ri^ DE GRUYTER
OPEN
HACQUETIA 14/2 ' 2015, 129-174
DOI: 10.1515/hacq-2015-0008
THE VEGETATION OF THE BUNA RIVER PROTECTED LANDSCAPE (ALBANIA)
Giuliano FANELLI^, Michele DE SANCTIS2'*, Ermelinda GJETA^, Alfred MULLAJ^ & Fabio ATTORRE2
Abstract
The vegetation of Buna River Protected Landscape is described. The area comprises both the alluvial plain of the lower course of the Buna river that marks the boundary between Montenegro and Albania, and a carbon-atic range. The vegetation is characterized by a high ß-diversity (27 alliances and 46 associations), especially in wetlands and dry grasslands. In the area it is possible to distinguish 1 dunal and 4 hygro-sequences in the alluvial plain and 3 xeroseries in the carbonatic range. Associations Clematido viticellae-Punicetum granati and Periploco graecae-Alnetum glutinosae are described as new.
Key words: aquatic vegetation, Albania, Buna River, alluvial forests, dry grasslands, marshlands, shrublands, xerothermophilous forests.
Izvleček
V članku je opisana vegetacija v zavarovanega območja ob reki Buna. Območje obsega aluvialno ravnino ob spodnjem teku reke Buna, ki predstavlja mejo med Črno goro in Albanijo in karbonatnim hribovjem. Za vegetacijo je značilna visoka ß diverziteta (27 zvez in 46 asociacij), še posebej pa mokrišča in suha travišča. V območju smo izločili 1 sekvenco na sipinah, 4 higro sekvence na aluvialni ravnici in 3 ksero serije na karbonatnem masivu. Asociaciji Clematido viticellae-Punicetum granati in Periploco graecae-Alnetum glutinosae sta novo opisani.
Ključne besede: vodna vegetacija, Albanija, reka Buna, poplavni gozdovi, suha travišča, močvirja, grmišča, kserotermofilni gozdovi.
1. INTRODUCTION	morphology of the coastline, which is subject to
strong erosion. According to old descriptions
The Buna River Protected Landscape extends for	(Reiser & Fuhrer 1896, Karpati & Karpati 1961,
about 20000 ha and is located between the last 15	Karpati 1962), the Buna Landscape was an im-
km of the northern Albanian coast and the Buna	pressive wilderness area. However, likewise other
river, which here forms the border with Montene-	Mediterranean wetland areas it has been strongly
gro (Figure 1). The Buna river is the outflow of	transformed during the last decades. Between
the Skadar Lake and has the Drin River, the long-	1947 and 1980 about 36 km2 of agricultural lands
est river in Albania, as main tributary. The strong	were reclaimed, extending the only 2 km2 agri-
river flow created one of the most important wet-	cultural land that existed before. In the early '70s
land systems in Albania providing important	a system of hydrovors was installed functional to
habitats for many animal and plant species. The	the new drainage-irrigation canal system. In the
sediments of Buna have an important role for the	'80s three dams and a huge hydropower reservoir
1	Department of Biology, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Roma, Italy.
2	Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy.
3	Department of biology, University "Aleksander Xhuvani", Elbasan, Albania.
4	Flora and Fauna Research Center, Faculty of Nature Science, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania. * Corresponding author, e-mail: michedes@gmail.com
were built along the Drin River. These works have deeply changed the hydrogeological system and the land-use of the area: the Buna flooding and the amount of water greatly decreased and much of the inner land was converted into agricultural use. However, as in some other Albanian border areas, the area was under military protection untill 1991, and due to this status, was effectively protected. In 1991, the status of the area changed, and a rapid development of touristic infrastructures began especially along the coast.
Despite these changes the Buna river area still hosts a great diversity of important habitats and species deserving careful conservation policies. For this purpose the Albanian government in 2005 decided to establish the Buna River Protected Landscape for which an integrated and systemic management plan is in preparation (Guillet et al. 2012). The analysis of the plant communities represents important information for the elaboration of such plan. However, existing literature about vegetation is rather sparse and heterogeneous with few phytosociological studies (Karpati & Karpati 1961, Karpati 1962, Mullaj 1986, Mullaj et al. 2000). The study of the vegetation of Albania begun, apart from a few pioneering works (Markgraaf 1932), in the late '80s (e.g. Buzo 1990). However, only recently Albanian authors adopted the Zürich-Montpellier method (e.g. Kalajnxhiu et al. 2011) and a first synthesis based on this approach can be found in Dring et al. (2002). Nonetheless the phytosociol-ogy of Albania is still imperfectly known and this study represents a significant contribution to the knowledge of the vegetation of this country.
2. METHODS
Study area
The Buna River Protected Landscape includes the area along the Buna river, after the confluence with the Drin near the Skadar Lake, its delta on the Adriatic Sea and the area around the Vi-luni lagoon (Figure 1).
The protected area includes three main land unit systems:
1)	an alluvial plain composed of holocenic loams deposited by the Buna river (Frasheri et al. 2006) with marshlands, alluvial and riverine forests, and lagoons;
2)	a carbonatic outcrop with arid Mediterranean
Figure 1: Location of the Buna River Protected Landscape. 1: Buna River; 2: Domni marsh; 3: Black Peak (Maja e Zeze); 4: Viluni lagoon; 5: Rjolla Beach (Backs Rrjolli); 6: Velipoje Reserve; a: Black Peak; b: Mount Nikgionih (Mali i Nikgjonit); c: Campo di Marina (Kampi veror).
Slika 1: Lokacija zavarovanega območja ob reki Buna. 1: reka Buna; 2: močvirje Domni; 3: Črni vrh (Maja e Zeze); 4: laguna Viluni; 5: plaža Rjolla Beach (Backs Rrjolli); 6: rezervat Velipoje; a: Črni vrh; b: gora Nikgionih (Mali i Nikgjonit); c: Campo di Marina (Kampi veror).
vegetation. The carbonatic range extends in SE-NW direction and is composed of upper Cretaceous-Paleocenic limestones and dolomites; at the base there are layers of upper Oli-gocene flysch with intercalations of clays. The range reaches 500 m of altitude in the Black Peak (Maja e Zeze); 3) a coastal holocenic dune system, composed of sands deposited by the Buna river.
The climate is Mediterranean, characterized by dry-hot summers and mild-wet winters. The wind of murrlan, which is very characteristic of the area, makes the winters harsh; whereas in the summer the wind of Shiroku brings humidity. Mean annual rainfall and temperature are 1075 mm and 15,3 °C respectively. Precipitation is concentrated in the period from November to April (70-80% of total annual). In January mean temperature is between 5 and 8 °C while in July it can range between 24 and 26 °C (PHARE 2002).
Data collection and analysis
Phytosociological investigation was performed according to Braun-Blanquet (1964) and Westhoff & van der Maarel (1978). Data on vegetation were obtained through 188 releves (for a total of 389 vascular plant taxa) carried out in June-July and September 2012-2013. At each site the rel-eves were selected in relation to the homogeneity of physical features and vegetation structure. Plot sizes ranged from 150 m2 to 1 m2 (Table 4) depending on the plant community. Cover/abundance data for all vascular plants were recorded in the field using a modified Braun-Blanquet scale (Barkman et al. 1964).
Vascular plants were identified using the ''Flora e Shqiperise" (Paparisto et al. 1988, Qosja et al. 1992, 1996, Vangjeli et al. 2000), "Flora ekskur-sioniste e Shqiperise" (Demiri 1983) and "Flora Europaea" (Tutin et al. 1964-80, 1993), taxon nomenclature follows the latter, except for Asphode-lus (Diaz-Lifante & Valdes 1996), Bupleurum (Sn-ogerup & Snogerup 2001), Salicornia (Kadereit et al. 2007, Kadereit et al. 2012) and Bolboschoenus (Hroudova et al. 2007).
A database was created in TURBOVEG (Hennekens & Schaminee 2001) and data were then exported as percentages for further analyses.
The names of identified syntaxa have been choosed according the nomenclatural rules codified in the Third Edition of the International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature (Weber et al. 2000) and the syntaxonomic scheme has been formulated according the current knowledge about Albanian vegetation and that of neighboring regions.
The data collected were used to create a plots-vs-species matrix. Plant communities of marhs-lands, acquatic vegetation and sand dunes which are characterized by mono-or paucispecific composition were identified only according to expert knowledge and scientific literature. Conversely two classification procedures were perfomed on ecologically homogeneous aspects such as the alluvial forests and the vegetation of the car-bonatic outcrop. Using the program Syn-Tax v. 5.0 (Podani 2001) a hierarchical agglomerative clustering was used, with Euclidean distance as the similarity coefficient and complete linkage as the method for grouping the formation. Data were log transformed (base 10) in order to reduce skewness and kurtosis (e.g. Johnson & Wichern 2007). Since the syntaxonomy of Albanian veg-
etation is still to be completely defined, in order to support the phytosociological interpretation of the plant communities of the Buna Landscape we identified diagnostic species also using the fidelity coefficient of Tichy & Chytry (2006) with a simultaneous calculation of Fisher's exact test in the JUICE program with P < 0.001. To avoid phi coefficient being dependent on the size of the target site group, group size was standardized to equal the average size of all groups present in the entire data set (Tichy & Chytry 2006).
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Through the analysis of the releves 46 plant communities have been identified and classified in 27 alliances, 23 orders and 17 classes. They are distributed in 1 dunal and 4 hygro-sequences in the alluvial plain and 3 xeroseries in the carbonatic range. Below these communities and the vegetation sequences are described and discussed in the same order of the syntaxonomical scheme.
Brackish and halophilous vegetation
Ruppietum cirrhosae Iversen 1934 (Table 1) = ass. Ruppia maritima Hocquette 1927, Ruppietum spiralis Hocquette 1927 corr. Iversen 1934
In the Viluni lagoon the vegetation of the shallow waters is represented mainly by dense populations of Ruppia cirrhosa together with undetermined filamentous algae. The association is abundant close to the mouth of the Lagoon where there is an inflow of salt water, and rarer on the northern coast, where waters are less brackish.
The community is widespread in European lagoons (e.g. Schaminee et al. 1996, Rivas-Martin-ez et al. 2001) and has been reported for Albania by Mullaj (1989) and Ruci et al. (1995).
Salicornietum venetae Pignatti 1966 (Table 2) = Salicornietum emerici O. de Bolos ex Brullo & Furnari 1976
On the shores of the Viluni lagoon, in particular near the mouth that connects the lagoon to the sea, there are mud-flats with extensive, almost monospecific populations of Salicornia. Closer to the water, where the inundation is prolonged, the dominant species is the tetraploid Salicornia procumbens (= S. emerici, S. dolichostachya, S. veneta, S. stricta). Beyond this belt, where inundation
is shorter, the dominant species is the diploid Salicornia perennans (= S. patula, S. prostrata). The two vegetation belts are particularly evident in October-November, when Salicornia procumbens becomes brilliant red, whereas Salicornia perennans remains dirty green.
The vegetation of Salicornia procumbens is represented by dense populations 20-30 cm tall. They usually are monospecific (rel. 100), but it is often possible to observe a transitional belt with Limonium vulgare subsp. serotinum.
The taxonomy of annual Salicornia is notoriously difficult, and this complicates the syntax-onomy of the annual halophilous vegetation, based largely on the distinction between the many microspecies (Loidi et al. 1999). Recently, molecular phylogenetics has greatly clarified the taxonomical problems of Salicornia (Kadereit et al. 2007, 2012). Although a few problems remain, the classification proposed by these authors is much simpler than earlier attempts (e.g. Ball & Akeroy 1993, Iberite 1996), recognizing only one tetraploid taxon, Salicornia procumbens, and two diploid taxa in Europe, Salicornia europaea in the Atlantic coasts and Salicornia perennans in the Mediterranean basin and in East Europe. The many tetraploid species recognized so far (Salicornia veneta, Salicornia dolichostachya) are only growth forms of a single species and, in fact, they are morphologically and ecologically similar (Teege et al. 2011). This fact has important consequences for the syntaxonomy, since it means that many associations are probably synonyms.
In study area, Salicornietum venetae, considered endemic of the Venice Lagoon (Gehu et al. 1984b, Gehu & Biondi 1996), is in fact a synonym of Salicornietum emerici, widespread in the Mediterranean basin (Bolos 1962, 1967, Brullo et al. 1988, Lloidi et al. 1999, Frondoni & Iberite 2002). Salicornia veneta is a luxuriant growth-form of Salicornia procumbens, but the poor floristic composition is similar in the two associations. In the future it will be advisable to mutate the name according to modern taxonomy, but for the time being we refrain from proposing a nomen muta-tum, first because Art. 45 dictates that a nomen mutatum should be proposed only if the name of taxon on which the association is based is no longer in use for at least 20 years (Weber et al. 2000), second because adopting the name Sali-cornia procumbens for all tetraploid species will cause Salicornietum venetae to fall in synonymy with Salicornietum dolichostachyae Gehu & Gehu-
Franck 1984, widespread on the Atlantic coasts in intertidal mud flats and therefore with a different ecology (Ellenberg 1996).
The Association Limonium vulgare + Salicornia europaea (Buzo 1990), described from Poro, Se-man and Divjaket (Southern Albania) in retro-dunal depressions, is with all probability identical to our community even if it is not possible to identify with certainty which annual Salicornia is reported in the table.
Suaedo spicatae-Salicornietum patulae (Brullo & Furnari 1976) Gehu & Gehu-Franck 1984. corr. Alcaraz, R^os, De la Torre, Delgado & Inocencio 1998
= Salicornietum patulae Brullo & Furnari 1976 non Christiansen 1955, Suaedo vulgaris-Salicornietum patulae (Brullo & Furnari) Gehu & Gehu-Franck 1984; Suaedo maritimae-Salicornietum patulae Brullo & Furnari ex Gehu & Gehu-Franck 1984 corr. Rivas-Mart^nez 1990
Salicornia perennans vegetation is not widespread in the Velipoje area. It occurs only in the Viluni lagoon in sites with shorter inundation than those of Salicornietum venetae and in Cam-po di Marina (Kampi veror) lagoon. We did not carry out releves of these monospecific stands, but they can be referred to rather fragmentary aspects of Suaedo spicatae-Salicornietum patulae.
Puccinellio festuciformi-Aeluropetum litoralis (Corb 1968) Gehu & Costa 1984 (Table 3)
This community refers to a low scrub vegetation with grasses and succulent chenopods that develops extensively on saline muds surrounding the Viluni lagoon. These perennials occupy a belt back of the annual Salicornia stands near the water. The community is absent in Campo di Marina (Kampi veror), where the zonation of the shore vegetation is otherwise similar to that of the Vilu-ni lagoon. Floristically this community is characterized by the co-occurrence of Aeluropus littoralis, Halimioneportulacoides and Suaeda maritima.
Among the many associations that have been described in the Mediterranean basin, often on the base of subtle differences (Brullo et al. 1988, Rivas-Martinez et al. 2001) and in the Danube delta and Black Sea (summarized in Tzonev et al. 2008), our releves are more similar to the Puccinellio-Aeluropetum litoralis, although Pucci-nellia festuciformis is lacking, and particularly to the releves 1-5 in Table 21 in Gehu et al. (1984a) from Ferrara (Italy).
Juncetum maritimo-acuti Horvatic 1934
(Table 4)
This association grows on muds on the shores of the Viluni lagoon and on smaller brackish ponds not far from the sea. It is characterized by the dominance of Juncus acutus and Juncus maritimus, among which succulents grow such as Halimione portulacoides, Artemisia coerulescens and Limonium vulgare subsp. serotinum. The floristic composition matches in some way the Limonio-Artemisietum coer-ulescentis Horvatic (1933) 1934 corr. Gehu & Bion-di 1996, the only distinction being the presence of an upper layer dominated by Juncus acutus.
Juncus acutus and Juncus maritimus communities are widespread in the Mediterranean basin and along the Southern Atlantic coasts (Molinier & Tallon 1965), with a rather constant composition. We can refer without any doubt our association to Juncetum maritimo-acuti, that has been described from Dalmatia (Horvatic 1934, 1963), but also reported with similar aspects in Italy both along the Adriatic coast (Pignatti 1966 sub Juncetum maritimi Pignatti 1953, Brullo et al. 1988, Pol-dini 1989, Pirone 1995a sub Juncetum acuti Molinier & Tallon 1970) and in the central Tyrrhenian coast (Frondoni & Iberite 2002). In Albania it has been already reported for Lalzi Bay near Durres (Imeri et al. 2010a).
Juncus maritimus and Lippia nodiflora community (Table 5)
This community develops on the shores south of the Viluni lagoon, in retrodunal depressions characterized by moderately brackish waters. This community is dominated by Juncus acutus and Juncus maritimus, but the coverage is lower than that of Juncetum maritimo-acuti and the flo-ristic composition characterized by species such as Lippia nodiflora and Inula viscosa. The retro-dunal depressions where this community occurs have been partly dismantled by erosion, so that there is an ingression of elements from sanddunes (Euphorbia paralias, Elymus farctus). Other halophytes are Crypsis aculeata, Sonchus maritimus, Artemisia coerulescens and Plantago crassifo-lia, suggesting a synclassification in Plantaginion crassifoliae. This community shows many similarities with Juncetum acuti Molinier & Tallon 1970 from Camargue in France, (Molinier & Tallon 1970), but there Lippia nodiflora is lacking.
The community is strongly disturbed by erosion and grazing by cattle, and therefore we refrain from a formal description.
PSAMMOPHILOUS VEGETATION
Cakilo-Xanthietum italicae Pignatti 1953
(Table 6)
= Salsolo kali-Cakiletum maritimae xanthietosum (Pignatti 1953) Gehu & Scoppola 1984 in Gehu et al. 1984
This community develops on the foredunes near the shore in correspondence with the mouth of the Buna River. Structurally, it is a sparse grassland, 20-30 cm tall, dominated by succulent species. The floristic composition is typical, with Cakile maritima, Salsola kali, Polygonum mari-timum, Xanthium orientale subsp. italicum, and a few species from Ammophiletalia such as Sporobolus pungens and Echinophora spinosa.
This association was described for the Venice Lagoon (Pignatti 1953) and is distinct from other Cakiletea associations mainly by the presence of Xanthium orientale subsp. italicum. Cakilo-Xanthietum is present on the Adriatic and Ionian coasts of Italy (e.g. Biondi et al. 1989, Corbetta et al. 1989 sub Salsolo-Cakiletum aegyptiacae Costa et Manzanet 1981 subass xanthietosum Gehu et Scoppola 1984) and Greece (Sykora et al. 2003); it seems to be lacking in France and on the Tyrrhenian coasts of Italy (Braun-Blanquet et al. 1952). The association is reported from Albania by Imeri et al. (2010a) with the incorrect name of Cakilo-Xanthietum strumarii (Beg. 1941) Pign. 1958 and under the name Salsola kali-Xanthium strumarium association by Buzo (1990).
