ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 14 • 2004 • 1 original scientific article UDC 582.26:556.36(497.4) received: 2004-05-14 ALGAL FLORA OF FOUR DIFFERENT SPRINGS IN SLOVENIA Aleksandra KRIVOGRAD KLEMENČIČ SI-1290 Grosuplje, Cušperk 51 E-mail: gorazd@silon.si ABSTRACT Samples were taken seasonally at four different springs in Slovenia: the spring at Medvedje Brdo, the spring in Pohorje, the mineral Rimski vrelec spring, and the thermal Terme Čatež spring in the years 1999, 2000 and 2001. The paper presents the initial research carried out into the algae at the above four springs. The purpose of the investigation was to establish species composition and periphyton abundance. Some physical and chemical parameters were also measured. Altogether, 83 algal taxa were registered, with prevailing Bacillariophyceae (51), while 14 taxa belonged to Cyanophyceae, 11 to Chlorophyceae, four to Xanthophyceae and three to Zygnematophyceae. 11 taxa were new to Slovenia, most of them belonging to Bacillariophyceae. Key words: algae, periphyton, springs, thermal springs FLORA ALGALE PRESSO QUATTRO DIVERSE SORGENTI IN SLOVENIA SINTESI La ricerca prende in esame le alghe appartenenti al perifiton di quattro diverse sorgenti in Slovenia - quella di Medvedje Brdo, quella sul Pohorje, la sorgente minerale "Rimski vrelec" e la sorgente termale delle Terme Čatež -con lo scopo di registrare l'abbondanza e la composizione specifica delle comunita algali negli anni 1999, 2000 e 2001. Questa e la prima ricerca sulle alghe presenti nelle quattro sorgenti. Sono stati misurati anche alcuni fattori fisici e chimici. Nelle quattro sorgenti sono stati individuati complessivamente 83 diversi taxon appartenenti a cinque classi di alghe: Bacillariophyceae (51), Cyanophyceae (14), Chlorophyceae (11), Xanthophyceae (4) e Zygnematophyceae (3). 11 specie sono state individuate in Slovenia per la prima volta, la maggior parte apparteneva alle diatomee. Parole chiave: alghe, perifiton, sorgenti, sorgenti termali 75 ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 14 • 2004 • 1 Aleksandra KRIVOGRAD KLEMENČIČ: ALGAL FLORA OF FOUR DIFFERENT SPRINGS IN SLOVENIA, 85-92 INTRODUCTION Algae are a highly diverse group of organisms with important functions in aquatic habitats. They inhabit different biotopes: aerial biotopes, freshwater, salty water and brackish water. Some of them occur in extreme biotopes like snow, thermal springs, mineral waters, caves, peat bogs™ In Slovenia, the number of extreme biotopes is very high due to its geographic diversity and relatively low degree of pollution. Algae in such biotopes have been only partly investigated (Kosi & Vrhovšek, 1996). Thermal waters are waters with temperatures above 30 °C (Cvijan & Blaženčic, 1996). Typical algal flora of such waters is Cyanophyceae. Beside them, Bacillario-phyceae, Chlorophyceae, Chrysophyceae, etc. occur in thermal waters (Cvijan & Blaženčic, 1996). Cyanophy-ceae are common in most thermal springs through the world with pH above 5 and temperature below 74 °C (Doemel & Brock, 1971). In thermal springs with pH below 5 and water temperature between 40 and 56 °C, Cyanophyceae do not occur any more; in such waters, only the species Cyanidium caldarium is present (Doemel & Brock, 1971). Most common genera in thermal springs of Slovenia are Phormidium, Pleurocapsa and Calothrix (Vrhovšek, 1985). The objective of the investigation was to establish the species composition and periphyton abundance in the Medvedje Brdo spring, the spring in Pohorje, the mineral Rimski vrelec spring and the Terme Čatež thermal spring in the years 1999, 2000 and 2001. Some physical and chemical parameters were also measured. The paper presents the first algological research carried out at these four springs. MATERIAL AND METHODS Study sites For the purpose of our investigation, we chose four different springs