Scientific paper
Synthesis and Antimycobacterial Activity of Various
1-(8-Quinolinyloxy)-3-piperazinyl(piperidinyl)-5-(4-cyano-3-trifluoromethylphenylamino)-s -triazines
Rahul V. Patel,1* Premlata Kumari,1 Dhanji P. Rajani,2 and Kishor H. Chikhalia3
1 Department of Applied Chemistry, S. V. National Institute of Technology, Surat 395 007, Gujarat, India
2 Microcare Laboratory, Surat 395 001, Gujarat, India
3 Department of chemistry, School of Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad 380 009, Gujarat, India
* Corresponding author: E-mail: rahul.svnit11@gmail.com, Tel: +91-9712755525
Received: 12-04-2011
Abstract
This study presents the synthesis of novel 1-(8-quinolinyloxy)-3-piperazinyl(piperidinyl)-5-(4-cyano-3-trifluoro-methylphenyl amino)-s-triazines. The synthetic route to final piperazinyl s-triazines consists of two nucleophilic substitution reactions of 4-amino-2-trifluoromethylbenzonitrile and 8-hydroxyquinoline with 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine resulting in 2,4-disubstituted-6-chloro-1,3,5-triazine derivatives to introduce the piperazinyl or piperidinyl functionality. The structures of the compounds were elucidated with the aid of IR, NMR, 19F NMR, mass spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The title compounds were then investigated for their in vitro antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain by using BACTEC MGIT and Lowenstein-Jensen MIC method. Compound 4-[4-(3,5-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)-6-(quinolin-8-yloxy)-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylamino]-2-trifluoromethylbenzonitrile (5n) was the most potent one among the tested compounds. It was as potent as ethambutol to inhibit M. tuberculosis H37Rv completely (99%) at the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 3.12 |g/mL. Compounds 5p, 5s and 5u have shown equal potency to that of pyrazinamide at the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 6.25 mg/mL to inhibit (99%) M. tuberculosis H37Rv.
Keywords: 2,4,6-Trichloro-1,3,5-triazine, 8-hydroxyquinoline, 4-amino-2-trifluoromethylbenzonitrile, piperazine, an-timycobacterial activity.
1. Introduction
With an estimated 2 million deaths each year due to the quiescent form of mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, many of the currently available antimycobacte-rial drugs have become ineffective, by the imminent exigency of multidrug-resistancy (MDR).1-3 The WHO has estimated that, according to the "stop TB" partnership's global plan to stop TB, 2006-2015, 1.3 million MDR-TB cases will need to be treated in the 27 high MDR-TB burden countries between 2010 and 2015. Almost 50% of MDR-TB cases worldwide are estimated to occur in China and India. In 2008, there were an estimated
8.9-9.9 million incident cases of TB, 9.6-13.3 million prevalent cases of TB, 1.1-1.7 million deaths from TB among HIV-negative people and an additional 0.450.62 million TB deaths among HIV-positive people (classified as HIV deaths in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases), with best estimates of 9.4 million, 11.1 million, 1.3 million and 0.52 million, respectively.4 This clearly underscores the need of developing novel biologically active agents for more effective tuberculosis treatment. Owing to the continual emergence of MDR to clinically available drugs, evolution of new drugs that specifically target the quiescent bacilli may have a thoughtful impact on the treatment of TB in shorter time.
As a part of our continuous efforts towards the development of new and efficient biologically active s-tria-zinyl agents,5-8 we have synthesized some novel 1-(8-qui-nolinyloxy)-3-piperazinyl(piperidinyl)-5-(4-cyano-3-trif-luoromethylphenyl amino)-s-triazines. The advent of 1,3,5-triazines, associated with diverse biological activities such as antimicrobial,9,10 antiprotozoal,11 anticancer,12 antimalarial13 and antiviral14 activity, accelerated the rate of progress of 1,3,5-triazine derivatives. In addition, hete-rocyclic scaffolds containing ring nitrogen atoms are well known to contribute to good antimicrobial activity.15,16 Likewise, 4-amino-2-trifluoromethylbenzonitrile is also a useful pharmacophore found in the anticancer drug bica-lutamide as a structural unit.17 Fluorine has played a pivotal role in novel drug discovery for modulating physical and biological properties of the molecules. Due to its higher electronegativity, incorporation of fluorine atom(s) within the molecule can enhance their biopotency, bioa-vailability, metabolic stability and lipophilicity. Trifluoro-methylation is one of the most significant strategies to improve pharmacological activities of the molecule due to its high lipophilicity, thereby enhancing in vivo uptake and transport of the candidate;18 therefore, we are interested to have 4-amino-2-trifluoromethylbenzonitrile substitution to the s-triazine core. A literature survey revealed that pi-perazines and substituted piperazines are an important family of heterocyclic compounds attracting significant interest in medicinal chemistry.19-22 Recently several s-tria-zine derivatives bearing morpholine, piperidine and some piperazine moieties were reported to possess potent an-timycobacterial activity.23 The favorable antimycobacte-rial properties of 8-hydroxyquinoline prompted us to combine this structural component with the s-triazine nucleus.24-27 Moreover, piperazine-quinoline combination is often found in many well known antibacterial drugs, like ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin etc. After this initial literature survey, it was observed that till now enough efforts have not been invested in the combination of these three moieties into a single scaffold and into identification of new candidates that may be useful in designing new, potent, selective and less toxic antimycobacterial agents. This approach of merging such pharmacophores may achieve the important medical accomplishment of minimizing the probability of resistance formation.
