Acta geographica Slovenica, 57-1, 2017, 119–139
SLOVENIAN EXONYMS
IN NORTH AMERICA
Drago Perko, Drago Kladnik
Section of the map of North America from Atlant (1869–1877),
the first world atlas in Slovenian.
57-1-Special issue_acta49-1.qxd  5.5.2017  9:31  Page 119
Drago Perko, Drago Kladnik, Slovenian exonyms in North America
Slovenian exonyms in North America
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/AGS.4777
UDC: 91:811.163.6’373.21
COBISS: 1.01
ABSTRACT: The number of Slovenian exonyms around the world decreases with distance from Slovenia.
This applies less so to North America, where their density is twice as high as in South and Central America.
Based on a comparative analysis of geographical names from all important world atlases in Slovenian, we
prepared two spreadsheets of Slovenian exonyms. The extensive spreadsheet has 5,038 names and the con-
cise spreadsheet has 3,819 names. Each exonym has thirty-five thematic fields.
In North America, marine hydronyms (21.1%) are the most numerous semantic type of exonyms, and com-
pletely translated names (77.9%) are the most numerous Slovenianized type of exonyms. Among the original
languages of exonyms, English completely prevails (97.1%).
The most commonly used Slovenian exonyms from North America in Slovenian texts are Dolina smrti
»Death Valley«, Veliki kanjon »Grand Canyon«, Niagarski slapovi »Niagara Falls«, Skalno gorovje »Rocky
Mountains«, and Aleuti »Aleutian Islands«.
KEY WORDS: geographical name, endonym, exonym, Slovenian, Slovenianization, North America, United
States, Canada
The article was submitted for publication on November 15th, 2016.
ADDRESSES:
Drago Perko, Ph.D.
Anton Melik Geographical Institute
Research Center of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Novi trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
E-mail: drago@zrc-sazu.si
Drago Kladnik, Ph.D.
Anton Melik Geographical Institute
Research Center of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Gosposka ulica 13, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
E-mail: drago.kladnik@zrc-sazu.si
120
57-1-Special issue_acta49-1.qxd  5.5.2017  9:31  Page 120
1 Introduction
A geographical name or toponym (from Greek tópos »place« and ónyma, a dialect variant of ónoma »name«)
is a proper name of a geographical feature.
An endonym (from Greek éndon »inside«) is the geographical name of a feature in one of the languages
spoken in the territory of the feature. An exonym (from Greek éksō »outside«) is the geographical name
of a feature in one of the languages that are not spoken in the territory of the feature, if different from the
endonym of this feature (Kadmon 2000). Simply put, an endonym is the local (or original) name of a geo-
graphical feature and an exonym is a foreign name for the same feature (Kladnik 2009).
Slovenian endonyms are Slovenian geographical names within Slovenian ethnic territory, and Slovenian
exonyms are Slovenian geographical names in all other territories if they differ from the endonyms there.
In the narrow sense of the word, Slovenian exonyms only include Slovenian geographical names that
are completely different from the original endonyms (e.g., Nemčija for Deutschland »Germany«); in the
broader sense, they also include Slovenianized and translated geographical names (e.g., Pariz »Paris« and
Rumena reka »Yellow River«, Chinese Huang He).
The average density of Slovenian exonyms per million km² is 103 in Europe, eighteen in Asia, fourteen
in Africa, eight in North America, five in South America, and four in Central America.
The number of Slovenian exonyms around the world decreases with distance from Slovenia. This applies
less so to North America, where the density is twice as high as in South and Central America, which is asso-
ciated with the above-average global role of North America in the last century and the emigration of Slovenians
in past centuries.
2 Methods
We collected geographical names from fourteen Slovenian world atlases, including Cigale’s Atlant
(Atlas, 1869–1877), the first world atlas in Slovenian (Urbanc et al. 2006; Kladnik et al. 2006), as well as
some important encyclopedias (Veliki splošni leksikon … 1997–1998) and the Slovenian Orthography
(Slovenski pravopis 2001).
Based on a comparative analysis of the names collected, we prepared two spreadsheets of Slovenian
exonyms. The extensive spreadsheet contains 5,038 names (Internet 1) and the concise one has 3,819 names
(Kladnik et al. 2013). Each exonym has thirty-five thematic fields (Table 1):
• 1) Nominative form of the Slovenian exonym;
• 2) Genitive form of the Slovenian exonym;
• 3) Adjectival form of the Slovenian exonym;
• 4) Original geographical name (endonym);
• 5) Language of the original geographical name;
• 6) Exonym location (continent, ocean);
• 7) Exonym location (country, sea);
• 8) Semantic type of the exonym;
• 9) Latitude of the exonym;
• 10) Longitude of the exonym;
• 11) Degree of Slovenianization of the exonym;
• 12) Status of the exonym according to standardization;
• 13) Recommended use of the exonym (necessary, recommended, less recommended, not recommended
or unnecessary, inappropriate);
• 14) Alternative exonym (allonym);
• 15–24) Versions of the Slovenian exonym in atlases and other sources;
• 25–32) English, French, German, Spanish, Russian, Italian, Croatian, and Hungarian form of the exonym;
• 33) Etymology of the exonym;
• 34) Notes about the exonym;
• 35) Coordinates of the exonym on the map.
For exonyms from the list of 3,819 names, we produced several maps (at a scale of 1:50,000,000 for
the entire world, and at some more detailed scales for certain parts of the world, especially Europe, where
the density of Slovenian exonyms is higher).
Acta geographica Slovenica, 57-1, 2017
121
57-1-Special issue_acta49-1.qxd  5.5.2017  9:31  Page 121
Drago Perko, Drago Kladnik, Slovenian exonyms in North America
122
Ta
ble
 1:
 Li
st 
of 
Slo
ve
nia
n e
xo
ny
m
s i
n C
an
ad
a a
nd
 th
e U
nit
ed
 St
ate
s.
