,9 metra. Usmerjena 1.8-meters-long and 0.9-meters-wide. It was directed je bila od severa proti jugu z manjšim odklonom pro- north-south, with a small deviation to the west ( Fig-ti zahodu ( Slika 24). Polnilo je bil temen drobno zrnat ure 24). The fil ing was dark, fine-grained sandy sed-peščen sediment, ki je vseboval nekaj večjih prodni- iment that contained several, up-to-20 cm large peb-kov velikosti do 20 cm. Večji prodniki so bili pogostej- bles. They were more frequent in the southern part ši v južnem delu jame v nivoju, na katerem se je naha- of the pit at the level that also contained ceramics. In jala tudi keramika. V grobni jami, delno poškodovani the burial pit, partial y damaged by a modern trench, a z modernim vkopom, sta bili odkriti skleda s S-profi- bowl with S-profile and a ceramic bottle with a bicon-liranim robom in keramična steklenica z bikoničnim ical body, a narrow neck and an everted mouth were telesom, ozkim vratom in izvihanim ustjem. discovered. V grobu sta bili odkriti zgolj dve keramični posodi – Only two ceramic vessels were discovered in the pivska garnitura sestavljena iz sklede ter posode z za- grave: a drinking set consisting of a bowl and a con-obljenim trebuhom, ožjim vratom in rahlo izvihanim tainer with a rounded bel y, narrow neck and a slight-ustjem ( Slika 25, 26). Za obe posodi lahko najdemo pri- ly everted mouth ( Figure 25, 26). We can find compari-merjave predvsem v keramičnih inventarjih grobov sons for both vessels mainly in the ceramic inventories starejšega latena, datirane od Lt A do poznega Lt B, na of graves dating to the Early La Tène, from Lt A to late področju od osrednjih Alp pa vse do vzhodne Avstri- Lt B, on territory from the central Alps all the way to je in južne Slovaške. V Avstriji so bile podobne sklede eastern Austria and southern Slovakia. Similar bowls Slika 24. Fotografija in risba groba številka 6 iz Srednice (po Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011). Figure 24. Picture and illustration of grave number 6 from Srednica (according to Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011). 75 namo Slika 25. Risba keramičnih posod iz groba številka 6 (po Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011). Figure 25. Illustration of pottery from grave number 6 (according to Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011). est wdo kot v grobu 6 odkrite v grobu številka 18 z grobišča Kle- were discovered in grave number 18 in Kleine Hutwei-e m ine Hutweide in Au (Bruck an der Leitha) (Nebehay de in Au cemetery located in Bruck an der Leitha, Aus-h 1973, 71, Taf. 19; Schwappach 1975, 132, Taf. 18, 4), v gro- tria (Nebehay 1973, 71, Taf. 19; Schwappach 1975, 132, a ■ t bovih številka 68, 99, 565, 574 in 1002 v Pottenbrunnu Taf. 18, 4), in grave numbers 68, 99, 565, 574 and 1002 in sken (Ramsl 2002, Taf. 42, 2, 3, Taf. 46, 6, Taf. 66, 16, Taf 71, Pottenbrunn (Ramsl 2002, Taf. 42, 2, 3, Taf. 46, 6, Taf. a ž 11, Taf. 78, 2a), ter v grobu iz leta 1972 iz Guntramsdor- 66, 16, Taf. 71, 11, Taf. 78, 2a), and in a grave from 1972 in nm fa (Mödling) (Schwappach 1979, 53, Abb. 27, 5). Kom- Guntramsdorf (Mödling) (Schwappach 1979, 53, Abb. ro plet dveh skled pa je bil odkrit med drugimi najdba- 27, 5). A set of two bowls was discovered, among oth-sk mi v grobu 20 iz Dürrnberga (Penninger 1972, Taf. 21, er finds, in grave number 20 in Dürrnberg (Penninger A 11, 12). Na Slovaškem so bile podobne sklede odkri- 1972, Taf. 21, A 11, 12). Similar bowls were discovered in te v grobovih številka 73, 132 in 460 z grobišča Horný grave numbers 73, 132 and 460 in Horný Jatov-Trno-Jatov – Trnovec nad Váhom (Beňadik 1957, 153, 153, 162, vec nad Váhom cemetery in Slovakia (Beňadik 1957, Taf. 1, 12, Taf. 2, 11, Taf. 10, 10). V grobu številka 528 se je 153, 153, 162, Taf. 1, 12, Taf. 2, 11, Taf. 10, 10). In grave num-zraven podobne sklede nahajala tudi skleda, podobna ber 528, alongside a similar bowl, another one similar najdbi iz groba 9 iz Srednice, ter par votlih nanožnic to the one in grave number 9 in Srednica and a pair (Beňadik 1957, 164, Taf. X12, 2, 11, 15). Podobni skledi sta of hol ow ankle-rings were found (Beňadik 1957, 164, bili odkriti tudi v grobovih 15 in 4 z grobišča Hurbano- Taf. X12, 2, 11, 15). Comparable bowls were discovered vo-Bacherov Majer. V grobu številka 11 z istega grobi- in grave numbers 15 and 4 in Hurbanovo-Bacherov Slika 26. Keramični posodi iz groba številka 6. Figure 26. Pottery from grave number 6. šča je bila odkrita skupaj s parom narebrenih votlih na- Majer cemetery, while a bowl was discovered together nožnic (Beňadik 1957, 170, 174, Taf. 18, 13, Taf. 22, 12, Taf. with a pair of ribbed, hol ow ankle-rings in grave num-25, 1, 2, 15), v grobu številka 19 z grobišča Kamenín pa ber 11 (Beňadik 1957, 170, 174, Taf. 18, 13, Taf. 22, 12, Taf. je bila podobna skleda odkrita skupaj s parom votlih 25, 1, 2, 15). In grave number 19 in Kamenín cemetery, narebrenih nanožnic ter z votlim predrtim dvodelnim a similar bowl was found together with two hol ow, železnim obročem (Beňadik 1957, Taf. 41, 6, 8, 11, 20). bronze, ribbed ankle-rings and a hol ow, two-piece metal ring (Beňadik 1957,Taf. 41, 6, 8, 11, 20). V Avstriji sta bili »stekleničasti« posodi podobne oblike odkriti v grobu iz leta 1972 iz Guntramsdor- In Austria, »bottle-shaped« vessels of a similar form were also discovered in a grave from 1972 in Gun-77 fa (Mödling) (Schwappach 1975, 130, Taf. 16, 6; 1979, n tramsdorf, Mödling (Schwappach 1975, 130, Taf. 16, 6; 52, Abb. 26, 5), ter v grobu kovača (grob 13) iz Kleine am 1979, 52, Abb. 26, 5) and in a blacksmith’s grave (grave o Hutweide in Au (Bruck an der Leitha) (Nebehay 1973, number 13) in Kleine Hutweide in Au, Bruck an der 63, Taf. 11, 4). Prav tako je bila podobna posoda odkri-est w Leitha (Nebehay 1973, 63, Taf. 11, 4). Another similar d ta tudi v grobu 28 iz Dürnnberga, kjer je bil med dru- o vessel was discovered in grave number 28 in Dürnn- gimi pridatki odkrit tudi jantarni obroček (Penninger e mh berg, where, among other grave goods, an amber ring 1972, Taf. 25, A, 6, Taf. 26, 4, 26). Na Madžarskem pa je was also present (Penninger 1972, Taf. 25, A, 6, Taf. 26, a ■ t bila podobna posoda odkrita v grobu številka 3 iz Ki- sk 4, 26). A similar vessel was discovered in grave number skamonda (Mithay 1966, 64, Kép. 23). en 3 in Kiskamond, Hungary (Mithay 1966, 64, Kép. 23). a žn Zaradi odsotnosti kovinskih pridatkov je grob težav- m Due to the absence of metal grave goods, it is diffi- no natančneje datirati. Na podlagi podolgovate grob- ro cult to precisely date the grave. It was assumed that the sk ne jame se je sicer domnevalo, da je bil pokop najbrž grave was probably a skeletal inhumation due to the skeletni (Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011, 39), vendar sta oblong grave pit (Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011, 39), but imeli drugi dve pokojnici, odkriti v Srednici, keramič- the other two deceased discovered in Srednica had ce-ne posode pridane k nogam ali glavi, v primeru groba 6 ramic vessels positioned near their feet or head. Since pa sta posodi bili odkriti skoraj v osrednjem delu jame, in the case of grave number 6 vessels were discovered kar bi morda lahko napeljevalo k domnevi, da je bil po- almost in the pit’s central part, we could potential y as-kop kljub vsemu žgan. sume that the buried was nevertheless cremated. Slika 27. Fotografija in risba groba številka 7 iz Srednice (po Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011; Kavur 2014). Figure 27. Picture and illustration of grave number 7 from Srednica (according to Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011; Kavur 2014). Druga dama Another Lady 79 Mlajšeželeznodobni grob številka 7 je bil vkopan v osrednji del starejšeželeznodob- Grave number 7 dated to the Late Iron Age was dug into the central part of Early Iron ne gomile 6. Jama je bila pravokotne obli- Age mound number 6. The pit was rectangu- ke, dolga 3,16 in široka 1,16 metra ter usmerjena od se- lar in shape, 3.16-meters-long and 1.16-meters-wide. It vera proti jugu ( Slika 27). Zapolnjena je bila s temno was directed north-south ( Figure 27). It was fil ed with rjavim drobnozrnatim polnilom, ki je vsebovalo več dark brown, fine-grained sediment which included večjih prodnikov velikosti do 16 centimetrov. Skelet je several, up-to-16 centimeters large pebbles. The skele-bil le delno ohranjen ter je glede na antropološke ana- ton was only partial y preserved; according to anthro-lize pripadal okoli 20 let stari ženski. V grobu je bilo pological data, it belonged to a 20-year-old woman. In odkritih več keramičnih posod, ki so se nahajale ob the grave, several ceramic vessels located at the feet of nogah pokojnice – večja in manjša skleda z S-profi- the deceased were discovered, including a larger and liranim ustjem, lonec z rahlo izvihanim ustjem ter a smal er bowl with an S-profiled mouth, a pot with a kroglast lonec z nizkim vratom in izvihanim ustjem. slightly everted mouth, and a globular pot with a low Kovinski pridatki pa so bili zelo slabo ohranjeni. Os- neck and everted mouth. The metal grave goods were tanki dveh močno preperelih železnih fibul ter bro- very poorly preserved. The remains of two, heavily nast obroček so bili odkriti na predelu prsi, bronasta weathered, iron fibulae and a bronze ring were discov-predrta ovalna ploščica je bila odkrita ob desenm ko- ered on the chest, while a pierced, oval, bronze plaque molcu,profilirana bronasta ploščica ter masiven pr- was unveiled beside the right elbow and a profiled, stan polkrožnega preseka pa ob desnem boku. Manj- bronze plaque, as well as a massive ring of semicircular cross-section, were discovered along the right hip. ši ukrivljen železen nož je bil odkrit skupaj s keramiko A smal er, curved, iron knife was discovered together ob nogah pokojnice. with ceramics at the feet of the deceased. Slika 28. Risba keramičnih posod iz groba številka 7 (po Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011). Figure 29. Illustration of pottery from grave number 7 (according to Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011). Slika 29. Risba kovinskih najdb iz groba številka 7 (po Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011). Figure 29. Illustration of metal finds from grave number 7 (according to Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011). Slika 30. Keramične posode iz groba številka 7. Figure 30. Pottery from grave number 7. Keramika iz groba 7 kaže številne težnje razvoja obli- Ceramics from grave number 7 demonstrate numer-kovanja keramike vzhodnih Keltov. Oblike loncev ter ous tendencies in the design development of East-oblike stekleničastih posod z ozkim in izvihanim vr- ern Celtic ceramics. The shapes of pots and lentic-tom se pojavijo že v Lt A, medtem ko značilne skle- ular flasks with a narrow and everted neck already de z ustjem, oblikovanim v obliki črke S ter okra- appeared in Lt A, while the typical bowl with an som horizontalnih kanelur postanejo popularne v Lt S-shaped mouth and decoration in the form of hori-B (Schwappach 1979, 23–25, Fig. 6, Fig, 7). Skleda, po- zontal grooves became popular in Lt B (Schwappach dobna prvi skledi iz groba 7 ( Slika 28), je bila odkrita 1979, 23-25, Fig. 6, Fig. 7). A bowl similar to the first ex-84 na Češkem v grobu 3 z grobišča Hradiste pri Plzenu ample in grave number 7 ( Figure 28) was discovered in s (Schwappach 1975, 123, Taf. 9, 14; 1979, 31, Fig. 14, 1). Na the Czech Republic in grave number 3 in Hradiste pri ldr Slovaškem sta bila podobna primera odkrita v grobu Plznu cemetery (Schwappach 1975, 123, Taf. 9, 14; 1979, o številka 28 grobišča Malé Kosihy (Bujna 1995, 124, Taf. 31, Fig. 14, 1). In Slovakia, similar examples were discov-f w 5, 9) ter grobu številka 12 grobišča Dvory nad Žitavou ered in grave number 28 in Malé Kosihy (Bujna 1995, d oa (Beňadik 1957, Taf. 28, 15). Na Madžarskem pa v grobo- 124, Taf. 5, 9) and grave number 12 in Dvory nad Žita-ssro vih 14 grobišča Ménfőcsanaki (Uzsoki 1970, 101, Fig. vou (Beňadik 1957, Taf. 28, 15). In Hungary, such exam-ro 4, 1) ter številka 3 grobišča Kiskamond (Mithay 1966, ples were prevalent in grave number 14 in Ménfőcsan-e ch 65, Kép. 24). ak (Uzsoki 1970, 101, Fig. 4, 1) and grave number 3 in n t Kiskamond (Mithay 1966, 65, Kép. 24). ■ o Kroglast lonec z ozkim vratom in rahlo izvihanim v ustjem predstavlja eno izmed najbolj dolgotrajnih ob- The spherical pot with a narrow neck and a slightly etov lik posode ( Slika 28). Podobni lonci so bili vključeni