HapogHwe oôwnaM b gHM npa3gHMKOB npecBHTOM Boropogu^i
Erzsébet Kaman
Dedicated to the memory of my mother.
Folk Customs Accompanying the Celebrations of Mother Mary. The annual celebrations of Mother Mary's holidays in Russia do not consist only of church prayers on the days of Mother Mary's Birth, Presentation in the Temple, Announciation, Mary With Her Cloak as Protectress, Assumption, and of honouring her miraculous icons, but also of numerous rituals and customs.
Much has been written about such celebrations by Russian ethnographers in 17th and 19th century. Researchers in the 20th century have been looking for the archaic basis of these celebrations, their nature and their linguistic connections. They tried to discover the structure of the folk culture and did not pay much attention to the nature of the celebrations practiced among the people. The author has found a new methodological approach for researching the characteristics of the celebration rituals in the works of V. Turner who tried to see man as a whole, not only as a rational being. In the works of S.S. Averincev the author detected specific emotions in the perception of holiness, as opposed to the »meek« and »terrifying« perception of holiness found in the Western civilization, or the »rational« one in the Byzantine world.
PogoBbie npa3gHunHbie gHU Boropogu^i - He npocro ycTaHoBneHHbie ^pKOBbro gHU noMUHoBeHUA PoxgecTBa Boropogu^i, Ee BBegeHua bo xpaM, BnaroBe^eHua, no-KpoBa, ycneHMA Boropogu^i, npa3gHoBaHua Ee nygoTBopHbix mkoh. ^TM gHU 6oraTH HapogHbiMM oôpagflMM u o6binaflMU.
PyccKue ^THo^pa^bI 18-19 BeKoB coxpaHunu gna Hac MHoroe U3 ^TMx o6binaeB. MccnegoBaTenu 20-ro BeKa nomnu hhhm nyTeM, oTbicKUBaa apxaunecKue nepBoocHoBbi npa3gHunHHx puTyanoB, U3ynaa npupogy puTyana u ero cBA3b c Bep6anbHbiM ^onb-KnopoM, cTpeMACb pacKpHTb MexaHU3MH, co3Mgaro^ue cTpyKTypy HapogHon KynbTy-pbi. XapaKTep HapogHoro npa3gHoBaHua ^pkobhhx npa3gHUKoB Mano npuBneKan ux BHMMaHMe.
Moro TeMy moxho 6brno 6h cnuTaTb nacTbro «6biToBoro xpucTuaHCTBa»: mohmt-bh goMa yTpoM u BenepoM, MonuTBa nepeg ompaBneHueM b gopory, 6narocnoBeHue Monogbix nepeg ompaBneHueM b ^pKoBb, «6oxb6a» (o6pa^eHe k Bory 3a nogTBepxge-HeM npaBoTH b cnope) u T.g. B 20-bie rogbi 20 BeKa b Poccuu u3ynanu 6biToBoe npaBo-cnaBue, ho KaK BugHo M3 3araaBua MeTogunecKoro noco6ua (MaTopuH H.M., HeBcKUM A.A.: nporpaMMa gna u3yneHua 6biToBoro npaBocnaBua. BocTonHo-eBponencKUM cmh-KpeTU3M. ^eHUHrpag, 1930), xpucTuaHcKue o6binau paccMaTpuBanucb BKyne c apxau-necKUMU «nepexuTKaMM».
üoHHTuro npa3gHuKa KaK gHa caKpanbHoro nocBfl^eHbi MHorue uccnegoBaHua. BanecnaB MBaH0B b M0H0rpa^uu «fluoHuc u npaguoHucuncTBo» (BaKy 1923), cpaBHuBaH KynbT0Bbie o6pflgbi npa3gH0BaHua fluoHuca Ha MaTepuKe u ocTpoBax rpe-^u, npuxoguT k BbiBogy, nro npa3gH0BaHue b A^uHax yMuparo^ero u BocKpecaro^ero 6oxecTBa yxe cBugeTenbcTByeT o tom, nT0 rpeKu cTynunu Ha BogocKnoH, Begy^un k xpucTuaHcTBy.
KHura M.M.BaxTuHa o TBopnecTBe ^paHcya Pa6ne u HapogHon KynbType ^^o-xu cpegHeBeK0BbH u peHeccaHca co3gaBanacb b 30-bie rogbi 20-ro BeKa 0gH0BpeMeHH0 c KHuron B.^.üponna «PyccKue arpapHbie npa3gHuKu». B hux 0Tpa3unca pa3nunHbin nogxog yneHbix k TeMe pyccKoro KapHaBana.1
B M0H0rpa^uu nponna BbiaBneHa gpeBHaa npupoga ^TUx npa3gHuK0B, nexa^aa b ux 0cH0Be apxaunecKaa arpapHaa penurua cnaBHH, cBfl3aBmaa BoeguHo npa3gHuKu Kpyrnoro roga. OgHaKo b KHure He Mornu 6biTb BbipaxeHbi B3rnflgbi yneHoro Ha 6onee no3gHun xpucTuaHcKun nepuog b xu3hu cnaBHH. Mx mm MoxeM HanTu b pa36pocaH-HHx no pa3HMM u3gaHuHM cTaTbax yneHoro.