Ex
on
ym
, s
lov
en
ize
d n
am
e
En
do
ny
m
, o
rig
ina
l n
am
e
Or
igi
na
l la
ng
ua
ge
Se
m
an
tic
 ty
pe
De
gr
ee
 of
 sl
ov
en
iza
tio
n
Lo
ca
tio
n (
co
nt
ine
nt
, o
ce
an
)
Lo
ca
tio
n (
co
un
try
, s
ea
)
La
tit
ud
e
Lo
ng
itu
de
Lo
ca
tio
n o
n m
ap
1
Ak
ad
ija
Ac
ad
ie/
Ac
ad
ia
Fre
nc
h/
En
gli
sh
Hi
sto
ric
al 
reg
ion
H
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
46
°  
08
'  N
65
°  
21
'  W
II 2
D
2
Al
jas
ka
Al
as
ka
En
gli
sh
Na
tu
ral
 la
nd
sca
pe
F
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
63
°  
35
'  N
15
4°
  3
0' 
 W
VI
I 1
A,
 1B
3
Al
jas
ka
Al
as
ka
En
gli
sh
Ad
m
ini
str
ati
ve
 un
it
F
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
63
°  
35
'  N
15
4°
  3
0' 
 W
VI
I 1
A,
 1B
4
Al
jaš
ki 
po
lot
ok
Al
as
ka
 Pe
nin
su
la
En
gli
sh
Co
as
tal
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
63
°  
35
'  N
15
4°
  3
0' 
 W
I 1
A
5
Al
jaš
ko
 go
rov
je
Al
as
ka
 Ra
ng
e
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
62
°  
31
'  N
15
2°
  4
8' 
 W
I 1
A,
 1B
6
Al
eu
ti
Al
eu
tia
n I
sla
nd
s
En
gli
sh
Isl
an
d r
eli
ef 
for
m
I
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
54
°  
49
'  N
16
4°
  0
2' 
 W
I 2
A
7
Al
eu
tsk
o g
oro
vje
Al
eu
tia
n R
an
ge
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
60
°  
29
'  N
15
2°
  4
5' 
 W
I 2
A
8
Al
ek
sa
nd
rov
 ar
hip
ela
g
Al
ex
an
de
r A
rch
ipe
lag
o
En
gli
sh
Isl
an
d r
eli
ef 
for
m
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
56
°  
40
'  N
13
4°
  0
5' 
 W
I 2
B
9
Al
leg
he
ny
jsk
a p
lan
ot
a
Al
leg
he
ny
 Pl
ate
au
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
41
°  
16
'  N
79
°  
05
'  W
II 2
D
10
Am
eri
ka
Am
eri
ca
/A
m
éri
qu
e
En
gli
sh
/F
ren
ch
Co
nt
ine
nt
F
No
rth
/C
en
tra
l/S
ou
th
 A
m
eri
ca
−
13
°  
32
'  N
86
°  
07
'  W
II 3
C, 
3D
11
Am
un
ds
en
ov
 za
liv
Am
un
ds
en
 G
ulf
En
gli
sh
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
Ar
cti
c O
ce
an
Be
au
for
t S
ea
70
°  
27
'  N
12
2°
  2
1' 
 W
IV
 1B
12
An
glo
am
eri
ka
An
glo
-A
m
eri
ca
En
gli
sh
Co
nt
ine
nt
F
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
/U
SA
44
°  
11
'  N
98
°  
22
'  W
II 2
C, 
2D
13
Ap
ala
či
Ap
pa
lac
hia
ns
/A
pp
ala
ch
ian
 M
ou
nt
ain
s
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 re
lie
f fo
rm
I
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
/U
SA
36
°  
36
'  N
81
°  
41
'  W
II 2
D
14
Ar
kti
čn
i o
ce
an
Ar
cti
c O
ce
an
/O
cé
an
 A
rct
iqu
e
En
gli
sh
/F
ren
ch
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
Ar
cti
c O
ce
an
−
86
°  
32
'  N
13
5°
  0
0' 
 W
IV
 1A
, 1
B
15
Ar
kti
ka
Ar
cti
ca
/A
rct
iqu
e
En
gli
sh
/F
ren
ch
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
F
Eu
rop
e/
As
ia/
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
−
87
°  
48
'  N
1°
  1
5' 
 E
II 1
C, 
1D
16
At
lan
tsk
o o
ba
lno
 ni
ža
vje
At
lan
tic
 Co
as
tal
 Pl
ain
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
33
°  
47
'  N
79
°  
41
'  W
II 2
D
17
Ot
ok
 A
xla
 H
eib
erg
a
Ax
el 
He
ibe
rg
 Is
lan
d
En
gli
sh
Isl
an
d r
eli
ef 
for
m
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
79
°  
32
'  N
90
°  
58
'  W
II 1
C
18
Ba
ffin
ov
 za
liv
Ba
ffin
 Ba
y/
Ba
ffin
 Bu
gt
en
En
gli
sh
/D
an
ish
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
Ar
cti
c O
ce
an
−
70
°  
41
'  N
62
°  
38
'  W
V 
1D
19
Ba
ffin
ov
 ot
ok
Ba
ffin
 Is
lan
d/
Qi
kiq
taa
luk
En
gli
sh
/In
uit
Isl
an
d r
eli
ef 
for
m
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
69
°  
26
'  N
71
°  
52
'  W
II 1
D
20
Ba
ke
rje
v i
n H
ow
lan
do
v o
to
k
Ba
ke
r a
nd
 H
ow
lan
d I
sla
nd
En
gli
sh
Ad
m
ini
str
ati
ve
 un
it
J
Oc
ea
nia
US
A
0°
  2
9' 
 N
17
6°
  3
2' 
 W
VI
I 3
A
21
Ba
ke
rje
v o
to
k
Ba
ke
r Is
lan
d
En
gli
sh
Isl
an
d r
eli
ef 
for
m
J
Oc
ea
nia
US
A
0°
  1
2' 
 N
17
6°
  2
9' 
 W
I 3
A
22
Ba
nk
so
v o
to
k
Ba
nk
s I
sla
nd
En
gli
sh
Isl
an
d r
eli
ef 
for
m
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
72
°  
56
'  N
12
1°
  1
5' 
 W
I 1
B
23
Ba
rro
wo
v p
rel
iv
Ba
rro
w 
Str
ait
En
gli
sh
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
Ar
cti
c O
ce
an
−
74
°  
19
'  N
94
°  
24
'  W
V 
1C
24
Ba
th
ur
sto
v o
to
k
Ba
th
ur
st 
Isl
an
d
En
gli
sh
Isl
an
d r
eli
ef 
for
m
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
75
°  
46
'  N
98
°  
52
'  W
II 1
C
25
za
liv
 Fu
nd
y
Ba
y o
f F
un
dy
En
gli
sh
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
A
At
lan
tic
 O
ce
an
−
44
°  
55
'  N
65
°  
58
'  W
V 
2D
26
Be
au
for
to
vo
 m
or
je
Be
au
for
t S
ea
En
gli
sh
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
Ar
cti
c O
ce
an
Be
au
for
t S
ea
72
°  
10
'  N
13
7°
  3
9' 
 W
IV
 1B
27
Be
lch
erj
ev
i o
to
ki
Be
lch
er 
Isl
an
ds
En
gli
sh
Isl
an
d r
eli
ef 
for
m
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
56
°  
11
'  N
79
°  
19
'  W
II 2
D
28
Be
rin
go
v p
rel
iv
Be
rin
go
v p
rol
iv/
Be
rin
g S
tra
it
Ru
ssi
an
/E
ng
lis
h
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
Ar
cti
c/
Pa
cif
ic 
Oc
ea
n
−
65
°  
55
'  N
16
8°
  4
6' 
 W
IV
 1A
29
Be
rin
go
vo
 m
or
je
Be
rin
go
vo
 m
ore
/B
eri
ng
 Se
a
Ru
ssi
an
/E
ng
lis
h
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
Pa
cif
ic 
Oc
ea
n
Be
rin
g S
ea
57
°  
38
'  N
17
5°
  3
0' 
 W
IV
 2A
30
po
lot
ok
 Bo
ot
hia
Bo
ot