in Slovenia: the spring at Medvedje Brdo, the spring in Pohorje, the mineral Rimski vrelec spring and the thermal Terme Čatež spring. The sampling sites are presented in figure 1. The Medvedje Brdo spring is a karst spring on limestone ground. The water appears on the surface only 2-3 meters, then it sinks. The spring is shaded (co-ordinates after Gaus-Kruger: X=5091875, Y=5432750). The spring in Pohorje is located on acid-silicate ground in Lovrenška jezera Forest Reserve. The spring is not shaded (co-ordinates after Gaus-Kruger: X=5147725, Y=5524775). The mineral Rimski vrelec spring is situated behind Rimski vrelec Hotel at Kotlje near the town of Ravne na Koroškem. The spring water belonged to "Ca-Mg-Na-hydrogen-carbonate acid waters" with very high values of iron (Rogelj et al., 1972). The spring is shaded and regulated (fountain). The thermal Terme Čatež spring is situated between Toplice Hotels and Zimska termalna riviera. The spring is regulated (fountain) and not shaded. The thermal water is pumped out of the well into the fountain. The temperature of the thermal water is 64 °C (No-san, 1973). Sampling The samples were collected seasonally during the years 1999, 2000 and 2001. Four periphyton samples were taken in the Medvedje Brdo spring (2.4.1999, 6.8.1999, 17.10.1999, 19.2.2000), the thermal Terme Čatež spring (28.3.2000, 16.9.2000, 20.11.2000, 15.1.2001) and the mineral Rimski vrelec spring (12.8.1999, 20.10.1999, 25.2.2000, 14.5.2000), and three in the Pohorje spring (7.8.1999, 16.10.1999, 3.6.2000). Periphyton samples were taken in the springs of Medvedje Brdo and Pohorje by scratching the surface of gravel and rocks in the water and overgrowth with mosses and in the mineral Rimski vrelec and Terme Čatež springs by scratching the bottom and the walls of the fountain. The fixation of the samples was done in situ with 4 % formalin concentration. For diatom determination, samples were pre-treated with saturated HNO3 (APHA, 1985). Taxa of the algae using light microscope (magnification 1000x) and following identification monographs were determined: Lazar (1960), Starmach (1966, 1968, 1972), Bourrelly (1968), Kramer & Lange-Bertalot (1986, 1988, 1991a, 1991b), Hindak et al. (1978), Hindak (1996), Cvijan & Blaženčic (1996). The abundance of Fig. 1: Map of Slovenia with marked sampling sites. Legend: A - Medvedje Brdo spring, B - Pohorje spring, C - Rimski vrelec mineral spring, D - Terme Čatež thermal spring. Sl. 1: Zemljevid Slovenije z označenimi vzorčnimi mesti. Legenda: A - izvir na Medvedjem Brdu, B - izvir na Pohorju, C - mineralni izvir Rimski vrelec, D - termalni izvir v Termah Čatež. 76 ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 14 • 2004 • 1 Aleksandra KRIVOGRAO KLEMENCIC: ALGAL FLORA OF FOUR DIFFERENT SPRINGS IN SLOVENIA, 85-92 most common species was evaluated using the following scale (Pantle & Buck, 1995): Abundance species present in % of visible fields 1 - single 1 -15 3 - customary >15-60 5 - dominate >60-100 In 1999 and 2000, various physical and chemical parameters were measured; these included temperature, conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen and percentage saturation (APHA, 1985). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Physical and chemical parameters Range of some physical and chemical parameters at all four springs in the years 1999, 2000 and 2001 are presented in Table 1. Water temperature of springs, which receive water from deeper layers, was more or less constant and oscillated around the average annual air temperature (Re-jic, 1988). Such springs are also the Medvedje Brdo spring, the mineral Rimski vrelec spring, and the spring in Pohorje with minor temperature changes of water through the year. Temperatures of thermal waters exceed 30 °C (Cvijan & Blazencic, 1996); such is also the thermal Terme Catez spring, with its temperatures ranging, at