OgHaKo b KHurax M.BaxTuHa u B.üponna npa3gHuK - ^T0 6onbmoe co6biTue gna Bcero Hapoga, yKa3biBaro^ee Ha nexa^ee b ero rny6uHe, Korga-To npou3omegmee co6biTue caKpanbHoro 3HaneHua, u3MeHuBmee xog BpeMeHu, cTaBmee noB op othmm nyHKToM b xu3Hu Hapoga. ^T0 Morno 6biTb u ucTopunecKoe co6biTue, noBnuaBmee Ha yKnag xu3hu Hapoga u cnoco6cTB0BaBmee cnoxeHuro xapaKTepa gaHHoro ^TH0ca.2
MccnegoBaHuro puTyana b Tpagu^oHHon KynbType nocBA^eHa M0H0rpa^ua A.K.Ban6ypuHa. MccnegoBaTenb cnuTaeT, nro puTyan «noggepxuBaeT ^nocraocTb KynbTypM», «HanpaBnaeT noBegeHue nrogen He cTonbKo B0BHe, cKonbKo BoBHyTpb Ha noggepxaHue ^nocraocTu «cBoero Mupa» u b e^e 6onee coKpoBeHHoe - b c^epy gy-xoBHoro».3 M xoth npo6neMa npa3gHuKa, c^epa npa3gHunHoro He nonynaeT ge^uHu-^u b M0H0rpa^uu, uccnegoBaTenb npuBoguT o6unbHbin MaTepuan HapogHbix o6binaeB b TaKue gHu, KaK poxgeHue, 6paK nenoBeKa, nepee3g b hobhm goM u ero cTpouTenbcTBo, B03pacTHMe nepexogHbie o6pagbi, noxopoHbi, to ecTb - uMeHHo b noBopoTHbie M0MeH-tm xu3hu nenoBeKa.
Hobhm MeTogonorunecKun nogxog k uccnegoBaHuro npupogbi npa3gHunHoro puTyana, o6bacHeHue Bbi6opa MecTa ero coBepmeHua, pa3nunHbix ponen ero ynacTHuK0B, cuMBonuKu ucnonb3yeMMx npu ^T0M npegMeT0B a Hamna b pa6oTax BuKTopa TepHepa. EMy He cpa3y yganocb npeogoneTb, KaK oh Bbipa3uncfl, «penuruo3Hyro HeMy3MKanb-HocTb» co^onoroB cBoero noKoneHua. Oh caM gonro B03gepxuBanca ot co6upaHua MaTepuana o puTyanax a^puKaHcKux nneMeH, cpegu K0T0pbix oh pa6oTan. BcKope oh noHHn, nT0 ecnu oh xoneT noHHTb «nro6on cerMeHT KynbTypbi» nneMeHu, oh gonxeH npeogoneTb cBoe npegy6exgeHue. Begb «ucnonHeHue puTyana nacro cBH3aH0 c Kpu-3ucoM o6^ecTBeHHon xu3hu gepeBHu.»4 B oTnunue ot K. ^eBu CTpocca oh BuguT b cuMBonax puTyanoB He TonbKo «^aKTopbi no3HaHua». <^B0KaTuBHbie npueMM puTyana B036yxgaroT, HanpaBnaroT u ycMuparoT TaKue Mo^Hbie ^M0^uu, KaK HeHaBucTb, cTpax,
1	KaMaH 3pxe6eT: napagurMa npa3gHuKa b Tpygax M.M.BaxTuHa u B.fl.nponna. In Studia mytologica slavi-ca. Ljubljana 1999, t. 2, 261-275.
2	nponn B. 1973, 1976, 2002.
2 Ban6ypuH A. 1991, 5, 7.
4 Turner V. 1977, 6, 10.
npuBa3aHHocTb m rope.»5 PuTyan 3axBaraBaeT He T0HbK0 pa3yM, ho m Bee cy^ecreo HenoBeKa. npu ero ucnoHHeHuu «nuHHaa cygb6a HenoBeKa cBa3biBaeTca c cuMBonaMu KocMM^ecKoro npoTeKaHua mu3Hu m cMepTu.»6 B.TepHep cwraeT, hto «oTgenbHbin cmmboh ^aKTMHecKM npegcTaBHaeT ogHoBpeMeHHo MHorue Be^u... Mx pe^epeH^Ma He ogHoro norunecKoro nopagKa, ho BbiBoguTca M3 MHorux o6nacTen c0^Ma^bH0^0 onbiTa m ^THHecKHx o^hok Hrogen.»7
B Poccuu npa3gH0Banucb Bce gara mu3Hu u TpygoB BoroMaTepu, ho m b TaKux BenuKux npa3gHMKax, KaK PomgecTBo XpucToBo, nacxa, BocKpeceHue Mucyca XpucTa oHa 6bina pagoM c Chhom raabhbiM gencTByro^uM hm^m.