hia
 Pe
nin
su
la
En
gli
sh
Co
as
tal
 re
lie
f fo
rm
A
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
71
°  
02
'  N
94
°  
33
'  W
II 1
C
31
Br
ita
ns
ka
 Ko
lum
bij
a
Br
itis
h C
olu
m
bia
En
gli
sh
Ad
m
ini
str
ati
ve
 un
it
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
54
°  
28
'  N
12
4°
  5
8' 
 W
VI
I 2
B
32
Br
oo
ks
ov
o g
oro
vje
Br
oo
ks
 Ra
ng
e
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
67
°  
54
'  N
15
0°
  3
8' 
 W
I 1
A,
 1B
33
Ka
lifo
rn
ija
Ca
lifo
rn
ia
En
gli
sh
/S
pa
nis
h
Na
tu
ral
 la
nd
sca
pe
H
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
36
°  
44
'  N
11
9°
  2
6' 
 W
VI
I 2
B
34
Ka
lifo
rn
ija
Ca
lifo
rn
ia
En
gli
sh
Ad
m
ini
str
ati
ve
 un
it
H
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
36
°  
44
'  N
11
9°
  2
6' 
 W
VI
II 2
C
35
Ka
na
da
Ca
na
da
En
gli
sh
/F
ren
ch
Co
un
try
F
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
55
°  
53
'  N
96
°  
23
'  W
VI
II 2
C, 
2D
36
Ar
kti
čn
i a
rh
ipe
lag
Ca
na
da
 A
rch
ipe
lag
o
En
gli
sh
Isl
an
d r
eli
ef 
for
m
L
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
73
°  
54
'  N
92
°  
24
'  W
II 1
C, 
1D
37
Ka
na
ds
ki 
šč
it
Ca
na
dia
n S
hie
ld
En
gli
sh
Na
tu
ral
 la
nd
sca
pe
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
52
°  
50
'  N
87
°  
50
'  W
VI
II 2
C, 
2D
38
Ba
th
ur
sto
v r
t
Ca
pe
 Ba
th
ur
st
En
gli
sh
Co
as
tal
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
70
°  
38
'  N
12
8°
  1
5' 
 W
I 1
B
39
rt 
Ca
na
ve
ral
Ca
pe
 Ca
na
ve
ral
En
gli
sh
Co
as
tal
 re
lie
f fo
rm
A
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
28
°  
27
'  N
80
°  
32
'  W
II 3
D
40
Ch
arl
es
ov
 rt
Ca
pe
 Ch
arl
es
En
gli
sh
Co
as
tal
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
52
°  
13
'  N
55
°  
38
'  W
III 
2E
57-1-Special issue_acta49-1.qxd  5.5.2017  9:31  Page 122
Acta geographica Slovenica, 57-1, 2017
123
Ex
on
ym
, s
lov
en
ize
d n
am
e
En
do
ny
m
, o
rig
ina
l n
am
e
Or
igi
na
l la
ng
ua
ge
Se
m
an
tic
 ty
pe
De
gr
ee
 of
 sl
ov
en
iza
tio
n
Lo
ca
tio
n (
co
nt
ine
nt
, o
ce
an
)
Lo
ca
tio
n (
co
un
try
, s
ea
)
La
tit
ud
e
Lo
ng
itu
de
Lo
ca
tio
n o
n m
ap
41
Ch
idl
ey
jev
 rt
Ca
pe
 Ch
idl
ey
En
gli
sh
Co
as
tal
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
60
°  
29
'  N
64
°  
39
'  W
II 1
D
42
rt 
Co
d
Ca
pe
 Co
d
En
gli
sh
Co
as
tal
 re
lie
f fo
rm
A
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
41
°  
50
'  N
69
°  
59
'  W
II 2
D
43
rt 
Fla
tte
ry
Ca
pe
 Fl
att
er
y
En
gli
sh
Co
as
tal
 re
lie
f fo
rm
A
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
48
°  
23
'  N
12
4°
  4
3' 
 W
I 2
B
44
rt 
Ha
tte
ras
Ca
pe
 H
att
era
s
En
gli
sh
Co
as
tal
 re
lie
f fo
rm
A
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
35
°  
15
'  N
75
°  
32
'  W
II 2
D
45
rt 
M
en
do
cin
o
Ca
pe
 M
en
do
cin
o
En
gli
sh
Co
as
tal
 re
lie
f fo
rm
A
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
40
°  
26
'  N
12
4°
  2
5' 
 W
I 2
B
46
Rt
 w
ale
šk
eg
a p
rin
ca
Ca
pe
 Pr
inc
e o
f W
ale
s
En
gli
sh
Co
as
tal
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
65
°  
39
'  N
16
8°
  0
7' 
 W
I 1
A
47
rt 
Ra
ce
Ca
pe
 Ra
ce
En
gli
sh
Co
as
tal
 re
lie
f fo
rm
A
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
46
°  
40
'  N
53
°  
04
'  W
III 
2E
48
rt 
Sa
ble
Ca
pe
 Sa
ble
En
gli
sh
Co
as
tal
 re
lie
f fo
rm
A
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
43
°  
24
'  N
65
°  
37
'  W
II 2
D
49
rt 
Sa
ble
Ca
pe
 Sa
ble
En
gli
sh
Co
as
tal
 re
lie
f fo
rm
A
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
25
°  
10
'  N
81
°  
08
'  W
II 3
D
50
Ka
sk
ad
no
 go
rov
je
Ca
sca
de
 Ra
ng
e/
Ca
sca
de
s
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
47
°  
34
'  N
12
1°
  1
3' 
 W
I 2
B
51
Os
red
nje
 ni
ža
vje
Ce
nt
ral
 Lo
wl
an
ds
/C
en
tra
l P
lai
ns
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
39
°  
21
'  N
90
°  
54
'  W
II 2
C, 
2D
52
Ka
na
lsk
i o
to
ki
Ch
an
ne
l Is
lan
ds
En
gli
sh
Isl
an
d r
eli
ef 
for
m
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
33
°  
21
'  N
11
9°
  1
6' 
 W
II 2
C
53
Ch
es
ap
ea
šk
i z
ali
v
Ch
es
ap
ea
ke
 Ba
y
En
gli
sh
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
At
lan
tic
 O
ce
an
−
37
°  
36
'  N
76
°  
05
'  W
V 
2D
54
Ob
aln
o g
oro
vje
Co
as
t M
ou
nt
ain
s/C
oa
st 
Ra
ng
e
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
/U
SA
50
°  
20
'  N
12
3°
  2
5' 
 W
I 2
B
55
Ob
aln
e g
or
sk
e v
eri
ge
Co
as
t R
an
ge
s
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
40
°  
34
'  N
12
3°
  4
2' 
 W
I 2
B
56
Ko
lor
ad
o
Co
lor
ad
o
En
gli
sh
Ad
m
ini
str
ati
ve
 un
it
F
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
38
°  
53
'  N
10
5°
  3
9' 
 W
VI
II 2
C
57
Ko
lor
ad
sk
a p
lan
ot
a
Co
lor
ad
o P
lat
ea
u
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
37
°  
00
'  N
10
9°
  3
6' 
 W
II 2
C
58
Ko
lor
ad
o
Co
lor
ad
o R
ive
r/R
ío 
Co
lor
ad
o/
'Ah
a K
wa
hw
at
En
gli
sh
/S
pa
nis
h/
M
oja
ve
La
nd
 hy
dr
on
ym
F
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A/
M
ex
ico
31
°  
39
'  N
11
4°
  4
4' 
 W
V 
2C
59
Ko
lum
bij
sk
o g
oro
vje
Co
lum
bia
 M
ou
nt
ain
s/C
olu
m
bia
 Ra
ng
e
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
/U
SA
50
°  
16
'  N
11
7°
  1
5' 
 W
II 2
C
60
Ko
lum
bij
sk
a p
lan
ot
