19 Further species within Arecaceae (Palmae; Coryphoideae) to non-native flora of Tunisia and North Africa Abstract Five new alien taxa are here recorded from T unisia. Reported taxa (Livistona chinensis, Phoenix canariensis, P . reclinata, P . theophrasti and Washingtonia robusta) belong to the subfamily Coryphoideae (Arecaceae). Updated nomenclature, brief descriptions, general and national distributions are provided for each species. Livistona chinensis and Phoenix theophrasti are here reported for the first time in North Africa. Identification keys are also provided. Izvleček V članku predstavljamo pet novih tujerodnih taksonov iz T unizije. Vsi zabeleženi taksoni (Livistona chinensis, Phoenix canariensis, P . reclinata, P . theophrasti and Washingtonia robusta) pripadajo poddružini Coryphoideae (Arecaceae). Za vsako vrsto smo prikazali posodobljeno nomenklaturo, kratek opis, splošno in nacionalno razširjenost. Livistona chinensis in Phoenix theophrasti sta prvič zabeleženi v severni Afriki. Predstavili smo tudi določevalne ključe. Key words: Alien flora, Phoenix, Washingtonia, Livistona, Monocots. Ključne besede: tujerodna flora, Phoenix, Washingtonia, Livistona, enokaličnice. Received: 24. 4. 2020 Revision received: 8. 6. 2020 Accepted: 10. 7. 2020 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences “A”, Laboratory of Botany, Cryptogamy and plant Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy of Monastir, Avenue Avicenna, 5000-Monastir, University of Monastir, T unisia. E-mail: ridhaelmokni@yahoo.fr 2 Department of Silvo-pastoral Resources, Laboratory of Silvo-pastoral Resources, Silvo-Pastoral Institute of Tabarka, BP . 345, 8110-Tabarka, University of Jendouba, T unisia. 3 University of Carthage, Laboratory of Forest Ecology, National Research Institute of Rural Engineering, Water and Forests, Ariana 2080, T unisia. Ridha El Mokni1 , 2 , 3  DOI: 10.2478/hacq-2020-0015 20/1 • 2021, 19–32 20/1 • 2021, 19–32 20 Ridha El Mokni Further species within Arecaceae (Palmae; Coryphoideae) to non-native flora of T unisia and North Africa Introduction The palms, family Arecaceae (Palmae) are one of the most morphologically diverse families in Monocots. Since early molecular and phylogenetic investigations (see e.g., Chase et al. 2000, Stevenson et al. 2000, APG IV 2016), Are- cales are most closely aligned with Poales, Commelinales and zingiberales within the Commelinids clade. Morpho- logically, palms are differentiated from other monocot families by two main characters: a “woody” stipe/stem and leaves that are plicate in bud and segmented (Uhl & Dransfield 1987). Formal classification of the Araceae rec- ognised six subfamilies that include about 190 genera and ca. 2600 species (Uhl & Dransfield 1987, 1988, 1999). The Coryphoideae with 45 genera is the second more rich subfamily after Arecoideae (Asmussen et al. 2006) and is characterised by palmate and pinnate leaves with flow- ers solitary or in sympodial clusters (Uhl & Dransfield 1987). Genera belong to six tribes, among which Livis- tona R.Br. (Corypheae tribe), Washingtonia H.Wendl. (Trachycarpeae tribe) and Phoenix L. (Phoeniceae tribe). Species belonging to such genera are perennial climbers, shrubs and trees and distributed across the tropics and warm temperate regions of the world (Stevens 2012). In T unisia, palm family consists of two genera (Chamae- rops and Phoenix) with three species of which P . canariensis is considered cultivated (Dobignard &  Chatelain 2010). In continuity to ongoing botanical researches aiming at improving the knowledge on the Tunisian vascular flora (see e.g., El Mokni et al. 2015a, 2015b, 2015c, 2019a, 2019b, El Mokni & Peruzzi 2019, Iamonico & El Mokni 2018, Domina & El Mokni 2019, El Mokni 2020, El Mokni et al. 2020) and mainly on Monocots s.lat. (see e.g., El Mokni & El Aouni 2011, 2012, El Mokni et al. 2010, 2013, 2014, El Mokni 2018a, 2018b, 2018c, El