nocne Kpe^eHua Pycu, Hapagy c ^HTpanbHbiMu xpaMaMu Co^uu npeMygpocTu Bomben, Cb. reoprua Hag 3onoraMu BopoTaMu KueBa u HoBropoga, Hag MHoruMu mo-HacrapcKMMM BopoTaMu craBunucb BnaroBe^eHcKue xpaMbi.8 B 1165 rogy y romHbix BogHHx BopoT BnaguMupcKoro KHamecTBa Ha ocTpoBe y cnuaHua peKu Hepnb u Kna3b-Ma 6bma BbicrpoeHa ^pK0Bb noKpoBa Boropogu^i.
C Boropogu^n cBa3aHbi u cBa^eHHbie npegMera, o6eperaBmue 6narononyHue u 3gopoBbe KpecTbHHcKon ceMbu. KpoMe ocBH^eHHHx b ^pKBu b neTBepr BenuKon npegnacxanbHon Hegenu «HeTBeproBon cBenu» u « HeTBeproBon conu» HygogencTBeH-hom cmhom o6nagana u «6naroBe^eHcKaa npoc^opa», npuHeceHHaa M3 ^pKBu goMon. Ee Kpomunu u Knanu b ceMeHa npu noceBe.
y gepeBeHcKux 3Haxapen b Ha6ope 12 neKapcTBeHHbix TpaB Bcerga MMenacb u «60-ropogu^rna TpaBa» (thymus serpyllum).
Xne6 pyccKoro KpecTbaHMHa 6hh o6hhho pmaHbiM, nmeHUHHaa MyKa mna Ha «6oropogu^m xne6» u Ha npoc^opbi.9
B geHb BnaroBe^eHua (25 MapTa no cTapoMy ctmhk> - 7 anpena no HoBoMy) rpe-xom cwranacb nro6aa pa6oTa, nrogu game He ompaBnanucb b gopory. flna ^T0^0 npa3g-HMHHoro gHa He xapaKTepHo pa3ryHbHoe BeceHbe. CoraacHo HapogHon Bepe b ^T0T geHb He MynuHu rpemHMKoB b agy. HaKaHyHe gHa BnaroBe^eHua cmuranu cTapbie nocTenu u 6eHbe 6onbHHx. yme b KaHyH ^T0^0 gHa He 3amuranu orHa, u nocne npa3gHMKa yme He pa6oTanM c oraeM no BenepaM. no HapogHoMy npucnoBbro Ha BnaroBe^eHue «nTM^ rHe3ga He 3aBMBaeT, geBu^ koch He 3anneTaeT». M KyKymKa 6bma HaKa3aHa 3a to, hto Havana BMTb rae3go b ^T0T geHb. Ha BnaroBe^eHue b pyccKux ropogax 6hh Becenbin o6biHan BHnycKaTb Ha Bonro ^TM^ M3 KHeToK.10 B K>ro-3anagHbix Kpaax YKpauHbi cy-^ecTByeT noBepbe, hto b ^T0T geHb npuHeTaroT aucra. Torga neKyT nupor b ^opMe au-cTa, a geTu (ManbHMKM) yro^aroT aucTa u B3aMeH npocaT gaTb mm «muTa Kony» (KonHy pmu).11 M3 12 BeHMKux naTHu^ ecnu kto nocTMTca b ^aTHM^y HaKaHyHe gHa BnaroBe-^eHua «M36aBHeH 6ygeT ot BHyTpeHHen cKop6u u ot 6egHocTu.»12
BeHMKMM o6^eHapogHHM npa3gHMK0M cnuTanca geHb YcneHba Boropogu^i (15 aBrycTa - 28 aBrycTa). K ^T0My gHro crapanucb cmaTb nocnegHue KoHocba Ha none.
5	TaM me, 42-43.
6	TaM me, 43.
7	TaM me, 52.
8	MaKcuMoB C. 1995, 2.
9	CyM^0B H. 1996, 173.
10	MaKcuMoB C. 1995, 551-552.
11	CyM^0B H. 1996, 103.
12	KopMH^cKMM A. 1995, 181-182.
Hacro ^TO genana coo6^a Bca ceMba, m , BHeca ux b goM, cTaBuna nog o6pa3a. Ha npa3g-hmk cBaTunu hobhm xne6, a nocne npa3gHMKa HanuHanca oceHHMM ceB. HanuHanu ero o6binHO čTapMKM, KOTopHe nepeg ceBoM gon^HH 6binu BHMHTbca m ogeTb nucToe 6e-nbe. B npa3gHMHHbm geHb ycneHba BoroMaTepu Henb3a 6bino xoguTb no 3eMne 6ocu-kom, gaxe geTaM.