že everted mouth is one of the longest lasting types of u s v fazo V grobišča Manětin-Hrádek, ki časovno po- vessels ( Figure 28). Similar pots were already included išč kriva celotno 5. stoletje pred našim štetjem (Soudská in Phase V of Manetin-Hrádek cemetery, chronologi-tič 1996, 221–224, Abb. 4), podobno oblikovan lonec pa je cal y covering the entire 5th century BC (Soudská 1996, a sn bil odkrit tudi v zgodnjelatenskem grobu 320 z grobi- 221-224, Abb. 4). Additional y, a similarly shaped pot šča Inzersdorf ob der Treisen v Avstriji (Neugebauer was discovered in grave number 320 in Early La Tène-1996, 126–127, 166, Taf. 25, 5). Mlajše posode enake ob- era Inzersdorf ob der Treisen cemetery in Austria like so bile odkrite na Madžarskem v Sopron-Bécsi- (Neugebauer 1996, 126-127, 166, Taf. 25, 5). Younger ves-dombu (Hunyady 1942, 80, 1) ter v grobu 10 s slovaške- sels of the same shape were discovered in Sopron-Béc-ga grobišča Maňa (Beňadik 1983, 88, Taf. 5, 8). Lonec z sidomb, Hungary (Hunyady 1942, 80, 1) and in grave rahlo izvihanim ustjem enake oblike kot lonec iz gro- number 10 in Maňa cemetery in Slovakia (Beňadik ba 7 v Srednici ( Slika 28), pa je bil odkrit tudi v grobu 1983, 88, Taf. 5, 8). A pot dated to Lt A with a slightly 287 z grobišča Inzersdorf ob der Treisen v Avstriji, ki everted mouth of the same shape as the pot in grave je datiran v Lt A (Neugebauer 1996, 124, 165, Taf. 24, 7). number 7 in Srednica ( Figure 28) was discovered in grave number 287 in Inzersdorf ob der Treisen, Aus-V grobu je bil odkrit masiven obroček s polkrožnim tria (Neugebauer 1996, 124, 165, Taf. 24, 7). presekom. Podobni obročki, interpretirani kot prsta- ni so bili odkriti v grobu 133 z najdišča Maňa na Slova- A massive ring with a semi-circular cross-section škem (Beňadik 1983, 133, Taf. 50, 8) ter v grobu 129 sku- was discovered in the grave. Similar rings, interpret-paj s parom votlih nanožnic ter obročkom iz jantarja, ed as finger rings, were discovered in grave number obešenim na verižico, primerljivim z najdbo iz groba 4 133 in Maňa, Slovakia (Beňadik 1983, 133, Taf. 50, 8) and 85 v Srednici (Beňadik 1983, 135, Taf. 52, 1, 2, 3, 8). Poznamo in grave number 129, along with a pair of hol ow an-y jih tudi iz groba 42 z moravskega grobišča Brno-Ma- kle-rings and an amber ring suspended on a chain, da loměřice (Čižmářová 2005, 202, Obr. 72, 8) ter groba which is comparable to the find in grave number 4 er l iz leta 1959 z grobišča Sivice, kjer je bil tudi odkrit na in Srednica (Beňadik 1983, 135, Taf. 52, 1, 2, 3, 8). Oth-tho prstu desne roke moškega pokopa (Čižmářová 2011, er known rings were found in grave number 42 in the n 225, 285, Tab. 459, 10). Moravian cemetery of Brno-Maloměřice (Čižmářová a ■ am 2005, 202, Obr. 72, 8) and in a grave from 1959 in Sivi- a Masiven bronast obroček z ovalnim presekom pa je ca cemetery on the right-hand finger of the deceased a d bil odkrit v grobu ob boku pokojnice ( g Slika 29). Po- male (Čižmářová 2011, 225, 285, Tab. 459, 10). ru dobni obročki, ki jih v moških grobovih interpreti- d rajo kot dele pasnih garnitur za pripenjanje meča, se A massive bronze ring with an oval cross-section was pojavljajo na češkem od konca Lt B1. Po mnenju J. also found inside a grave alongside the hip of a de-Waldhauserja so starejši od pasnih garnitur iz dvo- ceased person ( Figure 29). Similar rings, interpreted in delnih votlih železnih obročev, J. Bujna pa je poka- men’s graves as parts of sword belt sets, are known in zal, da so sočasni (Bujna 2011, 32–36). Poznani so na the Czech Republic since the end of Lt B1. According primer iz groba 5 iz Tuchomyšla (Waldhauser 1987, to J. Waldhauser, they are older than the belt sets con-34, Abb. 3, Taf. 32, 14–16) ter groba iz Poplze (Zápo- sisting of hol ow, two-piece metal rings, while J. Bujna tocký 1973, 165, Obr. 1, 13). V moških grobovih se ve- demonstrated that they are contemporary (Bujna 2011, činoma nahajajo pari tovrstnih obročkov, poznani 32-36). They are known, for example, in grave number 5 pa so tudi primeri, ko je bil odkrit en sam – na pri- in Tuchomyšl (Waldhauser 1987, 34, Abb. 3, Taf. 32, 14-mer v grobu iz Albairate v Italiji (Zopfi 2006, 212, 16) and in a grave in Poplz (Zápotocký 1973, 165, Obr. 1, Fig. 7, 214, Fig. 13, 3). Za razliko od parnih obročev 13). In male graves, they are mostly discovered in pairs, v moških, se v ženskih grobovih včasih nahajajo izo- but there are also graves with a single one, such as in 86sldro f w d o Slika 31. Bronast obroček in okrašena bronasta ploščica iz groba številka 7 (po Kavur 2014). a Figure 31. Bronze ring and a decorated bronze plate from grave number 7 (according to Kavur 2014). ssro ro lirani kosi – bili so odkriti v ženskem grobu 52 z naj- a grave in Albairata, Italy (Zopfi 2006, 212, Fig. 7, 214, e c dišča Brno-Maloměřice (Čižmářová 2005, 205, Obr. Fig. 13, 3). Unlike male graves, they appear sometimes h 75, 10) ter v grobu iz Soběsukyja (Filip 1956, Tab. 46, isolated in female burials, such as in female grave num-n t ■ o 14) oziroma poznamo jih med najdbami iz uničenih ber 52 in Brno-Maloměřice (Čižmářová 2005, 205, v grobov iz Čížkovic (Fillip 1956, 47, Obr. 13, 11). Žele- Obr. 75, 10), in a grave in Soběsuky (Filip 1956, Tab. 46, etov zen obroček enake oblike pa je bil odkrit na trebu- 14) and in destroyed graves in Čížkovice (Filip 1956, 47, u s hu pokojnice iz groba 17 z grobišča Blučina 3 »Ko- Obr. 13, 11). An iron ring of the same shape was discov-išč nopné zahrádky« (Čižmářová 2011, 251, Tab 15, 1, 263, ered on the bel y of the deceased in grave number 17 in tič Tab. 27, 7), kar kaže, da je bil tudi slednji del pasne 3 »Konopné zahrádky«, Blucina (Čižmářová 2011, 251, a sn garniture ali pa vsaj okras pasu. Na Madžarskem so Tab 15, 1, 263, Tab. 27, 7), indicating that it was part of podobni bronasti diski bili odkriti tudi v grobovih a belt set or at least a belt adornment. Similar bronze 63 in 64 v Rezi-Rezicseriju (Horváth 1987, 170, 171, Pl. discs were discovered in grave numbers 63 and 64 in 31, 2, Pl. 32, 7). Rezi-Rezicseri, Hungary (Horváth 1987, 170, 171, Pl. 31, 2, Pl. 32, 7). Izjemno najdbo predstavlja masivna vlita, na zgor- nji strani profilirana predrta bronasta ploščica z vre- An unprecedented discovery is the solid-cast, pierced, zanim kanalčkom na spodnji strani ( Slika 31). Nekoč bronze plate with an incised groove on its bottom side smo domnevali, da gre za ostanek starejše ploščaste and profiling on its upper side ( Figure 31). We once as-fibule (Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011), kar pa se zdi manj sumed that this is a remnant of an older plate fibula verjetno, saj je bila ploščica v grobu odkrita ob boku (Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011), which seems less likely pokojnice skupaj z masivnim obročkom z lečastim considering the plate was discovered in a grave at the presekom, kar kaže, da je bil verjetno del pasne gar- side of the deceased together with a solid ring having a niture ali pa vsaj obešen nanjo. Edina do sedaj po- lenticular cross-section, indicating that it was probably znana primerjava je podobna bronasta ploščica iz part of a belt set or at least attached to it. The only so žganega bojevniškega groba 49/1971 iz romunskega far known comparison is a similar bronze plate from grobišča Fântânele-Dealul Poii (Rustoiu 2008, 96, a cremated warrior grave (number 49/1971) from the 87 Fig. 46, 5). Fântânele-Dealul Poii cemetery in Romania (Rustoiu yd 2008, 96, Fig. 46, 5). a Železen nož, ki se je nahajal v grobu, je bil odkrit na er l nenavadnem mestu pri nogah skeleta zraven kerami- The iron knife discovered in the grave was located in tho ke in posledične ne moremo izključiti možnosti, da an unusual position at the skeleton’s feet next to potn sodi k v grob priloženi hrani in ni del osebne opre- tery; consequential y, we cannot exclude the possibil-a ■ a me pokojnice. Z ukrivljenim rezilom daje vtis sta- ity of its belonging to food offered in the deceased’s ma rejše oblike, vendar poznamo take nože tudi iz so- memory and not to personal equipment of the de-a dg časnih kontekstov, kot je na primer zgodnjelatenski ceased. The curved blade gives the impression of older ru grob 23 iz Bučanyja na Slovaškem (Bujna, Romsauer forms, but such knives are known from contemporary d 1983, Taf. 9, 4), ter celo mlajših kontekstov kot je najd- contexts, such as the one found in Early La Tène-era ba iz Radostyána na Madžarskem (Hunyady 1942, T. grave number 23 in Bučany, Slovakia (Bujna, Rom-52, 11). sauer 1983, Taf. 9, 4), and even from younger contexts, such as the discovery in Radostyán, Hungary (Hun- Pokojnica je na prsih nosila tudi dve železni fibuli, ki yady 1942, T. 52, 11). pa sta bili preveč prepereli in razpadli, da bi ju lahko re- konstruirali. Kljub večjemu številu keramičnih posod The deceased had two iron fibulae on her chest, but njena noša ne izstopa, izjemo predstavlja zgolj profili- they were too weathered and crumbling that they rana bronasta ploščica, ki je vrhunski livarski izdelek could not be reconstructed. Despite the large num-ter redek pridatek v grobovih. ber of pottery, the deceased’s costume does not stand out. A single exception is the profiled bronze plaque, a product of superior casting technology and an infre- quent grave good in burials. Slika 32. Fotografija groba številka 9 iz Srednice (po Kavur 2014). Figure 32. Picture of grave number 9 from Srednica (according to Kavur 2014). Mečenosec The Sword Bearer 89 Grob številka 9 je bil vkopan v robni del starej- šeželeznodobne gomile številka 21, ki je bila Grave number 9 was dug into the edge of Early Iron Age mound number 21, which was the glede na premer obodnega jarka največja go- largest mound in the cemetery according to mila na grobišču. Grobna jama je bila dolga 1 ter širo- the circumferential ditch’s diameter. The burial pit was ka 0,75 metra ter orientirana od severa proti jugu ( Slika 1-meter-long, 0.75-meters-wide and directed north-so-32). Zapolnjena je bila s temno sivo-rjavim sedimen- uth ( Figure 32). It was fil ed with dark gray-brown se-tom, ki je vseboval številne majhne prodnike. Sežga- diment that contained numerous small pebbles. Cre-ni ostanki pokojnika so skoraj popolnoma izginili, pri- mated remains of the deceased had almost entirely datki pa se bili položeni v sredino jame. Železna fibula disappeared, while grave goods were placed in the mi-in stekleničasta posoda sta bili položeni na dno v sredi- ddle of the pit. An iron fibula and ceramic flask were ni jame, zraven se je nahajala obrnjena skleda, medtem placed on the bottom, beside an upside-turned bowl ko so bili meč, nož in sulična konica položena v zahod- in the middle of the pit, while a sword, knife and spear ni del jame. point were placed in the western part of the pit. Keramične pridatke ponovne predstavlja standardna The ceramic grave goods present again the standard kombinacija sklede ter posode za tekočino. Slednja, combination of a bowl and a container for liquids. z okroglim trebuhom, ožjim vratom in izvihanim The latter, with a round bel y, a narrow neck and an ustjem ( Slika 34), predstavlja obliko kateri lahko naj- everted mouth ( Figure 34), presents a form which has boljše primerjave najdemo na spodnjeavstrijskem gro- best comparisons to the one from the Lower Austri-bišču Pottenbrunn, kjer kljub vsemu telesa » Kegel- an cemetery in Pottenbrunn, where such »Kegelhals-halsgefäße« težijo k bolj bikoničnim oblikam (Ramsl gefaße« tend to have a little bit more byconical body 2002, 94–96 Abb. 106). Dobre primerjave nudijo po- (Ramsl 2002, 94-96 Abb. 106). Comparable flasks are Slika 33. Risba groba številka 9 iz Srednice (po Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011). Figure 33. Illustration of grave number 9 from Srednica (according to Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011). sode iz skeletnih grobov 68 iz Lt B1a, ter 89, 233, 547 in known from grave number 68 dated to Lt B1a, grave 570 iz Lt B1, oziroma groba 562 datiranega v Lt B2b/C1 numbers 89, 233, 547 and 570 dated to Lt B1 and grave (Ramsl 2002, 140 T. 42, 5; 140–146 T. 44, 10, 53, 14b, 63, number 562 dated to Lt B2b/C1 (Ramsl 2002, 140, T. 11, 66, 15, 144–145 T. 66, 15). 