HACQUETIA 12/2 • 2013, 95-185 DOI: 10.2478/HACQ-2013-0012 forest and scrub communities with green alder (ALNUS VIRIDIS) in slovenia Igor DAKSKOBLER1'2, Andrej ROZMAN2 & Andrej SELISKAR3 Abstract This paper provides phytosociological tables that describe scrub and forest communities with Alnus viridis in the Slovenian Alps. We described three new associations: Rhododendro hirsuti-Alnetum viridis (a green alder community on calcareous bedrock in the Eastern and Southeastern Alps), Huperzio selagi-Alnetum viridis (a green alder community in the silicate rocks under Mt. Komen in the eastern Savinja Alps) and Alno viridis-Sorbetum aucupariae (a successional stage of mountain ash and green alder on potential beech sites in the foothills of the southern Julian Alps; similar stages are known also elsewhere in the Alps), and presented additional three associations (Polysticho lonchitis-Fagetum, Rhodothamno-Laricetum and Rhododendro hirsuti-Pinetum mugo) whose stands comprise green alder. Key words: phytosociology, synsystematics, Alnetum viridis, Rhododendro hirsuti-Alnetum viridis, Huperzio selagi-Alnetum viridis, Alno viridis-Sorbetum aucupariae, the Julian Alps, the Karavanke Mountains, the Smrekovec Mountains. Izvleček V članku s fitocenološkimi tabelami opisujemo grmiščne in gozdne združbe, v katerih v slovenskih Alpah uspeva vrsta Alnus viridis. Opisali smo tri nove asociacije: Rhododendro hirsuti-Alnetum viridis (združba zelene jelše na karbonatni podlagi v vzhodnih in jugovzhodnih Alpah), Huperzio selagi-Alnetum viridis (združba zelene jelše v silikatnem skalovju pod goro Komen v vzhodnih Savinjskih Alpah) ter Alno viridis-Sorbetum aucupariae (sukcesijski stadij jerebike in zelene jelše na potencialno bukovih rastiščih v prigorju južnih Julijskih Alp, podobne stadije poznajo tudi drugod v Alpah) ter predstavili še tri druge asociacije (Polysticho lonchitis-Fagetum, Rhodothamno-Laricetum in Rhododendro hirsuti-Pinetum mugo), v čigar sestojih uspeva zelena jelša. Ključne besede: fitocenologija, sinsistematika, Alnetum viridis, Rhododendro hirsuti-Alnetum viridis, Huperzio se-lagi-Alnetum viridis, Alno viridis-Sorbetum aucupariae, Julijske Alpe, Karavanke, Smrekovško pogorje. 1. INTRODUCTION Alnus viridis [syn. Alnus alnobetula (Ehrh.) Hartig] is a species with Eurasian and North American distribution. Its nominate subspecies Alnus viridis subsp. viridis is a south-European montane taxon known across the Alpine Arc, in the Pyrenees, Apennines, Carpathians, the Dinaric and Balkan Mountains (Ball 1993, Aeschimann et al. 2004: 230). It is a character species of the class Betulo carpaticae-Alnetea viridis that incorporates subalpine alder and willow scrub communities. Its communities in the Alps are well studied and are known also in other mountain ranges (e.g. in the Balkan Peninsula - Colic et al. 1963, Stefa-novic & Beus 1982, Stefanovic 1986: 211, Tzonev 1 Institute of Biology, Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Regional unit Tolmin, Brunov drevored 13, SI-5220 Tolmin, Igor.Dakskobler@zrc-sazu.si 2 Biotechnical Faculty of the University in Ljubljana, Department of Forestry and Renewable Forest Resources, Večna pot 83, 1000 Ljubljana, andrej.rozman@bf.uni-lj.si 8 Grobeljska cesta 6 b, 1234 Mengeš, Slovenia, ase@siol.com et al. 2009, and in North America - Talbot et al. 2005). A synthetic overview of phytosociological studies of Alnus viridis communities in the Alps was published by Boscutti et al. (2013). In Slovenia, green alder is relatively common only in the Alpine and pre-Alpine phytogeographical regions, but there are individual localities in the Di-naric, pre-Dinaric and sub-Pannonian phytogeographical region (Figure 1). Brus (2008: 33) mentions its occurrence on the Nanos plateau, which would be its southernmost locality in Slovenia. However, the original source of this information is unrealiable and was therefore not included in the distribution map. Green adler sites are mainly in the altimontane and subalpine belt, some also in the lower part of the alpine belt (the highest it was spotted was on Prestreljeniski podi in the Kanin Mountains, at the elevation of around 2250 m). Sporadically, it occurs also in the lower montane belt. The lowest locality where it was spotted by the authors was at around 500 m a.s.l. at Dolenji Novaki in the Cerkljansko region. In literature there are reports of even lower-elevat- ed localities. Most of them are listed by Paulin (1915: 189) for the vicinity of Ljubljana: Šišenski hrib, 400 m a.s.l.; Velika Trata at Šentvid, 350 m a.s.l.; Golovec, 400 m a.s.l.; Hrušica and Bizovik under Golovec, around 350 m a.s.l.; above the right bank of the Sava at Laze (under Janče), 450 m a.s.l. (former occurrence of green alder on Rožnik was discussed also by Šercelj, 1996: 66, and by Fleischmann for Golovec, 1844: 136). Very low, at around 400 m a.s.l., is also the locality on Goričko (Križarka - Boreča) - Bakan (2006: 63). In Slovenia, green alder usually grows on fresh, often acid soil (eutric and dystric brown soils), on mountain hay meadows and pastures, forest edges and reaches its ecological optimum in moist, shady gullies where snowslides occur in the winter. Geological bedrock on its sites is usually mixed (limestone with addition of marlstone, claystone or chert) or silicate (marlstone, clay-stone, chert, igneous and metamorphic rocks). However, it frequently occurs also on pure limestone, dolomite limestone or dolomite, in places where the soil is moist enough and acid due to Figure 1: Distribution of Alnus viridis and Sorbus aucuparia in Slovenia Slika 1: Razširjenost vrst Alnus viridis in Sorbus aucuparia v Sloveniji slow decomposition of organic matter in surface horizons (moder rendzina). Green alder therefore requires sufficient light and high soil moisture, but has no special temperature requirements and is well-adapted to snow accumulation and resistant to snow mould. Sufficient and constant water supply is crucial for its growth and symbiotic fungi in the soil supply nitrogen from the air (Richard 1969, quoted after Mertz 2000: 374). As a heliophilous species it is not very common in forest communities. It occurs in communities characterised by natural, open tree layer; e.g., very rarely in acidophilous Scots pine stands of the association Vaccinio myrtilli-Pinetum sylvestris (Šercelj 1996: 66), scattered to frequent in eastern-Alpine larch stands (Rhodothamno-Laricetum) - Dakskobler (2006), scattered (constancy 1 or 2) also in several spruce communities (Adeno-stylo glabrae-Piceetum - Zupančič (1999), Avenello flexuosae-Piceetum - M. Wraber (1955: 15) and Asplenio-Piceetum) and in subalpine beech stands (Polysticho lonchitis-Fagetum). In successional stages it grows also on the sites of the syntaxa Luzulo-Fagetum abietetosum and Luzulo sylvaticae-Piceetum. It is relatively common in subalpine scrub communities, especially in Alpine dwarf pine scrub (Rhododendro hirsuti-Pinetum mugo) where it has constancy 2 - Zupančič et al. (2006), in the Car-phathian birch community (Rhododendro hirsuti-Betuletum carpaticae) - Dakskobler et al. (2012) and in subalpine willow communities (Salicetum waldsteinianae - (Zupančič & Žagar (2001), Surina 2005) and Aceri-Salicetum appendiculatae). One of the first descriptions of green alder stands as a community in the territory of today's Slovenia was published by Paulin (1915: 188-190). When describing the new locality of Athyrium distentifo-lium = A. alpestre in the Karavanke Mountains he listed all the species growing in the green alder community (formation). The locality of the relève is under Lepi vrh above the Kočna Saddle in the Struška ridge, at the elevation of around 1680 m. A phytosociological table of green alder stands (Alnetum viridis s. lat.) with four relevés from the Austrian side of the Karavanke was published by Aichinger (1933: 173-174), while Seljak (1974) and Piskernik (1982) published two phytoso-ciological tables of this community in Slovenia. Seljak published six relevés from Mt. Porezen in his graduation thesis and Piskernik applied his own method in making nine relevés on Mt. Porezen and three under Mt. Olševa. According to our opinion Alnus viridis stands occupy a sig- nificant ecological niche and their protective role against erosion and snowslides is important also in the Southeastern Alps but they have not yet been sufficiently phytosociologically researched in Slovenia. By processing the material which we had obtained mainly in the phytosociological research of subalpine beech and larch forests in the Julian Alps, the Kamnik-Savinja Alps and the Karavanke Mountains, we described some of the communities where it occurs. 2. METHODS Vegetation on the sites of Alnus viridis was researched applying the Central-European method (Braun-Blanquet 1964). We made a total of 44 relevés of scrub communities with dominant green alder. These relevés were combined with additional six relevés of this community from Seljak's graduation thesis (1974). These 50 relevés were entered into the FloVegSi database (Seliskar et al. 2003). Combined cover-abundance values were transformed into ordinal values (van der Maarel 1979). Numerical comparisons were made with the software package SYN-TAX (Podani 2001) and R (R Development Core Team 2012), using the package "vegan" (Oksanen et al. 2012). The relevés were compared using the following methods: "(Unweighted) average linkage" - UPGMA, "Incremental sum of squarres" - MISSQ and "Principal Coordinates Analysis" - PCoA. Wishart's similarity ratio was applied in this comparisons. For their suitable syntaxo-nomic classification a synthetic table was made in which we compared the communities from Slovenia with similar communities from other regions of the Alps in Austria, Italy and Switzerland. Our decision for such comparison was partly based on the fact that we did not have access to all analytic tables, while we did have at our disposal synthetically organised material for the entire territory of Austria. Even more decisive, however, was our conclusion that only the synthetic table provides the means to effectively present the floristic individuality of a syntaxon, which is always an abstract unit and therefore usually requires as many relevés of actual stands in nature as possible for an accurate description. As a rule, none of these stands serves as a typical representative of the described syntaxon, which is only a synthesis of all actual relevés. Although we compared columns, some of which differed considerably in the number of relevés, this did not significantly affect the results (e.g. the columns with four and seven relevés did not group together). The columns (syntaxa) in the synthetic table were compared applying the same methods as for the relevés in the analytic table. In order to obtain full information on the sites of green alder in Slovenia we used those relevés from the FloVegSi database that we made of larch, dwarf pine and subalpine beech stands that comprise also this species; these relevés were subsequently arranged into three separate tables (subalpine beech stands, larch stands, dwarf mountain-pine stands). Two pioneer communities with frequent green alder (Alno viridis-Sorbetum aucupariae and Rhododendro hirsuti-Betuletum carpaticae) were also included in the comparison. A phytoindication analysis in the stands with green alder was carried out using ecological indicator values (Landolt et al. 2010). In the relevés we determined average conditions in terms of temperature (T), continentality (K), light conditions (L), moisture (M), soil reaction (R), nutrients (N), humus content (H) and aeration (A). In our calculations we used van der Maarel's ordinal plant cover values as weight that was reduced by half in indicator values with a higher degree of variation (Landolt et al. 2010). WA _Z;=1(FV; X Abund, x VR ) POP ¿■_1 (Abund, x VR) where WA is the weighted average of indication values of plant species for an ecological factor on a relevé, FV. is the phytoindication value of the ith species, Abundi is cover value, VRi is range of variation of phytoindication value (I = 1, II = 0.5) and s the number of species in a relevé. Relevés of the stands with green alder were compared using the Canonical Analysis of Principal Coordinates - CAP (Anderson & Willis 2003) on the basis of Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index where weighted averages of Landolt phytoindication values (WApop) were used as constrained variables. The nomenclature source for the names of vascular plants is the Mala flora Slovenije (Martinčič et al. 2007). Martinčič (2003, 2011) is the nomenclature source for the names of mosses and Sup-pan et al. (2000) are the nomenclature source for the names of lichenicolous fungi. The nomenclature sources for the names of syntaxa are Theuri- llat (2004) and Šilc & Čarni (2012). The data on the geological bedrock follow Jurkovšek (1987 a, b) and Buser (2009); the source for the nomenclature of soil types is Urbančič et al. (2005). Ecological description of the Smrekovec Mountains follows Lovrenčak et al. (1998) and Martinčič (2008). Climate data (precipitation volume, mean temperature) were obtained on the website of the Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, Ministry of Agriculture and Environment (http://www.arso.gov.si/). 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 CONSPECTUS OF DETERMINED AND DESCRIBED SYNTAXA Betulo carpaticae-Alnetea viridis Rejmânek in Huml et al. 1979 Alnetalia viridis Rübel ex Huml et al. 1979 Alnion viridis Schnyder 1930 Alnetum viridis Berger 1922 typicum Karner 2007 Rhododendro hirsuti-Alnetum viridis ass. nova hoc loco Huperzio selagi-Alnetum viridis ass. nova hoc loco Alno viridis-Sorbetum aucupariae ass. nova hoc loco Alno viridis-Aceretum pseudoplatani nom. prov. Querco-Fagetea Br.-Bl. & Vlieg. 1937 Fagetalia sylvaticae Walas 1933 Aremonio-Fagion (Ht. 1938) Borhidi in Török, Podani & Borhidi 1989 Polysticho lonchitis-Fagetum (Horvat 1938) Marinček in Poldini et Nardini 1993 Vaccinio-Piceetea Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl., Sissingh & Vlie-ger 1939 (= Vaccinio-Piceetea Br.