In our releves two subspecies of Salsola kali occur together in equal proportions, Salsola kali subsp. kali and Salsola kali subsp. tragus. Subspecies of S. kali are rarely reported in the phytoso-ciological literature, being rather difficult to distinguish, but they are probably ecologically quite distinct.
Freshwater aquatic vegetation
Hydrocharitetum morsus-ranae van Langen-donck 1935 (Table 8)
This community occurs in several canals and ditches near Velipoje with clear, slowly flowing water. It is characterized by the dominance of Hydrocharis morsus-ranae, a species classified as vulnerable in Albania (Vangjeli et al. 1995).
The association is widespread in Europe, in mesotrophic slowly flowing waters (Šumberova 2011a).
Nymphaeetum albae Vollmar 1947 (Table 9)
The community mainly occurs along the drainage canals in very slow-flowing waters about 1 meter deep. It is dominated by Nymphaea alba and a few other species. Nymphaeetum albae is characteristic of mesotrophic waters and has a strong capacity of filling of the water-bodies due to the high biomass production (Šumberova 2011b).
This community was probably much more widespread in the past. The description in Karpati (1962) seems to indicate that Nymphaeion communities were very frequent on the floodplain of the Buna. The terrestrialization of the floodplain may be related to natural phenomena of succession, but also to the lowering of the water table due to the artificial drainage.
Trapetum natantis Karpati 1963 (Table 10)
This community occurs in a canal of the Dom-ni marsh. It is characterized by the dominance of Trapa natans, which covers completely the water, and is accompanied by a few other species. This association has already been reported for the Buna river near the Shkodra Lake and is very rare in Albania (Schneider-Jacoby et al. 2006).
Potamogetonetum denso-nodosi O. de Bolos 1957 (Table 11)
= Potametum nodosi (Soo 1960) Segal 1964
This community develops in the Buna River, close to the shore where the water is 60 cm deep. From a floristic point of view, as a community of submerged hydrophytes, it is rather rich with many Potamogeton species dominated by Pota-mogeton nodosus; this richness is probably due to low turbidity of the waters of the Buna.
The community is typical of rivers and other habitats with flowing waters, and is generally widespread but rarer in southern Europe (Bolos 1962, Šumberova 2011b).
Potamogetonetum pectinati Carstensen ex Hilbig 1971 (Table 12)
This community is widespread in the Buna river. It occurs in relatively deep water (1-3 m), where it forms extensive populations, but also close to the shore where the slope of the river bank is steep. The floristic composition is dominated by Potamogeton pectinatus, with low frequency of other Potamogeton (P. crispus, P. nodosus, P. perfoliatus).
This association has a rather broad ecological range, but usually occurs in mesotrophic to
eutrophic waters (Testi et al. 2009, Šumberova & Chytry 2011).
Elodeetum canadensis Nedelcu 1967 (Table 13)
Elodea canadensis community can be found along the Buna river, where this species forms a dense population. The community substitutes the Potametum denso-nodosi in disturbed areas. In Albania the association has been also reported for the Ohrid lake (Imeri et al. 2010b).
SwAMP VEGETATION OF FRESH AND BRACKISH WATERS DOMINATED BY GRAMINOIDS AND SEDGES
T^phetum angustifoliae Pignatti 1953 (Table 14) This community is one of the most striking physiognomies of the study area. It occurs in Domni marsh and in other sites of the alluvial plain where populations of Typha angustifolia form dense swards about 2 m tall. The community is more or less monospecific, and develops on soils inundated in winter, but that dry out in summer, leaving a thin veil of water on the damp ground. The vegetation is subjected to fires set on by farmers to open the vegetation for grazing, but this practice does not seem to negatively affect Typha angustifolia but, on the contrary, to increase its cover.
The wide diffusion of Typha angustifolia is probably related to the draining of the marshland. Typha angustifolia typically grows in deeper still waters, particularly in lakes and closed ditches (Pignatti 1953, Šumberova & Chytry 2011).
Typhetum latifoliae Nowinski 1930 (Table 15) = Typhetum latifoliae Soo 1927 nom. nudum, Typhetum latifoliae Lang 1973
This vegetation is characterized by a dense reed-bed, 150-160 cm tall. It grows on the banks of the Buna river where the water depth is about 10-20 cm. The community develops in an intermediate belt between the Phragmites australis and Bolboschoenus maritimus communities.
The community is widespread in Europe, in particular, in eutrophic waters in ditches and along river banks (e.g. Chytry et al. 2011).
Phragmitetum australis Savič 1926 nom. mut. prop. (Table 16)
This vegetation occurs along the Buna river in particular where the flow is slow, but also on
the shores of the Viluni lagoon, where the water is less brackish; in fact Phragmites australis is only weakly halotolerant (Pignatti 1952, 1953). The species needs almost constant inundation and rather deep waters (50-100 cm).
This community is a dense reed-bed 1.7-3 m tall, characterized by the dominance of Phragmites australis, which is accompanied by a few species (Bolboschoenus maritimus, Iris pseudacorus and Rumex hydrolapathum). In many stretches, the community is monospecific.
The community is very widespread (Šumbe-rova & Chytry 2011) and in the Mediterranean basin has been referred to a different association, Typho angustifoliae-Phragmitetum australis (Tüxen & Preising 1942) Rivas-Mart^nez, Bascones, T.E. D^az, Fernandez-Gonzalez & Loidi 1991 = Scirpo-Phragmitetum mediterraneum Tüxen & Preising 1942 (Braun-Blanquet et al. 1952, Rivas-Martinez et al. 2001). However the floristic composition is so poor that it is difficult to make distinctions, although ecological differences certainly exist between water bodies in temperate and Mediterranean Europe.
Scirpetum lacustris Chouard 1924 (Table 17) = Schoenoplectetum lacustris Chouard 1924 nom. mutatum prop.
This community is restricted to the Buna river, near the banks, in the first helophytic belt at a water depth of 0.3-0.5 m, where it forms tall, dense stands. The association is usually mesotrophic to slightly eutrophic (Šumberova & Chytry 2011).
The association is widespread, but usually referred to a facies of Scirpo-Phragmitetum Koch 1926 and therefore its distribution is imperfectly known.
Glycerio-Sparganietum neglecti Koch 1926 (Table 18)
This plant community is generally found in the alluvial plain near Velipoje, in clear, slowly flowing waters, 30-40 cm deep. The community forms a dense reed-bed 120-130 cm tall. Sparga-nium erectum is dominant, but other helophytes are frequent. The association is floristically interesting, in particular for the presence of two species rare in Albania, Butomus umbellatus and Hydrocharis morsus-ranae (Ruci et al. 2000).
This association is widespread in Europe (e.g. Schaminee et al. 1996), where is often reported under the pseudonyms Sparganietum ramosi Roll 1938 or Sparganietum erecti Zutshi 1975 (Dengler
et al. 2004, Šumberova & Chytry 2011) and has been reported for Albania in the Ohrid lake (Im-eri et al. 2010b).
Scirpetum maritimo-litoralis (Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine & Negre 1952) O. de Bolos 1962
(Table 19)
= Scirpetum maritimo-litoralis Br.-Bl. 1931 nomen nudum, Scirpetum compacto-litoralis (Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine & Negre 1952) O. de Bolos 1962 corr. Rivas-Mart^nez, Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdes 1980
This association is a relatively sparse reed-bed, 100-170 cm tall, that grows in the brackish water on the northern side of the Viluni lagoon and at the mouth of the Buna river. It occupies an intermediate belt between the Phragmites australis and the Scirpus litoralis communities in water with a depth between 15 and 20 cm.
The floristic composition is poor, and is characterized by the dominance of Bolboschoenus maritimus, often associated with Phragmites australis.
A number of associations with Bolboschoenus maritimus have been described around the Mediterranean basin and in continental Europe (e.g. Rivas-Martinez et al. 2001). These are usually flo-ristically poor, and their interpretation is therefore difficult. Probably different aspects, related to different ecological conditions occur.
Our releves are very similar to those from Provence (Braun-Blanquet et al. 1952), Catalonia (Bolos 1962) and the coasts of Croatia (Horvatic 1963). They are instead quite different from those of the association Scirpetum maritimi Tüxen 1937, described for the Venice lagoon (Pignatti 1966), that after Gehu & Biondi (1996) should be referred to a different association.
This association is reported for Albania (Mul-laj et al. 2000, Imeri et al. 2010a) under the pseudonym Bolboschoenetum maritimi Eggler 1933 = Bol-boschoenetumyagarae Eggler 1933 corr. Hroudova et al. 2009, which instead corresponds to a different freshwater vegetation (Hroudova et al. 2009).
The taxonomy of Bolboschoenus has been recently reviewed (Hroudova et al. 2009) and Scir-pus compactus has fallen in synonymy with Bol-boschoenus maritimus. This makes superfluos the correction of Rivas-Mart^nez et al. (2001) of Scirpetum maritimo-litoralis (Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine & Negre 1952) O. de Bolos 1962 into Scirpetum compacto-litoralis (Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine & Negre 1952) O. de Bolos 1962 corr. Rivas-Mart^nez, Costa, Castroviejo & E. Valdes 1980.
Scirpetum litoralis Pignatti 1953 (Table 20)
This community has been found in the north of the Viluni lagoon, where waters are less saline, and forms a rather sparse reed-bed dominated by Scirpus litoralis, in deeper waters than the backstanding Scirpetum maritimo-litoralis.
The association is reported for the Venice lagoon, Southern Italy and Tunisia, in slightly brackish, almost still waters (Pignatti 1966).
Meadows and pastures of moister soils
Schoeno-Erianthetum ravennae Pignatti 1953
(Table 21)
This community grows in depressions north of the Viluni lagoon, and in fragmentary aspects in retrodunal depressions near the sea. It is characterized by large tufts of Erianthus ravennae that can be up to 1,7 m tall. A lower layer is dominated by Schoenus nigricans, and these two dominant species are accompanied by a number of species of wetlands characterized by a long drought period (Pulicaria vulgaris, Carex punctata and Centaurium spicatum). Also a few subruderal and ruderal subhygrophilous species are present (Aster squamatus, Lotus tenuis).
The association was described for the Venice lagoon, and is widespread along the Italian coasts (Lucchese & Pignatti 1990, Gehu & Biondi 1996). In Albania it has been reported for the Lalzi bay (Imeri et al. 2010a).
Paspalo-Agrostidetum Br.-Bl. 1936 (1952)
(Table 22)
This community has been recorded in the Domni marshland, in an intermediate position between Typhetum angustifoliae and Trifolio-Cyno-dontetum, in correspondence with conditions almost as wet as those favouring Typha angustifolia but in heavily disturbed areas.
The community of Velipoje is poorer in species
Figure 2: Dendrogram of the carbonatic range vegetation. The capital letters indicate cluster membership. Slika 2: Dendrogram vegetacije na karbonatnem hribovju. Velike črke predstavljajo uvrstitev v klaster. A: Rhamno-Paliuretum;, B: Querco-Carpinetum orientalis; C: Seslerio-Ostryetum carpinifoliae; D: Acer monspessulanum community; E: Salvio-Phlomidetum fruticosae; F: Brachypo-dio-Cymbopogonetum hirti; G: Clematido viticellae-Punicetum granati; H: Quercetum trojanae; I: Seslerio-Putorietum calabri-cae; L: Asphodelo-Chrysopogonetum grylli; Asphodelus ramo-sus community; N: Stipo-Salvietum officinalis.
than that of Provence where it has been originally described (Braun-Blanquet et al. 1952), dominated by Paspalum paspalodes accompanied with ruderal species such as Plantago major and Rumex conglomeratus. It is also present in the urban area of Rome with even poorer, almost monospecific aspects (Fanelli 2002).
Trifolio fragiferi-Cynodontetum Br.-Bl. & O. de Bolos 1957 (Table 23)
In the alluvial plain of the Domni marsh, the dense reed beds of Typha angustifolia leave place in some spots to a heavily grazed lawn. This lawn is 2-4 cm tall and formed by dense mats of the creeping rhizomatous TrifoliumJragiferum and Cy-nodon dactylon accompanied by Mentha pulegium and Plantago lanceolata. The lawn develops where the soil is relatively dry. This condition is less suitable for Typha angustifolia, which becomes vulnerable to disturbance and is replaced by the lawn species. This community is highly productive and favoured by cattle, since the nitrogen-fixing Trifolium allows a high production of proteins.
This association has been described from Provence, on the floodplain along large rivers (Braun-Blanquet et al. 1952, Bolos 1962, 1967), but has been reported also from the Danube Plain in Bulgaria (Tzonev 2009). The association is poorly characterized and probably is more widespread than the scanty reports in literature may suggest.
VEGETATION OF THE CARBONATIC OUTCROP
The hierarchical classification identified twelve groups (Figure 2). They include dry grasslands and xerothermophilous forests and shrubs described hereafter. One crevice and one ruderal
community have been also identified and discussed in their specific section.
Crevice vegetation of limestone fissures
Seslerio-Putorietum calabricae Horvatic 1963
(Table 7; Figure 2, Cluster I)
This single releve has been carried out on an almost vertical slope of rather friable carbonates, with southern aspect. Putoria calabrica was abundant nearby, but on the less steep parts of the slope. The vegetation was rather sparse, with low cover, characterized by the presence of Sesleria ro-busta subsp. skanderbeggii and Moltkia petraea.
This community can be referred to Seslerio-Putorietum calabricae (Horvatic 1963), a coastal association described from Dubrovnik. Moltkia petraea has been indicated from a number of associations under different orders and alliances (Lakušic 1968, Georgiou et al. 2000).
Perennial grasslands of the Mediterranean region
Stipo-Salvietum officinalis Horvatic 1958
(Table 24; Figure 2, Cluster N)
This community occurs on steep slopes (2030°) usually with a W-SW aspect. Soil is very stony (20-80 % rocks and stones) and shallow. It is a grassland relatively sparse and rather tall (on average 80 cm) and dominated by Stipa bromoides and Asphodelus ramosus. These two species are accompanied by many chamaephytes (Micromeria juliana, Satureja montana, Teucrium polium subsp. capitatum). Therophytes are also abundant, in particular the illyric Bupleurum veronense. Other therophytes (Avena barbata, Dasypyrum villosum, Carthamus lanatus) are related to the enrichment of nutrients probably by sheep and goats.
Releves 62 and 71 represent a transitional aspect with Bromo-Chrysopogonetum grylli, since the floristic composition is similar to Stipo-Salvietum, but the dominant species is Chrysopogon gryllus. This aspect occurs on gentler slopes than typical Stipo-Salvietum, on a northern aspect, but again in the lower belt. A few species of Festuca-Brom-etea are restricted to this aspect (Koeleria splen-dens, Leontodon crispus); these species indicate a tendency toward cooler conditions.
The association is widespread, in an almost identical aspect, in Dalmatia (Horvatic 1963).
Asphodelo-Chrysopogonetum grylli Horvatic (1936) 1958 (Table 25; Figure 2, Cluster L)
This community is characterized by the dominance of Chrysopogon gryllus that is accompanied by relatively few species of dry grasslands, in particular Galium lucidum, Helianthemum apen-ninum, Stachys recta, Onosma arenaria, Agropyron elongatum, Scabiosa triniifolia and Satureja montana, often with low cover or frequency. Salvia officinalis is sometimes rather abundant, whereas therophytes are relatively poorly represented.
This community occurs on slopes steeper than those of Stipo-Salvietum (20-40°), usually with a S-W aspect. Stones and rocks have on average a cover of about 30-40%. It occupies an upper belt with respect to Stipo-Salvietum (see chapter on zonation).
The association is described from Dalmatia (Horvatic 1958, 1963), and is reported as widespread in Albania by Buzo (1990) (under association Asphodelus ramosus + Chrysopogon gryllus).
Brachypodio-Cymbopogonetum hirti Horvatic 1961 (Table 26; Figure 2, Cluster F)
This association is characterized by the dominance of Hyparrhenia hirta together with perennial species of Mediterranean dry grasslands, such as Convolvulus elegantissimus and Carlina coym-bosa. A few suffruticose species, probably related to fire, such as Teucrium polium subsp. capitatum, Micromeria juliana, Petrorhagia saxifraga are in common with Stipetum, but more abundant here.
This association develops on moderate slopes (10-15°) on S or W aspects; bare rock has a very high cover (70-90%) and this community is more stony than any other community of grasslands or garrigues in the study area.
The association can be referred to Brachy-podio-Cymbopogonetum hirti, described for the southern Dalmatia (Korčula, Hvar, Pag, in Horvatic 1962, 1963). A few associations with Hyparrhenia hirta have been described for Cata-lunya and Italy (Bolos 1962, Biondi et al. 1988, Fanelli 2002). The community of Velipoje is actually easily distinguished by species with a more or less eastern barycentre of distribution, such as Convolvulus elegantissimus and Micromeria juliana, but it is ecologically, structurally and floristically very closely related to the communities present in Italy. Buzo (1990) describes for Sarandes an association with Hyparrhenia hirta + Dasypyrum villosum that seems different.
Salvio-Phlomidetumfruticosae Barbagallo, Brullo & Fagotto 1979 (Table 27; Figure 2, Cluster E)
The floristic composition of this community is characterized by the dominance of Phlomis fru-ticosa, accompanied by a few species of stony dry grasslands, in particular Stipa bromoides and Mel-ica ciliata, which also occurr in Stipetum. Other species are typical of garrigues and probably related to fire: Micromeria juliana, Petrorhagia saxi-fraga and Teucriumpolium subsp. capitatum.
This community presents two aspects. The first one is more floristically interesting, presenting species such as the subendemic Ballota mac-edonica, Satureja calamintha, Geranium pusillum and Osyris alba together with therophytes such as Sideritis romana (in a transitional form between subsp. romana and subsp. purpurea) and Catapo-dium rigidum. The other aspect presents many suffruticose species that are in common with Cym-bopogonetum: Salvia officinalis, Teucrium chamae-drys, Satureja montana, and a few species of stony dry grasslands: Orlaya grandiflora, Cephalaria transylvanica, Allium sphaerocephalon. Stones and rocks have a higher cover in the latter aspect, that is identical to Salvio-Phlomidetum fruticosae (Barbagallo et al. 1989) described for Eastern Sicily in the surrounding of Siracusa. Phlomis fruticosa communities are present also in the Apennines (Pirone 1995b) and in Greece (Raus 1979), but they are quite distinct, with a more pronounced nitrophilous character, a higher number of thero-phytes and few suffruticose species. Moreover, they usually grow in deeper and less rocky soils.