a
Co
lum
bia
 Pl
ate
au
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
44
°  
09
'  N
11
8°
  0
5' 
 W
II 2
C
61
Ko
lum
bij
a
Co
lum
bia
 Ri
ve
r
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 hy
dr
on
ym
H
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
/U
SA
46
°  
15
'  N
12
4°
  0
2' 
 W
V 
2C
62
Cu
m
be
rla
nd
sk
a p
lan
ot
a
Cu
m
be
rla
nd
 Pl
ate
au
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
36
°  
35
'  N
84
°  
12
'  W
II 2
D
63
Ču
ko
tsk
o m
or
je
Ču
ko
tsk
oe
 m
ore
/C
hu
kc
hi 
Se
a
Ru
ssi
an
/E
ng
lis
h
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
Ar
cti
c O
ce
an
Ch
uk
ch
i S
ea
69
°  
38
'  N
17
1°
  0
7' 
 W
IV
 1A
64
Da
vis
ov
 pr
eli
v
Da
vis
 St
rai
t/D
av
iss
træ
de
t
En
gli
sh
/D
an
ish
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
At
lan
tic
 O
ce
an
−
66
°  
27
'  N
57
°  
35
'  W
VI
 1E
65
Do
lin
a s
m
rti
De
ath
 Va
lle
y
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
36
°  
32
'  N
11
6°
  5
6' 
 W
II 2
C
66
Ko
lum
bij
sk
o o
kro
žje
Di
str
ict
 of
 Co
lum
bia
En
gli
sh
Ad
m
ini
str
ati
ve
 un
it
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
38
°  
55
'  N
77
°  
01
'  W
VI
II 2
D
67
Di
xo
no
v p
rel
iv
Di
xo
n E
nt
ran
ce
En
gli
sh
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
Pa
cif
ic 
Oc
ea
n
−
54
°  
21
'  N
13
2°
  2
0' 
 W
IV
 2B
68
Ot
ok
 El
lef
a R
ing
ne
sa
Ell
ef 
Rin
gn
es
 Is
lan
d
En
gli
sh
Isl
an
d r
eli
ef 
for
m
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
78
°  
34
'  N
10
1°
  5
2' 
 W
II 1
C
69
Ell
es
m
ere
Ell
es
m
ere
 Is
lan
d
En
gli
sh
Isl
an
d r
eli
ef 
for
m
G
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
79
°  
36
'  N
80
°  
19
'  W
II 1
D
70
Fo
xe
jev
a k
ot
lin
a
Fo
xe
 Ba
sin
En
gli
sh
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
Ar
cti
c O
ce
an
−
66
°  
13
'  N
78
°  
12
'  W
V 
1D
71
Fo
xe
jev
 pr
eli
v
Fo
xe
 Ch
an
ne
l
En
gli
sh
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
Ar
cti
c O
ce
an
−
64
°  
17
'  N
79
°  
27
'  W
V 
1D
72
Fo
xe
jev
 po
lot
ok
Fo
xe
 Pe
nin
su
la
En
gli
sh
Co
as
tal
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
64
°  
46
'  N
76
°  
47
'  W
II 1
D
73
Ro
os
ev
elt
ov
o z
aje
zit
ve
no
 je
ze
ro
Fra
nk
lin
 De
lan
o R
oo
se
ve
lt L
ak
e/
La
ke
 Ro
os
ev
elt
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 hy
dr
on
ym
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
47
°  
56
'  N
11
8°
  4
1' 
 W
V 
2C
74
Fro
bis
he
rje
v z
ali
v
Fro
bis
he
r B
ay
En
gli
sh
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
At
lan
tic
 O
ce
an
La
br
ad
or
 Se
a
62
°  
34
'  N
65
°  
55
'  W
V 
1D
75
Ga
sp
eš
ki 
po
lot
ok
Ga
sp
és
ie/
Pé
nin
su
le 
de
 la
 G
as
pé
Fre
nc
h
Co
as
tal
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
48
°  
39
'  N
65
°  
26
'  W
II 2
D
76
Ge
org
ija
Ge
org
ia
En
gli
sh
Ad
m
ini
str
ati
ve
 un
it
F
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
32
°  
38
'  N
83
°  
22
'  W
VI
II 2
D
77
Ve
lik
i k
an
jon
Gr
an
d C
an
yo
n
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
36
°  
06
'  N
11
2°
  0
8' 
 W
II 2
C
78
Gr
an
to
va
 de
že
la
Gr
an
t L
an
d
En
gli
sh
Na
tu
ral
 la
nd
sca
pe
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
82
°  
07
'  N
77
°  
47
'  W
VI
II 1
D
79
Ve
lik
a k
ot
lin
a
Gr
ea
t B
as
in
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
38
°  
56
'  N
11
7°
  0
7' 
 W
II 2
C
80
Ve
lik
o m
ed
ve
dje
 je
ze
ro
Gr
ea
t B
ea
r L
ak
e
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 hy
dr
on
ym
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
65
°  
57
'  N
12
0°
  3
3' 
 W
IV
 1B
81
Ve
lik
a j
ez
era
Gr
ea
t L
ak
es
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 hy
dr
on
ym
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
/U
SA
45
°  
13
'  N
83
°  
38
'  W
V 
2D
82
Ve
lik
e p
lan
jav
e
Gr
ea
t P
lai
ns
/P
rai
rie
s
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
/U
SA
44
°  
58
'  N
10
3°
  4
9' 
 W
II 2
C
57-1-Special issue_acta49-1.qxd  5.5.2017  9:31  Page 123
Drago Perko, Drago Kladnik, Slovenian exonyms in North America
124
Ex
on
ym
, s
lov
en
ize
d n
am
e
En
do
ny
m
, o
rig
ina
l n
am
e
Or
igi
na
l la
ng
ua
ge
Se
m
an
tic
 ty
pe
De
gr
ee
 of
 sl
ov
en
iza
tio
n
Lo
ca
tio
n (
co
nt
ine
nt
, o
ce
an
)
Lo
ca
tio
n (
co
un
try
, s
ea
)
La
tit
ud
e
Lo
ng
itu
de
Lo
ca
tio
n o
n m
ap
83
Ve
lik
o s
lan
o j
ez
ero
Gr
ea
t S
alt
 La
ke
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 hy
dr
on
ym
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
41
°  
03
'  N
11
2°
  2
3' 
 W
V 
2C
84
Ve
lik
o s
už
en
jsk
o j
ez
ero
Gr
ea
t S
lav
e L
ak
e
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 hy
dr
on
ym
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
61
°  
31
'  N
11
4°
  1
2' 
 W
V 
1C
85
Za
liv
sk
o n
iža
vje
Gu
lf C
oa
sta
l P
lai
n
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
31
°  
01
'  N
91
°  
59
'  W
II 2
C
86
Al
jaš
ki 
za
liv
Gu
lf o
f A
las
ka
En
gli
sh
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
Pa
cif
ic 
Oc
ea
n
−
58
°  
29
'  N
14
5°
  2
7' 
 W
IV
 2B
87
Bo
ot
hij
sk
i z
ali
v
Gu
lf o
f B
oo
th
ia
En
gli
sh
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
Ar
cti
c O
ce
an
−
70
°  
27
'  N
90
°  
15
'  W
V 
1C
, 1
D
88
M
eh
išk
i z
ali
v
Gu
lf o
f M
ex
ico
/G
olf