B o6nuKe Boropogu^i BugHH nepTH xo3aMKM. OHa xoTa m onocpegcTBoBaHHo, ogHaKo čBH3aHa c gpeBHMM KynbTOM MaTepu-3eMnu, HMKorga He cnuBaacb c hmm. Bec-hom b gHu npa3gHOBaHua Tpou^i Ha TpeTMM geHb npa3gHOBanucb «MMeHMHH» 3eMnu, geHb ee coTBopeHua, a b npegbigy^ue gHu npa3gHOBanucb MMeHMHH neca u BogH.13 B geHb YcneHbH cTapuKM Ha6nroganu, BonHyeTca nu unu Tuxa Boga b o3epe unu b peKe u no ^TOMy cygunu: BeTpeHOM unu tmxom 6ygeT 3MMa. MccnegoBaTenb npaBocnaBHon BepH reopruM ®egoTOB cnuTan, nTo «Ha Pycu npoucxoguT ... cnuaHue penuruu BoroMaTepu c ^neMeHTaMM HapogHon penuruu MaTepu-3eMnu, ... yrny6neHue co^MMHoro čMHcna 6oropogHunHoro gorMaTa.»14 npaBga, ero MHeHue, KaK u MHeHue gpyrux pe-nuruo3HHX MHcnuTeneM Hanana 20 BeKa cennac ocnapuBaroTca. AneKcaHgp naHneHKO cnuTaeT, nTo BO3poxgeHHbie mmm poMaHTunecKue KOH^n^u Mu^onorunecKoM mKO-nH 19 BeKa cHrpano nenanbHyro ponb b gyxoBHon ucTopuu Poccuu, nTo ycTapeBmee o6^ee nonb3oBaHue 3eMnen b KpecTbaHcKOM o6^MHe npuBeno b MTore k Konxo3aM.15 B pyccKux gyxoBHHX cTuxax o6 ^T0M noeTca ropa3go gu^epeH^upoBaHo:
...nepBaa MaTb - npecBaTaa Boropogu^,
BTopaa MaTb - cHpa 3eMna,
TpeTba MaTb, Koa cKop6b npuHana.
A^e npecBaTaa Boropogu^ noMO^u cBoen He BO3gacT,
He MO^eT HunTO Ha 3eMne B^MBe poguTbca:
M HM cKOT, M HM nTM^, HM nenOBeKaM 6bITb...
(3anucu n.M.#KymKMHa u Co6paHuu neceH n.B.KupeeBcKoro. t.1.
233 - 237).
npa3gHMK ycneHba Boropogu^i cnuTanca BenuKOM npenucTOM, PoxgecTBO Bo-ropogu^i (8-21 ceHTa6pa) - ManoM npenucTOM. B ^TOT geHb HaBe^anu MonogoxeHOB, ocMaTpuBanu ux xo3hhctbo, gaBanu coBeTH u yro^anucb npa3gHunHHM o6egoM. Ha-KaHyHe ^T0^0 npa3gHMKa 6bin KpecTHHM xog c mkohom Bomben MaTepu - HeonanuMon KynuHH, cnacaBmeM ot noxapoB u ot 6one3HeM BocnanMTenbHoro xapaKTepa (aHTOHO-Ba oran). nocne Poxgecrea Boropogu^i OTMenanu geHb MoaKMMa u Ahhh poguTenen Boropogu^i (9 - 22 ceHTa6pa).
BonbmuM npa3gHMKOM b Poccuu 6bin geHb noKpoBa Boropogu^i 1-14 OKTa6pa. npa3gHMK ^T0T BO3HMK b Bu3aHTuu, rge He coxpaHunca. B ocHOBe ero nexuT nereHga o nygecHOM aBneHuu BoroMaTepu bo BnaxepHcKOM ^pKBM bo BpeMa ocagH KoHcraHTM-Honona. Boropogu^ OMonuna b Boge cbom nnaT, u 6ypa Ha Mope pa3MeTana BpaxecKue Kopa6nu.
B Poccuu Ha 1-oe (no HOBOMy cTunro - 14) OKTa6pa nacTO BHnagaeT cHer, ko-TopoMy TaK pagoBanucb pyccKue nrogu: Hana^MBanca caHHHM nyTb, b gepeBHax no-
13	MaKcMMOB C. 1995, 457.
14	OegoTOB r. 1991,122.
15	naHneHKO A.: MaTb mam Manexa? «OTenecTBeHHHe 3anucKM» 2004/1. ^neKTpoHHHM BapuaHT. MHTepHeT.
cne y6opKM ypo^aH HacTynano BpeMH oTHocuTenbHoro 6narononynuH u nopa cBage6. fleBMHbM noroBopKM cBH3HBaroT 6enbift CHe^HHM noKpoB 3eMnu c ronoBHHM y6opoM
-	n0Kp0B0M Boropogu^i u Bbipa^aroT Hage^gy, hto noKpoB u ux noKpoeT, to ecTb u ohm BbiftgyT 3aMy^ u HageHyT ^eHCKuft nnaToK. B ^U3HU gepeBHu ^T0 6bin Ba«HHH geHb: 3aKnroqanu goroBopa, npoucxogun HaMM Ha pa6oTy «ot noKpoBa go MpbeBa gHH» unu «go Kpe^eHUH».