The association is widespread in Albania on dry, calcareous hills along the coasts and on the southern mountains (Buzo 1990, Hoda & Mers-inllari 2000). Buzo (1990) reports a number of associations (Phlomis fruticosa + Asphodelus ramosus, Phlomis fruticosa-Psilurus incurvus, Phlomis fru-ticosa-Urginea maritima, Phlomis fruticosa-Salvia officinalis) that are distinguished only by the co-dominant species.
Xerothermophilous forests and scrubs of eastern sub-Mediterranean regions
Rhamno-Paliuretum Trinajstic 1996 (Table 28, Figure 2, Cluster A)
=Paliuretum adriaticum Horvatic 1963 nom. illeg., Rhamno-Paliuretum (Horvatic) Brullo, Minissale, Spampinato 1997
Paliurus spina-christi shrubs are widespread in the carbonatic range, but are usually quite fragmented. Paliurus spina-christi is accompanied by a few Quercetea ilicis species such as Phillyrea lati-folia, Euphorbia characias and Clematisflammula, and many species of submediterranean fringes such as Bupleurum praealtum.
A number of associations with Paliurus spina-christi have been described for Italy, Catalunya, Anatolia and the former Yugoslavia (Horvatic 1963, Gehu & Uslu 1989, Biondi 1999, Blasi & Di Pietro 2001). Our releves can be referred to the dalmatic Rhamno-Paliuretum (Horvatic 1963)
Clematido viticellae-Punicetum granati ass. nova hoc loco (Table 29; Figure 2, Cluster G) Holotypus Table 34, rel. 27. This community is widespread in the study site, in particular in the lower part of the carbon-atic range, where limestone is in contact with the alluvial plain. It is characterized by the dominance of Punica granatum, which forms a thick bush on average 3m tall, with many lianas (Rosa sempervirens, Clematisflammula, C. viticella) with Crataegus monogyna and Paliurus spina-christi as shrubs, and an herb layer not very developed but rich in relatively mesophilous species typical of fringes such as Viola odorata and Geum urbanum.
This community is syngenetically very interesting: Punica granatum is a Tertiary relict, with a distribution from former Yugoslavia to Afghanistan (Meusel & Jäger 1992), but other relictual species are present, in particular Clematis viticella.
The community is well characterized and was provisionally proposed in Dring et al. (2002). We therefore proceed to a formal decription.
Querco-Carpinetum orientalis Horvatic 1939
(Table 30; Figure 2, Cluster B)
This community is characterized by the dominance of Carpinus orientalis. Acer campestre, Celtis australis, Quercus pubescens and Fraxinus ornus are particularly important among trees and shrubs. Rel. 19 presents a few rather mesophilous species: T^lia cordata, Corylus avellana, Cornus mas. It was carried out in a ravine, and is probably transitional to a mesophilous community that is not fully developed in the study area. The herb layer is poor.
This community develops usually on rather steep slopes (15-40°); the structure is a thick bushland 3-4 m tall. It develops mainly on the southern slope of the carbonatic range, at lower altitudes than Quercetum trojanae and the commu-
nity with Acer monspessulanum; nonetheless often these three associations are in contact and form a complex mosaic that is difficult to tease apart.
A number of communities with Carpinus orientalis have been described from former Yugoslavia, mainly with illegitimate names (Blečic & Lakušic 1967, Horvat et al. 1974, Poldini 1988) as well as in central Italy (Blasi et al. 2001). However, the variability is poorly known mainly because this vegetation is usually heavily degraded. This community presents also some affinity with Phillyreo-Carpinetum (Bergmeier & Dimopoulos 2008), that is more mediterranean.
Acer monspessulanum community (Table 31; Figure 2, Cluster D)
This community is close to the preceding one, but is floristically poorer. It is characterized by the dominance of Acer monspessulanum with a shrub layer of Paliurus spina-christi. This community grows on the northern slopes of the carbonatic range, a few meters higher in altitude than Carpinetum orientalis. It forms a mosaic with Rhamno-Paliuretum.
Acer monspessulanum is generally indicated as a species typical of woodlands dominated by Carpinus orientalis (Horvat et al. 1974, Bergmeier & Dimopoulos 2008), but in our analysis Acer monspes-sulanum community is clearly distinct from them; the situation is similar in Italy. The herb layer is nonetheless very poor so as it is very difficult to characterize this heavily disturbed community from a phytosociological point of view.
Quercetum trojanae Em 1958 (Table 32; Figure 2, Cluster H)
Quercus trojana is present in two distinct physiognomic and ecological aspects in the carbonatic range. On the steep southern slopes of the range, toward the sea, it is represented by large, sparse trees, often centuries old but not taller than 1518 m. The shrubland layer is absent, and under the trees the herb layer is represented by grasses such as Chrysopogon gryllus and Stipa bromoides so as to have a savannah-like structure. On the north-eastern, gentler slopes of the range, trees are much younger, thinner and smaller, usually no more than 15 m, but they form a rather dense degraded forest. In this forest both species of the evergreen forest (Asparagus acutifolius, Phillyrea latifolia, Clematis flammula) and species of the deciduous woodlands (Quercus petraea, Quercus pubescens, Fraxinus ornus, Brachypodium sylvati-
cum, Oenanthe pimpinelloides, Dactylis polygama) occur. The presence of Quercus petraea, so close to the sea, is particularly noticeable. This forest is protected from grazing with fences realized with the branches of Paliurus spina-christi, which represents an important source of wood for fire.
The ecology of this eastern Mediterranean oak species, therefore, is in some way analogous to the western Mediterranean Quercus suber that occurs both in "dehesa" or "montado" open formations and in dense forests together with mesophilous species (Testi & Lucattini 1994). Both species are relictual, being evolved probably in the Tertiary in a climate warmer and moister than today.
Three associations with Quercus trojana have been described in the Balkans and Italy: Quercetum trojanae Em 1958 for Macedonia, Euphorbio apii-Quercetum trojanae Bianco, Brullo, Minissale, Signorello & Spampinato 1998 and Teucrio siculi-Quercetum trojanae Biondi, Casavecchia, Guerra, Medagli, Beccarisi & Zuccarello 2004 for Apulia in Italy (Horvat et al. 1974, Bianco et al. 1998, Biondi et al. 2004). Euphorbio apii-Quercetum trojanae seems to be a degradative or ecotonal stage, whereas Teucrio-Quercetum trojanae is very similar to our association, in particular for the presence of Carpinus orientalis, Quercus pubescens s.l. and Oenanthe pimpinelloides together with species of Quercetea ili-cis. Nonetheless, Quercus petraea is lacking and species of Quercus cerris woodlands, such as Teucrium siculum are present. Quercetum trojanae is described for Macedonia, where it is present in aspects clearly more mesophile than our releves. Our community is therefore intermediate between Quercetum trojanae and Teucrio-Quercetum trojanae and probably deserves further investigation. The main diagnostic character is the co-occurrence of Quercus pubescens, Quercus petraea and Quercus trojana. We refrain from a formal description because the area that we have studied is too small to quantify the variability of the community. Moreover, albeit woodlands with Quercus trojana are widespread in Albania (Proko 1997), but with heavily degraded aspects, a comprehensive analysis is still lacking.
Seslerio autumnalis-Ostryetum carpinifoliae Horvat & Horvatic ex Horvat et al. 1974
(Table 33; Figure 2, Cluster C)
On the top of the Black Peak, above about 400 m a.s.l., a woodland occurs that is dominated by Ostrya carpinifolia, Quercus cerris, Fraxinus ornus and occasionally by Quercus trojana. The herb layer is characterized mainly by Sesleria autum-
nalis and other species such as Ornithogalum pyr-enaicum, Viola odorata, Geum urbanum and Poa sylvicola. This woodland is heavily coppiced, but nemoral species nonetheless predominate. It can be referred to Seslerio-Ostryetum, a community widespread in Dalmatia at intermediate altitudes (400-800 m) near the coast (Horvat et al. 1974). The species variability of this association is poorly known; in the north it is rich in Illyrian species such as Mercurialis ovata and Spiraea chamaedrifo-lia that lack in our southern releves.
Riparian and floodplain forests
Hierachical classification identified four groups of alluvial forests discussed hereafter (Figure 3).
Junco-Fraxinetum parvifoliae I. Karpati & V. Karpati 1961 (Table 34; Figure 3, Cluster D)
This association grows in depressions of the Velipoje Reserve subjected to long inundation. Physiognomically, it is characterized by the dominance of Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa, with a herb layer dominated by Juncus maritimus and other wetland species: Apium nodijlorum, Iris pseudacorus, Samolus valerandi and others. The association has been reported for alluvial areas close to the sea in Northern Albania including Velipoje by Karpati & Karpati (1961) and Karpati (1962). These authors emphasize the presence of species such as Juncus maritimus and Samolus valerandi that they interpret as halophytes. Conversely these can be considered as halotolerant species, that, although preferring moderate levels of salinity, are generally related to strong fluctuations of the water level, from completely dried out to completely inundated. These strong fluctuations are characteristic of the climate of Albania, where winter and autumn rainfall are very high, as already noticed by Karpati (1962).
Karpati & Karpati (1961) and Karpati (1962) also report a different community with dominant Fraxinus oxycarpa from the Buna river area: Echi-nodoro-Fraxinetumparvifoliae I. Karpati & V. Karpati 1961. The association occupied depressions where water is present all the year round, and is characterized by species typical of ponds and lakes, such as Baldellia ranunculoides, Iris pseudacorus and Nymphaea alba.
After a careful investigation, we could not find this association. It has probably disappeared because of the lowering of the water table after
Figure 3: Dendrogram of alluvial forest vegetation. The capital letters indicate the cluster membership of each releve. Slika 3: Dendrogram poplavnih gozdov. Velike črke predstavljajo uvrstitev posameznega popisa v klaster. A: Quercus robur and Carpinus betulus community; B: Peri-ploco graecae-Alnetum glutinosae; C: Populetum albae; D: Junco-Fraxinetum parvifoliae.
the drainage of the marshlands. In Horvat et al. (1974) a picture is reported that shows a physiognomy no more present in the area, with huge Fraxinusangustifolia subsp. oxycarpa among abundant Iris pseudacorus.
Populetum albae Br.-Bl. ex Tchou 1948
(Table 35; Figure 2, Cluster C)
The association is present along the Buna river, but is heavily disturbed. The floristic composition is poor, with many species that are transgres-sive from other communities (Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa, Periploca graeca) or indicators of disturbance (Carduus acanthoides). The community is highly invaded by Amorpha Jruticosa.
The association has been already reported for the area under the name Populetum albae balcani-cum (Karpati 1962), however, it is difficult to distinguish it from the typical Populetum albae Tchou 1948 described for Southern France (Tchou 1948, Braun-Blanquet et al. 1952).
Quercus robur and Carpinus betulus community (Table 36; Figure 2, Cluster A) = Querco roboris-Carpinetum betuli submediterrane-um Bertovic ex Horvat 1974 nom. illeg.
This forest develops locally in small fragments near the mouth of the Buna river delta where it grows in the drier areas of the forest.
The species composition is characterized by the dominance of Carpinus betulus and Quercus robur, this last being present with an allegedly
endemic variety scutariensis. The composition is typical of mesophile forests: Viola reichenbachiana, Aristolochia pallida, Arum italicum. Hygrophile trees such as Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa and Populus alba are related to catenal contacts.
This community represents a Mediterranean outpost of planitial forests, widespread in central Europe, that in the Mediterranean basin retreats near rivers and occurs relictually in the drier parts of alluvial plains (Dierschke 1980). In these extrazonal sites, the floristic composition changes, showing a transitional character between Querco-Fagetea and Populetea albae, leading to the definition of a separate alliance, Alno-Quercion roboris (Horvat 1938, Karpati 1962). Many syntaxa have been referred to this alliance, in particular in the former Yugoslavia (Raus 1993, Raus & Vukelic 1993), but the alliance is imperfectly known (see the synthesis in Brullo & Spampinato 1999), and the classification of our releves is provisional.
Periploco graecae-Alnetum glutinosae Rudski in Horvat et al. ex Fanelli, De Sanctis, Gjeta, Mullaj & Attore ass. nova hoc loco (Table 31; Figure 2, Cluster B)
= validation of Periploco-Alnetum Rudski in Horvat et al. 1974 nom. nudum (art. 3b Horvat et al. 1974: p. 174)
Holotypus Table 31, rel. 55
This community develops in the alluvial plains along the coast, from the mouth of the Buna river southwards. It is present also in the floodplain east of the Viluni lagoon, where no releve has been carried out. This forest is rather dense, but the trees are not very tall, up to 12 m. The floristic composition is characterized by a large number of lianas: Periploca graeca, Cynan-chum acutum, Humulus lupulus. Beside Alnus glu-tinosa the most important trees and shrubs are Ulmus minor, Cornus mas, Ligustrum vulgare and Ficus carica, while the herb layer is rather scarce.
Periploca graeca, Cynanchum acutum and Ficus carica are species with subtropical affinity, and indicate to the possible relictual character of this alluvial forest. This hypothesis is also supported by the abundance of lianas. The presence of Peri-ploca graeca seems to differentiate this black alder association from any other.
Karpati & Karpati (1961) report three releves similar to our association from the west bank of the Shkodra lake under the name Alno-Frax-inetum parvifoliae Tchou 1949; the first of these three releves being the holotype of Aristolochio ro-
tundae-Alnetum glutinosae (Brullo & Spampinato 1999). The latter name must be corrected since the Aristolochia is undoubtably Aristolochia pallida (Aristolochio pallidae-Alnetum glutinosae Brullo & Spampinato 1999 corr. hoc loco). This association is different from the black alder forests of the mouth of the Buna and seems intermediated between Periploco-Alnetum and Querco-Carpinetum. It is possible that the releves are heterogeneous, including different belts, but, given the accuracy of the Hungarian authors, it is more probable that a lowering of the water-table led to a change to the zonation of vegetation along the Buna River.
Rudski (in Horvat et al. 1974, pag. 174) describes a Periploco-Alnetum nom. nud. for Macedonia that is very similar in the composition of lianas (Hedera helix, Periploca graeca) but quite different in the herb layer, probably because it develops on more acidic granites.
The "association" with Alnus glutinosa, Peri-ploca graeca and Hedera helix described in Mers-inllari & Hoda (1985) from the surroundings of Durres is identical to this association.
Tamarisk schrublands of moist places
Vitici-Tamaricetum africanae Horvatic 1960
(Table 38)
This community develops on the shores of the Viluni lagoon and in other brackish ponds in particular in Campo di Marina (Kampi veror) and in the Velipoje Reserve. The vegetation is dominated by Tamarix africana that forms stands 2-5 m tall. Vitex agnus-castus is present when the vegetation is less dense. Species of the herb layer are mainly characteristic of Juncetalia maritimae.
The community forms a large belt between the Juncetum maritimo-acuti and the mud flats with succulent chenopods near the water.
The association Vitici-Tamaricetum aftricanae has been described in Dalmatia (Horvatic 1963), and also reported for Albania (Dring et al. 2002).
Ruderal and sub-ruderal herbaceous vegetation
Bromo villosi-Haynaldietum villosae Pignatti 1953 (Table 39)
This community occurs on retrodunal sands in the Rjolla beach (Backs Rrjolli) in disturbed sites among settlements. It is a rather sparse grassland,
about 50 cm tall. The composition is rich in species of Brometalia rubenti-tectorum (Dasypyrum vil-losum, Bromus madritensis, Avena barbata) Hordeion (Lepidium graminifolium, Sisymbrium officinale, Carduus pycnocephalus) and Brachypodietalia dis-tachyae (Trifolium scabrum, Medicago minima). It is very close to Laguro-Dasypyretum villosi Fanelli 1998 (Fanelli 1998) widespread along the coasts of the Italian Peninsula, but is distinguished by the lack of the characteristic species of the associations and the presence of a few rather continental species such as Kochia prostrata. Moreover, instead of the Western Mediterranean Vicia pseu-docracca, Vicia villosa subsp. eriocarpa is present.
Centaureetum calcitrapae Fanelli & Menegoni 1997 (Table 40)
= Centaureo calcitrapae-Lolietum perennis Blasi et al. 2009
At the conjuction between the carbonatic range and the alluvial plain, in abandoned sheep pens, a vegetation develops that is dominated by Centaurea calcitrapa or Scolymus hispanicus, spiny Asteraceae typical of heavily grazed and nitrophile sites in the Mediterranean basin. The vegetation is about 90 cm tall, very dense with a relatively rich floristic composition: Rumexpulcher, Cichorium in-tybus, Bromus hordeaceus, Avena barbata and others. Soils are loamy and compacted by trampling.
This vegetation can be referred to Centauree-tum calcitrapae described from the surroundings of Rome (Fanelli & Menegoni 1997, Fanelli 2002, Blasi et al. 2009), although a few continental species are present such as Anthemis austriaca.
Asphodelus ramosus community (Table 41; Figure 2; Cluster M)
This community develops on gentle northwestern slopes of the carbonatic range. It forms a mosaic with Paliuretum, and is dominated by As-phodelus ramosus with many ruderal and subrud-eral therophytes: Carthamus lanatus, Dasypyrum villosum, Catapodium rigidum and Nigella arvensis. It is an open community growing on a stony soil and subjected to heavy grazing.
The syntaxonomy of this community is difficult to be defined. It shows similarities with Carthametalia lanatae described for the ruderal communities on clays in Sicily (Brullo & Marceno 1985). The associations described for this order are rather different, and this is probably related to the different lithology (clays instead of limestone) and to the imperfect knowledge of the order.
Carduetum acanthoidis Felföldy 1942
(Table 42)
This community is widespread in the Domni marshland and in the fields near Velipoje, on raised terrains of the alluvial plain and shuffled carbonatic soils. It is characterized by the dominance of tall thistles such as Carduus acanthoides, Cirsium vulgare and Cirsium italicum, together with other ruderal perennial species as Agrostis stolonfiera, Galega of-ficinalis and Potentilla reptans. The vegetation is tall (1.7-1.8 m) and presents a high cover.
This association can be referred to Carduetum acanthoidis, reported for Germany, Slovakia and Romania. This community is considered a basal community by Jarolimek et al. (1997), since Carduus acanthoides occurs with high frequency in other communities of Dauco-Melilotion and On-opordion acanthi. In the study area it seems well characterized.
VEGETATION SERIES AND SEQUENCES
DuNES
The alluvial plain of the area is fringed seawards by a wide system of dunes that today are heavily degradated by strong erosion and the building of touristic settlements. As a consequence, natural vegetation is fragmented and localized, in particular at the mouth of the Buna river.