Mokni & Domina 2018, 2019; El Mokni & Tison 2018, El Mokni & Verloove 2017, 2019a, 2019b), five new taxa within Arecaceae (subfamily Coryphoideae) were recorded during field work carried out during the period 2010–2020 from Jendouba (NW-Tunisia), Bizer- ta and Mannouba (NE-Tunisia), Mahdia, Monastir and Sousse (CE-Tunisia). These recorded five taxa are Livis- tona chinensis (Jacq.) R.Br. ex Mart., Phoenix canariensis H.Wildpret, P. reclinata Jacq., P. theophrasti Greuter and Washingtonia robusta H.Wend l. Materials & Methods Extensive field prospections within central and northern Tunisia (North Africa), mostly between 2010 and 2020, has revealed new national and even North-African re- cords. Records here reported are documented by brief description of each species. The actual status of naturali- zation for each taxon is assessed based on literature anal- ysis (Pyšek et al. 2004). Taxa identification follows Dowe (2009), Starr et al. (2003), Tutin et al. (1980), Flora of North America (2020) (retrieved from http://www.eflo- ras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=125080), Flora of China (retrieved from http://www.efloras.org/ florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=118760), CABI (2020), some additional comments based on the authors’ observations of living individuals. Further comments on flowering/fruiting periods, distribution, habitats occu- pied and field photographs are presented for each newly reported taxon. Identification keys are also given. Photographed specimens here presented from El Mok- ni’s collection (not online, yet) are used as specimens visa. The paper is divided in three parts in which taxa (tribus, subtribus -when exist-, genera and species) are arranged in alphabetical sequence. Nomenclature of the taxa pre- sented is mostly in accordance with recent phylogenetic classification of the palm family (see e.g., Dransfield et al. 2005, 2008, Bacon et al. 2012, Baker & Dransfield 2016) and some databases such as T ropicos (T ropicos 2020), the International Plant Names Index (IPNI 2020) and The Plant List (The Plant List 2020). Results & taxonomic notes Within Arecaceae, subfamily Coryphoideae, five spe- cies (belonging to three genera) and two genera are here added to non-native flora of Tunisia. Among them, one genus (Livistona R.Br.) is here firstly cited for Mediterra- nean basin and for North Africa, also two species (Livis- tona chinensis (Jacq.) R. Br. ex Mart., Phoenix theophrasti Greuter) are here reported for the first time in North Africa. An updated key to all the genera of the family is here proposed. Analytical key of genera within Tunisian Arecaceae 1. Leaves pinnate, elongate ...............................Phoenix. 1’. Leaves ± palmate, triangular to rounded ................ 2. 2. Shrub, leaves triangular fan-shaped, dioecious .............................................. Chamaerops. 2’. T ree, palmate leav .................................................. 3. 3. Petiole split at base; leaf segments filiferous; monoecious ........................Washingtonia. 3’. Petiole not split at base; leaf segments not filiferous; hermaphroditic ................... Livistona. Below are cited new reported taxa with their appropri- ate tribus and subtribus, when exist. 20/1 • 2021, 19–32 21 Ridha El Mokni Further species within Arecaceae (Palmae; Coryphoideae) to non-native flora of T unisia and North Africa I. Tribe Corypheae Martius in Endlicher, Gen. PI.252. 1837. Subtribe Livistoninae Saakov, Palms and Their Culture in the U.S.S.R. 793.1954. Genus Livistona R. Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 267-268. 