Ho Boropogu^ npucyTCTBoBana b ^u3hu nrogeft He TonbKo b cbom npa3gHUHHbie gHu. Ee nygoTBopHHe ukohh HBnanucb Bcerga y gepeBa unu Ha ero BeTBHx (KanuH-ckum, 273, MaKcuMoB, 469). MKoHa HeonanuMaH KynuHa npu MonoTb6e xne6a 6bina b oTannuBaeMoM oBUHe (MaKcuMoB, 283), npu no^ape, BHHocunacb b none bo BpeMH 3acyxu (KanuHCKuft, 273. KopuH^cKuft, 311). y rpoMoBoro Knrona b nacoBHe pagoM c ukohom Mnbu npopoKa 6bina u uKoHa Bo^beft MaTepu (MaKcuMoB, 434). OnamKa ge-peBHu npu ^^u30Tepuu coBepmanacb c ukohom BoroMaTepu u Cb. BnacuH noKpoBUTenH cKoTa (MaKcUMoB, 454).
nocne nacxanbHoro 6orocny^eHUH b KpeMne ^pb o6xogun c MunocTbrneft Tropb-mh u 6oragenbHU (KopuH^cKuft, 157). M b gepeBHHx b nepBHM geHb nacxu cbh^hhuk c Mone6HoM o6xogun goMa, u Ha nopore, gep^a b pyKax Bo^bro MaTymKy, ero Bcrpena-na MonogKa (MaKcUMoB, 565). flyxoBHbift ctux «Coh Boropogu^i» MHorue hocht KaK o6eper Ha meMHoM KpecTe (MaKcUMoB, 264).
B xpucTuaHCKue npa3gHUKU Bomnu gpeBHue cuMBonH He6a, orHH, Bogbi, 3eMnu, gepeBa. ^TU cuMBonH 6oraTH 3HaneHHMU. B cnaBHHCKUx H3HKax, numeT U3BecTHHM nuHrBUcT AneKcaHgp noTe6HH, «o6unue cnoB Ha ocHoBe npegcTaBneHUM orHH u cBe-Ta... KaK gyma u ^U3Hb, TaK u nacTHbie npoHBneHUH cBH3aHH c ^TUMU tohhtuhmu. Ot cnoBa «ropeTb» npoucxoguT «^epTBa», «^paTb», «^ap», «^a^ga», TaK u noHHTUH gyxoBHoro nopagKa: «^enaTb», «^anuTb», «^aneTb», «^enaHHbft» (Munbift).16 «CBH3b nro6BU c orHeM Hamna Bbipa^eHue b cnoBax: nenb, nenanb, ^anb (rope) u cKop6b, CKop6HHM (cKop6nHM, Cyxoft)... M noHHTUe KpaCoTH (KpaCUBHM, KpaCHHM) CBH3aHH c conHe^HHM cBeToM: «Kpec» - conH^BopoT, «KpecHUK» - Kynano, «KpacuTb» - ocBe-^aTb conH^M...
TaK u 3onoTo pogcTBeHHo 3eneHoMy (MonogoMy, ^UBoMy). «KpacHoe 3onoTo»
-	cuMBon KpacoTH.»17 TaK ^e 6oraTa 3HaneHUHMU Boga, ^^UTeT KoTopoft Bcerga «3go-poBaH». Korga Ha nacxy 6broT gpyr gpyra npyTbHMU Bep6b, ocbh^hhom b ^pKBU, to BHCKa3HBaroT no^enaHue : «Bygb bhcok, KaK Bep6a, 3gopoB, KaK Boga.»
MHorue 3aroBopb HanuHaroTCH c yMHBaHbH xonogHoft Bogoft u orpa^geHUH ce6a He6ecHHMU cBeTunaMU.18
npa3gHUK noKpoBa BoroMaTepu cBH3aH c Bogoft u cHeroM. B Benopycuu b ^T0T geHb geBymKU 3a^uraroT cBeny nepeg ukohoM Boropogu^i u roBopHT : Cbhtom noKpoB! noKpHB 3eMnro u Bogy, noKpoft u MeHH Monogy!19
O6nuK BoroMaTepu b HapogHoM npegcTaBneHUM oneHb 6oraT 3HaneHUHMU. OHa Bcerga «TennaH 3acTynHU^, cKopaH noMo^HU^.»
16	noTe6HH A. 1914, 7, 8-9.