the time of our measurements, from 46.4 °C to 55.5 °C. Conductivity in freshwaters increases with increase of salinity, which is influenced by the ground and its geology, climate, temperature, dust, precipitation, evaporation, winds, distance from the sea, flora and fauna (Rejic, 1988). In the Pohorje spring, the conductivity at the time of our measurements was low (16.5-51.3 |S/cm), which can be explained by the acid-silicate ground. In the Rimski vrelec mineral spring, on the other hand, the conductivity at the time of measurements was very high (1667-1755 |S/cm), which can be explained by the high values of iron in spring water (Rogelj ef a/., 1972). Physical and chemical results revealed that the temperature and conductivity are closely connected: the higher the water temperature, the higher the conductivity. Wetzel & Likens (1991) ascertained that the conductivity increases by about 2 to 3% per 1 °C. At the Medvedje Brdo spring and Terme Catez thermal spring, pH was about 7 to 8, while at the mineral Rimski vrelec spring and the spring in Pohorje it ranged between 5.5 and 6.5. The amount of dissolved oxygen in water and the percentage saturation in the mineral Rimski vrelec spring and the thermal spring was extremely low at the time of measurements, which can be explained by the absence of biogen input of oxygen into spring water and high water temperature in the thermal spring. In the Pohorje spring, the amount of dissolved oxygen in water and the percentage saturation was much higher, although the percentage saturation was at the time of measurements below 100%. Only in the Medvedje Brdo spring the amount of dissolved oxygen in water was above 10 mg/l at the time of measurements, while the percentage saturation was above 100%. Species composition and abundance Altogether, 83 algal taxa were determined (Tab. 2). Most of them (51) belonged to Bacillariophyceae, 14 to Cyanophyceae, 11 to Chlorophyceae, four to Xantho-phyceae, and three to Zygnematophyceae. 38 algal taxa were determined in the Medvedje Brdo spring, 37 in the mineral Rimski vrelec spring, 19 in the Pohorje spring, and 8 in the thermal Terme Catez spring (Tab. 2). The algal structure by classes in all three waterfalls is shown in figure 2. The most frequent classes of algae in the Medvedje Brdo spring and in the mineral Rimski vrelec spring were Bacillariophyceae, followed by Cyanophyceae and Chlorophyceae. Most common in the Pohorje spring was the class Chlorophyceae, and Cyanophyceae in the thermal Terme Catez spring. Tab. 1: Ranges of some physical and chemical parameters in the Medvedje Brdo spring, the Pohorje spring, the mineral Rimski vrelec spring, and the thermal Terme Čatež spring in the 1999, 2000 and 2001. Legend: A - Medvedje Brdo spring, B - Pohorje spring, C - Rimski vrelec mineral spring, D - Terme Čatež thermal spring. Tab. 1: Obseg nekaterih fizikalnih in kemijskih parametrov v izviru na Medvedjem brdu, izviru na Pohorju, mineralnem izviru Rimski vrelec in termalnem izviru v Termah Čatež v letih 1999, 2000 in 2001. Legenda: A - izvir na Medvedjem Brdu, B - izvir na Pohorju, C - mineralni izvir Rimski vrelec, D - termalni izvir v Termah Čatež. sampling point temperature (°C) conductivity pH oxygen saturation (US/cm) (mg/l) (%) A 7.4-10.4 300-450 7.65-8.13 12.0-13.6 107-111 B 7.7-8.7 17-51 5.56-5.70 9.9-12.5 93-97 C 8.5-10.3 1667-1755 6.00-6.44 3.0-5.2 27-45 O 46.4-55.5 457-662 7.10-7.17 1.3-2.3 17-34 77 ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 14 • 2004 • 1 Aleksandra KRIVOGRAO KLEMENČIČ: ALGAL FLORA OF FOUR DIFFERENT SPRINGS IN SLOVENIA, 85-92 Tab. 2: Algal species list with estimation of abundance (1 - single, 3 - customary, 5 - dominate) from the Medvedje Brdo spring, Pohorje spring, Rimski vrelec mineral spring, and Terme Čatež thermal spring in the years 1999, 2000 and 2001 with marked taxa new to Slovenia. Tab. 2: Vrstna sestava alg z oceno abundance (1 - posamična, 3 - običajna, 5 - prevladujoča) v izviru na Medvedjem brdu, izviru na Pohorju, mineralnem izviru Rimski vrelec in termalnem izviru v Termah Čatež v letih 1999, 2000 in 2001 z označenimi taksoni, ki so novi za Slovenijo. taxon Medvedje Brdo spring Pohorje spring Rimski vrelec mineral spring Terme Čatež thermal spring 2.4. 