o d
e M
éx
ico
En
gli
sh
/S
pa
nis
h
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
At
lan
tic
 O
ce
an
Gu
lf o
f M
ex
ico
25
°  
16
'  N
90
°  
55
'  W
V 
3C
, 3
D
89
Za
liv
 sv
ete
ga
 Lo
vre
nc
a
Gu
lf o
f S
ain
t L
aw
ren
ce
/G
olf
e d
u S
ain
t L
au
ren
t
En
gli
sh
/F
ren
ch
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
At
lan
tic
 O
ce
an
−
48
°  
04
'  N
62
°  
27
'  W
V 
2D
90
Ha
rn
ey
jev
a k
ot
lin
a
Ha
rn
ey
 Ba
sin
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
43
°  
15
'  N
11
9°
  0
3' 
 W
II 2
C
91
Ha
va
ji
Ha
wa
ii/
Ha
wa
i‘i
En
gli
sh
/H
aw
aii
an
Ad
m
ini
str
ati
ve
 un
it
I
Oc
ea
nia
US
A
21
°  
09
'  N
15
7°
  1
3' 
 W
VI
I 3
A
92
Ha
va
ji
Ha
wa
iia
n I
sla
nd
s/M
ok
up
un
i o
 H
aw
ai‘
i
En
gli
sh
/H
aw
aii
an
Isl
an
d r
eli
ef 
for
m
I
Oc
ea
nia
US
A
21
°  
09
'  N
15
7°
  1
3' 
 W
I 3
A
93
pr
eli
v H
ec
ate
He
ca
te 
Str
ait
En
gli
sh
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
A
Pa
cif
ic 
Oc
ea
n
−
53
°  
15
'  N
13
1°
  0
5' 
 W
IV
 2B
94
Ho
wl
an
do
v o
to
k
Ho
wl
an
d I
sla
nd
En
gli
sh
Isl
an
d r
eli
ef 
for
m
J
Oc
ea
nia
US
A
0°
  4
8' 
 N
17
6°
  3
7' 
 W
I 3
A
95
Hu
ds
on
ov
 za
liv
Hu
ds
on
 Ba
y
En
gli
sh
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
Ar
cti
c O
ce
an
Hu
ds
on
 Ba
y
59
°  
04
'  N
85
°  
35
'  W
V 
1C
, 1
D, 
2C
, 2
D
96
Hu
ds
on
ov
 pr
eli
v
Hu
ds
on
 St
rai
t
En
gli
sh
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
Ar
cti
c O
ce
an
−
62
°  
12
'  N
71
°  
20
'  W
V 
1D
97
Ja
m
es
ov
 za
liv
Ja
m
es
 Ba
y/
Ba
ie 
Ja
m
es
En
gli
sh
/F
ren
ch
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
Ar
cti
c O
ce
an
Hu
ds
on
 Ba
y
53
°  
36
'  N
80
°  
35
'  W
V 
2D
98
Jo
hn
sto
no
v a
to
l
Jo
hn
sto
n A
to
ll
En
gli
sh
Isl
an
d r
eli
ef 
for
m
J
Oc
ea
nia
US
A
16
°  
44
'  N
16
9°
  3
2' 
 W
I 3
A
99
Jo
ne
so
v p
rel
iv
Jo
ne
s S
ou
nd
En
gli
sh
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
Ar
cti
c O
ce
an
−
75
°  
56
'  N
86
°  
20
'  W
V 
1D
10
0
po
lot
ok
 Ke
na
i
Ke
na
i P
en
ins
ula
En
gli
sh
Co
as
tal
 re
lie
f fo
rm
A
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
60
°  
13
'  N
15
0°
  0
5' 
 W
I 1
A,
 1B
10
1
Ot
ok
 kr
alj
a V
ilje
m
a
Kin
g W
illi
am
 Is
lan
d/
Qi
kiq
taq
En
gli
sh
/In
uit
Isl
an
d r
eli
ef 
for
m
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
69
°  
07
'  N
97
°  
19
'  W
II 1
C
10
2
Ku
sk
ok
wi
m
sk
i z
ali
v
Ku
sk
ok
wi
m
 Ba
y
En
gli
sh
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
Pa
cif
ic 
Oc
ea
n
Be
rin
g S
ea
59
°  
27
'  N
16
2°
  4
1' 
 W
IV
 2A
10
3
Ku
sk
ok
wi
m
sk
o h
rib
ov
je
Ku
sk
ok
wi
m
 M
ou
nt
ain
s
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
63
°  
28
'  N
15
5°
  0
0' 
 W
I 1
A
10
4
La
br
ad
or
sk
o m
or
je
La
br
ad
or
 Se
a
En
gli
sh
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
At
lan
tic
 O
ce
an
La
br
ad
or
 Se
a
57
°  
50
'  N
52
°  
22
'  W
VI
 2E
10
5
At
ha
ba
šk
o j
ez
ero
La
ke
 A
th
ab
as
ca
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 hy
dr
on
ym
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
59
°  
17
'  N
10
9°
  2
1' 
 W
V 
2C
10
6
Eri
ejs
ko
 je
ze
ro
La
ke
 Er
ie
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 hy
dr
on
ym
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
/U
SA
42
°  
10
'  N
81
°  
18
'  W
V 
2D
10
7
Hu
ron
sk
o j
ez
ero
La
ke
 H
ur
on
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 hy
dr
on
ym
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
/U
SA
44
°  
41
'  N
82
°  
22
'  W
V 
2D
10
8
jez
ero
 M
an
ito
ba
La
ke
 M
an
ito
ba
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 hy
dr
on
ym
A
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
50
°  
32
'  N
98
°  
22
'  W
V 
2C
10
9
M
ea
do
vo
 za
jez
itv
en
o j
ez
ero
La
ke
 M
ea
d
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 hy
dr
on
ym
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
36
°  
08
'  N
11
4°
  2
7' 
 W
V 
2C
11
0
M
ich
iga
ns
ko
 je
ze
ro
La
ke
 M
ich
iga
n
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 hy
dr
on
ym
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
43
°  
29
'  N
87
°  
06
'  W
V 
2D
11
1
Ni
pig
on
sk
o j
ez
ero
La
ke
 N
ipi
go
n
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 hy
dr
on
ym
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
49
°  
44
'  N
88
°  
35
'  W
V 
2D
11
2
jez
ero
 O
ke
ec
ho
be
e
La
ke
 O
ke
ec
ho
be
e
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 hy
dr
on
ym
A
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
26
°  
56
'  N
80
°  
48
'  W
V 
3D
11
3
On
tar
ijs
ko
 je
ze
ro
La
ke
 O
nt
ari
o
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 hy
dr
on
ym
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
/U
SA
43
°  
36
'  N
77
°  
46
'  W
V 
2D
11
4
Po
wl
lov
o z
aje
zit
ve
no
 je
ze
ro
La
ke
 Po
we
ll
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 hy
dr
on
ym
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
37
°  
03
'  N
11
1°
  1
8' 
 W
V 
2C
11
5
Go
rn
je 
jez
ero
La
ke
 Su
pe
rio
r
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 hy
dr
on
ym
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
/U
SA
47
°  
39
'  N
87
°  
02
'  W
V 
2D
11
6
W
inn
ipe
šk
o j
ez
ero
La
ke
 W
inn
ipe
g
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 hy
dr
on
ym