What remains of the dune vegetation can be ordered in the following sequence (R1):
•	on the foredunes near the sea the Cakilo-Xan-thietum italici can be found. This association is present today only in the Velipoje Reserve, near the mouth of the Buna river, where is rather well developed;
•	back of the foredunes there are strongly eroded embryonic dunes, with fragments of psammo-philous communities with Euphorbia paralias or Elytrigiajuncea, too degraded to be described. The embryonic dunes are scarcely developed and rise only a few dm above the sea;
•	back of the embryonic dunes, sand-dunes with Ammophila are lacking and interdunal depressions develop instead. The vegetation of these interdunal depressions is heavily affected by human impact, and is represented by fragments of populations of Juncus acutus and Vi-tex agnus-castus, that derive respectively from
Juncetum maritimo-acuti and the Vitici-Tam-aricetum associations that are well developed around the lagoons. These fragments, in particular the populations of Vitex agnus-castus, often occur directly on the shore, where the erosion has destroyed the foredunes and embryonic dunes; • back of the interdunal depressions a few fragments of retrodunal vegetation still exist, in particular secondary vegetation with Dasypyrum villosum and Aegilops triuncialis, two ruderal species typical of sandy or gravelly habitats. This vegetation is represented only by small patches among the recently built touristic settlements.
Before the retrodunal depression there is a large plantation of Pinus pinea, which probably replaces a belt with Ammophila.
Buzo (1990) and Mersinllari & Hoda (1985) describe a similar zonation respectively for southern Albania and Durres.
Brackish waters
Brackish waters are extensively present in Velipo-je. The most important water body is the Viluni lagoon, but many smaller, sometimes temporary ponds are also occurring.
The vegetation of this unit is diverse and complex. Nonetheless, patterns are highly repetitive and recurrent, and it is possible to reconstruct a sequence, with a variant, along an environmental gradient determined by increasing time of inundation and salinity, more or less complete or truncated.
Lagoons
Hereafter a few case studies are described.
Campo di Marina (Kampi veror)
This is a large temporary pond, with saline waters, near the Buna river. The zonation of the vegetation is in form of concentric belts. Outside the pond, Alnus glutinosa woody patches extensively develop. The first outer belt of the pond is represented by rather sparse treelets of Tamarix dalamatica. Then a vegetation belt dominated by Juncus acutus, Juncus maritimus, with many halo-phytes such as Limonium vulgare subsp. serotinum and Inula crithmoides appears, often interrupted because of the grazing by cattle. In the centre of the pond there is a large population of Salicornia perennans.
Small ponds in the Velipoje Reserve
The brackish ponds in the Velipoje Reserve are important for wildlife, especially migrating birds. Close to the Buna river there is a large belt of Phragmitetum. This is followed by a narrower belt of Scirpetum compacto-litoralis, and then by an interrupted belt of Tamarix; mixed with Tama-rix, but extending further inward, there are large populations of Juncus acutus with Amorpha fruti-cosa. In this case the water is only slightly brackish, and the halophile character increases in the drier areas, due to intense evaporation that concentrates the salts.
Viluni lagoon
The Viluni lagoon is rather large, and tends to be more brackish near the sea, where there is an inflow of sea water, and less brackish inwards, where there are many channels bringing freshwater.
Table 43: Vegetation sequences of the lagoons. Tabela 43: Vegetacijske sekvence v laguni.
Series	H1	H1a		
I	Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa	Alnus glutinosa		
II	Phragmites australis	Phragmites australis		
III	Typha latifolia	Scirpus litoralis (inflow of freshwater)		
IV	Bolboschoenus maritimus			[3
V	Juncus maritimus-Juncus acutus			li
VI	Tamarix africana-Vitex agnus-castus		"ca S	
VII	Halimione portulacoides-Aeluropus litoralis			
VIII	Salicornia perennans			
IX	Salicornia procumbens			
X	Ruppia cirrhosa			
In the part near the sea, the shores are characterized by mud colonized by halophytes: close to the shore there is a vegetation belt with locally large stands of Salicornia procumbens, followed by a vegetation dominated by Salicornia perennans. Inward a belt with Halimione portulacoides and Aeluropus littoralis can be found preceding stands of Juncus maritimus.
In the drier parts, seaward, there are also populations of Euphorbia paralias or Elytrigia juncea and other dunal species that indicate the presence of embryo sand dunes.
The water body is colonized by a dense population of submerged Ruppia cirrhosa, together with many filamentous algae.
In the intermediate part, between the mud-flats and the water there is a belt with Tamarix africana.
In the inner part of the lagoon the zonation is rather different. The mud-flats are lacking, and from the shores to the water it is possible to observe three belts: first Phragmitetum, than Scirpe-tum maritimo-litoralis, and finally Scirpetum litora-lis. Behind the lagoon, in the north, there is a plain with damp soils where extensive populations of Juncus maritimus develop, fringed by woodlands with dominant Alnus glutinosa. In areas with more water, Phragmites australis appears again.
Part of this plain has been reclaimed and destined to agriculture, while in the few areas where there is still natural vegetation, interesting examples of Schoeno-Erianthetum ravennae are present.
FRESHWATERS
The zonation of freshwaters is more complex than that of brackish waters. It is possible, in fact,
to distinguish three sequences and a variant, according to a gradient from still to flowing waters.
Domni marsh
The Domni marsh is characterized by a tall reed-bed dominated by Typha angustifolia and Phragmites australis forming monospecific large stands. This dominant vegetation types is probably the result of the drainage of a natural marsh. In fact, where pits have been excavated, the vegetation is dominated by Nymphaea alba and Pota-mogeton spp. that probably represent relics of formerly deeper still waters.
Where Typha angustifolia is not present, mainly because it has been destroyed for providing pasture for cattle, secondary vegetation appears with Paspalum paspalodes in moister sites and Trifolio-Cynodontetum in dryer sites. On artificial risings of the ground level along unpaved roads, a rich ruderal vegetation dominated by Carduus acan-thoides grows.
Buna River
The vegetation along the water course of the Buna river is still rather well preserved. It is possible to observe the typical sequence of river banks (H2), that begins with two belts of floating submerged macrophytes, an outer belt on deep waters with dominant Potamogeton pectinatus and an inner belt in less deep waters with dominant Potamoge-ton nodosus, and locally, in disturbed sites, Elodea canadensis. More close to river bank four belts of helophytes develop: in deeper waters the rather sparse Scirpus lacustris, then Iris pseudacorus, Typha angustifolia and finally Phragmites australis.
Table 44: Vegetation sequences of the freshwaters. Tabela 44: Vegetacijske sekvence v celinski vodi.
Series	H2	H3	H4	H4b	
	Flowing waters	Slowly flowing channels	Still water	Disturbed	
I				Carduus acanthoides	
II	Populus alba	Quercus robur-Carpinus betulus		Trifolium fragiferum-Cynodon dactylon	
III	Phragmites australis			Paspalum distichum	1
IV	Typha angustifolia	Typha angustifolia	Typha angustifolia		
V	Iris pseudacorus	Sparganium erectum		s	ter at
VI	Schoenoplectus lacustris				V ^
VII	Potamogeton nodosus-crispus (Elodea)	Hydrocharis morsus-ranae	Nymphaea alba		
VIII	Potamogeton pectinatus	(Trapa natans)			
These belts are often lacking or intermixed, due to the changing profile of the river bank; when the profile is steep, the sequence is less developed with respect to areas with a gentler profile. In some areas populations of Bolboschoenus mariti-mus are present, probably indicating some mixing with seawaters.
Beyond the helophytic belts, the remnant of an alluvial forest vegetation can be found, that has attracted the attention of botanists since a long time (Karpati & Karpati 1961, Karpati 1962).
Woodland vegetation of the Buna river alluvial plain
The zonation of the vegetation of the alluvial forest is rather simple, with the different associations ordered along a single gradient of increasing moisture from the Querco-Carpinetum, that grows in relatively dry soils, to the Alnetum that is influenced by the high water table but is rarely inundated, to the Populetum that develops close to the river and is often subjected to flooding, to Fraxinetum that grows in areas with permanent or prolonged inundation. A similar zonation is described by Mersinllari & Hoda (1985) for areas near Durres. The spatial distribution of these associations is highly fragmented with frequent ecotonal belts due to the complex dynamism of the delta of the Buna river in the Holocene. This in turn determined a complex morphology, with depressions and risings, and a variable water table level creating the "catenas" indicated in the rows of Table 6.
Karpati & Karpati (1961) describe the succession at the mouth of the Buna river as leading from Nymphaeion albae to Echinodoro-Fraxinetum up to Alno-Fraxinetum. We could not find examples of the latter two associations. This probably means that the water table has been lowered, with the disappearance of an entire sequence.
Spatial distribution of the sequences of the alluvial plain
When the sequences of the alluvial plain are mapped, an interesting coincidence with the geological map appears (Figure 4). Series H1 of brackish waters is related to the "marshland deposits" near the sea; series H1a of less brackish waters to "marshland deposits" farther from the sea, series H3 of slowly flowing waters is related with "lagoon deposits", and series H4 of still wa-
ters with "alluvial-marshland deposits". These four belts are parallel to the sea, and probably are related the progression of the delta of the Buna river in the Holocene: belts farther from the sea are older while belts near the sea are younger. The advancement of the delta of the Buna created a mosaic of environments (brackish and freshwa-ters, still and flowing waters) that enhances the great complexity of this landscape.
Figure 4: Map of the vegetation series and sequences of the Buna river Protected Landscape. H1: series of brackish and halophüous vegetation related to the "marshland deposits"; H1a: series of less brackish waters farther from the sea; H3: series of slowly flowing waters related with "lagoon deposits"; H4: series of still waters related with "alluvial-marshland deposits"; X1: moister carbonatic series of Carpinetum orientalis at the base of the south-western slope; X2: dryer carbonatic series on north-east slopes; X3: carbonatic series of the upper, steep slopes of the Black Peack (Maja e Zeze). Slika 4: Karta vegetacijskih serij in sekvenc v zavarovanem območju ob reki Buna. H1: serija brakične in halofilne vegetacije na "močvirnih naplavinah"; H1a: serija manj brakičnih voda oddaljenih od morja; H3: serija počasi tekočih voda na "naplavinah lagune"; H4: serija stoječih voda na "aluvialno-močvirnih naplavinah"; X1: vlažna karbonatna serija Carpinetum orientalis ob vznožju jugozahodnega pobočja; X2: suha karbonatna serija na severovzhodnem pobočju; X3: karbonatna serija na zgornjem, strmem pobočju Črnega vrha (Maja e Zeze).
Carbonatic range
Forest vegetation
It is difficult to reconstruct the zonation of the forest and shrub vegetation, given the present state of heavy degradation. In the vegetation below 400 m a.s.l., at the base of the carbonatic range, there are three physiognomic units: 1) a lower belt of Punica granatum; 2) on the steep southern slopes
a sparse savanoid woodland with Quercus trojana, that at lower altitudes and on gentler slopes presents an heavily grazed undergrowth of Carpinus orientalis; 3) on north-eastern slopes a mixed, heavily degraded woodland with Carpinus orientalis, Quercus pubescens, Celtis australis, Pistacia terebinthus, Paliurus spina-christi, Phillyrea latifolia, and, locally, Quercus trojana and Quercuspetraea.
These physiognomic units are nonetheless the result of a long history of disturbance, in particular grazing, coppicing and fire. The areas with more developed vegetation are protected from grazing with fences made with branches of Pa-liurus spina-christi, probably to preserve a source of wood for charcoal; in the other sites pigs and goats are allowed to graze everywhere.
The phytosociological analysis of the table of releves reveals a different situation, with three woodland and two shrub associations. Such a high ß-diversity suggests that more than one series of vegetation is present, today homogenized and partly destroyed by the human impacts. Probably, two series were present: a moister series (X1), in particular at the base of the south-western slope, and a dryer series (X2) on north-east slopes:
Series X1: Carpinetum orientalis ^ Punicetum gra-
natae ^ Asphodelus ramosus Series X2: Quercetum trojanae ^ Acer monspessu-lanum ^ Paliuretum ^ Salvio-Phlomidetum ^ Stipo-Salvietum officinalis.
On the upper, steep slopes of the Black Peak there is a different woodland type, Seslerio-Ostrye-tum carpinifoliae, belonging to a third series:
Series X3: Seslerio-Ostryetum carpinifoliae ^ Aspho-delo-Chrysopogonetum grylli.
In order to support such an interpretation few hints can be presented:
1)	in Carpinetum orientalis a few mesophile species occur: Tilia cordata, Acer campestre;
2)	a few species of Quercetalia pubscentis occur both in Carpinetum orientalis and Punicetum but not in both Quercetum trojanae and in the community with Acer monspessulanum: Crataegus monogyna Lithospermum purpureo-coerule-um, Viola odorata;
3)	spiny species such as Asparagus acutifolius, Pa-liurus spina-crhisti are more frequent in Acer monspessulanum and Quercetum trojanae than in Carpinetum orientalis.
The distinction between the two series is probably related to differences in the soils. The legend of the geologic map (Halili 1985) shows that both dolomites and limestones are present in the car-bonatic range. However, there is no information on the distribution of these two lithotypes, but our direct observations seem to show that limestones are prevalent at the base of the range, whereas dolomites are prevalent at higher altitudes, above 90100 m on the northern slope, above 150 m on the southern slope. This is suggested by the rather brisk break of slope at these altitudes. Significantly, in correspondence with this slope break Carpinus orientalis disappears or becomes less abundant. This observation is particularly evident on the southern slopes of the Black Peak near Blacs-Rjolli. The associations of series X1 develop at lower altitudes than the associations of the series X2, so it is probable that the former develops on limestones, the latter on dolomites. Limestone is calcium carbonate, whereas dolomite contains also magnesium, and this leads to different chemical and pedological properties of soils. This topic is little studied from a vegetational and ecophysiological point of view, but it is well known. For instance, many Mediterranean pines grow mainly on dolomites (Barbero et al. 1998), whereas a few grassland types are restricted to this rock, for instance in the Gausses, in Southern France, where on dolomites develops even an endemic alliance, Armerion junceae Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine & Negre 1952 (Braun-Blanquet et al. 1952). It is possible that dolomites induce a sort of xerophytism in the vegetation that develops on soils derived from this rock.
Grasslands
The carbonatic range is 561 m in altitude with rather steep slopes on the southwest side, and gentler on the eastern side. There is a clear zona-tion of the grassland vegetation related to altitude and variation in steepness. As an example, the south-western slope of the Black Peak is rather gentle at the beginning, than becomes steeper up to the top where the steepness can be up to 50°. The flora is structured in four belts (Figure 5). At the base, where the slopes are about 20°, there is a belt dominated by Stipa bromoides; other species are Linum nodiflorum, Lolium rigidum subsp. lepturoides, Stachys recta, Aurinia petraea and Campanula lingulata. Higher up, there is a transitional belt, and thereafter, where the slopes are about
Figure 5: Vegetation belts of Black Peak (Maja e Zeze). Slika 5: Vegetacijski pasovi na Črnem vrhu (Maja e Zeze).
30-40°, a belt where Chrysopogon gryllus becomes dominant. Here a few, relatively rare species are abundant: Centaurea salonitana, Onosma arenaria and Scabiosa triniifolia. Near the top the slope is very steep, and also small vertical cliffs are present. Here the dominant species is Achnatherum calamagrostis, usually in monospecific stands, and on the slopes Putoria calabrica, Moltkia pet-raea and Sesleria robusta subsp. skanderbegii occur.
Northwards, on the southern slopes of Mount Nikgionih, the slope is very steep at the base (about 40°) and gentler higher up (10-25°). On the steeper belt the dominance of Hyparrhenia hirta can be observed, whereas on gentler slopes it is possible to observe the dominance of Stipa bro-moides. The northern slope is gentle (15-30°) and a transitional belt with the dominance of Chrys-opogon gryllus occurs, but with dominated species similar to Stipo-Salvietum officinalis (Figure 6).
In summary it is possible to observe the following sequence according to an increasing steepness:
Asphodelus microcarpus ^ Stipo-Salvietum officinalis ^ Stipo-Salvietum officinalis with Chrysopogon gryllus ^ Asphodelo-Chrysopogonetum gryllus ^ Achantherum calamagrostis ^ Brachypodio-Cymbo-pogonetum hirti^ Seslerio-Putorietum calabricae
Steepness is the distal ecological factor; it co-varies with soil thickness and rockiness, and indirectly with water and nutrient availability. In fact, there is an interaction with aspect. Typical Stipo-Salvietum occurs at the base of the southern slope, whereas higher up Chrysopogonetum develops; the transitional facies of Stipo-Salvietum with dominant Chrysopogon gryllus occurs at the
Figure 6: Vegetation belts of Mt. Nikgionih (Mali i Nikgjonit). Slika 6: Vegetacijski pasovi na gori Nikgionih (Mali i Nikg-jonit).
base of the moister, cooler north-eastern slopes. In Croatia, the two associations are strongly differentiated: Stipo-Salvietum grows on thin soils on stony hills; Chrysopogonetum grows in plain on deep soils (Horvat 1962, Horvat et al. 1974).
Moreover, it is possible that the break of slope is related also to lithotype, since both dolomites and limestones are present in the carbonatic range. Dolomite is less erodible, and can form very steep slopes, like in the eponym range of Dolomites, whereas limestones are more erodible and tend to form gentler slopes. Unfortunately, information on the detailed distribution of litho-types is lacking.
4. CONCLUSIONS
Although strongly modified by human activities, the Buna River Protected Landscape is still characterized by a high diversity of community types classified in 46 associations, 27 alliances, 23 orders and 17 classes.
This diversity is related not to the richness of the flora, that is not exceptional for a Mediterranean area, but to a complex interaction between morphological and geological features. In turn, this complexity determined the presence of 1 dunal and 4 hygro-sequences, related to the age of deposits of Buna River, in relationship to the advancement of the delta in the Holocene, and of 3 xeroseries in the carbonatic range, related to lithological differences and altitudinal gradient.