1810. Plants small to large. Stem/stipe solitary, erect, slender, at first covered by persistent leaf sheaths, later becoming bare or covered with persistent petiole bases, ringed con- spicuously or obscurely with leaf scars. Leaves palmate or costapalmate, petiole not split at base, strongly armed. Inflorescences axillary within crown of leaves, paniculate with 3–5 orders of branching, about as ± as long as leaves. Flowers bisexual, borne singly along rachillae. Fruits drupe, blackish, smooth. Seeds globose or ellipsoid. The genus Livistona R.Br. includes ca. 36 species that have a wide distribution from the Horn of Africa and Southern Arabia to throughout southeastern and east- ern Asia, Malesia and Australia (Dransfield et al. 2008, Dowe 2009). Livistona chinensis  (Jacq.) R.Br. ex Mart., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 268. 1810 ≡ Latania chinensis  Jacq., Fragm. Bot. 16. t. 11. f. 1. 1801  ≡ Saribus chinensis (Jacq.) Blume, Rumphia 2: 48.1838 ≡ Livistona mauritiana Wall. ex Voigt, Hort. Suburb. Calc. 641. 1845 ≡ Livistona sub- globosa (Hassk.) Mart., Hist. Nat. Palm. 3: 319. 1853. Hermaphroditic palm with short and stout trunk up to 15 m tall, 20–30 cm in diameter, rough with leaf scars. Leaves palmate, petioles to 1.8 m long, with green or black recurved spines along margins, spines denser proxi- mally, fewer distally on petioles; blades almost circular in outline, 1.2–1.8 m wide, green on both surfaces, regularly divided to c. half their length, these split and pendulous at apices. Inflorescences 1–1.2 m long, branched to three orders, light yellow when young and then become green with unpleasant odor, with six or seven partial inflores- cences; flowers hermaphroditic, small, sessile in groups of 2–4 flowers, white or yellow, 2–2.5 mm. Fruits green or blue-green, globose to ellipsoid or pyriform,15–26 mm long, 9–18 mm wide, glossy blue-green to bright green; epicarp ceramic-like (Dowe 2009, Flora of China Edito- rial Committee 2016). Flowering period: October to December, Fruiting pe- riod: January to February (-March). Notes on general distribution: L. chinensis is native to Eastern Asia including China, Japan (i.e., Ryukyu Islands, Bonin Islands) and Taiwan (Horikawa 1972, Suzuki 1982, Yoshida et al. 2000, USDA-ARS 2016). The species is widely cultivated as an ornamental and can be found naturalized in the West Indies, tropical America and on many islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans (Wagner et al. 1999, Meyer et al. 2008, Flora of China Editorial Committee 2016, Govaerts 2016, PIER 2016). L. chinen- sis is considered invasive in Bermuda (Kairo et al. 2003) and in Mauritius and La Réunion Islands (Moore & Guého 1984, Strahm 1993, 1999). Within the Mediter- ranean basin, this taxon seems to be reported only in Por- tugal and Spain (GBIF database 2020). It is also reported to be growing in riparian forest areas in New Caledonia (Hequet et al. 2009). No records were made up till now for North Africa (see e.g., Govaerts 2020, APD 2020). Occurrence in T unisia (Figure 1) and casual status: Tunisian plants grow within sidewalks near a private gar- den, in the government of Monastir. Since the taxon was found only at one locality, with one mature individual and more than 30 juvenile seeds germinations were ob- served, and this appears to be an occasional resulting from the use of imported seed mixtures for gardening purposes. According to Pyšek et al. (2004), and Richardson & Pyšek (2006) Livistona chinensis is evaluated as casual in T unisia. Specimina Visa: TUNISIA: Monastir (Monastir- City), sidewalks near a private garden, 35° 46' 02" N, 010° 49' 53" E, 15 m a.s.l., 14 February 2019, El Mokni (photos). II. Tribe Trachycarpeae Satake, Hikobia 3:121. 1962. Genus Washingtonia H.Wendl., Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 37(5): 68. 