THIRTY YEARS OF THE CHAIR OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND
ETHOLOGY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MARIBOR
Dušan Devetak
Chair of animal Physiology and ethology, Department of Biology, Faculty of
Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Maribor, koroška cesta 160,
2000 Maribor, Slovenia
email: dusan.devetak@guest.arnes.si
Abstract – a brief review is given of the history of the Chair of animal Physiology
and ethology at the University of Maribor, which celebrates 30 years of teaching and
research in 2022. the focus of the research group has been the integration of the
structure and function of insect sensory organs, insect vision, and biophysical, etho-
logical and ecophysiological aspects of prey capture in predatory insects. 
key worDS: Sensory physiology, predatory behaviour, substrate vibration, subgenu-
al organ, insects, Neuroptera, antlions, Euroleon nostras, Chrysoperla
Izvleček – trIDeSetLetNICa kateDre Za FIZIoLoGIJo ŽIvaLI IN eto-
LoGIJo UNIverZe v MarIBorU
Podan je kratek pregled zgodovine katedre za fiziologijo živali in etologijo
Univerze v Mariboru, ki v letu 2022 obeležuje 30-letnico poučevanja in raziskova-
nja. raziskovalna skupina katedre se osredotoča na integracijo zgradbe in delovanja
čutilnih organov žuželk, gledanje pri žuželkah ter na biofizikalne, etološke in ekofi-
ziološke vidike lova plena pri plenilskih žuželkah.
kLJUčNe BeSeDe: Fiziologija čutil, plenilsko vedenje, vibracije podlage, subgenualni
organ, žuželke, Neuroptera, volkci, Euroleon nostras, Chrysoperla
In 1986, the Pedagogical academy of the University of Maribor evolved into the
Faculty of education. at this Faculty, an education-oriented study programme in
Biology, defining the 4-year study of biology, was introduced in the late 1980s.
Beginning in 1990, a course in animal Physiology provided a solid foundation in
basic physiological mechanisms. During the first year, the course was conducted by
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ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA SLOVENICA
LJUBLJANA, JUNIJ 2022                    Vol. 30, øt. 1: 71–82
two colleagues from the University of Ljubljana: kazimir Drašlar and Peter Stušek.
a detailed review of the history of the study of Biology at the University of Maribor
is presented by Devetak and Senčič (2008) and Devetak (2011a). 
the year 1992 is recognised as the formal beginning of the Chair of animal
Physiology and ethology, when Dušan Devetak, a former student of academician
Matija Gogala, began as a lecturer. at the beginning, behavioural topics were includ-
ed in the physiology course, but these topics – i. e. ethology, Behavioural ecology
and Predatory Behaviour – were later transferred to electives. By 1992, an electro-
physiology laboratory was already operating at the then Faculty of education. that
laboratory had been established with the help of tomaž amon when the study of the
insect subgenual organ began (Devetak 1992; Devetak and amon 1997; Devetak
1998; Devetak et al. 2004).
Laboratory exercises initially used kymographs (Fig. 1) to visualise frog heart
activity, muscle action, nervous activity and other physiological processes. the mod-
estly equipped electrophysiology laboratory (Figs. 2, 3), with oscilloscopes and a
Faraday cage, which they made themselves in the early years, enabled extracellular
recordings of the activity in sensory neurons in selected invertebrates. Insects were
favoured over mammals because of their relative simplicity for the experimental
approach and for ethical reasons. the study of Neuropterid insects, particularly green
lacewings (Chrysoperla), lance lacewings (Osmylus) and alderflies (Sialis), was con-
Acta entomologica slovenica, 30 (1), 2022
72
Fig. 1. (left). Laboratory exercises in the 1990s: a kymograph was used to study
the respiratory movements of tracheal gills in May-fly larvae. Photo B. Mencinger
vračko. Fig. 2. (right). extracellular recording of activity in sensory neurons of
cricket hair sensilla. Photo DD.
ducted by both students and researchers and focused on the morphology, ultrastruc-
ture and mode of action of the sensory systems, especially the chordotonal organs
(kolar 1991; čavka 1995; Devetak et al. 1996; Devetak 1998; Božič 1999). 
From the very beginning, a link was established between the Chair and two
austrian universities—the University of Graz and the Medical University of Graz.
Cooperation with Maria anna Pabst (Fig. 4), the head of the Institute of Cell
Biology, Histology and embryology in Graz, has lasted more than two decades and
resulted in electron microscopy studies of the chordotonal organs, starting with
detailed analysis of the ultrastructure of the green lacewing subgenual organ
(Devetak and Pabst 1994; Fig. 5). In her doctoral dissertation, Saška Lipovšek (Fig.
