UDK 811.163.1367
BnaduMup A. nnymau (Vladimir A. Plungian)
HHCTHTyT 33MK03HaHHa POCCHHCKOH aKageMHH HayK, MoCKBa, Poccua;
HHCTHTyT pyccKoro a3HKa hm. BuHorpagoBa Pocchhckoh aKageMuu HayK, MocKBa,
Poccua
plungian@gmail.com
Anna W. ypMannueea (Anna Yu. Urmanchieva)
HHCTHTyT ^HHrBHCTHHecKHx uccnegoBaHHH Pocchhckoh aKageMuu HayK, CaHKT-neTep6ypr; HHCTHTyT a3HKo3HaHua Pocchhckoh aKageMuu HayK, MoCKBa, Poccua urmanna@yandex.ru
K THnO.HOrHH HEPE3YnbTATHBHOrO nEP®EKTA (Ha MaTepuane cTapocnaBaHcKoro a3bma)1
B pa6oTe npegnpuHaTa nontiTKa npu6nH3HTtca k noHHMaHuro ceMaHTHKH cTapocnaBaHcKoro nep^eKTa — aHanuTHHecKon raarontHon ^opMti, cocToa^en H3 l-npuHacTua cMticnoBoro raarona h BcnoMoraTentHoro raarona byti b npe3eHce. BtigeneHti TunuHHtie KoHTeKcTH ynoTpe6neHua gaHHon ^opMti; ochobhoh 3aganen uccnegoBaHua aBnaeTca o^HHTt nonyHHBmunca «ceMaHTHHecKHH nopTpeT» cTapocnaBaHcKoro nep^eKTa c tohkh 3peHua TunonoruHecKux oxugaHun, c^opMupoBaBmuxca b oTHomeHHH nep^eKTHtix $opM b a3HKax Mupa. noKa3aHo, hto pont pe3yntTaTHBHoro KoMnoHeHTa b ceMaHTHKe nep^eKTa aBnaeTca, BonpeKH ^THM oxugaHuaM, MHHHMantHon.
KaroneBMe caoBa: nep^eKT, pe3ynbTaTHB, cTapocnaBaHcKHH a3HK, rpaMMaTHKanH3au,Ha
This article approaches the intricate grammatical semantics of the periphrastic perfect form in Old Church Slavonic (consistitng of the l-participle and present-tense forms of the auxiliary byti 'be'). Typical uses of this form are discussed in detail; the main objective of the article is to assess the resulting "semantic portrait" of the OCS perfect from a cross-linguistic perspective. It is argued that contrary to typological expectations, the role of the resultative component in the semantics of the OCS perfect is minor (if it exists at all).
Keywords: perfect, resultative, Old Church Slavonic, grammaticalization
1 HccnegoBaHue BtmonHeHo b paMKax npoeKTa PH® «^HaxpoHHHecKH HecTa6unbHHe acneKTyantHtie KaTeropHH» 14-18-02624.
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1 CTapoc^aBHHCKHH nep^eKT: BBegeHHe
B ^jom npu onucaHuu cTapocnaBaHcKoro nep^eKTa2 uccjegoBareju, KaK Ka-®eTca, nacre noggaKrrca CBoero poga Maruu TepMuHa u ucxogaT H3 Toro, hto $opMa, Tpagu^u0HH0 Ha3biBaeMaa nep^eKTOM, gon^Ha 6onee unu MeHee cooTBeTCTBoBarb o6^eTHnoflorHHecKHM npegcraBjeHuaM o gaHHon rpaMMeMe. B ^Tux npegcraBjeHuax uempanbHyro ponb, KaK u3BecTHo, urparoT pe3yjibTaraBHbie ynoTpe6jeHua: Kjaccune-ckhh nep^eKT o^ngaeTca npe^ge Bcero npu onucaHuu cuTyanun, pe3yjbTupyromaa $a3a kotophx coxpaHaeTca b MoMeHT penu. B cnynae crapocnaBaHcKoro nep^eKTa Hac, ogHaKo, gon^eH Hacropo^MTb tot ^arcr, hto KaK pa3 gja pe3yjbTaruBHbix koh-TeKcToB ero ynoTpe6neHue KpanHe HexapaKTepHo. Hu^e b KanecTBe TununHon un-JMCTpa^HH npuBogarca npuMepu H3 MapuuHcKoro EBaHrenna, cogep^amue aopucr b pe3yjbTarHBHMx KoHTeKcTax; gna cpaBHeHua npuBogaTca aHrauncKMe Bepcuu 3thx ®e ^parneHTOB (no King James Bible), rge nocjegoBarenbHo ynoTpe6neH nep^eKT:
1.	erga ®e chi tboh cb. I3igu TBoe uMiHue cb nro6ogiu^Mu npuge. 3aKaa eMoy Tefle^'b nuroMbi. (Lk. 15.30)
But as soon as this thy son was come, which hath devoured thy living with harlots, thou hast killed for him the fatted calf.
2.	I fjia eMoy. BbciKb q^BKb npi^ge go6poe buho nonaraaTb. I erga oynn^Ti ca Torga Taute. th ®e ctSaroge go6poe bhho go cent (In. 2.10) And saith unto him, Every man at the beginning doth set forth good wine; and when men have well drunk, then that which is worse: but thou hast kept the good wine until now.'
3.	I pene pa6i. th 6hcti iKo^e noBeat. u emTe Micro ecTb. (Lk. 14.22) And the servant said, Lord, it is done as thou hast commanded, and yet there is room.
4.	Ic ®e Bb3Bege bi icnpb ohh u pene. OTue xBan^ Te6i Bi3ga^. iKo oycatima ma: a3b ®e Bigixb. iKo Bbcerga MeHe nocnoymaemu. Hb Hapoga pagu cToMmraaro oKpicTb pixb. ga Bip^ umxh iKo th ma noctaa. (In 11.41-42) And Jesus lifted up his eyes, and said, Father, I thank thee that thou hast heard me. And I knew that thou hearest me always: but because of the people which stand by I said it, that they may believe that thou hast sent me.
AHanorHHHbie npuMepbi mo^ho npuBecTu u u3 gpyrux naMHTHHKoB. C gpyron ctopohh, ynoTpe6neHue cTapocnaBaHcKoro nep^eKTa bo3mo®ho b KoHTeKcTax, rge onucuBaeTca cuTya^Ha c aHHynupoBaHHHM pe3yjbTaroM. TaK, noKa3aTeneH
2 hto KacaeTca u3yneHua ceMaHTuKu cTapocnaBaHcKon nepc^eKTHon c^opMbi, to Hau6onee geTajbHbiMu ocTaroTca gocTaToHHo gaBHue uccnegoBaHua H. K. EyHuHon (1959: 55-78 u 1970: 118-29) u M. ^eaHoBon (1970: 129-50). ABTopbi yKa3aHHbix pa6oT nbiTaroTca c^opMynupoBaTb a6cTpaKTHoe uHBapuaHTHoe 3HaHeHue nepc^eKTHon c^opMbi, 3aKjronaro^eeca, no ux MHeHnro, b tom, hto nep^eKT ynoTpe6naeTca gna onucaHua cuTya^un, co3garo^ux «npegnocbmKu gna peaJU3a^uu» Hemropon gpyron cuTya^uu, xpoHonorunecKu cnegyro^en 3a onucbiBaeMon. B gaHHon pa6oTe npegnaraeTca HecKonbKo uHon nogxog: Mbi oTKa3HBaeMca ot nonuTKu BugeneHua eguHoro uHBapuaHTHoro 3HaneHua b nonb3y 6onee gpo6Horo onucaHua ceMaHTuKu ochobhhx KoHTeKcToB ynoTpe6neHua maronbHon c^opMbi (cp. o6cy®geHue ?Ton npo6neMaTuKu b nnyHraH 2011).
B^agHMHp A. njyHraH, AHHa W. ypMaHHHeBa: K ranojrorHH Hepe3yjiLTaTHBHoro nep^erna
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npuMep (5) u3 CuHancKOH ncaJTbipn (uHTepecyromne Hac KOHTeKCTM name Bcero Bcxpenaroxca umchho b ^xoM naMaTHuKe). B ^xoM npuMepe ynoxpe6.neH pag nep^eKxoB B ^K3ucmeH^uanbHOM 3HaneHuu ('no KpaËHen Mepe oguH pa3 b npomJOM uMeJa Mecxa onucMBaeMaa CHxya^Ha'), npuneM oneBugHO, hto 3tot pag nep$eKTOB (oTtpiH^Jt hm eci: H pa3gpoymiJt hm eci: Pa3rHÍBaJt cm eci u noMuJOBaJt hm eci) o6o3HaHaex cmyanuu c aHHynupoBaHHMM pe3ynbTaTOM, KOHTpacrupyromue c TeKymuM noJO^eHueM geJ, KOTopoe onucaHO aopucTaMu (CtTpMce 3eMJ» i CMMTe Ï ucnin ctKpoymeHth aM hKO nogBma cm: Abi JrogeMt CBOiMt ^ecxoKaa), npnneM pe3y!bTupyromaa $a3a 3Tux cuTya^uH coxpaHaeTca, hto BugHO u3 ynoTpe6JeHna uMnepaTuBa 'Tm noTpac 3eMJM, pa36uJ ee: ucyenu noBpe^geHna ee, u6o OHa KOJe6JeTca':
5. B^e moi ombpm^nb hu eci: Mpa3dpoyminb hu eci: Pa3^HmeaMb cm eci u noMunoeanb hu eci: CbmpMce 3eMnm i cMMme Ï uc^hm ctKpoymeHth aM hKO nogBma cm: Abi JrogeMt CBOiMt ^ecTOKaa
'Bo^e! Tm ompuHyn Hac u Tm coKpymun Hac, Tm npo^Heeanc%[3] u noMunoean Hac. Tm nompnc 3eMJK>,pa30un ee: ucne^u noBpe^geHua ee, u6o OHa KOJeÔJeTca. Tm neun Hapogy TBoeMy ^ecTOKoe' (nc. 59)
AHaJoruHHO, b npuMepe (6) nep$eKTM onucMBaroT cuxya^uu, pe3yJJbxax KOxopMx He uMeeT MecTa b MOMeHT penu, aKxyaJbHaa ®e CHxya^Ha onucMBaeTca aopucTaMu3:
ó. He Ha J^Kt 6o i moi oynbBara, Ï op^^te Moe He cnTt MHe: Cnacnb 6o hu eci OTt ctT^^a^muixt HaMt: Ï HeHaBugMmMM Hact nocmpm6unb eci: O 6SSh noxBaJiMt cm Bbct geHt: I o uMern TBoeMt ucnoBhMt cm Bt BhKt: Hmhí ®e otphhä iiocpaMii hm: Ï He u3igemi 6rá"e Bt ciJaxt Hamixt: (nc. 43, 7-10)
TaKHM 06pa30M, y^e 3tu npuMepM n03B0JaroT cgeJaTb gBa Ba^Hbix BMBoga:
3 ynoTpe6JeHue nep^eKTa b CuHancKOH ncaJTbipu G^e^uaJbH0 paccMarpuBaeTca b [MacRobert 2013]. B ^T0M naMaTHuKe, KaK yKa3MBaeT K. M. MaKPo6epT, cctuaacb Ha [Večerka 1993], lucJeHHoe goMuHupo-BaHue nep^eKTHMx CopM 2-ro jju^ eg. nucJa Hag nep^eKTHMMu CopMaMu gpyrux JIu^ u nuce! aBJaeTca 0C06eHH0 oneBugHMM. MaKPo6epx npuBogux JJro6onMXHMe cxaxucxunecKue gaHHMe: b CuHancKOH ncarnbipu (u TOJbKO b Hen) $opMM nep^eKTa 2 eg. ot i-uaroJOB y^0Tpe6JIaroTGa cymecTBeHHO name, neM CopMM nep^eKTa 2 eg. ot naroJOB gpyrux MGp^GJJG^uHecKHx KJaccoB. Hcxoga u3 ^TG^G, MaKPG6epT geJaeT 3aKOHOMepHMH BMBog, HTO CopMM nep^eKTa 2 eg. ot i-raaroJOB y^0Tpe6JJaroTGa gaa CHaTua omohumuu Me^gy aopucxoM 2-3 JJuna eguHCxBeHHoro lucJa u uMnepaxuBOM 2 JJuna eguHCxBeHHoro lucJa - omohumuu, BO3HuKaromeH TOJbKO y rJJaroJJOB gaHHoro Mop^OJoruHecKoro KJacca. CaM no ce6e ^T0T BMBog He hob: o TOM ®e nucaJ, HanpuMep, A. BanaH (1952: 382). HoBu3Ha yTBep^geHua MaKPo6epT cocTouT npe^ge Bcero b TOM, HTO, KaK OHa noKa3aJa, nep^eKT 2 eg. ot i-raaroJOB uG^0JJb3yeTGa gJa CHaraa omohumuu c uMnepaTuBOM (ho He c aopucxoM 3 ju^) b CuHaHCKOH ncarxtipu name, neM b gpyrux naMaTHuKax. MaKPo6epT npuBoguT, KaK Ka^eTca, y6eguTeJbHoe 060GH0BaHue Toro, noneMy ^Ta c^yH^ua nep^eKTa B0CTpe60BaHa b CuHancKOH ncarxbipu 6oJJee, neM b gpyrux naMaTHuKax: «TeKCTM ncaJTMpu He uMerox npaKTunecKu KaHGHU3upGBaHHGH, 6uu3KGH k CopMyJJaM CTpyKTypM o6mhhmx mojutb; HanpOTuB, OHu npegcTaBJarox CO6OH ^o^TUHeGKue pa3MMmJeHua Ha TeMy B3auM00TH0meHuH rocnoga c ero TBopeHueM, u gJa ^Tux pa3MMm!eHuH xapaKTepHM HenpegcKa3yeMMe u BHe3anHMe nepexogM Me^gy HappaTuBOM u o6pameHueM, Me^gy BTopMM u TpeTbuM JJu^0M npu o6pameHuu k rocnogy, Me^gy npomegmuM, HacToa-muM u 6ygymuM BpeMeHeM» [MacRobert 2013: 397]. CooTBeTCTBeHHO, b HameM uccJegoBaHuu b KanecTBe uuuroGTpa^uH ^og6upauuGb Te npuMepM u3 CuHancKOH ncarxupu, b K0T0pMx (a) y^0Tpe6JaroTGa aopucTbi 2 eg. ot i-rJJar0JJ0B u (6) ynoTpe6J!aroTca nep^eKT^i 2 eg. ot ruaroJOB gpyrux MopCouo^uHeGKux KJaccoB.