99 6.8. 99 17.10. 99 19.2. 00 7.8. 99 16.10. 99 3.6. 00 12.8. 99 20.10. 99 25.2. 00 14.5. 00 28.3. 00 16.9. 00 20.11. 00 15.1. 01 PROKARYOTA CYANOPHYTA CYANOPHYCEAE oCalothrix thermalis (Schwabe) Hansg. 1 1 S 1 Gloeocapsa alpina Naegeli S S S S oGloeocapsa bituminosa (Bory) Kuetz. 1 Gloeocapsa compacta Kuetz. 1 Gloeocapsa montana Kuetz. 1 Gloeocapsa túrgida (Kuetz.) Holler. 1 1 1 Microcystis sp. 1 1 Oscillatoria sp. 1 1 Oscillatoria splendida Greville 1 1 ophormidium angustissimum W. & G. S. West 1 1 1 1 1 1 Phormidium retzii (Agardh) Gomont 1 1 Phormidium sp. 1 1 1 1 1 1 ophormidium valderiae (Delp.) Geitler 1 S S S 1 Pseudanabaena constricta (Szafer) Lauterb. 1 1 EUKARYOTA HETEROKONTOPHYTA XANTHOPHYCEAE Botryochloris minima Pasch. 1 Gloeobotrys monochloron Ettl. S S S Tribonema minus Hazen 1 S Tribonema vulgare Pascher S 1 S BACILLARIOPHYCEAE Achnanthes delicatula ssp. hauckiana (Grun.) Lan.-Bert. S S 1 1 Achnanthes lanceolata (Breb.) Grun. 1 Achnanthes lanceolata ssp. lanceolata var. lanceolata (Breb.) Grun. 1 1 1 S S S S Achnanthes minutissima Kuetz. S S 1 1 S 1 1 1 1 Achnanthes sp. 1 1 1 Amphora ovalis (Kuetz.) Kuetz. 1 1 1 1 Amphora pediculus (Kuetz.) Grun. 1 1 1 Aulacoseira granulata (Ehren.) Simon. 1 Caloneis bacillum (Grun.) Cleve 1 1 1 oCaloneis molaris (Grun.) Kramm. 1 1 1 1 Cocconeis placentula Ehren. S S 1 S Cymbella affinis Kuetz. 1 1 1 1 Cymbella aspera (Ehren.) Peragallo 1 Cymbella cymbiformis Agardh 1 Cymbella helvetica Kuetz. 1 1 Cymbella silesiaca Bleisch 1 Cymbella sp. 1 Denticula tenuis Kuetz. 1 S 1 1 1 1 1 Diatoma vulgaris Bory 1 Diploneis oblongella (Naegeli) Cleve-Euler 1 1 1 1 Ellerbeckia arenaria (Moore) Craw. 1 1 1 Epithemia adnata (Kuetz.) Breb. 1 Eunotia bilunaris Ehren. S Eunotia exigua (Breb.) Raben. 1 1 78 ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 14 • 2004 • 1 Aleksandra KRIVOGRAO KLEMENČIČ: ALGAL FLORA OF FOUR DIFFERENT SPRINGS IN SLOVENIA, 85-92 taxon Medvedje Brdo spring Pohorje spring Rimski vrelec mineral spring Terme Čatež thermal spring 2.4. 99 6.8. 99 17.10. 99 19.2. 00 7.8. 99 16.10. 99 3.6. 00 12.8. 99 20.10. 99 25.2. 00 14.5. 00 28.3. 00 16.9. 00 20.11. 00 15.1. 01 Fragilaria capucina Desm. 3 3 3 3 Fragilaria fasciculata (Agardh) Lan.-Bert. 1 Frustulia rhomboides (Ehren.) De Toni 1 Frustulia vulgaris (Thwait.) De Toni 1 1 1 1 Gomphonema angustatum (Kuetz.) Raben. 1 1 1 1 Gomphonema angustum Agardh 3 1 1 1 Gomphonema clavatum Ehren. 1 3 3 3 3 Gomphonema gracile Ehren. 1 1 Gomphonema parvulum Kuetz. 1 1 Navicula angusta Grun. 1 oNavicula cincta (Ehren.) Ralfs in Pritchard 1 1 Navicula contenta Grun. 1 oNavicula gregaria Donkin 1 1 1 1 Navicula mutica var. mutica Kuetz. 1 Navicula sp. 1 Navicula tripunctata (Muell.) Bory 1 1 1 1 Navicula veneta Kuetz. 1 1 1 Nitzschia dissipata (Kuetz.) Grun. 1 Nitzschia fonticola Grun. 1 1 Nitzschia linearis (Agardh) W.Smith 1 1 Nitzschia linearis var. linearis (Agardh) W. Smith 1 1 1 Nitzschia palea (Kuetz.) W.Smith 1 1 1 1 oNitzschia sinuata var. delognei (Grun.) Lan.-Bert. 1 1 1 oPinnularia sudetica (Hilse) Peragallo 1 1 1 1 Surirella linearis W. Smith 1 1 Surirella sp. 1 Surirella spiralis Kuetz. 1 CHLOROPHYTA CHLOROPHYCEAE Cladophora sp. 1 1 1 Gloeocystis vesiculosa Naeg. 1 Klebsormidium flaccidum (Kuetz) Silva, Mattox & Black. 1 1 1 1 1 oKoliella crassa Hindak 1 oKoliella variabilis (Nyg.) Hindak 1 1 Microspora amoena (Kuetz.) Raben. 1 1 Microthamnion kuetzingianum Naegeli 1 3 1 3 Oedogonium sp. 1 Stigeoclonium farctum Berthold 3 Stigeoclonium tenue (Agardh) Kuetz. 