Uvodnik
Uvodnik
Spoštovane bralke in bralci!
Prihaja jesen in z njo tudi tretja številka revije Varstvoslovje. Zopet se bomo umaknili v zavetje toplih prostorov in sedli za računalnike, pri tem pa verjetno pozabili na varnost v kibernetskem prostoru. Na to nas bo spomnila večina prispevkov, ki je v prvem delu številke namenjena kibernetski kriminaliteti. Avtorja Aleksandar Ilievski in Igor Bernik v prispevku Boj proti kibernetski kriminaliteti v Sloveniji: organiziranost, način, pravna podlaga in njeno izpolnjevanje analizirata organiziranost in načine boja proti kibernetski kriminaliteti v Sloveniji, proučita pravne podlage za to področje in predstavita nacionalne statistične podatke o njenem uresničevanju. Pri tem izpostavita ključno vlogo Centra za računalniško preiskovanje pri preiskovanju kibernetske kriminalitete v Sloveniji in redko obravnavanje kibernetskih kaznivih dejanj v globalnem razcvetu kibernetske kriminalitete. V širšem kontekstu kibernetska kriminaliteta pomeni sodobno varnostno grožnjo v povezavi z ozaveščenostjo in delovanjem posameznika v kibernetskem prostoru. V prispevku Maje Dimc in Bojana Dobovška o percepciji kibernetske kriminalitete pri nekaterih uporabnikih interneta v Sloveniji in ZDA je izpostavljena problematika ozaveščenosti splošne javnosti na področju kibernetske kriminalitete v povezavi z njihovim preventivnim delovanjem v kibernetskem prostoru in odnosom do organov pregona, s ciljem opredelitve ključnih razlik med percepcijo, vedenjem in delovanjem posameznikov glede na njihovo fizično življenjsko okolje. Kibernetski sklop zaključuje prispevek Kaje Prislan in Igorja Bernika o socialno-psiholoških implikacijah kibernetskega terorizma, s katerim predstavita sinergijo učinkov nerealnih predstav o tehnologiji in terorizmu, realne sposobnosti in aktivnosti kibernetskih teroristov, hkrati pa opozorita na to sodobno grožnjo, ki je z vidika informacijske varnosti, predvsem na nacionalni ravni, ne smemo zanemariti. Kibernetski terorizem postaja vse pogostejša tematika medijev in polemičnih razprav. S senzacionalnim poročanjem namreč velikokrat povzročajo dramatične in nerealne asociacije na kibernetski terorizem, v smislu možnih scenarijev in posledic.
Drugi del številke izpostavlja del problematike poznomoderne družbe, kot so finančna kriminaliteta, staranje prebivalstva in kritične razdalje do neposrednega prenosa praks iz tujine, predvsem iz ZDA. Tanja Ahčan v prispevku Nadzor in regulacija bančnega sektorja: preventivni dejavnik boja proti finančni kriminaliteti opozori, da je finančna kriza razkrila številna odklonska ravnanja udeležencev globalnih finančnih trgov ter odprla množico kompleksnih pravnih in dejanskih vprašanj glede regulacije in nadzora finančnih trgov kot tudi uspešnosti kazenskega pregona odgovornih. Avtorica v prispevku ugotovi, da razloge za pomanjkljivosti oziroma šibkosti, katerih rezultat so bila odklonska ravnanja akterjev na finančnih trgih, ne gre iskati v normativni ureditvi de lege lata, temveč v pomanjkljivem nadzoru. Škodo finančne krize najtežje dojema starejša populacija, na kar opozorita Anton Toni Klančnik in Tinkara Pavšič Mrevlje v prispevku Kriminaliteta nad
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starejšimi in izhodišča za varno staranje v Sloveniji. Ob prikazu projekcij staranja prebivalstva v naslednjih petdesetih letih izpostavita, da bo zagotovo prišlo tudi do povečanja kriminalitete nad starejšimi. Da bi bilo staranje v prihodnosti varnejše, preko statističnega pregleda opozarjata na najbolj rizična področja kriminalitete nad starejšimi. Rešitve iščeta v različnih preventivnih programih, usposabljanjih za delavce institucij, ki so v stiku s starejšimi žrtvami kaznivih dejanj, in programih psihosocialne in medicinske pomoči žrtvam. Drugi del številke zaključuje prispevek Igorja Areha s kritičnim razmislekom o Reidovi zasliševalski tehniki. Avtor opozori na vzpostavitev kritične distance do zasliševalskih tehnik, ki prihajajo predvsem iz ZDA. Ker je forenzična psihologija v Sloveniji slabo razvita, se tuje znanje s tega področja pogosto prenaša v naše okolje prenagljeno in brez poglobljenih strokovnih analiz, uporabniki tako prenesenega znanja pa so pogosto zavedeni. Pri tem opozarja, da današnja znanstvena dognanja in sodobni standardi varovanja človekovih pravic zavračajo uporabo Reidove tehnike, zato bi bilo treba tudi v slovenski preiskovalni praksi čim prej prevzeti in prilagoditi sodobne modele preiskovalnega intervjuvanja.