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1)	pe3yjbTaTUBHaa ceMaHTUKa nacre Bbipa^aeTca aopucTHHMu ^opMaMu;
2)	aHTupe3yjibTaTHBHHH xapaKTep KOHTeKCTa He HaKiagHBaeT orpaHuneHua Ha ynoTpeÖjeHue nep^eKTHbix $opM.
TeM caMMM, HUHTO He CBugeTejbCTByeT o tom, hto pe3yibTamBHaa ceMaHTUKa aBjaeTca TeM napaMeTpoM, KOTopHH npegonpegeiaeT ynoTpe6ieHue nep^eKTa.
2 CTapocaaBHHcKUH nep^eKT: aiia. 1113 MaTepuaaa
npoaHaju3upyeM Tenepb 6oiee geTaibHO Te KOHTeKCTH, b kotophx nep^eKT ynoTpeÖjaeTca. KaK mh y®e Bugeiu U3 (5) h (6), ^T0 MoryT 6HTb ^K3HCTeH^HaIbHHe (h, b nacTHOCTH, ^KC^epHeH^HaJbHHe KOHTeKCTH). MHoro TaKux npuMepoB npegcTaBjeHO b MapuuHCKOM EBaHrejuu:
7. lc ®e pene umi. en. HtcTe au ntau HUKOiu^e. íko h3 oycTi MiagbHenb u cic^mTuxi ciBpimuii ecu xBai^. (Mt. 21.16, tot ®e KOHTeKCT - Mt. 12.3, 12.5, 19.4, 21.42, 22.31, Mk. 2.25, 12.10, 12.26, Lk. 6.3)
S. CTaBi ®e 3aKbxeu pene ki ru. ce noii hmíhhí Moero ru gaMi HumTuuMi. I amTe ecMt Koro hhmi oßugtat. Bi3Bpam^ neTBopune^. (Lk. 19.81)
9.	ce TOJUKO jifera pa6oTa» Te6i. I HUKOiu»:e 3anoBigu TBoe^ He npicT^nuxi. I Mbffh HUKOiu^e He gaat ecu KO3biATe. (Lk. 15.29)
10.	OTiBfemTamA cioyrai. HUKOiu^e TaKO ecTt ra t qnBKt. íko Cb qnBKb. (Jn. 7.46)
11.	OTiBfemTa HMi uci h pene. aMUHb aMHb ri ^ BaMi. lmTeTe MeHe He íko Bugicre 3HaMeHue. hi íko tau ecTe xií6h h HacHTucTe ca. (Jn. 6.26)
AHaioruHHbie npuMepH mo^ho npuBecTu u U3 CynpacibCKOH pyKonucu:
12.	Htcu au HuKoau^e naaBaat no Mopoy. ga 6h ôyBigiii CTpaxi Kro.
13.	Kirga œcu Bugeat rocnoguHa po6oMi npogaKMa
noMUMO 3Toro, nep^eKT nacTO ynoTpe6iaeTca b Tex KOHTeKCTax, rge cuTyaqna He CTOibKO onucHBaeTca caMa no ce6e, CKOibKO yKa3HBaeTca, hto OHa aBiaeTca cymecTBeHHOH xapaKTepucTUKOH iu6o cy6ieKTa gencTBua, KaK b (14)-(17), iu6o «npoTaroHucTa» gucKypcuBHoro (^pamema, KaK b (18)-(20), rge Ha3HBaK>Tca gencTBua rocnoga, ho no cyTu onucHBaeTca 3HanuTeibHoe BiuaHue, OKa3HBaeMoe hmh Ha iHHHOCTb Tex irogeñ, o kotophx roBopuTca b nuTupyeMbix ^parneHTax. KaK lerKO 3aMeTUTb, b (14)-(20) ynoTpe6iHMTca npeguKaTH oco6on ceMarnuHecKOH rpynnH, onucHBaromue cymecTBeHHbie u3MeHeHna neiOBenecKOH ihhhocth:
14.	He bích HTO npogaKmu ïtogo oTtMuao ta œcTt Cbpe6poiro6bCTBa nuraHbCTBO
B^agHMHp A. njyHraH, AHHa W. ypMaHHHeBa: K ranojrorHH Hepe3yjiLTaTHBHoro nep^erna
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15.	HÍCH TH K'mTe nOKOpHTt CA XpbTU ÓOrOMf
16.	He BipoyKmu nu npopoKoy-Bipoyu' ¿km «xu^hamTe Hten U cioBecbi OTtBptrTt ^XHHbCTBa^
17.	hícti ce mok giio. o ceMb 6o nuHoy 6icoBbcriÍMb HanAibHiiMb. hícmi ca KmTe Cbnogo6uib 6iarogÍTu. hi chh gapb. nayia kcti npinpocTaaro.
18.	TaKo mu xb 6i Hamb BBMteTHTt ca kcti
19.	u MeHe rpimbHaaro u HegocTouHaaro etnogoSirt kch. uMeHe tbokto pagu ce Bbce nocrpagam.
20.	CbTBopu ca caMb 3HaMeHuK Bb 6iaro. ga oyBigATb raKo noMHTOBart a kch
npeguKarbi npuBegeHHbix Bbime npuMepoB (14)-(20) o6iagaroT ogHoñ BaxHoñ oco6eHHocTbro: ohu He onucHBaroT KoHKpeTHbie, jioKanroyeMbie bo BpeMeHu cuTya^uu, a CKopee npegcraBiaroT co6on «pe3K>Me» onpegeieHHoro co6biTunHoro paga, Bbiamaa ero uctuhhhh cmhcj npu noMo^u raaroioB onpegeieHHbix ceMaHTnnecKux rpynn: ^Tu riaroibi b 6oibmeñ CTeneHu xapaKmepusymm cuTyaquro, Hexeiu onucueamm ee. Ha Ham B3riag, uMeHHo ^Ta onepaqna aHairoa co6biTUHHoro paga, KoTopaa «Ha Bbixoge» gaeT npeguKar xapaK^epu3á^u0HH0^0 Tuna, o6ycioBiuBaeT ynoTpe6ieHue $opMH nep^eKTa. B naMaTHUKax BcrpeHarorrca TaKxe nparMarHHecKH 6oiee apKne KoHTeKCTb, b kotophx 3Ta onepauna pe3K>MnpoBaHna co6hthhhofo paga o6o3HaneHa ^KC^Iu^uTH0. B 3tom ciynae b KoHTeKCTe onucHBaroTca HeKoropbie peaibHbie cmyanuu, k kotophm 3aTeM u npuMeHaeTca onepaqua aHaiu3a co6biTUHHoro paga (BnponeM, otho cuTeibHMH nopagoK pe3K>Mupyromeñ nep^eKTHoñ u onucareibHon aopucTHoñ nacTen He aBiaeTca cymecTBeHHbiM, cp. (22), rge uHTepnpeTanuoHHbiñ nep^eKT npegmecTByeT aopucTy, Ha3biBaromeMy KoHKpeTHyro cuTya^uro). npu 3tom nep^eKTHaa $opMa, KaK 6h nogBoguT uTor ^TUM co6hthhm, He onucueax, a xapaKmepusyx ux. TaKue ynoTpe6ieHua aBiarorca oneHb apKon nepTon CTapociaBaHCKoro nep^eKTa; Huxe mh 6ygeM o6o3Hanarb ux KaK mmepnpema^oHHbie. Huxe npuBogaTca HecKoibKo npuMepoB u3 CynpacibCKoñ pyKonucu, (21) u (22) - u3 xhtuhhoh nacTu MuHeu, (23) u (24) - u3 roMuiuñ, gia kotophx xapaKTepHo ynoTpe6ieHue nep^eKTOB TpeTbero juna eguHCTBeHHoro nucía 6e3 CBa3Kn:
21.	th kch 6orb TBopAu' noygeca. c^mTAA 6o Ha hh no Haci CbTBopu. u' jiumeHUK neTbipb gecATi HanTtHHTt kch.
22.	th ha^att kch giioHeHaBuguMoK oti 6ori u' caMogpbxenbu'xe CTaBu Haci nocpigi piKbi BibmbCTBoMb cbou'mi
23.	h CbBpbrb pu3H Kb HarHHMb ca npnMicn. a Bb'nnA Toxge 3bBaHHK cbathhxi. KpbCTHaHb kcmi. h HanpacHÍKMb npiioxeHHa. noygo CbTBopuib 3bpAmTuuMb. hucma xe HanrbHHTt. u' nenaib' 6biBbm^wC o' oy6ixaBb'muiMb npuioxeHUKMb CBouMb oyTtmHTt. [...]. Bugi He6ecbCKa' noygeca. no3Ha hctuh^. npu6i®e
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ki Bjagbiuk npuHTe ca ci M^neHUKbi. oöhobutb K^e o OyneHu^ixi. oTuge Uroga. u BbHuge 3a Hb Mareua.