42, 5; 140-146, T. 44,10, T. 53, 14b, T. 63, 11, T. 66, 15, 144- 145, T. 66, 15). Sklede skoraj polkročne oblike z navpičnim in neko- liko zožanim vratom ter le malo naznačenim ustjem Bowls in an almost semicircular form with a vertical so v grobovih redkejše ( Slika 34). Poznane so na šir- and slightly narrowed neck and just a little indicated šem področju vzhodnih Keltov od Apahide v Romu- mouth are rarely found in graves ( Figure 34). They are 91 niji (Hunyady 1942, T. 88, 3) do Wien-Guntramsdorf present in the wider area of Eastern Celtic settlement, er v Avstriji (Pittioni 1954, 690, Abb 478, 3) ter bogatega from Apahida, Romania (Hunyady 1942, T. 88, 3) to r ženskega skeletnega groba 233 z grobišča Horný Jatov Wien-Guntramsdorf, Austria (Pittioni 1954, 690, 478, ea d b – Trnovec nad Váhom, kjer je pokojnica imela pridan Abb. 3) and in rich female grave number 233 in Horný ro tudi jantarni bikonično obroček (Beňadik 1957, 157, Jatov-Trnovec nad Váhom, where the deceased also we s Taf. 5, 14, 21, 25). had a byconical amber ring (Beňadik 1957, 157, Taf. 5, h 14, 21, 25). V grobu je bila odkrita velika železna fibula z visokim sec ■ to lokom ter nazaj zavito nogo. Na nogi, ki se z razprto A large iron fibula with a high bow and a back-en objemko naslanja na lok, se nahaja diskasta jagoda ( Sli- ward bent foot was discovered in the grave. On the ečm ka 36). V pregledu kronologije mlajše železne dobe je foot, a disc-shaped globule touches the bow with an Rupert Gebhard označil kot enega izmed poglavitnih open clamp ( Figure 36). In a review of Late Iron Age kulturnih elementov konca starejšega latena (njegova chronology, Rupert Gebhard mentioned fibulae with horizonta 4 in 5) prav fibule z nazaj zavito nogo ter kro- a backward bent foot and a globule on the foot as one glico na nogi (Gebhard 1989, 76–120). V termnih rela- of the main cultural elements at the end of Early La tivne kronologije je bil natančnejši J. Waldhauser, ki Tène period (his horizons 4 and 5) (Gebhard 1989, 76-je ta tip fibul uvrstil v Lt B2b (Waldhauser 1987, 35). V 120). J. Waldhauser was more accurate in terms of rel-razvojni perspektivi pa je njihovo spreminjanje oblike ative chronology, having dated this type of fibulae to prikazal v razpravi o fibulah s področja Slovaške J. Buj- Lt B2b (Waldhauser 1987, 35). From a developmental na. Pokazal je, da postajajo s časom kroglice na disku perspective, J. Bujna presented changes in their forms vedno bolj sploščene, celo bikonično diskaste. Potr- in a discussion on fibulae on the territory of Slovakia. dil je njihovo datacijo v Lt B2b, pri čemer v naslednjem He demonstrated that with time the globule on the obdobju Lt B2c postanejo kroglice na nogi okrašene v bow becomes more and more flattened, even bycon- ical y disc-shaped. He also confirmed their dating to Lt B2b, while in the fol owing period, Lt B2c, they be- come decorated in Plastic Style (Bujna 2003, 94, 48-51, Fig. 62). The shape of their coil, spring, bow and back bent leg as well as the size of their fibulae remain un- changed for a long period of time. Looking at the gen- eral form, it appears that fibulae with a large globule on the foot seem to dominate only after the last use of fibulae of Duchcov-type. They are prevalent in graves across Slovakia, the Carpathians, northern Hunga- ry, the Hungarian Plain and Transylvania. In recent years, several examples were discovered on the terri- tory of Slovenian and Austrian Styria. In Hungary, they are known from grave number 52 of Vác-Gravel pit, where it was discovered in a cremated grave (Hel - ebrandt 1999, 145, Pl. 43, 5), and from Magyarszerdahe- ly, where it was published together with a spear point similar to the one discovered in grave number 9 and a bowl similar to the one in grave number 4 (Hunyady 1942, T. 14, 4, 8). Several examples with more oval glob- ule were discovered in graves of the fifth horizon dat- ing to Lt B2 in Ludas-Varjú-dűlő (Szabó, Tankó 2006, 333, Fig. 5. 2, 3), while the best comparison comes from female grave number 3 in Transylvania’s Orosfaia cem- etery (Vaida 2000, Fig. 7, 1, 2). Slika 34. Risba keramičnih posod in kovinskih najdb iz groba številka 9 (po Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2009; 2011). In describing them, we must, however, be attentive to Figure 34. Illustration of pottery and metal finds from grave number a detail which was already pointed out by R. Gebhard. 9 (according to Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2009; 2011). He showed that the fibulae at the end of Early La Tène period fol ow in their form a Middle La Tène scheme and have a backward bent to the bow-attached foot (Gebhard 1989, 74-76, 118-127). It should be noted that 93 errea d browe sh sec ■ toenečm plastičnem slogu (Bujna 2003, 94, 48–51, Fig. 62). Ob- in many cases, particularly those decorated in Plastic lika navoja in tetive, loka ter nazaj zavite noge kot tudi Style, the backward bent foot is attached to the bow mere fibul ostajajo dolgo časa nespremenjene. Opa- with a decorated ending (Jacobstahl 1944, 197; Jacob-zujoč generalne oblike pa vidimo, da začnejo fibule stahl 1944b, Pl. 166, 347; Szabó, Petres 1992, 150, 152, Pls. z veliko kroglico na nogi prevladovati šele po upora- 32, 34). This is not a real clamp, but a thickened end-bi zadnjih fibul tipa Duchcov. Poznamo jih s področ- ing with small lateral buttons decorated with a band ja Slovaške, Karpatov, severne Madžarske ter Madžar- of several incised lines on its upper side and touching ske ravnice vse do Transilvanije. V zadnjih letih pa je only the bow or leaning on it. 94 bilo odkritih še nekaj primerkov na področju sloven- s Armament of the deceased, composed of a sword, a ske in avstrijske Štajerske. Na Madžarskem jih poz- ld spear and a knife, show a fairly traditional image ( Fig- r namo na primer iz groba 52 z grobišča Vác-Gravel pit, o ure 34). The knife is of a somewhat unusual shape. Un- kjer je bila odkrita prav tako v žganem grobu (Hel eb- f w like most contemporary knives which have a more randt 1999, 145 Pl. 43, 5) ter najdišča Magyarszerdahely, d oa concave back and a longer handle ending with a kjer je bila objavljena skupaj s sulično ostjo podobno rounded or curved end, it has a short flat handle, on ssro osti odkriti v grobu 9 ter skledo podobno skledi odkri- ro which two rivets fixing the bony handle are preserved ti v grobu 4 (Hunyady 1942, T. 14, 4, 8). Več primerov e c ( Figure 36). The spear point in a » classical shape«, or h z bolj ovalno kroglico jih je bilo odkritih v grobovih Type I as identified by André Rapin, is one of the most n t petega horizonta na najdišču Ludas-Varjú-Dűlő, ki ga ■ o popular and long-lived forms of Celtic warrior weap- avtorji datirajo v B2 (Szabó, Tankó 2006, 333 Fig. 5. 2, v onry; in fact, they remained almost unchanged in use 3), še najbolj podobni fibuli pa izvirata iz ženskega ske- etov since the beginning to the end of the Late Iron Age letnega groba 3 z grobišča Orosfaia v Transilvaniji (Va- u s (Brunaux, Rapin 1988, 120-122, 133) ( Figure 36). It seems ida 2000, Fig. 7, 1, 2). išč that within this group of spear points having a short tič Vendar pa pri opisu moramo biti pozorni na detajl, and broad leaf, they belong to a sub-group that existed a sn ki ga je izpostavil že R. Gebhard. Pokazal je, da so fi- in the 4th century BC and disappeared in the 2nd cen-bule ob koncu zgodnjelatenskega obdobja po svo- tury BC. Spear points in this group vary from 30 to 50 ji obliki srednje latenske sheme ter imajo nazaj zavito centimeters in length (Todorović 1972, 17, 28-29). Al-nogo pritjeno na lok (Gebhard 1989, 74–76, 118–127). most 30 centimeters in length, the spear point from Pri tem je potrebno opozoriti, da je pri številnih pri- Srednica belongs amongst the shorter and more grac-merih, predvsem tistih okrašenih v Plastičnem slogu, ile examples of its form. Ludvig Pauli presented the nazaj zavita noga pritrjena na lok z okrašenim zaključ- chronology of long specimens in a review on grave kom (Jacobstahl 1944a, 197; Jacobstahl 1944b, Pl. 166, finds from Central Europe, dating them to the period Slika 35. Fotografija keramičnih posod iz groba številka 9. Figure 35. Picture of pottery from grave number 9. Slika 36. Fotografija sulične osti, noža in fibule iz groba številka 9. Figure 36. Picture of the spearhead, knife and fibula from grave number 9. 347; Szabó, Petres 1992, 150, 152 Pls. 32, 34). Pri tem ne ranging from Lt B2 to Lt C (Pauli 1978, 228). The bor-gre za pravo objemko ampak za odebeljen zaključek z ders of their occurrence can thus be fixed with grave majhnima lateralnima gumboma, ki je na zgornji stra- number 45 in Dürrnberg on the one side (Penninger ni okrašen s trakom večih vrezanih črt, ter se zgolj do- 1972, T. 47, A7) and grave number 5 in Dobova on the tika loka oziroma se naslanja nanj. other side (Guštin 1984b, 329, Abb. 19, 1). Oborožitev pokojnika kaže dokaj tradicionalno po- In analyzing the development of Celtic weapons, with dobo – sestavljajo jo meč, sulica in nož ( Slika 34). Nož special emphasis placed on swords, belt sets and shield je nekoliko nenavadne oblike. Za razliko od večine so- bosses, André Rapin showed that the big change at časnih nožev, ki imajo bolj vbočen hrbet ter daljši ro- the end of the 4th and early 3rd century BC led to the in-97 čaj, ki s končuje s kroglico ali zavitim koncem, ima troduction of short swords with rounded chape ends err – the so-cal ed Hatvan-Boldog/Münsingen-type kratek ploščat ročaj na katerega je bil z dvema zako- ea swords. He included them in a group designated as vicama pritrjen koščen ročaj ( Slika 36). Sulica »klasič- d br A2 (Rapin 1995, 276-277). In analyzing the shape of o ne oblike« oziroma Tipa I kot jih je v svojem pregle- w the scabbard, he accepted the suggestion of Éva Petres du opredelil André Rapin sodi med najbolj pogoste e sh and Miklós Szabó that swords from this group should ter dolgožive oblike oborožitve keltskih bojevnikov, be further subdivided according to finds from the saj so se skoraj nespremenjene ohranile v uporabi vse sec ■ t Hungarian cemetery of Kosd (Szabó, Petres 1992, 80). o od začetka do konca mlajše železne dobe (Brunaux - en The authors solved the historical controversy on their Rapin 1988, 120–122, 133) ( Slika 36). Zdi se, da znotraj te eč naming by designating individual types according to m skupine sulične osti s kratkim tulom ter širokim lis- the shape of chape ends present in Kosd. Swords with tom tvorijo skupino, ki se je izoblikovala v 4. ter izgi- a circular-ending scabbard were classified as Kosd nila v 2. stoletju pred našim štetjem. Osti te skupine v A-type and, according to the length of the chape end, okviru določenih razmerij vari rajo v dolžini med 50 were further divided into A1-type and A2-type (Pe-do 30 centimetri (Todorović 1972, 17, 28–29) , pri čemer tres, Szabó 1985, 91, Abb. 7). The sword from Sredni-sodi s skoraj 30 centimetri ost iz Srednice med krajše ca can be included in Kosd A1, among swords with a in gracilnejše primerke svoje oblike. Časovno opre- wide, circular-ending scabbard, representing the most delitev dolgih primerkov je v pregledu najdb z grobišč popular form at the time of Lt B (Ramsl 2002, 79). srednje Evrope pokazal Ludvig Pauli, ki jih je datiral v čas od Lt B2 do Lt C (Pauli 1978, 228). Tako lahko nji- In his examinations, A. Rapin demonstrated signifi-hovi meji pojavljanja preciziramo z grobom 45 iz Dür- cant differences between sword scabbards, their dec-rnberga na eni (Penninger 1972, T. 47, A7) ter groba 5 iz orations and the swords in them. He noted that scab-Dobove na drugi strani (Guštin 1984b, 329, Abb. 19, 1). bards of Kosd A2-type mostly have a central rib on Slika 37. Risba okrašene nožnice iz groba številka 9 (po Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2009). Figure 37. Illustration of the decorated scabbard from grave number 9 (according to Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2009). Pri analizi razvoja keltske oborožitve, s posebnim po- their upper plank and are decorated with a pair of drag-udarkom na mečih, pasnih garniturah ter ščitnih gr- ons. Swords general y have a strongly expressed cen-bah je Andre Rapin pokazal, da je velika sprememba tral rib, but do not have a pommel at the end of their ob koncu 4. ter na začetku 3. stoletja privedla do vpe- handle. While swords in group A1 are often decorated ljave krajših mečev s okroglimi koničniki – tko imeno- with floral motifs and have, although rarely preserved, vanega tipa Hatvan-Boldog/Münsingen. Vključil jih two hemispherical decorative buttons attached to the je v skupino, ki jo je označil kot A2 (Rapin 1995, 276– front of the clamp. The blades of these swords have a 277). Pri analizi okrasa nožnic je sprejel predlog Éve rhombic cross-section and a larger pommel at the end Petres in Miklósa Szaba, ki sta predlagala, da bi meče of the handle (Rapin 