4) studied another insect mechanoreceptor – the femoral chordotonal organ (FCo)
(Lipovšek et al. 1999; Devetak et al. 2004). Confocal laser scanning microscopy and
immunohistochemical methods revealed that sensory cells in the green lacewing
FCo show immunoreaction with antiserotonin (Lipovšek et al. 2003). Furthermore,
contrary to the FCo in the locust, acetylcholine does not occur as a neurotransmitter
in the FCo of green lacewings (Chrysoperla). In addition to the study of sensory sys-
tems (e. g., Lipovšek Delakorda et al. 2009; Devetak et al. 2013), special attention
was devoted to investigation of the ultrastructure of insect larval digestive system
and the feeding strategies in neuropterid insects (e. g., Lipovšek et al. 2012a, 2012b;
Devetak and klokočovnik 2016). Because neuropterid insects are considered bene-
ficial fauna, all the data obtained are important in the concept of biological pest con-
trol. In cooperation with austrian colleagues, the Chair presented the most compre-
hensive review of sensilla in larval antlions by 2020 (see acevedo ramos et al.
2020). 
on the initiative of karl kral (Fig. 6) from the former Institute of Zoology (now
Institute of Biology) of the University of Graz, common research began into the role
Duøan Devetak: Thirty years of the Chair of Animal Physiology and Ethology at the University of Maribor
73
Fig. 3. (left). Bojana Mencinger vračko in the accelerometry laboratory. Photo
DD. Fig. 4. (right). Maria anna Pabst (right) and Saška Lipovšek. Photo DD.
of compound eyes in two convergent insect groups – mantids (order Dictyoptera,
suborder Mantodea) and mantidflies (order Neuroptera, fam. Mantispidae). Different
orientation principles were studied in two mantid species: Mantis religiosa uses
motion parallax, and Empusa fasciata uses a combination of motion parallax and for-
ward and backward movements to detect object distances (kral and Devetak 1999).
when studying another insect, the mantidfly Mantispa styriaca, an earlier assump-
tion that prey-capture behaviour was based on a triangulation mechanism
(eggenreich and kral 1990) was later confirmed, analysing the visually controlled
behaviour by means of video recording (kral et al. 2000). their highly developed
vision, based on the properties of diurnal superposition eyes, makes mantidflies suc-
cessful hunters (review: kral 2013).    
In 2006 the Faculty of education was divided, and the Faculty of Natural
Sciences and Mathematics was formed, containing the Department of Biology with
its Chair of animal Physiology and ethology. at the beginning of the 21st century,
a new period of animal physiology began at the University of Maribor. New tools
and platforms were added to the methods of researching and teaching animal physi-
ology and ethology. Computer-based laboratory technologies were incorporated in
the courses. In the period 2001 to 2004, the Chair acquired modern research infras-
tructure, including histology laboratory equipment, Nikon microscopes and Brüel &
kjær vibration measurement equipment (Figs. 7, 8).
antlion behaviour has been studied at the Chair from the very beginning.
antlions (Myrmeleontidae) constitute the largest and most cosmopolitan family in
the order Neuroptera, with sophisticated prey-capture behaviour at the larval stage
(Fig. 9). thus, a european antlion species – Euroleon nostras (Geoffroy in Fourcroy)
Acta entomologica slovenica, 30 (1), 2022
74
Fig. 5. (left). the axoneme of a cilium in the subgenual organ in Chrysoperla has
a ring of 9 outer microtubule doublets (9+0 axoneme). the cilium is surrounded by
an extracellular space which is delimited with dark scolopale rods. Photo DD and M.
a. Pabst. Fig. 6. (right). karl kral. Photo DD. 
Duøan Devetak: Thirty years of the Chair of Animal Physiology and Ethology at the University of Maribor
75
Fig. 7. (left). Laboratory of histology: an ultramicrotome is used for cutting ultra-
thin sections for transmission electron microscopy. Photo DD. Fig. 8. (right).
Microscopy laboratory. Photo J. Podlesnik. 
Fig. 9. antlion E. nostras as a
model species. (Above) antlions
use pitfall traps to capture their
prey. Photo DD. (Middle)
oscillogram of the vibrations from
an antlion larva during sand toss-
ing; scale bar 1 second. Photo DD.
(Below) Mechanoreceptors on the
antlion body surface: hair sensilla
and campaniform sensillum. Scale
bar 30 µm. Photo M. a. Pabst &
DD.
was chosen as a model species for studying ecophysiology and predatory behaviour.
an important aspect of these studies was their integrative character, ranging from
electron microscopy, biophysics, and ecophysiology to behaviour. worthy of note is
the evaluation of directionality in the predatory behaviour, which means that the
reactions of the antlion are directed towards the prey (Mencinger vračko 2003;
Mencinger vračko and Devetak 2008).