24.	MaTu Kg'Horo 6ïïa®eHbiuxi. rixi BugiBimu npoKbiuxi. Oy^e croygeHu^ OyMepimA. a CBoKro ukane gbixa^mTa. [...] caMa CBOuMa p^KaMa Bb3eM'mu Ha paMO. Bt3JO®u Ha KOja. Ha Huxi»:e npoHuu u®e jie^Amxe. Ha o'rHb Be3OMu 6iax^. [...] no hctuhí. go6pa KopeHe go6pa ®e h jiTopacjb. noKa3a go6jaa MaTu. aKo OyneHuuMu 6jarbiA Bipbi BtcKptMuTa u nane. He^e mjíkomi.
HHTep^peTa^uoHHHe ynoTpe6jeHua 0C06eHH0 HacTO BcrpenaroTca b CuHancKOM eBxojoruu (b cujy Toro, hto b HeM Hau6ojee HacTOTHbi cooTBeTCTByromue KOHTeK-cth). HMeHHO b ^T0M naMHTHUKe oneHb apKO npoaBjaeTca cjegyro^aa TeHgeH^ua b pacnpegejeHuu aopucxoB u nep$eKX0B: aopucx ucnojb3yexca gja onucaHua KOHKpex-hhx cuTya^uH, nep^eKT - gja uHTep^peTa^uu ^Tux cuTyaquu. CuHancKun Tpe6HUK COCTOUT u3 MOJUTB, coBepmaeMbix no oco6hm Hy^gaM Bepyro^ux: 6jarocjOBeHue KaK0H-ju60 geaTejbHOCTu, ucuejeHue ot pa3JUHHbix HegyroB u np. ^acTb ^Tux MOJUTB nocTpoeHa no ogHOH u toh ®e cxeMe: b 3eMHOH ®h3hh Hucyca Bbi6upaeTca cuTyaqua, b KOTopoH mo®ho, ycjOBHO roBopa, ycMOTpeTb onpegejeHHbiH napajje-JU3M C CUTya^UeH, B KOTOpOH He06x0gUM0 npOU3HeCTU MOJUTBy. CoOTBeTCTBeHHO, B nepBOH nacTu mojutbh onucHBaeTca cooTBeTCTByromun (^parnem ®u3hu Hucyca, a o BTopoH nacTu MOJUTBH (^opMyjupyeTca co6cTBeHHO caMa npocb6a. npu ^T0M, KaK npaBUjo, nepBaa HacTb mojutbh uMeeT cjegyromyro CTpyKTypy: Ha3HBaeTca HeKO-Topoe KOHKpeTHoe co6HTue, nocje Hero noaBjaeTca Kjay3a c uHTepnpeTaquoHHbiM nep$eKX0M, Koxopbin BbiaBjaex ucxuhhhh cmhcj, npunucbiBaeMbin gaHHOH cuxyanuu KaK b 06mexpucTuaHCK0M KOHTeKCTe, TaK u, 6ojee npamaruHecKu, b KOHTeKCTe npo-u3HeceHua mojuxbh Ha KOHKpexHyro noxpe6y. Bo Bxopon Hacxu mojuxbh oôpa^eHue k rocnogy, b cy^HOCTu, ^opMyjupyeTca KaK npocb6a BOcnpou3BecTu uMeHHO ^Tu «CKpbixbie nocjegcTBna», u xeM caMHM OKa3axb noMO^b Bepyro^uM. XapaKxepHO, hxo bo Bxopon nacTu MOJUTBH HacTO ucnojb3yroTca uMnepaTUBH ot Tex ®e (uju ceMaH-TunecKu OHeHb 6ju3kux) rjarojOB, KOTopbie b nepBOH HacTu mojutbh ynoTpe6jeHH b nep^eKTe. Hu^e npuBoguTca gBa npuMepa; b hux KypcueoM BbigejeHbi onucaHua KOHKpeTHbx cuTya^uH (ïro MoryT 6biTb aopucTbi, npuHacTua, OTraarojbHbie uMeHa), noay^upHMM iii|)ii(|)tom BbigejeHbi uHxep^pexa^uoHHHe nep^eKXbi, onucbiBaro^ue «cuMBOJUHecKue» nocjegcTBua ^Tux cuTyaqun, u, HaK0He^, pa3pagKOH B^igejeHM uMnepaxuBb, npu noMO^u Koxopnx ^opMyjiupyexca npocb6a, KOxopoH u nocBa^eHa gaHHaa MOJUTBa:
25.	ri ucxe 6®e Hami npocmepu Ho.3rn ceou HapacnoHn oKpaTuat ecu bca n^xu
HeHbCTUBbixi i BCÍMl HenpuÍ3HeMi i BCiMi Heg^rOMi i BCÍMl 6oji3HeMl
np^eowdenueMb nnecnoy ceoem npurBoîgu^t ecu cp^ BCÍK0M0y Heg^roy icmp^anueMb wum, CBOuxi oyMptTBu^t ecu cujh BciKOMoy Heg^roy pM^m^Moy ®ujh i óonnsnum ceoem noxoy.rn.TB ecu bcík^ 6oji3Hb th paHu HbiHn npu^eo3^umu cpUe Heg^roy ceMoy c^mwMoy bi Horoy cero i noxoyjuTu 6oji3Hb cu^ ogpi^A^^^ H03i cu CTO^muu npigi to6o^
B^agHMHp A. njyHraH, AHHa W. ypMaHHHeBa: K ranojrorHH Hepe3yjiLTaTHBHoro nep^erna
427
26.	npueMbi nonnes ombp^Koy nnoekw npuKpbeenue mmnoy ceoeMoy ombpa6a meoe^o uocufya iipiiupM. ii> ecu bca rpixbi pa6i tbouxi cirpima^muuMi i He OTiMeTa^muuMi ca Te6i ra BJKO ri panu hhhí npHKpbiTH rpixbi mom u npuMTu cjOBeca Moi oti oycxi Mouxi rpimiHbixi pa6a TBoero pagu 6ojAmaaro, uma, npuHeceHaaro Ha Hocujixi npigi j^e TBoe npocA^aaro ^ijbBe 0Ti Te6e
B paccMOxpeHHHx go cux nop npuMepax xapaKxeproyro^aa ceMaHxuKa nep^eKxa ycTaHaBjuBajacb gocxaxoHHO jerKo: ^T0 6biju ju6o npeguKaxbi onpegejeHHbix ce-MaHTHHecKux xunoB, jiuôo HHxep^pexa^H0HHbie KOHxeKCXb, b K0T0pbix 3Kcnj^nxHO npoTUBonocTaBjeHO onucaHue ROHRpeTHOH cuTya^uu u ee uHTepnpeTaqua. Tenepb nepengeM k MeHee OHeBugHbiM cjynaaM, b Koxopbix gja BbiaBjeHua xapaKxeproyro^en ceMaHTuKu nep^eKTHon $opMbi Heo6xoguMO paccMaTpuBaTb 6ojee mupoKun KOHTeKCT.
PaccMOTpuM gBa npuMepa u3 CuHancKOH ncajTbipu. B (27) nep^eKTHbie npeguKaxbi Ha3HBaroT gencTBHa, ^arcr coBepmeHua Koxopbix Ba^eH He caM no ce6e, a KaK xapaKTepucTuKa cy6ieKTa - nep^eKTHbie ^peguKa^uu xapaKTepu3yroT TBop^ TaKuM 06pa30M, hto nogTBep^garoT cjOBa o tom, hto 3eMja u Bce HanoflHaromee ee npuHagje^aT eMy:
27.	rHi ecTi 3eMii u-cnjiHeHbe-M: BicejeHa u Bic.i MB^raxei Ha Hei: Tbi Ha Mopixi ocnoecwb m ecmb: H Ha piKaxi oy^omo8cmb m ecmb (nc. 23)
B cjegyro^eM npuMepe (28) pag nep^eKTHbix $opM ucnojb3yeTca gja OTBeTa Ha Bonpoc 'hto ecTb nejOBex' - b gaHHOM cjynae xapaKTepu3a^uoHHaa pojb nep^eKxa npoaBjaeTca b tom, hto b KOMMyHuKaxuBHOM ^OKyce gaHHoro OTpbiBKa HaxoguTca yxBep^geHue, hxo rocnogb MHoroe goBepuj HejOBeKy, xaK hxo oh HeMHoruM ycxynaex aHrejaM. nep^eKTHbie $opMbi 3gecb Ha3biBaroT pa3juHHbie co6htuh, ynoMuHaHue KOTopbx npu3BaHO xapaKTepu3OBaTb nejOBexa TaKuM 06pa30M, hto6m nogTBepguTb ^T0T Te3uc4:
28.	Mito ecTi hjki íko noMiHimi u: ju cHi hjki íko noci^aemi ero: OyMbHWb i eci MajOMi himi OT aHrji: cjaßo^ u necTbra, enubnanb u eci: u nocmaeunb i eci Ha-g-ijbi p^Koy TBoero: Bici noKopunb eci nogi Hosi ero: 0Bb^M i BOïïbl BbCM: (nc. 8)
^pkuk npuMep xapaKTepu3aquHHoro nep^eKTa npegcxaBjeH cjegyro^uM otphbkom u3 roMujuu CynpacjbCKOH pyKonucu. KoMMyHuKaxuBHaa ^jb ^uTupyeM0^0 $par-MeHTa - He onucanue geaHun XpucTa, a nepenucjeHue HeK0T0pbix co6htuh, Hepe3 coBepmeHue Koxopbix oh xapaKxepu3yeTca; b (29) ^T0 ^KC^Ju^uTH0 pe3roMupyeTca
4 06paxuM BHuMaHue Ha xo, hxo u b gaHHOM cjyHae Hejb3a roBopuxb o xom, hxo nep^eKT xapaKTepu3yex uMeHHo cy6ieKT GHxya^HH: KaK Ka^exca, npuBa3Ka nep^eKxa k o6ieKxy xapaKxepH3a^HH ocy^ecTBasexca 6ojee cno^HHM 06pa30M, He Ha cTporo GHHxaKGHHeGK0M ypoBHe, a Ha K0MMyHHKaxHBH0-^pa^MaxHHeGK0M. OHeBugHo, hxo b gaHHOM npuMepe nep^eKX ucnojiHaex xapaKTepH3a^H0HHyro (^yHK^Hro He no oxHomeHuro k cy6ieKTy GHxya^HH (Eory), a no oxHomeHuro k xonuKy gaHHoro ^parMeHxa (HejoBeKy)
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cnegyromHMH cnoBaMH: ch gina Bt hcthh^ c^Tt 6o®ha cnnbi, ch gina ganene c^Tt cbMpbTbHaro ecTbcTBa:
29. .. .KCTbCTBo BOgbHOK Bb BUHO npino^HBblH 6e3MipbHo MHO^bCTBO oTi Mani xni6i npinmini. Bi noycTbiHH nporHan chobomi mho^ctbo 6ici. chobo HcnymTaame h nporaHrame Heg^ra. nocbinaame rnaroni h oTixo»gaaxx CTpacTH. 6pbHbffiMi o6HaBbrame 3iHH^H ohhto. oyMbpimAA raKo cinAmiAA rnamaame, xpoMHA Ha TeneHbffi chobomi 3iBaame. ocna6bffiHaaro HCuinHBi ginaTenra ogpoy cBoKMoy noKa3ani. noxognni raKo^e no coyxoy Bpbxoy Mopra. 6oyp® BiTpbH® oyTonnni chobomi. athk: KpaA pH3bi Kpagiame HuineHbA MHTapA anocTonH TBoprarame, 6nsgHHn^ nnaKaBbms ca Bb He6eciCKbiH Kpari HacTaBbrame. Ce Ki ce6i rnaronacTa h 6ecigoBacra ch gina Bi hcthhk črni 6o»ha CHnbi, ch gina ganene c®ti CbMpbTbHaro ecTbcTBa.