2. Experimental Section
2. 1. Materials
2,4,6-Trichloro-1,3,5-triazine and 8-hydroxyquino-line were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Chemicals Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India. 4-Amino-2-trifluoromethylbenzoni-trile was a gift from Ramdev Chemicals Pvt. Ltd., Boisar, India. Acetone, tetrahydrofuran and 1,4-dioxane of HPLC grade were purchased from Rankem, Surat, India. The TLC plates (silica gel 60 F254) were obtained from
Merck, Germany. Substituted piperazine derivatives were gifts from Dr. Prem's Molecules Pvt. Ltd., Vadodara, India, Modepro India Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India, Trichem Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India, Siddharth Interchem Pvt. Ltd., Ankleshwar, India and Mahrshee Laboratories, Bharuch, India, Trichem Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India.
2. 2. Methods
Melting points were determined in open capillaries on a Veego electronic apparatus VMP-D (Veego Instrument Corporation, Mumbai, India) and are uncorrected. IR spectra (4000-400 cm-1) of synthesized compounds were recorded on a Shimadzu 8400-S FT-IR spectrophotometer (Shimadzu India Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India) using KBr pellets. Thin layer chromatography was performed on object glass slides (2 x 7.5 cm) coated with silica gel-G and spots were visualized under UV irradiation. 1H NMR spectra were recorded on a Varian 400 MHz model spectrometer (Varian India Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India) using DMSO as a solvent and TMS as internal standard with 1H resonant frequency of 400 MHz. 19F NMR spectra were obtained on the same spectrometer using CDCl3 as a solvent and CFCl3 as an external standard, positive for downfield shift with 19F resonant frequency of 400 MHz. The 1H NMR and 19F NMR chemical shifts were reported as parts per million (ppm) downfield from TMS (Me4Si) and CFCl3 and were performed at centre for excellence, Vapi, India. The splitting patterns are designated as follows; s, singlet; br s, broad singlet; d, doublet; m, multiplet. The mass spectra were recorded on Jeol SX-102 (EI) model and were performed at CDRI, Lucknow. Elemental analyses (C, H, N) were performed using a Heraeus Carlo Erba 1180 CHN analyzer (Hanau, Germany).
2. 3. Synthesis
4-[4,6-Dichloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylamino]-2-trifluoro-methylbenzonitrile (1).
To a stirred solution of 2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine (10 g, 54 mmol) in anhydrous THF (150 mL) 4-amino-2-trifluoromethylbenzonitrile (10.09 g, 54 mmol) was drop wise added at 0-5 °C. The resulting reaction mixture was stirred at this temperature for 2 h. Then triethylamine (5.48 g, 54 mmol) was added and stirring was continued for another 5 h. The reaction mixture was then treated with crushed ice, followed by neutralization with dilute HCl, and filtered, dried, and recrystallized from acetone to afford 1. Yield: 90%; mp 259.5 °C dec. IR (KBr) v 2223
(CN) cm-1.
4-[4-Chloro-6-(quinoline-8-yloxy)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yla-mino]-2-trifluoromethylbenzonitrile (3).
To a stirred solution of 8-hydroxyquinoline (8 g, 55 mmol) in anhydrous THF (150 mL) 60% NaH (1.32 g, 55 mmol) was added at room temperature during 1 h and 1
(18.41 g, 55 mmol) was then added to the mixture. Stirring was continued for another 16 h at 45 °C. Progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC using toluene:acetone (95:5 v/v) as eluent. The mixture was treated with crushed ice, filtered and dried to afford 3.28,29 Yield: 82%; mp 267.7 °C dec. IR (KBr) v 2223 (CN), 1255 (C-O-C) cm-1.
2. 3. 1. General Procedure for Preparation of
Compounds 5a-u
To a solution of 3 (10 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (30 mL), the respective substituted piperazine derivative (10 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was refluxed for 8-16 h. Potassium carbonate (10 mmol) was used for neutralization of the reaction mixture. Progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC using toluene:acetone (98:2 v/v) as eluent. The mixture was then treated with crushed ice and neutralized by dilute HCl. The precipitate thus obtained was filtered off, dried and recrystallized from THF to afford the desired compounds 5a-u.
Where, 4a-u, R = piperazine and piperidine derivatives
4-[4-(4-Methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(quinolin-8-yloxy)-1, 3,5-triazin-2-ylamino]-2-trifluoromethylbenzonitrile (5a). Yield: 78%; mp 273-275 °C; IR (KBr) v 3290 (NH), 2221 (CN), 1255 (C-O-C), 814 (s-triazine C-N str.) cm1; 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 8.84 (s, 1H, NH),
7.55-7.62	(m, 3H, quinoline), 7.15-7.45 (m, 6H, Ar-H), 3.84 (br s, 8H, piperazine), 2.40 (s, 3H, CH3). EMI-MS (m/z): 507.63 (M+). Anal. Calcd for C25H21F3N8O (506.48 g mol-1): C, 59.28; H, 4.18; N, 22.12. Found: C, 59.27; H, 4.19; N, 22.10.