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
52
°  
45
'  N
98
°  
01
'  W
V 
2C
11
7
La
nc
as
tro
v p
rel
iv
La
nc
as
ter
 So
un
d
En
gli
sh
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
Ar
cti
c O
ce
an
Ba
ffin
 Ba
y
74
°  
08
'  N
86
°  
59
'  W
V 
1D
11
8
La
vre
nc
ijs
ko
 vi
ša
vje
La
ur
en
tid
es
/L
au
ren
tia
n H
igh
lan
ds
Fre
nc
h/
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
49
°  
28
'  N
69
°  
19
'  W
II 2
D
11
9
M
alo
 su
že
njs
ko
 je
ze
ro
Le
sse
r S
lav
e L
ak
e
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 hy
dr
on
ym
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
55
°  
27
'  N
11
5°
  1
4' 
 W
V 
2C
12
0
Liv
erp
oo
lsk
i z
ali
v
Liv
erp
oo
l B
ay
En
gli
sh
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
Ar
cti
c O
ce
an
Be
au
for
t S
ea
69
°  
49
'  N
12
9°
  5
1' 
 W
IV
 1B
12
1
M
ac
ke
nz
iej
ev
 za
liv
M
ac
ke
nz
ie 
Ba
y
En
gli
sh
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
Ar
cti
c O
ce
an
Be
au
for
t S
ea
69
°  
19
'  N
13
7°
  1
2' 
 W
IV
 1B
12
2
M
ac
ke
nz
iej
ev
o g
oro
vje
M
ac
ke
nz
ie 
M
ou
nt
ain
s
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
63
°  
06
'  N
12
7°
  4
5' 
 W
I 1
B
12
3
M
ac
ke
nz
iej
ev
a r
ek
a
M
ac
ke
nz
ie 
Riv
er
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 hy
dr
on
ym
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
68
°  
43
'  N
13
5°
  2
3' 
 W
IV
 1B
12
4
M
ala
sp
ini
n l
ed
en
ik
M
ala
sp
ina
 G
lac
ier
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 hy
dr
on
ym
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
59
°  
59
'  N
14
0°
  3
1' 
 W
IV
 1B
57-1-Special issue_acta49-1.qxd  5.5.2017  9:31  Page 124
Acta geographica Slovenica, 57-1, 2017
125
Ex
on
ym
, s
lov
en
ize
d n
am
e
En
do
ny
m
, o
rig
ina
l n
am
e
Or
igi
na
l la
ng
ua
ge
Se
m
an
tic
 ty
pe
De
gr
ee
 of
 sl
ov
en
iza
tio
n
Lo
ca
tio
n (
co
nt
ine
nt
, o
ce
an
)
Lo
ca
tio
n (
co
un
try
, s
ea
)
La
tit
ud
e
Lo
ng
itu
de
Lo
ca
tio
n o
n m
ap
12
5
M
cC
lin
to
ck
ov
 pr
eli
v
M
cC
lin
to
ck
 Ch
an
ne
l/M
'Cl
int
oc
k C
ha
nn
el 
En
gli
sh
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
Ar
cti
c O
ce
an
−
72
°  
04
'  N
10
3°
  1
1' 
 W
V 
1C
12
6
M
cC
lur
eje
v p
rel
iv
M
cC
lur
e S
tra
it/
M
'Cl
ur
e S
tra
it
En
gli
sh
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
Ar
cti
c O
ce
an
Be
au
for
t S
ea
74
°  
42
'  N
11
7°
  5
1' 
 W
V 
1C
12
7
M
elv
illo
v z
ali
v
M
elv
ille
 Bu
gt
/Q
im
us
se
ria
rsu
aq
Da
nis
h/
Inu
it
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
Ar
cti
c O
ce
an
Ba
ffin
 Ba
y
75
°  
35
'  N
61
°  
33
'  W
V 
1D
12
8
M
elv
illo
v o
to
k
M
elv
ille
 Is
lan
d
En
gli
sh
Isl
an
d r
eli
ef 
for
m
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
75
°  
21
'  N
11
1°
  5
1' 
 W
II 1
C
12
9
M
elv
illo
v p
olo
to
k
M
elv
ille
 Pe
nin
su
la
En
gli
sh
Co
as
tal
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
68
°  
22
'  N
83
°  
39
'  W
II 1
D
13
0
Sre
dn
ji z
ah
od
M
idd
le 
W
es
t/M
idw
es
t
En
gli
sh
Hi
sto
ric
al 
reg
ion
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
37
°  
48
'  N
88
°  
02
'  W
VI
II 2
C, 
2D
13
1
ot
ok
i M
idw
ay
M
idw
ay
 Is
lan
ds
En
gli
sh
Isl
an
d r
eli
ef 
for
m
A
Oc
ea
nia
US
A
28
°  
13
'  N
17
7°
  2
1' 
 W
I 3
A
13
2
M
isi
sip
i
M
iss
iss
ipp
i
En
gli
sh
Ad
m
ini
str
ati
ve
 un
it
F
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
32
°  
42
'  N
89
°  
35
'  W
VI
II 2
C, 
2D
13
3
M
isi
sip
ije
va
 de
lta
M
iss
iss
ipp
i D
elt
a
En
gli
sh
Co
as
tal
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
29
°  
16
'  N
89
°  
21
'  W
II C
3, 
D3
13
4
M
isi
sip
i
M
iss
iss
ipp
i R
ive
r
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 hy
dr
on
ym
F
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
29
°  
00
'  N
89
°  
09
'  W
V 
2C
13
5
M
isu
ri
M
iss
ou
ri
En
gli
sh
Ad
m
ini
str
ati
ve
 un
it
F
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
38
°  
21
'  N
92
°  
23
'  W
VI
II 2
C
13
6
M
isu
ri
M
iss
ou
ri R
ive
r
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 hy
dr
on
ym
F
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
38
°  
49
'  N
90
°  
07
'  W
V 
2C
13
7
Na
res
ov
 pr
eli
v
Na
res
 St
rai
t/N
are
s S
træ
de
t
En
gli
sh
/D
an
ish
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
Ar
cti
c O
ce
an
Ba
ffin
 Ba
y
78
°  
28
'  N
73
°  
35
' W
V 
1D
13
8
No
vi 
Br
un
sw
ick
Ne
w 
Br
un
sw
ick
En
gli
sh
Ad
m
ini
str
ati
ve
 un
it
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
46
°  
29
'  N
66
°  
33
'  W
VI
II 2
D
13
9
No
va
 A
ng
lija
Ne
w 
En
gla
nd
En
gli
sh
Hi
sto
ric
al 
reg
ion
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
44
°  
08
'  N
70
°  
13
'  W
VI
II 2
D
14
0
No
va
 M
eh
ika
Ne
w 
M
ex
ico
En
gli
sh
Ad
m
ini
str
ati
ve
 un
it
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
34
°  
27
'  N
10
6°
  0
5' 
 W
VI
II 2
C
14
1
No
va
 Fu
nd
lan
dij
a
Ne
wf
ou
nd
lan
d
En
gli
sh
Isl
an
d r
eli
ef 
for
m
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
48
°  
36
'  N
56
°  
06
'  W
III 
2E
14
2
No
va
 Fu
nd
lan
dij
a i
n L
ab
rad
or
Ne
wf
ou
nd
lan
d a
nd
 La
br
ad
or
En
gli
sh
Ad
m
ini
str
ati
ve
 un
it
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
52
°  
07
'  N
56
°  
29
'  W
IX 
2E
14
3
Ni
ag
ars
ki 
sla
po
vi
Ni
ag
ara
 Fa
lls
/O
ng
uia
ah
ra
En
gli
sh
/Ir
oq
uo