npHMepbi (27), (28), (29) 0c06eHH0 apKO MoryT npoHnnrocrpHpoBarb e^e 0gH0 noHarae, KOTopoe b caMoe nocnegHee BpeMH o6cy®gaeTca b cbh3h co 3HaneHHeM nep^eKTa. Penb HgeT o noHHTHH $aKra b npoTHBonocraBneHHH noHHTHM co6mthh. B HeKOTopoM cMbicne b nHHrBHCTHKe $arcr HBnaeTca nporoBogHbiM ot co6mthh, cp. onpegeneHHH H. ApyTMHOBoH: «OaKT ... ecTb cnoco6 aHanroa co6mthh geH-cTBHTenbHocTH, HMero^ero cBoeH ^nbro BbigeneHHe b hhx TaKHx ctopoh, KOTOpbie peneBaHTHM c tohkh 3peHH_a ceMaHTHKH TeKcra» [ApyTMHOBa 1988: 162], a TaK^e «hmh $aKT opneHrapoBaHo Ha Mup 3HaHHH, t. e. Ha nornnecKoe npocTpaHcTBo, op-raHH3oBaHHoe KOopgHHaroH hcthhm h n^H, hmh co6brrae opneHrapoBaHO Ha noTOK npoHcxogamero b peanbHoM npocTpaHcTBe h BpeMeHH». [ApyTMHOBa 1988: 168]. HaKOHe^ cnegyromaa ^HTaTa HenocpegcTBeHHo KoppenupyeT c TeMH ynorpe6neHH-3mh nep^eKTa gna onncaHHH ^arcroB, KoTopMe npegcTaBneHM b (28)—(31): «$aKT - ^TO TeHb, oT6pomeHHaa co6biTHeM Ha ^KpaH 3HaHHH» [ApyTMHOBa 1988: 139]. ^encTBHTenbHo, b ^HTHpoBaHHbIx oTpbBKax He onncHBaroTca co6mthh, a nepenncna-k>tch $aKTH, onpegeneHHMM o6pa3oM xapaKTepH3yro^ne nenoBeKa. noHHTue $aKTa b caMoe nocnegHee BpeMH o6cy®gaeTca b cbh3h c onncaHHeM ceMaHTHKH nep$eKTHbix $opM THnonorHHecKH ganeKHx gpyr ot gpyra h3mkob, cp. cTarbM [MaHcaK 2016] o6 ygHHcKoM h cTaTbM [Ko3noB 2016] o MoKmaHcKoM.
B to ®e BpeMa, npH3HaBaa ^BpHCTHHecKyro none3HocTb npoTHBonocTaBneHHH «$aKT~co6brrae», mo^ho npegno^HTb OTKa3arbca ot Hero b nonb3y ceMaHTHHecKH 6onee yHHBepcanbHoro npoTHBonocTaBneHHH, KoTopoe no3Bonuno 6m cBH3arb Boe-gHHo HecKonbKo ynoTpe6neHHH cTapocnaBHHcKoro nep^eKra. ,3,eno b tom, hto b Tex npHMepax, KoTopMe Bbime Ha3MBanucb HHTepnpeTaanoHHMMH, KaK Ka^eTca, paBHo 3aTpygHHTenbHo onucMBaTb CHTya^HM h KaK co6biTHe, h KaK $aKT. Ecnu, cnegya MeTa$opHnecKoMy onpegeneHHM H. ApyTMHoBoH, cnHTaTb $aKT a6cTpaK^HeH nepBoH cTeneHH no oTHomeHHM k co6mthm, HHTep^peTa^HOHHMe KoHTeKcTM (b HameM noHHMaHHH) cnegyeT, BepoaTHo, cnHTaTb a6crpa^HeH cnegyM^eH cTeneHH. mo^ho npegno^HTb TaKoe noHHTHe, KoTopoe o6tegHHHno 6m ^aKTHBHbie h HHTep-^peTa^HOHHMe ynoTpe6neHHH nep^eKra, opneHTHpyacb He cTonbKo Ha ceMaHTHKy oTgenbHo b3htoh ^po^O3H^HH, cKonbKo Ha ee KoMMyHHKarHBHyro ponb: a HMeHHo,
B^agHMHp A. njyHraH, AHHa W. ypMaHHHeBa: K ranojrorHH Hepe3yjiLTaTHBHoro nep^erna
429
HeKOTopbiH (parneHT TeKCTa MO^eT 6biTb opueHTupoBaH Ha onucaHue cmyanuu, a mo^ct 6biTb opueHTupoBaH Ha ee o6cy»geHue5. HMeHHO b gucKypcuBHbix (parneHTax c (jiyHKuuen o6cy®geHua MoryT B03HuKaTb KaK (aKTuBHbie, TaK u uHTepnpeTanuoHHbie ynoTpe6fleHua nep(eKTa.
TaKHM o6pa3GM, mm BuguM, HTG CTapGCJaBaHCKHH nep(eKT geMGHCTpupyeT npe^ge Bcero xapaKTepu3yromue ynoTpe6JeHHa (b mupoKOM CMMCJe: cpegu ero ynoTpe6JeHun ecTb Te, KOTopbie CJegyeT TpaKTOBaTb KaK ^K3ucTeH^uaJbHMe, KaK (aKTuBHMe, KaK uHTepnpeTanuoHHHe). TeM caMMM, ero ynoTpe6JeHHa He KoppeJu-pyroT c pe3yJbTaTuBH0H ceMamuKOH: c ogHon CTopoHM, b pe3yflbTaruBHbix KOHTeK-CTax MO^eT ynoTpe6JHTbca aopucT, c gpyron CTopoHM, nep(eKT uHgu((epeHTeH k npoTuBonocTaBJeHuM pe3yflbTaruBHbix u Hepe3yflbTaruBHbix crnyanun, TaK KaK oh MO^eT onucMBaTb KaK cuTyaquu c coxpaHaro^uMca, TaK u cuTyaquu c aHHyJupo-BaHHMM pe3yJbTaT0M.
3 ConocTaB^eHHe CTapoc^aBHHCKoro h MaKegoHCKoro nep^eKTa
nepBoe u, Ka3aJ0Cb 6m, caMoe ecTecTBeHHoe o6iacHeHue OTcyTCTBHa pe3yJbra-tubhmx ynoTpe6JeHun nep(eKTa — to, hto ohu 6mju yTpaneHbi. ^,eñcTBuTeJbH0, TunoJorHHecKH 3acBugeTeJbCTB0BaH0 pa3BuTue nep(eKTa b CTopoHy cnenuaJu3upo-BaHHon ^K3ucTeH^uaJbH0H (uju, b 6oJee npuBbraHOH TepMuHOJoruu, ^KC^epueH^u-aJbHon) (opMb, cm. [BocTpuKOBa 2009]. bo3mo®ho TaK»:e pa3BuTue y nep(eKTa uhmx 3HaneHun — HanpuMep, u3 ^BugeH^uaJbH0H c(epbi (no ^T0My nyTu, co6cTBeHH0, u npoucxoguJO ceMaHTHHecKHe pa3BuTue nep(eKTa b 60JrapcK0M u MaKegoHCKOM). B nacTHOCTu, b MaKegoHucTuKe «crapbiH» nep(eKT (u3 Tpex MaKegoHCKHx nep(eKT0B uMeeTca b Bugy uMeHHO crapbiH nep(eKT c .-nprnacrueM, Tuna cyM domo.) Tpagu-nuoHHO KBaJu(unupyeTca uMeHHO KaK ympamuemuü pesymmamuenym ceMaHTuKy u npuo6peTmun ^BugeH^uaïïbHyro ceMaHTuKy (uH(epeHTuBHyro u penopTaruBHyro, a b gaJbHenmeM TaK^e agMuparuBHyro, cp. [Friedman 2004]). B. ®pugMaH npu ^T0M noKa3MBaeT, hto CTapbiH nep(eKT b coBpeMeHHOM MaKegoHCKOM, 6e3ycJ0BH0, uc-noJb3yeTca b Tex KOHTeKCTax, rge Tpe6yK>Tca (opMM KOCBeHHOH 3BugeHuuaJbH0CTu, ogHaKO oh MapKupyeT He CTOJbKO hctohhhk uH(opManuu, CKOJbKO 3HaneHue, KOTopoe OpngMaH onpegeJaeT KaK HeKon^upMamuenocmb (noHu^eHHyro CTeneHb accepnuu).
onucaHua 6aJKaHCK0H HeK0H(upMaTuBH0CTu (b nacTHOCTu, Bbipa^aeMOH MaKe-goHCKOH .-(opMon) B. ®pugMaH npegJaraeT CJegyromyro cxeMy:
«HEKOH®HPMATHBHOCTb
cooTBeTCTByromaa o6cToaTeJbCTBaM	HecooTBeTCTByromaa
5 B npuH^ne, TaKaa TpaKTOBKa OTHaciu GoraaGyeTGa c gaBHO roBecrabiM yTBep^geHueM OTHOcuTegbHO Toro, HTG nep(eKT aBJiaeTca He HappaTuBHGH, a guaJGrunecKGH marogbHGH (opMGH: geHCTBuTegbHG, HappaTuBb opueHTupoBaHb uMeHHO Ha onucaHue co6bITHH. OgHaKO cJegyeT OTMeTuTb, hto uMeHHO HG^0Jb30BaHHe noHarañ onucaHua u o6cy®geHua n03B0JiaeT pa3rpaHuquTb b paMKax guaJora Te KJay3bi, b KOTopux o^ugaeM nep(eKT, u Te KJay3bi, b KOTopux ero ynoTpe6JieHue MaJOBepoaTHO. npegJaraeMbx noHaTua ucn0Jib30BaHbi gJa onucaHua cxogHon ceMaHTunecKOH 0^^03u^uu b TunoJorunecKu gaJeKOM OT cTapocJaBaHCKoro HeHe^K0M a3MKe b [ypMaHHueBa 2016].
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(felicitous)
а.	HenTpaibHbffl pe3yibTaTuB
б.	penopTaTHB B. HH^epeHTHB»
o6cToaTe^bCTBaM (infelicitous)
а.	gy6uTaruB (upoHua, capKa3M)
б.	agMuparuB (yguBieHue) [Friedman 2004b: 104]
TaK, B. OpugMaH nnmeT, hto MaKegoHcKaa $pa3a Ti si bil vo America 'Tbi 6bii b AMepHKe' Mo^eT HMeTb ciegyromue uHTepnpeTaquu:
(a)	roBopamun Bugei agpecara b AMepuKe h geiaeT o6mee uiu pe3yibTaruBHoe yTBep^geHne o6mero uiu pe3yibTaTuBHoro xapaKTepa o HMeBmeM MecTO $aKTe.
(b)	Kto-to cKa3ai roBopameMy, a oh, b cbom onepegb, cKa3ai ciymaromeMy, hto cj^imai o ero nyTemecTBHH.
(c)	roBopamun BuguT, hto agpecar hocht $yT6oiKy c ^M6IeMon "Chicago Bulls" h geiaeT cooTBeTcTByromun BbiBog.