4-[4-(4-Ethylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(quinolin-8-yloxy)-1,3,
5-triazin-2-ylamino]-2-trifluoromethylbenzonitrile (5b). Yield: 83%; mp 247-248 °C; IR (KBr) v 3288 (NH), 2223 (CN), 1255 (C-O-C), 811 (s-triazine C-N str.) cm1; 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 8.85 (s, 1H, NH),
7.56-7.63	(m, 3H, quinoline), 7.622-7.54 (m, 6H, Ar-H), 3.82 (br s, 8H, piperazine), 2.40 (q, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H, CH2), 2.13 (t, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H, CH3). EMI-MS (m/z): 521.93 (M+). Anal. Calcd for C26H23F3N8O (520.51 g mol-1): C, 59.99; H, 4.45; N, 21.53. Found: C, 59.97; H, 4.44; N, 21.53.
CI
N N
CI
A
N
+ Ci
CN
CFi
THF
CI
EfaN
CI
N N
A A
N

NHi
2,4,6-Trichloro- 4-Ainino-2-trifhioromethyl-1,3,5-triazine	benzonitrile
4a-u
i,4-Dioxane
K2CO,
5a-u
Scheme 1 Synthesis of compounds 5a-u
4-[4-[4-(3-Chlorophenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-6-(quinolin-8-yloxy)-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylamino]-2-trifluoromethyl-benzonitrile (5c). Yield: 79%; mp 262-264 °C; IR (KBr) v 3304 (NH), 2220 (CN), 1257 (C-O-C), 813 (s-triazine C-N str.), 754 (C-Cl) cm-1; 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 8.86 (s, 1H, NH), 7.71-7.78 (m, 3H, quinoline), 7.13-7.40 (m, 10H, Ar-H), 3.85 (br s, 8H, piperazine). EMI-MS (m/z): 604.16 (M+). Anal. Calcd for C30H22 ClF3N8O (603.00 g mol-1): C, 59.76; H, 3.68; N, 18.58. Found: C, 59.75; H, 3.66; N, 18.59.
4-[4-[4-(2,3-Dichlorophenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-6-(quino-lin-8-yloxy)-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylamino]-2-trifluoro-methylbenzonitrile (5d). Yield: 71%; mp >300 °C; IR (KBr) v 3278 (NH), 2221 (CN), 1255 (C-O-C), 806 (s-triazine C-N str.), 754 (C-Cl) cm-1; 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 8.86 (s, 1H, NH), 7.53-7.59 (m, 3H, quinoli-
ne), 7.23-7.45 (m, 9H, Ar-H), 3.83 (br s, 8H, piperazine). EMI-MS (m/z): 638.73 (M+). Anal. Calcd for C30H21Cl2F3N8O (637.44 g mol-1): C, 56.53; H 3.32; N, 173.58. Found: C, 56.51; H, 3.31; N, 17.57.
4-[4-Piperidin-1-yl-6-(quinolin-8-yloxy)-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylamino]-2-trifluoromethylbenzonitrile (5e). Yield: 80%; mp 288-289 °C; IR (KBr) v 3289 (NH), 2224 (CN), 1256 (C-O-C), 817 (s-triazine C-N str.) cm1; 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 8.87 (s, 1H, NH), 7.64-7.69 (m, 3H, quinoline), 7.22-7.39 (m, 6H, Ar-H), 3.91 (t, J = 4.7 Hz, 4H, piperidine), 3.70 (t, J = 5.9 Hz, 6H, piperidine). EMI-MS (m/z): 492.30 (M+). Anal. Calcd for C25H20F3N7O (491.47 g mol-1): C, 61.10; H, 4.10; N, 19.95. Found: C, 61.11; H, 4.09; N, 19.93.
4-[4-Morpholin-4-yl-6-(quinolin-8-yloxy)-1,3,5-tria-
zin-2-ylamino]-2-trifluoromethylbenzonitrile (5f).
Yield: 90%; mp 275-276 °C; IR (KBr) v 3282 (NH), 2221 (CN), 1375 (morpholine C-O-C str.), 1258 (C-O-C), 812 (s-triazine C-N str.) cm1; 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 8.84 (s, 1H, NH), 7.56-7.62 (m, 3H, quinoline), 7.15-7.45 (m, 6H, Ar-H), 3.83 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 4H, morpholine), 3.85 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 4H, morpholine). EMI-MS (m/z): 494.69 (M+). Anal. Calcd for C24H18F3N7O2 (493.44 g mol-1): C, 58.42; H, 3.68; N, 19.87. Found: C, 58.40; H, 3.69; N, 19.85.