2000, 99-104). In his work, he ad-99 iz te skupine bilo ustrezneje deliti po primerih z naj- vanced this perspective and position, which was pri-er dišča Kosd na Madžarskem (Szabó, Petres 1992, 80). or started by Jean-Jacques Charpy (Charpy 1987) and rea Avtorja sta zgodovinsko kontroverznost okoli poime- Thierry Lejars who had proposed the formal division d b novanja rešila s poimenovanjem tipov glede na oblike according to observations of sword sheaths from the ro koničnikov prisotne na grobišču Kosd. Meče z okrog- sanctuary in Gournay-sur-Aronde (Lejars 1994, 19- 21). we s lim zaključkom nožnice sta opredelila kot tip Kosd A h In his analysis, Thomas Stöl ner demonstrated the his- ter jih glede na dolžino koničnika natančneje razdeli- torical development and spatial distribution of swords la na tipa A1 in A2 (Petres, Szabó 1985, 91 Abb. 7). Meč sec ■ to of Hatvan-Boldog/Münsingen-type. Their origins iz Srednice tako lahko vključimo v skupino Kosd A1 en can be traced to Lt B1 on the territory between Marne, eč – med meče s širokim okroglim zaključkom nožnice, m southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria, to be lat- ki predstavljajo najbolj popularno obliko v času Lt B er expanded by Celtic migrations to the Carpathi- (Ramsl 2002, 79). an basin and Italy (Lejars 1994, 39-42; Stöl ner 1998). A. Rapin je v svojih pregledih pokazal občutne razli- L. Pauli showed in Dürnnberg that, uniform in their ke nožnic, njihovih okrasov pa tudi mečev njih. Opo- shapes, they featured blade lengths of 53 to 55 centime-zoril je, da imajo nožnice tipa Kosd A2 mečinoma na ters in the initial phase (Pauli 1978, 221). In the case of zgornji platici v sredini izdelano rebro ter so okrašene Pottenbrunn, P. Ramsl divided them into two groups, s parom zmajev. Meči pa imajo močno izraženo cen- with examples from the second, younger group mea-tralno rebro, vendar nimajo na koncu ročaja glaviča. suring between 68.5 and 75 centimeters (Ramsl 2002, Na drugi strani pa so meči skupine A1 pogosto okra- 75). Swords coming from cremated graves from the šeni s floralnimi motivi ter imajo, čeprav le redko oh- younger group dated to Lt B1 were all violently de-ranjena, dva hemisferična okrasna gumba pritrjena na stroyed – bent (Ramsl 2002, 139-146, T. 34, 1, T. 72, 4, T. sprednji strani objemke. Rezila mečev so rombičnega 73, 5, T. 76, 11, T. 80, 7). preseka ter imajo na koncu ročaja večji glavič (Rapin In a debate on the decoration of sword scabbards, 2000, 99–104). V svojem delu je nadaljeval usmeritev Miklós Szabó identified as »hybrids« swords on which in razmišljanje, ki sta ga pred njim začela že Jean-Ja- one can recognize formal elements of the Hungarian cques Charpy (Charpy 1987) ter Thierry Lejars, ki je as well as the Plastic styles of decoration. He noted predlagal oblikovno delitev glede na opazovanja nož- that mostly pommels and loops for belt suspension are nic iz svetišča Gournay-sur-Aronde (Lejars 1994, 19– decorated in Plastic Style (Szabó 1990, 283), although 0 21). we think that one should add also to this group plasti- 10 cal y decorated clamps. Convex discs decorated at the V svoji analizi je Thomas Stöl ner pokazal zgodo- front with plastical y manufactured tendrils appear in s vinski razvoj in prostorsko razprostranjenost mečev Lt B1 and reach the pinnacle of popularity in Lt B2 and ldr tipa Hatván-Boldog/Münsingen. Njihov izvor lahko o C (Szabó 2008, 223). In presenting the Plastic Style, he sledimo v času Lt B1 na prostoru med Marno, južno f w suggested that workshops in the area of today’s Czech Nemčijo, Švico in Avstrijo, da bi se kasneje s keltskimi d o Republic had incentivized the creation of the latter a migracijami razširili v Karpatski bazen in Italijo (Le- and that their popularity spread rapidly across all of ssro jars 1994, 39–42; Stöl ner 1998). Dokaj uniformnih ob- Europe, which according to his opinion was linked ro lik so imeli v začetni fazi, kot je pokazal L. Pauli v Dür- to migrations from Pannonia to southern Gaul. As a e c nnbergu, rezila dolga od 53 do 55 centimetrov (Pauli h central example of decorated weaponry, he proposed n t 1978, 221). Na primeru Pottenbrunna pa je P. Ramsl the sword from Szob with a decorated scabbard and ■ o lahko meče razdelil v dve skupini pri čemer merijo pri- v a pommel in the form of a human head (Szabó 2001, meri iz druge, mlajše skupine, med 68,5 in 75 centime- eto 66-68; Szabó 1990, 285, PL. XI, 1). The pommel of the v trov (Ramsl 2002, 75). Meči, ki izvirajo iz žganih gro- u s sword from Srednica, unfortunately, is heavily corrod- bov mlajše skupine, datiranih v Lt B1, so bili vsi nasilno išč ed; on its front side, we can see only the rest of a circu- uničeni – zviti (Ramsl 2002, 139–146, T. 34, 1, 72, 4, 73, tič lar ornament, which demonstrates that the latter was 5, 76, 11, 80, 7). a sn probably decorated, though its reconstruction is to- V razpravi o okrasu nožnic je Miklós Szabó oprede- day infeasible. Even decoration below the clamp in the lil meče na katerih je lahko določil elemente tako Ma- form of a belt adorned with three horizontal, S-shaped džarskega kot tudi Plastičnega sloga kot »hibride«. spirals reflects one of early Plastic Style’s elements. It Opozoril je, da so plastično okrašeni večinoma glavi- appears usual y incised or plastical y formed, designed či ter zanke za pripenjanje (Szabó 1990, 283), menimo on globules on the backward bent feet of fibulae from pa, da bi bilo potrebno dodati tudi plastično okraše- the period after the Duchcov-Münsingen horizon in ne objemke. Konveksni diski na sprednji strani, okra- Lt B2 (Szabó 1989, 26-27). šeni s plastično izdelanimi viticami, s pojavijo v Lt B1 Although the sword from Szob represents for Szabó ter doživijo vrhunec popularnosti v Lt B2 in C (Szabó the best example of Plastic Style influences on the pro-2008, 223). Pri predstavitvi Plastičnega sloga je predla- duction of swords in Hungary (Szabó 1989, 21, Pl. 2.1; gal, da so spodbudo za slednjega oblikovale delavnice Szabó, Petres 1992, 57-58, Cat. nr. 68), he highlighted na področju današnje Češke, njegova popularnost pa the extremely hybrid character of its decoration (Sz-se je hitro razširila čez celotno Evropo, kar je povezo- abó, Petres 1992, 43). The surface of the scabbard is val z migracijo iz Panonije v južno Galijo. Kot osrednji completely fil ed with composed tendrils springing primer krasitve orožja je izpostavil meč iz Szoba z from hatched leaves, and its clamp’s hemispheric discs okrašeno nožnico ter glavičem v obliki človeške gla- are decorated with ornamentation interpreted as lotus 101 ve (Szabó 2001, 66–68; Szabó 1990, 285, PL. XI, 1). Na leaves. It seems, however, more likely that we can see er žalost je glavič meča iz Srednice močno korodiran – in the ornament a different decoration motif, name-rea na sprednji strani lahko vidimo zgolj ostanek krožne- ly a reduced image of two opposite-facing animals or d b ga okrasa, ki pa ne dopušča rekonstrukcije, opozarja dragon heads with extremely open beaks ending in ro pa, da je tudi slednji bil najverjetneje okrašen. Tudi ok- the form of a spiral (Ramsl 2002, 108), while the dec-we s ras pod objemko v obliki traku okrašenega s tremi vo- oration between them can be described as an exam-h doravnimi spiralami v obliki črke S sodi med slogovne ple of post-Waldalgesheim spiral in the shape of letter elemente zgodnjega Plastičnega sloga. Pojavlja se veči- »S«. The heads’ hypothesis is further confirmed by the sec ■ to noma vrezan ali plastično oblikovan na okrašenih kro- small dots that are located in places where there should eneč glical na nazaj zavitih nogah fibul iz časa po horizontu be eyes (Szabó, Petres 1992, 43, 189, Pl. 71). The decora-m Duchcov-Münsingen v Lt B2 (Szabó 1989, 26–27). tion of the plate for attaching the belt on a scabbard from Vojvodina, where the twisted ends of the »S« Čeprav predstavlja za Szaba meč iz Szoba najboljši pri- form the eyes of the animal pair, could be interpreted mer vplivov Plastičnega sloga na izdelavo mečev na in the same manner. Additional y, unlike decoration in Madžarskem (Szabó 1989, 21 Pl. 2.1; Szabó, Petres 1992, the form of a lotus flower, the beaks of animals finish 57–58, Cat. nr. 68), je izpostavil izjemno hibridni karak- in a sharp tip and are not rol ed. They even have notch-ter njegovega okrasa (Szabó, Petres 1992, 43). Polje na es where nostrils should be located on their beaks (De nožnici je v celoti zapolnjeno s kompozicijo vitic ki iz- Navarro 1972, 94; De Navarro 1972b, Pl. CXXXVII, hajajo iz šrafiranih listov, hemisferična diska na objem- 1b; Szabó, Petres 1992, 237, Pl. 119, 1, Cat. Nr. 127). ki pa sta okrašena z okrasom interpretiranim kot list lotosa. Vendar se zdi bolj verjetno, da bi lahko v okra- The decoration of the scabbard from Srednica could su videli drugačen motiv – reducirano podobo dveh best fit the definition of a »hybrid«, considering its nasproti si obrnjenih živalskih oziroma zmajskih glav z eclectic ornamental scheme that combines all Celtic Slika 38. Fotografija sprednje strani okrašene nožnice iz groba številka 9 (po Kavur 2014). Figure 38. Photo of the frontal side of the decorated sword scabbard from grave number 9 (according to Kavur 2014). izjemno odprtimi kljuni, ki se zaključujejo v obliki spi- stylistic elements of central Europe (Lubšina Tušek, rale (Ramsl 2002, 108), okras med njimi pa lahko opi- Kavur 2009) ( Figure 37, 38); the geometric ornamen- šemo kot primer po-Waldalgesheimske spirale v ob- tal scheme on the scabbard is a reflection of Early liki črke »S«. Hipotezo o glavah dodatno potrjujejo Style and is fil ed with post-Waldalgesheim tendrils. manjše pike, ki se nahajajo na mestih na katerih bi mo- The ornament is organized in an asymmetric, pro-rale biti oči (Szabó, Petres 1992, 43, 189, Pl. 71). Podob- to-Hungarian stylistic manner, containing the add-no bi lahko razlagali tudi okras ploščice za pripenjanje ed yin-yang decoration borrowed from the spectrum na pas na nožnici iz Vojvodine kjer spiralno zaviti kon- of Plastic Style (Szabó, Petres 1992, 58). The top of the 3 ci S-ov tvorijo oči živalskega para. Prav tako za razli- decorated field is adorned with tendrils, forming a 10 ko od okrasa v obliki lotosovega cveta, se kljuni živa- pseudo-triskele with non-identical legs and offshoots er li končajo ostro v konici ter niso zaviti oziroma imajo in Swiss Style. The sheath is fixed with a clamp with lat-rea celo vreze na mestu, kjer bi se na kljunu morale naha- eral reinforcements and frontal concave discs decorat-d b jati nosnice (De Navarro 1972a, 94; De Navarro 1972b ed with floral ornaments constructed in Plastic Style. ro Pl. CXXXVII, 1b; Szabó, Petres 1992, 237, Pl. 119, 1, Cat. Although the description sounds somewhat ridicu-we s nr. 127). lous, it is a true reflection of the creative potential that h was unleashed with the expansion of the Celtic world Okras nožnice meča iz Srednice pa najbolj ustreza de- at the end of the 4th century BC, when the use and re-sec ■ to finiciji »hibrida« okrašenega z eklektično ornamen- interpretation of old artistic traditions created the ba-en talno shemo, ki združuje vse keltske slogovne elemen- eč sis for the formation of new Middle La Tène artistic m te področja osrednje Evrope (Lubšina Tušek, Kavur styles. 