(d)	Agpecar cKa3ai roBopameMy, hto oh 6hi b AMepHKe, ho roBopamun eMy He BepHT. flpyron bo3mo®hmh KoHTeKcT - agpecar 3bohht roBopameMy h coo6-maeT eMy, mto Haxogurca b AMepHKe, roBopamun ®e b oTBeT Bbipa^aeT cBoe coMHeHue gaHHon $pa3on; b 3tom ciynae npaBuibHbiM nepeBogoM 6ygeT $opMa HacToamero BpeMeHu;
(e)	roBopamun caM HaxoguTca b AMepuKe u Heo^ugaHHo BcTpenaeT agpeca-Ta; u b ^TOM ciynae KoppeKTHo 6ygeT nepeBecTu gaHHyro $pa3y HacToamuM BpeMeHeM. Heo6xoguMo oTMeTuTb, hto b 3tom nociegHeM ynoTpe6ieHuu HeKoH^upMaTHBHocTb 3aKjKraeTca b tom, hto yguBieHue npegnoiaraeT, hto roBopamun He ^eiaeT nogTBep^garb (npuHuMaTb) HeKoTopbin (^arcr BnioTb go MoMeHTa ero Heo^ngaHHoro o6Hapy®eHua [Friedman 2004b: 107 co cchjkoh Ha Friedman 1981].
B ^TOM KjacTepe HeKoH^upMaruBHbix, b TepMuHoioruu OpugMaHa, 3HaneHun oco6HaKoM ctout 3HaneHue o6mero uiu pe3yibraruBHoro yTBep^geHua, TaK KaK He BnojHe acHo, b neM b gaHHoM ciynae npoaBiaeTca HeKoH^upMaruBHocm OgHaKo mo^ho o6paruTbca k HegaBHen pa6oTe [MaKapoBa 2016], b KoTopon aHaiu3upyK>Tca ynoTpe6jeHua Bcex Tpex MaKegoHcKnx nep^eKTHbix $opM b 3anagHoMaKegoHcKux guaieKrax. ABrop yKa3aHHon pa6oTbi cocpegoranuBaerca b ochobhom Ha Bbipa^eHun «crapbiM» nep^eKTOM c i-npuqacraeM penopTaruBHbix, MuparuBHbix u gy6uTaruBHbix 3HaneHun. OgHaKo jro6onbiTHo BKpaTne oxapaKTepu3oBaTb Te npuMepbi, KoTopbie A. .H. MaKapoBa othocut k ynoTpe6ieHuaM b KoHTeKcTax npaMon 3acBugeTeibcTBo-BaHHocTu (no-BuguMoMy, uMeHHo ohu cooTBeTcTByroT Ton rpynne ynoTpe6ieHun, KoTopbie y B. OpugMaHa o6o3HaneHbi KaK yTBep^geHue o6mero uiu pe3yibTaTHBHoro xapaKTepa).
«^-nep^eKT Bo3Mo®eH (pegKo) b nep^eKTHbix 3HaneHnax ga^e b «3acBugeTeib-cTBoBaHHMx» KoHTeKcTax: Cmnje MHosy namu cyM 6una mhofo pa3 6biia b CKonbe' ^KcnepueHnuaibHbin nep^eKr); dpyzap hu npeMHo^y ce npoMeHun 'Ham gpyr oneHb u3MeHuica' (pe3yibTaruBHMn nep^eKT);
B^agHMHp A. njyHraH, AHHa W. ypMaHHHeBa: K ranojrorHH Hepe3yjiLTaTHBHoro nep^erna
431
BcTpeHaroTca npuMepbi ynoTpe6jeHHa .-nep^eKTa b 3HaneHuu npeKpa^eHHoro npomegmero, b paccKa3ax o gajeK0M npomjoM:
(8)	H cea eepyeaue u, emo, Hanped eme eepyeane.
'H ceñnac mm BepuM u, bot, paHbme Bepuju'.
(9)	Hanped muene, 3Ham? Wuene.
'PaHbme mana, 3Haemb? fflunu'.
npu stom nacTO mo®ho BCTpeTuTb ynoTpe6neHue j-nep$eKra b gaHHon (^yHKquu b u3flro6neHH0M gja no^Hjoro 6ajKaHCKoro nenoBeKa (Bbipocmero b TpaguuuoHHon cpege) KoHTeKCTe npoTuBonocTaBfleHua «npaBujbHoro» npomjoro u «HenpaBujbHoro» HacToa^ero. [MaKapoBa 2016: 222]
KaK mo®ho BugeTb, Bce ?ru ynoTpe6jeHHa j-nep$eKra b 3anagH0MaKeg0HCKHx guajeKTax HaxogaT cooTBeTcrBHa cpegu onucaHHbix b gaHHon cTaTbe ynoTpe6neHun cTapoc^aBHHcKoro nep^eKTa: ^T0 3HaneHue ^KC^epueH^uaJbH0^0 nep^eKTa (Cmnje MHo^y namu cyM 6una MHoro pa3 6bija b CKonbe'), 3HaneHue Hen0Kaju3yeM0H bo BpeMeHu cmyaquu, onucbiBaro^en cymecTBeHHoe u3MeHeHue cy6ieKTa cmyauuu6 (ópyzap hu npeMHozy ce npoMeHun 'Ham gpyr oneHb u3MeHuflca'), u, HaK0Heu, 3HaneHue 3K3ncTeHuna^bHoro nep^eKTa, b tom Hucje b KoHTeKcTax npeKpa^eHHoro npomjoro. TeM caMMM, mo®ho cKa3aTb, hto MaKegoHCKHH j-nep$eKT MapruHajbHo coxpaHuj Te ynoTpe6jeHua, KoTopbie 6biju xaparcrepHbi gja CTapocflaBaHCKoro nep^eKra, u hto b ux pagy HeT pe3yjbTaruBHbix ynoTpe6neHun, KaK HeT ux u b pagy ynoTpe6neHun CTapocjaBaHCKoro nep^eKTa.
^ono^HuTe^bHo mo®ho BbiCKa3aTb ogHo npegnono^eHue o ceMaHTunecKon ^B0flM^uu M^Hoc^aBHHcKoro nep^eKTa b ^opMbi c ^BugeH^uaflbH0H ceMaHTuKon: o6menpu3HaHHbiM u HeocnopuMbiM a^aeTca tot $aKT, hto 3BugeHuuajbHbin xapaKTep nep^eKTa npegcraraaeT co6on apKyro HepTy 6ajKaHCKoro apeaba, ogHaKo, bo3mo®ho, b peanroauuu gaHHoro ceMamunecKoro nepexoga Cbirpanu onpegeneHHyro pojb He T0JbK0 BHemHue ^KCTpaJUH^BUCTHHeCKHe, Ho u BHyTpeHHue, co6cTBeHHo a3biK0Bbie ^aKropbi. A uMeHHo, TaKon ceMaHTHHecKon ^B0flro^uu Morao 6jaronpHaTCTB0BaTb to 06cT0HTe^bCTB0, hto xaparcrepHbie gja CTapocjaBaHCKoro uHTepnpeTaquoHHbie ynoTpe6jeHua, npegnonararomue yTBep®geHue, cgejaHHoe Ha 0CH0BaHuu aHaju3a HeKoToporo co6htuhhofo paga, b gencTBuTejbHocTu He TaK y® gajeKu ot coOcTBeHHo uH^epeHTuBHMx ynoTpe6^eHun, TaK®e npegnojararomux norHHecKyro onepauuro aHanroa HeKoTopbix npoaBjeHun cmyauuu. Pa3Huua Me®gy uHTepnpeTauuoHHbiMu u uH^epeHTuBHMMu ynoTpe6jeHuaMu coctout b tom, hto b uHTepnpeTaquoHHbix ynoTpe6jeHuax peK0HcrpyupyeTca HeKoTopaa yM03puTejbHaa cmyaqua, KaK b (30), a b uH^epeHTuBHbix — peajbHaa, KaK b 6ojr. npuMepe (31)
6 B TepMHHojiorHH gaHHon cTaTbH 3T0T Kpyr ynoTpe6^eHHH ecTecTBeHHo o6tegHHHTb c HHTe^peTa^H-ohhmmh, TaK KaK yTBep®geHua TaKoro poga, KaK npaBHjo, TaK®e B03HHKaroT b pe3yjjbTaTe pe3roMHpoBaHHa HeKoToporo co6uTHHHoro paga.
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30.	ocxaHixe ett. no Hixo ^ xpoy^gaaxe. go6po 60 gijo cigija o MbHi. Bbcerga 60 HamxAtt uMaxe ci co6oœ. i erga xo^exe Mo^exe umi go6po xBopuxu. a MeHe He Bbcerga uMaxe. e^e umí cu cixBopu Bapu.a ecmb noxpu3Muxu xijo Moe Ha norpe6eHue. (Mk. 14.61)
31.	xo je^eme Kaxo MipxBo u MHoro ox xopaxa cu noMucjuxa He e yMparo (Mk. 9.26)
TaKMM 06pa30M, u Kpyr ynoxpe6jeHun j-nep$eKxa b MaKeg0HcK0M He n03B0jaex oÖHapy^uxb KaKux-ju6o cjegoB pe3yjibxaxuBHbix ynoxpeÖjeHun ^xoH $opMbi. KaK y®e roBopujocb, xpa^u^u0HH0 npuHaxo roBopuxb 06 yxpaxe MaKegoHcKuM .-nep$eKxoM pe3yjibxaxuBH^ix ynoxpeôjeHun, u gja MaKegoHcKoro xaKoe npegnojo^eHue Morjio 6m nogKpenjaxbca xeM 06cx0axejbcxB0M, hxo b MaKeg0HcK0M b03huk hobmh nep^eKx c pe3yjbxaxuBHMM 3HaHeHueM (uMa + naccuBHoe npnnacxue b $opMe cp. p. eg. h.). TeM caMMM, mo®ho 6mjo 6m cnuxaxb, hxo H0Baa $opMa Hanaja o6cjy®uBaxb xe K0HxeKcxbi, Koxopbie xpa^u^u0HH0 6mju 3aKpenjeHM 3a j-nep$eKxoM, ogHaKo conocxaBjeHue «He^BugeH^uaJbHMx» ynoxpe6jeHun MaKegoHcKoro j-nep$eKxa c ynoxpe6jeHnaMu cooxBexcxByMmen cxapocjaBaHCKon ^opMbi noKa3MBaex, hxo noaBjeHue b cucxeMe pe3yjbxaxnBHoro nep^eKxa He npuBejo k cy^eHnro Kpyra ynoxpeôjeHnn .-nep^eKxa.
TeM caMMM, mo®ho BMcKa3axb u gpyroe npegnojo^eHue - hxo co6cxBeHH0 pe-3yjibxaxuBHHe ynoxpe6jeHua u3HanajbH0 He 6biju xapaKxepHbi gja cxapocjaBaHCKoro nep^eKxa. ^encxBuxejbHo, b K0HcxpyKuuu cxapocjaBaHCKoro nep^eKxa KaK 6ygxo 6m HuKaKon ^JeMeHx He oxBenaex 3a pe3yjbxaxuBHocxb. B ^xoH K0HcxpyKquu ucnojb3yexca 6mxuhhmh BcnoMoraxejbHMH raarcra; mo®ho o^ugaxb, hxo b oxjuHue ox eBponeöcKux noceccuBHMx «Memb-nep$eKxoB, K0Hcxpy^ua Koxopbix opneHxnpoBaHa Ha o6ieKx, u noxoMy Ha pe3yjibxaxuBH0cxb, cjaBaHCKuö HenoceccuBHbiS 6wmb-nep$eKx b 6ojbmeö cxeneHu opueHxupoBaH Ha xapaKxepucxuKy cy6ieKxa gencxBua.