1 1 1 1 Trentepohlia aurea (L.) Martius 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ZYGNEMATOPHYCEAE Bambusina brebissonii Kuetz. 1 Mougeotia sp. 1 1 1 1 Netrium digitus (Ehren.) Itzigs. & Rothe 1 a Algae first recorded in Slovenia Ecological conditions in thermal springs are more or less constant with very high water temperature; most common in springs of this type is the class Cyanophy-ceae (Vrhovsek, 1985). Cyanophyceae are most common in various thermal springs worldwide (Doemel & Brock, 1971; Carr & Whitton, 1973; Round, 1973; Noguerol, 1991). As far as other classes of algae are concerned, only Bacillariophyceae are also common in thermal springs (they appeared only when water temperature was below 40 °C) (Cvijan & Blaženčic, 1996). Species from the classes Xanthophyceae and Zygnema-tophyceae occurred only in the mineral Rimski vrelec spring. In the mineral Rimski vrelec spring and in the thermal Terme Čatež spring, no seasonal changes were found in the algal communities. In the springs of Med- 79 ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 14 • 2004 • 1 Aleksandra KRIVOGRAO KLEMENČIČ: ALGAL FLORA OF FOUR DIFFERENT SPRINGS IN SLOVENIA, 85-92 vedje Brdo and Pohorje, high species richness was established in summer samples and low in autumn and winter samples. In all samples of the Medvedje Brdo spring, the following taxa were recorded: Achnanthes delicatula ssp. hauckiana, A. minutissima, Cocconeis placentula, Gom-phonema angustum, Navicula tripunctata and Trente-pohlia aurea, most common amongst which were A. delicatula ssp. hauckiana and C. placentula. In all Rimski vrelec samples, the following taxa were determined: Achnanthes lanceolata ssp. lanceolata var. lanceolata, A. minutissima, Caloneis molaris, Cymbella affinis, Denticula tenuis, Diploneis oblongella, Fragilaria capu-cina, Frustulia vulgaris, Gomphonema clavatum, Navicula gregaria, Nitzschia palea, Pinnularia sudetica, Mi-crothamnion kuetzingianum, Mougeotia sp. and Stigeo-clonium tenue. The predominant species were Tri-bonema minus and A. lanceolata ssp. lanceolata var. lanceolata. In the mineral Rimski vrelec spring, many species were typical of waters with high level of electrolytes; some of them were typical even of brackish waters (Gomphonema gracile, Navicula cincta, N. veneta, Nitzschia linearis, N. sinuata var. delognei), which can be explained by the high conductivity values (16671755 |S/cm) in spring water. Many species were typical of eutrophic waters: Oscillatoria splendida, N. cincta, N. veneta, G. angustatum, G. parvulum, N. palea etc. Algal community in the Pohorje spring greatly differed from algal communities in the springs of Medvedje Brdo and Rimski vrelec. In all samples from the Pohorje spring, the species Gloeobotrys monochloron and Kleb-sormidium flaccidum were recorded. The most frequently found species were G. monochloron and Euno-tia bilunaris. Many species were typical of acid waters: Netrium digitus, Bambusina brebissonii and Botryo-chloris minima. The most common species in Terme Čatež spring was Gloeocapsa alpina. Species A. minutissima, Frustu-lia rhomboides and Trentepohlia aurea were also fairly common. Stockner (1967) found out that some diatoms can live at very high water temperatures, although their optimum is below 30 °C. Cvijan (1986), who studied algae in various Serbian thermal springs, established that algae occur in water with temperatures up to 73 °C. At 73 °C, he found only one species of algae in the water -Phormidium angustissimum. In all four Terme Čatež periphyton samples, P. angustissimum was recorded. In waters with temperature up to 46 °C, Synechococcus was often the prevailing genus, while in waters with temperatures up to 57 °C, species of the genus Phor-midium prevailed. At water temperatures below 46 °C, species of the genus Calothrix were prevalent (Stewart, 1970). Noguerol (1991) studied algal