The vegetation is very interesting, with many
communities with a probably relictual charac-	5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ter, as shown by species such as Periploca graeca,
Clematis viticella, Punica granatum, Ficus carica,	We would like to thank the personnel of the For-
Laurus nobilis.	est District Service Eduard Gajtani, Tonin Ma-
Despite the heavy environmental modifica-	caj, Elvin Shala, Zequir Ujca and Edoardo Scepi,
tions caused by the land reclamation works of the	Francesconi Fabio for their support during the
second half of the last century, the conservation	field work. A special thank to Nadia Abdelahd, status of the remnant vegetation is still relatively Emanuela Congestri, Emanuela Viaggiu for the
good. Nonetheless, the area is subjected to a pro-	determination of algae, to Andraž Čarni, Mauro
cess of increasing human impact that is particu-	Iberite, Gianfranco Pirone and Roberto Venan-
larly evident when comparing the present alluvial	zoni for providing valuable scientific references
vegetation with the description made by Karpati	and to Sandro Pignatti for making available his
& Karpati (1961) and Karpati (1962); a few types	phytosociological library.
have disappeared or are nowadays rare, in par-	This study was carried out within the frame-
ticular those related to permanent freshwaters.	work of the IUCN Project "Institutional Support
More recently, the touristic development is	to the Albanian Ministry of Environment, Forest and
threatening the coastal environments. The Rjolla	Water Administration (MoEFWA) for Sustainable
beach (Backs Rrjolli) presented, probably not	Biodiversity Conservation and Use in Protected Ar-
far ago, interesting examples of dunal vegetation	eas and the Management of Waste" funded by the
that have today almost completely disappeared.	DGCS (Italian Development Conservation).
Syntaxonomic list
RUPPIETEA MARITIMAE J. Tüxen. ex Den Hartog & Segal 1964 RUPPIETALIA J. Tüxen ex Den Hartog & Segal 1964
Ruppion maritimae Br.-Bl. ex Westhoff in Bennema, Sissingh & Westhoff 1943 Ruppietum cirrhosae Iversen 1934
THERO-SALICORNIETEA STRICTAE Tüxen in Tüxen & Oberdorfer 1958 THERO-SALICORNIETALIA STRICTAE Pignatti 1952 Thero-Salicornion strictae Br.-Bl. 1933 Salicornietum venetae Pignatti 1966
Suaedo spicatae-Salicornietum patulae (Brullo & Furnari 1976) Gehu & Gehu-Franck 1984. corr. Alcaraz, R^os, De la Torre, Delgado & Inocencio 1998
JUNCETEA MARITIMI Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine & Negre 1952 JUNCETALIA MARITIMI Br.-Bl. ex Horvatic 1934 Agropyro-Artemision coerulescentis Pignatti 1953
Puccinellio festuciformis-Aeluropetum litoralis (Corb. 1968) Gehu & Costa 1984 Juncion maritimi Br.-Bl. ex Horvatic 1934 Juncetum maritimo-acuti Horvatic 1934 Plantaginion crassifoliae Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine & Negre 1952 Juncus maritimus and Lippia nodiflora community
CAKILETEA MARITIMAE Tüxen & Presing ex Br.-Bl. & Tüxen 1952 EUPHORBIETALIA PEPLIDIS Tüxen ex Oberdorfer 1949 Euphorbion peplis Tüxen ex Oberdorfer 1952 Cakilo-Xanthietum italicae Pignatti 1953
LEMNETEA O. de Bolos & Masclans 1955
LEMNETALIA MINORIS Tüxen ex O. de Bolos & Masclans 1955
Hydrocharition morsus-ranae (Passarge 1964) Westhoff & den Held 1969 = Lemno minoris-Hydrocharition morsus-ranae Rivas-Mart^nez, Fernandez-Gonzalez & Loidi 1999, [Hydrocharition morsus-ranae Passarge 1996, non Rübel 1933]
Hydrocharitetum morsus-ranae van Langendonck 1935
POTAMOGETONETEA Klika in Klika & Novak 1941 POTAMOGETONETALIA W. Koch 1926 Nymphaeion albae Oberdorfer 1957 Nymphaeetum albae Vollmar 1947 Trapetum natantis Karpati 1963. Potamogetonion Miljan 1933 = Magnopotamion (Vollmar 1947) den Hartog & Segal 1964, Parvopotamion (Vollmar 1947) den Hartog & Segal 1964; Potamion pectinati (Koch 1926) Görs 1977
Potamogetonetum denso-nodosi O. de Bolos 1957 Potamogetonetum pectinati Carstensen ex Hilbig 1971 Elodeetum canadensis Nedelcu 1967
PHRAGMITI-MAGNOCARICETEA Klika in Klika & Novak 1941 PHRAGMITETALIA COMMUNIS W. Koch 1926 Phragmition communis W. Koch 1926 Typhetum angustifoliae Pignatti 1953 Typhetum latifoliae Nowinski 1930 Phragmitetum australis Savič 1926 nom. mut. prop. Scirpetum lacustris Chouard 1924 Glycerio-Sparganietum neglecti Koch 1926 SCIRPETALIA MARITIMI Heijny in Holub, Heijny, Moravec & Neuhäusl 1967 Scirpion maritimi Dahl & Hadač 1941
Scirpetum maritimo-litoralis (Br.-BI. in Br.-BI., Roussine & Negre 1952) O. de Bolos 1962 Scirpetum litoralis Pignatti 1953
MOLINIO-ARRHENATHERETEA Tüxen 1937 HOLOSCHOENETALIA Br.-Bl. ex Tchou 1948 Molinio-Holoschoenion Br.-Bl. ex Tchou 1948 Schoeno-Erianthetum ravennae Pignatti 1953 PASPALO-HELEOCHLOETALIA Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1952 Paspalo-Agrostidion Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. et al. 1952
Paspalo-Agrostidetum Br.-Bl. 1936 (1952) Trifolio-Cynodontion Br.-Bl. & O. de Bolos 1957
Trifolio fragiferi-Cynodontetum Br.-Bl. & O. de Bolos 1957
ASPLENIETEA TRICHOMANIS (Br.-Bl. in Meier & Br.-Bl. 1934) Oberdorfer 1977 MOLTKIETALIA PETREAE Lakušic 1968 Seslerion tenuifoliae Horvat 1930
Seslerio-Putorietum calabricae Horvatic 1963
FESTUCO-BROMETEA Br.-Bl. & Tüxen ex Klika & Hadeč 1944
SCORZONERO-CHRYSOPOGONETALIA Horvatic & Horvat in Horvatic 1963 Chrysopogono-Saturejion Horvat & Horvatic in Horvatic 1934 Stipo-Salvietum officinalis Horvatic 1958 Asphodelo-Chrysopogonetum grylli Horvatic (1936) 1958
THERO-BRACHYPODIETEA RAMOSI Br.-Bl. ex A. et O. de Bolos 1950 (= Lygeo-Stipetea tenacissimae
Rivas-Mart. 1978 nom cons. prop.)
CYMBOPOGONO HIRTI-BRACHYPODIETALIA RAMOSI Horvatic 1958 Cymbopogono hirti-Brachypodion ramosi Horvatic 1958 Brachypodio-Cymbopogonetum hirti Horvatic 1961
CISTO-MICROMERIETEA JULIANAE Oberdorfer 1954 CISTO-ERICETALIA Horvatic 1958
Cisto-Ericion manipuliflorae Horvatic 1958
Salvio-Phlomidetumfruticosae Barbagallo, Brullo & Fagotto 1979
QUERCETEA PUBESCENTIS Doing-Kraft ex Scamoni et Passarge 1959 FRAXINO ORNI-COTINETALIA Jakucs 1960
Paliuro-Carpinion orientalis Crisurean & Teculescu 1968 Rhamno-Paliuretum Trinajstic 1996 Clematido viticellae-Punicetum granati ass. nova hoc loco QUERCETALIA PUBESCENTI-PETREAE Klika 1933 Carpinion orientalis Horvat 1954
Querco-Carpinetum orientalis Horvatic 1939 Acer monspessulanum community Quercetum trojanae Em 1958
Seslerio autumnalis-Ostryetum carpinifoliae Horvat & Horvatic ex Horvat et al. 1974
POPULETEA ALBAE Br.-Bl. 1962
FRAXINETALIA Scamoni & Passarge 1959
Lauro-Fraxinion angustifoliae I. Karpati et V. Karpati 1961 = Fraxinion angustifoliae Pedrotti 1970 nom. prov.
Junco-Fraxinetum parvifoliae I. Karpati & V. Karpati 1961 POPULETALIA ALBAE Br.-Bl. ex Tchou Yen-Tcheng 1948 Populion albae Br.-Bl. ex Tchou Yen-Tcheng 1948
Populetum albae Br.-Bl. ex Tchou 1948 Alno-Quercion roboris Horvat 1938
Quercus robur and Carpinus betulus community
Periplocograecae-Alnetum glutinosae Rudski in Horvat et al. ex Fanelli, De Sanctis, Gjeta, Mullaj, Attore ass. nova hoc loco
NERIO-TAMARICETEA Br.-Bl. & O. de Bolos 1958
TAMARICETALIA AFRICANAE Br.-Bl. & O. de Bolos 1958 Tamaricion africanae Br.-Bl. & O. de Bolos 1958 Vitici-Tamaricetum africanae Horvatic 1960
STELLARIETEA MEDIAE Tüxen Lohmeyer et Preising in Tüxen ex von Rochow 1951
BROMETALIA RUBENTI-TECTORUM Rivas Mart. & Izco 1977 = Thero-Brometalia annuae (Rivas Go-day & Rivas Mart. ex Esteve 1973) O. de Bolos 1975
Laguro ovati-Bromion rigidi Gehu & Gehu-Franck 1985 nom. nud. Bromo villosi-Haynaldietum villosae Pignatti 1953 SISYMBRIETALIA OFFICINALIS J. Tüxen ex W. Matuszkiewicz 1962 Hordeion murini Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Gajewski, Wraber & Walas 1936 Centaureetum calcitrapae Fanelli & Menegoni 1997 CARTHAMETALIA LANATAE Brullo in Brullo & Marceno 1985 Asphodelus ramosus community
ARTEMISIETEA VULGARIS Lohmeyer, Preising & Tüxen ex von Rochow 1951 ONOPORDETALIA ACANTHII Br.-Bl. & Tüxen ex Klika & Hadač 1944 Dauco-Melilotion Görs 1966 ex Rostanski & Gutte 1971 Carduetum acanthoidis Felföldy 1942
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7. APPENDIX
Coordinates and date of vegetation releves
Received: 18.11.2014 Revision received: 20.1.2015 Accepted: 2.2.2015
Rel.	01	N 4635488.67,	E 366422.98,	26/06/2012	rel.	18	N 4641126.37,	E 370654.22,	27/06/2012
rel.	02	N 4635473.54,	E 366393.02,	26/06/2012	rel.	19	N 4640378.36,	E 370214.78,	27/06/2012
rel.	03	N 4634077.49,	E 365346.05,	26/06/2012	rel.	20	N 4639576.28,	E 370903.21,	27/06/2012
rel.	06	N 4642898.92,	E 370341.97,	27/06/2012	rel.	21	N 4639597.16,	E 370910.26,	27/06/2012
rel.	07	N 4642893.37,	E 370344.94,	27/06/2012	rel.	22	N 4639155.30,	E 371246.68,	27/06/2012
rel.	08	N 4642902.13,	E 370359.14,	27/06/2012	rel.	23	N 4635139.35,	E 373019.20,	27/06/2012
rel.	09	N 4642895.72,	E 370365.44,	27/06/2012	rel.	24	N 4642309.22,	E 366473.43,	27/06/2012
rel.	10	N 4642808.34,	E 370130.74,	27/06/2012	rel.	25	N 4642305.37,	E 366448.69,	27/06/2012
rel.	11	N 4642816.46,	E 370126.72,	27/06/2012	rel.	26	N 4642259.85,	E 366543.43,	27/06/2012
rel.	12	N 4642666.76,	E 369951.83,	27/06/2012	rel.	27	N 4642278.14,	E 366134.45,	27/06/2012
rel.	13	N 4642673.23,	E 369972.34,	27/06/2012	rel.	28	N 4642220.81,	E 366056.24,	27/06/2012
rel.	14	N 4642882.30,	E 370238.04,	27/06/2012	rel.	29	N 4635920.60,	E 373983.00,	28/05/2012
rel.	15	N 4641417.10,	E 370660.76,	27/06/2012	rel.	30	N 4636193.31,	E 373833.74,	28/05/2012
rel.	16	N 4641529.20,	E 370802.94,	27/06/2012	rel.	31	N 4636378.04,	E 373827.81,	28/05/2012
rel.	17	N 4641107.57,	E 370661.49,	27/06/2012	rel.	32	N 4636472.10,	E 373541.50,	28/05/2012
rel.	33	N 4636464.87,	E	373994.27,	28/05/2012	rel.	90:	N 4634938.15,	E	372709.73,	18/09/2012
rel.	34	N 4636370.87,	E	373807.33,	28/05/2012	rel.	91:	N 4634994.58,	E	372619.28,	18/09/2012
rel.	35	-	-		29/06/2012	rel.	93:	N 4635036.88,	E	372420.82,	18/09/2012
rel.	36	N 4636366.50,	E	371284.85,	29/06/2012	rel.	94:	N 4635160.30,	E	4635160.70,	18/09/2012
rel.	37	N 4636366.50,	E	371284.85,	29/06/2012	rel.	95:	N 4635088.09,	E	371968.39,	18/09/2012
rel.	38	N 4636347.03,	E	371271.28,	29/06/2012	rel.	96:	N 4635217.47,	E	371931.44,	18/09/2012
rel.	39	N 4636454.70,	E	370814.40,	29/06/2012	rel.	97:	N 4634755.69,	E	373358.84,	18/09/2012
rel.	40	N 4636440.40,	E	370811.10,	29/06/2012	rel.	99:	N 4634457.28,	E	374230.51,	18/09/2012
rel.	41	N 4636426.80,	E	370800.80,	29/06/2012	rel.	100:	N 4635735.99,	E	372005.49,	18/09/2012
rel.	42	N 4636388.18,	E	370778.28,	29/06/2012	rel.	101:	N 4635734.31,	E	372003.98,	18/09/2012
rel.	43	N 4637838.35,	E	370047.42,	29/06/2012	rel.	102:	N 4640124.05,	E	369212.97,	19/09/2012
rel.	44	N 4637826.00,	E	370037.00,	29/06/2012	rel.	103:	N 4637992.86,	E	369830.38,	19/09/2012
rel.	45	N 4636311.00,	E	371991.00,	29/06/2012	rel.	104:	N 4637962.73,	E	369814.57,	19/09/2012
rel.	49	N 4635697.75,	E	370295.07,	29/06/2012	rel.	105:	N 4637932.77,	E	369878.97,	19/09/2012
rel.	50	-	-		29/06/2012	rel.	106:	N 4637932.70,	E	369878.97,	19/09/2012
rel.	51	N 4637191.54,	E	366339.67,	30/06/2012	rel.	107:	N 4637569.69,	E	369610.53,	19/09/2012
rel.	52	N 4637042.60,	E	365242.73,	30/06/2012	rel.	108:	N 4637055.47,	E	369950.47,	19/09/2012
rel.	53	N 4637115.69,	E	365235.47,	30/06/2012	rel.	109:	N 4635581.45,	E	366086.18,	22/09/2012
rel.	54	N 4636741.52,	E	365263.08,	30/06/2012	rel.	110:	N 4635436.49,	E	365921.77,	22/09/2012
rel.	55	N 4636702.67,	E	365200.76,	30/06/2012	rel.	111:	N 4636351.31,	E	365334.50,	22/09/2012
rel.	56	N 4636666.45,	E	365258.20,	30/06/2012	rel.	112:	N 4635436.40,	E	365921.70,	22/09/2012
rel.	57	N 4636381.74,	E	365371.10,	30/06/2012	rel.	113:	N 4636534.83,	E	365453.40,	22/09/2012
rel.	58	N 4641317.03,	E	368621.14,	30/06/2012	rel.	151:	N 4636118.90,	E	374899.70,	28/06/2012
rel.	59	N 4641311.14,	E	368626.88,	30/06/2012	rel.	152:	N 4636389.70,	E	374431.30,	28/06/2012
rel.	60	N 4640129.00,	E	370502.37,	30/06/2012	rel.	168:	-	-		31/05/2013
rel.	61	N 4640149.92,	E	370534.19,	30/06/2012	rel.	169:	-	-		29/05/2013
rel.	62	N 4639444.30,	E	372834.80,	30/06/2012	rel.	170:	-	-		29/05/2013
rel.	63	N 4640791.94,	E	371404.37,	30/06/2012	rel.	191:	N 4637196.00,	E	366401.00,	16/06/2013
rel.	64	N 4640810.13,	E	371380.06,	30/06/2012	rel.	192:	N 4637125.00,	E	366290.00,	16/06/2013
rel.	65	N 4639599.13,	E	370860.37,	01/06/2012	rel.	193:	N 4637185.00,	E	366258.00,	16/06/2013
rel.	66	N 4639497.74,	E	371020.20,	01/06/2012	rel.	194:	N 4637212.00,	E	366183.00,	16/06/2013
rel.	67	N 4639475.42,	E	371135.57,	01/06/2012	rel.	195:	N 4637170.00,	E	366522.00,	16/06/2013
rel.	68	N 4639405.50,	E	371252.20,	01/06/2012	rel.	196:	N 4637200.00,	E	366427.00,	16/06/2013
rel.	69	N 4639431.82,	E	371247.81,	01/06/2012	rel.	197:	N 4637239.00,	E	366490.00,	16/06/2013
rel.	70	N 4639460.15,	E	371283.49,	01/06/2012	rel.	199:	N 4637231.00,	E	365283.40,	16/06/2013
rel.	71	N 4639462.22,	E	371278.88,	01/06/2012	rel.	200:	N 4636863.00,	E	365232.00,	16/06/2013
rel.	72	N 4639084.33,	E	371483.04,	01/06/2012	rel.	201:	N 4636750.00,	E	365237.00,	16/06/2013
rel.	73	N 4638900.54,	E	371552.59,	01/06/2012	rel.	202:	N 4636667.00,	E	365256.00,	16/06/2013
rel.	74	N 4636001.00,	E	372136.00,	29/06/2012	rel.	203:	N 4635455.00,	E	365165.00,	16/06/2013
rel.	75	N 4634582.60,	E	365044.77,	03/07/2012	rel.	204:	N 4635451.00,	E	365191.00,	16/06/2013
rel.	76	N 4634823.80,	E	365055.90,	03/07/2012	rel.	207:	N 4637031.00,	E	373434.00,	18/06/2013
rel.	77	N 4634823.90,	E	365055.80,	03/07/2012	rel.	208:	N 4637136.00,	E	373704.00,	18/06/2013
rel.	78	N 4635090.30,	E	365064.80,	03/07/2012	rel.	209:	N 4636777.00,	E	374273.00,	18/06/2013
rel.	79	N 4635090.30,	E	365064.80,	03/07/2012	rel.	210:	N 4636755.00,	E	373781.00,	18/06/2013
rel.	80	N 4635753.79,	E	365204.34,	03/07/2012	rel.	211:	N 4635451.00,	E	365191.00,	16/06/2013
rel.	81	N 4635751.08,	E	365203.80,	03/07/2012	rel.	212:	N 4641725.00,	E	370694.00,	17/06/2013
rel.	83	N 4636633.65,	E	365198.34,	03/07/2012	rel.	213:	N 4641725.00,	E	370696.00,	17/06/2013
rel.	84	N 4637057.70,	E	365220.82,	03/07/2012	rel.	214:	N 4642016.00,	E	370738.00,	17/06/2013
rel.	85	N 4637300.67,	E	365313.44,	03/07/2012	rel.	215:	N 4643138.00,	E	370706.00,	17/06/2013
rel.	86	N 4637606.19,	E	365489.48,	03/07/2012	rel.	216:	N 4643038.00,	E	370529.00,	17/06/2013
rel.	87	N 4638060.75,	E	365774.91,	03/07/2012	rel.	217:	N 4642873.50,	E	370264.00,	17/06/2013
rel.	88	N 4638220.60,	E	365793.40,	03/07/2012	rel.	218:	N 4642890.00,	E	370336.00,	17/06/2013
rel.	89	N 4638220.66,	E	365793.48,	03/07/2012	rel.	219:	N 4642890.00,	E	370336.00,	17/06/2013
rel. 220	N 4642843.00,	E 370219.00,	17/06/2013	rel.	242	N 4634222.00,	E 365468.00,	19/06/2013
rel. 221	N 4642843.00,	E 370014.00,	17/06/2013	rel.	243	N 4634182.00,	E 365390.00,	19/06/2013
rel. 223	N 4642634.00,	E 369849.00,	17/06/2013	rel.	244	N 4634184.00,	E 365359.00,	19/06/2013
rel. 224	N 4642388.00,	E 369512.00,	17/06/2013	rel.	245	N 4634183.40,	E 365365.90,	19/06/2013
rel. 225	N 4642388.00,	E 369512.00,	17/06/2013	rel.	246	N 4634177.00,	E 365366.00,	19/06/2013
rel. 227	N 4642987.00,	E 369511.00,	17/06/2013	rel.	479	-	-	19/06/2013
rel. 228	N 4642349.00,	E 369460.00,	17/06/2013	rel.	480	-	-	19/06/2013
rel. 230	N 4639113.00,	E 371126.00,	17/06/2013	rel.	481	-	-	19/06/2013
rel. 231	N 4639151.00,	E 371092.00,	17/06/2013	rel.	482	-	-	19/06/2013
rel. 232	N 4637372.00,	E 371818.00,	17/06/2013	rel.	485	-	-	29/06/2013
rel. 233	N 4635759.00,	E 366776.00,	19/06/2013	rel.	486	-	-	29/06/2013
rel. 234	N 4635897.00,	E 366712.00,	19/06/2013	rel.	487	-	-	30/06/2013
rel. 235	N 4635867.20,	E 366741.60,	19/06/2013	rel.	488	-	-	17/06/2013
rel. 236	N 4635783.00,	E 366207.00,	19/06/2013	rel.	489	-	-	17/06/2013
rel. 237	N 4635783.00,	E 366207.00,	19/06/2013	rel.	490	-	-	17/06/2013
rel. 238	N 4635616.00,	E 365893.00,	19/06/2013	rel.	491	N 4641529.20,	E 370802.94,	27/06/2013
rel. 240	N 4635609.00,	E 365858.00,	19/06/2013	rel.	492	-	-	27/06/2013
rel. 241	N 4635244.00,	E 365210.00,	19/06/2013	rel.	493	-	-	01/06/2013.