4 CTpyKTypHtiö Tun CTapoe^aBHHCKoro nep^eKTa u conocTaB^eHue CTapoe^aBHHCKoro u ßo^rapCKoro nep^eKTa
^xo Kacaexca Bxoga^ero b cocxaB nep$eKxH0H ^opMbi .-npuHacxua, xo 3a npe-gejaMu aHajuxuHecKux K0HcxpyKqun b cx.-cj. gja Hero 3acBugexejbcxB0BaHM HeMHoroHncjeHHMe ynoxpeGfleHKa: «Be3 BcnoMoraxejbHoro raaroja axa $opMa ynoxpeöjaexca pegKo, [...] Korga 0Ha 06pa30BaHa ox HenepexogHbix rjarojoB u, aBjaacb b 3xom cjyHae npujaraxejbHMM, uMeex 3HaHeHue, 6ju3Koe k nep$eKxH0My npuHacxuro: 3bpiji ox 3bpixu, oyHbiji ox oyHbi» [BanaH 1952: 276]. OxMexuM, hxo xe ®e caMbie orpaHuHeHua Ha 06pa30BaHue .-agieKxuB0B mm HaxoguM, Hanpu-Mep, u b c0BpeMeHH0M pyccK0M a3MKe: ohu o6pa3yroxca xojbKo ox HenepexogHbix rjarojoB (bo3mo®ho, axo CBugexejbcxByex 0 xom, hxo ucxogHon cjegyex npu3Haxb xapaKxepu3a^uoHHyM uHxparouxuBHyro K0Hcxpy^uro, Koxopaa noxoM, BepoaxHo, 6bija pacmupeHa Ha xparouxuBHbie raarojbi). npu 3xom u b axpu6yxuBHbix ynoxpe-6jeHuax axa $opMa Mo^ex Bbipa^axb uMeHHo xapaKxepu3anuoHHyro ceMaHxuKy, cp. pa3junue Me^gy omcmaemuü u omcma.uü, npumedmuu u npumnuü; 0C06eHH0 apK0 3x0 npoaBjaexca b ceMaHxuKe 06pa30BaHun ox HenpegejbHMx rjarojoB : ne^anuü,
B^agHMHp A. njyHraH, AHHa W. ypMaHHHeBa: K ranojrorHH Hepe3yjiLTaTHBHoro nep^erna
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öbieaMbiü, cneMbiü, 3peiuü. Hh oguH h3 cjaBaHCKux M3HK0B TaK»:e He gaeT ocHOBaHUH CHHTaTb 3Ty $0pMy pe3yjbTaTHBH0H.
EcTecTBeHHO, ucxogHMe ceMaHTUHecKue xapaKTepucTHKu KOHcrpyKuuu, rpaMMara-Kaju30BaBmeHca b KanecTBe nep^eKTHOH i^opMbi, He MoryT nojHOCTbK) npegonpegejaTb ee ceMaHTHKy, TaK KaK c TeHeHueM BpeMeHu 3Ta KOHCTpyKqna MO^eT u3MeHaTb Kpyr yn0Tpe6jeHHH. Ho Bce ®e, HanpuMep, gaHHbie uccjegoBaHua [CuHHHaBa 2016] KOCBeH-HO CBugeTejbCTByK>T o tom, hto Kpyr ynoTpeÔjeHun noceccuBHbix h HenoceccuBHbix nep^eKTOB MO^eT HecKOJbKO pa3JHHarbca. B ^HTHpyeM0M nccnegoBaHun H3yHanocb yn0Tpe6neHue nep^eKra no gaHHbiM napajjejbHoro MHoroa3biHHoro Kopnyca gja gByx TeKCTOB: «Ajhcm b CTpaHe Hygec» h «BuHHH-nyxa»; no pe3yjbraraM 6mjh co CTaBjeHM NeighbourNet, KOTopbie n03B0jawT cgenarb cnegyro^ne Ha6jK>geHna. NeighbourNet gja nep^eKra b «BuHHH-nyxe» OTHerjuBO geMOHCTpupyeT rpynnn-poBKy óbimb-nep^eKTOB b Hu^Hen HacTu cxeMbi, npoTHBonocraBjeHHyro rpynne uMernb-nep^eKTOB b BepxHen Hacrn cxeMbi. C gpyroñ CTopoHM, NeighbourNet gja nep^eKTa b «Annce b CTpaHe Hygec» n03B0jaeT BbiaBUTb onpegeneHHbie ceMaHTu-necKue xapaKTepucTHKu 6onrapcKoro h MaKegoHCKoro nep^eKTOB, TaK KaK ohh OKa-3HBaroTca b OTHOCHTejbHOH 6jH30CTH OT rpeHecKoro h nopTyrajbCKoro, «b K0T0pbix nep^eKT coxpaHaeTca npe^ge Bcero b KOHTeKCTe 3KcnepueHuuajbHoro 3HaHeHua» [CuHHHaBa 2016: 104]. TaKUM 06pa30M, 3th gBe cxeMbi n03B0jawT npegnonararb cjegyM^ee. Bo-nepBbix, Tun KOHCTpyKunn, rpaMMarHKaflH30BaHH0H b KaHecTBe nep^eKTHOH, MO^eT npegonpegenaTb HeKOTopbie 0C06eHH0CTu ceMaHTUHecKoro nopTpeTa nep^eKra b gaHHOM a3bme. B HegaBHeM TunonoruHecKOM o63ope nep^eKra 6bina BMCKa3aHa cxogHaa ngea: «TaKUM 06pa30M, ceMaHTUKa nep^eKra, KaK 6m ee hh onpegenaTb n hh HHTepnpeTnpoBarb, cymecTBeHHbiM 06pa30M 3aBHCHT ot ncroHHUKa h nyTH rpaMMaTHKajH3auHH nep^eKra, a TaK^e ot CTpyKTypHoro Tuna nep^eKra. KaK Ka^eTca, Han6ojee njogoTBopHbiH nogxog k noHUMaHuro cneun^HKH nep^eKra b a3MKax Mupa h Mor 6m cocToaTb b tom, hto6h nonbrrarbca HaHTu Koppejaunro Me^gy sthmh BHemHUMu napaMeTpaMH h ceMaHTUKOH nep^eKTHOH rpaMMeMbi» [njyHraH 2016: 15]. B HacToa^eM nccnegoBaHun mm pa3BUBaeM 3Ty TeMy, CBa3biBaa ceMaHTHKy crapocjaBaHCKoro nep^eKra c ero crpyKTypHbiM TunoM (ôhthhhhh rjiaroj + npuHacrne c xapaKTeproaaHOHHOH ceMaHTUKOH).
Bo-BTopMx, cyga no NeighbourNet gja nep^eKra b «Annce b CTpaHe Hygec», 6ojrapcKHH n MaKegoHCKUH nep^eKTbi 6jh3kh no 3HaneHUM uMeHHO k 3KcnepneH-unajbHHM nep^eKraM gpyrnx a3MK0B. OneBugHO, hto nep^eKTbi MoryT nonagarb b rpynny npeuMymecTBeHHO aKcnepneHunaflbHbix pa3HbiMH nyTaMn: TaK, je^a^aa b ocHOBe nopryrajbCKoro nep^eKra uMernb-KOHCTpyKqna, KaK h napannenn h3 gpyrnx poMaHCKHx a3MK0B, n03B0jaMT roBopuTb o tom, hto yn0Tpe6jeHua nopryrajbCKoro nep^eKTa CKopee cy3ujucb go ^KC^epHeH^HaJbHMx KOHTeKCTOB. OgHaKO, bo3mo®ho, pe30HH0 npegnojaraTb, hto b cjyHae crapocjaBaHCKoro nep^eKTa SKcnepueHunajbHOCTb (hjh, TOHHee, 3K3ucTeHuuajbH0CTb) ucxoóho TeM ceMaHTUHecKUM agpoM, KOTopoe 6bino npncyme 3toh $opMe. 06 3tom KOCBeHHO CBngeTejbCTByeT n nccjegoBaHue [ByHHHa 1970]: conocTaBjeHue MapnuHCKoro EBaHrejna c coBpeMeHHbiM 6ojrap-CKHM nepeBogoM HoBoro 3aBeTa B^iaBUjo, hto KOJUHecTBO yn0Tpe6neHHH nep^eKTa
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eospocm. C ogHon cropoHM, ^TO ecTecTBeHHO npoucxoguT 3a cneT BbipaBHHBaHHH guc6anaHca nacTOTHOCTu nuHHO-HucnoBbix $opM nep^eKra (HanoMHUM, hto b ct.-cn. caMOH nacTOTHOH ^opMon nep^eKra 6bina $opMa BToporo nu^ eguHcTBeHHoro nucna) - TaK, b nacTHOCTH, nononHaeTca KonnnecTBO ^KC^epHeH^HanbHbIx ynoTpe-6neHHH b EBaHrenuu. C gpyron ctopohm, hto cymecTBeHHO, nep^eKT noaBnaeTca u b page pe3ynbTamBHbix KOHTeKCTOB. Huse mm cocraBunu He6onbmyro (HenonHyro) BM6opKy Tex KOHTeKCTOB, rge b MapuuHcKOM EBaHrenHH npegcraBneHa aopucTHaa $opMa, a b 6OnrapcKOM nepeBOge hoboto 3aBeTa - nep^eKT. Mm ucnonb3OBanu gBa 6OnrapcKHx nepeBoga - nepeBog Heo^nra PunbcKoro, H3gaHHe 1850 roga [HP 1850]; npuBoguTca nepBMM nocne ^HTaTM H3 MapuuHcKoro EBaHrenua, HOMep npuMepa c ogHUM mrpuxoM), u coBpeMeHHMH nepeBog, pa3MemeHHMH b HHTepHeTe BceMupHMM ^rnpoM nepeBoga Bu6nuu (World Bible Translation Center, https://give.bibleleague. org/resources/bible-download/bulgarian-new-testament; npuBoguTca btopmm, HOMep npuMepa c gByMa mTpuxaMu):
32	i pe^e eu aHf)m. He 5ou ca Mapue. oSptTe 6o 6narogaTt oTt 5a. (Lk. 1.30)
32' He 6once MapiaMt 3a^0T0 ch HaMepH.a 6narogaTB oy Bra
32"	—
33	Pene se eMoy npaBi oTtBtmTa ce TBopu u ®HBt 6^gemu. (Lk. 10.28)
33'	npaBW ch wroBopH.t
33"	npaBunHO OTroBopu
34	OHt se pene Btct ch ctxpaHHxt U3b mhocth Moe^..
34'	chhkh Te tía caMt coxpaHH.t ot MnagocTt Ta ch
34"	ot geTe cnacBaM Ta3u 3anoBegu. (Lk. 18.21)
35	raa eu uct. hto ecrt MbHi u Te6i seHO. He oy npnge roguHa moí.