1879. Plants tree palms. Stems solitary, erect, tall, partly or completely covered with old leaf bases and marcescent dry leaves forming conspicuous skirt around trunk. Leaves: sheath fibers soft; petiole split at base, conspicu- ously armed with teeth along margins; blade costapal- mate; plication induplicate; segments lanceolate, basally connate, bearing fibers between segments. Inflorescences axillary within crown of leaves, paniculate, arching well beyond leaves, with 2 orders of branching. Flowers bi- sexual, short- pedicellate. Fruits drupes, blackish. The genus Washingtonia H.Wendl. is made up of two species native to the southwestern United States (in south- ern California, southwest Arizona, (Nevada) Texas) and northwest Mexico (in northern Baja California and Son- ora) (Jones 1995). Washingtonia filifera (Linden ex André) H.Wendl. ex De Bary and W . robusta H. Wendl. (Oppen- heimer & Bartlett 2002). There are also hybrids between the two, which are sometimes referred to as W. ×filibusta Hort. ex Hodel. (Hodel 2014). Both species were com- monly cultivated across the southern United States, the Middle East, southern Europe, and North Africa. 20/1 • 2021, 19–32 22 Ridha El Mokni Further species within Arecaceae (Palmae; Coryphoideae) to non-native flora of T unisia and North Africa A C B 20/1 • 2021, 19–32 23 Ridha El Mokni Further species within Arecaceae (Palmae; Coryphoideae) to non-native flora of T unisia and North Africa Washingtonia robusta H.Wendl. Berliner Allg. Gar- tenzeitung 2: 198. 1883 ≡ Neowashingtonia robusta (H.Wendl.) A.Heller. Cat. N. Amer. Pl.: 3. 1898 ≡ Pritchardia robusta (H.Wendl.) Schröt.Schweiz. Garten- bau 7: 8. 1931. Monoecious, self-compatible, fast growing palm with a slender trunk that gradually tapers from ground level to the crown (15 to 20 m high and 0.6 to 1.2 m in diameter). Leaves with 40 to 60 segments, divided nearly to middle of frond and attached to the tree with a 1.2–1.5 m long plano-convex petiole. Red brown petioles exhibit curved spines on their entire length. Tubular, creamy pink flow- ers are borne in panicles up to 3 m, bearing numerous small, white bisexual flowers in compound clusters. Fruits small black, ovoid-oblong to spherical drupes (Brickell & Zuk 1997, T urner & Wasson 1997, Broschat 2017, Bailey 1936, Felger & Joyal 1999, Brown & Brown 2012). Flowering period: June to August, Fruiting period: September to November (-December). Notes on general distribution: Washingtonia robusta is native to the arid regions in northwest mainland Mexico (McCurrach 1960, Jones 1995) and the Baja California where it may have originated (Cornett 1989) and where it is still widespread (Fonseca 1999, Minnich et al. 2011). It is also on record for the Sonora Desert in both Mexico and Southern California (Felger & Joyal 1999, Minnich et al. 2011). Distributed globally as a horticultural plant (Spennemann 2018), Washingtonia robusta is regarded as naturalized beyond its natural range in Southern Califor- nia (Cornett et al. 1986), Southern Florida (Institute for Regional Conservation 2016), Reunion Island (Indian Ocean) (Meyer et al. 2008), the North Island of New Zealand (Martin 2009), and parts of Hawaii (Oppenhe- imer & Barlett, 2002, Starr et al. 2003). Within Europe and the Mediterranean basin, the plant is reported in Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Sardegna (see e.g., Verloove 2013, APD 2020, GBIF database 2020). In North Africa, the taxon is reported only in Canary Islands and Algeria (see e.g., Acebes Ginovés et al. 2004, Zeddam & Raus 2016, APD 2020). Occurrence in Tunisia (Figure 2) and status of natu- ralization: Tunisian plants from seedlings germination of Washingtonia robusta found in many localities occur usually in small number of scattered individuals along sidewalks and near agglomerations, where the plant was introduced. Moreover, small populations have also been observed, especially along the metro railways (Sousse to- wards Mahdia) and in the surrounding of “Lac Tunis” where the most large population is reported with more than 60 mature individuals (up to 5m high) within an area of about 1 ha. According to Pyšek et al. (2004) crite- ria and categorisation, Washingtonia robusta can be con- sidered as a naturalized alien