flora in hot springs of northwest Spain. He found 15 algal species, with prevailing Cyanophyceae. Cyanophyceae are extremely resistant to high temperatures. Some of them were found even in waters with temperatures up to 85 °C (Round, 1973). In the four springs, 11 taxa were recorded for the very first time in Slovenia (Tab. 2), eight of these in the mineral Rimski vrelec spring, four in the Pohorje spring, three in the thermal Terme Čatež spring, and two in the Medvedje Brdo spring. Five of the first recorded taxa belonged to Bacillariophyceae, four to Cyanophyceae and two to Chlorophyceae. Fig. 2: Algal structure by classes in the Medvedje Brdo spring, Pohorje spring, Rimski vrelec mineral spring, and Terme Čatež thermal spring in the years 1999, 2000 and 2001 Legend: A - Medvedje Brdo spring, B -Pohorje spring, C - Rimski vrelec mineral spring, D -Terme Čatež thermal spring. Sl. 2: Sestava alg po razredih v izviru na Medvedjem brdu, izviru na Pohorju, mineralnem izviru Rimski vrelec in termalnem izviru v Termah Čatež v letih 1999, 2000 in 2001. Legenda: A - izvir na Medvedjem Brdu, B - izvir na Pohorju, C - mineralni izvir Rimski vrelec, D - termalni izvir v Termah Čatež. number oftaxa 40 B C sampling sites m Zygnematophyceae dChlorophyceae HI Bacillariophyceae EH Xanthophyceae UTI Cyanophyceae D 80 ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 14 • 2004 • 1 Aleksandra KRIVOGRAO KLEMENČIČ: ALGAL FLORA OF FOUR DIFFERENT SPRINGS IN SLOVENIA, 85-92 FLORA ALG V ŠTIRIH RAZLIČNIH IZVIRIH V SLOVENIJI Aleksandra KRIVOGRAD KLEMENČIČ SI-1290 Grosuplje, Čušperk 51 E-mail: gorazd@silon.si POVZETEK V nalogi so bile raziskane perifitonske alge v štirih različnih izvirih v Sloveniji: izviru na Medvedjem Brdu, izviru na Pohorju, mineralnem izviru Rimski vrelec in termalnem izviru v Termah Čatež z namenom ugotoviti abundanco in vrstno sestavo algnih združb v letih 1999, 2000 in 2001. To je prva raziskava alg v naštetih izvirih. V izviru na Medvedjem Brdu, termalnem izviru v Termah Čatež in mineralnem izviru Rimski vrelec so bila opravljena po štiri vzorčenja, v izviru na Pohorju pa tri. V laboratoriju so bili vzorci perifitona pregledani pod svetlobnim mikroskopom. Pri pregledovanju vzorcev so bile ocenjene pogostosti posameznih vrst in podvrst s števili od 1 do 5 (1 - posamična, 3 - običajna, 5 - prevladujoča). Izmerjeni so bili tudi nekateri fizikalni in kemijski dejavniki, ki vplivajo na sestavo in številčnost algnih združb. Skupno je bilo v vseh štirih izvirih določenih 83 različnih taksonov iz petih razredov alg. Od tega je bilo v izviru na Medvedjem Brdu določenih 38, v izviru na Pohorju 19, v mineralnem izviru Rimski vrelec 37 in v termalnem izviru v Termah Čatež 8 različnih taksonov alg. Po številu taksonov so v izviru na Medvedjem Brdu in v izviru Rimski vrelec prevladovale kremenaste alge, v izviru na Pohorju Chlorophyceae in v termalnem izviru Cyanophyceae. V vseh štirih izvirih je bilo skupno določenih 11 taksonov, ki so v Sloveniji zabeleženi prvič. Pet taksonov pripada razredu Bacillariophyceae, štiri razredu Cyanophyceae in dva razredu Chlorophyceae. V izviru Rimski vrelec je bilo določenih 8 vrst, v izviru na Pohorju 4, v termalnem izviru v Termah Čatež 3 in v izviru na Medvedjem Brdu 2 novi vrsti. Ključne besede: alge, perifiton, izviri, termalni izviri REFERENCES APHA (1985): Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 16th Edition. American Public Health Association, New York, 1268 pp. Bourrelly, P. (1968): Les algues d'eau douce. Initiation a la systematique. Tome II. Les algues jaunes et brunes, Chrysophycees, Pheophycees, Xanthophycees et diatomees. Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Paris, 175 pp. Carr, N. G. & B. A. Whitton (1973): The biology of blue-green algae. Botanical monographs, volume 9. Blackwell Sci. Publ., 67 pp. Cvijan, M. 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