-Bl. 1939 emend. Zupančič (1976) 2000) Piceetalia excelsae Pawlowski in Pawlowski & al. 1928 (= Vaccino-Piceetalia Br.-Bl. 1939 em. Lund. 1967). Pinion mugo Pawlowski 1928 (Erico-Pinion mugo Leibundgut 1948) Rhodothamno-Laricetum (Zukrigl 1973) Will-ner & Zukrigl 1999 Alno viridis-Laricetum deciduae nom. prov. Rhododendro hirsuti-Pinetum prostratae Zöt-tl 1951 (= Rhodothamno-Pinetum mugo Zupančič et Žagar in Zupančič 2013, sensu Zupančič 2013) 3.2 Description of communities with DOMINANT àlnus viridis Based on our comparisons (Figure 2) the collected relevés with dominant Alnus viridis in Slovenia were arranged into three columns and compared with green alder communities elsewhere in the Alps. Three types of green alder stands in Austria (Karner 2007a, b) were classified into the synthetic table (Table 4): Àlnetum viridis typicum, Àlnetum viridis aceretosum pseudoplatani nom. prov. and Alnetum viridis rhododendretosum ferrug-inei nom. prov., as well as a green alder community (Alnetum viridis s. lat.) on the Austrian side of the Karavanke Mountains (Aichinger 1933), stands of the association Alnetum viridis from Switzerland (Braun-Blanquet 1973) and stands of the association Rhododendro ferruginei-Alnetum viridis from different parts of the Alps (Boscutti et al. 2013). Thus we obtained a table with nine columns which we compared applying hierarchical classification and two-dimensional ordination (PCoA). The results (Figures 3 and 4) demonstrate that the syntaxa form three groups. Among the compared communities the green alder stands recorded in the Smrekovec Mountains in the Savinja Alps stands out the most. The other two of our communities are most similar to the stands of the subassociation Alnetum viridis aceretosum pseudoplatani and to green alder stands from the Austrian side of the Karavanke Mts. The third group comprises the syntaxa Alnetum viridis typicum, Alnetum viridis rhododendretosum ferruginei and Rhododendro ferruginei-Alnetum viridis. The syntaxa from the first group could be classified into Karner's provisional subassociation Alnetum viridis aceretosum pseudoplatani. In addition to some character species of the association Alnetum viridis s. lat. (e.g. Viola biflora, Saxífraga rotundifolia and Adenostyles alliariae), all differential species of this subassociation are well represented in our stands. However, the dendrogram demonstrates that green alder stands on fresh limestone sites differ substantially from green alder stands on silicate bedrock. Although the analysis conducted by Boscutti et al. (2013) did not confirm this - they determined the occurrence of only two large groups (Alnetum viridis and Rhododendro ferruginei-Alnetum viridis) - our comparison demonstrates that the stands of the subassociation Alnetum viridis aceretosum pseudoplatani are less similar to the stands of the typical form Alnetum viridis typicum than are the stands of the association Rhododendro fer- Figure 2: Dendrogram of relevés with dominant Alnus viridis in Slovenia (MISSQ, similarity ratio). Slika 2: Dendrogram popisov z dominantno zeleno jelšo v Sloveniji (MISSQ, similarity ratio). Alnetum viridis - synoptic table RhAv.SI Rhododendro hirsuti-Alnetum viridis, Slovenia RhAv.K Rhododendro hirsuti-Alnetum viridis, the Karavanke Mts., Austria Avty.SI Rhododendro hirsuti-Alnetum viridis / Alnetum viridis, Slovenia Avac.A Alnetum viridis aceretosum pseudoplatani, Austria Avty.A Alnetum viridis typicum, Austria Av.CH Alnetum viridis, Switzerland Avrf.A Alnetum viridis rhododendretosum ferruginei, Austria RfAv.Alps Rhododendro ferruginei-Alnetum viridis, the Alps HsAv.SI Huperzio selagi-Alnetum viridis, Slovenia Figure 3: Dendrogram of communities with dominant Alnus viridis in the Alps (UPGMA, similarity ratio). Slika 3: Dendrogram združb z dominantno zeleno jelšo v Alpah (UPGMA, similarity ratio). HsAv.SI O Continentality Aeration / RhAv.SI Avrf.A ------ \/ Avty.SI RfAv.Alps \ - \ RhAv.K \ 0 Av.izA Avty.A \ 0 \ Reaction Av.CH O Ejefi Nu (rSie -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 Figure 4: Two-dimensional scatter-diagram of communities with dominant Alnus viridis in the Alps (PCoA, similarity ratio). First two ordination axes explain 34,84% and 25,31% of total variation respectively. Arrows represent Landolt's indicator values as passive variables in the analysis. Slika 4: Dvorazsežni ordinacijski diagram združb z dominantno zeleno jelšo v Alpah (PCoA, similarity ratio). Prvi dve ordinacijski osi pojasnita 34,84% oz. 25,31% skupne variabilnosti. Puščice predstavljajo Landoltove indikacijske vrednosti, kot pasivne spremenljivke v analizi. ruginei-Alnetum viridis. In our opinion, a higher syntaxonomical rank for green alder stands on silicate bedrock (Alnetum viridis rhododendretosum ferruginei = Rhododendro ferruginei-Alnetum viridis) is justified, and based on our analysis we likewise confirm a higher syntaxonomical rank for green alder stands on calcareous (limestone and dolomite) bedrock. Our comparisons allow the possibility to consider the more or less primary green alder stands on predominantly calcareous bedrock in the Eastern and Southeastern Alps as an independent association Rhododendro hirsuti-Alnetum viridis ass. nova hoc loco and we have therefore increased their rank. Diagnostic (differential) species of the new association are Rhododendron hirsutum, Sorbus chamaemespilus, Polystichum lonchitis, Valeriana tripteris, Asplenium viride, Aconitum lycoctonum s. lat., Galeobdolon flavidum, Thalictrum aquilegiifolium, Salix wald-steiniana, Adenostyles glabra, Cystopteris montana, Acer pseudoplatanus and Primula elatior, which is a differential combination whose frequency ef- ficiently differentiates these green alder stands from those on silicate bedrock (Alnetum viridis typicum, Rhododendro ferruginei-Alnetum viridis). Some character species of the alliance Aremonio-Fagion (Cardamine enneaphyllos, C. trifolia, Cyclamen purpurascens, Knautia drymeia) that occasionally occur in these stands also have a certain diagnostic (differential) value (see also Table 5, columns 1-4). In central Bosnia, on Mt. Vranica, in the subalpine belt and on silicate and mixed bedrock (Paleozoic slates, phyllite, in places admixture of limestone), Stefanovic & Beus (1982) described the association Athyrio-Alnetum viridis which in places comprises also Rhododendron hirsutum (after which they named the subassociation Athyrio-Alnetum viridis rhododendretosum hirsuti). In some stands of this community there are also other diagnostic species of the association Rho-dodendro hirsuti-Alnetum viridis: Valeriana tripteris, Polystichum lonchitis, Asplenium viride, Primula elatior, Acer pseudoplatanus and Sorbus chamaemespilus. Nevertheless, the full floristic composition of the association Athyrio-Alnetum viridis is considerably different from the composition of the association Rhododendro hirsuti-Alnetum viridis and S0rensen's coefficient of floristic similarity [2c/ (a+b), where a is the number of species in the association Rhododendro hirsuti-Alnetum viridis, b is the number of species in the association Athyrio-Alnetum viridis and c is the number of species, that are common to both syntaxa] is only about 20% -S0rensen (1948). The species that differentiate it from the association Rhododendro hirsuti-Alnetum viridis are Athyrium distentifolium (mainly due to its constancy and abundance), Hypericum alpinum (= H. richeri), Laserpitium marginatum (= L. krap-fii), Doronicum columnae and Salix silesiaca. The nomenclature type, holotypus, of the new association Rhododendro hirsuti-Alnetum viridis, is relevé No. 5 in Table 1. Relevés from the Southeastern Alps (the Julian Alps, the Karavanke Mountains) are slightly different from the relevés from other parts of the Eastern Alps, so they are treated as a special geographical variant with Homogyne syl-vestris. The differential species of this geographical variant are also Festuca nitida, Paederota lutea and Lamium orvala. Phytosociological Table 1 (see also column 2 in Table 4 and Figure 4), which contains the nomenclature type of the new association, comprises the green alder relevés that were made on steep shady slopes (the usual slope is 30° to 45°), mainly in gullies, on limestone and dolomite bedrock or on their talus slopes. Limestone is very rarely admixed with claystone. The soil is mainly initial, moist, with a more or less thick layer of moder or raw humus, which is the consequence of slow decomposition of organic matter. The soil type is rendzina. The elevation of the relevés is between 1330 m and 1815 m, the climate is montane, humid, with annual precipitation between 1800 mm (in the east) and 2500 mm (in the west) and mean annual temperature between 0 °C and 4 °C. Snow covers the ground for 150 to 200 days of the year. These relevés were partly made in the forest belt, mainly in the belt of subalpine larch forests from the association Rhodothamno-Laricetum, in gullies with snow sliding every year, which prevents normal development of the forest. Green alder stands in these gullies are a long-term successional stage. Some of the relevés were made also above the timberline, at the elevation between 1750 m and 1815 m, in places where environmental factors still allow scrub growth. In such cases green alder stands represent the final development stage of vegetation and due to their exposed positions progressive development towards subalpine larch or spruce forests is impossible. A relatively rich species composition of these green alder stands is dominated by species of subalpine scrub communities and tall herbs, as well as spruce forest species (see also Table 5, column 2). It comprises also some beech forest species (e.g. Daphne mezereum, Cardamine enneaphyllos, Paris quadrifolia and Mercurialis per-ennis). There are four distinct variants. The variant typica is represented by only one relevé that was made in Komar above the Zadnjica valley in Trenta, under the rock faces of Kanjavec. Relevés on steep shady slopes under Mt. Črna prst (the highest-lying recorded green alder stands) are classified into the variant with Rhodiola rosea and the green alder stands on talus slopes above the pasture Za Liscem and in the Stara Fužina Pas-turelands (under Mizčna glava) into the variant with Soldanella alpina. The variant with Hepatica nobilis (differential species are also Saxifraga cu-neifolia, Aconitum tauricum and Helleborus niger) characterises very steep dolomite gullies under Olševa above the Koprivna valley. Table 2 comprises green alder stands whose common trait is that they usually grow as a pioneer stage on former agricultural land, pastures and hay meadows, still in the belt of beech, fir-beech or spruce forest. Geological bedrock is most frequently mixed, limestone or dolomite with addition of marlstone, claystone and chert, or entirely silicate (claystone, igneous rocks). These relevés separated from the relevés of "primary" green alder stands of the association Rhododendro hirsuti-Alnetum viridis (Figure 2), but synthetic comparison (Figures 3 and 4) showed more similarity with them than with green alder stands from other Alpine regions. Phytoge-ographical factor clearly played a decisive role here. Nevertheless, a major part of these stands is not classified into the new association Rhodo-dendro hirsuti-Alnetum viridis. The only exceptions are relevés 17 to 24 in Table 2. These were made on northern peak slopes of Mt. Porezen, where the forest had been cleared for pastures a long time ago, and on the foothills of the southern Julian Alps (Kobla, Slatnik, Bizle above Rut). The elevation of these relevés is between 1320 m and 1600 m and the ecological conditions (i. e. steep slopes, predominant shady exposition, climate) are very similar to those listed in the description of the new association. Relevés 1 to 5 are 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 Figure 5: Approximate localities of stands of the associations Rhododendro hirsuti-Alnetum viridis and Huperzio selagi-Alnetum viridis in Slovenia. Slika 5: Približna nahajališča sestojev asociacij Rhododendro hirsuti-Alnetum viridis in Huperzio selagi-Alnetum viridis v Sloveniji. Scrub comunity with dominant Alnus viridis (Rhododendro hirsuti-Alnetum viridis), the northern slopes of Mt. Črna prst. Grmišče s prevladujočo zeleno jelšo (Rhododendro hirsuti-Alnetum viridis) na severnih pobočjih Črne prsti. classified into the subassociation Alnetum viridis typicum. These are relevés from the western and eastern Karavanke Mts. and the Smrekovec Mts. They were made at the elevation ranging from 1370 m to 1720 m a.s.l., on shady aspects with lower slopes. The climate is montane, but less humid than in the Julian Alps. Character species of the association Alnetum viridis are well represented, which cannot be said for the differential species of the associations Rhododendro hirsuti-Alnetum viridis and Rhododendro ferruginei-Alnetum viridis. Of all the relevés compared, relevés No. 6 to 16 the most clearly stand out as pioneer stands on abandoned alpine pastures on potential beech sites. These relevés were made at the elevation between 1250 m and 1450 m on abandoned pastures under Kobilja glava and Jalovnik in the foothills of the Julian Alps; one relevé is from Otavnik near Porezen. These stands are relatively young and character species of the association Alnetum viridis only sporadically occur in their floristic 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 14° 15° 6° • * J ■ S J % i r> t— / K 7 1 .j f" V t» \ * * S K o v. f O f' .r 1 -, » ! 