species in Tunisia. Taxonomic notes: Washingtonia robusta can be distinguished from W. filifera by its thinner and taller trunk. Lower leaves persist on the tree after they die, forming a dense, brown, shaggy covering below the living, bright green, broad, fanshaped leave with hairy filament. In addition, Stalk of the leaves is spiny and shorter than W. filifera (Brickell & Zuk 1997, Oppenheimer & Bartlett 2002). Specimina Visa: TUNISIA: Monastir, Monastir-City, roadsides and sidewalks and as epiphytic on Phoenix canariensis H. Wildpret, 35° 46' 02" N, 010° 49' 55" E, 15 m a.s.l., 23 January 2017, El Mokni (photos); Bizerta, Bizerta-City, in abandoned fields, 37°16' 07" N, 009° 51' 28" E, 10 m a.s.l., 26 July 2017, El Mokni (photos); Mahdia, near railways station, 35° 29' 48" N, 011° 03' 38" E, 2 m a.s.l., 25 January 2020, El Mokni (photos); Manouba, surrounding ”Lac Tunis”, near Moncef Bey station, 36° 47' 31" N, 010° 11' 35" E, 1 m a.s.l., 05 October 2016, El Mokni (photos). III. Tribe Phoeniceae Drude in Martius, Fl. Brasil. 3(2): 279. 1881. Genus Phoenix L., Sp. Pl.2:1188. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5. 496. 1754 Stems solitary or clustered, erect or ascending often clothed in old leaf bases. Leaves sheath fibers soft; petiole not split at base, armed; blade pinnate; plication indu- plicate; segments lanceolate, in 1 or more planes; basal segments modified into stout spines. Inflorescences in pedunculate spadices, with few, simple branches, axil- lary within crown of leaves, paniculate, ascending, much shorter than leaves, with 1 order of branching; spathe 1. Dioecious, flowers yellowish; staminate flowers borne singly along rachillae. Pistillate flowers borne singly on rachillae. Fruits drupes, berrylike, fleshy; exocarp black- ish brown, smooth. Seed one, elongate, deeply grooved along ventral side (T utin et al. 1980). Figure 1: Livistona chinensis in T unisia. A: Stem/stipe solitary, erect, slender, covered by persistent leaf sheaths; B: Infrutescences axillary within crown of leaves, paniculate with 3–5 orders of branching, about as long as leaves in fruiting period; C: Fruits glossy blue-green; epicarp ceramic- like. Photos by Ridha El Mokni (14. 02. 2019). Slika 1: Livistona chinensis v T uniziji. A: posamezno steblo, pokončno, vitko, prekrito z ostanki listov; B: soplodje je znotraj krošnje listov aksi- larno, 3–5 krat razvejano, približno tako dolgo, kot listi v času plodenja; C: sijoči modro-zeleni plodovi; epikarp je “keramičast”. Fotografije Ridha El Mokni (14.02. 2019). ← 20/1 • 2021, 19–32 24 Ridha El Mokni Further species within Arecaceae (Palmae; Coryphoideae) to non-native flora of T unisia and North Africa A B C D 20/1 • 2021, 19–32 25 Ridha El Mokni Further species within Arecaceae (Palmae; Coryphoideae) to non-native flora of T unisia and North Africa The genus Phoenix L. includes 14 species (Govaerts & Dransfield 2005) traditionally distributed in the Old World from the Canary and Cape Verde islands in the Atlantic Ocean, throughout Africa, Madagascar and Asia, reaching Sumatra, Taiwan and the Philippines in the East (Barrow 1998, Dransfield et al. 2008). In Tunisia, the genus was represented only by one spe- cies (P . dactylifera L.), we here reported the occurrence of three more non-native species. An update analytical key for all species is here proposed. Analytical key for Tunisian species belonging to the genus Phoenix L. 1. trunk multiple ....................................... P . reclinata. 1’. trunk solitary ......................................................... 2. 2. Fruits 25–75 mm; ..................................P . dactylifera. 2’. Fruits 14–23 mm; .................................................. 3. 3. Fruits 15–23 mm; mesocarp succulent, orange to dark purple ........................ P . canariensis. 3’. Fruits 14–16 mm; mesocarp fibrous, yellowish-brown to blackish ............... P . theophrasti. 