2009) ( Slika 37, 38) – geometrijska ornamentalna she- ma na nožnici je odsev Zgodnjega sloga ter je zapol- Two swords similar to the find from Srednica, having njena s powaldalgesheimskim vitičevjem. Ornament numerous stylistic similarities both in decoration and je organiziran na asimetričen način protomadžarske- manufacture, were exhibited recently in a private mu-ga sloga ter vsebuje dodan okras yin-yang, ki je izpo- seum in Deutschlandsberg, Austrian Styria. Although sojen iz spektra oblik Plastičnega sloga (Szabó, Petres it is stated that the graves originate from Styria, the ex-1992, 58). Vrh okrasnega polja je okrašen z viticami, ki act site of their origins is either unknown (Berndt, Ber-oblikujejo psevdo-trojno zavojko z neidentičnimi kra- ndhard 1998, 35, 42) or, in reference to one of them at an ki ter izrastki v Švicarskem slogu. Nožnica pa je fiksi- exhibition a few years earlier, marked as Liebloch (He-rana z objemko z lateralnimi ojačitvami ter frontalni- bert 1992, 73-75). The first grave, exhibited in the muse-ma konkavnima diskoma okrašenima z rastlinskimi um and displayed in the catalogue, contains a sword okrasi izdelanimi v Plastičnem slogu. Čeprav opis with a scabbard of the same shape, a similar knife and Slika 39. Fotografija zadnje strani okrašene nožnice iz groba številka 9 (po Kavur 2014). Figure 39. Photo of the posterior side of the decorated sword scabbard from grave number 9 (according to Kavur 2014). zveni skoraj absurdno je resničen odraz kreativne- a similar fibula to the one from Srednica. The most in-ga potenciala, ki je bil sproščen z ekspanzijo keltske- teresting detail is the slightly less complex construct-ga sveta ob koncu 4. stoletja pred našim štetjem, ko sta ed, but partial y similarly decorated scabbard. Most uporaba in reinterpretacija starih umetnostnih tradi- probably, the second sword according to its produc-cij ustvarili osnove za izoblikovanje novih srednjela- tion was even more similar to the sword from Srednica, tenskih umetnostnih slogov. but while photo shooting for the exhibition’s catalogue was not yet properly cleaned and restored (Berndt, Ber- Nedavno sta bila dva meča, podobna najdbi iz Sredni- ndhard 1998, 40). Nevertheless, we can observe details ce, ki kažeta številne podobnosti tako pri okrasu kot 5 such as the deep profiled clamp decorated with thin tudi pri izdelavi, razstavljena v privatnem muzeju v De- 10 ribs running paral el to the scabbard. These are techni- utschlandsbergu na avstrijskem Štajerskem. Čeprav er cal elements in Plastic Style, and we can recognize on r je navedeno, da groba izvirata iz Štajerske, njuno na- ea the concave disc of the clamp, despite strong weather- tančno najdišče ni poznano (Berndt, Berndhard 1998, d b ing, the pattern of tendrils very similar, if not identical ro 35, 42) oziroma na razstavi nekaj let prej, je bilo najdi- to decoration on the sword from Srednica. w šče enega izmed njih označeno kot Liebloch (Hebert e sh 1992, 73–75). Prvi grob, razstavljen v muzeju ter foto- Discussing the decorated swords in his pioneering grafsko prikazan v katalogu vsebuje meč z nožnico work in the mid-1940s, Jacobstahl Paul pointed out sec ■ to enake oblike, podoben nož ter podobno fibulo kot that one of the main characteristics of sword deco-en grob iz Srednice. Najbolj zanimivo podrobnost pred- ration in Hungarian Style is the asymmetry of decečm stavlja nekoliko manj kompleksno izdelana, vendar oration on the scabbard (Jacobstahl 1944, 95). The delno na skoraj enak način okrašena nožnica. Najver- decoration on the scabbard from Srednica extends jetneje je bil drugi meč po svoji izdelavi še bolj podo- diagonal y across the sheath from the top-left to the ben meču iz Srednice, vendar ob fotografiranju za ka- bottom-right. A straight line is drawn across the sur-talog razstave še ni bil ustrezno očiščen in restavriran face, on which there is a triangle fil ed with tendrils. (Berndt, Bernd hard 1998, 40). Kljub temu lahko vidi- The formulation was again supplemented by M. mo podrobnosti kot so globoko profilirane objem- Szabó, who pointed out that such a diagonal compo-ke, okrašene s tankimi rebri, ki potekajo vzporedno z sition with complex and intertwined tendrils reflects nožnico. Gre za tehnične elemente Plastičnega sloga Waldalgesheim Style. That is precisely the amount kot tudi konkavna diska na objemki na katerih kljub of decoration reflecting one of the main characteris-močni preperelosti lahko prepoznamo vzorec vitic, tics of sword decoration in Hungarian Style (Szabó ki je zelo podoben, če ne že identičen okrasu meča iz 1977, 217). A proper comparison is unfortunately not Sred nice. known on the territory of Transdanubia. We can per- Pri razpravi o okrasih mečev je v svojem pionirskem haps search for a comparison on the spear point from delu sredi štiridesetih let prejšnjega stoletja Paul Ja- Jorissant, due to its decoration consisting of the com-cobstahl izpostavil, da je ena izmed poglavitnih zna- bination of a triangle and two smal er crests fil ed with čilnosti Madžarskega sloga krasitve mečev asimetrič- post-Waldalgesheim tendrils and a circle between two nost okrasa nožnice (Jacobstahl 1944a, 95). Okras na decorative parts (De Navarro 1972, 282). Observing it, nožnici iz Srednice se razteza diagonalno čez nožnico we see reflections of geometric elements characteris-od levega vrha proti desni spodnji strani. Preko površi- 6 tic of Early Style on the territory of Marne, which be- ne je potegnjena ravna črta v katero je vrisan trikotnik came mixed with Waldalgesheim tradition (Szabó, 10 zapolnjen z viticami. Ponovno je formulacijo dopolnil Petres 1992, 26-27, Fig. 12). s M. Szabó, ki je opozoril, da je taka diagonalna kom- ldr However, if we are looking for the closest compari- pozicija s kompleksnimi in prepletajočimi se viticami o odsev Waldalgesheimskega sloga ter, da je prav mno- son between examples decorated in Hungaryan Style, f w žina okrasa v zapolnitvi ena izmed glavnih značilnosti we should focus on the sword and scabbard from the d oa Madžarskega sloga krašenja mečev (Szabó 1977, 217). cremation burial in Lovasberény-Alsótelek dated to ssro Žal pa ustrezne primerjave s področja Transdanubi- Lt B2. Across the sheath on the back side below the ro je ne poznamo. Prej bi se lahko, glede na okras sesta- loop for belt attachment having a plate decorated with e c vljen iz kombinacije trikotnika in dveh manjših grebe- a triskele, there is decoration in which three hatched h n t nov zapolnjenih z powaldalgesheimskimi viticami ter half-palmettes form a triskele (Szabó, Petres 1992, 164, ■ o kroga med obema deloma okrasa, navezali na list suli- Pl. 46, Cat. Nr. 41; Megaw, Megaw, Theodossiev, Tor-v ce iz Jorissanta (De Navarro 1972, 282). Na njem lahko bov 2000, 36-38). The line extends transversely across etov opazujemo refleksije geometrijskih elementov značil- the sheath, forming a second lower concave bulge af-u s nih za Zgodnji slog s področja Marne, ki so se pome- ter contact with the edge. Interestingly, both decora-išč šali z waldalgesheimsko tradicijo (Szabó, Petres 1992, tions have something in common; decoration extend-tič 26–27, Fig. 12). ing obliquely across sheath from Srednica is straight, a sn while the one from Lovasberény-Alsótelek is slightly Če pa iščemo najbližjo primerjavo med primeri okra- concave. The interior surface is decorated with com- šenimi v Madžarskem slogu, se moramo ozreti na meč plex patterns – a triangle fil ed with tendrils in Srednica in nožnico iz žganega pokopa z najdišča Lovasberény- and hatched half-palmettes in Lovasberény-Alsótelek. -Alsótelek, datiranem v Lt B2, kjer na zadnji strani pod zanko za pripenjanje na pas, ki ima ploščici za pritrdi- In describing the decoration of the sheath from Sred-tev okrašeni s trojno zavojko, poteka preko nožnice nica, it is important to draw attention to the third sty-prečni okras v katerem tri šrafirane pol-palmete tvo- listic element; the top of the ornamental field on the rijo trojno zavojko (Szabó, Petres 1992, 164, Pl. 46, Cat. front side is decorated with tendrils that form on the nr. 41; Megaw, Megaw, Theodossiev, Torbov 2000, 36– right side an oriented pseudo-triskele with unequal 38). Črta poteka prečno preko nožnice ter tvori drugo arms and side-shoots. It is characteristic of sword dec-manjšo konkavno izboklino okrasa po stiku z robom. oration in so-cal ed Swiss Style. When Mitja Guštin Zanimivo je, da imata oba okrasa nekaj skupnih točk 30 years ago discussed the decoration of scabbards – potekajoč poševno preko nožnice je okras iz Sredni- from Odžaci and Dobova, such ornaments reprece raven ter okras iz Lovasberény-Alsóteleka nekoliko sented a rarity in the repertoire of Eastern Celtic Style konkaven. Notranja površina je okrašena s kompleks- (Guštin 1984a, 126-127). In the years that fol owed, the 7 nimi vzorci – v Srednici s trikotnikom zapolnjenim number of known specimens increased with the pub-10 z viticami, v Lovasberény-Alsóteleku pa s šrafiranimi lication of discoveries from Slatina v Rožni dolini and er polpalmetami. Kepiteljska njiva in Novo Mesto (Pirkmajer 1991, 23- rea 24; Križ 2001; 2005). In a review of Late Iron Age ar- d b Pri opisovanju okrasa nožnice iz Srednice pa je po- cheology, Dragan Božic included them in his stage ro membno opozoriti še tretji slogovni element – vrh or- Mokronog IIb, which can be equated to Lt C2 (Božič we s namentalnega polja na sprednji strani je okrašen z vi- 1999, 195, 197). h ticami, ki tvorijo v desno usmerjeno psevdo-trojno In our case, the interior of the triangle on the front zavojko z neenakimi kraki ter izrastki. Gre za okras, ki sec ■ to side is fil ed with tendrils described as a post-Waldal- je značilen za tako imenovani Švicarski slog mečev. Ko en gesheim decoration form prevalent in the Carpathian je pred 30 leti Mitja Guštin razpravljal o okrasu nožnic ečm Basin during Lt B2 and C1 (Szabó, Petres 1992, 25-28). mečev z najdišč Odžaci in Dobova, so tovrstni okrasi Before the Srednica discovery, two almost identical predstavljali redkost v slogovnem repertoarju vzhod- swords decorated with elements of both post-Wal-nih Keltov (Guštin 1984a, 126–127), v letih, ki so sledila dalgesheim as well as Swiss Style were known. They pa se je povečalo število poznanih primerkov z objava- came from the eponymous Hatvan-Boldog and Gá- mi odkritij iz Slatine v Rožni dolini ter Kapiteljske nji- va-Katóhalom and are considered to be dated to Lt B2 ve v Novem mestu (Pirkmajer 1991, 23–24; Križ 2001; (Jacobstahl 1944, 177, Cat. Nr. 118; 1944b, Pl. 69, 118; Sz-2005). V pregledu raziskav arheologije mlajše železne abó, Petres 1992, 131, 136, Pls. 13; 18, Cat. Nr. 12, 18). Both dobe jih je Dragan Božič uvrstil v svojo stopnjo Mo- of them are decorated on the front side with a pseu-kronog IIb, ki jo lahko enačimo z Lt C2 (Božič 1999, do-triskele having unequal arms and side-shoots in 195, 197). Swiss Style, which is located above the clamp consist- V našem primeru je notranjost trikotnika na sprednji ing of two linked discs connected to the side clamps. strani zapolnjena z viticami, ki jih opisujejo kot powal- The story of the sword from Srednica can be summa- Slika 40. Primerjava okrašenih nožnic mečev z najdišč Hatvan Boldog, Gáva-Katóhalom, Srednica, Kosd in Szob (po Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2009). Figure 40. Comparison of decorated sword scabbards from Hatvan Boldog, Gáva-Katóhalom, Srednica, Kosd and Szob (according to Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2009). dalgesheimsko obliko okrasa datirano v Karpatskem rized by describing the stylistic development of its bazenu v čas Lt B2 in C1 (Szabó, Petres 1992, 25–28). clamps. The oldest decorative semi-circular disks at-Pred odkritjem Srednice sta bila poznana dva skoraj tached to the sheath and adorned with incised ten-identična meča, ki sta bila okrašena z elementi tako drils that can be associated with Waldalgesheim Style powaldalgesheimskega kot Švicarkega sloga mečev. appear in central and southern Europe during Lt Bila sta odkrita v eponimen Hatvan-Boldogu ter v B1. Swords from grave numbers 7 in the Swiss Saint Gávi-Katóhalomu in zanju je veljalo, da ju je potreb- Sulpice and 75 in the Italian Monte Bibele are the best no datirati v Lt B2 (Jacobstahl 1944a, 177, Cat. nr. 118; observable examples of them (Szabó 2008, 223-224). 