35' lome He e gom.o BpeMeTO mh
35" MoeTO BpeMe eme He e HacTtnH.ro (In. 2.45)
36	Bipoy^u bo Hb He 6^geTt oc^sgeHt. a He Bipoy^u rose oc^sgeHt ecrt. íko He BtpoBa Bt íma uHOHAgaaro cHa 6sui. (In. 3.18)
36' 3amoTO He e noBtpoBa.t bo uMe to Ha eguHopogHarw CMHa Bsía
36" 3amoTO He e noBHpBa. b eguHcTBeHua Boshh Chh
37	Bb3AcA se KaMeHb ugese 6i oyMepM nesA. ic se Bb3Bege Bt icnpb ohh h pene. OT^e xBanra, Te6i Bt3ga^. tKo oyctima ma (In. 11.41)
37'	6narogapuMt Te 3amo ch Me noc.yma.t
37"	6narogapa th ne Me ny
38	l pene eu 3a cn0B0 ce ugu. i3Hge 6ict U3 gtmTepe TBoe^.'. (Mk. 7.29)
38'	3a TOBa cn0B0 ugu: H3.t3e gi'aBono w gmepKa Ta th
38"	3aTOBa MOsem ga cu BtpBum - geMOHtT e H3.H3t. ot gtmepa th
B^agHMHp A. njyHraH, AHHa W. ypMaHHHeBa: K ranojrorHH Hepe3yjiLTaTHBHoro nep^erna
435
39	i OTtBimTaBt uct pene hmi. íko Ha pa36ouHUKa nu H3HgeTe et p^^teMb U gptKOJbMU ^TU MA. (Mk. 14.48)
39' KaTO Ha pa36oHHUKanu H3.t3oxTe et HO^OBe u c TOArn ga Me $aHeTe
39" HHMa ere gom.H ga Me 3ajOBUTe c HO^OBe u Toaru, caKam ctM npecTtnHHK?
40	nunart ®e raame uMt hto 6o 3tno ctTBopu ohh ®e jnme Bt3tnumA npOnbHH u. (Mk. 15.14)
40' U KaKBO e 3JO CoTBopH.t?
40" KaKBO npecrtnneHue e H3BptmH.?
41	EgHHH ®e OTt HUxt Hg^ Kt ^apUCÍOMt. U pimA HMt e^e CtTBopH HC (In. 11.46)
41' u Ka3axa hm moTO i iai ipaiui Heye
41" h HMt pa3Ka3axa KaKBO e H3BtpmH. Heye.
42	Hhhí gma moí Bt3M^ru ca. i hto peK^. OTne eneu ma OTt roguHH ce^.. Ht cero pagH npngt Ha rogHHM cu^".(In. 12.27)
42' ho 3aTOBa goögoxt Ha tca nact
42" Ho Hann 3aTOBa ctM gomu Ha TO3H CBaT, 3a ga CTpagaM!
43	npi^ge ®e npa3gbHHKa nac^h. BigH uc íko npnge eMoy roguHa. ga npiugeTt OTt Mupa cero Kt OTuro. (In. 13.11)
43' noHe^e 3Haeme Heye neMy goöge naco ...
43" Heye 3Haeme ne e gom.ro BpeMeTO ...
44	BigH hc íko Bbci gacTt eMoy oT^b Bt p^i. i íko OTt 6a H3Hge h Kt 6oy rpAgeTt. (In. 13.3)
44' noHe^e 3Haeme Iuc1ct 3amo Otft chhko My e npega.t Ha p^e Te h w Era e u3ni3nt h Kogt Era wuBa.
44" Ho Heye 3Haeme ne OTe^ e npega. bchhko b pt^Te My h ne toh ot Eora e gomtn h npu Eora me ce BtpHe.
KpoMe Toro, goja pe3yjbraTHBHbix ynoTpe6fleHHH nep^eKTa yBenmuBaeTca 3a cneT npuo6peTeHua ^ToH ^opMoH 3HaneHua KOCBeHHOH ^BugeH^uaJbHOCTu, a HMeHHO, HH^epeHTHBa (roBopamuH Ha6nK>gaeT pe3yflbrar cuTya^uu nu6o KaKHe-TO 6onee KOCBeHHHe CBugeTenbCTBa Toro, hto CHTyagna uMena MecTO, ho ahhho oh ee He Ha6nrogag):
45	i fjia eMoy. BbciKt HjiBKt npi^ge go6poe buho nonaraart. i erga oy nn^Tt ca Torga Tanie. th ®e ct6.roge go6poe buho go ceni. (In. 2.10)
45' a th ch CKpti.t xy6aßo to biho go cera
45" a th ch 3ana3H. HaH-xy6aBOTO buho gocera
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46	npumegime ®e pa6u ruHa pimA eMoy ru. He go6po ju címa cíji ecu Ha ceJÍ TBoeMb. OTi Koyg^ oy6o uMaTi nJiBeJi. ohi ®e pene umi Bpari hJibki ce ctTBopH. (Mt. 13.27-28)
46' —
46" OTKige ca gom^H Te3u nJeBeJu?
CTonaHUHiT OTroBopuJ: HaKon Bpar e HanpaBUJ TOBa.
47	CJbimaBi ®e upogi pene. íko ero^e a3i oyciKK^xi uoaKa Cb ecTi. ti BlCTa OTi MpiTBMxi (Mk. 6.16)
47' 3a^o ohmh IwaHHi KoroTO a3i nociKoxi, toh e; oh e BociKpecHa^i w MepTBu Te
47" HoaH, KoroTO a3 o6e3raaBux. e BiíKpiCHa^ ot MipTBUTe
48	OHi ®e pene ki humi. a3i 6pamiHO uMaMi íctu ero^e bm He BicTe. raaxa ®e oyHeHu^u ki ce6i. ega kto npHHece eMoy íctu. (In. 4.32-33)
48' ga ju híkoh My goHece ga rage
48" ^,aJu HHKOH He My e goHeci^ Hemo 3a ageHe?
49	i Bi3inuBi u MiHoro np^^aßi ca u3uge. i 6mcti íko MpiTBi. íko miho 3u raaaxa íko oyMtpfcTt. (Mk. 9.26)
49' u 6bige KaTO MepTBi, moTO MHO3UHa roBopexa ne oyMpe
49" to Je^eme KaTO MipTBO u MHoro ot xopaTa cu noMucJuxa ne e yMparo
5 Bi>iitogi>i
HTaK, MO^KO BugeTb, hto b 60JrapcK0M ceMamunecKoe pa3BUTue nep^eKTa ugeT HecKOJbKO uHbiM nyTeM, HeM b MaKegoHCKOM. B o6oux a3biKax nep^eKT coxpaKaeT ucxogHbie xapaKTepu3aq0HH0-3K3ucTeHuuaJbHbie ynoTpeSneHua, npucymue CTapocJa-BaHCKOMy nep^eKxy. ®e Kacaexca pe3yJibxaxuBHon ceMaHxuKu, xo b MaKegoHCKOM gJa B^ipa^eHua ^xo^o 3HaneHua 6bma rpaMMaxuKaJU3OBaHa HOBaa nep^eKXHaa $opMa, b 60JrapcK0M ®e J-nep$eKT, ocTaBaacb eguHCTBeHHOH nep$eKTonogo6Hon ^opMon b rJaroJbHOH cucTeMe, geMOKCTpupyeT nocTeneKKoe KapamuBaKue pe3yflbTaruBKbix ynoTpeÔJeHun. ,3,OJa pe3yJiKraraBHbix ynoTpeSneHun nep^eKTa b 60JrapcK0M HecKOJb-KO BO3pacTaeT no cpaBHeHuro co CTapocJaBaHCKUM, hto TaK^e nogTBep^gaeT Hamy MMCJb o TOM, hto HenpaBOMepHO roBopuTb o nocTeneHHOH yTpare M^KOCJaBaHCKUM nep^eKTOM pe3yJbTaTUBHOH ceMaHTUKu, TaK KaK Ha caMOM geJe Ha6JK>gaeTca npo-TUBonoJO^Kaa TeHgeH^Ha.
roBopa o guaxpoHunecKOH 3boj^uu nep^eKTa, uccJegoBareJu o6mhho nogpa-3yMeBaroT npuo6peTeKue $opMon nep^eKTa npuHuunuaflbHO ukmx rpaMMarunecKux 3HaHeHUH (HanpuMep, 3HaHeHun KOCBeHHOH ^BugeH^uaJbH0Cxu uju 3HaneHua HeMap-KupoBaKKoro npeTepuTa). npu ^T0M, xoTa ^aKTunecKu o6^um MecTOM aBJaeTca, hto nep^eKT npegcTaBJaeT co6oh KJacTep 3HaneHUH (HacTO Bcero b Hero b toh uju uhoh K0M6uHa^uu BKJroHaroxca pe3yJbxaxuBHoe, ^KC^epueH^uaJbHoe, uHKJro3UBHoe u um-MeguaTKoe 3KaHeHua, cm., HanpuMep, [Dahl 1985: 132-33]), a) 3a ucxogKoe 3KaneHue
B^agHMHp A. njyHraH, AHHa W. ypMaHHHeBa: K ranojrorHH Hepe3yjiLTaTHBHoro nep^erna
437
nep^eKTHon $opMbi Bcerga npHHHMaeTca pe3yjbTaTHBHoe (cp. Bybee et. al 1994: 105, Dahl 1985: 135, njyHraH 2016: 23-26) u 6) guaxpoHnnecKue oraomeHua Me^gy 3HaHeHHHMH BHyTpu nep^eKTHoro Kjacrepa ocTaKrrca 3a paMKaMu TunonornHecKnx Hcc^egoBaHHH.
OgHaKo, KaK noKa3breaeT Hacroamee uccjegoBaHue, b crapocnaBaHcKoM nep^eKT Mor ucxodHo HMeTb ^K3HCTeH^HaflbH0-xapaKTepH3a^H0HH0e, a He pe3yjbTaTUBHoe 3HaneHHe. TaKUM o6pa3oM, bo3mo®ho, hto b TunonorunecKyro KapTUHy pa3BUTna nep^eKTa cjegyeT BKjKwuTb, Hapagy c ucxogHo pe3yjKraTUBHbiMu nep^eKTaMu, ucxogHo ^K3HCTeH^Ha^bH0-xapaKTepH3a^H0HHbIe nep^eKTbi, npegcTaBjeHHbie cra-poc^aBaHcKHM u ero HacjegHUKaMu, 6ojrapcKUM u MaKegoHcKUM. !3tot nep^eKT, B03HHKmHH He u3 pe3yjJKraTHBH0-n0ceccnBH0H uMemb-K0HcTpyK^m, a u3 6hthhhoh KoHcTpyKgHH c He pe3yjbTaTHBHMM, a xapaKTeproagnoHHbiM npHHacraeM, Bepoarao, Mo^eT npegcTaBjaTb oco6yro pa3H0BngH0CTb nep^eKra, go cux nop He 3aHHMaBmyro goj^Horo MecTa b THnojorHHecKoM nopTpeTe 3toh rpaMMeMbi u b H3yneHHn guaxpo-HHHecKnx nyTen ee pa3BUTna.
Hhtepatypa
Joan L. Bybee et. al, 1994: The evolution of grammar: Tense, aspect and modality in the languages of the world. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Osten Dahl, 1985. Tense and aspect systems. Oxford: Blackwell. Victor A. Friedman, 1981: Admirativity and confirmativity. Zeitschriftfur Balkanologie 17/1. 12-28.
Victor A. Friedman, 2004a: Evidentiality, Modality, and Narrative in Macedonian and Other Balkan Languages. Brian D. Joseph & M. A. Johnson (eds.). Macedonian Studies. Papers from the Fifth International Macedonian-North American Conference on Macedonian Studies. Columbus: Ohio. Victor A. Friedman, 2004b: The typology of Balkan evidentiality and areal linguitics O. Miseska Tomic (ed.) Balkan Syntax and Semantics. Amsterdam: Benjamins. 101-34.