1. Phoenix canariensis  H.Wildpret, Prov. Agric. Hort. Ill. 2: 293–295, fig. 67–68. Oct. 1882, nom. cons. Dioecious large palm up to 18 m tall, with a thick erect trunk up to 1.2 m in diameter and a crown occupying the upper 2.5–4.5 m. Leaves up to 1.5–1.8 m long are alternate and pinnately compound, containing lanceolate leaflets 30–45 cm long with sharp spines 5–8 cm long on the lower half of the petiole. Flowers creamy yellow- white and open from a husk-like structure that appears periodically throughout the year. Fruit elliptical fleshy drupe, 1–3 cm long, occurring in hanging clusters, each containing a single large seed, mesocarp orange-brown to dark purple (Gilman & Watson 1994). Flowering period: March to April, Fruiting period: May to July. Notes on general distribution: Phoenix canariensis is native to Canary Islands (Santos Guerra 1994,  Morici 1998). It was introduced to mainland Europe from the 1600s, and around the Mediterranean including North Africa and West Asia, and was introduced across the At- lantic Ocean from as early as the 1700s as an ornamental palm, first by Spanish missionaries and colonizers, such as to California, Central and South America. It has sin- ce then been widely introduced as a popular ornamen- tal palm, to parts of Australasia, Asia and Africa (CABI 2020). It has recently been noted naturalizing and beco- ming invasive in southern California (DiT omaso & Healy 2006, Cal-IPC 2006) and northern New Zealand, mostly in riverine wetland and coastal habitats (Esler & Astridge 1987). Planted widely, seeds are eaten and spread by birds (DiTomaso & Healy 2006). Within the Mediterranean basin, the taxon is mainly reported in the Iberic penin- sula, France and Italy (GBIF database 2020). In North Africa, the species was cited only for Morocco and Algeria with no records made up till now for Tunisia (see e.g., APD 2020, GBIF database 2020). Occurrence in T unisia (Figure 3) and status of nat- uralization: we found juvenile individuals of Phoenix canariensis in many Tunisian localities (within Ariana, Bizerta, Jendouba, Mahdia, Monastir, Sousse) along side- walks and near agglomerations as epiphytic on Melia az- edarach L., where the plant was introduced since more than 50 years ago. Hence this ornamental palm can pro- duce a dense mat of seedlings, that can thrive in a variety of habitats and soil types, and can tolerate high tempera- tures and salt winds, more than 300 individuals in diffe- rent ages were reported during the last two years between Sousse and Mahdia Cities, along the metro railways. Ac- cording to Pyšek et al. (2004) criteria and categorisation, Phoenix canariensis can be considered as a naturalized alien species in T unisia. Specimina Visa: TUNISIA: Ariana, roadsides and sidewalks, 36° 49' 39" N, 010° 10' 57" E, 10 m a.s.l., 23 December 2014, El Mokni (photos); Bizerta, roadsi- des and sidewalks as epiphytic on Melia azedarach L., 37° 16' 15" N, 009° 52' 31" E, 5 m a.s.l., 20 January 2019, El Mokni (photos); Jendouba, roadsides and side- walks, 36° 30' 03" N, 008° 47' 04" E, 145 m a.s.l., 11 October 2008, El Mokni (photos); Mahdia towards Sousse, along the metro railways, Sidi-Mesaoud 35° 31' 15" N, 011° 01' 37" E, 25 m a.s.l., 04 April 2019, El Mokni (photos); Moknine-Gribaâ 35° 38' 12" N, 010° 54' 29" E, 20 m a.s.l., 04 April 2019, Sahline 35° 45' 41" N, 010° 41' 46" E, 20 m a.s.l., 04 April 2019; Sousse, road- sides and sidewalks, 35° 46' 05" N, 010° 38' 34" E, 5 m a.s.l., 04 April 2019, El Mokni (photos); Monastir-City, Figure 2: Washingtonia robusta in T unisia. A: different juvenile plants from seedling within a public garden (Monastir, CE T unisia; 29. 12. 2018); B: habit of a vigorous plant from seedling under old walls (Monastir-City, CE T unisia; 23. 01. 2017); C: juvenile plant from seedling as epiphytic on Melia azedarach (Bizerta-City, NE T unisia; 09. 02. 