4-[4-(4-Phenylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(quinolm-8-yloxy)-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylamino]-2-trifluoromethylbenzonitrile (5g). Yield: 81%; mp 256-259 °C; IR (KBr) v 3290 (NH), 2225 (CN), 1256 (C-O-C), 815 (s-triazine C-N str.) cm1; 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 8.82 (s, 1H, NH), 7.57-7.60 (m, 3H, quinoline), 7.09-7.39 (m, 11H, Ar-H), 3.89 (br s, 8H, piperazine). EMI-MS (m/z): 569.77 (M+). Anal. Calcd for C30H23F3N8O (568.55 g mol-1): C, 63.38;
H,	4.08; N, 19.71. Found: C, 63.38; H, 4.06; N, 19.70.
4-[4-(4-Acetylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(quinolin-8-yloxy)-1,3,
5-triazin-2-ylamino]-2-trifluoromethylbenzonitrile (5h). Yield: 84%; mp 238-240 °C; IR (KBr) v 3296 (NH), 2223 (CN), 1700 (C=O), 1475 (CH3), 1255 (C-O-C), 819 (s-triazine C-N str.) cm1; 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 8.80 (s, 1H, NH), 7.60-7.66 (m, 3H, quinoline), 7J3-7.30 (m, 6H, Ar-H), 3.85 (br s, 8H, piperazine), 2.39 (s, 3H, CH3). EMI-MS (m/z): 535.60 (M+). Anal. Calcd for C26H21F3N8O2 (534.49 g mol-1): C, 58.43; H, 3.96; N, 20.96. Found: C, 58.41; H, 3.95; N, 20.95.
4-[4-(4-Isopropylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(quinolin-8-yloxy)-
I,3,5-triazin-2-ylamino]-2-	trifluoromethylbenzonitri-le (5i). Yield: 67%; mp 287-288 °C; IR (KBr) v 3293 (NH), 2222 (CN), 1380 (isopropyl), 1257 (C-O-C), 819 (s-triazine C-N str.) cm1; 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 8.83 (s, 1H, NH), 7.67-7.70 (m, 3H, quinoline), 7J2-7.42 (m, 6H, Ar-H), 3.79 (br s, 8H, piperazine), 2.44 (q, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H, CH), 2.40 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 6H, CH3). EMI-MS (m/z): 535.89 (M+). Anal. Calcd for C27H25F3N8O (534.54 g mol-1): C, 60.67; H, 4.71; N, 20.96. Found: C, 60.68; H, 4.69; N, 20.96.
4-[4-(4-Pyridin-2-ylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(quinolin-8-yloxy)-1,3,5-triazm-2-ylamino]-2-trifluoromethylben-zonitrile (5j). Yield: 80%; mp 291-292 °C; IR (KBr) v 3299 (NH), 2223 (CN), 1256 (C-O-C), 806 (s-triazine C-N str.) cm-1; 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 8.84 (s, 1H, NH), 7.60-7.64 (m, 4H, 3H of quinoline and 1H of pyridyl), 7.19-7.35 (m, 9H, Ar-H), 3.84 (br s, 8H, piperazine). EMI-MS (m/z): 570.47 (M+). Anal. Calcd for C29H22F3N9O (569.54 g mol-1): C, 61.16; H, 3.89; N, 222.13. Found: C, 61.17; H, 3.89; N, 22.15.
4-[4-(4-Pyrimidin-2-ylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(quinolin-8-
yloxy)-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylamino]-2-trifluoromethylben-zonitrile (5k). Yield: 85%; mp 283-284 °C; IR (KBr) v 3284 (NH), 2218 (CN), 1255 (C-O-C), 806 (s-triazine C-N str.) cm-1; 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 8.90 (s, 1H, NH), 7.98-8.05 (m, 5H, 3H of quinoline and 2H of pyrimidyl), 7.27-7.35 (m, 7H, Ar-H), 3.84 (br s, 8H, piperazine). EMI-MS (m/z): 571.55 (M+). Anal. Calcd for C28H21F3N10O (570.53 g mol-1): C, 58.95; H, 3.71; N, 24.55. Found: C, 58.93; H, 3.70; N, 24.56.
4-[4-(4-Benzylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(quinolin-8-yloxy)-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylamino]-2-trifluoromethylbenzonitrile (5l). Yield: 69%; mp 268-270 °C; IR (KBr) v 3283 (NH),
2221	(CN), 1255 (C-O-C), 806 (s-triazine C-N str.) cm1; 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 8.86 (s, 1H, NH), 7.69-7.71 (m, 3H, quinoline), 7.24-7.52 (m, 11H, Ar-H), 3.85 (br s, 8H, piperazine), 2.40 (s, 2H, CH2). EMI-MS (m/z): 583.78 (M+). Anal. Calcd for C31H25F3N8O (582.58 g mol-1): C, 63.91; H, 4.33; N, 19.23. Found: C, 63.88; H, 4.39; N, 19.17.