Table 1 (Tabela 1): Ruppietum cirrhosae Iversen 1934
Table 3 (Tabela 3): Puccinellio festucaeformi-Aelurope-tum litoralis (Corb 1968) Gehu & Costa 1984
Releve number	35	45	Releve number	39	111	485	486
Releve area (m2)	20	5	Releve area (m2)	3	20	5	7
Cover total (%)	20	100	Cover herb layer (%)	100	75	80	80
Water depth (cm)	50	100	Char. and diff. species of the ass.				
							
Char. And diff. species of the ass.			Aeluropus littoralis	5	2m	3	3
Ruppia cirrhosa	2b	5	Other species				
			Halimione portulacoides	+		+	
			Salicornia patula		3	1	
			Suaeda maritima		+	+	
Table 2 (Tabela 2): Salicornietum venetae Pignatti 1966			Limonium vulgare subsp. serotinum		+		
Releve number	36	37	74	94	100
Releve area (m2)	5	3	5	300	80
Cover herb layer (%)	80	80	60	100	90
Char. and diff. species of the ass.					
Salicornia procumbens	2b	4	3	5	5
Other species					
Halimione portulacoides	4	+			
Juncus maritimus	+	+		+	
Aeluropus littoralis	2a	+			
Limonium vulgare subsp. serotinum	+	+	2a	+	
Salsola soda				+	
Salsola soda Artemisia caerulescens
+ +
Table 4 (Tabela 4): Juncetum maritimo-acuti Horvatic 1934
Releve number	38	41	42	57	90	96	101	103	108	113
Releve area (m2)	25	30	60	15	120	30	25	40	25	20
Cover herb layer (%)	90	100	90	90	100	95	100	100	0	100
Char. and diff. species of the ass.
Juncus acutus
Juncus maritimus
Other species
Halimione portulacoides
Limonium vulgare subsp. serotinum
Asparagus maritimus
Phragmites australis
Aeluropus littoralis
Elymus athericus
Aster tripolium
Scirpus maritimus
Juncus gerardi
Lotus tenuis
Bolboschoenus maritimus Salicornia patula Artemisia caerulescens Salicornia procumbens Salsola soda Atriplex latifolia Elymus farctus Sonchus maritimus Juncus subulatus Crypsis aculeata
+
3
r
+
+ +
2b
+
+
2b
2b
+ +
+ 1
2b
+
4
2b
+
+
+
2b
+
+ +
.+
5 3
1 5
2m
+ + +
2b
+
1
+
+
Table 5: Juncus maritimus and Lippia nodiflora community Tabela 5: Združba z vrstama Juncus maritimus in Lippia nodiflora
Releve number Releve area (m2) Cover herb layer (%)
2 91 93 97 99 60 80 30 35 45 90 90 100 60 85
Char. and diff. species of the ass.
Juncus maritimus	.	2a 3 . 3
Lippia nodiflora	.	+ . + +
Inula viscosa	.	2b . + + Other species
Potentilla reptans	+	.
Amorpha fruticosa	2a	+
Periploca graeca	2a	.
Cynanchum acutum	1	.
Juncus acutus	4	4 3 3 2b
Agrostis stolonifera	+	.
Phragmites australis	+	.
Elymus athericus	+	.
Releve number 2	91	93	97	99
Euphorbia paralias .	+		+	
Plantago crassifolia .	+			
Sonchus maritimus .	+	+		
Aeluropus littoralis .	+			
Cynodon dactylon .	+			
Artemisia caerulescens .	+	2m		
Elymus farctus .	+	+		+
Arthrocnemum perenne .		+		
Inula crithmoides .		+		
Limonium vulgare subsp. serotinum .		2m		
Bolboschoenus maritimus .		+		
Polypogon monspeliensis .			+	
Crypsis aculeata .			+	2m
Dittrichia graveolens .			+	
Scirpoides holoschoenus .			+	
4
4
+
+
+
+
+
Table 6 (Tabela 6): Cakilo-Xanthietum italicae Pignatti 1953
Table 8 (Tabela 8): Hydrocharitetum morsus-ranae van Langendonck 1935
Releve number	3	242	243	246
Releve area (m2)	30	20	5	5
Aspect (degrees)	160	-	-	-
Slope (degrees)	4	-	-	-
Cover herb layer (%)	45	40	40	10
Char. and diff. species of the ass.				
Cakile maritima	+			
Xanthium strumarium	2b	3	1	2a
Polygonum maritimum	1	+		+
Salsola kali subsp. kali	2a			
Other species				
Echinophora spinosa	1	1	2a	+
Sporobolus pungens	+			
Atriplex prostrata subsp. latifolia	+			
Salsola kali subsp. tragus	+			
Eryngium maritimum		+		
Catapodium marinum		+	1	
Euphorbia paralias			+	
Pseudorlaya pumila			+	
Hedypnois cretica			+	
Plantago cynops			+	+
Elymus farctus subsp. farctus			2a	
Euphorbia peplus				+
Stachys maritima				1
Lagurus ovatus				+
Table 7 (Tabela 7): Seslerio-Putorietum calabricae Horvatic 1963
Releve number	34
Releve area (m2)	15
Altitude (m a.s.l.)	482
Aspect (degrees)	180
Slope (degrees)	80
Cover herb layer (%)	5
Cover bare rock (%)	100
Char. and diff. species of the ass.	
Moltkia petraea	1
Sesleria robusta subsp. skanderbeggii	+
Other species	
Ficus carica	+
Pistacia terebinthus	+
Punica granatum	+
Satureja montana	+
Achnatherum calamagrostis	1
Releve number Releve area (m2) Cover herb layer (%) Water depth (cm)
58	219 224	225	234
18	6 5	7	15
95	90 90	85	70
60	100 110	85	70
Char. and diff. species of the ass. Hydrocharis morsus-ranae Other species Myriophyllum spicatum Potamogeton natans Potamogeton crispus Phragmites australis Lemna minor Apium nodiflorum Alisma plantago-aquatica Sparganium erectum Typha angustifolia Typha latifolia
44
3 2b
2a
3 +
+ +
5 +
Table 9 (Tabela 9): Nymphaeetum albae Vollmar 1947
Releve number Releve area (m2) Cover herb layer (%) Water depth (cm)
6	216 217 218 220 233 240
30	4 6	6	7 10 8
80	60	60	100 70 80 90
100 90	75	90	120 100 110
Char. and diff. species of the ass.				
Nymphaea alba 3	3	4	5 4	55
Other species				
Myriophyllum spicatum 2b			4.	
Potamogeton perfoliatus 1				
Typha angustifolia 1			.+	
Elodea canadensis .	+			
Potamogeton pectinatus .	+	1	.+	+.
Lemna minor .	+	+	. 2a	.+
Paspalum paspalodes .	+	+		
Typha latifolia .				+.
Table 10 (Tabela 10): Trapetum	natantis Karpati 1963			
Releve number			11	223
Releve area (m2)			7	12
Cover herb layer (%)			90	90
Water depth (cm)			160	200
Char. and diff. species of the ass.				
Trapa natans			5	5
Other species				
Phragmites australis			+	
Lemna minor			2b	+
Sparganium erectum			+	
Typha angustifolia			+	
5
5
+
+
+
Table 11 (Tabela 11): Potamogetonetum denso-nodosi O. de Bolos 1957
Table 14 (Tabela 14): Typhetum angustifoliae Pignatti 1953
Releve number	84	488	489	Releve number	8	13	221	479	480
Releve area (m2)	4	8	6	Releve area (m2)	30	40	5	10	15
Cover herb layer (%)	100	100	100	Cover herb layer (%)	100	100	100	100	100
Water depth (cm)	60	80	100						
				Char. and diff. species of the ass.					
Char. and diff. species of the ass.				Typha angustifolia	5	5	5	5	5
Potamogeton nodosus	5	4	4	Other species					
Other species				Alisma plantago-aquatica	+	1	+		+
Potamogeton perfoliatus	1	+		Paspalum paspalodes	3				
Potamogeton crispus	+			Sparganium erectum		1	2a		
Typha latifolia	+			Phragmites australis			+		
Potamogeton natans			+	Butomus umbellatus				+	
Table 12 (Tabela 12): Potamogetonetum pectinati Carstensen ex Hilbig 1971
Releve number	53	78	80	83	88	89	199
Releve area (m2)	10	15	4	5	7	30	10
Cover herb layer (%)	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
Water depth (cm)	100	150	200	100	300	200	150
Char. and diff. species of the ass.							
Potamogeton pectinatus	5	3	5	5	5	5	4
Other species							
Potamogeton nodosus	r						
Myriophyllum spicatum		+				1	
Potamogeton perfoliatus	+	r	2a				
Potamogeton crispus		+		+			
Elodea canadensis				+			2b
Table 13 (Tabela 13): Elodeetum canadensis Nedelcu 1967
Releve number	87	487
Releve area (m2)	10	8
Cover herb layer (%)	100	100
Water depth (cm)	100	80
Char. and diff. species of the ass.		
Elodea canadensis	5	5
Other species		
Potamogeton crispus	1	+
Potamogeton natans		+
Table 15 (Tabela 15): Typhetum latifoliae Nowinski 1930
Releve number Releve area (m2) Cover herb layer (%)
105 109 235 244 30 25 4 13 70 100 85 80
Char. and diff. species of the ass. Typha latifolia Other species Phragmites australis
Scrophularia nodosa		+.
Baldellia ranunculoides		+.
Alisma plantago-aquatica		+.
Myriophyllum spicatum		.+
Elymus farctus subsp. farctus	+.	
Tamarix africana	+.	
Atriplex prostrata subsp. latifolia	2m	
Table 16 (Tabela 16): Phragmitetum australis Savic 1926 nom. mut. prop.
Releve number	75	236	245	85	227	110
Releve area (m2)	15	10	10	5	6	20
Cover herb layer (%)	100	100	100	95	95	100
Water depth (cm)	100	50	70	40	30	80
Char. and diff. species of the ass.						
Phragmites australis	5	5	5	1	5	5
Other species						
Iris pseudacorus				5		
Scirpus lacustris						1
Bolboschoenus maritimus						+
Rumex hydrolapathum			+			
Eupatorium cannabinum			+			
3
+
+
+
+
Table 17 (Tabela 17): Scirpetum lacustris Chouard 1924 Table 20 (Tabela 20): Scirpetum litoralis Pignatti 1953
Releve number	79	81	86
Releve area (m2)	15	6	5
Cover herb layer (%)	100	100	100
Water depth (cm)	50	50	30
Char. and diff. species of the ass.			
Scirpus lacustris	5	5	1
Other species			
Typha latifolia		+	
Bolboschoenus maritimus		+	+
Iris pseudacorus			5
Table 18 (Tabela 18): Glycerio-Sparganietum neglecti			
Koch 1926			
Releve number	59	215	228
Releve area (m2)	10	2	6
Cover herb layer (%)	100	90	95
Water depth (cm)	35	40	25
Char. and diff. species of the ass.			
Sparganium erectum	5	5	4
Other species			
Alisma plantago-aquatica		+	+
Phragmites australis		+	+
Butomus umbellatus	+		
Hydrocharis morsus-ranae	+		
Potamogeton natans	+		
Typha angustifolia	+		
Scirpus lacustris	+		
Pulicaria odora Lemna minor Apium nodiflorum
+ +
2b
Table 19 (Tabela 19): Scirpetum maritimo-litoralis (Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Roussine & Negre 1952) O. Bolos 1962
Releve number	1	43	237	106
Releve area (m2)	3	0	15	10
Cover herb layer (%)	90	80	100	100
Water depth (cm)	20	15	25	20
Char. and diff. species of the ass.				
Bolboschoenus maritimus	4	4	5	5
Other species				
Phragmites australis	+	2b		+
Typha angustifolia	2a		+	
Scirpus lacustris	+			
Paspalum paspalodes	+			
Alisma plantago-aquatica			+	
Agrostis stolonifera	+			
Releve number	481	482	44
Releve area (m2)	15	7	10
Cover herb layer (%)	80	75	70
Char. and diff. species of the ass.			
Scirpus litoralis	4	5	4
Other species			
Phragmites australis	+		
Scirpus lacustris		+	
Table 21 (Tabela 21): Schoeno-Erianthetum ravennae Pignatti 1953
Releve number	102	107	95
Releve area (m2)	40	30	30
Cover herb layer (%)	90	100	100
Char. and diff. species of the ass.			
Erianthus ravennae	5	3	3
Schoenus nigricans	+	+	
Char. species of upper syntaxa			
Scirpus holoschoenus	1		1
Sonchus maritimus		+	
Aster squamatus	+	+	+
Lotus tenuis	+	+	
Other species			
Lythrum salicaria	+	+	+
Carex punctata	+	3	1
Inula viscosa	+	1	+
Centaurium spicatum		+	+
Pulicaria vulgaris	+		+
Phragmites australis	+	+	+
Juncus acutus	2m	+	
Amorpha fruticosa	+		
Bromus hordeaceus	+		
Clematis flammula			+
Cynanchum acutum		+	
Equisetum arvense	+		
Euphorbia paralias			+
Juncus maritimus		+	
Mentha aquatica	+		+
Petroselinum segetum		+	+
Populus alba	+		
Rubus ulmifolius			+
Samolus valerandi		+	
Sporobolus pungens			+
Trifolium repens	+		
Vulpia membranacea			+
Table 22 (Tabela 22): Paspalo-Agrostidetum Br.-Bl. 1936 (1952)
Table 23 (Tabela 23): Trifolio fragiferi-Cynodontetum Br.-Bl. et O. de Bolos 1957
Releve number	9	12	214	Releve number	7	212	213
Releve area (m2)	5	5	5	Releve area (m2)	2	2	2
Cover herb layer (%)	100	100	90	Cover herb layer (%)	98	100	100
Char. and diff. species of the ass. Paspalum paspalodes Other species Plantago major Rumex conglomeratus Alisma plantago-aquatica Trifolium repens Eleocharis palustris Juncus sp.
+ +
+ + +
Table 24: Stipo-Salvietum officinalis Horvatic 1958. Species with phi-value above 0.50 (only species with a statistically significant affinity to a cluster according to Fisher's exact test with P <0.001 are included) are in bold. Tabela 24: Stipo-Salvietum officinalis Horvatic 1958. Krepko so označene vrste z phi>0,50 (vključene so samo vrste, ki so statistično značilno navezane na klaster glede na Fisherjev eksaktni test, p <0,001).
Releve number	29	73	72	62	71
Releve area (m2)	60	10	15	10	4
Altitude (m a.s.l.)	144	152	138	83	125
Aspect (degrees)	110	90	100	330	140
Slope (degrees)	20	32	20	15	18
Cover herb layer (%)	80	75	80	100	100
Cover bare rock (%)	0	5	20	90	70
Cover stones (%)	80	45	30	0	0
Char. and diff. species of the ass.					