ian
La
nd
 hy
dr
on
ym
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
/U
SA
43
°  
05
'  N
79
°  
04
'  W
V 
2D
14
4
Se
ve
rn
a A
m
eri
ka
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
/A
m
éri
qu
e d
u N
ord
En
gli
sh
/F
ren
ch
Co
nt
ine
nt
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
−
39
°  
16
'  N
10
0°
  3
6' 
 W
II 2
C
14
5
Se
ve
rn
a K
aro
lin
a
No
rth
 Ca
rol
ina
En
gli
sh
Ad
m
ini
str
ati
ve
 un
it
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
35
°  
42
'  N
79
°  
12
'  W
VI
II 2
D
14
6
Se
ve
rn
a D
ak
ot
a
No
rth
 D
ak
ot
a
En
gli
sh
Ad
m
ini
str
ati
ve
 un
it
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
47
°  
27
'  N
10
0°
  2
0' 
 W
VI
II 2
C
14
7
Se
ve
rn
i S
as
ka
tch
ew
an
No
rth
 Sa
sk
atc
he
wa
n R
ive
r
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 hy
dr
on
ym
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
53
°  
14
'  N
10
5°
  0
5' 
 W
V 
2C
14
8
Se
ve
roz
ah
od
na
 oz
em
lja
No
rth
we
st 
Te
rri
to
rie
s
En
gli
sh
Ad
m
ini
str
ati
ve
 un
it
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
64
°  
13
'  N
11
9°
  5
1' 
 W
VI
II 1
C
14
9
No
rto
no
v z
ali
v
No
rto
n S
ou
nd
En
gli
sh
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
Pa
cif
ic 
Oc
ea
n
Be
rin
g S
ea
63
°  
50
'  N
16
3°
  3
5' 
 W
IV
 1A
15
0
No
va
 Šk
ot
sk
a
No
va
 Sc
ot
ia
La
tin
Co
as
tal
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
44
°  
51
'  N
63
°  
48
'  W
II 2
D
15
1
No
va
 Šk
ot
sk
a
No
va
 Sc
ot
ia
La
tin
Ad
m
ini
str
ati
ve
 un
it
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
44
°  
51
'  N
63
°  
48
'  W
VI
II 2
D
15
2
Po
ba
rva
na
 pu
šč
av
a
Pa
int
ed
 D
es
er
t
En
gli
sh
Na
tu
ral
 la
nd
sca
pe
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
34
°  
56
'  N
10
9°
  4
6' 
 W
VI
II 2
C
15
3
Pa
rry
jev
i o
to
ki
Pa
rry
 Is
lan
ds
En
gli
sh
Isl
an
d r
eli
ef 
for
m
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
76
°  
43
'  N
11
2°
  5
6' 
 W
II 1
C
15
4
po
lot
ok
 U
ng
av
a
Pé
nin
su
le 
d'U
ng
av
a
Fre
nc
h
Co
as
tal
 re
lie
f fo
rm
B
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
59
°  
20
'  N
73
°  
28
'  W
II 1
D
15
5
Pe
ns
ilv
an
ija
Pe
nn
sy
lva
nia
En
gli
sh
Ad
m
ini
str
ati
ve
 un
it
H
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
40
°  
45
'  N
77
°  
24
'  W
VI
II 2
D
15
6
Ba
rro
wo
v r
t
Po
int
 Ba
rro
w/
Nu
vu
k
En
gli
sh
/In
uit
Co
as
tal
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
71
°  
23
'  N
15
6°
  2
9' 
 W
I 1
A
15
7
Pr
ibi
lov
ov
i o
to
ki
Pr
ibi
lof
 Is
lan
ds
En
gli
sh
Isl
an
d r
eli
ef 
for
m
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
56
°  
51
'  N
16
9°
  5
4' 
 W
I 2
A
15
8
Po
lot
ok
 pr
inc
a A
lbe
rta
Pr
inc
e A
lbe
rt 
Pe
nin
su
la
En
gli
sh
Co
as
tal
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
72
°  
25
'  N
11
6°
  4
3' 
 W
II 1
C
15
9
Ot
ok
 pr
inc
a C
ha
rle
sa
Pr
inc
e C
ha
rle
s I
sla
nd
En
gli
sh
Isl
an
d r
eli
ef 
for
m
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
67
°  
45
'  N
76
°  
04
'  W
II 1
D
16
0
Ot
ok
 pr
inc
a E
dv
ard
a
Pr
inc
e E
dw
ard
 Is
lan
d
En
gli
sh
Isl
an
d r
eli
ef 
for
m
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
46
°  
19
'  N
63
°  
19
'  W
II 2
D
16
1
Ot
ok
 pr
inc
a E
dv
ard
a
Pr
inc
e E
dw
ard
 Is
lan
d
En
gli
sh
Ad
m
ini
str
ati
ve
 un
it
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
46
°  
19
'  N
63
°  
19
'  W
VI
II 2
D
16
2
M
or
je 
pr
inc
a G
us
tav
a A
do
lfa
Pr
inc
e G
us
taf
 A
do
lf S
ea
En
gli
sh
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
Ar
cti
c O
ce
an
−
78
°  
21
'  N
10
7°
  2
0' 
 W
V 
1C
16
3
Ot
ok
 w
ale
šk
eg
a p
rin
ca
Pr
inc
e o
f W
ale
s I
sla
nd
En
gli
sh
Isl
an
d r
eli
ef 
for
m
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
72
°  
34
'  N
98
°  
44
'  W
II 1
C
16
4
Ot
ok
 pr
inc
a P
atr
ick
a
Pr
inc
e P
atr
ick
 Is
lan
d
En
gli
sh
Isl
an
d r
eli
ef 
for
m
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
76
°  
39
'  N
11
9°
  2
7' 
 W
I 1
B
16
5
Ot
ok
i k
ral
jic
e Š
arl
ot
e
Qu
ee
n C
ha
rlo
tte
 Is
lan
ds
/H
aid
a G
wa
ii 
En
gli
sh
/H
aid
a
Isl
an
d r
eli
ef 
for
m
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
53
°  
01
'  N
13
2°
  0
2' 
 W
I 2
B
16
6
Pre
liv
 kr
alj
ice
 Ša
rlo
te
Qu
ee
n C
ha
rlo
tte
 St
rai
t
En
gli
sh
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
Pa
cif
ic 
Oc
ea
n
−
50
°  
45
'  N
12
7°
  1
3' 
 W
IV
 2B
57-1-Special issue_acta49-1.qxd  5.5.2017  9:31  Page 125
Drago Perko, Drago Kladnik, Slovenian exonyms in North America
126
Ex
on
ym
, s
lov
en
ize
d n
am
e
En
do
ny
m
, o
rig
ina
l n
am
e
Or
igi
na
l la
ng
ua
ge
Se
m
an
tic
 ty
pe
De
gr
ee
 of
 sl
ov
en
iza
tio
n
Lo
ca
tio
n (
co
nt
ine
nt
, o
ce
an
)
Lo
ca
tio
n (
co
un
try
, s
ea
)
La
tit
ud
e
Lo
ng
itu
de
Lo
ca
tio
n o
n m
ap
16
7
Ot
ok
i k
ral
jic
e E
liz
ab
ete
Qu
ee
n E
liz
ab
eth
 Is
lan
ds
En
gli
sh
Isl
an
d r
eli
ef 
for
m
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
76
°  
19
'  N
96
°  
52
'  W
II 1
C
16
8
Je
ze
ro 
se
ve
rn
ih 
jel
en
ov
Re
ind
ee
r L
ak
e
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 hy
dr
on
ym
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
57
°  
33
'  N
10
2°
  1
2' 
 W
V 
2C
16
9
Sk
aln
o g
oro
vje
Ro
ck
y M
ou
nt
ain
s
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