9 1944b, Pl. 69, 118; Szabó, Petres 1992, 131, 136, Pls. 13; 18, Later during Lt B2 in the Carpathian Basin, the discs 10 Cat. Nr. 12, 18). Oba sta na sprednji strani okrašena z were moved from the sheath onto the clamp’s circu-er lar plates. Applied discs and side clamps were still dec- r psevdo-trojno zavojko z neenakimi kraki in izrastki v ea orated with post-Waldalgesheim decorations consist- Švicarskem slogu, ki se nahaja nad objemko sestavlje- d b ing of tendrils and »S«-shaped spirals. The space above r no iz dveh sklenjenih diskov povezanih na stranski ob- o the clamp on the sheath’s front was decorated with w jemki. Pripoved o meču iz Srednice lahko strnemo z e s pseudo-triskele with unequal arms and side-shoots h opisom slogovnega razvoja okrasa objemke nožnice. characteristic of sword decoration in Swiss Style. The Najstarejši okrasni polkrožni diski, pritrjeni na nožni- best examples of such decoration were sword scab-sec ■ t co, ter okrašeni z vrezanimi okrasi iz vitic, ki jih lahko o bards from Hatvan-Boldog and Gava-Katóhalom in en povezujemo z Waldalgesheimskim slogom, se pojavi- eč Hungary (Szabó, Petres 1992, 131, 136, Pls. 13; 18). jo v osrednji in južni Evropi v času Lt B1. Kot najlep- m ša primera bi lahko izpostavili meča iz grobov 7 iz švi- Later during Lt B2, under the influence of Plastic carskega Saint Sulpice ter 75 iz italijanskega Monte Style, the shape of the clamps changed, with applied Bibele (Szabó 2008, 223–224). Kasneje so na področju decorative discs and side clamps becoming decorated Karpatskega bazena v času Lt B2 diski bili prestavlje- in this style. The swords from Szob and Kosd in Hun-ni z nožnice na krožni ploščici na objemki. Aplicira- gary represent the best examples of such sheaths (Sza-na diska ter stranski objemki so še vedno bili okrašeni bo, Petres 1992, 188-190, Pls. 70-71). Their clamps on s powaldalgesheimskimi okrasi, ki jih sestavljajo vitice the front side consist of two discs attached to the latter spirale v obliki črke »S«. Prostor nad objemko na eral clamps. The latter, as well as rounded rosettes on sprednji strani nožnice pa je bil okrašen s psevdo-troj- the front side (unfortunately missing on the sheath no zavojko z neenakimi kraki in izrastki značilnimi za from Kosd), are decorated in Plastic Style. Accord- Švicarski slog mečev. Najlepša primera takega okrasa ing to its stylistic composition, the ornament on the sta nožnici mečev iz Hatvan-Boldoga ter Gáva-Kató- scabbard from Srednica represents the transition- haloma z Madžarske (Szabó, Petres 1992, 131, 136 Pls. 13; al form between the last two groups, which is a para-18). dox due to the site’s name. It also simultaneously pro- vides a proposal to distinguish the decorating style of Kasneje v Lt B2, pod vplivom Plastičnega sloga, se ob- sheaths from reinforcement sheath swords of Hatvan-lika objemke spremeni – aplicirana okrasna diska ter Boldog-type during Lt B2. stranske objemke postanejo okrašeni v Plastičnem slogu. Najlepša primera takih nožnic predstavljata In numerous technical details as well as stylistic elemeča iz Szoba in Kosda na Madžarskem (Szabo, Pe- ments of construction and decoration, the sword from 110 tres 1992, 188–190, Pls. 70–71). Njuna objemka je na Srednica represents the transitional form between the s sprednji strani sestavljena iz dveh diskov, ki sta veza- two groups ( Figure 40). Scabbards from Gava-Katóha-ldr na na stranski objemki. Slednji, kot tudi zaobljeni ro- lom and Hatvan-Boldog are technical y narrow (less o zeti na sprednji strani (žal manjkata na nožnici iz Kos- than 4-cm-wide), while scabbards from Kosd and f w da), sta okrašeni v Plastičnem slogu. Po svoji slogovni Szob are wider (more than 4.5-cm-wide). With a width d oa kopoziciji predstavlja okras nožnice meča iz Sredni- of 4.4 cm, the scabbard from Srednica is positioned ssro ce prehodno obliko med zadnjima skupinama – dej- between the two groups. The lengths of the swords ro stvo, ki je paradoksalno glede na ime najdišča. Hkrati do not differ completely; for example, the sword from e c pa omogoča tudi predlog slogovne delitve okraševa- Gava-Katóhaloma is 65-cm-long, the swords from h n t nja nožnic oziroma ojačitev nožnic mečev tipa Hat- Hatvan-Boldog, Srednica and Szob are approximate- ■ o van-Boldog v času Lt B2. ly 69-cm-long and the sword from Kosd is 72-cm-long. v There are no clear differences also in the length of etov V številnih tehničnih podrobnostih kot tudi slogov- their chape-ends – 8.4 cm in Hatvan-Boldog, 9 cm in u s nih elementih izdelave in okrasa predstavlja meč iz Kosd and Szob and 10 cm in Srednica. They do, how-išč Srednice prehodno obliko med obema skupinama ever, differ in their form; Gava-Katóhalom and Hat-tič ( Slika 40). Tehnično sta nožnici iz Gáva-Katóhaloma van-Boldog belong to Kosd A1, while Srednica, Kosd a sn ter Hatvan-Boldoga ozki (široki manj kot 4 cm), med- and Szob belong to Kosd A2 (Szabó, Petres 1992, 87, tem ko sta nožnici iz Kosda in Szoba široki (več kot 4,5 89, 100). cm). S širino 4,4 cm se nožnica iz Srednice nahaja med skupinama. Dolžine mečev se ne razlikuje v popolnos- Additional y, the attached suspension loops on the ti – meč iz Gáva-Katóhaloma je dolg 65 cm, meča iz back of the scabbard differ in their form. Examples Hatvan-Boldoga, Srednice in Szoba so dolgi približno from Gava-Katóhalom and Hatvan-Boldog have a 69 cm, medtem ko je meč iz Kosda dolg 72 cm. Jasnih square upper and circular lower plate. The upper plate razlik ni niti pri dolžini koničnikov nožnic – pri Hat- corresponds in size to that of the clamp and fits closely van-Boldogu je dolg 8,4, Kosdu in Szobu 9 ter v Sre- into the space between the lateral clamps. Both plates dnici 10 cm. Razlikujejo pa se tudi po njihovi obliki of loops from Srednica, Szob and Kosd are either oval koničnikov – Gáva-Katóhalom in Hatvan-Boldog so- or round, with the upper plate not in line and not cov-dita v skupino Kosd A1 ter Srednica, Kosd in Szob v ering the whole area between the clamps. There are no skupino Kosd A2 (Szabó, Petres 1992, 87, 89, 100). visible traces of attachments on the plates from Ga- va-Katóhaloma, Hatvan-Boldog and Srednica, while Tudi na zadnji strani nožnice pritrjene zanke za pripe- the examples from Szob and Kosd clearly demonstrate njanje na pas se prav tako razlikujejo. Primera iz Gá- a central y positioned rivet. The loop on the sword va-Katóhaloma in Hatvan-Boldoga imata zgornjo from Lovasberény-Alsótelek is attached in the same 111 ploščico za pritrditev na nožnico, kvadratne ter spo- manner, featuring the best analogy for decoration on er dnjo ovalne oblike. Zgornja ploščica po svoji velikosti Srednica finds. The rivet was hammered through the r ustreza višini objemke ter se natančno prilega v pros- ea center of the triskele (Szabó, Petres 1992, 164, Pl. 46). d b tor med lateralnima objemkama. Zanke iz Srednice, The loop for the belt attachment from Srednica was ro Szoba in Kosda pa imajo obe ploščici okrogle oziroma richly decorated, namely the bow with plastic ribs and we s ovalne oblike, pri čemer zgornja ni poravnana oziro- plates had a triskele with ends in the form of tendrils. h ma ne pokriva vsega prostora med lateralnima objem- It is a form or deconstructed image of a dragon with kama. Na ploščicah iz Gáva-Katóhaloma in Hatvan- an open mouth and a folded beak (Kavur, Blečić Ka-sec ■ to -Boldoga ter iz Srednice ni vidne sledi pritrditve, vur 2014). en medtem, ko na nožnicah iz Szoba in Kosda jasno vi- ečm Unfortunately, all swords included in this discussion dimo centralno postavljeno zakovico. Podobno je pri- (Hatvan-Boldog, Gava-Katóhalom, Kosd and Szob) trjena tudi zanka z meča iz Lovasberény-Alsóteleka, are accidental finds. Consequently, the sword remains ki predstavlja najboljšo primerjavo za okras iz Sredni- from Srednica, coming from grave number 9, are the ce. Zakovica je bila zabita skozi sredino trojne zavoj- only reliable source for context reconstruction and de-ke (Szabó, Petres 1992, 164 Pl. 46). Zanka za pripenja- termining chronological position. At the same time, nje pasu iz Srednice pa je bila bogato okrašena – lok this find gives full dimension to the definition of »hy-s plastičnimi rebri, ploščici pa s trojno zavojko s konci bridity« in Celtic art. The scabbard is covered with v obliki vitic. Gre za obliko oziroma dekonstruirano an eclectic decorative scheme uniting all Celtic sty-podobo zmaja z odprtimi usti in zavihanim kljunom listic elements and directions in Central Europe; the (Kavur, Blečić Kavur 2014). geometric ornamental scheme is a reflection of Ear- Žal so vse najdbe mečev vključenih v razpravo (Hat- ly Style, with a fil ing of post-Waldalgesheim tendrils van-Boldog, Gáva-Katóhalom, Kosd in Szob) naključ- organized in an asymmetric form of proto-Hungari- ne najdbe. Tako ostaja meč iz Srednice, izvirajoč iz an Style and with added decoration in the form of yin-groba 9, edini zanesljivi vir za rekonstrukcijo konte- yang borrowed from the spectrum of Plastic Style (Sz-kstov ter določitev kronološke pozicije, hkrati pa daje abó, Petres 1992, 58). The top of the decorative field is popolno dimenzijo definiciji »hibridnosti« v kelt- decorated with tendrils forming a pseudo-triskele ski umetnosti. Nožnica prekrita z eklektično okras- with unequal arms and side-shoots in Swiss Style. The no shemo združujoč vse keltske slogovne elemente in scabbard is embraced by a reinforcement with side usmeritve s področja srednje Evrope – geometrijska clamps and decorative discs at the front that are dec-ornamentalna shema je odraz Zgodnjega sloga, za- orated with vegetable elements in Plastic Style, while 112 polnjena je z powaldalgesheimskimi viticami, zastav- the belt is attached with a loop decorated with decons ljena v asimetrični obliki protomadžarskega sloga ter structed images of dragon heads forming a triskele ldr z dodanim okrasom yin-yanga sposojenim iz oblikov- also in this style. o nega spektra Plastičnega sloga (Szabó, Petres 1992, 58). f w Although the description seems almost absurd due to Vrh okrasnega polja pa je okrašen z viticami, ki tvorijo d oa the plethora of associated definitions, it is a true reflec- psevdo-trojno zavojko z neenakimi kraki ter izrastki tion of the creative potential unleashed by the expan-ssro izdelano v Švicarskem slogu. Nožnico objema ojači- ro sion of the Celtic world at the end of the 4th century tev s stranskima objemkama in okrasnima diskoma na e c BC, when use and reinterpretation of ancient artis- h sprednji strani, ki so okrašeni z vegetabilnimi elementi tic traditions formed the basis for the creation of new n t izdelanimi v Plastičnem slogu, medtem, ko se pas pri- ■ o Middle La Tène styles. Products from these creative penja na zanko okrašeno z dekonstruiranimi podoba- v centers in Eastern Europe are distributed across a wide mi zmajskih glav, ki tvorijo trojno zavojko izdelano v etov area as a result of the then flourishing trade and the plastičnem slogu. u s constant travel ing of masters and soldiers (Megaw, išč Čeprav se zaradi plejade združenega opis zdi že skoraj Megaw 2001, 135). tič absurden, je v resnici odraz kreativnega potenciala, ki a sn se je sprostil z ekspanzijo keltskega sveta ob koncu 4. stoletja pred našim štetjem, ko sta uporaba in reinter- pretacija starih umetniških tradicij postali osnova za stvaritev novih srednjelatenskih slogov. Izdelki iz teh kreativnih središč s prostora vzhodne Evrope so raz- širjeni na obsežnem področju kar je posledica razcve- ta tedanje trgovine kot tudi konstantnega potovanja mojstrov in vojakov (Megaw, Megaw 2001, 135). Zaključek Conclusion 113 Kulturno zgodovino prvega tisočletja pred na- šim štetjem na področju vzhodne Slovenije so The cultural history of the first milennium BC in eastern Slovenia was radical y changed in v zadnjih dveh desetletjih radikalno spremeni- the last two decades due to the results of ar- li rezultati arheoloških raziskav na trasah avtocestnega chaeological research on the routes of the future mo-omrežja. Sistematična izkopavanja velikih površin so torway network. Systematic excavations of large areas pokazala poselitvene vzorce ravnin, prostorov, ki jih v have revealed settlement patterns in the plains, namely preteklosti, ko je pozornost bila usmerjena predvsem in areas which received less attention in the past when na utrjena naselja ter gomilna grobišča, sploh nismo focus was oriented toward fortified settlements and dojemali kot potencialnih prostorov prazgodovinske, cemeteries with tumuli. In the past, we did not ob-kaj šele železnodobne, poselitve. Danes lahko zaneslji- serve the plains as a potential space of prehistoric, let vo trdimo, da so na nekaterih najdiščih prisotne tudi alone Iron Age settlement. We can reliably claim to-skromne sledi poselitve ter grobišč iz časa konca 6., 5. day that scarce traces of settlements and graves dating in začetka 4. stoletja pred našim štetjem. from the end of the 6th, 5th and early 4th centuries BC are also present at some sites. V Prekmurju so bile sledi poselitve odkrite na najdi- ščih Pri Muri (Šavel, Sankovič 2014, 75, Slika 2.12; 77, In Prekmurje, traces of settlements were discovered on Slika 2.19) in Kotare-Baza (Kerman 2014, 137, 139, Sli- the sites of Pri Muri (Šavel, Sankovič 2014, 75, Slika 2.12, ka 7.2.23, Slika 7.2.24, Slika 7.2.30), na Štajerskem pa v 77 Slika 2.19) and Kotare-Baza (Kerman 2014, 137, 139, Sli-Hotinji vasi (Gerbec 2014, 280, Sl. 14.2.10, 1), na Ptuju ka 7.2.23, Slika 2.7.24, Slika 7.2.30), in Štajerska in Hotinja v Malem gradu ter tudi na področju Zgornje Hajdine vas (Gerbec 2014, 280, Sl. 14.2.10, 1), in Ptuj in Mali grad na najdišču Srednica. Še posebno pomembni za razu- as well as in Zgornja Hajdina in Srednica. The sites of Za mevanje tega obdobja pa so najdišča Za Raščico in Pri Raščico and Pri Muri in Prekmurje and Srednica are par- Muri v Prekmurju ter Srednica. Na prvem je bil odkrit ticularly important for understanding this period. On the zgolj en izoliran pokop, ki bi ga lahko datirali v pozno first site, only a single isolated burial, which