Bupleurum veronense	+	+	1	+	+
Asperula aristata subsp. scabra	+		+	+	+
Satureja montana	+		+	2a	+
Salvia officinalis	2b	2a	+		
Convolvulus elegantissimus	+	+	+		
Koeleria splendens				2a	+
Leontodon crispus				+	+
Other species					
Dasypyrum villosum			+	r	2m
Asphodelus ramosus			+	2b	+
Stipa bromoides	+		4		2a
Chrysopogon gryllus	+		+	3	5
Micromeria juliana	1		1	+	+
Teucrium polium subsp. capitatum	+		+	2a	1
Avena barbata		+		+	+
Brachypodium distachyon	2m			+	+
Petrorhagia saxifraga subsp. saxifraga	+		+		+
Teucrium chamaedrys	+	+	+		
Char. and diff. species of the ass. Trifolium fragiferum Cynodon dactylon Other species Mentha pulegium Plantago lanceolata Oenanthe fistulosa Matricaria chamomilla Paspalum paspalodes Plantago macrorhiza Setaria viridis Juncus species Rumex conglomeratus Potentilla reptans Cirsium vulgare
Releve number
+ +
2a
2a
5 +
+
+ + +
3 3
2a 1
+ + +
29 73 72 62 71
2b
Bromus erectus	+	+
Briza maxima	.	+
Carlina corymbosa	.	+
Catapodium rigidum	+	+
Eryngium amethystinum	.	+
Melica ciliata	.	+
Quercus trojana	+	.
Aegilops geniculata	.	.
Aethionema saxatile	.	+
Allium guttatum subsp. guttatum	.	.
Bituminaria bituminosa	+	.
Carthamus lanatus	.	.
Centaurea alba subsp. deusta	.	.
Cynosurus echinatus	.	+
Dactylis glomerata subsp. glomerata	.	.
Dactylis glomerata subsp. hispanica	.	+
Dorycnium hirsutum	.	.
Echium plantagineum	2m	.
Erysimum repandum	.	+
Euphorbia spinosa	.	.
Festuca rupicola	.	.
Helichrysum italicum subsp. italicum	.	.
Hyparrhenia hirta	.	.
Hypericum humifusum	.	+
Hypericum perforatum subsp. veronense .	.
Inula viscosa	+	.
Linum trigynum	.	.
+
+
+
+
+
r
+
+
+
+
+
+
Releve number	29 73	72 62 71	Releve number	31	30 32 33
Orlaya grandiflora		. + .	Stipa bromoides	1	.+.
Paliurus spina-christi	+ .		Aethionema saxatile	+	
Pistacia terebinthus	+ .		Elymus elongatus		+ . .
Potentilla aurea		. . +	Althaea hirsuta		. . +
Potentilla recta		. + .	Bromus erectus	+	
Prunus spinosa	+.		Carlina corymbosa		. . +
Sanguisorba minor subsp. muricata		. + .	Catapodium rigidum		+ . .
Securigera cretica			Dorycnium herbaceum		+ . .
Silene vulgaris subsp. vulgaris			Eryngium amethystinum		+ . .
Teucrium montanum	2m .		Linum nodiflorum		+ . .
Thesium divaricatum		.+.	Pistacia terebinthus		+ . .
Tragopogon pratensis		.+.	Quercus trojana		
Trifolium angustifolium		+ . .	Micromeria juliana	1	
Trifolium campestre		+ . .	Scabiosa triniifolia		
Urospermum picroides		. . +	Teucrium montanum		+ . .
Verbascum phlomoides	+.		Verbascum phlomoides	+	
Table 25: Asphodelo-Chrysopogonetum grylli Horva-tic 1957. Species with phi-value above 0.50 (only species with a statistically significant affinity to a cluster according to Fisher's exact test with P <0.001 are included) are in bold.
Tabela 25: Asphodelo-Chrysopogonetum grylli Horva-tic 1957. Krepko so označene vrste z phi>0,50 (vključene so samo vrste, ki so statistično značilno navezane na klaster glede na Fisherjev eksaktni test, p <0,001).
Table 26: Brachypodio-Cymbopogonetum hirti Horvatic 1961. Species with phi-value above 0.50 (only species with a statistically significant affinity to a cluster according to Fisher's exact test with P <0.001 are included) are in bold.
Tabela 26: Brachypodio-Cymbopogonetum hirti Horva-tic 1961. Krepko so označene vrste z phi>0,50 (vključene so samo vrste, ki so statistično značilno navezane na klaster glede na Fisherjev eksaktni test, p <0,001).
Releve number	31	30	32	33	Releve number	67	493	69
Releve area (m2)	25	30	8	20	Releve area (m2)	5	15	3
Altitude (m a.s.l.)	353	277	483	484	Altitude (m a.s.l.)	70	90	102
Aspect (degrees)	200	120	150	140	Aspect (degrees)	50	50	180
Slope (degrees)	23	40	25	25	Slope (degrees)	15	15	10
Cover herb layer (%)	80	60	95	95	Cover herb layer (%)	50	70	95
Cover bare rock (%)	0	30	0	35	Cover bare rock (%)	70	70	90
Cover stones (%)	20	40	30	40	Cover stones (%)	30	25	15
Char. and diff. species of the ass.					Char. and diff. species of the ass.			
Chrysopogon gryllus	3	3	5	4	Hyparrhenia hirta	2b	3	4
Galium lucidum	+		+	+	Aethionema saxatile	+	+	+
Linum trigynum	+	+		+	Crupina vulgaris	+	+	
Helianthemum apenninum			+	+	Sherardia arvensis	+	+	
Coronilla scorpioides	+			+	Hypericum perforatum subsp. veronense		+	+
Other species					Other species			
Teucrium polium subsp. capitatum	+			+	Convolvulus elegantissimus	+		+
Stachys recta subsp. labiosa	+				Carlina corymbosa	+		+
Anthemis austriaca	+	+		+	Teucrium polium subsp. capitatum	2b	+	1
Onosma arenaria		+			Petrorhagia saxifraga subsp. saxifraga	+	+	+
Salvia officinalis		2a	+	+	Micromeria juliana	+	+	2a
Bituminaria bituminosa	+		+		Cynosurus echinatus	+	+	
Brachypodium distachyon	2b	+			Arenaria leptoclados	+	+	
Convolvulus elegantissimus	+			+	Brachypodium distachyon	2a		+
Dactylis glomerata subsp. glomerata	+		+		Anthemis austriaca			+
Satureja montana		1		+	Asphodelus ramosus			1
Sideritis romana	+			+	Avena barbata Bromus intermedius	+ +	+	+
Releve number
67 493 69
Releve number
68 65 21 66 60 61
Bupleurum veronense Chrysopogon gryllus Dasypyrum villosum Euphorbia spinosa Phlomis fruticosa Quercus trojana Satureja montana Sedum rupestre Sideritis romana Stachys recta subsp. recta Thesium divaricatum
Table 27: Salvio-Phlomidetum fruticosae Barbagallo, Brullo & Fagotto 1979. Species with phi-value above 0.50 (only species with a statistically significant affinity to a cluster according to Fisher's exact test with P <0.001 are included) are in bold. Table 27: Salvio-Phlomidetum fruticosae Barbagallo, Brullo & Fagotto 1979. Krepko so označene vrste z phi>0,50 (vključene so samo vrste, ki so statistično značilno navezane na klaster glede na Fisherjev eksaktni test, p <0,001).
Releve number	68	65	21	66	60	61
Releve area (m2)	20	50	50	20	70	30
Altitude (m a.s.l.)	91	-	-	44	-	
Aspect (degrees)	120	150	135	130	160	140
Slope (degrees)	25	15	25	20	15	40
Cover herb layer (%)	70	70	75	95	60	80
Cover bare rock (%)	10	95	0	10	70	100
Cover stones (%)	0	0	70	75	50	0
Char. and diff. species of the ass.						
Phlomis fruticosa	4	4	3	4	2b	4
Stipa bromoides	+	+	2b	+	+	1
Melica ciliata	+		1		+	+
Micromeria juliana	+		+	+	+	
Petrorhagia saxifraga subsp.						
saxifraga		+	+	+	+	
Other species						
Teucrium polium subsp. capitatum			1	+	+	
Ballota macedonica	+	1				
Satureja calamintha		1				
Geranium pusillum	+					
Sideritis romana			+	1		
Osyris alba			+	+		
Catapodium rigidum			+	+		
Salvia officinalis				+	+	+
Teucrium chamaedrys			+	+	+	+
Satureja montana			+		2a	+
Orlaya grandiflora					+	+
Cephalaria transylvanica					+	
Allium sphaerocephalon						+
Brachypodium distachyon	+		+	+	+	
Aethionema saxatile				+	+	
Briza maxima		.+	.+	
Dactylis glomerata subsp. glom-				
erata	+	.+		
Phillyrea latifolia		.1		+
Punica granatum	+		+.	
Rhus coriaria			. 2b	+
Arenaria leptoclados			.+	
Asparagus acutifolius				+
Asperula aristata subsp. scabra				+
Asphodelus ramosus				
Avena barbata			.+	
Bituminaria bituminosa				+
Carex hallerana			.+	
Carlina corymbosa				
Carthamus lanatus				
Convolvulus cantabrica				+
Convolvulus elegantissimus				
Cynosurus echinatus				
Filago germanica				
Fraxinus ornus			.+	+
Linum trigynum				+
Origanum vulgare				2a
Paliurus spina-christi				
Phillyrea latifolia				
Pistacia terebinthus			.+	1
Sedum rupestre			.+	
Sherardia arvensis		.+		
Urospermum picroides	+			
Table 28: Rhamno-Paliuretum Trinajstic 1996. Species with phi-value above 0.50 (only species with a statistically significant affinity to a cluster according to Fisher's exact test with P <0.001 are included) are in bold. Tabela 28: Rhamno-Paliuretum Trinajstic 1996. Krepko so označene vrste z phi>0,50 (vključene so samo vrste, ki so statistično značilno navezane na klaster glede na Fisherjev eksaktni test, p <0,001).
Releve number	16	491	169
Releve area (m2)	50	15	20
Altitude (m a.s.l.)	50	32	25
Aspect (degrees)	20	30	-
Slope (degrees)	10	5	-
Cover shrub layer (%)	100	100	100
Cover herb layer (%)	5	5	35
Height (highest) shrubs (m)	3	3	4
Height lowest shrubs (m)	1	1	1,5
Char. and diff. species of the ass.			
Paliurus spina-christi	5	4	3
Phillyrea latifolia	+	3	5
Euphorbia characias	+	+	+
Clematisflammula	+	+	+
+
+
+
+
+
Releve number	16	491	169
Bupleurum praealtum	+	+	
Other species			
Asparagus acutifolius	+	+	+
Pistacia terebinthus		2a	2b
Carthamus lanatus	+	+	
Rubus ulmifolius	2b	1	
Rhus coriaria		1	+
Ruscus aculeatus	+		3
Scolymus hispanicus	+	+	
Dactylis glomerata subsp. glomerata	+		+
Carpinus orientalis	1		
Crataegus monogyna			+
Oenanthe pimpinelloides	+		
Quercus trojana			+
Releve number
20 27* 28 22
Table 29: Clematido viticellae-Punicetum granatae ass. nova hoc loco. Species with phi-value above 0.50 (only species with a statistically significant affinity to a cluster according to Fisher's exact test with P <0.001 are included) are in bold. Tabela 29: Clematido viticellae-Punicetum granatae ass. nova hoc loco. Krepko so označene vrste z phi>0,50 (vključene so samo vrste, ki so statistično značilno navezane na klaster glede na Fisherjev eksaktni test, p <0,001).
Releve number	20	27*	28	22
Releve area (m2)	80	60	50	60
Altitude (m a.s.l.)	13	-	25	18
Aspect (degrees)	180	-	-	120
Slope (degrees)	15	-	-	15
Cover shrub layer (%)	90	100	100	100
Cover herb layer (%)	10	20	5	60
Height (highest) shrubs (m)	17	35	30	40
Cover stones (%)	0	0	0	10
Char. and diff. species of the ass.				
Punica granatum	5	5	4	5
Clematis viticella	+	+	+	
Rosa sempervirens	1	+	+	
Asplenium onopteris		+	+	+
Geum urbanum	+	+	+	
Other species				
Paliurus spina-christi	+	1	2b	
Ruscus aculeatus		1	1	
Viola odorata		2a		2b
Clematisflammula	+	+		
Carex distachya	+			+
Crataegus monogyna		+	1	
Carpinus orientalis			2a	
Catapodium rigidum	+			
Consolida ajacis				+
Dactylis glomerata subsp. glomerata				2b
Hedera helix	.
Lathyrus aphaca	.
Buglossoides purpurocaerulea	.
Phillyrea latifolia	1
Phlomis fruticosa	+
Stipa bromoides	+
Torilis arvensis subsp. arvensis	.
Torilis nodosa	+
Brachypodium retusum	+
Brachypodium sylvaticum	.
Bupleurum praealtum	.
2a
+ +
Table 30: Carpinetum orientalis Horvat 1939. Species with phi-value above 0.50 (only species with a statistically significant affinity to a cluster according to Fisher's exact test with P <0.001 are included) are in bold. Tabela 30: Carpinetum orientalis Horvat 1939. Krepko so označene vrste z phi>0,50 (vključene so samo vrste, ki so statistično značilno navezane na klaster glede na Fisherjev eksaktni test, p <0,001).
Releve number	18	19	192
Releve area (m2)	80	50	100
Altitude (m a.s.l.)	24	-	-
Aspect (degrees)	-	180	-
Slope (degrees)	-	15	-
Cover tree layer (%)	80	100	80
Cover shrub layer (%)	2	90	2
Cover herb layer (%)	3	10	10
Cover bare rock (%)	5	0	0
Height (highest) trees (m)	6	8	7
Height lowest trees (m)	3	4	6
Height (highest) shrubs (m)	2	2	3
Char. and diff. species of the ass.			
Carpinus orientalis	4	5	4
Ruscus aculeatus	+	2b	2b
Fraxinus ornus	+	2a	+
Quercus pubescens	+	+	
Crataegus monogyna	+	+	
Acer campestre	2b		2a
Celtis australis	+	+	
Other species			
Hedera helix		+	+
Asparagus acutifolius		+	+
Clematis vitalba	+		
Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris	+		
Phillyrea latifolia	+		
Buglossoides purpurocaerulea		+	
Asplenium onopteris		+	
Corylus avellana		+	
Clematisflammula		+	
+
3
+
Releve number	18 19	192
Acer campestre	. 2a	
Paliurus spina-christi	.+	
Tilia cordata	.+	
Punica granatum	.+	
Cornus mas	.+	
Fraxinus ornus	.4	
Dactylis polygama	.+	
Carpinus orientalis		+
Ulmus minor		+
Aristolochia pallida		+
Anemone apennina		+
Ranunculus lanuginosus		+
Rosa canina		+
Crataegus monogyna		+
Vicia tetrasperma		+
Geranium purpureum		+
Viola odorata		1
Cornus mas		2b
Ligustrum vulgare		1
Tamus communis		+
Luzula forsteri		+
Chaerophyllum temulentum		+
Table 31: Acer monspessulanum community.		
Tabela 31: Združba z vrsto Acer monspessulanum.		
Releve number	26	17
Releve area (m2)	80	50
Altitude (m a.s.l.)	12	16
Cover tree layer (%)	50	30
Cover shrub layer (%)	15	50
Cover herb layer (%)	20	10
Cover bare rock (%)	5	50
Height (highest) trees (m)	6	5
Height (highest) shrubs (m)	2,5	3
Char. and diff. species of the ass.		
Acer monspessulanum	3	2b
Paliurus spina-christi	2a	2b
Phillyrea latifolia	+	2b
Asparagus acutifolius	+	+
Other species		
Quercus pubescens		2a
Carpinus orientalis	2a	
Rosa sempervirens	1	
Celtis australis	+	
Clematisflammula	+	
Cruciata glabra	+	
Dactylis glomerata subsp. glomerata		2b
Fraxinus ornus		2a
Punica granatum		+
Ruscus aculeatus	2b	+
Table 32: Quercetum trojanae Em 1958. Species with phi-value above 0.50 (only species with a statistically significant affinity to a cluster according to Fisher's exact test with P <0.001 are included) are in bold. Tabela 32: Quercetum trojanae Em 1958. Krepko so označene vrste z phi>0,50 (vključene so samo vrste, ki so statistično značilno navezane na klaster glede na Fisherjev eksaktni test, p <0,001).
Salix caprea
Releve number	63	64	170	208
Releve area (m2)	80	20	50	90
Altitude (m a.s.l.)	53	55	100	362
Cover tree layer (%)	100	100	100	100
Cover shrub layer (%)	3	50	0	0
Cover herb layer (%)	15	60	50	70
Height (highest) trees (m)	6	10	12	13
Height lowest trees (m)	0	6	10	5
Height (highest) shrubs (m)	4	2	3	2
Height lowest shrubs (m)	1	1	0,5	0
Char. and diff. species of the ass.				
Quercus trojana	3	4	2a	2b
Quercus petraea		2b	4	2a
Dactylis glomerata subsp. aschersoniana	+	2b		+
Cornus sanguinea	+		+	+
Other species				
Carpinus orientalis	4	2b	5	2b
Asparagus acutifolius	+	3	+	
Clematisflammula	+	1	+	
Ruscus aculeatus	2b	+	3	
Fraxinus ornus			+	3
Hedera helix		2b	2a	
Paliurus spina-christi	+	1		
Quercus pubescens	+	1		
Phillyrea latifolia		1		
Brachypodium sylvaticum	+			
Oenanthe pimpinelloides		+		
Dactylis glomerata subsp. glomerata				+
Acer monspessulanum				+
Aremonia agrimonoides				+
Aristolochia pallida				+
Aristolochia rotunda				+
Buglossoides purpurocaerulea				2b
Festuca heterophylla				+
Lathyrus montanus				+
Ligustrum vulgare				
Milium effusum				+
Origanum vulgare				+
Pistacia terebinthus		+		
Potentilla species				+
Quercus cerris			2a	
Rosa sempervirens			+	
Sesleria autumnalis				3
Stachys scardica				+
1
Releve number	63 64 170 208
Teucrium chamaedrys	. . . +
Thymus pulegioides	. . . +
Vincetoxicum hirundinaria	. . . +
Viola odorata	. . . 2a
Table 33: Seslerio-Ostryetum carpinifoliae Horvat & Horvatic 1950. Species with phi-value above 0.50 (only species with a statistically significant affinity to a cluster according to Fisher's exact test with P <0.001 are included) are in bold. Tabela 33: Seslerio-Ostryetum carpinifoliae Horvat & Horvatic 1950. Krepko so označene vrste z phi>0,50 (vključene so samo vrste, ki so statistično značilno navezane na klaster glede na Fisherjev eksaktni test, p <0,001).