17	TaM ®e,28-29.
18	TaM , 54- 55.
19	TaM ®e, 81.
O6ora^eHue npa3gHMHHoro gHH HapogHbMu o6pagaMM, o6biHaHMM cBugeTenb-CTByeT o Bepe u 6oraTCTBe gyxoBHOM «m3hm Hapoga, b hmx cKa3anacb «6orocnoBcKaH MHTyu^a Hapoga.»20 B npa3gHUHHbix o6bHaHx, b Bep6anbHOM ^onbKnope mm HangeM «b MenbHañmux nogpo6Hocrax MopanbHbM KogeKC Hapoga.»21
B gyxoBHbx CTuxax BoroMaTepb Bcerga pagoM c Cmhom m npocuT ero noMuno-BaTb rpemHbx. MaTymKa Bnagbinu^ npocuT : «O cbHe mom, cbHe BO3nro6neHHbM ! npocTM ^TM gymu rpemHbe, Kto cpogy MaTepHbM cnoBOM He 6paHMnca» «O MaTymKa üpecBHTaH Boropogu^ ! XoHemb nu MeHH 3a rpemHbx BugeTM Ha BTopbM Ha pacnaTuu ?» «O cbHe mom, cbHe BO3nro6neHHbM ! He TOKMO HTO BugeTb Ha pacnHTMM, He xoHy ^TO u cnbimaTM.» OnATb npocuT MaTymKa Bnagbinu^ Boropogu^ : «üpocTM, kto cpogy He pyranca M3 MyKM M3 BeHHbH, CbHe mom, cbHe BO3nro6neHHbM !» «O MaTymKa npecBHTaa Boropogu^ ! üpo^y, kto cpogy He pyranca,
no TBoeMy no npomeHuro.»... (n.BeccoHOB: KanuKu nepexo«ue,V t. Ne 479).
HapogHbie npegcraBneHMH o BoroMaTepu oKa3anu BnuHHue u Ha uKOHonucb. Toh-Kue Ha6nrogeHUH BbcKa3ana aMepuKaHcKaa uccnegoBaTenbHu^ o «eHcKux o6pa3ax b ucKyccTBe u nuTepaType cpegHeBeKOBOM Pycu. OHa numeT o tom, hto cy^ecTByeT He-cKonbKo pa3nuHHbx o6mmkob Mapuu cpegu BU3aHTUMcKux o6pa3^B, u3o6pa«aro^ux Ee. OgHaKo «ocHOBHaa TeHgeH^a TeM He MeHee acHa: BoroMaTepb b Poccuu ^urypa 6onee nupuHecKaa, HeM HeKOTopbe ee bm3 aHTuMcKue Mogenu.»22 Ecnu Ha bm3 aHTuMcKOM MKOHe MaTb u fluTH «npaMbi, oTganeHb u BenuHecTBeHHb: MaTb noKa3bBaeT Mupy ^pa», to Ha ogHOM u3 gpeBHeñmux u3BecTHbx HaM mkoh, Ha MKOHe BnaguMupcKOM BoroMaTepu («McnonHeHHOM b Bbicmeñ Mepe HeTunuHHbiM gna Bu3aHTuu xygo«HMKOM») «^eKa MaTepu He«Ho npu«aTa k nu^ fluTHTu, ee He«Ho M3orayTbie pyKM gep«aT u o6eperaroT ero.»23 Ero HaHMHaeTca ^noe HanpaBneHue b pa6oTe pyccKux MKOHonuc^B Hag MKOHaMM Tuna yMuneHue. KpacoTa BoroMaTepu ogyxoTBopeHa.
rny6oKMM 3HaTOK u uccnegoBaTenb aHTUHHOM, 6u6neñcKOM u xpucTuaHcKOM Kynb-Typb, a TaK «e ux cuHTe3a C.C.ABepuH^B numeT: «6naroroBeHue nonuTaTenen mkoh - He ^TO nu cbomctbo HpaBcTBeHHOM cepbe3HocTu nepeg nu^M KpacoTb ?» «y«e tmch-Hy neT TOMy Ha3ag, ecnu BepuTb paccKa3y neTonu^a, Hamu npegKM npu Bb6ope Bepb oKa3anu goBepue KpacoTe KaK cBugeTenbcTBy o6 ucTUHe.»24 M ganee: «Hto6m KpacoTe
20	OegoTOB r. 1991, 117.
21	TaM «e, 109.
22	flenoHe IpoccMaH 1980, 36.