Physiological research on the antlion sensory receptors was complemented by
behavioural studies. In her doctoral dissertation, vesna klokočovnik (Fig. 10), who
compared antlion prey-capture behaviour in different species, recognised and
defined two groups of predatory strategists: pit-builders and non-pit-builders
(klokočovnik 2013). the latter group comprises two sub-groups: sit-and-wait and
sit-and-pursue predators (klokočovnik 2013; klokočovnik and Devetak 2014). the
most appropriate method for behavioural analysis was video recording (Fig. 11). In
Acta entomologica slovenica, 30 (1), 2022
76
Fig. 10. (Left) vesna klokočovnik. (Right) Jan Podlesnik. Photo DD.
Fig. 11. equipment for recording (left) and analysing (right) the behavioural pat-
terns of predators. Photo v. klokočovnik. 
addition to interactions between antlions and their prey, interactions between
intraguild predators have also been investigated; the research group was the first to
comprehensively describe the behaviour of pit-builders in interactions – both inter-
specific and intraspecific (klokočovnik et al. 2020).  
the antlion pit (Fig. 9), constructed in fine sand, is a sophisticated and very effec-
tive trap for small arthropods. Many questions in connection with the pitfall trap and
antlion behaviour have been addressed. the study of the effect of abiotic factors
revealed that they have a major impact on the plasticity of behaviour (klokočovnik
et al. 2012, 2016). Furthermore, when comparing two different strategies—pit-build-
ing and non-pit-building—surprisingly, it was found that a trap building strategy
does not mean greater behavioural diversity (klokočovnik and Devetak 2014).  
Sand particle size is a crucial factor in antlion behaviour. Given a choice, the larvae
of most antlion species prefer to build pits in fine sands (Devetak et al. 2005; Devetak
and arnett 2015) and in substrates of low density (Devetak et al. 2012). Similar results
regarding sand particle size were obtained in wormlions (Devetak 2008). 
Furthermore, sand particle size has an important role in the shape of the pit. For
the first time, three-dimensional laser scanning (Fig. 12) was used in antlions to
reveal the shape of antlion pits (Devetak et al. 2020). the research was conducted in
Duøan Devetak: Thirty years of the Chair of Animal Physiology and Ethology at the University of Maribor
77
Fig. 12. (Above) Scanned pit of C. lineosa. Sonogram (in the middle) and oscil-
logram (below) of signals from prey moving on the sand surface. 
collaboration with Inon Scharf from tel aviv University, Israel and tina klenovšek
from the Laboratory of Morphometry, Chair of Zoology. one species investigated,
Myrmeleon hyalinus olivier, constructs pits in shape of a simple inverted cone. the
other antlion studied, Cueta lineosa (rambur), constructs a very special pit com-
posed of two inverted cones, in general with steeper walls than the pits of any other
antlion studied to date (Fig. 12). the analysis of avalanching using a Hele-Shaw cell
revealed that the finest sand is responsible for high values of the maximum angle of
stability; consequently, fine sand particles enable stability of the steep pit walls
(Devetak et al. 2020). Behavioural analysis revealed that the C. lineosa pits were
much more effective than the M. hyalinus pits when prey capture success was con-
sidered; to achieve these results, in 2016, a 3D model of a trap of any predatory
insect was used for the first time (klokočovnik and Devetak 2021). 
the antlion detects and recognizes its prey by sensing the vibrations produced by
the prey as it moves on the sand surface (Devetak 2014). Bojana Mencinger vračko
(Fig. 2) demonstrated that the antlion can detect prey even when vision is excluded
(Mencinger 1998; Mencinger vračko and Devetak 2008). the research group was
among the first to describe the biophysical properties of the transmission of vibra-
tional signals on a sand surface (Devetak et al. 2007) (Fig. 12) and even deep in the
sand (Podlesnik et al. 2019). Since 2018, the Chair has been collaborating with
vincent Lorent from the Laser Physics Laboratory at the Université Sorbonne Paris
Nord, France, with an emphasis on an experimental approach in the study of sub-
strate vibrations as key signals for prey detection. Jan Podlesnik (Fig. 10) works
most intensively with him (Podlesnik and Devetak 2020). as one result of this col-
laboration, the assumption that antlions are sensitive to subnanometer amplitude
vibrations has only recently been confirmed (Martinez et al. 2020). 
a research group of the Chair was involved in updating the Biology Curriculum
in high schools, especially when animal Behaviour and selected topics of animal
Physiology were incorporated into the course content (e. g., Devetak 2011b).
Currently, members of the Chair of animal Physiology and ethology are vesna
klokočovnik (head), Jan Podlesnik, Saška Lipovšek (external collaborator), eva
veler, Bojana Mencinger vračko and Dušan Devetak (retired).
Acknowledgements
I thank colleagues vesna klokočovnik, tina klenovšek, Saška Lipovšek, Bojana
Mencinger vračko and Jan Podlesnik for their constructive feedback. I owe my
thanks to tone Novak for critically reading the manuscript. I am grateful to Michelle
Gadpaille for polishing the english. I would like to thank an anonymous reviewer
who helped to improve the manuscript.
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Received / Prejeto: 11. 11. 2021
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