4-[4-(4-Benzylpiperidin-1-yl)-6-(quinolin-8-yloxy)-1,3,
5-triazin-2-ylamino]-2-trifluoromethylbenzonitrile (5m). Yield: 72%; mp 287 °C; IR (KBr) v 3275 (NH),
2222	(CN), 1257 (C-O-C), 816 (s-triazine C-N str.) cm1; 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 8.83 (s, 1H, NH), 7.97-8.03 (m, 3H, quinoline), 7.22-7.34 (m, 11H, Ar-H), 3.85 (t, J = 6.7 Hz, 4H, piperidine), 3.49 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 4H, piperidine), 2.44 (s, 2H, CH2), 1.91 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H, CH, piperidine). EMI-MS (m/z): 582.41 (M+). Anal. Calcd for C32H26F3N7O (581.59 g mol-1): C, 66.08; H, 4.51; N, 16.86. Found: C, 66.02; H, 4.48; N, 16.89.
4-[4-(3,5-Dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)-6-(quinolin-8-yloxy)-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylamino]-2-trifluoromethylben-zonitrile (5n). Yield: 81%; mp 289-291 °C; IR (KBr) v 3288 (NH), 2225 (CN), 1257 (C-O-C), 808 (s-triazine C-N str.) cm-1; 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 8.87 (s, 1H, NH), 7.99-8.04 (m, 3H, quinoline), 7.21-7.57 (m, 6H, Ar-H), 3.80-3.86 (m, 4H, piperidine), 2.30 (br s, 2H, CH2, piperidine), 1.88 (q, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H, piperidine), 1.29 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 6H, 2 x CH3). EMI-MS (m/z): 520.87 (M+). Anal. Calcd for C27H24F3N7O (519.52 g mol-1): C, 62.42; H, 4.66; N, 18.87. Found: C, 62.46; H, 4.63; N, 18.85.
4-[4-(4-Benzhydrylpiperazin-1-yl)-6-(quinolin-8-yloxy)-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylamino]-2-trifluoromethylben-zonitrile (5o). Yield: 74%; mp 277-278 °C; IR (KBr) v 3290 (NH), 2224 (CN), 1256 (C-O-C), 811 (s-triazine C-N str.) cm-1; 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 8.85 (s, 1H, NH), 7.59-7.65 (m, 3H, quinoline), 7.21-7.44 (m, 16H, Ar-H), 3.75 (br s, 8H, piperazine), 2.29 (s, 1H, CH). EMI-MS (m/z): 659.51 (M+). Anal. Calcd for C37H29F3N8O (658.67 g mol-1): C, 67.47; H, 4.44; N, 17.01. Found: C, 67.45; H, 4.48; N, 17.05.
4-[4-{4-[(4-Chlorophenyl)-phenylmethyl]-piperazin-1-yl}-6-(quinolin-8-yloxy)-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylamino]-2-trifluoromethylbenzonitrile (5p). Yield: 76%; mp 269-271 °C; IR (KBr) v 3294 (NH), 2223 (CN), 1257 (C-O-C), 811 (s-triazine C-N str.) cm1; 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d^ 5 8.82 (s, 1H, NH), 7.82-7.89 (m, 3H, quinoline), 7.11-7.71 (m, 15H, Ar-H), 3.84 (br s, 8H, pi-perazine), 2.41 (s, 1H, CH). EMI-MS (m/z): 694.37 (M+). Anal. Calcd for C37H28ClF3N8O (693.12 g mol-1): C, 64.12; H, 4.07; N, 16.17. Found: C, 64.15; H, 4.03; N, 16.21.
4-[4-[4-(2-Fluorophenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-6-(quinolin-8-yloxy)-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylamino]-2-trifluoromethyl-benzonitrile (5q). Yield: 77%; mp 275-277 °C; IR (KBr) v 3292 (NH), 2224 (CN), 1255 (C-O-C), 814 (s-triazine C-N str.) cm-1; 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d^ 5 8.87 (s, 1H, NH), 7.77-7.80 (m, 3H, quinoline), 7.17-7.44 (m, 10H, Ar-H), 3.83 (br s, 8H, piperazine). 19F NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 5 -122.2 (s, 1F, CF). EMI-MS (m/z): 587.69 (M+). Anal. Calcd for C30H22F4N8O (586.54 g mol-1): C, 61.43; H, 3.78; N, 19.10. Found: C, 61.41; H, 3.72; N, 19.06.
4-[4-[4-(4-Fluorophenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-6-(quinolin-8-yloxy)-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylamino]-2-trifluoromethyl-benzonitrile (5r). Yield: 75%; mp 292-293 °C; IR (KBr) v 3290 (NH), 2221 (CN), 1255 (C-O-C), 812 (s-triazine C-N str.) cm-1; 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d^ 5 8.86 (s, 1H, NH), 7.82-7.92 (m, 3H, quinoline), 7.09-7.39 (m, 10H, Ar-H), 3.80 (br s, 8H, piperazine). 19F NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 5 -117.4 (s, 1F, CF). EMI-MS (m/z): 587.39 (M+) Anal. Calcd for C30H22F4N8O (586.54 g mol-1): C, 61.43; H, 3.78; N, 19.10. Found: C, 61.45; H, 3.75; N, 19.08.