Številko zaključuje poročilo Maje Jere, Aleša Bučarja-Ručmana in Katje Eman o Nacionalni kriminološki konferenci Kriminaliteta, nered in družbeno nadzorstvo v času ekonomske krize - kriminološke refleksije, ki so jo 17. aprila 2013 organizirali člani Katedre za kriminologijo na Fakulteti za varnostne vede Univerze v Mariboru. Na konferenci je sodelovalo 18 predavateljev, ki so predstavili svoje poglede na dogajanje v Sloveniji v času krize kapitalističnega družbeno-ekonomskega sistema, sprememb demokratičnega političnega sistema in (pravne) države.
Zahvaljujeva se vsem, ki so sodelovali pri ustvarjanju številke, in vam želiva zanimivo branje.
Andrej Sotlar in Bojan Dobovšek Urednika
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Editorial
Editorial
Dear readers
The fall has come and, with it, this year's third issue of the Journal of Criminal Justice and Security [Varstvoslovje]. From chilled nature we shall seek comfort in warm indoors and more frequently use computers and other electronic devices to pass the time. Protected against the cold, we should, nevertheless, not grow oblivious of the threats coming from cyber space; several papers from the first part of the current issue will see to that, drawing our attention to cybercrime. In Combating Cybercrime in Slovenia: Organization, Method, Legal Basis and its Implementation, Aleksandar Ilievski and Igor Bernik describe how Slovenia is tackling cybercrime. They focus on the legal framework put in place to combat it, use the national statistical data to demonstrate its implementation, highlighting the key role that the Center for computer investigation plays in investigating cybercrime, and point to the fact how rarely, indeed, the globally booming cybercrime is dealt with. In broad terms, it presents a modern security threat related to awareness levels and behaviours of individuals participating in cyberspace. The paper by Maja Dimc and Bojan Dobovsek discusses the perception of cybercrime in some internet users in Slovenia and in the United States, comparing the two very diverse and distant countries and showing the differences and similarities in awareness, preventive behaviours, and interaction with law enforcement. The cybercrime section of this issue ends with the paper authored by Kaja Prislan and Igor Bernik, giving an account of some socio-psychological implications of cyber-terrorism. They display the synergy of the effects of unrealistic notions about technology and terrorism, real skills, and activities of cyber terrorists, while warning us about this modern threat that, from the information security viewpoints, cannot be ignored, particularly not on the national level. Truly, cyber terrorism is becoming a frequent topic in debates and polemic discussions in the media, but on the other hand, sensational reporting often results in dramatic and far-fetched associations on cyber-terrorism made by the public, at least as regards possible scenarios and consequences.
The second section of this issue deals with some problems surging in late modernism, such as financial crimes and the aging population, emphasizing the importance of adopting a rather critical view of direct transfer of the practices from abroad, especially those from the U.S.
Paper Banking Sector Supervision and Regulation: A Preventive Factor in the Fight Against Financial Crime by Tanja Ahcan shows how the current financial crisis reveals numerous deviant behaviours of global financial market participants and brings to the fore a multitude of complex legal and factual issues regarding regulation and supervision of these markets, not to mention those related to effectiveness of criminal prosecutions of the responsible parties. She shows that the causes of the deficiencies or weaknesses resulting from deviant behaviours of financial market protagonists cannot be found in the legal framework, de lege lata, but can be attributed to both defective control and/or supervision. The
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damage caused by the financial crisis is most difficult to perceive by the older population, as claimed by Anton Toni Klančnik and Tinkara Pavšič Mrevlje in their paper Crime against the Elderly and Guidelines for a Safer Aging in Slovenia. They show, by considering the projected aging of the population over the next fifty years, that there will certainly be an increase of crime against the elderly. To make ageing in the future safer, they present a statistical overview that defines the most risky facets of the crime against the elderly. Relevant solutions may also be sought for in various preventive programs, training programs for the staff of the institutions that come in contact with elderly victims of crime, and in programs of psychosocial and medical aid to the victims. This section of the current issue ends with a critical reflection on Reid interrogation techniques discussed by Igor Areh, who draws our attention to the need for establishing a critical distance towards interrogation techniques originating from abroad, mainly in the U.S. As forensic psychology in Slovenia is underdeveloped, foreign knowledge in this field is often transferred to our environment hastily and without any proper in-depth expert analysis, misleading even those who apply it. The author observes how current scientific knowledge and modern human rights standards reject the use of Reid interrogation techniques. It goes without saying Slovenian investigative practice should integrate modern models of investigative interviewing as soon as possible.
This year's fall issue concludes with a report on the National Criminological Conference: Disorder and Social Control in the Times of the Economic Crisis - a Criminological Reflection, held on April 17, 2013, as seen by Maje Jere, Aleš Bučar-Ručman, and Katja Eman. It was organized by the members of the Department of Criminology at the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, hosting 18 speakers presenting their views on the events in Slovenia during the crisis of the capitalist socio-economic system, as well as those relating to the changes in the democratic political system, State, and the rule of law.
We thank all who participated in the creation of this issue and wish you a pleasant reading.
Andrej Sotlar and Bojan Dobovšek Editors
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