2020); D: juvenile plant from seedling as epiphytic on Phoenix canariensis (Sousse, CE T unisia; 19. 05. 2018). Photos by Ridha El Mokni. Slika 2: Washingtonia robusta v T uniziji. A: različne mlade rastline v javnem vrtu (Monastir, CE T unizija; 29. 12. 2018); B: izgled vitalne rastline pod starimi zidovi (Monastir-City, CE T unizija; 23. 01. 2017); C: mlada rastlina iz sadike kot epifit na vrsti Melia azedarach (Bizerta-City, NE T unizija; 09. 02. 2020); D: mlada rastlina iz sadike kot epifit na vrsti Phoenix canariensis (Sousse, CE T unizija; 19. 05. 2018). Fotografije Ridha El Mokni. ← 20/1 • 2021, 19–32 26 Ridha El Mokni Further species within Arecaceae (Palmae; Coryphoideae) to non-native flora of T unisia and North Africa A d B C 20/1 • 2021, 19–32 27 Ridha El Mokni Further species within Arecaceae (Palmae; Coryphoideae) to non-native flora of T unisia and North Africa roadsides and sidewalks, public gardens 35° 45' 56" N, 010° 49' 49" E, 15 m a.s.l., 04 December 2018, El Mokni s.n. (Personal Herbarium of Ridha El Mokni at the Fa- culty of Pharmacy of Monastir). 2. Phoenix reclinata Jacq. Fragm. Bot. 1: 27. t. 24. 1800 ≡ Phoenix leonensis Lodd. ex Kunth. Enum. Pl. 3: 257. 1841. Dioecious  clustering palm, variable in shape and form but tends to grow as clumps composed of multiple stems from 7.5 to 15 m in height and 30 cm in width. Leaves pinnate (bright to deep green in color) with a prounced sideways curve, growing 2.5 to 4.5 m in length and 75 cm in width, petioles with long, sharp spines at the base. Crown with 20 to 40 leaves. Staminate inflo- rescence erect; prophyll green-yellow in bud, strongly 2-keeled, coriaceous; rachis 17 – 30 cm. Staminate flow- ers creamy-white; calyx cupule 1 mm high; petals with apex acute-acuminate in shape and with jagged margins, 3 (rarely 4), 6 – 7 × 2 – 3 mm. Pistillate inflorescence erect, arching with weight of fruits; prophyll as for staminate inflorescence; peduncle green-yellow turning orange-brown, becoming pendulous on fruit maturity, to 60 – 1.5 cm. Fruits ovoid-ellipsoid or almost obovoid orange in color, 13 – 20 × 7 – 13 mm, mesocarp sweet, about 1 – 2 mm thick. Seed obovoid, with rounded api- ces (cf. Barrow 1998). Flowering period: August to October, Fruiting pe- riod: February to April. Notes on general distribution: Phoenix reclinata is in- digenous to the semi-arid plains of Senegal, and occurs throughout tropical and subtropical Africa, northern and southwestern Madagascar and the Comoro Islands. It oc- curs naturally along the eastern seaboard of Africa, ex- tending into Egypt (see e.g., Pooley 1993, APD 2020). P . reclinata is mainly riverine in distribution, where the root system plays an important part in bank stabilization, and occurs also in the brackish-water regions adjacent to mangrove forests (Wicht 1969), but it also grows in open savannah. Within the Mediterranean basin, this taxon seems to be reported only in Spain (GBIF database 2020). No records were made up till now for North Africa except from Algeria (GBIF database 2020). Occurrence in T unisia (Figure 4. A & B) and casu- al status: Tunisian plants grow within sidewalks near a public garden, in the government of Monastir. Since the taxon was found only at one locality, with one mature 3-stemmed individual and more than 20 juvenile seed- lings, and this appears to be an ornamental tree resulting from the use of imported plants for gardening purposes. Phoenix reclinata is here evaluated as casual in T unisia (Pyšek et al. 2004, Richardson & Pyšek 2006). Specimina Visa: TUNISIA: Monastir (Monastir- City), margins of a private garden, 35° 46' 47" N, 010° 48' 59" E, 15 m a.s.l., 04 January 2019, El Mokni (photos). 3. Phoenix theophrasti Greuter, Bauhinia 3: 243. 