4-{4-(Quinolin-8-yloxy)-6-[4-(3-trifluoromethylp-henyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylamino}-2-trif-luoromethylbenzonitrile (5s). Yield: 60%; mp >300 °C; IR (KBr) v 3286 (NH), 2220 (CN), 1255 (C-O-C), 812 (s-triazine C-N str.) cm1; 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 8.79 (s, 1H, NH), 7.83-7.88 (m, 3H, quinoline), 7.11-7.67 (m, 10H, Ar-H), 3.76 (br s, 8H, piperazine). 19F NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 5 -62.8, -63.5 (s, 6F, 2 x CF3). EMI-MS (m/z): 637.64 (M+). Anal. Calcd for C31H22F6N8O (636.55 g mol-1): C, 58.49; H, 3.48; N, 17.60. Found: C, 58.53; H, 3.44; N, 17.57.
4-{4-(Quinolin-8-yloxy)-6-[4-(2,3,4-trimethoxy-benzyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylamino}-2-tri-fluoromethylbenzonitrile (5t). Yield: 85%; mp 281-282 °C; IR (KBr) v 3297 (NH), 2223 (CN), 1475 (CH2), 1257 (C-O-C), 810 (s-triazine C-N str.) cm1; 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 8.82 (s, 1H, NH), 7.69-7.72 (m, 3H, quinoline), 7.11-7.73 (m, 10H, Ar-H), 3.88 (br s, 8H, piperazine), 2.56 (s, 9H, OCH3). EMI-MS (m/z): 673.62
(M+). Anal. Calcd for C34H31F3N8O4 (672.66 g mol-1): C, 60.71; H, 4.65; N, 16.6(5. Found: C, 60.68; H, 4.67; N, 16.69.
4-[4-[4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-6-(quinolin -8-yloxy)-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylamino]-2-trifluoromethyl-benzonitrile (5u). Yield: 88%; mp 270-272 °C; IR (KBr) v 3290 (NH), 2218 (CN), 1255 (C-O-C), 814 (s-triazine C-N str.) cm-1; 1H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) 5 8.87 (s, 1H, NH), 7.81-7.90 (m, 3H, quinoline), 7.17-7.47 (m, 10H, Ar-H), 3.81 (br s, 8H, piperazine), 2.45 (s, 3H, OCH3). EMI-MS (m/z): 599.67 (M+). Anal. Calcd for C31H25F3N8O2 (598.58 g mol-1): C, 62.20; H, 4.21; N, 1872. Found: C, 62.22; H, 4.19; N, 18.67.
2. 4. In vitro Evaluation
of Antimycobacterial Activity
The preliminary antimycobacterial assessment for the final synthesized compounds was carried out using BACTEC MGIT method. The Mycobacterial Growth Indicator Tubes (MGIT) containing 4 mL of modified Middlebrook 7H9 Broth Base were numbered as per the title compounds to be tested for antimycobacterial efficacy by means of various concentrations prepared. The suspension was allowed to stand for 20 min and the tubes were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 min. After that, prepared suspension of 104 to 107 CFU/mL of H37 RV M. tuberculosis strain was added in the medium to be incubated and 0.1 mL of egg-based medium (L. J.) was also added. The MGIT tubes were then tightly recapped, mixed well and incubated in the BACTEC MGIT instrument at 37 °C until positivity is observed. The readings were measured daily starting from the second day of incubation. Positive cultures were usually detected within 10 days. For reading the actual results the MGIT tubes were removed from incubator and placed on the UV light next to a positive control tube and an uninoculated tube (negative control). Bright fluorescence detected by the corresponding MGIT tube was noticed in the form of bright orange color in the bottom of the tube and also an orange reflection on the meniscus.30 The primary screening was conducted at concentration of 6.25 |ag/mL against M. tuberculosis H37 Rv in BACTEC MGIT system. Compounds demonstrating 99% inhibition in the primary screen were described as most potent compounds. All the other compounds to be tested were re-examined for their actual MIC by using Lo-wenstein-Jensen MIC method. The MIC was defined as the lowest concentration inhibiting 99% of the inoculum. Compounds displaying 99% inhibition in the primary screen (MIC, 6.25 ^g/mL) were not further evaluated.
The secondary antimycobacterial screening for test compounds was obtained for M. tuberculosis H37 Rv, by using L. J. (Lowenstein and Jensen) MIC method31,32 for the measurement of MIC, and is defined as the lowest concentration of drug, which inhibits > 99% of bacterial
population present at the beginning of the assay. Stock solutions of primary 1000, 500, 250, and secondary 200, 100, 62.5, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25, 3.12, 1.56 ^g/mL dilutions of each test compound in DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) were added in the liquid L. J. medium and then media were sterilized by inspissation method. A culture of M. tuberculosis H37 Rv growing on L. J. medium was harvested in 0.85% saline in bijou bottles. These tubes were then incubated at 37 °C for 24 h followed by streaking of M. tuberculosis H37 Rv (5 x 104 bacilli per tube). These tubes were then incubated at 37 °C. Growth of bacilli was seen after 12 days, 22 days and finally 28 days of incubation. Tubes having the compounds were compared with control tubes where medium alone was incubated with M. tuberculosis H37 Rv. The concentration at which no development of colonies occurred or <20 colonies was taken as MIC concentration of test compound. The standard strain M. tuberculosis H37Rv was tested with known drugs rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol and pyrazinamide.