Catherine M. MacRobert, 2013: The Competing Use of Perfect and Aorist Tenses in Old Church Slavonic. Slavia - casopispro slovanskou filologii 82/4. 387-407. Radoslav Vecerka, 1993: Altkirchenslavische (altbulgarische) Syntax. II. Die innere Satzstruktur. Monumenta linguae slavicae XXXIV (XXVII, 2). Freiburg:U. W. Weicher. HuHa Apyitohoba, 1980: Tumi H3UKoeux 3Hanenuu: O^nrn. Co6umue. OaKT. M.: HayKa, 1988.
[Nina D. Arutjunova, 1980: Tipy jazykovyh znacenij: Ocenka. Sobytie. Fakt. M.: Nauka, 1988.]
HpuHa K. Byhhha, 1959: CucTeMa BpeMeH cTapocjaBaHcKoro raarona. M.: H3ga-
TejbcTBo AKageMuu HayK CCCP. [Irina K. Bunina, 1959: Sistema vremen staroslavjanskogo glagola. M.: Izdatel'stvo Akademii nauk SSSR.]
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Hpma K. Byhhha, 1970: Mcmopun ^Ma^OMbHux epeMen e 6oM^apcKOM H3UKe. BpeMena
unduKamuea. M.: HayKa. [Irina K. Bunina, 1970: Istorija glagol'nyh vremen v bolgarskom jazyke. Vremena
indikativa. M.: Nauka.] AHgpe Bahah, 1952: PyKoeodcmeo no cmapocnaemcKOMyx3biKy. nep. c $paHn M.:
H3garenbCTBo uHocTpaHHon nuTepaTypbi. [André VAillant, 1952: Rukovodstvopo staroslavjanskomu jazyku. Per. s franc. M.:
Izdatel'stvo inostrannoj literatuiy.] HaTanua B. Boctphkoba, 2009: ^KC^epueHTUBHHe npegno»:eHua: rpaMMaraKanroanua
gucKypcuBHbix $yH^un. Bonpocbi R3UKo3nanuR No. 3. 19-31. [Natalija V. Vostrikova, 2009: Eksperientivnye predloženija: grammatikalizacija diskursivnyh funkcij (Experiential sentences: On grammaticalization of discourse functions). Voprosy Jazykoznanija No. 3. 19-31.] Mapua 3e-hoba, 1970: Hcmopun na cnownume muhcwu epeMena e óbmapcKu,
cbpóoxbpeamcKu u cnoeencKu e3uK. Co$ua: HHCTmyTbT 3a 6bnrapcKH e3HK. [Marija Dejanova, 1970: Istorija na složnite minali vremena v balgarski, sarboharvatski
i slovenski ezik. Sofija: Institutat za balgarski ezik.] AHgpen A. Ko3noB, 2016: MoKmaHCKHH pe3ynbTamB h guaxpoHna pe3y^bTarHBHOH KoHCTpy^uu. BonpocbiR3UKo3nanuR No. 1. 51-75.
[Andrej A. Kozlov, 2016: Mokšanskij rezul'tativ i diahronija rezul'tativnoj konstruk-cii (Moksha mordvin resultative and the diachrony of resultative constructions).
Voprosy Jazykoznanija No. 1. 51-75.] TuMyp Mahcak, 2016: nep^eKT h aopucT b hu^ckom guaneare yguHCKoro a3HKa. Peg. TuMyp MancaK, BnaguMup nnyHraH, KceHua CeMeHoBa. HccnegoBaHua noTeopuu rpaMMaTHKH, Bbm. 7: Tunonoraa nep^eKTa. Acta lingüistica Petropolitana. XII/2. 315-78.
[Timur Majsak, 2016: Perfekt i aorist v nidžskom dialekte udinskogo jazyka. Red. Timur Majsak, Vladimir Plungian, Ksenija Semenova. Issledovanija po teorii gramatiki, vyp. 7: Tipologija perfekta. Acta linguistica Petropolitana. XII/2. 315-78.] TuMyp MancaK, BnaguMup nnyHraH, KceHna CeMeHoBa (peg.), 2016: HccnegoBaHna no Teopuu rpaMMaTuKu, BHn. 7: Tunonorua nep^eKTa. Acta linguistica Petropolitana XII/2.
[Timur Majsak, Vladimir Plungian, Ksenija Semenova (red.), 2016: Issledovanija po teorii grammatiki, vyp. 7: Tipologija perfekta. Acta linguistica Petropolitana XII/2.] ÁHacTacna .H. Makapoba, 2016: O $opMax u ^yH^uax nep^eKTa b 3anagHoMaKe goHCKux guaneKTax. Peg. TuMyp MancaK, BnaguMup nnyHraH, KceHua CeMeHoBa. HccnegoBaHna no Teopuu rpaMMamKH, BHn. 7: Tunonorua nep^eraa. Acta linguistica Petropolitana XII/ 2. 217-34. [Anastasija L. Makarova, 2016: O formah i funkcijah perfekta v zapadno makedonskih dialektah. Red. Timur Majsak, Vladimir Plungian, Ksenija Semenova. Issledovanija po teorii grammatiki, vyp. 7: Tipologija perfekta. Acta linguistica Petropolitana XII/2. 217-34.]
HP 1850 — Hobhh 3aBÍT'b Tocnoga Hamero Iucyca Xpícra cera hobo nepeBegeHHbin w CnaBeHCKarw Ha BonrapcKn Á3HKb OTb Heo^vra IepoMoHaxa n. n. Pbinb^. H3gaHÍ'e BTopo. Bb CMvpnh, Bb Tvnorpa^íu A. ^.aMÍ'aHoBa, 1850. [Novyj Zavet'' Gospoda Našego Iiusa Xrista sega nogo perevedennyj ot Slavenskago na Bolgarskij
B^agHMHp A. njyHraH, AHHa W. ypMaHHHeBa: K ranojrorHH Hepe3yjiLTaTHBHoro nep^erna
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ezyk'' ot'' Neofita Iero-monaxa P. P. Ryl'ca. Izdanie vtoro. V" Smyrne, v" typografli A. Dami'anova, 1850.] B^aguMup A. n^YHraH, 2011: Beedenue e ^paMMamu^ecKyw ceMaumuKy. M.:
H3gaTe^bCTBO Prry, 2011. [Vladimir A. Plungian, 2011: Vvedenie v grammatičeskuju semantiku. M.: Izdatel'stvo RGGU, 2011.]
B^agHMnp A. n^YHraH, 2016: K Tuno^orau nep^ercra b a3biKax Mupa: npeguc^o Bue. Peg. TuMyp MancaK, B^aguMup n^ymaH, KceHua CeMeHoBa. Hcc^egoBaHua no Teopnu rpaMMaTHKH, Bbm. 7: Tuno^orua nep^eKTa. Acta lingüistica Petropolitana XII/2. 7-36.
[Vladimir A. Plungian, 2016: K tipologii perfekta v jazykah mira: predislovie. Red. Timur Majsak, Vladimir Plungian, Ksenija Semenova. Issledovanija po teorii grammatiki, vyp. 7: Tipologija perfekta. Acta lingüistica Petropolitana XII/2. 7-36.] ^MHTpun B. CHHHHABA, 2016: EBponencKnn nep^eKT cKBü3b npu3My naparae^bHoro Kopnyca. Peg. TuMyp MancaK, B^aguMup n^ymaH, KceHua CeMeHoBa. Hcc^ego-BaHHa no Teopuu rpaMMaruKH, Bbm. 7: Tuno^orua nep^eKTa. Acta lingüistica Petropolitana XII/2. 85-114. [Dmitrij V Sičinava, 2016: Evropejskij perfekt skvoz' prizmu parallel'nogo korpusa. Red. Timur Majsak, Vladimir Plungian, Ksenija Semenova. Issledovanija po teorii grammatiki, vyp. 7: Tipologi perfekta. Acta lingüistica Petropolitana XII/2. 85-114.] AHHa ro. ypMAHHHEBA, 2016: «AHTunogbi» nep^eKTa b caMoguncKHx a3MKax: HeHe^oe npomegmee BpeMa. Peg. TuMyp MancaK, B^aguMup n^ymaH, KceHua CeMeHoBa. Hcc^egoBaHua no Teopuu rpaMMaruKH, BMn. 7: Tuno^orna nep^eKra. Acta lingüistica Petropolitana XII/2. 475-534. [Anna Ju. Urmančieva, 2016: «Antipody» perfekta v samodijskih jazykah: neneckoe prošedšee vremja. Red. Timur Majsak, Vladimir Plungian, Ksenija Semenova. Issledovanija po teorii grammatiki, vyp. 7: Tipologija perfekta. Acta lingüistica Petropolitana XII/2. 475-534.]
POVZETEK
Prispevek obravnava pomenske značilnosti starocerkvenoslovanskega perfekta, analitične glagolske oblike, sestavljene iz /-deležnika polnopomenskega glagola in sedanjiških oblik pomožnika byti.
Osrednji cilj prispevka je oris pomenskih značilnosti starocerkvenoslovanskega perfekta glede na tipološke lastnosti oblik v različnih jezikih.
Na podlagi sopostavitve starocerkvenoslovanskih oblik perfekta in aorista smo prišli do naslednjih zaključkov:
a)	rezultativni pomen se pogosto izraža z oblikami aorista;
b)	nerezultativni pomen konteksta ne vpliva na rabo oblik perfekta.
Starocerkvenoslovanski perfekt torej ni povezan z izražanjem rezultativnega pomena.
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Glede pomena starocerkvenoslovanskih oblik perfekta opozarjamo na naslednje značilnosti:
a)	perfekt se pogosto uporablja v eksistencialnih in posebej v doživljajskih kontekstih: situacija je bila vsaj enkrat umeščena v preteklost;
b)	perfekt se pogosto uporablja v kontekstih, kjer situacija ne opisuje samo sebe, temveč izraža bistvene značilnosti osebka v vlogi vršilca dejanja (ali protagonista fragmenta besedila)
c)	za glagole, ki so v rabi v perfektu, pogosto velja, da ne opisujejo konkretnih, časovno umeščenih situacij, temveč povzemajo določeno zaporedje dogodkov; takšno rabo označujemo kot interpretacijsko.
V prispevku dokazujemo, da se raba cerkvenoslovanskega perfekta nanaša na vrsto pomenov, ki niso povezani z rezultativnim pomenom. Ker tipološke raziskave vedno izhajajo iz stališča, da je prvotni pomen perfekta povezan z rezultativom, bi bilo smiselno predpostaviti, da je odsotnost rezultativnega pomena tudi posledica izgube tega pomena v rabi. V prispevku zagovarjamo drugo hipotezo, in sicer poskušamo dokazati, da rezultativna raba prvotno sploh ni bila značilna za cerkvenoslovanski perfekt. Našo hipotezo potrjuje primerjava rabe cerkvenoslovanskega perfekta z rabo perfekta v makedonščini in bolgarščini.
Domnevamo, da je primeru starocerkvenoslovanskega perfekta pomensko težišče te oblike doživljajskost (eksperiencialnost) ali natančneje eksistencialnost. To pa pomeni, da je v tipo-loško shemo razvoja perfekta v različnih jezkih treba poleg rezultativnega pomena vključiti še prvotno eksistencialno-lastnostne perfekte, ki so značilni za cerkvenoslovanščino in njena naslednika - bolgarščino in makedonščino. Posebna različica perfekta, ki ni nastala iz rezul-tativno-svojilne zgradbe z imeti, temveč iz zgradbe z biti in deležnikom, ki pripisuje lastnost, zaenkrat ostaja na področju tipologije perfektov in diahronije razvoja oblik perfektnih oblik še vedno slabo raziskana.