could be dated halštatsko obdobje (Jereb, Sankovič, Šavel 2014, 156– to the Late Hal statt period, was discovered (Jereb, Sank-157, Slika 7.3.20, Slika 7.3.21), na drugem ter v Srednici ovič, Šavel 2014, 156-157, Figure 3.7.20, Figure 7.3.21), while pa bi morda v ta čas lahko datirali nekaj pokopov v go- on the second one and in Srednica we might date some milah. burials under tumuli to this same period. Na podlagi najdb, predvsem pavkaste fibule iz Malega Based on the discoveries, especial y the kettledrum 114 gradu in skodele s presegajočim ročajem z roglji tipa fibula from Mali grad and the horn-handled bowls of s Novo mesto lahko domnevamo, da so redke skup- Novo Mesto-type, we can assume that there were few ld nosti iz tega obdobja še vedno vzdrževale stike z za- communities in this period still sustaining contacts ro hodom, najdba pavkaste fibule na Madžarskem pa with the West, while the discovery of a kettle-drum f w kaže, da Ptuj ni bil zadnja, ampak vmesna postojanka fibula in Hungary shows that Ptuj was not the last, but d oa na poti proti vzhodu. Verjetno je prav iz te smeri nekaj an intermediate stop on the way to the East. Proba-desetletij kasneje na Ptuj prišla posoda izdelana iz gra- bly it was precisely from this direction that a few dec-ssro ro fitne lončarske mase, katere odlomek je bil odkrit na ades later ceramic made of clay containing graphite, e c Turnirskem prostoru Grajskega griča. Bila je prvi zna- whose fragment was discovered on Turnirski prostor h nilec sprememb, ki so se dogajale v vzhodni Evropi – on Grajski grič, arrived in Ptuj. It was the first harbin-n t ■ o sproščen kreativni potencial, tehnološke spremembe, ger of change that took place in Eastern Europe; an v populacijski pritiski in dominanten slog vojskovanja unleashed creative potential, technological changes, etov so bojevnike in mojstre ter njihove enakovredne spre- population pressures and the dominant style of war-u s mljevalke povzdignili v nove gospodarje vzhodne fare made warriors, master craftsmen and their equiv-išč Evrope, ki so v četrtem stoletju potrkali na vrata Egeje. alent female companions into the new masters of East-tič ern Europe, which in the fourth century knocked on a s Z zahoda, natančneje iz švicarskih delavnic izvira tudi n »the door« of the Aegean. fibula tipa Münsingen, ki bi lahko bila odkrita na Ptu- ju. Morda predstavlja najstarejši mozaični kamenček In the West, fibula of Münsingen-type, which might have razbitega mozaika keltske poselitve področja današ- been discovered in Ptuj, originated specifical y in Swiss njega mesta Ptuja. Prav tako izoliran podatek nam workshops. It could represent the oldest stone from a nudi odlomljena noga fibule s področja Turnirskega shattered mosaic of Celtic settlement in the territory of prostora. V ta kontekst pa bi verjetno lahko umestili today’s Ptuj. The broken-off leg of a fibula discovered in tudi reliefno okrašen obroček, ki ga je že leta 1909 pri the area of Turnirski proctor offers further isolated infor- izkopavanjih na Turnirskem prostoru odkril Viktor mation. We could most probably also place in this con-Skrabar. Nahajal se je v grobu številka 43 in ob objavi text the decorated ring which was discovered by Vik-je Paola Korošec opomnila, da gre za predmet »neslo- tor Skrabar in 1909 during his excavations in the area of vanskega izvora« (Korošec 1999, 15, T. 5, 7). Njegov reli- Turnirski prostor. It was located in grave number 43, and efno okras izdelav s tehniko globokega vreza kot tudi Paola Korošec noted in his publication that this item is motiv ponavljajočih se polovic meandra kaže posame- of »non-Slavic origin« (Korošec 1999, 15, T. 5, 7). It is em-zne slogovne podobnosti z okrasom Plastičnega sloga. bossed with the manufacturing technique of deep incisions as well as with the motif of repeated halves of me- Zanesljivejše podatke pa nam nudijo grobišča kot ander, demonstrating individual stylistic similarities with je bilo odkrito v Srednici. Kažejo, da so prvi nase-115 decoration in Plastic Style. n ljenci pripadali majhnim, najverjetneje poljedelskim sio skupnostim, ki so poseljevale redko poseljeno pokra- A cemetery discovered in Srednica could offer us more luc jino, na drugi strani pa nam zakladne najdbe orožja reliable data. It demonstrates that the first settlers be-n iz teh časov, kot so bile odkrite v Kobaridu v Posočju longed to smal , probably agricultural communities ■ co (Mlinar, Gerbec 2011) ter v Borče na Koroškem, kaže- that inhabited the sparsely populated countryside. On ekč jo, da so se v tem času skozi pokrajino gibale tudi dobro the other hand, the contemporary hoards of weapons uljk organizirane, močno oborožene in izjemno motivira- discovered in Kobarid, Posočje (Mil er, Gerbec 2011) za ne vojaške formacije. Rezultat verjetno takega poho- and Borče, Carinthia show that it was a period when da, ki je bil usmerjen proti etruščanskim centrom na wel -organized, strongly armed and highly motivated področju severne Italije, je najverjetneje tudi zakla- military formations were marching through the land-dna najdba čelad negovskega tipa odkrita v Ženjaku scape. It is likely that the hoard of Negova-type helmets pri Negovi. Glede na sestav najdb oziroma najmlajše discovered in Ženjak, Negova is a result of such a cam-kose, lahko domnevamo, da je bila odložena v 4. stole- paign, which was directed against Etruscan centers in tju (Teržan 2012). northern Italy. Depending on the finds’ composition and the youngest pieces, we can assume that it was de- Iz istega časa, natančneje zadnje četrtine 4. stoletja posited in the 4th century BC (Teržan 2012). pred našim štetjem, je tudi keramični skifos, ki naj bi izviral iz Starš na Dravskem polju ( Slika 41). Razlo- A ceramic skiphos from the same period, specifical y mljen ter popravljen kaže, da je bil intenzivno upo- the last quarter of the 4th century BC, was also discov-rabljen in vzdrževan kar je ena izmed temeljnih zna- ered in Starše on Dravsko polje ( Figure 41). Broken and čilnosti uvoženih predmetov. Glede na obliko ter repaired, it indicates that it was intensively used and standard okrasa ga lahko pripišemo keramiki srednje maintained, which is one of the fundamental char- Slika 41. Gnathijski skyphos iz Starš (hrani Pokrajinski muzej Maribor, po Kavur 2014). Figure 41. Gnathia skyphos from Starše (courtesy of Pokrajinski muzej Maribor, according to Kavur 2014). faze Gnathia tipa. Zaznamuje ga izredno kvaliteten acteristics of imported items. Due to its shape and premaz z značilnim načinom okraševanja z motivom standard decoration, it can be attributed to the medi-tako imenovanega jajčaste letvice ter gostih in debelih um phase of Gnathia-type pottery. It is characterized linij bele in rdeče barve pod njim. Natančneje ga lah- by an extremely high-quality coating and a distinctive ko pripišemo skupini Knudsen iz kanuzijskih delavnic decorative pattern having the motif of so-cal ed egg-Daunije iz zadnje četrtine 4. stoletja pred našim šte- shaped slats and dense, thick lines of white and red tjem (Green 2001, 62–63). Ta tip keramike je na vzhod- paint underneath. More specifical y, it can be attrib-ni jadranski obali zelo redek (Miše 2013, 104–105, karta uted to the Knudsen group of Canossian workshops 1), najdba iz Starš pa bi pomenila njegovo najsevernejše from Daunia from the last quarter of the 4th centu-117 odkritje. Obe izjemni najdbi, zakladna najdba iz Ne- ry BC (Green 2001, 62-63). This type of pottery is very n gove ter domnevno iz Starš izvirajoči skifos sta priči rare on the eastern Adriatic coast (Miše 2013, 104-105, sio nemirnega obdobja, ko je Podravje postalo vključe- Map 1), and the discovery from Starše would represent lucn no v svet vzhodnih Keltov, obdobja ko so prišleki, kot its northernmost discovery. Both exceptional discov-nam kažejo skromne najdbe na Turnirskem prostoru eries – the hoard from Negova and presumably from ■ coek zavzeli dominantne točke nekdanje poselitve ter svoje Starše originating skyphos – are representative of the ču mrtve, kot lahko vidimo v Srednici ter na drugih naj- turbulent period when the region around Drava be-ljk diščih (Bernhard 2012), pokopavali na prostorih nek- came included in the world of Eastern Celts, the peri-za danjih grobišč. od when newcomers, as shown by the modest findings on Turnirski prostor, settled on the dominant point Keltska grobišča, datirana v Lt B1 oziroma prvo polo- of the former settlement and buried their dead, as can vico 4. stoletja so se nahajala v Spodnji Avstriji, jugo- be seen in Srednica and other sites (Bernhard 2012) on zahodni Slovaški ter severni Transdanubiji. Kot verje- the territories of former cemeteries. tno najstarejši lahko izpostavimo najdišči Bécsidomb in Ménföcsanak. V četrtem stoletju, oziroma v času Celtic graves dated to Lt B1 and the first half of the 4th Lt B2, pa lahko sledimo premik populacij proti jugu century BC were located in Lower Austria, south-west-v Karpatski bazen ter dalje proti osrednjemu Balkanu ern Slovakia and northern Transdanubia. We can (Horváth 2005, 63; Szabó, Tankó 2006, 330). Del tega mention Bécsidomb and Ménföcsanak as probably procesa je tudi selitev proti Blatnemu jezeru (Szabó among the oldest regional sites. In the fourth century 1992, 21–22), ki pa se je, glede na sedanje poznavanje ar- or during Lt B2, one can fol ow the movement of pop-heoloških najdb, zaustavila na področju od današnje- ulations to the south, from the Carpathian basin and ga Gradca pa do vznožja Pohorja. Iz te začetne faze onwards towards the central Balkans (Horváth 2005, kolonizacije so poznani še skeletni pokopi, ki pred- 63; Szabó, Tankó 2006, 330). Migration towards Lake Slika 42. Razprostranjenost zgodnjelatenskih oblik mečev v regiji (po Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011). Figure 42. Distribution of Early La Tène forms of swords in the region (according to Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011). stavljajo najstarejše pokope – največ diskusije je pripa- Balaton (Szabó 1992, 21-22), which according to cur-dalo pokopma 63 in 111 z Beograjske Karaburme (To- rent knowledge of archaeological finds ended between dorović 1974, 56–57; Božič 1981, 322; Guštin 1992, 76), the area of today’s Graz and the foothil s of Pohorje, is sedaj pa podobo dopolnjujejo ženski pokopi iz Sredni- also part of this process. Recognized skeletal inhuma-ce ter pokopi iz Kapiteljske njive v Novem mestu (npr. tions are from this initial phase of colonization, repre-grob VII/37 – Križ, Stipančić, Škedelj Petrič 2009, 318, senting the oldest burials, the most discussed of which were burial numbers 63 and 111 in Belgrade’s Karabur-8.5.5, 320, 8.5.27). In če so nekoč mnogi avtorji videli za- ma (Todorović 1974, 56-57; Božič 1981, 322; Guštin 1992, četno keltsko poselitev osrednjega Balkana povezano 76), female burials in Srednica and in Kapiteljska njiva s pohodom Brennusa proti jugu v letih 280/279 pred 119 in Novo mesto (grave VII / 37 - Križ, Stipančić, Škedelj našim štetjem, je postalo jasno, da je bil vojaški pohod n Petrič 2009, 318, 8.5.5, 320, 8. 