23	TaM «e, 36-37.
24	ABepMH^B C. 1990, 68.
moxho 6bino noBepuTb, ^T0 gonxHa 6biTb oco6aa KpacoTa. noTBopcTBo HyBCTBeHHocTu xoth 6h «cy6nuMupoBaHHoß» u KynbT caMo^nbHoro apTuCTU3Ma ucKnroHeHH. MMeHHo noToMy, hto ot HagexHocTM, go6poKaqecTBeHHocTU KpacoTH 3aBucuT Hepe3BbraaßH0 MHoro, k Heß npegbaBnaroTca oneHb CTporue Tpe6oBaHUH... CTapuHHoe cnoBo «6naro-o6pa3ue (y CTpaHHUKa b «nogpocTKe»)..., BHpaxaro^ee ugero KpacoTH KaK cbhtoctm m cbhtoctm KaK KpacoTH. KpacoTa TecHo cBH3aHa b pyccKoß HapogHoß ncuxonoruu c TpygHHM ycunueM caM00TpeneHUH.»25
OneHb ^hhh 3aMenaHUH C.C.ABepuH^Ba o 3HaneHMU xpucTuaHcKoß KynbTypH b Poccuu: «KaKMM 6h hm 6bino 6oraTcTBo aBToxToHHHX TpagM^Mß BocroHHo-cnaBHH-cKoro H3HHecTBa..., TonbKo c npuHHTueM xpucTuaHcTBa pyccKaH KynbTypa nepe3 koh-TaKT c Bu3aHTueß npeogonena noKanbHyro orpaHuneHHocrb u npuo6pena yHMBepcanb-HHe M3MepeHMH. OHa conpuKocHynacb c TeMU 6u6neßcKMMM u ^nnMHCKMMM ucToKaMU, KoTopHe HBnHroTcH o6^mmm gnH eBponeßcKoß ceMbu KynbTyp (u go M3BecTHoß crene-HM pogHHT ee c KynbTypaMM ucnaMcKoro Kpyra). OHa oco3Hana ce6a caMoe u cBoe MecTo b pagy, BHxoga^eM ganeKo 3a npegenH xuTeßcKoß ^M^MpMM, oHa crana KynbTypoß b nonH0M 3HaneHMM ^To^o cnoBa.»26
M Bcë-TaKM, KaK MogM^M^MpyroTCH 0cH0B0n0nararo^ue xpucTuaHcKue noHHTUH b xm3hm m KynbType Kaxgoro Hapoga? M npeTepneBaroT nu ohm U3MeHeHUH b cpege MecTHoß Ha^M0HanbH0ß KynbTypH? y^UTbiBaa MHorue ^aKTopH, HanpaBnaro^ue cTa-HoBneHue cTpoa Ha^M0HanbH0ß xm3hm, C.C.ABepuH^B numeT o pyccKoß cbhtoctm, hto oHa «6ygynu npaBocnaBHoß, UMeeT npegnocHnKU, o6^ue gna Hee c BM3aHTußcKoß cBHTocTbro. Ho ^M0^M0HanbHaH ee oKpacKa UHaa, oHa oTBenaeT BnenaTnuTenbHocTU Monogoro Hapoga, Kyga 6onee naTpuapxanbHHM ycT0HM xm3hm, oHa BKnronaeT c^e^M-^unecKue T0Ha cnaBHHcKoß HyBcTBUTenbHocTU... KoHTpacTH «KpoTKoro» u «rpo3Horo» Tuna cbhtoctm 3gecb He 0n0cpegcTB0BaHH ^MBMnM3a^Meß, KaK ^T0 b B03pacTaro^eß Mepe npoucxoguno Ha 3anage, u He TpaHcnoHupoBaHH b «yMcTBeHHyro» T0HanbH0cTb KaK b Bu3aHTMM, - ohm BHcTynaroT c TaKoß noTpacaro^eß o6HaxeHocTbro, KaK, MoxeT 6HTb, Hurge.»27
^TM 3aMenaHMH 6onbmoro yneHoro garoT HaM B03M0XH0cTb 6onee 0THeTnuB0 no-HMMaTb c^e^M^MKy u cnoxHHß xapaKTep, HenoBTopuMyro KpacoTy KynbTypH nro6oro Hapoga.
^MTepaTypa
ABepuH^B, Cepreß C.: ^o^TMKa paHHeBM3aHTußcKoß nuTepaTypH. M. 1977 ABepuH^B, Cepreß C.: Bu3aHTUH u Pycb: gBa Tuna gyxoBHocTU. «HoBHß Mup» 1988/7 ABepuH^B, Cepreß C.: rpenecKaa «nuTepaTypa» u 6nuxHeBocroHHafl cnoBecHocTb».
C.C.ABepuH^B: Penurua u nuTepaTypa. M3g. ^pMMTax , 1981 ABepuH^B, Cepreß C.: Kpe^eHue Pycu u nyTb pyccKoß KynbTypH. // KoHTeKcT. ^UTe-
paTypHo-TeopeTunecKue uccnegoBaHua. MocKBa, 1990 Baß6ypuH, Anb6epT K.: PuTyan b TpagM^M0HH0ß KynbType. Cn6. 1993
25	TaM xe, 65, 70.
26	ÄBepuH^B Cro 1988, 210.
27	ÄBepMH^B C 1988, 231.