3. Results and Discussion
3. 1. Chemistry
Synthesis of intermediates and target compounds was accomplished according to the steps illustrated in Scheme 1. The first step comprises formation of intermediate 1 in good yield by the nucleophilic displacement of one chlorine atom of s-triazine ring by 4-amino-2-trifluo-romethylbenzonitrile. The synthesis of disubstituted s-triazine intermediate 3 was achieved in 81% yield by the reaction between 4-(4,6-dichloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-ylami-no)-2-trifluoromethylbenzonitrile (1) and 8-hydroxyqui-noline in the presence of 60% NaH at 45-50 °C. Subsequent coupling of the so formed compound with the desired piperazines and piperidines under basic conditions in 1,4-dioxane at 70-80 °C formed the corresponding 1-(8-quinolinyloxy)-3-piperazinyl(piperidinyl)-5-(4-cyano-3-trifluoromethylphenylamino)-s-triazines. This reaction proceeded in good yields and is general for different substituted piperazines and piperidines. A C3N3 stretching in the s-triazine ring was observed at 806-820 cm1. Compound 1 displayed an absorption band at 2218-2225 cm-1 confirming the presence of a cyano group, and a strong band near 3250-3297 cm-1 due to the presence of an NH group. Moreover, a characteristic band appeared at 1255 cm-1 corresponding to the C-O-C linkage, while disappearance of the OH peak at 3610 cm-1, belonging to the 8-hydroxyquinoline, indicated the formation of intermediate 3. Absence of a C-Cl stretching band at 700-760 cm-1 confirmed the formation of the final products by the condensation of piperazines to s-triazine ring as all the chlorine atoms of s-triazine ring were substituted by 4-amino-2-trifluoromethylbenzonitrile, 8-hydroxyquinoline and pi-perazines or piperidines. The synthesis of 5a-u was confirmed on the basis of NMR spectra. The piperazine pro-
ton gave a signal at 3.75-3.88 ppm, the NH group at 8.80-8.87 ppm, the proton of the quinoline moiety resonated at 7.53-7.78 ppm and the proton atoms belonging to the piperidine moiety resonated in the region 1.29-2.44 ppm. 19F NMR spectral data have been interpreted based on literature data reported.3319F NMR spectra for the analogue 5f and 5g confirmed the presence of fluorine atom on the ortho and para positions of the phenyl ring, respectively, by giving the corresponding peaks at around -122.2 and -117.4 ppm, whereas another fluorine NMR spectra obtained for the compound 5h gave two peaks at -62.8 and -63.1 ppm corresponding to two trifluoro-methyl functional groups. Proposed structure of newly synthesized analogues has been assigned on the basis of correct mass spectra analysis., i.e. mass spectrum of compound 5e revealed a molecular ion peak at m/z = 492.3 (M+) corresponding to the molecular formula C25H20F3N7O. All of the novel compounds gave C, H and N analyses within 0.10 percent points from the theoretical values.
3. 2. Pharmacology
In vitro antimycobacterial activities of compounds 5a-u were assessed against M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain. The preliminary results observed from BACTEC MGIT method along with the measurement of the potency of the standard drugs for comparison purpose, presented in Table 1 indicated that final s-triazines 5n (bearing two methyl functional groups attached to the position 3 and 5 of the pi-peridine moiety), 5p and 5s (bearing halogenated phenyl piperazine bases) as well as compound 5u (bearing a met-hoxy group at the para position of the phenyl ring of pipe-razine base) exhibited highest inhibition (99%) at a constant concentration level (6.25 |^g/mL) against M. tuberculosis H37Rv. These compounds were considered to be most potent analogues among all the final compounds tested. The primary BACTEC MGIT bioassay results obtained have driven us to examine the potency (MIC) of the remaining compounds as well as the compounds tested earlier against M. tuberculosis H37Rv. The secondary biological screening was performed using Lowenstein-Jensen MIC method and the results revealed that final s-triazinyl compound 5n was the most potent compound to inhibit M. tuberculosis H37Rv completely (99%) at the MIC of 3.12 ^g/mL. Compounds 5d (containing two chlorines at the phenyl ring of piperazine base) and 5t (bearing three methoxy groups at the phenyl ring of benzyl piperazine moiety bridged to s-triazine core) showed good inhibition effect with the MIC of 12.5 |ag/mL, while compounds 5c, 5q and 5r (incorporating mono halo (Cl or F) substituted phenyl ring of pipera-zine entity) demonstrated 25 ^g/mL of MIC against M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Final s-triazine derivatives 5h and 5i (bearing acetyl and isopropyl linkage to the nitrogen of pi-perazine base condensed to the nucleus) appeared with good activity at MIC level 50 |^g/mL and 62.5 |ag/mL, res-