2 4JV ($> u t 3 4 (J ✓ \ 46 > r SLOVENIJA Wf'Tr J / Alno viridis-Aceretum pseudoplatani * K i \ s s ß Alnetum viridis A \ (D Alno viridis-Sorbetum aucupariae 1 * v > V_ à 1 • V \ m > ! % 4 J / S S p* 10 W 30 km Ii i s s 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 Figure 6: Approximate localities of stands of the associations Alnetum viridis s. lat., Alno viridis-Sorbetum aucupariae and Alno viridis-Aceretum pseudoplatani in Slovenia. Slika 6: Približna nahajališča sestojev asociacij Alnetum viridis s. lat., Alno viridis-Sorbetum aucupariae and Alno viridis-Acere-tum pseudoplatani v Sloveniji. Stand of the association Rhododendro hirsuti-Alnetum viridis on the northern slopes of Mt. Olševa. Sestoj asociacije Rhododendro hirsuti-Alnetum viridis na severnih pobočjih Olševe. composition. For now, these relevés are treated within the macroassociation Alnetum viridis s. lat., but without a detailed syntaxonomic definition. Table 3 comprises six relevés that were made in the Smrekovec Mts. in the eastern Savinja Alps, on very steep shady slopes under Mt. Komen (Kamen) at the elevation between 1640 m and 1670 m (Figure 5). Geological bedrock is composed of igneous rocks with predominating andesite; the soil type is ranker or shallow dystric Cambisol. The climate is montane, with annual precipitation of around 1800 mm and mean annual temperature of 0 °C to 2 °C. These relevés are different from all other relevés compared (compare Figures 2, 3 and 4). Their sites are quite extreme, steep rocks or gullies that cannot be populated by forest vegetation (in this case subalpine spruce forest from the association Luzulo sylvaticae-Pi-ceetum). For now, green alder scrubs therefore remain the highest stage of vegetation development and a long-term successional stage. In gen- Pioneer green alder scrub community (Alnetum viridis s. lat.) on formerly pastures on potential sites of altimontane beech forests, northern slopes of Mt. Kobilja glava in the southern Julian Alps. Pionirsko grmišče zelene jelše (Alnetum viridis s. lat.) na nekdanjih pašnikih na potencialnih rastiščih altimontanskega bukovega gozda na severnih pobočjih Kobilje glave v južnih Julijskih Alpah. eral, fewer species grow in these stands than in the stands of previously described syntaxa. Absent are especially character species of subalpine scrubs and tall herbs from classes Betulo-Alnetea and Mulgedio-Aconitetea, which are also character species of the macroassociation Alnetum viridis s. lat. More common, in addition to the green alder, are sporadically only Viola biflora, Veratrum album subsp. album and Stellaria nemorum. Species with the highest constancy and medium cover belong to the class of spruce forests Vaccinio-Piceetea (see also column 9 in Table 5). They include Vaccinium myrtillus, V. vitis-idaea, Calamagrostis villosa, Picea abies, Avenella flexuosa, Phegopteris connectilis, Dryopteris dilatata, Luzula sylvatica, Lycopodium annotinum, Huperzia selago, Homogyne alpina and Thelypteris limbosperma. Diagnostic value have also some species characteristic for silicate rocks or acid subalpine-alpine grasslands and spring areas, such as Primula villosa, P. minima, Campanula alpina, Agrostis rupestris, Festuca varia and Saxifraga stellaris subsp. prolifera. These stands com- prise also some diagnostic species of the above mentioned or described associations, for example Rhododendron hirsutum, Valeriana tripteris, Vaccinium myrtillus, Rubus idaeus and Dryopteris dilatata; however, these species cannot be classified neither into the association Rhododendro hirsuti-Alnetum viridis (due to the absence of most of its diagnostic species and tall herb species), nor into the association Rhododendro ferruginei-Alne-tum viridis (into which they should be classified based on the ecological conditions and geological bedrock), because they do not comprise the species Rhododendron ferrugineum nor a number of diagnostic species of the classes Betulo-Alnetea and Mulgedio-Aconitetea. The absence of the latter species does not allow for the classification of these stands into the syntaxon Alnetum virdis typi-cum. Because of their obvious floristic uniqueness they are classified into the new association Huperzio selagi-Alnetum viridis ass. nova hoc loco. Its nomenclature type, holotypus, is relevé No. 1 in Table 3. Diagnostic species of the new asso- ciation are Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Lycopodium an-notinum, Huperzia selago, Thelypteris limbosperma, Festuca guestfalica, F. varia, Primula minima, P. vil-losa and two mosses (the moss layer in this community is in fact relatively rich) - Rhytidiadelphus loreus and Sphagnum russowii. The listed species reflect the characteristics of subalpine sites on silicate rocks with distinctly acid soil. In addition to the typical variant we distinguish also the variant with Vaccinium gaultherioides (the differential species is also Empetrum hermaphroditum) in very steep andesite rocks. The stands of the association Huperzio-Alnetum viridis are yet another vegetation feature of the Smrekovec Mts., which are known for their unique flora and vegetation (Petkovsek 1945, T. Wraber in Lovrencak et al. 1998, Martincic 2008, Juvan et al. 2011). 3.3 Description of some forest communities with green alder in the shrub layer 3.3.1 Alno viridis-Sorbetum aucupariae ass. nova Table 6 comprises ten relevés of pioneer forest stands whose tree layer is dominated by mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia) and which developed in the belt of altimontane and subalpine beech forests (Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum, Polysticho lonchitis-Fagetum) in the southern Julian Alps and their foothills (Figure 6). Primary forest vegetation has been either cleared for hay meadows or pastures, or destroyed by snowslides (see relevé 4). Green alder was frequently the first to have established itself on steep, often stony or rocky shady slopes after agricultural land use was abandoned, but was replaced in the succession by the mountain ash that now builds the upper stand layer and reaches a tree height of about 10 metres and up to 30 cm in diameter at breast height. Progressive development into the beech forest is very long on these extreme sites, so it seems appropriate to treat these pioneer stands at the rank of association. Recently, phytosociologists have been incorporating similar pioneer forests on fresh sites in the montane belt whose tree layer is dominated by Salix caprea, Populus tremula, Betula pendula or Sorbus aucuparia into the alliance Sambuco-Salicion capreae (order Sambucetalia racemosae and class Rhamno-Prunetea) - Exner & Willner (2007). In Slovenia, mountain ash (Sorbus Stand of the association Huperzio selagi-Alnetum viridis on northern slopes of Mt. Komen (Kamen) in the Smrekovec Mountains. Sestoj asociacije Huperzio selagi-Alnetum viridis na severnih pobočjih Komna (Kamna) v Smrekovškem pogorju. aucuparia) is found mainly admixed in beech, fir-beech, spruce and larch forests in submontane, montane and subalpine belt. It is distributed in most of the country (it is rare only in the Primorje region, in the Karst and Istria, as well as in southeastern Slovenia and the Prekmurje region) - Figure 1. Distribution of both subspecies (subsp. aucuparia and subsp. glabrata), has not been so well researched. According to the data in the FloVegSi database, the subspecies Sorbus aucuparia subsp. glabrata grows in the Alps (the Julian and the Kamnik-Savinja Alps, the Karavanke Mts., Pohorje) and on the Trnovski gozd plateau. Our findings have shown that, at least in the Julian Alps, this is a very rare subspecies and that even in the subalpine communities, larch stands, dwarf pine and green alder stands, the typical form, Sor-bus aucuparia subsp. aucuparia, prevails. Only the typical subspecies was determined also in the case of the described pioneer stage. M. Wraber (1960) mentions mountain ash as an important tree species in two montane communities on Pohorje, in maple forests Sorbo aucupariae-Aceretum pseudoplatani and in spruce forests Sorbo aucu-pariae-Piceetum. Its pioneer stands are also likely to be found here. Mountain ash and green alder stands are known also elsewhere in the Alps. ETH Zürich students (Hari, Leisinger & Zysset 1993) pointed to the occurrence of a similar mountain ash community in Switzerland in 1993, but did not back that up with further publication. Steiger (1994: 96, 2010: 129) in his work on Swiss forests mentions the association Alno viridis-Sorbetum au-cupariae prov., which indicates it has not yet been described according to the rules of the Code of Phytocoenological Nomenclature (Weber et al. 2000). This article aims to compensate for that. Since we do not have access to the published relevés of this community elsewhere in the Alps, we selected as its nomenclature type, holotypus, a relevé from our table, i.e. relevé No. 6 in Table 6. Diagnostic species of the new association are Sorbus aucuparia, Salix appendiculata, Alnus viridis, Senecio cacaliaster and Veratrum album subsp. lobe-lianum. The new association is classified into the alliance Alnion viridis, order Alnetalia viridis and class Betulo-Alnetea. Such classification is justified with the domination of the species of this class and tall herbs from the class Mulgedio-Aconitetea. There is no sound basis that would justify classification of the new association into the alliance Sambuco-Salicion capreae and class Rhamno-Pru-netea on the grounds of its floristic composition. These stands are not common in the Julian Alps and their foothills. So far, they have been recorded on the northern slopes of Matajur, on Sanek above Stržišče in the Bača Valley and under Mts. Kobla and Črna gora in Bohinj (Figure 6), at the elevation between 1300 m and 1600 m, in montane and very humid climate, with mean annual precipitation of between 2200 mm and 2800 mm. The new association is divided into two subassociations. The subassociation Alno viridis-Sorbetum aucupariae adenostyletosum glabrae subass. nova hoc loco characterises steep, shady, stony limestone sites with rendzina or shallow brown calcareous soil with frequent snowslides. The nomenclature type, holotypus, of this subassociation is the nomenclature type of the new association (relevé No. 6 in Table 6). Differential species of the subassociation are Adenostyles glabra, Asplenium viride, Cystopterisfragilis and Soldanella alpina. The subassociation Alno viridis-Sorbetum aucupariae lu-zuletosum sylvaticae subass. nova hoc loco characterises pioneer stages on former hay meadows on mixed geological bedrock, limestone, marlstone, claystone and chert on slightly acid (dystric) soil. Its nomenclature type, holotypus, is relevé No. 1 in Table 6 and its differential species are Luzula sylvatica and Sorbus chamaemespilus. 3.3.2 Alno viridis-Aceretum pseudoplatani nom. prov. In Table 7 we publish the relevé made in the cirque Komar under Kanjavec, above Zadnjica in the Trenta at the elevation of around 1430 m (Figure 6). Here, on a steep prominence between two gorges with frequent snowslides, grows a low open sycamore maple forest of coppice and sabre growth, reaching a tree height of 10 metres and diameters at breast height of up to 30 cm. The shrub layer that covers almost the same area as the tree layer is dominated by green alder (Alnus viridis) and large-leaved willow (Salix appendiculata). The herb layer comprises species of tall herbs, beech, spruce and basophilous pine forests. With its floristic composition this stand resembles above all the green alder forest from the association Rhododendro hirsuti-Alnetum viridis - in any respect more than it resembles montane sycamore maple communities from associations Lamio orvalae-Aceretum and Aconito paniculati-Fagetum (compare P. Košir 2005, Dak-skobler 2007 and Zupančič 2012). We believe this is a long-term successional stage whose development into a higher stage - at this elevation in the Primorje part of the Julian Alps this means subalpine beech forest (Polysticho lonchitis-Fagetum) - is thwarted by natural conditions, a stony moist site and annual snowslides. As we must consider the highest stand layer of sycamore maple, this relevé is classified into, for the time being only provisional, new association Alno viridis-Aceretum pseu-doplatani nom. prov. A valid description of this association will be possible if we can find similar stands elsewhere. For now, the provisional new association is classified into the alliance Alnion viridis and class Betulo-Alnetea viridis. 3.3.3 Polysticho lonchitis-Fagetum Authors of recent phytosociological literature (Accetto 2002, Surina & Rakaj 2007, Willner 2007, Marinček & Čarni 2010, Zupančič 2012) have different views of this association; some of them do not see it as independent and classify it into more widely interpreted altimontane beech community of the eastern and southeastern Alps and the northern part of the Dinaric Mountains (Saxífrago rotundifolii-Fagetum Zukrigl 1989 or Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum Marinček et al. 1993). In our opinion, based on around 400 rel- Stand of the association Alno viridis-Sorbetum aucupariae on northern slopes of Mt. Matajur. Sestoj asociacije Alno viridis-Sorbetum aucupariae na severnih pobočjih Matajurja. eves from the Julian Alps and the Trnovski gozd plateau, independence of this association is justified not only in terms of its sites and physiognomy - the elevation belt immediately along the existing timberline with low, usually clustered and coppice beech (polycormon tree form) - but also floristically, with a number of differential species, especially character species of subalpine scrub communities, tall herbs and grasslands. Such good differential species that rarely, or not at all, grow in other beech communities are Rhododendron hirsutum, Sorbus chamaemespilus, Lonicera caerulea, Salix appendiculata, Pinus mugo, Clematis alpina, Senecio cacaliaster, Aster bellidi-astrum, Laserpitium peucedanoides, Festuca calva and Astrantia bavarica, in our case also Alnus viridis and others. While it is true that some of the above-mentioned species may be diagnostic also for some other beech associations such as Rhodo-dendro hirsuti-Fagetum or Aconito paniculati-Fage-tum, the ecological conditions and entire species composition in these cases are considerably different. Our material on the association Polysticho lonchitis-Fagetum still needs to be processed, but this article publishes 27 relevés of beech forests at the timberline in the Julian Alps (Table 8), most of which (possibly excluding relevés No. 26 and 27) can undoubtedly be classified into this association. These beech stands comprise also green alder, which indicates the specifics of their natural structure. These stands occur on extreme sites with an open tree layer, which is mainly the consequence of natural factors - steep slopes, erosion, snowslides. In subalpine beech forests the green alder was recorded at the elevation of 1360 m to 1580 m a.s.l., geological bedrock is limestone, only rarely admixed with dolomite or marlstone, the soil is rendzina. Steep to very steep shady slopes prevail. Such beech stands were found in the southwestern foothills of the Julian Alps, under the ridge of Stol, in Resia, in the Krn Mts., in the ridges of Bavški Grintavec and Loška stena, under the Tolmin-Bohinj ridge and under Porezen (the stands under Porezen are floristically closer to the association Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum). 