Releve number	151	152	207	209	210
Releve area (m2)	100	80	100	90	90
Altitude (m a.s.l.)	514	520	432	483	468
Aspect (degrees)	-	-	-	30	30
Slope (degrees)	-	-	-	4	4
Cover tree layer (%)	90	80	60	90	90
Cover shrub layer (%)	30	25	35	5	5
Cover herb layer (%)	10	60	50	80	60
Cover bare rock (%)	0	35	0	0	90
Height (highest) trees (m)	9	12	12	10	12
Height lowest trees (m)	8	8	8	6	10
Height (highest) shrubs (m)	2	2	4	2	4
Height lowest shrubs (m)	1	0,5	2	0,5	1
Char. and diff. species of the ass.					
Ostrya carpinifoHa	5	2b	2a	5	5
Sesleria autumnalis		2a	1	4	2b
Viola odorata	1	2b	1	+	+
Ornithogalum pyrenaicum	+	+		+	+
Geum urbanum	1	2a			+
Poa trivialis subsp. sylvicola	+		+		
Other species					
Dactylis glomerata subsp. glomerata	+	2a	+	+	+
Fraxinus ornus	2a	3	2b	2a	2b
Geranium purpureum	+		+	+	+
Quercus trojana	+	3	2b		+
Acer monspessulanum	+	+			
Cornus sanguinea			+		+
Fragaria vesca			2a		+
Hieracium piloselloides				+	+
Melica arrecta		+	+		
Milium effusum			+		+
Mycelis muralis			+		+
Poa nemoralis	+	2a			
Teucrium chamaedrys			+	+	
Quercus cerris	+				
Agrimonia eupatoria		+			
Aremonia agrimonoides			+		
Aristolochia pallida			2a		
Brachypodium sylvaticum			1		
Campanula rapunculus	+				
Carex spicata Carpinus orientalis
+
					
Releve number	151	152	207	209	210
Carya species			+		
Clematis vitalba	+				
Clinopodium vulgare		2a			
Cornus mas		+			
Cornus sanguinea					+
Geranium columbinum			+		
Hedera helix					+
Hieracium murorum					+
Platanthera bifolia					+
Potentilla recta		+			
Quercus petraea				+	
Ranunculus bulbosus			+		
Rubus hirtus	+				
Satureja montana		+			
Stachys officinalis		+			
Stachys scardica				+	
Thalictrum aquilegifolium				+	
Torilis arvensis subsp. arvensis			+		
Trifolium ochroleucon		+			
Trifolium pignantii				+	
Veronica spicata			2a		
Table 34: Junco-Fraxinetum angustifoliae Karpati I. & Karpati V. 1961. Species with phi-value above 0.50 (only species with a statistically significant affinity to a cluster according to Fisher's exact test with P <0.001 are included) are in bold. Table 34: Junco-Fraxinetum angustifoliae Karpati I. & Karpati V. 1961. Krepko so označene vrste z phi>0,50 (vključene so samo vrste, ki so statistično značilno navezane na klaster glede na Fisherjev eksaktni test, p <0,001).
Releve number	76	77	168	193	197	204	211	238
Releve area (m2)	80	70	80	90	90	110	80	100
Cover tree layer (%)	90	95	75	95	95	80	90	95
Cover shrub layer (%)	15	3	0	0	0	5	5	0
Cover herb layer (%)	70	15	40	10	10	60	60	95
Height (highest) trees (m)	14	17	10	11	11	15	15	13
Height lowest trees (m)	12	13	4	5	5	4	13	4
Height (highest) shrubs (m)	2	2	0	0	0	3	6	2
Height lowest shrubs (m)	1	1	0	0	0	1	4	1
Char. and diff. species of the ass.								
Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa	4	5	5	5	5	5	5	5
Juncus acutus	+	+	2b		+	+	+	4
Iris pseudacorus	+	+		+	+	1	1	+
Carex remota	2b	+		1	+			
Oenanthe fistulosa						+	+	+
Other species								
Agrostis stolonifera	+	+				3	3	2b
Carex otrubae		+	2b	+	+			+
Mentha aquatica		+	+			+	+	
Samolus valerandi	1	+				+	+	
Alnus glutinosa	1					+	+	
Oenanthe pimpinelloides	+		+					+
Ulmus minor		+	+					+
Aegopodium podagraria						2a	2a	
Releve number
76
77
168 193 197 204 211
238
Callitriche stagnalis Circaea lutetiana
Cornus sanguinea Crataegus monogyna Cynanchum acutum
Galium species Lycopus europaeus Lysimachia nummularia Periploca graeca Polygonum hydropiper Populus alba Potentilla reptans Ranunculus flammula Rubus ulmifolius Ulmus minor
Veronica anagallis-aquatica
Acer campestre
Ajuga reptans
Amorpha fruticosa
Apium nodiflorum
Berberis vulgaris
Bidens tripartita
Blackstonia perfoliata
Carex distans
Carex sylvatica
Carpinus betulus
Cornus sanguinea
Crataegus monogyna
Eupatorium cannabinum
Fraxinus ornus
Galium elongatum
Galium rotundifolium
Inula viscosa
Juncus bufonius
Ligustrum vulgare
Limonium vulgare subsp. serotinum
Lotus species
Periploca graeca
Polygonum hydropiper
Plantago major
Prunella vulgaris
Prunus spinosa
Pulicaria dysenterica
Ranunculus arvensis
Rubus ulmifolius
Sparganium erectum
Tamarix africana
Tamus communis
Ulmus minor
Vincetoxicum hirundinaria
Viola reichenbachiana
Vitex agnus-castus
Alisma plantago-aquatica_
2b
2b
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Table 35: Populetum albae balcanicum Karpati I. & Karpati V. 1961 nom. illeg. Species with phi-value above 0.50 (only species with a statistically significant affinity to a cluster according to Fisher's exact test with P <0.001 are included) are in bold.
Tabela 35: Populetum albae balcanicum Karpati I. & Karpati V. 1961 nom. illeg. Krepko so označene vrste z phi>0,50 (vključene so samo vrste, ki so statistično značilno navezane na klaster glede na Fisherjev eksak-tni test, p <0,001).
Releve number	56	194	202	203
Releve area (m2)	100	90	90	95
Cover tree layer (%)	100	100	80	80
Cover shrub layer (%)	3	0	10	10
Cover herb layer (%)	7	25	15	20
Height (highest) trees (m)	22	35	22	25
Height lowest trees (m)	0	7	12	6
Height (highest) shrubs (m)	25	0	4	3
Height lowest shrubs (m)	1	1,5	1	1
Char. and diff. species of the ass.				
Populus alba	5	5	5	5
Pulicaria odora		+	1	+
Aegopodium podagraria	1		+	2a
Other species				
Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa	4	+	+	+
Ulmus minor	+	+	+	
Rubus ulmifolius	+	+	1	2a
Hedera helix	+	+	2a	
Ficus carica	+		+	
Arum italicum	+	+		
Humulus lupulus	1		+	
Agrostis stolonifera			2a	1
Alnus glutinosa			+	2b
Carex otrubae			+	2a
Periploca graeca	+			
Carduus acanthoides	2m			+
Amorpha fruticosa	+	+		
Fallopia convolvulus		+	+	
Ligustrum vulgare	+	+		
Rosa sempervirens	+			+
Samolus valerandi			+	+
Viola odorata		+		1
Acer campestre		+		
Alisma plantago-aquatica			+	
Bidens tripartita				+
Carex sylvatica		+		
Carpinus betulus		+		
Carpinus orientalis		+		
Cornus mas		+		
Crataegus monogyna				
Cynanchum acutum		+		
Eupatorium cannabinum			+	
Geum urbanum		+		
Releve number	56	194	202 203
Humulus lupulus	1		
Oenanthe pimpinelloides			. +
Primula vulgaris		+	
Punica granatum	+		
Quercus robur		+	
Rubus caesius		+	
Rumex sanguineus			. +
Ruscus aculeatus		2a	
Viola reichenbachiana		+	
Table 36: Querco roboris-Carpinetum betuli submedi-terraneum Bertovic ex Horvat 1974 nom. illeg. Species with phi-value above 0.50 (only species with a statistically significant affinity to a cluster according to Fisher's exact test with P <0.001 are included) are in bold. Tabela 36: Querco roboris-Carpinetum betuli submedi-terraneum Bertovic ex Horvat 1974 nom. illeg. Krepko so označene vrste z phi>0,50 (vključene so samo vrste, ki so statistično značilno navezane na klaster glede na Fisherjev eksaktni test, p <0,001).
Releve number	51	191	195	196
Releve area (m2)	150	60	120	110
Cover tree layer (%)	80	100	100	100
Cover shrub layer (%)	10	20	2	2
Cover herb layer (%)	60	75	70	70
Height (highest) trees (m)	20	18	18	30
Height lowest trees (m)	12	5	8	6
Height (highest) shrubs (m)	3	2	3,5	4
Char. and diff. species of the ass.				
Quercus robur	4	5	3	5
Viola reichenbachiana	+	+	+	1
Carpinus betulus	1		3	2a
Arum italicum	+	+	+	+
Aristolochia pallida			+	+
Other species				
Clematis viticella		+	+	
Carpinus orientalis	4	2a	3	3
Hedera helix	+	+	2a	2b
Ruscus aculeatus	4	3	3	3
Acer campestre	+		+	+
Cornus mas	+	2b		+
Crataegus monogyna	1	+	+	
Ligustrum vulgare		1	+	+
Primula vulgaris		+	1	+
Viola odorata	+		+	+
Ajuga reptans			+	+
Asparagus acutifolius		+	+	
Carex sylvatica		+		+
Fallopia convolvulus		+		+
Releve number
Rubus ulmifolius	. +
Acer monspessulanum	. + Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa +
Populus alba	2b
Ulmus minor	.
Aristolochia lutea	+
Brachypodium sylvaticum	.
Releve number	51	191 195	196
Carex depauperata		. +	
Carex distans	+		
Carpinus orientalis	4		
Clematis vitalba			+
Dactylis glomerata		.+	
Geranium purpureum			+
Tamus communis			+
Table 37: Periploco graecae-Alnetum glutinosae Rudski in Horvat et al. ex Fanelli, De Sanctis, Gjeta, Mullaj, Attore ass. nova hoc loco. Species with phi-value above 0.50 (only species with a statistically significant affinity to a cluster according to Fisher's exact test with P <0.001 are included) are in bold.
Tabela 37: Periploco graecae-Alnetum glutinosae Rudski in Horvat et al. ex Fanelli, De Sanctis, Gjeta, Mullaj, Attore ass. nova hoc loco. Krepko so označene vrste z phi>0,50 (vključene so samo vrste, ki so statistično značilno navezane na klaster glede na Fisherjev eksaktni test, p <0,001).
Releve number Releve area (m2) Cover tree layer (%) Cover shrub layer (%) Cover herb layer (%) Height (highest) trees (m) Height lowest trees (m) Height (highest) shrubs (m) Height lowest shrubs (m)
52 50 100 15 1 8 4 3
1,5
54	55*	200	201	230	231	232	241
50	60	105	110	150	90	120	95
95	98	85	95	95	95	95	95
10	15	60	40	10	10	2	2
35	5	5	15	50	35	3	15
12	12	12	10	12	12	13	13
3	6	10	8	9	9	8	10
3	2	3	5	2	2	0	0
2	1	1	1	1,5	1,5	0,8	1,3
5	5	5	5	5	5		5
+	+	+	2m	+	1		
+		+		+	+		
2m	+	+	+				+
2a	2m	+	2a	+	+		
1	+	+	+				2a
+			+				+
2a	+	3		2a	2a	+	+
+	+	+		+	2a	2a	
+	+		+			+	2a
		+	1	1	2a		
2a	1	+	2a				+
+	+	2a	2a				+
		+		+	+	+	
2a	+	+	2a				
+			+	1	+		
+	+		+				
				+	+		+
			+	+	2a		
				+	+	+	
						+	2a
			1		+		
				+		+	
		+					
				+	1		
Char. and diff. species of the ass. Alnus glutinosa Periploca graeca Circaea lutetiana
Humulus lupulus Cornus sanguinea Ficus carica Cynanchum acutum Other species Rubus ulmifolius
Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa
Ulmus minor
Bidens tripartita
Hedera helix
Ligustrum vulgare
Iris pseudacorus
Crataegus monogyna
Lycopus europaeus
Quercus robur
Mentha aquatica
Oenanthe pimpinelloides
Rumex sanguineus
Carex remota
Agrostis stolonifera
Alisma plantago-aquatica
Amorpha fruticosa
Apium nodiflorum
5 +
2m
2b
+
+
+
+
+
1
Releve number
52 54 5
200 201 230 231 232 241
Carex spicata
Carex distans Carex otrubae Carex sp.
Fallopia convolvulus Galium elongatum Polygonum hydropiper Salix alba Vitis vinifera Arum italicum Carduus acanthoides Carex sylvatica Clematis vitalba Clematis viticella Cornus mas Cynanchum acutum Galium debile Geum urbanum Buglossoides purpurocaerulea Lysimachia nummularia Poa nemoralis Potentilla reptans Prunella vulgaris Rosa sempervirens Samolus valerandi Vincetoxicum canescens Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Viola reichenbachiana
2a +
+.
++
+ +
++
++ ++
++
+ +
Table 38 (Tabela 38): Vitici-Tamaricetum africanae Horvatic 1960.
Releve number	23	40	104	112
Releve area (m2)	80	15	25	30
Cover shrub layer (%)	75	95	90	75
Cover herb layer (%)	75	2	0	45
Height (highest) shrubs (m)	5	3	5	3
Height lowest shrubs (m)	2	0	0	2
Char. and diff. species of the ass.				
Tamarix africana	4	5	5	4
Vitex agnus-chastus	+			+
Atriplex prostrata subsp. latifolia	+	+		+
Other species				
Aster tripolium	+			
Juncus acutus	4			+
Phragmites australis	+		+	
Cladonia portentosa	+			
Elymus athericus	+			
Limonium vulgare subsp. serotinum		+		3
Salsola soda				+
Polypogon monspeliensis				+
Releve number	23 40 104	112
Crypsis aculeata		1
Suaeda species		+
Elymus farctus subsp. farctus		+
Bolboschoenus maritimus		+
Table 39 (Tabela 39): Bromo villosi-Haynaldietum		
villosae Pignatti 1953.		
Releve number	49	50
Releve area (m2)	8	3
Altitude (m a.s.l.)	330	-
Slope (degrees)	5	-
Cover herb layer (%)	60	80
Char. and diff. species of the ass.		
Dasypyrum villosum	1	4
Bromus madritensis	+	+
Vulpia membranacea	+	+
Vulpia myuros	2a	+
Kochia prostrata	+	+
Aegilops triuncialis 2	1	+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
1
+
+
+
+
+
+
Releve number
49 50
Other species
Medicago minima
Lagurus ovatus
Lepidium graminifolium
Sisymbrium officinale
Carduus pycnocephalus
Vicia villosa subsp. eriocarpa
Avena barbata
Trifolium scabrum
Daucus carota
Lolium perenne
Briza maxima
Bromus rigidus
Bromus tectorum
Salsola soda
Verbascum banaticum
Scolymus hispanicus
Bromus hordeaceus
Cynodon dactylon_
Table 41: Asphodelus ramosus community. Tabela 41: Združba z vrsto Asphodelus ramosus.
1
+
+ +
1
2b
+
+ + +
2a
1
+
+ +
+ +
+ + + + +
Table 40 (Tabela 40): Centaureetum calcitrapae Fanelli & Menegoni 1997.
Releve number	24	25	490
Releve area (m2)	80	0	10
Altitude (m a.s.l.)	-	-	-
Cover herb layer (%)	100	100	90
Char. and diff. species of the ass.			
Centaurea calcitrapa	5		4
Scolymus hispanicus	2a	5	1
Rumex pulcher	+		+
Other species			
Bromus hordeaceus	+	+	
Avena barbata		+	+
Anthemis austriaca	2m		+
Filago germanica	2m		+
Matricaria disciformis	2m		+
Vicia villosa subsp. eriocarpa		+	+
Cichorium intybus		+	
Carduus acanthoides	+		
Vulpia ciliata	+		+
Hordeum hystrix	+		
Cynodon dactylon	+		
Trifolium campestre			+
Trifolium scabrum			+
Agrostis stolonifera			+
Releve number	15	70	492
Releve area (m2)	5	2	8
Altitude (m a.s.l.)	-	125	50
Aspect (degrees)	40	60	50
Slope (degrees)	3	10	5
Cover herb layer (%)	90	70	60
Cover bare rock (%)	0	35	0
Cover stones (%)	40	70	40
Char. and diff. species of the ass.			
Asphodelus ramosus	4	3	3
Carthamus lanatus	+	+	
Catapodium rigidum	+	+	+
Nigella arvensis		+	+
Other species			
Teucrium polium subsp. capitatum	2b	2b	2a
Sideritis romana	+	+	+
Petrorhagia saxifraga subsp. saxifraga	1	+	+
Crepis zacintha	+	+	
Arenaria leptoclados	2m		1
Sedum hispanicum	+		+
Bupleurum veronense	1	+	
Medicago praecox	+		+
Trifolium scabrum	1		+
Daucus aureus	1		+
Centaurea solstitialis	1		1
Crepis foetida	+		+
Aegilops geniculata	+		
Avena barbata	+		+
Filago gallica	+		+
Melica ciliata		+	+
Brachypodium distachyon		+	+
Dasypyrum villosum		1	+
Carex distachya		+	+
Micromeria juliana		+	+
Asperula aristata subsp. condensata	1		
Anthemis austriaca	+		
Carlina corymbosa	+		
Rostraria cristata	+		
Bothriochloa ischaemum	+		
Medicago minima		+	
Trifolium campestre		+	
Eryngium amethystinum		+	
Satureja montana		+	
Helichrysum italicum subsp. italicum		+	
Dactylis glomerata subsp. glomerata		+	
Gastridium ventricosum		+	
Chrysopogon gryllus		+	
Sanguisorba minor subsp. muricata		+	
Plantago bellardii		+	
Carya cordiformis			+
Sanguisorba minor subsp. muricata			+
Trifolium campestre			+
Table 42 (Tabela 42): Carduetum acanthoidis Felföldy 1942.
Releve number	10	14
Releve area (m2)	15	20
Cover herb layer (%)	100	100
Char. and diff. species of the ass.		
Carduus acanthoides	5	4
Cirsium italicum	+	2b
Cirsium vulgare	+	+
Other species		
Cirsium vulgare	+	+
Galega officinalis	+	+
Medicago lupulina	+	+
Rumex conglomeratus	+	+
Convolvulus arvensis	+	+
Agrostis stolonifera	+	+
Potentilla reptans	+	
Euphorbia platyphyllos	+	
Daucus carota	+	
Galium elongatum	+	
Scolymus hispanicus	+	
Phragmites australis	+	
Satureja calamintha	+	
Paspalum paspalodes	+	
Atriplex patula		+
Prunella vulgaris		+