5.27). And, if many authors zgolj končni rezultat daljšega procesa v regiji, ki je že sio use them to il ustrate initial Celtic settlement in the lu kakih 50 let prej prisilil Avtarijate, da so skrili pod zaš- cn central Balkans associated with the southward march čito makedonskega kralja Kasandra (Guštin 1992, 71– of Brennus in 280/279 BC, it becomes clear that the ■ co 72; Lejars 1994, 60, Szabó 1995, 49–50; Megaw, Megaw, ek military expedition was the final result of a long pro- č Theodossiev, Torbov 2000, 40). u cess in the region, which approximately 50 years before ljk To pomeni, da se je proces priselitve na področju had already forced the Avtariati to hide under the pro-za tection of Macedonian King Cassander (Guštin 1992, vzhodne in jugovzhodne Slovenije, kjer se nahaja- 71-72; Lejars 1994, 60; Szabó 1995, 49-50; Megaw, Meg-jo Srednica ter Novo mesto, ki kažeta pojav pred- aw, Theodossiev, Torbov 2000, 40). metov izdelanih v starejšelatenskem slogu, skrat- ka materialne kulture prihajajočih Keltov, začel že This means that the process of immigration in eastern v četrtem stoletju, ko je področje današnje Štajer- and southeastern Slovenia, the territory where Sred-ske postalo integrirano v kulturno koiné vzhodnih nica and Novo mesto are located, explains the occur-Keltov (Szabó 1985, 65). Pomembno je izpostaviti, da rence of objects manufactured in Early La Tène style, meči tipa Hatvan-Boldog, »lečaste steklenice«, za- in short, the material culture of the coming Celts, pestnice iz prepletene žice z osmičko, jantarni ob- which started in the fourth century BC when the area ročki z bikoničnim presekom ter železne ovratnice of today’s Styria became integrated into the »cultural niso zgolj predmeti, ki priseljence povezujejo z ma- koiné« of the Eastern Celts (Szabó 1985, 65). It is impor-tičnimi kraji keltskih ekspanzij, opazujemo jih lahko tant to point out that the swords of Hatvan-Boldog-kot simbole – zadnji spomin potovanj, ki so se zače- type, »lenticular flasks«, bracelets of twisted wire with la nekoč davno prej. a loop, amber rings with a biconical cross-section, and Odkritja s področja vzhodne Slovenije so spremeni- iron col ars are not just objects that connect the immi-la tako regionalno kot tudi širšo kulturno zgodovino. grants to places of origin of Celtic expansion, but can Ko je pred skoraj dvema desetletjema Thomas Stöl - be viewed as symbols – the last memory of journeys ner objavil revizijo groba 102 iz Dürrnberga, se je zde- that started a long time ago. lo, da zgodnjelatenskih oblik mečev na prostoru juž- **** ne Avstrije in vzhodne Slovenije ni (Stöl ner 1998, 111). V desetletju, ki je sledilo, pa se je njihovo število, pred- Discoveries in the area of eastern Slovenia changed vsem oblik s predrtim okroglim ojačanim konični-120 both regional as well as broader cultural history. When kom dramatično povečalo – predvsem na račun novih Thomas Stöl ner published a revision analysis on grave s odkritij s področja Slovenije (Srednica, Novo mesto, ld number 102 from Dürrnberg nearly two decades ago, it r Orehova vas) ter avstrijske Štajerske (Graz-Laubgas- o seemed that Early La Tène sword forms were missing se, Lieboch in Kleinklein) ( Slika 42). Tako lahko danes f w in southern Austria and eastern Slovenia (Stöl ner 1998, na celotnem obravnavanem območju opazujemo bo- d o 111). In the decade that fol owed, their number, especial- a jevniške pokope katerih tehnologija izdelave in moti- ly those with open, circular, and reinforced chape-ends, ssro vika okraševanja orožja, kažeta povezave s prostorom increased dramatical y mainly due to new discover-ro okoli Blatnega jezera na eni ter prostorom okoli kole- e c ies on the territory of Slovenia (Srednica, Novo Mes- h na Donave na drugi strani. Hkrati pa lahko opazuje- to, Orehova vas) and Styria (Graz-Laubgasse, Lieboch n t mo tudi določene regionalne posebnosti, ki jih lahko and Kleinklein) ( ■ o Figure 42). We can, therefore, today razlagamo kot razvoj lokalnega likovnega izraza razvit v observe throughout the area warrior burials which, ac- po konsolidaciji poselitve. etov cording to manufacturing technology and motifs on u s Seveda imajo nova spoznanja širši vpliv – veliko se je their weapons, demonstrate connections to the territo-išč spremenilo v zadnjih štiridesetih letih raziskav. Ko je ry around Lake Balaton and the knee of the Danube tič leta 1977 Mitja Guštin objavil v Keltskih študijah svojo further away. We can simultaneously observe certain a sn Relativno kronologijo grobov Mokronoške skupine je lah- regional specificities that can be interpreted as the evo-ko v starejšelatensko obdobje uvrstil zgolj posame- lution of local artistic expressions developed fol owing zne najdbe ter najdbe iz starejšeželeznodobnih kon- the consolidation of occupation. tekstov, kar pa ni bilo zadosti, da bi lahko govoril o Of course, these new acknowledgements have a wid-priselitvi keltskih populacij na področje vzhodne Slo- er impact, considering a lot has changed in the last for-venije (Guštin 1977, 69–75). Desetletje kasneje je bila ty years of research. When Mitja Gustin published najstarejša faza latenskega obdobja v Sloveniji omeje- in Keltske študije his Relative Chronology of the Graves of na na manj kot 10 grobov s Pobrežja pri Mariboru in Kandije ter Kapiteljske njive v Novem mestu (Božič Mokronog Group paper in 1977, he was able to associate 1987, 869–872). Tudi v sledečem desetletju se situaci- only individual discoveries and finds from Early Iron ja ni spremenila (Božič 1999, 195–196). Do popolnega Age contexts to the Early La Tène period, which did preobrata pa je prišlo na začetku 21. stoletja, ko je za- not provide a sufficient basis to enable talk on the im- četni razstavi v Novem mestu sledil katalog z objavo migration of Celtic populations to the area of eastern 100, bolje ohranjenih, od 700 odkritih keltskih gro- Slovenia (Guštin 1977, 69-75). A decade later, the old-bov s Kapiteljske njive (Križ 2001; Križ 2005). Količina est phase of the La Tène period in Slovenia was limit-grobov iz stopnje Lt B2 se je tako povečala, da bi mor- ed to less than ten graves in Pobrežje near Maribor and da v prihodnosti lahko razmišljali o nadaljnji delitvi Kandija and Kapiteljska njiva in Novo Mesto (Božič 121 stopnje Mokronog I. V Novem mestu povezuje Borut 1987, 869-872). The situation did not change in the fol-n Križ začetek pokopavanja na Kapiteljski njivi s priho- lowing decade (Božič 1999, 195-196). A complete turn-sio dom Keltov, vendar pa domneva tudi, da velika količi- around occurred at the beginning of the 21st century, lucn na predmetov, ki bi jih lahko povezovali s staroselskim when an initial exhibition in Novo Mesto was fol owed prebivalstvom, kot tudi kontinuiteta pokopavanja na by the publication of a catalog of 100 – the better pre- ■ coek kraju kljub spremembi rituala pokopavanja, kažejo ve- served out of 700 – Celtic graves discovered in Kapitel- ču liko bolj kompleksno situacijo (Križ 2005, 35). jska njiva (Križ 2001; 2005). The amount of graves from ljk the Lt B2 level increased to such an extent that perhaps za V Srednici pa je bila odkrita drugačna situacija. V po- in the future we can think about a further division of kopih malega grobišča je bila odkrita zgolj keramika, stage Mokronog I. In Novo mesto, Borut Križ con-ki je za razliko od tiste iz Novega mesta, bila izdela- nects the beginning of burying on Kapiteljska njiva na na hitro vrtečem se lončarskem vretenu. Kot tudi v to the Celts’ arrival, but he also assumes that the large Novem mestu, so se prišleki pokopavali v gomilah sta- quantity of objects, which could be associated with the roselcev, pri čemer smo nekoč domnevali, da je med indigenous population as well as the continuity of bur-obema obdobjema pokopavanja preteklo veliko časa ials at the site despite changes in burial rituals, demon- (Lubšina Tušek, Kavur, 2009; 2011), absolutne dataci- strate a much more complex situation (Križ 2005, 35). je nekaterih uničenih pokopov in naselbinskih konte- kstov starejšeželeznodobne naselbine pa so pokazale, A different situation was discovered in Srednica. Un-da morda ni bilo tako. Zanesljivo pa je, da opazujemo like those of Novo Mesto, only ceramic finds made on grobišče majhne skupine priseljencev iz Transdanubi- a fast rotating potter’s wheel were discovered in bur-je, ki so ohranili svojo identiteto. Gre za grobišče prvih ials in Srednica’s small cemetery. As was the case in članov keltskih skupnosti, ki so prodrli v opustela ter Novo Mesto, the newcomers were buried in mounds redko poseljena področja vzhodne Slovenije, grobišče belonging to the indigenous population. We once as- skupine, ki je razumela znake v stari kulturni pokrajini sumed that a lot of time had passed between the two ter se odločila, da bo svoje umrle položila k počitku na burial periods (Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2009; 2011), but kraju, kjer se je začelo pokopavanje v daljni preteklosti. the absolute dating of some of the destroyed burials Številna manjša grobišča, ki jih je sestavljalo zgolj par and of the settlement contexts of the Early Iron Age grobov, kot tudi domnevno izolirani pokopi kažejo, settlement revealed that this was perhaps not the case. da so manjše skupnosti, ki so z vzhoda prodirale na to It is certain that we are observing the cemetery of a ozemlje, najprej zasedle strateško pomembne pozici- small group of immigrants from Transdanubia who 2 je (Megaw, Megaw 2012, 402, 404, Fig. 4), ter posledič- had preserved their identity. It is the burial place of the 12 no ponovno poselile iste pozicije v pokrajini, ki so bile first Celtic community members that had penetrated s poseljene že stoletja pred tem. Izvor teh majhnih sku- into desolated and sparsely populated areas of eastern ldr pin, ki so jih vodili mečenosci s svojimi spremljevalka- Slovenia. It is indeed a cemetery of a group that under-o mi, lahko prepoznamo iz njihove opreme ter nakita, stood the signs of the old cultural landscape and de-f w ki kaže najštevilčnejše povezave s centri južne Slova- cided to lay their dead to rest in a place where burials d oa ške in severne Madžarske na področju kolena Donave, had taken place in the distant past. Numerous smal ssro centri, ki so ustvarili materialno kulturo in identiteto cemeteries consisting of only a few graves as well as ro jasno zasidrano v tradiciji vzhodnih Keltov. the al egedly isolated burials indicate that the smal er e ch communities penetrating from the East into this ter- n t ritory initial y occupied strategical y important posi- ■ o tions (Megaw, Megaw 2012, 402, 404, Fig. 4) and, con- v sequently, resettled in territories that were populated etov centuries before. The origin of these small groups, led u s by sword bearers with their female attendants, is eas- išč ily recognizable from their equipment and jewelry, tič a s demonstrating numerous links to centers of south- n ern Slovakia and Hungary to the north of the knee of the Danube – centers that created the material culture and identity clearly anchored in the traditions of the Eastern Celts. Bibliografija Bibliography 123 ADAM. A. 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S. 2006, Una tomba di guerriero degli inizi del III secolo a.C. ad Albairate (MI), Milano, 209–217. Boris Kavur in Marija Lubšina Tušek Na stičišču svetov 1 On the Crossroad of Worlds Znanstvena monografija 1 Scientific Monograph Recenzenta 1 Reviewers ■ dr. Andrej Gaspari, dr. dr. h. c. Mitja Guštin Urednik knjige, oblikovanje in prelom 1 Edited by, graphic design and typesetting ■ dr. Jonatan Vinkler Fotografije 1 Photographs ■ dr. Martina Blečić Kavur, dr. Boris Kavur Kartografija 1 Cartography ■ dr. Martina Blečić Kavur Prevod 1 Translation ■ dr. Boris Kavur Lektura 1 Proof reading ■ Jerica Kavur , mr. Luder Tavit Sahagian Glavni urednik 1 Editor in chief ■ dr. Jonatan Vinkler Vodja založbe 1 Managing editor ■ Alen Ježovnik Izdala 1 Published by ■ University of Primorska, University of Primorska Press, Titov trg 4, 6000 Koper isbn 978-961-6963-10-7 (pdf) www.hippocampus.si/isbn/978-961-6963-10-7.pdf isbn 978-961-6963-11-4 (html) www.hippocampus.si/isbn/978-961-6963-11-4/index.html © 2016 Založba Univerze na Primorskem This publication was financial y supported by the European commission with the Culture program. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 903(497.4Ptuj)(0.034.2) KAVUR, Boris Na stičišču svetov [Elektronski vir] : [znanstvena monografija] = On the crossroad of worlds : [scientific monograph] / Boris Kavur in Marija Lubšina Tušek ; [prevod Boris Kavur ; fotografije Martina Blečić Kavur, Boris Kavur ; kartografija Martina Blečić Kavur]. - El. knjiga. - Koper : University of Primorska Press, 2016 Način dostopa (URL): http://www.hippocampus.si/isbn/978-961-6963-10-7.pdf Način dostopa (URL): http://www.hippocampus.si/isbn/978-961-6963-11-4/index.html ISBN 978-961-6963-10-7 (pdf) ISBN 978-961-6963-11-4 (html) 1. Lubšina Tušek, Marija 276984320 Založba Univerze na Primorskem www.hippocampus.si 978-961-6963-10-7 Document Outline Kavur, Boris, Marija Lubšina Tušek, 2016. Na stičišču svetov | On the Crossroad of Worlds. Koper: Založba Univerze na Primorskem | University of Primorska Press (naslovnica | Front Cover) Kavur, Boris, Marija Lubšina Tušek, 2016. Na stičišču svetov | On the Crossroad of Worlds. Koper: Založba Univerze na Primorskem | University of Primorska Press (naslovna stran | Title Page) Vsebina | Contents »Desetletje je dolgo obdobje v arheologiji!« | »Ten Years is a Long Time in Archaeology!« Stoletje in pol odkrivanj sledi Keltov na Ptuju in v njegovi okolici | A Century and Half of Discovering Celtic Traces in Ptuj and Its Vicinity Naselbina na robu starega sveta | The Settlement on the Edge of the Old World Zadnji stiki z zahodom | Last Contacts with the West Dama z vzhoda | The Lady from the East Skromna ženska | The Modest Woman Druga dama | Another Lady Mečenosec | The Sword Bearer Zaključek | Conclusion Bibliografija | Bibliography Kolofon | Colophone