3.3.4 Rhodothamno-Laricetum Regardless of the prevailing calcareous bedrock, green alder is a relatively common species in the scrub layer of the eastern-Alpine larch community. This is due to mainly favourable light conditions under the open tree layer and to the fact that natural larch forests frequently grow on steep shady slopes with very moist soil where organic matter accumulates. From extensive material (more than 330 relevés) we selected 40 relevés where green alder's cover value in the shrub layer is 1 or more (Table 9). Such larch stands were recorded in the Julian Alps, the Kamnik-Savinja Alps and the Karavanke Mts. They were made at elevation of 1410 m to 1830 m a.s.l., geological bedrock is limestone or dolomite limestone, only exceptionally is limestone admixed with marlstone; soils are moder rendzinas. The aspect is almost always shady and the slope usually very steep. Relevé No. 40 stands out from the other relevés; it was made under Srednji vrh in the Karavanke Mts. where geological bedrock consists of claystone and the soil is brown, eutric. This relevé is not classified into the association Rhodothamno-Laricetum, but is temporarily treated as a syntaxon Alno viridis-Laricetum deciduae nom. prov. Supposedly, this is a successional stage on former non-forest land where the larch forest gradually replaces the pioneer green alder scrub (Alnetum viridis). At the moment, other stands cannot be treated as a special subassociation Rhodothamno-Laricetum alnetosum viridis, even though green alder clearly characterises special, cold and moist sites. This is due to similar reasons as in dwarf mountain-pine (Pinus mugo). These two species are more or less abundant in larch forests and relevés do not usually group only based on their presence or absence, but also according to other factors. Green alder was nevertheless identified as a diagnostic species of lower-level units, similarly to Luzula nivea and Stellaria montana which may indicate two different variants of the studied association. 3.3.5 Rhododendro hirsuti-Pinetum mugo (= Rho-dothamno-Pinetum mugo Zupančič et Žagar in Zupančič 2013) Green alder occurs relatively frequently also in Alpine dwarf mountain-pine stands. In the territory of Slovenia this applies not only to relevés published by Zupančič et al. (2006), where in the ana- lytic table green alder demonstrates class of constancy 2 (frequency 32%), but also to our mainly still unpublished relevés (about 80). Among them we identified only those where green alder has a cover value 1 or more (Table 10). These relevés were made in the Julian Alps at elevation of 1360 m to 1770 m a.s.l., on limestone and dolomite bedrock or on talus slopes, usually on very steep shady slopes with persistent snow cover. The soils are moder rendzinas. For now, this form of Alpine dwarf mountain-pine stands is treated as a special variant Rhododendro hirsuti-Pinetum mugo typicum Zupančič, Žagar & Culiberg 2006 var. Alnus viridis = Rhodothamno-Pinetum mugo Zupančič et Žagar in Zupančič 2013 var. Alnus viridis (see also Zupančič 2013). It can be described as one of the most hy-grophilous forms of Alpine dwarf mountain-pine stands in Slovenia. Here, the species Alnus viridis, Salix appendiculata, S. glabra and S. waldsteiniana indicate a certain similarity with subalpine willow communities (Aceri-Salicetum appendiculatae). A similar subalpine community in which green alder acts as a diagnostic species was described in the Julian Alps, i.e. the association Rhododendro hirsu-ti-Betuletum carpaticae (Dakskobler et al. 2012). Its sites are shady glacial cirques with annual snow-slides that obstruct successional development into subalpine beech forest. The open tree layer is dominated by Carpathian birch (Betula pubescens subsp. carpatica), and the shrub layer by Pinus mugo, Rhododendron hirsutum and Alnus viridis. 3.4 Comparison of communities with Alnus viridis in Slovenia according to Landolt's indicator values Results of the phytoindication analysis in the stands with green alder that was carried out using ecological indicator values (Landolt et al. 2010) are presented in Figures 7 and 8. Calculated temperature values (T) indicate slightly more favourable temperature conditions in the stands of the syntaxa Alno viridis-Sorbetum aucupariae, Alnetum viridis typicum and Polysticho lonchitis-Fagetum in comparison with the stands of the syntaxa Rhododendro hirsuti-Pinetum mugo var. Alnus viridis and Rhodothamno-Laricetum. Conti-nentality (K) is the least pronounced in the stands of the subassociation Alnetum viridis typicum and the most pronounced in the stands with dominant conifers (larch and dwarf pine stands). Similarly, light conditions (L) are more favourable in conifer Al-Ac Alno viridis-Aceretum pseudoplatani Al-So Alno viridis-Sorbetum acupariae Alty. Alnetum viridis typicum Hu-Al Huperzio selagi-Alnetum viridis PoFa Polysticho lonchitis-Fagetum RhAl Rhododendro hirsuti-Alnetum viridis RhBe Rhododendro hirsuti-Betuletum carpaticae Rh-La Rhodothamno-Laricetum Rh-Pi Rhododendro hirsuti-Pinetum mugo var. Alnus viridis Figure 7: The ordination plot of the first and second CAP axes of vascular plant coverage in different syntaxa with Alnus viridis. All eight constrained axes explain 41,65% of total variation, first two explain 18,33% and 9,27% respectively. Arrows represent Landolt's indicator values. Slika 7: Ordinacijski diagram prve in druge osi Kanonične analize glavnih koordinat (CAP) zastiranja praprotnic in semenk v različnih združbah z vrsto Alnus viridis. Kanonične osi (vseh osem skupaj) pojasnijo 41,65% skupne variabilnosti, narisani prvi dve osi pojasnita 18,33% oz. 9,29% variabilnosti. Puščice predstavljajo Landoltove indikacijske vrednosti. stands. Moisture (M) is the highest in the stands of the syntaxa Alnetum viridis typicum and Rhododendro hirsuti-Alnetum viridis where green alder dominates. Calculated soil reaction values (R) indicate considerably higher soil acidity in the stands of the association Huperzio-Alnetum viridis that occurs on silicate rocks and the sites of the subassociation Alnetum viridis typicum also demonstrate higher acidity than other communities. The highest mean values for the soil reaction indicator (R) Figure 8: Comparison of ecological conditions in the communities with Alnus viridis, determined with Landolt's indicator values. Slika 8: Primerjava ekoloških razmer v združbah z vrsto Alnus viridis, ugotovljenih s pomočjo Landoltovih fitoindikacijskih vrednosti. were calculated in the stands of the associations Polysticho-Fagetum and Rhododendro hirsuti-Alnetum viridis. Calculated nutrient values (N) indicate better nutrient supply on the sites of the syntaxa Alnetum viridis typicum, Rhododendro hirsuti-Alnetum viridis and Alno viridis-Sorbetum aucupariae, while the sites of the association Huperzio-Alnetum vir-idis and larch and dwarf pine communities are the most nutrient-poor. Among the compared communities the sites of the syntaxa Huperzio-Alnetum viridis and Alnetum viridis typicum have the highest humus content in soils (H) and the poorest soil aeration (A). Phytoindication demonstrates reverse conditions in terms of humus content and soil aeration in the stands of the associations Poly-sticho-Fagetum and Rhodothamno-Laricetum. 4. CONCLUSIONS Green alder (Alnus viridis subsp. viridis) is an important species of our montane forests. As a pioneer species it has established itself in the predominantly limestone Slovenian Alps mainly on steep shady slopes, in gullies and hollows where snowslides occur every year and the snow cover lingers long into the spring. On such sites it forms long-term successional stages and it is unlikely to be replaced by the surrounding forest growth (most often subalpine larch or spruce forest) that occurs on slopes that are less exposed to avalanches. Such, more or less primary green alder stands on calcareous bedrock in the Eastern and Southeastern Alps are classified into the new association Rhododendro hirsuti-Alnetum viridis. It is differentiated from other communities described in the Alps (Alnetum viridis s. str., Rhododendro ferruginei-Alnetum viridis) by a higher number of mainly calciphilous species such as Rhododendron hirsutum, Sorbus chamaemespilus, Polystichum lonchitis, Valeriana tripteris, Asplenium viride, Aconi-tum lycoctonum s. lat., Galeobdolonflavidum, Thalic-trum aquilegiifolium, Salix waldsteiniana, Adenostyles glabra, Cystopteris montana, Homogyne sylvestris, Acer pseudoplatanus, Primula elatior and others. Floristi-cally slightly different are the pioneer green alder stands on abandoned pastures and mountain pastures that were cleared mainly in the belt of altimontane and subalpine beech and very rarely also spruce forests from the associations Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum, Polysticho lonchitis-Fagetum, Luzulo-Fagetum abietetosum and Luzulo sylvaticae-Piceetum. Such stands, if they grow on limestone bedrock and on stony sites, are partly still classified into the association Rhododendro hirsuti-Alne-tum viridis (several stands on the northern slopes of Porezen), and others into the syntaxon Alnetum viridis typicum (pioneer alder stands on silicate bedrock in the Karavanke Mts.) or merely into the wider macroassociation Alnetum viridis s. lat. (younger successional stages in the southern foothills of the Julian Alps). Floristically distinct is the green alder community in the shady andesite rocks under the peak of Komen in the Smrekovec Mts. (eastern Kamnik-Savinja Alps) that is classified into the new association Huperzio selagi-Alnetum viridis and represents vegetation that is unique in the silicate Alps. Here, the stands on similar sites are classified into the association Rhododendro ferruginei-Alnetum viridis. This classification was not possible in our case as Rhododendron ferrugineum was not spotted under Komen (Kamen); likewise, some diagnostic species of the classes Betulo-Al-netea viridis and Mulgedio-Aconitetea do not grow in our stands. They are dominated by species of spruce forests from the class Vaccinio-Piceetea, including Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Huperzia selago, Ly-copidum annotinum and Thelypteris limbosperma, some character species of silicate rocks or silicate subalpine grasslands (Primula villosa, P. minima) and somes mosses (Sphagnum russowii, Rhytidiadel-phus loreus). In the Julian Alps we found stands where green alder was partly replaced in succession by mountain ash. Similar stands are known elsewhere in the Alps, but have not yet been val-idly described as the new association Alno viridis-Sorbetum aucupariae, which is what we did in this article. A stand with dominant sycamore maple and green alder was provisionally described as the new association Alno viridis-Aceretum pseudoplatani nom. prov. The phytosociological table presented also the subalpine beech community (Polysticho lonchitis-Fagetum) where green alder grows due to the natural open tree layer and the subalpine larch community (Rhodothamno-Laricetum) where green alder in the shrub layer has a cover value of 1 or more. The larch relevé with green alder on claystone and eutric brown soil under Srednji vrh in the Karavanke Mts. is treated as a successional stage Alno viridis-Laricetum deciduae nom. prov. This species can be similarly abundant in a special form of eastern-Alpine dwarf mountain-pine community (Rhododendro hirsuti-Pinetum mugo typicum Zupančič, Žagar & Culiberg 2006 var. Alnus viridis = Rhodothamno-Pinetum mugo Zupančič et Žagar in Zupančič 2013 var. Alnus viridis) and in the community of dwarf mountain-pine, hairy alpenrose and Carpathian birch (Rhododendro hirsuti-Betule-tum carpaticae). Green alder stands and communities play a significant ecological and protective role in our Alps and their foothills. In last decades we have been observing their deterioration, mainly as a result of fungal diseases and pest damage. One of the agents frequently seen as responsible for the withering of green alder is Cryptodiaporthe oxys-toma (Pisetta et al. 2012) that belongs to the fungal group Ascomycota, detected and determined in Slovenia (for example in the stands under Porezen and Kobilja glava) by G. Seljak and G. Podgornik (in litt.). For now, withering of alder has not been detected on a larger scale on other locations. Researchers attribute this alarming phenomenon to climate change and decreasing snow cover. 