1967. Dioecious palm that has a clustering stem and can grow up to 15 meters. Leaves paripinnate (3–5 m long), obliquely vertical bluish-colored are composed of smaller, shorter and thicker leaflets compared to P . dactylifera. The tips of the leaflets are pointed and very sharp. Flowers in composite panicles, pedicel length grows to 30 cm in female plants which is twice as long as in the male plant. Fruits elliptical berries (12–16 mm long), mesocarp brownish yellow then black, soft, and edible (cf. Barrow 1998). Flowering period: April to May, Fruiting period: Sep- tember to October. Notes on general distribution: Phoenix theophrasti is a rare endemic to the Aegean region. It was first discovered on the island of Crete (Greuter 1967). It was known only from coastal localities in Crete where the main occur- rence being at Vai on the east coast (Barclay 1974, Anon. 1983). Its endemic area was extended by the continuous discoveries of the occurrence of occasional specimens within ten stands on Crete and nearby islands. It was then discovered in further northeast with the new sites on the Datça Peninsula of Turkey (Boydak 1983, 1985, Boydak & Yaka 1983). No more records were made up till now neither within the Mediterranean basin nor in North Af- rica (GBIF database 2020). Occurrence in T unisia (Figure 4. C) and casual sta- tus: Tunisian plants grow within a rocky coastal, in the government of Jendouba. Since the taxon was found only at one locality, with one mature 3-stemmed individual and more than 20 juvenile seedlings, and this appears to be an ornamental tree resulting from the use of imported plants for gardening purposes. Phoenix theophrasti is here evaluated as casual in T unisia (Pyšek et al. 2004, Richard- son & Pyšek 2006). Figure 3: Phoenix canariensis in T unisia. A: juvenile plant from seedling as epiphytic on Melia azedarach (Bizerta-City, NE T unisia; 09. 02. 2020); B: juvenile plant from seedling on a roof water pipe (Bizerta-City, NE T unisia;15. 09. 2018); C & D: two different stages of juvenile plants grow- ing within public gardens (Monastir, CE T unisia; 25. 06. 2017). Photos by Ridha El Mokni. Slika 3: Phoenix canariensis v T uniziji. A: mlada rastlina kot epifit na vrsti Melia azedarach (mesto Bizerta, SV T unizija; 09. 02. 2020); B: mlada rastlina na žlebu (mesto Bizerta, SV T unizija; 15. 09. 2018); C & D: dve različni fazi mladih rastlin, ki uspevajo v javnih vrtovih (Monastir, CE T unizija; 25. 06. 2017). Fotografije Ridha El Mokni. ← 20/1 • 2021, 19–32 28 Ridha El Mokni Further species within Arecaceae (Palmae; Coryphoideae) to non-native flora of T unisia and North Africa A B C Figure 4: A & B: Phoenix reclinata in the margin of a public garden within Monastir region (CE T unisia; 04. 01. 2019); C: Phoenix theophrasti in wild within Tabarka region (NW T unisia; 01. 05. 2018). Photos by Ridha El Mokni. Slika 4: A & B: Phoenix reclinata na robu parka na območju mesta Monastir (CE T unis; 04. 01. 2019); C: Phoenix theophrasti v naravi na območju Tabarka (SZ T unizija; 01. 05. 2018). Fotografije Ridha El Mokni. 20/1 • 2021, 19–32 29 Ridha El Mokni Further species within Arecaceae (Palmae; Coryphoideae) to non-native flora of T unisia and North Africa Taxonomic notes: Main distinctive characters of Phoe- nix theophrasti Greuter (vs P . dactylifera L.) are i) fruits not very elongated and rounded at the ends, ii) the presence of large thorns, iii) the large diameter of its stipe up to 50 cm, and iv) the systematic presence of shoots at its base as well as at mid-height. Specimina Visa: TUNISIA: Jendouba, Tabarka, in a restricted rocky coastal locality within Anthyllis barba- jovis L. communities, 36° 57' 48" N, 008° 45' 23" E, 5 m a.s.l., 01 May 2018, El Mokni (photos). References Acebes Ginovés, J. R., del Arco Aguilar, M., García Gallo, A., León Arencibia, M. C., Pérez de Paz, P . L., Rodríguez Delgado, O., Wildpret de la Torre, W., Martín Osorio, V. E., Marrero Goméz, C. & Rodríguez Navarro, L. 2004: Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta. In: Izquierdo, I., Martín, J. 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