Ban6ypuH, Anb6epT - ^cbmhtoh reoprun: K npo6neMe - y ^TH0^pa^uHecKux mctokob ^onbKnopHHX croxeTOB u 06pa30B. // ^onbKnop u ^TH0^pa^ufl. Peg. B.nyTunoBa. ^eHMHrpag 1984
BaxTMH, Muxaun M.: ThopnecTBO ^paHcya Pa6ne u HapogHaa KynbTypa CpegHeBeKO-
BbA u PeHeccaHca. MocKBa 1965 Deloney, Grossman, Joan: Feminine Images in old Russian Literature and Art. // California Slavic Studies. 1980, 11 t. KanuHCKun, M.n.: ^pkobho - HapogHbin Mec^ecnoB Ha Pycu. 3a6biTaa KHura. Mo-cKBa1990
KaMaH, ^pxe6eT: napagurMa npa3gHuKa b Tpygax M.M.BaxTuHa u B.^.nponna. Studia
mytologica Slavica. Ljubljana 1999 / 2 KapTamoB, A.B.: OnepKu no ucTopuu pyccKon ^pKBu. MocKBa 1992 KopuH^cKun, A.A.: Kpyrabin rog cKa3aHun, noBepun, o6braaeB u ^0c^0Bu^ pyccKoro
Hapoga. (1901) Cmomhck 1995 MaKcuMOB, Cepren B.: HenucTaa, HeBegoMaa u Kpecraaa cuna. (1873 - 1903) Cmomhck 1995
naHHeHKO, AneKcaHgp: MaTb unu Manexa? ^ypHan «OTenecTBeHHbie 3anucKu» 2004/1
^^eKTpoHHHn BapuaHT, uHTepHeT noTe6HH, AneKcaHgp A.: O Mu^unecKOM 3HaneHuu HeK0T0pbix o6pagoB u noBepun. XapbKOB, 1914
nponn, BnaguMup PyccKue arpapHbie npa3gHuKu. M3g. OTy ^eHuHrpag, 1963 nponn, BnaguMup ^onbKnop u gencTBuTenbHocTb. 1976
nponn, BnaguMup 3Mee6opcTB0 reoprua Ha MocTy. // ^onbKnop u ^TH0^pa^uH pyc-
cKoro CeBepa. ^eHuHrpag, 1973 «Heu3BecTHbin, B.^.nponn» Cn6, 2002
CyM^B, HuKonan CuMBonuKa cnaBHHcKux o6pagoB.(1981, 1985) MocKBa, 1996 TonopoB, BnaguMup H.: O puTyane. BBegeHue b npo6neMaTuKy. // ApxaunecKun PuTy-
an b ^onbKnopHbix u paHHenuTepaTypHHx naMHTHuKax. MocKBa, 1988 Turner, Viktor : The Ritual Process. Structure and anti-structure. Cornell University Press. Ithaca, 1977
$eg0T0B, reoprun: Cruxu gyxoBHbie. PyccKaa HapogHaa Bepa no gyxoBHbiM cTuxaM. MocKBa1991
Ljudske šege ob praznikih Matere Božje
Erzsebet Kaman
Letno obhajanje praznikov Matere Božje niso zgolj cerkvene molitve za Marijino rojstvo, Marijino darovanje v templju, Oznanjenje, praznik Marije zavetnice s plaščem, Marijino vnebovzetje in čaščenje njenih čudodelnih ikon, ampak je bogato tudi z obredi in običaji.
Ruski etnografi XVII. in XIX. stoletja so o praznovanju teh obredov pisali kar precej, medtem ko so raziskovalci XX. stoletja ubrali drugo pot. Iskali so arhaične podstave obredov in proučevali njihovo naravo in povezavo z jezikovnimi oblikami in izročilom. Trudili so se razkriti mehanizme, ki so oblikovali strukturo ljudske kulture. Na značaj ljudskega obhajanja cerkvenih praznikov niso bili posebno pozorni. Nov metodološki pristop k raziskovanju narave prazničnega obreda je avtorica našla v delih V. Turnerja, ki v obrednih simbolih ne vidi le "spoznavnih dejavnikov", kajti obred mimo razuma zajame tudi vse človekovo bitje.
V Rusiji so se obhajali vsi datumi iz življenja Matere Božje same in skupaj s prazniki njenega Sina. Po pokristjanjenju so hkrati z osrednjimi hrami Božje modrosti, svetega Jurija nad Zlatimi vrati Kijeva in Novgoroda zrasli hrami Marijinega vnebovzetja in Zavet-nega plašča Marijinega. Marijino varstvo so zagotavljali tudi posvečeni predmeti, zelišča, živila, zadržki.
Mati Božja se sicer posredno navezuje na staro čaščenje matere zemlje, ne da bi se zlila z njim. Obogatitev praznikov z ljudskimi običaji izkazuje vero in duhovno življenje ljudstva, v jeziku in ustnem izročilu lahko prav tako zasledimo njegov podrobni moralni kodeks.
S. S. Averincev v ruskem dojemanju svetosti zaznava specifične tone čustvenosti nasproti "krotkemu" in "strašnemu" tipu svetosti, ki ga razvija zlasti zahodna civilizacija, pa tudi nasproti "umski" tonalnosti bizantinskega tipa.