5. POVZETEK Gozdne in grmiščne združbe z zeleno jelšo (Alnus viridis) v Sloveniji Zelena jelša (Alnus viridis subsp. viridis) je pomembna vrsta naših gorskih gozdov. Kot pionirska vrsta se v pretežno apnenčastih slovenskih Alpah uveljavlja predvsem na strmih osojnih pobočjih, v žlebovih in kotanjah, kjer vsako leto polzijo snežni plazovi in se snežna odeja zadržuje dolgo v pomlad. Na takih rastiščih oblikuje dolgotrajne sukcesijske stadije, in je malo možnosti, da bi jo nadomestilo okoliško gozdno rastje (največkrat subalpinski macesnov ali smrekov gozd), ki uspeva na manj plazovitih pobočjih. Takšno bolj ali manj primarno zelenojelševje na karbonatni podlagi v vzhodnih in jugovzhodnih Alpah uvrščamo v novo asociacijo Rhododendro hirsuti-Alnetum viridis. Od drugih v Alpah opisanih združb (Alnetum viridis s. str., Rhododendro ferruginei-Alnetum viridis) jo razlikuje večje število večinoma kalci-filnih vrst, kot so Rhododendron hirsutum, Sorbus chamaemespilus, Polystichum lonchitis, Valeriana tripteris, Asplenium viride, Aconitum lycoctonum s. lat., Galeobdolon flavidum, Thalictrum aquilegiifo-lium, Salix waldsteiniana, Adenostyles glabra, Cystop-teris montana, Homogyne sylvestris, Acer pseudopla-tanus, Primula elatior in druge. Floristično nekoliko drugačni so pionirski sestoji zelene jelše na opuščenih pašnikih in planinah, ki so bili izkrčeni v glavnem v pasu altimontanskih in subalpinskih bukovih in zelo redko tudi smrekovih gozdov iz asociacij Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum, Polysticho lonchitis-Fagetum, Luzulo-Fagetum abietetosum, Luzu-lo sylvaticae-Piceetum. Takšne sestoje, če uspevajo na apnenčasti podlagi in na kamnitih rastiščih, deloma še uvrščamo v asociacijo Rhododendro hirsuti-Alnetum viridis (nekateri sestoji na severnih pobočjih Porezna, pod Koblo in Slatnikom), druge pa v sintakson Alnetum viridis typicum (pionirski zelenojelševi sestoji na silikatni podlagi v Karavankah) ali zgolj v široko zajeto makroasociacijo Alnetum viridis s. lat. (mlajši sukcesijski stadiji v južnem prigorju Julijskih Alp). Floristično zelo posebno je zelenojelševje v osojnem andezitnem skalovju pod vrhom Komna v Smrekovškem pogorju (vzhodne Kamniško-Savinjske Alpe), ki ga uvrščamo v novo asociacijo Huperzio selagi-Alne-tum viridis in je vegetacijska posebnost v silikatnih Alpah. V njih sestoje na podobnih rastiščih namreč uvrščajo v asociacijo Rhododendro ferrugi-nei-Alnetum viridis. Takšna uvrstitev v našem prim- eru ni bila mogoča, saj pod Komnom (Kamnom) vrste Rhododendron ferrugineum nismo opazili, prav tako v naših popisih ne uspevajo nekatere diagnostične vrste razredov Betulo-Alnetea viridis in Mulgedio-Aconitetea. V njih prevladujejo vrste smrekovih gozdov iz razreda Vaccinio-Piceetea, med njimi tudi vrste Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Huperzia selago, Lycopidum annotinum in Thelypteris limbosperma, nadalje nekatere značilnice silikatnega skalovja ali silikatnih subalpinskih travišč (Primula villosa, P. minima) ter nekateri mahovi (Sphagnum russowii, Rhytidiadelphus loreus). V Julijskih Alpah smo našli tudi sestoje, kjer je zeleno jelšo v sukcesiji deloma nadomestila jerebika. Podobne sestoje poznajo tudi drugod v Alpah, a do zdaj še niso bili veljavno opisani kot nova asociacija Alno viridis-Sor-betum aucupariae, zato smo to storili v tem članku. Sestoj s prevladujočima gorskim javorjem in zeleno jelšo pa uvrščamo v le provizorno opisano novo asociacijo Alno viridis-Aceretum pseudoplatani. S fitocenološko tabelo smo predstavili tudi sub-alpinsko bukovje (Polysticho lonchitis-Fagetum), v katerem zaradi naravnega vrzelastega drevesnega sklepa uspeva tudi zelena jelša, in subalpinsko macesnovje (Rhodothamno-Laricetum), v katerem ima zelena jelša v grmovni plasti oceno zastiranja 1 ali več. Popis macesnovja z zeleno jelšo na glinavcu in evtričnih rjavih tleh pod Srednjim vrhom v Karavankah vrednotimo kot sukcesijski stadij Alno viridis-Laricetum deciduae nom. prov. Podobno obilna je ta vrsta lahko v posebni obliki vzhodnoalpskega ruševja (Rhododendro hirsuti-Pinetum mugo typicum Zupančič, Žagar & Culiberg 2006 var. Alnus viridis = Rhodothamno-Pinetum mugo Zupančič et Žagar in Zupančič 2013 var. Alnus viridis) in v združbi rušja, dlakavega sleča in karpatske breze (Rhododendro hirsuti-Betuletum carpaticae). Sestoji in združbe zelene jelše imajo v naših Alpah s prigorjem važno ekološko in varovalno vlogo. V zadnjih desetletjih tudi v Sloveniji opažamo njihovo propadanje, predvsem kot posledica glivičnih bolezni in napadov insektov. Med povzročitelji sušenja zelene jelše se pogosto omenja vrsto Cryptodiaporthe oxystoma (Pisetta et al. 2012), glivo iz skupine zaprtotrosnic (Ascomy-cota), ki sta jo pri nas (na primer v sestojih pod Poreznom in Kobiljo glavo) opažala in določala G. Seljak in G. Podgornik (in litt.). Za zdaj razen na teh dveh gorah znakov jelšinega sušenja v večjem obsegu na drugih lokacijah še nismo opazili. Ta zaskrbljujoč pojav raziskovalci povezujejo z podnebnimi spremembami in manjšo količino snežne odeje. 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are sincerely grateful to the first researcher of green alder stands on Porezen, mag. Gabrijel Seljak, whose relevés that were published in his graduation thesis were of valuable assistance to us (however, due to the radical changes in the vegetation under Porezen these relevés could not be repeated). Gabrijel Seljak and Gregor Podgornik pointed out the withering and deterioration of green alder stands and their causes. We would also like to thank Prof. Dr. Andrej Martinčič for the determination of moss species on the relevés from the Smrekovec Mts., which significantly contributed to the description of the new association. Sincere thanks to Dr. Branko Vreš for joining us in the field in the eastern Karavanke Mts. and Branko Zupan for coming with us to the Stara Fužina pasturelands. We are especially grateful to Prof. Dr. Livio Poldini who kindly provided, before publication, the article in which he and his colleagues gave a synthetic presentation of green alder communities in the entire region of the Alps; to Prof. Dr. Robert Brus for pointing out Paulin's article from 1915; to Prof. Dr. Jean-Paul Theurillat for his clarifications on the validity of the description of the association Alno viridis-Sorbetum aucupariae; to Prof. Dr. Jurij Diaci and Prof. Dr. Monika Frehner for the data on this community in Switzerland and to Prof. Dr. Sead Vojnikovic for the literature he sent on the green alder community in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Two anonymous reviewers helped us with valuable improvements and corrections. English translation by Andreja Šalamon Verbič. 7. REFERENCES Accetto, M. 2002: Pragozdno rastlinje rezervata Krokar na Kočevskem. Gozdarski vestnik 60 (10): 419-443. Aeschimann, D., Lauber, K., Moser, D. M. & Theurillat, J.-P. 2004: Flora alpina. Bd. 1: Lyco-podiaceae-Apiaceae. Haupt Verlag, Bern, Stuttgart, Wien, 1159 pp. Aichinger, E. 1933: Vegetationskunde der Karawanken. Gustav Fischer, Jena, 329 pp. Anderson, M. J. & Willis, T. J. 2003: Canonical analysis of principal coordinates: a useful method of constrained ordination for ecology. Ecology 84 (2): 511-525. Bakan, B. 2006: Slikovni pregled višjih rastlin Pre-kmurja. Prispevek k poznavanju flore Prek-murja. Razvojni center Lendava, 245 pp. Ball, P. W. 1993: Alnus Miller. In: Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V. H., Burges, N. A., Valentine, D. H., Walters, S. M. & Webb, D. A. (eds.): Flora Europaea, Volume 1: Lycopodiaceae to Platan-aceae (ed. 2), Cambridge, pp. 69-70. Boscutti, F., Poldini, L. & Buccheri, M. 2013: Green alder communities in the Alps. Phy-tosociological variability and ecological features. Plant Biosystems 147 (in print). DOI: 10.1080/11263504.2013.809813 Braun-Blanquet, J. 1964: Pflanzensoziologie. Grundzüge der Vegetationskunde. 3. Auflage. Springer, Wien - New York, 865 pp. Braun-Blanquet, J. 1973: Zur Kenntnis der Vegetation alpiner Lawinenbahnen. Mitteilungen der Floristisch-soziologischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft N. F. Heft 15/16: 146-152, TodenmannGöttingen. Brus, R. 2008: Sto grmovnih vrst na Slovenskem. Tehniška založba Slovenije, Ljubljana, 215 pp. Buser, S. 2009: Geološka karta Slovenije 1 : 250.000. Geological map of Slovenia 1.250,000. Geološki zavod Slovenije, Ljubljana. Čolic, D., Mišic, V. & Popovic, M. 1963: Fitoceno-loška analiza visokoplaninske zajednice šleske vrbe i planinske jove (Saliceto-Alnetum viridis ass. nova) na Staroj planini. Zbornik radova, Biološki institut NR Srbije 6 (5): 3-43. Dakskobler, I. 2006: Asociacija Rhodothamno-Laricetum (Zukrigl 1973) Willner & Zukrigl 1999 v Julijskih Alpah. The Association Rho-dothamno-Laricetum (Zukrigl 1973) Willner & Zukrigl 1999 in the Julian Alps. Razprave 4. razreda SAZU 47-1: 117-192. Dakskobler, I. 2007: Gozdovi plemenitih listavcev v Posočju. Forest of valuable broad-leaved tree species in the Soča valley (western Slovenia). Scopolia 60: 1-287. Dakskobler, I., Rozman, A. & Franz, W. R. 2012: Betulapubescens Ehrh. subsp. carpatica (Willd.) Ascherson & Graebner, a new taxon in the flora of the Julian Alps and Slovenia and its new association Rhododendro hirsuti-Betuletum car-paticae ass. nov. Folia biologica et geologica 53 (1-2): 5-23. Exner, A. & Willner, W. 2007: Rhamno-Prunetea Rivas Goday & Borja Carbonell ex Tx 1962. In: Willner, W. & Grabherr, G. (eds.): Die Wälder und Gebüsche Österreichs. Ein Bestimmungswerk mit Tabellen. 1. Textband. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag in Elsevier, Heidelberg, pp. 62-83. Fleischmann, A. 1844: Übersicht der Flora Krain's. Ann. Landwirth.-Ges. Krain 6: 103246 Ljubljana. Hari - Leisinger-Zysset, 1993: Der Vogelbeerwald an der Waldgrenze im Gebiet Monte Lema-Monte Gradiccioli-Monte Tamaro, Malcanto-ne TI. Studienarbeit Abt. Umweltnaturwissenschaften ETH, Zürich. Jurkovšek, B. 1987 a: Tolmač listov Beljak in Pon-teba. Osnovna geološka karta SFRJ 1:100 000. Zvezni geološki zavod, Beograd, 58 pp. Jurkovšek, B. 1987 b: Osnovna geološka karta SFRJ. Beljak in Ponteba 1: 100 000. Zvezni geološki zavod, Beograd. Juvan, N., Čarni, A. & Jogan, N. 2011: Chasmo-phytic vegetation of silicate rocks on the southern outcrops of the Alps in Slovenia. Wulfenia 18: 133-156. Karner, P. 2007 a: Betulo-Alnetea viridis prov. In: Will-ner, W. & Grabherr, G. (eds.): Die Wälder und Gebüsche Österreichs. Ein Bestimmungswerk mit Tabellen. 1. Textband. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag in Elsevier, Heidelberg, pp. 83-88. Karner, P. 2007 b: Betulo-Alnetea viridis prov. In: Willner, W. & Grabherr, G. (eds.): Die Wälder und Gebüsche Österreichs. Ein Bestimmungswerk mit Tabellen. 2. Tebellenband. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag in Elsevier, Heidelberg, pp. 47-52. Košir, P. 2005: Noble hardwood forests of the al-timontane belt (Lamio orvalae-Aceretum pseudo-platani P. Košir et Marinček 1999) in Slovenia (western part of the Illyrian floral province). Natura Croatica 14 (2): 59-86. Landolt, E., Bäumler, B. Erhardt, A., Hegg, O., Klötzli, F., Lämmler, W., Nobis, M., Rudmann-Maurer, K., Schweingruber, F. H., Theurillat, J.-P., Urmi, E., Vust, M. & Wohlgemuth, T. 2010: Flora indicativa. 2. Auflage. Haupt Verlag, Bern-Stuttgart-Wien, 323 pp. Lovrenčak, F., Strmole, D., Wraber, T. Kolar, I. & Ževart, M. 1998: Smrekovško pogorje. In: Vo-glar, D. (ed.): Enciklopedija Slovenije 12, Mladinska knjiga, Ljubljana: pp. 91. Maarel, van der E. 1979: Transformation of cover-abundance values in phytosociology and its effects on community similarity. Vegetatio 39 (2): 97-114. ^ Marinček, L. & Čarni, A. 2010: Altimontanski bukovi gozdovi podzveze Saxifrago-Fagenion (Are-monio-Fagion). Scopolia 69: 1-107. Martinčič, A. 2003: Seznam listnatih mahov (Bryopsida) Slovenije. Hacquetia 2 (1): 91-166. Martinčič, A. 2008: Mahovna flora Smrekovškega pogorja (Kamniško-Savinjske Alpe, Slovenija). Hacquetia 7 (1): 33-46. Martinčič, A. 2011: Annotated Checklist of Slovenian Liverworts (Marchanthiophyta) and Hornworts (Anthocerotophyta). Scopolia 72: 1-38. Martinčič, A., Wraber, T., Jogan, N., Podobnik, A., Turk, B., Vreš, B., Ravnik, V., Frajman, B., Strgulc Krajšek, S., Trčak, B., Bačič, T., Fischer, M. A., Eler, K. & Surina, B. 2007: Mala flora Slovenije. Ključ za določanje praprotnic in semenk. Četrta, dopolnjena in spremenjena izdaja. Tehniška založba Slovenije, Ljubljana, 967 pp. Mertz, P. 2000: Pflanzengesellschaften Mitteleuropas und der Alpen. Erkennen-Bestimmen -Bewerten. Ecomed, Landsberg/Lech, 511 pp. Oksanen, J., Blanchet, F. G., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., Minchin, P. R., O'Hara, R. B., Simpson, G. L., Solymos, P., Stevens, M. H. & Wagner, H. 2012: vegan: Community Ecology Package. R package version 2.0-4. http://CRAN.R-project. org/package=vegan Paulin, A. 1915: Über einige für Krain neue oder seltene Pflanzen und die Formationen ihrer Standorte I. Carniola 6: 117-125, 186-209. Petkovšek, V. 1945: Na savinjskih ognjenikih. Planinski zbornik 1945. Planinsko društvo Slovenije, Ljubljana: 194-203. Pisetta, M., Montecchio, L., Longa, C. M. O., Salvadori, C., Zottele, F. & Maresi, G. 2012: Green alder decline in the Italian Alps. Forest Ecology and Management 281: 75-83. Piskernik, M., 1982: Bioekološka in sestojna predstavitev mikroreliefnih gozdnih združb slovenskega ozemlja. Fitocenološke razpredelnice. Inštitut za gozdno in lesno gospodarstvo. Strokovna in znanstvena dela 75: 1-149. Podani, J., 2001: SYN-TAX 2000. Computer Programs for Data Analysis in Ecology and Sys-tematics. User's Manual, Budapest, 53 pp. R Development Core Team 2012: R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0, URL http:// www.R-project.org/. Seliškar, T., Vreš, B. & Seliškar, A. 2003: FloVegSi 2.0. Fauna, Flora, Vegetation and Paleovegeta-tion of Slovenia. Computer programme for arranging and analysis of biological data. Biološki inštitut ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana. Seljak, G. 1974: Travniška vegetacija Porezna. Diplomsko delo. Univerza v Ljubljani, Biotehniška fakulteta, Oddelek za agronomijo, Ljubljana, 103 pp. S0rensen, Th. 1948: A method of establishing groups of equal amplitude in plant sociology based on similarity of species content. Det Kongelige Danske Videnskaberns Selskab, Biologiske Skrifter (K0benhavn) 5 (4): 1-34. Stefanovic, V. 1986: Fitocenologija sa pregledom šumskih fitocenoza Jugoslavije. 2. izdanje. Svijetlost, Sarajevo, 269 pp. Stefanovic, V. & Beus, V. 1982: Die Gesellschaft der Grünerle (Athyrio-Alnetum viridis ass. nova) auf dem Gebirge Vranica in Zentralbosnien. Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja Bosne i Hercegovine u Sarajevu. Prirodne nauke. Nova serija, Sveska 19-20: 55-64. Steiger, P., 1994: Wälder der Schweiz. Von Lindengrün zum Lärchengold. Vielfalt der Waldbilder und Waldgesellschaften in der Schweiz. Thun - Ott, 361 pp. Steiger, P. 2010: Wälder der Schweiz. Von Lindengrün zum Lärchengold. Vielfalt der Waldbilder und Waldgesellschaften in der Schweiz. 4. Auflage. Ott Verlag Bern. Suppan, U., Prügger, J. & Mayrhofer, H. 2000: Catalogue of the lichenized and lichenicolous fungi of Slovenia. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 76: 1-215. Surina, B. 2005: Subalpinska in alpinska vegetacija Krnskega pogorja v Julijskih Alpah. Scopo-lia (Ljubljana) 57: 1-122. Surina, B. & Rakaj, M. 2007: Subalpine beech forests with Hairy Alpenrose (Polysticho lonchitis--Fagetum rhododendretosum hirsuti subass. nova) on Mt. Snežnik (Liburnian Karst, Dinaric Mts). Hacquetia 6 (2): 195-208. Šercelj, A. 1996: The origins and development of forests in Slovenia. Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti. Razred za naravoslovne vede, Dela (Opera) 35: 1-142, Ljubljana. Šilc, U. & Čarni, A. 2012: Conspectus of vegetation syntaxa in Slovenia. Hacquetia 11 (1): 113-164. Urbančič, M., Simončič, P., Prus, T. & Kutnar, L. 2005: Atlas gozdnih tal. Zveza gozdarskih društev Slovenije, Gozdarski vestnik & Gozdarski inštitut Slovenije, Ljubljana. 100 pp. Weber, H. E., Moravec, J. & Theurillat, J. P. 2000: International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature. 3rd. Edition. Journal of Vegetation Science 11 (5): 739-766. Willner, W. 2007: Fagion sylvaticae Luquet 1926. In: Willner, W. & G. Grabherr (eds.): Die Wälder und Gebüsche Österreichs. Ein Bestimmungswerk mit Tabellen. 1. Textband. Spektrum Akademischer Verlag in Elsevier, Heidelberg, pp.144-164. Wraber, M. 1960: Fitocenološka razčlenitev gozdne vegetacije v Sloveniji. Zbornik ob 150. letnici botaničnega vrta v Ljubljani, Ljubljana, pp. 49-94. Talbot, S. S., Talbot, S. L. & Daniels, F. J. A. 2005: Comparative phytosociological investigation of subalpine alder thickets in southwestern Alaska and the North Pacific. Phytocoenologia 35 (4): 727-759. Theurillat, J.-P. 2004: Pflanzensoziologisches System. In: Aeschimann, D., K. Lauber, D. M. Moser & J.-P. Theurillat: Flora alpina 3: Register. Haupt Verlag, Bern, Stuttgart, Wien, pp. 301-313. Tzonev, R, Dimitrov, M. & Roussakova, V. 2009: Syntaxa according to the Braun-Blanquet approach in Bulgaria. Phytologia Balcanica 15 (2): 209-233. Zupančič, M. 1999: Smrekovi gozdovi Slovenije (Spruce forests in Slovenia). Dela 4. raz. SA-ZU 36, Ljubljana, 212 s. + tabele. Zupančič, M. 2012: Syntaxonomic problems of altimontane beech forests of the alliance Aremonio-Fagion in Slovenia. Folia biologica et geologica 53 (1-2): 83-127. Zupančič, M. 2013: New considerations on southeast-Alpine and Dinaric-central Balkan dwarf pine. Hrvatska misao 17 (1) / 13 (61) nova serija sv. 46: 156-172. Zupančič, M. & Žagar, V. 2001: Asociacija Salice-tum waldsteinianae Beger 1922 v jugovzhodnih apneniških Alpah (Slovenija). Razprave 4. razreda SAZU (Ljubljana) 42-2: 275-310. Zupančič, M., Žagar, V., Culiberg, M. 2006: Slovene Pinus mugo scrub in comparison with European Pinus mugo scrub (Rhodothamno-Rhodo-dendretum hirsuti var. geogr. Paederota lutea). Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti, razred za naravoslovne vede, Dela 40: 1-112 pp. + dve fitocenološki tabeli (two phytosocio-logical tables), Ljubljana. Received 21. 3. 2013 Revision received 13. 9. 2013 Accepted 17. 9. 2013 fe cp IV&WZ opkppz ££ 8PPZ 6Í8PPZ 8£8tt/3 0Z99ÍZ 01ÇPPZ ÇÎPPPZ Z9ZPPZ 9ÇZPPZ ÇÇZPPZ IS6303 8S6303 ÇZ6Z0Z 3M)3I3 PZPÇPZ 916303 PÇIOZZ p- ;z k é ;z k ;z ;z ;z k ;z k ;z ;z ;z k c c c c ic ic sd sc sd sd ic < c < < < c < < c n o o d IS •u -T3 =d Í3 c < ÜC > C o ö' =S C N N N > > o c O O tí a o a O £ pi a o a M != Iii =d C > O ■t IS C T3 sC C O ■t tü IS T3 sC C O =3 « O a co tn in cc sc sc sc c o T; t- c cc Ji + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ca Kr m + + + e -h -H -H -H (N u •c e e fa fa fa fa fa X X cd -H (N (M (N fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa § •js s s a I si w X •■1= e < s c a & 3 « b ^ > > < fa K ■ta s o co o; < P- m fa -S ST. £ < a m i- ■c n O £ 3 s •■e C S: C & < < H H H H I § § JS ph pi > E— « <5 ti OQ Co p> 1 s « s .¡J jS « s tq ^ < fa 3 en o eg m 2 g J5 O i u a 53 a =s c O o « « o o o o 00 o c^ o o H0Z/LZ/Í OABjBg p^u qjA iiug Z/61/86 901ZZ1/ ¿£Z¿11 ai « - o ^ o 00 - oc o o (N ZlOZ/Sl/9 BAB[§ Bfjiqo^j Z/81/86 £01/¿01/ 1¿1¿H ai PIPÍPZ 0¿£l K «n K - o 00 o 00 o (N o o (N ZlOZ/Sl/9 BAB[§ Bfjiqo^j Z/81/86 ZPPLOP POZ¿11 ai O 90PÍPZ 001/1 K «n K - o o 00 - (N (N o o (N ZlOZ/Sl/9 5[IUA0[Bf Z/81/86 S69L0P 1/8 ¿911 ai ^ wpípz 0¿£l K O rr « < > K - o 00 o 00 - oc o o (N ZlOZ/Sl/9 BABjS Bfjiqo^j Z/81/86 181/¿01/ Z1/1¿11 ai 00 sopípz 001/1 K O rr « < > K o o 00 o o c^ o o ZlOZ/Sl/9 BABjS Bfjiqo^j Z/81/86 99PL0P 060¿n ai íopípz 0£W K rr « < > K C o o o o o o o (N ZIOZ/ZI/6 osd Bjsg P/PSS6 6801/81/ Z16Z1/1 sv'ai K o o 00 o o o (N o o 600Z/9/8 qjA ifupsjs £/!SS6 91/1/6£1/ 18££1/1 w'ai rr 1 iä ZA !š C > ZA n u C > n "S OJ C > C x § C > cd J* ZA ic I cd £ . c c Ü £ C' M rt £ & cd C iS N N ^ I & W < S J$ iä b ü je S > C S Ü J: > « 3 a ■t Q « C (D C •a X « C ra C ■73 O '—i (N — (N +.....-h.........+ . ■ + + +■■+■■■■■ ..... ^ + ...... .......+............^...... + --(N- ■ + ■■ + ■■■■ ■ ■ -H ■ + ■ + + + n + ■ + ■ + ■ + + ■ + + . . + + ■ + ■ + + ■ ■ + ■ + + tí ^ tí tí a . & s -C) -C) -c T3 a „s-s'^s-^us^esss a a Cs ^ (N O Oi CO CO ^ h ^ ■ + + + + + + + + ■+■■■+■ + + t^ t^ ^ ^ ^ on (N . + + + + + ■ + + + + W W W W W K + + + + + ■ . + + + . + + + + . . + +■■■■ + rt .. + + -H + . . . + + + + +■■■■■■■ .....+ ..... + +■ + +■■■■■ + + + + + +.....+ ■......+ +.....+....... + . + +.........+ ........ ■ ■ ■ ■ + +■■+.................... čš IE Sä wwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwE S K t . a s a ^ Cj 3 .S ¡5 -o 5) S q o ^ s ^ ^ -c ■s if .s a Jp o. c^ q q ^ -S § ^ § f § t c^ C a I 1 ^ c^ O ^ o ^ o ^ cq ^ t^ rt VD rt CN '—i ■+ ... (N................ ..............■■ + +..+ . - ... .. +.....+ .. + + + + +■ + + + + .. + . + + + +. .+ ...... + + WWW n= C t -a c < .1 15 fa C JT JS | § o o 2 c O ^ M u N — O u Pi K H Pi w D: § £ C w C ^ > •8 J > & u c I cd £ ¥ c C C > ra C' M cd £ T3 C & cd C M N & C JS & — & cd i> cd C £ 1 C cd ä P & J3 3 cd Q e S Ü 2s S J Ol tE £ 3 £ § s- -a cd > 3 C ■t Q C >mmwSmmmwS>wwww< ww f- < . < 5 . + . + + . . . + . + . + . . . . . . . + . . . + 5 . + . + l + . . + . + . l l . . . . . . + l . + . ^ ■ + ■ + .(N, . .+ .rt ■+......+ ■ ■ ■ ■ + + + ■ + - + +-H . .+ . . ....... . . . . ^ --H+ ■ + ■ . + + ■ ■ + + ■ . ■ ■+..... . + + . 5 . l . . l + + . . . . + . l + + . . + + + l . + . + . . . . + . . . 4 l + . . + r . + + + + l + . + + . . + + . + . + + + . . . . ^^^ ■ ■ . + + . + + + + + + . . . . . 4 l l . + + . . + . + . l + + + + l . + . . . + . . . . . . + 5 + + . + + . . . + . . + + . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . + + . + l . . + . . + . . . + . + . + + + . + . . . . . . m .(N, . .rtrt , + + .+ . .+ . ......... 5 . . . . l + . + + + l . . + l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 + . . . + + . . r + l . . + l + . + + . . . . . . . . . . . 4 . . . . . l . + + . + . + + . . + + . . + . . . . . . . . . 5 l + + . + + . + + + + . + + + + + . . + . . . . . . . . . . 5 l + + . + + . . . + . . r + . + . . . + . . . . . . . . . . 5 . l . . l l . . . . . + . . . . . + . . + . . . . . . . . . 5 . + . + l l . + + + . l + . + . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . 5 . + . . + + . + + r . + . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . 4 . 2 . . + + . + + + + . + . . . + + . 4 . . . + + + . . . . + l . . . . + . . ...... ■ ■+ + + ■ + ■+ + - + + ..........^^-h ■ - + slóSó ++++ ■ + + + ■ + + + + + + r + . . . + .—I .—I t— t— ^^ ^^ + . + . ■ + ■+ + + ■+.......... + + . + l . . . . . . . ■+ .......... + . . . + . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . + +....... + + . + . . . r . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . ■++■■■1-..... + . . . . . . . . . . . + + . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . + ■ ■ + + + + + + . . . . . . . . . . . + +..... + + . . . . . . . . . . a b a b a b b a b a 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 E E E EEEE E E EEE E E E id oi eeee eeee a idua a idua a idua a idua ci e d ci e d ci e d ci e d ix ix ix ix ri a L ri a L ri a L ri a L n a p x a lb a lb a lb a lb al al al al s s s s ie ie ie ie bi bi bi bi A A A A d o p dy o in o-Pin P E +++ + EEEEEEEEEEEE Š I ln Al ad co ric p gr o 'S « ca a g o ri a q a c ip u ni eu th ht p cqOC e i a a Cq Q^CQCC + ■ + •—1 M C^ ■ + . + ■ + + . . ^ ■ + + . + ^ ^ (N ■ + ■ + + + + ■ + + ■ + (N ■ + ■ + + + -h ■ ■ ■ + i- + . ■ + + ■ + -H ■ ■ ■ ■ + ■ + -h + ■ + + ■ ■ ■ + +■■■■+■■■ + .+ .. + +... . ■ ■ + ■ ■ 1-, ■ + ■ + +...... 4 ¡^ S3 a ^ 3 f ^ s if 3 "3 § § $ £ o « & i I s ^ 13 ^ ¿5 ^ Si S^ Q^cqC^OCC a o. o ^ I s.i.sS & s t "s^J^ii i . c 777 222 74444444 a 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 7 7 a a 1 1 1 1 88aaaa22 7774444444444 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + ■ + ■ + + + + + ■ + ■ + ■ + + + + + ■ + EEEEEEEEEEE EEEEE EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE ifo ry o ifo xi pa ia au et ia nt vu lg ie e A ae ile ri a tr o nt o I« a S ^ in gi fe x lp al a p a lp lp n dan nt .C »t Gra,^ S »^«-s'aê s o-=<3 a 3 3 aa CC C E- t¡- C C rt (N + ■ .......... + + -!..■+■■ ■■+. + .. ....... ■+..+...... ..............■ ■ ■ ■ rt-. ..+ ...+ + + + +.+ ... + + + ■+ ■■■■ ++■■ ........... ++...+..... +............■■■■ (N- - ..+ .... + + +..... +............■+.. + .. ....... + + +..... + +..........■■■+ + ■■ ■■■+■+■ + + + + +■■■■+■ +................ ..............+ + +.+ ...+ .+ ..............■ ■ ■ ■ rt......... + + +........ + +..........■+■■ + .. ^...... ....... + ■■+■■■ ■■+. ... +...... .+.....+ +............+ ■■■ .....+ ++......... ■ .+ ■■■■ .... +......... +.......... +...... ..............+ .+ +...+ +.. +................ +......... ++......... +................ + .. ....... + +.............. ..........+ + + . +................ S -s c J? ^AQ ¿3 S k š o L la pl aa > C p e L n r Kr G R -a tí o il rt ~ s ja > O 3 Quadrant (Kvadrant) Coordinate GK Y (D-48) Coordinate GK X (D-48) Author of the relevé (Avtor popisa) /4 /4 /a /4 /2 /1 /1 /2 /4 /1 /4 /1 /4 /2 /4 9/ 8/ 9/ 8/ 7/ 7/ 9/ 7/ 7/ 8/ 6/ 7/ 6/ 7/ 8/ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 6 7 6 7 6 6 5 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 a 2 6 7 7 0 a 9 9 9 0 4 a a 4 2 9 4 2 a 6 a 8 a 5 6 9 6 8 9 9 4 01 a a 5 a 2 5 6 8 9 2 4 0 6 6 5 8 a 9 8 a 4 0 41 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 7 9 0 4 4 4 a a 4 a a a a a a a 4 2 5 9 4 9 8 a 4 8 0 7 0 2 6 2 a a a 0 5 2 a 8 9 5 7 4 a 6 5 0 1 0 9 a 5 2 4 1 8 a 4 0 4 2 a 9 7 6 6 9 7 2 9 2 5 a 2 a a a a a 4 a 2 2 a 2 a a 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 R < D D D D D D Q D D D D D D D D Character and differential species of the association (Značilnice in razlikovalnice asociacije) VP Larix decidua Eab 4 4 4 a a 4 4 4 a a 4 4 a 2 a VP Larix decidua Eaa 1 2 + 1 + + 1 1 1 1 1 VP Larix decidua E2b 1 1 1 1 1 + 1 1 + 1 + VP Larix decidua E2a + 1 + 1 + + + + VP Larix decidua E1 + + + + + EP Rhododendron hirsutum E2a a 2 2 1 a 1 + + 1 1 2 2 a 4 EP Rhodothamnus chamaecistus E1 1 1 a 2 1 1 + + 1 + + 2 1 + 1 AT Valeriana saxatilis E1 + + + 1 + + + + + 1 1 AT Primula auricula E1 + + + + + + AT Carex brachystachys E1 r + + m m Tabela 9: Subalpinski macesnov gozd (Rhodothamno-Laricetum) z zeleno jelšo 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 2 4 8 7 2 0 7 8 5 3 4 5 9 1 8 1 61 4 5 6 4 4 5 7 7 0 6 9 3 0 8 9 7 3 9 3 4 5 7 7 7 9 5 5 0 6 5 8 8 3 3 4 7 8 8 8 8 5 2 7 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 0 on 0 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 4 0 6 4 6 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 9 0 4 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 0 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 7 8 3 7 2 3 7 6 8 7 0 3 7 3 7 2 5 o 5 7 7 7 5 7 7 4 5 6 7 7 2 7 7 6 7 8 8 6 6 6 4 4 7 N N NW NE NE SW NE N N N NE SW N NW NE NE N N N N N N NW NE NE 40 45 30 45 50 35 40 35 40 45 35 30 20 35 35 40 45 45 45 40 45 40 40 50 35 DA D DA DA DA DA D DA D D DA A DA DA D D DA DA DA AL D D A G G Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re Re K Ev 5 10 10 10 5 20 10 30 10 20 20 20 50 20 5 5 10 15 20 5 20 20 30 20 0 50 60 40 50 50 50 50 50 70 60 40 60 20 40 60 60 40 40 50 60 40 40 70 50 50 10 10 10 2 5 5 10 10 10 10 10 10 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 20 10 60 70 60 60 70 60 90 60 50 60 40 60 60 70 30 30 50 50 20 20 60 50 40 80 50 80 80 90 80 80 70 80 70 70 80 80 80 50 80 90 90 80 80 70 90 80 80 70 80 90 40 20 15 10 1 10 10 30 40 10 5 10 20 10 5 5 5 5 10 5 40 20 20 20 5 44 62 70 75 78 74 56 75 54 53 87 78 79 48 95 115 90 88 75 66 67 82 78 83 57 200 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 200 200 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 200 400 11 11 9 9 0 0 11 11 2 11 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 11 11 2 01 01 00 00 01 01 01 01 01 01 10 12 10 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 00 09 S3 S3 S3 S3 cs S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 0 0 0 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 cs S3 S3 S3 r^ o cc if 'J2 d £ d d O e d § § "CMC > >0 >N-JZ d o o > " o o ^ Pi iS > •u < m K K _c 5 I 'č i* T3 s- (E d o oj p- d o oj p- 2 o o c 3 i i d E-?i o (¿¿o M , M = => .