Table 1. Antimycobacterial activity of newly synthesized compounds
Entry	R	BACTEC Method MIC (|g/mL) % Inhibition		L. J. MIC Method MIC (|g/mL) % Inhibition	
5a	W-Methylpiperazine	>6.25	-	250	97
5b	W-Ethylpiperazine	>6.25	-	200	98
5c	1-(3-Chlorophenyl)piperazine	>6.25	-	25	98
5d	1-(2,3-Dichlorophenyl)piperazine	>6.25	-	12.5	99
5e	Piperidine	>6.25	-	200	96
5f	Morpholine	>6.25	-	100	98
5g	W-Phenylpiperazine	>6.25	-	500	96
5h	W-Acetylpiperazine	>6.25	-	62.5	98
5i	W-Isopropylpiperazine	>6.25	-	50	98
5j	1-(2-Pyridyl)piperazine	>6.25	-	250	97
5k	1-(2-Pyrimidyl)piperazine	>6.25	-	200	96
51	W-Benzylpiperazine	>6.25	-	200	95
5m	4-Benzylpiperidine	>6.25	-	200	97
5n	3,5-Dimethylpiperidine	6.25	99	3.12	99
5o	W-Benzhydryl piperazine	>6.25	-	100	97
5p	4-Chlorobenzhydrylpiperazine	6.25	99	6.25	99
5q	2-Fluorophenylpiperazine	>6.25	-	25	99
5r	4-Fluorophenylpiperazine	>6.25	-	25	99
5s	3-Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine	6.25	99	6.25	99
5t	2,3,4-Trimethoxylbenzylpiperazine	>6.25	-	12.5	99
5u	1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)piperazine	6.25	99	6.25	99
	Isoniazid	0.20	99		
	Refampicin	0.25	99		
	Ethambutol	3.12	99		
	Pyrazinamide	6.25	99		
Each value is the mean of two independent experiments
pectively. Final morpholine-bearing compound 5f as well as compound 5o (with N-benzhydrylpiperazine substituent) displayed moderate inhibition of M. tuberculosis H37Rv at the MIC level of 100 |g/mL, whereas remaining derivatives were found to exert higher MIC at 250-500 |g/mL.
4. Conclusions
From the bioassay it is clear that the introduction of appropriate substituent on the s-triazine ring would lead to the more bioactive compounds. It can be stated that the variation of antimicrobial activity may be associated with the nature of tested microorganisms and is due to the chemical structure of the tested compounds. Bioassay results revealed that 6 out of the 21 tested compounds displayed excellent in vitro antimycobacterial inhibitory effects, whereas compound 5n possessed most potent activity in the bioassay. Collectively, compounds 5d, 5n, 5p, 5s, 5t and 5u could be considered to possess higher potency identified in this study as the higher potency observed with the final compounds containing halogen(s) (Cl or F) or methoxy group(s) functionality. Therefore, it was concluded that there exists ample scope for further study in this class of compounds in order to discover varied biological profiles such as anticancer activity or anti-HIV activity.
The study is currently under investigation and the results will be published in due course.
5. Acknowledgement
The authors are thankful to Applied Chemistry Department of S. V. National Institute of Technology, Surat for the scholarship, encouragement and facilities. The authors wish to offer their deep gratitude to Microcare Laboratory, Surat, India for carrying out the biological screening and Centre of Excellence, Vapi, India for carrying out 1H NMR, 13C NMR and 19F NMR analysis.
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Povzetek
Predstavljamo sintezo novih 1-(8-kinoliniloksi)-3-piperazinil(piperidinil)-5-(4-ciano-3-trifluorometilfenil amino)-s-triazinov. Sintezna pot do končnih piperazinil s-triazinov je sestavljena iz dveh nukleofilnih substitucij 4-amino-2-trif-luorometilbenzonitrila in 8-hidroksikinolina z 2,4,6-trikloro-1,3,5-triazinom pri čemer z uvedbo piperazinilnega oz. pi-peridinilnega fragmenta nastanejo 2,4-disubstituirani-6-kloro-1,3,5-triazinski derivati. Strukture novih spojin smo ugotovili s pomočjo IR, 1H NMR, 19F NMR, masne spektroskopije in elementne analize. Pripravljenim spojinam smo z uporabo metod BACTEC MGIT in Lowenstein-Jensen MIC in vitro določili antimikobakterijsko aktivnost proti Mycobacterium tuberculosis sevu H37Rv. Spojina 4-[4-(3,5-dimetilpiperidin-1-il)-6-(kinolin-8-iloksi)-1,3,5-triazin-2-ilami-no]-2-trifluorometilbenzonitril (5n) se je izkazala kot najbolj učinkovita izmed vseh testiranih spojin. Pri inhibiciji M. tuberculosis H37Rv se je s popolno inhibicijo (99%) izkazala tako učinkovita kot etambutol, minimalna koncentracija inhibicije (MIC) je bila izmerjena 3.12 |g/mL. Spojine 5p, 5s in 5u so pokazale enako učinkovitost kot pirazinamid z MIC vrednostjo 6.25 mg/mL in s popolno inhibicijo (99%) M. tuberculosis H37Rv.