>¡2 & P P Q" S3 on on on on S3 S3 S3 on on S3 S3 jt on cc o ^ o ^ o o cc ^ o if if if if ,— 4 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 5 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 7 6 5 5 5 5 5 6 5 5 6 7 5 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 4 1 1 9 4 2 8 8 3 0 4 1 71 7 6 0 1 7 1 7 4 8 8 7 4 6 8 4 3 0 4 3 5 5 8 7 5 7 4 6 5 3 2 4 5 9 5 7 2 8 9 5 0 9 4 6 8 7 5 5 4 4 8 9 5 3 3 5 2 0 3 5 5 4 4 3 0 7 3 2 2 7 4 4 8 7 7 4 7 7 4 9 9 6 7 0 8 8 7 7 7 5 9 9 9 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 6 2 5 5 2 1 8 0 6 5 3 4 4 7 6 7 0 7 2 6 8 9 9 6 9 2 8 8 4 2 0 2 2 0 8 2 91 7 2 5 4 2 7 7 3 2 0 9 0 2 5 0 3 4 8 0 9 9 5 2 6 8 9 0 0 6 4 6 7 0 6 6 6 6 5 7 5 3 5 8 9 9 5 5 5 7 9 9 9 on 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 2 2 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 R R S S S S S S S S S S S R < < < < < < < < < < < < < D D Q Q a a D D Q D D D D D Q Q a a a Q Q Q D D i— 3 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 4 2 3 4 4 3 1 1 + + 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 + + + 1 1 + + 1 1 + + 1 2 1 2 + + + 1 1 + + + 1 + + 1 2 1 2 + + 3 3 4 3 4 4 3 2 4 3 3 2 4 3 + + + + + + + + + + 1 + r 1 1 1 2 + + 1 + + 40 100 31 78 29 73 22 55 9 23 38 95 32 80 17 43 8 20 4 10 3 3 r + + + + + + + r Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 34 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Geographical differential species (Geografske razlikovalne vrste) VP Homogyne sylvestris E1 1 1+ + + + + r + AT Paederota lutea E1 + + .1 1 1 1 1 + 1 + 1 + + AF Anemone trifolia E1 + + + + + 1 + + + ES Laserpitium peucedanoides E1 1 +1 + + + + + TR Astrantia carniolica E1 + 1+ + AT Campanula carnica E1 + Differential species of lower units (Razlikovalne vrste nižjih enot) BA Alnus viridis E2b 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 3 BA Alnus viridis E2a + + + + FS Luzula nivea E1 + 1 + 1 1 1 + MuA Stellaria nemorum E1 VP Vaccinio-Piceetea Vaccinium myrtillus E1 1 3 1+ 1 3 2 1 2 2 + 1 + 2 2 Luzula sylvatica E1 1 1 1+ 1 1 1 1 1 1 + + + 1 Vaccinium vitis-idaea E1 + 2 1+ + + 1 + + + + + + 1 3 Valeriana tripteris E1 1 1 +. + 1 1 1 1 1 + 1 1 + Polystichum lonchitis E1 + 1 +1 + + + + + 1 + + Oxalis acetosella E1 + + +1 + + 1 + 1 + 1 1 + Calamagrostis villosa E1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 2 + 1 1 1 Clematis alpina E1 + 1 ++ + 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r Dryopteris dilatata E1 + + + + + + + r Rosa pendulina E2a + + +1 + + + + + + + + 1 1 + Homogyne alpina E1 + + + 1 1 + + + + + 1 + Picea abies E3b r r + + + + + Picea abies E3a + ++ + + r Picea abies E2b + + .+ + 2 r + + + Picea abies E2a + + ++ 1 + + r + Picea abies E1 + +. + + + + Lycopodium annotinum E1 + 1 1+ + + 1 + + 1 + 2 4 Phegopteris connectilis E1 + 1 1+ 1 1 1 + + + + + Solidago virgaurea E1 1 1 +1 + + + 1 + 1 + + + + Gymnocarpium dryopteris E1 1 1 ++ 1 1 + + + + + + Saxifraga cuneifolia E1 + + .+ + + 1 1 1 2 + + Huperzia selago E1 + + ++ + + + + + + + + Melampyrum sylvaticum E1 + + +1 + + + + Aposeris foetida E1 + 1 + + + Hieracium murorum E1 + + + + + + + + + Lonicera caerulea E2a + + + r + + r + 1 Luzula luzuloides subsp. luzuloides E1 + + + Veronica urticifolia E1 1 1 .1 + + + + + + Maianthemum bifolium E1 1 .+ + 1 1 + + + 1 Gentiana asclepiadea E1 + + ++ + + + + + Lonicera nigra E2a + + + + r Dryopteris expansa E1 + 1 + + + Calamagrostis arundinacea E1 2 3 + + + Abies alba E3 r Abies alba E2b r + Abies alba E2a + + Abies alba E1 + Pyrola rotundifolia E1 + 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 1 . + . . + + 1 11.+ +.+. 33 11 2 2 1 1 21 11 1 133 12 43 .+ 1 + 1 1 1 1 1 + 11 24 3 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 + 1 2 1 1 1 + 1 + 1 1 + 2 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 + 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 + 1 2 + + + + + + + + + 1 1 1 1 + + 1 1 + 1 1 1 + + + + + 1 1 + + 1 1 + + 1 + + 1 + 1 + + + 1 1 + + + + + + + 1 + 1 + 1 1 1 1 1 + 1 1 1 + 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + 3 3 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 3 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 + 1 + 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + 1 + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + 1 + + + + 1 + 1 2 1 1 + + 1 + + + + + + 1 1 2 + + + + + + 1 1 1 + + + + 1 + + 1 + + + + + + r + + + r + + + + + + + + + + 1 + 23 58 33 83 17 43 16 40 5 13 25 40 100 8 20 8 20 9 23 38 95 37 93 37 93 37 93 37 93 34 85 33 83 33 83 32 80 29 73 28 70 16 40 19 48 24 60 28 70 7 18 28 70 27 68 25 63 24 60 23 58 22 55 21 53 19 48 19 48 19 48 16 40 15 38 14 35 13 33 13 33 13 33 12 30 38 15 13 5 10 1 + + 1 + + + + 2 1 1 3 + 2 + + + + r + + r + ++ + + + ++ + 1 1 + + + + + 1 1 + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + 3 + + + r r + + + Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 l0 ll l2 13 14 15 Luzula luzulina El . . . . . . + Luzula pilosa El . . . Moneses uniflora El . . . + . . Orthilia secunda El . . . . . . + Pyrola minor El . . . . . + Ajuga pyramidalis El . . . Listera cordata El . . . Luzula luzuloides subsp. rubella El . . . Pyrola chlorantha El . . . ... r EP Erico-Pinetea Rubus saxatilis El l l l l Pinus mugo E2b . + Calamagrostis varia El . 2 l 2 Erica carnea El . 2 Carex ornithopoda El . Cirsium erisithales El + + Aquilegia nigricans El . + + Juniperus alpina E2a . Arctostaphylos uva-ursi El . Galium austriacum El . Molinia caerulea subsp. arundinacea El . AF Aremonio-Fagion Dentaria enneaphyllos Knautia drymeia Helleborus niger Cardamine trifolia Cyclamen purpurascens Rhamnus fallax FS Fagetalia sylvaticae El El El El El E2 Daphne mezereum E2a r Melica nutans El + Galeobdolon flavidum El Lonicera alpigena E2a Poa nemoralis El Mercurialis perennis El l Paris quadrifolia El + Dryopteris filix-mas El + Prenanthes purpurea El + Myosotis sylvatica El Chrysosplenium alternifolium El Fagus sylvatica E3b Fagus sylvatica E3a + Fagus sylvatica E2b + Fagus sylvatica E2a Fagus sylvatica El Lilium martagon El Epilobium montanum El Acer pseudoplatanus E3a Acer pseudoplatanus E2b Acer pseudoplatanus E2a Acer pseudoplatanus El l 2 + + + + + + 2 + 4 4 + l + + l + l + + + + + + + + r + + + + + + + r l + + l + + + l + + + ++ ++ + ++ + r + + r r r ++ + + + r + + 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 1 + + 1 1 + 1 2 2 4 5 3 1 3 + 2 + + + + + + 2 3 3 2 4 + 1 + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + 1 + . 1 + + .+ + + + + + + + . .+ 1 + .+ + + + + .+ 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + 1 + 1 + + 1 1 + + + + + + + + + 1 36 90 28 70 21 53 15 38 9 23 8 20 18 10 3 3 3 16 40 13 33 18 13 8 5 28 70 21 53 17 43 17 43 16 40 14 35 14 35 13 33 10 25 9 23 8 20 38 18 13 8 3 18 15 8 8 8 13 + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + 3 2 3 + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + r + + + + + + + r + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 2 + + + + + + + + + r r + + + + + + + + + + Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) l 2 3 4 5 ó 7 S 9 lO ll 12 Is 14 Is Symphytum tuberosum Polystichum aculeatum Actaea spicata Galium laevigatum Adoxa moschatellina Festuca heterophylla Aruncus dioicus Campanula trachelium Euphorbia amygdaloides Laburnum alpinum Laburnum alpinum Mycelis muralis Phyteuma spicatum Ranunculus lanuginosus QP Quercetalia pubescentis Sorbus aria Arabis turrita Convallaria majalis Primula veris subsp. columnae QF Querco-Fagetea Hepatica nobilis Anemone nemorosa Carex digitata Dactylorhiza fuchsii Galium sylvaticum Ranunculus auricomus agg. Viola riviniana QR Betula pendula BA Betulo carpaticae-Alnetea viridis Salix appendiculata Salix appendiculata Salix appendiculata Salix appendiculata Sorbus chamaemespilus Salix glabra Salix waldsteiniana Ribes alpinum SSC Sambuco-Salicion capreae Sorbus aucuparia Sorbus aucuparia Sorbus aucuparia Sorbus aucuparia Sorbus aucuparia Rubus idaeus Fragaria vesca Urtica dioica Galeopsis speciosa MuA Mulgedio-Aconitetea Viola biflora Geranium sylvaticum Polygonatum verticillatum El El El El El El El El El E3a El El El El E2a El El El El El El El El El El E3a E3a E2b E2a El E2 E2 E2a E2a E3b E3a E2b E2a El E2a El El El ll El + + l l l l l l + l l l l + + El + + + + + + + l + + + + El + + + + + + l l + + + + + + r + + l + + + + r + 2 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + r 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 . + . . 1 . +.+ + + 1 ++ + + ++ +++ + .+ + + + 1 + +. + + + + + .1 + 1 + + + 1 .+ + + + .+ + + + + + + + + 1 + + . +.+ +. r 1 1 1 + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + 1 1 + + + + + + + 1 1 + 1 1 1 + + + 1 + 1 1 + + + . 1 + +1+ . + + 1 + . + + 1 . . . . + . 1 . + . . +++2+ + . . . . . . + 2 . + 5 13 5 13 4 10 4 10 38 11 4 10 13 13 13 14 35 12 30 5 13 3 3 3 3 3 38 28 70 16 40 25 28 70 11 28 7 18 4 10 38 22 55 21 53 16 40 14 35 12 30 9 23 7 18 38 37 93 28 70 23 58 1 + + + r + + + ++ + 1 r + 1 + + + + 1 + + 1 + + + + r + 2 r ++ + + + 1 + 1 + Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 il 12 13 14 15 Saxífraga rotundifolia El + . + .+ + + 2 + Athyrium filix-femina El + . + ++ + + l + + . . . Veratrum album s.lat. El + l .+. + + l l.. + Chaerophyllum hirsutum El .+ + + + . . + . Adenostyles alliariae El .+ + Ranunculus platanifolius El + + + + + + r l . . Aconitum lycoctonum subsp. ranunculifolium El + + + l + + + . . . Geum rivale El + + + + Hypericum maculatum El . + + + + Phyteuma ovatum El + + . + ++ r Poa hybrida El . + Senecio ovatus El + + Senecio cacaliaster El + + + . . . Thalictrum aquilegiifolium El + + . + . . Doronicum austriacum El + Primula elatior El + Rumex arifolius El + Aconitum angustifolium El + + . . . Alchemilla xanthochlora El . + + + Crepis paludosa El + .+ Aconitum tauricum El Chaerophyllum villarsii El . + Cortusa matthioli El Epilobium alpestre El Peucedanum ostruthium El l Alchemilla monticola El Cicerbita alpina El Heracleum montanum El Knautia longifolia El + Milium effusum El Pedicularis recutita El Rumex alpinus El Scrophularia scopolii El Athyrium distentifolium El ES Elyno-Seslerietea Sesleria caerulea subsp. calcaría El 2 + 2 3 l 2 2 l l l 2 l l + Aster bellidiastrum El l + l + l + + + + + + Heliosperma alpestre El + + + + + + + + Astrantia bavarica El + + + + + + + + + Polygonum viviparum El + l + + l + + + Carex ferruginea El + l Phyteuma orbiculare El + Campanula witasekiana El Festuca calva El + + + + + + Galium anisophyllum El + + + Juncus monanthos El + + + + + + Carex firma El + + + + Bartsia alpina El + + + Betonica alopecuros El + + + Carex sempervirens El + + + + Arctostaphylos alpinus El + 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 30 31 32 33 34 1 1 1 1 1 1 + 1 1 + 1 1 + 2 1 1 + + 1 + + + + + + + 1 1 1 1 + 1 1 1 1 + + 1 2 1 + + + + 2 2 1 1 + + + + + + 1 + + + + 1 + + 1 1 1 1 38 39 40 Pr. Fr. 1 23 58 + 23 58 1 22 55 1 18 45 4 14 35 + 14 35 13 33 + 13 33 + 13 33 11 28 1 11 28 + 11 28 9 23 9 23 + 7 18 1 7 18 1 7 18 4 10 4 10 4 10 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 + 1 3 + 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 + 1 3 31 78 23 58 21 53 20 50 17 43 11 28 11 28 8 20 8 20 8 20 8 20 6 15 5 13 5 13 5 13 4 10 + + + + + 1 + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 11 + + + + 1 + + 1 1 + 1 + + + + 1 + + + + + + + 2 + + + + + + + 1 + + r + + + + + + 1 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 1 + 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Helianthemum alpestre E1 Pedicularis rostrato-capitata E1 . . + .+ Thymus praecox subsp. polytrichus E1 .+ Arabis vochinensis E1 +. Dryas octopetala E1 Hieracium villosum E1 r . . .+ Koeleria eriostachya E1 +. Phleum hirsutum E1 .1 Phleum rhaeticum E1 Pulsatilla alpina subsp. austroalpina E1 + .+ Scabiosa lucida subsp. lucida E1 Hieracium pilosum E1 +. Pedicularis verticillata E1 Polygala alpestris E1 Primula wulfeniana E1 Ranunculus carinthiacus E1 +. Ranunculus montanus agg. E1 Senecio abrotanifolius E1 Sesleria sphaerocephala E1 Achillea clavenae E1 .. + Carduus crassifolius E1 r . . Carex mucronata E1 Myosotis alpestris E1 .+ Oxytropis neglecta E1 .+ Scabiosa lucida subsp. stricta E1 FB Festuco-Brometea Bromopsis transilvanica Carlina acaulis Linum catharticum Prunella grandiflora E1 E1 E1 E1 JT Juncetea trifidi Soldanella alpina E1 . + + .+. + .+ Anthoxanthum odoratum agg. E1 + . . .+. 1+ + +. Gentiana pannonica E1 .+. Potentilla aurea E1 Agrostis rupestris E1 .+. LV Vaccinium gaultherioides E1 .+ CU Calluno-Ulicetea Coeloglossum viride Hieracium lachenalii Galium pumilum E1 E1 E1 r . . + + . .+ + +. EA Epilobietea angustifolii Chamaenerion angustifolium Epilobium collinum E1 E1 TG Trifolio-Geranietea Digitalis grandiflora Vicia sylvatica E1 E1 PaT Poo alpinae-Trisetalia Campanula scheuchzeri E1 +++ . + 1 ++ + +1 ++ ++ Poa alpina E1 . + + .+ ++ +. .+ Trollius europaeus E1 .+. .+ ++ 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 ++ .1 +.+ .+ ++ +++ ++ +. 4 10 4 10 4 10 38 14 35 7 18 7 18 25 9 23 38 25 25 13 18 45 15 38 7 18 + + ++ + + r + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + r + + r 1 + + + + + + + + ++ + + r + + + + + + + + r + + + + + + + + Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 S 6 7 B 9 10 11 12 13 14 1î Ranunculus nemorosus E1 Festuca nigrescens E1 Cerastium fontanum E1 Crepis aurea E1 MA Molinio-Arrhenetheretea Deschampsia cespitosa E1 Caltha palustris E1 Dactylis glomerata s.str. E1 Lotus corniculatus s. lat. (L. alpinus) E1 Veronica chamaedrys E1 Angelica sylvestris E1 Astrantia major E1 Cirsium eriophorum E1 Galium mollugo E1 Leontodon hispidus E1 Prunella vulgaris E1 Taraxacum officinale E1 Trifolium pratense E1 SCf Scheuchzerio-Cariceteafuscae Selaginella selaginoides E1 Parnassia palustris E1 Pinguicula alpina E1 Tofieldia calyculata E1 AC Arabidetalia caeruleae Alchemillafissa E1 Carex capillaris E1 Salix retusa E1 Carex atrata E1 Homogyne discolor E1 Saxifraga sedoides E1 Veronica aphylla E1 TR Thlaspietea rotundifolii Cystopteris montana E1 Trisetum argenteum E1 Arabis alpina E1 Biscutella laevigata E1 Alchemilla alpigena E1 Minuartia austriaca E1 Rhodiola rosea E1 Saxifraga aizoides E1 Molopospermum peloponnesiacum subsp. bauhinii E1 Campanula cespitosa E1 Cerastium carinthiacum E1 Festuca laxa E1 Geranium macrorrhizum E1 Ligusticum seguieri E1 ++++ Campanula cochleariifolia E1 + + + 1 + .+ Adenostyles glabra E1 1 1 1 2 + .+ 1 + + 1+ + Festuca nitida E1 + + + + + ++ . + + .+ Gymnocarpium robertianum E1 + + ++ + Dryopteris villarii E1 + r + 1. + + . .+ 1 + + + ++ r r ++ + + + r + + + + + + ++ + ++ + + + r + 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 + + . + . 1 + . . + + + + . . + + . + . + . . + + + ++++++ .+..1. . . . + . . + 1 + . . + +. 1 +.+ + . + ++ +4 + .+ ++ + + + 1 + + + . . + . . . . 1 + . 2 +1 + . . + + + . + . . + + . + + 4 10 38 13 13 6 15 38 15 38 14 35 7 18 4 10 25 25 25 13 13 13 13 24 60 21 53 16 40 13 33 10 25 9 23 6 15 5 13 5 13 38 ++ 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + r + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + r Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 S 4 S ó T B 9 10 11 12 1S 14 lî Poa minor El Saxífraga caesia El Scrophularia juratensis El AT Asplenietea trichomanis Asplenium viride El Cystopteris fragilis El Heliosperma pusillum El Moehringia muscosa El Saxifraga crustata El Polypodium vulgare El Cerastium subtriflorum El Asplenium ruta-muraria El Asplenium trichomanes El Festuca stenantha El Hieracium bifidum El Ranunculus alpestris El Soldanella minima El Cystopteris regia El Androsace lactea El Ranunculus traunfellneri El Bupleurum petraeum El Campanula zoysii El Festuca alpina El Hedysarum hedysaroides subsp. exaltatum El Hieracium caesium El Phyteuma sieberi El Potentilla clusiana El Valeriana elongata El O Other species (Druge vrste) Alchemilla sp. El Hieracium sp. El Selaginella helvetica El ML Mosses and lichens (Mahovi in lisaji) l l l l + + + + + l + + + + + + + + + + + + Orthothecium rufescens E0 Schistidium apocarpum E0 Plagiochila porelloides E0 Sphagnum sp. (inc. *S. quinquefarium) E0 Peltigera canina E0 Eurhynchium striatum E0 Plagiothecium undulatum E0 Bartramia halleriana E0 Rhytidiadelphus loreus E0 Cladonia pyxidata E0 ++++ ..l. ++++ Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus E0 l + l + + l + + E l + E l S Tortella tortuosa E0 l + + + + + + + l + + l + + Dicranum scoparium E0 + + + + + l + + + l l l + l Ctenidium molluscum E0 + l + + l + l + l l + Hylocomium splendens E0 + + l l + + + l E l l l + l Polytrichum formosum E0 + + + E + l + + + + + + Fissidens dubius E0 + + + + + + + Peltigera leucophlebia E0 + + + + + + + + l l + + + + + ++ + + + + + + + + r + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + l + + + + 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 1 2 + + 1 + + + 2 2 + + 1 + + 1 1 + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + 1 + 2 2 1 + + + + + + + + + 1 1 + 1 + + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 2 + + + 1 1 + + + + + 13 13 13 37 93 22 55 12 30 10 25 7 18 6 15 5 13 4 10 4 10 4 10 13 13 36 90 35 88 31 78 29 73 29 73 27 68 15 38 14 35 10 25 9 23 8 20 8 20 18 15 15 13 10 10 + + r 1 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++ + r + + + + ++ + + 3 2 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1 + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + + 2 + + Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Cladonia sp. E0 . . . + . + . . + . Conocephalum conicum E0 . . . . + + . + . . Mnium thomsonii E0 . . . . + + . . . Rhizomnium punctatum E0 . + . . + + Cetraria islandica E0 Letharia vulpina E3a Isothecium alopecuroides E0 + . . . . Marchantia polymorpha E0 . + . . . + . . . Metzgeria furcata E0 + . . . . Metzgeria sp. E0 . . + . 1 Neckera crispa E0 . . . + . + Plagiomnium undulatum E0 + Plagiothecium sylvaticum E0 . + . . . . + . . . Polytrichum commune E0 Musci sp. E0 . . . + . Atrichum undulatum E0 Bryum capillare E0 + . . . Eurhynchium sp. E0 + Homalothecium lutescens E0 1 Hypnum cupressiforme E0 Paraleucobryum sauteri E0 + . . . . Plagiochila asplenioides E0 + . . . Plagiopus oederi E0 + . . . . Plagiothecium sp. E0 Polytrichastrum formosum E0 ... 1 Pseudoleskeella catenulata E0 Sanionia uncinata E0 Solorina saccata E0 . . . + . *Scapania aequiloba E0 *Eurhynchium angustirete E0 *det. Andrej Martinčič A Limestone - apnenec D Dolomite - dolomit G Claystone - glinavec L Marlstone - laporovec Re Rendzina - rendzina K Brown calcareous soil - rjava pokarbonatna tla Ev Eutric brown soil - evtrična rjava tla ID Igor Dakskobler AR Andrej Rozman AS Andrej Seliškar Maximum tree diametre: 15-110 cm Maximum tree height: 12-20 m Pr. Fr. 4 10 38 38 38 38 38 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 r ++ + 1 + + + 1 + + + + + + 1 + + Table 10 / Tabela 10: Rhododendro hirsuti-Pinetum mugo typicum var. Alnus viridis = Rhodothamno-Pinetum mugo typicum var. Alnus viridis Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 c^ o co 0 S 7 S 9 9 S 0 2 2 6 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 2 7 2 7 7 6 S 6 7 B 9 10 Database number of relevé (Delovna številka popisa) Elevation in m (Nadmorska višina v m) Aspect (Lega) Slope in degrees (Nagib v stopinjah) Parent material (Matična podlaga) Soil (Tla) Stoniness in % (Kamnitost v %) Cover of tree layer in % (Zastiranje drevesne plasti v %) E3 Cover of shrub layer in % (Zastiranje grmovne plasti v %): E2 Cover of herb layer in % (Zastiranje zeliščne plasti v %): El Cover of moss layer in % (Zastiranje mahovne plasti v %) E0 Number of species (Število vrst) Relevé area (Velikost popisne ploskve) m2 Date of taking relevé (Datum popisa) NE N NW NW 40 30 30 35 A DA Gr A Li Re Re Re 10 10 0 10 80 60 20 44 30 2 0 0 2 S3 ö 0 4 2 20 15 A Gr Re Re 60 10 90 90 90 60 90 40 10 s 10 S3 38 61 100 100 100 90 50 30 56 s 80 70 S0 79 S3 ö S3 o S3 t-! 4 4 2 W NW N N 35 30 30 2S A A A Gr Re Re Re Re 29 30 20 10 10 S S 80 90 90 70 60 S0 S0 90 20 10 S 40 S7 81 S7 71 200 100 100 100 Locality (Nahajališče) Quadrant (Kvadrant) Coordinate GK Y (D-48) Coordinate GK X (D-48) Author of the relevé (Avtor popisa) , , ■C o M > IS. s- s- C C s- & & cd s- s- cd cd jd £ . ^ cd o _cd iE iE E C "CD ID cd C >o >u l¿ >u CC CC '.-i Jt Jt c Jt Jt _ _ Jt ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ cc ^ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 7 6 7 7 S 6 7 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 S 0 S 7 2 2 0 S S c^ 6 4 6 2 2 1 0 cc 7 7 S 7 9 7 cc cc 9 6 2 7 7 CC 9 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 7 9 0 2 4 1 S 0 cc 4 S 0 S 6 S 4 S 4 0 cc 9 4 4 9 2 6 9 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 R < C C C c c Q c c c jt cc 4 0 4 0 Pr. Fr. Diagnostic species of the association (Diagnostične vrste asociacije) EP Pinus mugo E2b 4 S S S 4 S 3 3 4 4 10 EP Rhododendron hirsutum E2a 3 3 3 2 3 2 1 2 2 + 10 ES Laserpitium peucedanoides E1 1 + + + + .S EP Rhodothamnus chamaecistus E1 + + + + + .S AT AF BA BA BA EP Geographical differential species (Geografske razlikovalnice) Paederota lutea E1 Anemone trifolia E1 Differential species of lower units (Razlikovalnice nižjih enot) Alnus viridis Alnus viridis Alnus viridis Erico-Pinetea Kubus saxatilis Calamagrostis varia E2b E2a E1 E1 E1 11 + + . + + . + . . . 114 2 1 S0 S0 40 20 1 10 100 . 1 10 + 1 10 1 10 100 . 3 30 m m 1 + + + Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 a 4 5 6 7 s 9 10 Pr. Fr. Erica carnea El . . + . . 1 + . . a Juniperus sibirica E2a . . . + + r . . .. a a0 Carex ornithopoda El . .....+ r .+a a0 Buphthalmum salicifolium El . . . + . . . . . l 10 Cirsium erisithales El . .....+ . . l 10 VP Vaccinio-Piceetea Vaccinium myrtillus Rosa pendulina Lonicera caerulea Vaccinium vitis-idaea Clematis alpina Valeriana tripteris Lycopodium annotinum Calamagrostis villosa Luzula sylvatica Oxalis acetosella Solidago virgaurea Dryopteris dilatata Homogyne alpina Gymnocarpium dryopteris Huperzia selago Maianthemum bifolium Polystichum lonchitis Lonicera nigra Gentiana asclepiadea Phegopteris connectilis Homogyne sylvestris Larix decidua Larix decidua Larix decidua Larix decidua Picea abies Picea abies Picea abies Picea abies Dryopteris expansa Saxifraga cuneifolia Luzula luzulina Luzula luzuloides Abies alba Orthilia secunda Pyrola rotundifolia Calamagrostis arundinacea Veronica urticifolia Hieracium murorum Melampyrum sylvaticum Pyrola minor AF Aremonio-Fagion Cardamine enneaphyllos Knautia drymeia Cyclamen purpurascens Cardamine trifolia Helleborus niger Rhamnus fallax E1 E2a E2a E1 E2a E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E2a E1 E1 E1 Eaa E2b E2a E1 Eaa E2b E2a E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E2 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E2a a + + 1 + + 2 1 + + + + 1 + + + + 2 2 l + + + + + + + 2 + l l + + + + l 2 l l 2 l + l + + + + l l + l + + + + + + + l + + l l l 2 1+ .+ +. .+ .+ .+ l l 9 l s + s l l s + l s + 7 + + 7 + + + 7 l + + 7 + l + 7 + 6 + 6 l 6 5 + r 5 4 + + 4 a + a + 2 a l + l r 2 a + 2 + 2 l a 2 90 90 90 s0 s0 s0 s0 70 70 70 70 70 60 60 60 50 50 40 40 a0 a0 20 a0 10 10 20 a0 20 20 a0 20 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 60 20 10 10 10 10 + + + + + r r + 1 + + + 1 + + Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) l 2 3 4 S ó T S 9 l0 Pr. Fr. FS Fagetalia sylvaticae Prenanthes purpurea El . .+. + + +. 4 40 Galeobdolon flavidum El . . . + + l + 4 4O Melica nutans El . + l + l 4 40 Paris quadrifolia El . + + + + 4 40 Lilium martagon El . + . . + +. 3 30 Epilobium montanum El . . . + + r. 3 30 Daphne mezereum E2a . + + r. 3 30 Mercurialis perennis El . + l + 3 30 Chrysosplenium alternifolium El . . . + + 2 20 Acer pseudoplatanus E2 . + + 2 20 Dryopteris filix-mas El . + + 2 20 Galium laevigatum El . + +. 2 20 Symphytum tuberosum El . . . + l lO Fagus sylvatica E2b . + l lO Lonicera alpigena E2a . + l lO Cypripedium calceolus El . r l lO Adoxa moschatellina El . + l lO Actaea spicata El . + l lO Scrophularia nodosa El . + l lO Polystichum aculeatum El . + l lO QF Querco-Fagetea Anemone nemorosa Hepatica nobilis Convallaria majalis Sorbus aria Sorbus aria BA Betulo carpaticae-Alnetea viridis Salix appendiculata Salix appendiculata Salix glabra Salix waldsteiniana Sorbus chamaemespilus SSC Sambuco-Salicion capreae Sorbus aucuparia Sorbus aucuparia Sorbus aucuparia Rubus idaeus Hypericum hirsutum MuA Mulgedio-Aconitetea El El El E2a E2b ll E3a E2 El E2a El +l .l Viola biflora El ll .l l l lT Veratrum album El ++ .+ l ll lT Geranium sylvaticum El .+ + + ++ .S Polygonatum verticillatum El .+ + + +l .S Ranunculus platanifolius El .r + + + .S Athyrium filix-femina El + + l ll .S Adenostyles alliariae El .+ + +l .4 Hypericum maculatum El + .2 Saxífraga rotundifolia El l .2 Senecio cacaliaster El ll .2 Carduus personata El ++ .2 Chaerophyllum villarsii El ++ .2 Cicerbita alpina El rl .2 Doronicum austriacum El +l .2 E2b + + + l l l l l S E2a l l + + 4 E2 + + + + + + + + S E2a + 2 + + + + l l S E2 + + + l l + l l S 5 so l lO l lO l lO 1 lO SO 40 SO SO SO 2 2O S SO l lO 3 3O l lO TO TO 50 50 50 50 4O 2O 2O 2O 2O 2O 2O 2O + + 2 + l + Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) l 2 S 4 S 6 7 S 9 l0 Pr. Fr. Heracleum sphondylium subsp. montanum El . . + +. 2 20 Aconitum lycoctonum subsp. ranunculifolium El . . . + +. 2 2O Allium victorialis El . + . . l l0 Phyteuma ovatum El . + . . l l0 Crepis pyrenaica El . . . + l l0 Eryngium alpinum El . ... r l l0 Lathyrus occidentalis var. montanus El . . . + l l0 Myrrhis odorata El . . . + l l0 Poa hybrida El . . . + l l0 Thalictrum aquilegiifolium El . . . + l l0 Stellaria nemorum El . l. l l0 Crepis paludosa El . l. l l0 Geum rivale El . l. l l0 Epilobium alpestre El . +. l l0 ES Elyno-Seslerietea Sesleria caerulea subsp. calcaría El l + Astrantia bavarica El + + Carex ferruginea El + Campanula witasekiana El Heliosperma alpestre El Aster bellidiastrum El Juncus monanthos El + Carduus crassifolius El Koeleria eriostachya El Anemone narcissiflora El + Hieracium villosum El + Linum julicum El + Helianthemum alpestre El Festuca calva El Helianthemum nummularium subsp. grandiflorum El Betonica alopecuros El Pulsatilla alpina El Serratula tinctoria subsp. macrocephala El Agrostis alpina El Bartsia alpina El Carex firma El Carex sempervirens El Dryas octopetala El Polygonum viviparum El Salix alpina El JT Juncetea trifidi LV Loiseleurio-Vaccinietea SCf Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae +. l 5 so r. + 5 so +. + S SO ++ S SO +. l S SO +. + S SO + 2 2O +. 2 2O + 2 2O l lO l lO l lO l lO l lO +. l lO +. l lO r. l lO +. l lO + l lO + l lO + l lO + l lO + l lO + l lO + l lO Soldanella alpina El . + .+ 2 2O Anthoxanthum odoratum agg. El . +. . + 2 2O Agrostis rupestris El . .+ l lO Gentiana pannonica El . .+ l lO Potentilla aurea El . .+ l lO Empetrum hermaphroditum El + . + . . . . . . 2 S SO Arctostaphylos alpinus El . + . . . . . . . 2 2 2O Vaccinium gaultherioides El . . . . . . . . . S l lO Parnassia palustris El + + + r++ 6 6O Pinguicula alpina El + . .+. . . + S SO Selaginella selaginoides El + . .+. .. l S SO + + + + + Number ofrelevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Pr. Fr. Tofieldia calyculata E1 + . 1 10 Calluno-Ulicetea Potentilla erecta E1 . . . . + . . + 2 20 Hieracium lachenalii E1 . . . . + 1 10 Poo alpinae-Trisetalia Campanula scheuchzeri E1 + + + + . + + + 7 70 Poa alpina E1 . . . + . . . . + 2 20 Trollius europaeus E1 . . . + . . . . + 2 20 Festuca nigrescens E1 . . .+.+ 2 20 Cerastium fontanum E1 . . . r . 1 10 MA Molinio-Arrhenatheretea Galium album Deschampsia cespitosa Angelica sylvestris Dactylis glomerata s.str. AC Arabidetalia caeruleae Salix retusa Carex atrata Carex capillaris Homogyne discolor TR Thlaspietea rotundifolii Festuca nitida Adenostyles glabra Gymnocarpium robertianum Dryopteris villarii Astrantia carniolica Cystopteris montana Rhodiola rosea AT Asplenietea trichomanis Asplenium viride Valeriana saxatilis Cystopteris fragilis Saxifraga crustata Campanula zoysii Heliosperma pusillum Moehringia muscosa O Other species (Druge vrste) E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 E1 1 + 1 + + . . . + 1 r . . + . . 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 50 30 20 10 10 10 10 60 30 20 10 10 10 10 Cirsium sp. E1 + 1 10 Carduus sp. E1 + 1 10 Alchemilla sp. E1 +. 1 10 Mosses and lichens (Mahovi in lisaji) Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus E0 1 + 1 1 2 + 11 8 80 Tortella tortuosa E0 + + + + + 1 .+ 7 70 Hylocomium splendens E0 + 1 + 2 + .1 6 60 Dicranum scoparium E0 + 1 1 1 1 5 50 Orthothecium rufescens E0 + + + + 4 40 Polytrichum formosum E0 + 1 + 1 4 40 Rhytidiadelphus loreus E0 + + + + 4 40 Sphagnum sp. E0 + 1 2 3 30 Ctenidium molluscum E0 + + 1 3 30 Rhizomnium punctatum E0 + + 2 20 Peltigera leucophlebia E0 + + 2 20 Schistidium apocarpum E0 + + 2 20 Dicranum sp. E0 + 1 10 + + + + + + 1 + + + + + + + + Number of relevé (Zaporedna številka popisa) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Pr. Fr. Mnium thomsonii E0 . + 1 10 Bazzania trilobata E0 . . . . + . 1 10 Fissidens dubius E0 . . . . + . 1 10 Plagiochila asplenioides E0 . . . . . + 1 10 Plagiothecium undulatum E0 . . . . . + 1 10 Cladonia sp. E0 . . + . . 1 10 Polytrichum commune E0 . . .. 1 1 10 Sanionia uncinata E0 . . .. 1 1 10 Cetraria islandica E0 . . .. 1 1 10 Musci sp. E0 . . . . + 1 10 A Limestone - apnenec D Dolomite - dolomit G Claystone - glinavec Gr Gravel - pobočni grušč Re Rendzina - rendzina Li Lithosol - kamnišče ID Igor Dakskobler AR Andrej Rozman