/U
SA
50
°  
32
'  N
11
5°
  1
2' 
 W
II 2
C
17
0
Ot
ok
 sv
ete
ga
 Lo
vre
nc
a
Sa
int
 La
wr
en
ce
 Is
lan
d
En
gli
sh
Isl
an
d r
eli
ef 
for
m
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
63
°  
30
'  N
17
0°
  2
5' 
 W
I 1
A
17
1
M
or
sk
a p
ot
 sv
ete
ga
 Lo
vre
nc
a
Sa
int
 La
wr
en
ce
 Se
aw
ay
/
En
gli
sh
/F
ren
ch
La
nd
 hy
dr
on
ym
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
44
°  
59
'  N
74
°  
51
'  W
V 
2D
Vo
ie 
m
ari
tim
e d
u S
ain
t-L
au
ren
t 
17
2
Ot
ok
 sv
ete
ga
 M
ate
ja
Sa
int
 M
att
he
w 
Isl
an
d
En
gli
sh
Isl
an
d r
eli
ef 
for
m
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
60
°  
24
'  N
17
2°
  4
4' 
 W
I 1
A
17
3
Re
ka
 sv
ete
ga
 Lo
vre
nc
a
Sa
int
-L
au
ren
t/S
ain
t L
aw
ren
ce
 Ri
ve
r
Fre
nc
h/
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 hy
dr
on
ym
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
47
°  
58
'  N
69
°  
38
'  W
V 
2D
17
4
Sv
eta
 Pe
ter
 in
 M
iha
el
Sa
int
-P
ier
re-
et-
M
iqu
elo
n
Fre
nc
h
Ad
m
ini
str
ati
ve
 un
it
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Fre
nc
h
46
°  
48
'  N
56
°  
15
'  W
IX 
2E
17
5
Pre
lom
nic
a s
ve
teg
a A
nd
rej
a
Sa
n A
nd
rea
s F
au
lt
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
35
°  
07
'  N
11
9°
  3
9' 
 W
I 2
C
17
6
Sa
rg
aš
ko
 m
or
je
Sa
rg
as
so
 Se
a
En
gli
sh
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
At
lan
tic
 O
ce
an
Sa
rg
as
so
 Se
a
29
°  
00
'  N
64
°  
30
'  W
V 
3D
17
7
Se
wa
rd
ov
 po
lot
ok
Se
wa
rd
 Pe
nin
su
la
En
gli
sh
Co
as
tal
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
65
°  
24
'  N
16
3°
  4
6' 
 W
I 1
A
17
8
So
m
ers
ets
ki 
ot
ok
So
m
ers
et 
Isl
an
d
En
gli
sh
Isl
an
d r
eli
ef 
for
m
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
73
°  
20
'  N
93
°  
27
'  W
II 1
C
17
9
So
no
rsk
a p
uš
ča
va
So
no
ran
 D
es
er
t/D
es
ier
to
 de
 So
no
ra
En
gli
sh
/S
pa
nis
h
Na
tu
ral
 la
nd
sca
pe
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A/
M
ex
ico
30
°  
04
'  N
11
2°
  1
7' 
 W
VI
II 2
C, 
3C
18
0
Ju
žn
a K
aro
lin
a
So
ut
h C
aro
lin
a
En
gli
sh
Ad
m
ini
str
ati
ve
 un
it
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
33
°  
42
'  N
80
°  
47
'  W
VI
II 2
D
18
1
Ju
žn
a D
ak
ot
a
So
ut
h D
ak
ot
a
En
gli
sh
Ad
m
ini
str
ati
ve
 un
it
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
44
°  
26
'  N
10
0°
  1
6' 
 W
VI
II 2
C
18
2
Ju
žn
i S
as
ka
tch
ew
an
So
ut
h S
as
ka
tch
ew
an
 Ri
ve
r
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 hy
dr
on
ym
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
53
°  
14
'  N
10
5°
  0
5' 
 W
V 
2C
18
3
So
ut
ha
m
pt
on
ov
 ot
ok
So
ut
ha
m
pt
on
 Is
lan
d/
Sa
lliq
En
gli
sh
/In
uit
Isl
an
d r
eli
ef 
for
m
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
64
°  
30
'  N
84
°  
24
'  W
II 1
D
18
4
Ju
žn
o i
nd
ija
ns
ko
 je
ze
ro
So
ut
he
rn
 In
dia
n L
ak
e
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 hy
dr
on
ym
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
57
°  
06
'  N
98
°  
36
'  W
V 
2C
18
5
Pre
liv
 Ju
an
a d
e F
uc
e
Str
ait
 of
 Ju
an
 de
 Fu
ca
/
En
gli
sh
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
Pa
cif
ic 
Oc
ea
n
−
48
°  
14
'  N
12
3°
  3
8' 
 W
IV
 2B
Ju
an
 de
 Fu
ca
 St
rai
t
18
6
Flo
rid
sk
i p
rel
iv
Str
ait
s o
f F
lor
ida
/E
str
ec
ho
s d
e F
lor
ida
En
gli
sh
/S
pa
nis
h
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
At
lan
tic
 O
ce
an
−
24
°  
13
'  N
80
°  
36
'  W
V 
3D
18
7
Sv
erd
ru
po
vi 
ot
ok
i
Sv
erd
ru
p I
sla
nd
s
En
gli
sh
Isl
an
d r
eli
ef 
for
m
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
79
°  
13
'  N
98
°  
44
'  W
II 1
C
18
8
Te
ks
as
Te
xa
s
En
gli
sh
Ad
m
ini
str
ati
ve
 un
it
F
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
31
°  
56
'  N
99
°  
41
'  W
VI
II 2
C
18
9
pla
no
ta 
Oz
ark
Th
e O
za
rks
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 re
lie
f fo
rm
L
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
36
°  
47
'  N
92
°  
29
'  W
II 2
C
19
0
Un
ga
vs
ki 
za
liv
Un
ga
va
 Ba
y/
Ba
ie 
d'U
ng
av
a/
En
gli
sh
/F
ren
ch
/In
uit
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
Ar
cti
c O
ce
an
Hu
ds
on
 St
rai
t
59
°  
39
'  N
67
°  
29
'  W
V 
1D
, 2
D
Un
ga
va
 ka
ng
iql
uk
19
1
Zd
ru
že
ne
 dr
ža
ve
 A
m
eri
ke
Un
ite
d S
tat
es
 of
 A
m
eri
ca
/U
nit
ed
 St
ate
s
En
gli
sh
Co
un
try
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
38
°  
35
'  N
98
°  
27
'  W
VI
II 2
C, 
2D
19
2
Va
nc
ou
vro
v o
to
k
Va
nc
ou
ve
r Is
lan
d
En
gli
sh
Isl
an
d r
eli
ef 
for
m
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
49
°  
36
'  N
12
5°
  3
8' 
 W
I 2
B
19
3
Vik
to
riji
n o
to
k
Vic
to
ria
 Is
lan
d/
Kit
lin
eq
En
gli
sh
/In
uit
Isl
an
d r
eli
ef 
for
m
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
70
°  
36
'  N
10
8°
  5
5' 
 W
II 1
C
19
4
Vik
to
riji
n p
rel
iv
Vic
to
ria
 St
rai
t
En
gli
sh
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
Ar
cti
c O
ce
an
−
69
°  
09
'  N
10
0°
  4
8' 
 W
V 
1C
19
5
Vir
gin
ija
Vir
gin
ia
En
gli
sh
Ad
m
ini
str
ati
ve
 un
it
H
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
37
°  
25
'  N
78
°  
40
'  W
VI
II 2
D
19
6
M
elv
illo
v p
rel
iv
Vis
co
un
t M
elv
ille
 So
un
d
En
gli
sh
Se
a h
yd
ron
ym
J
Ar
cti
c O
ce
an
−
74
°  
00
'  N
10
9°
  0
0' 
 W
V 
1C
19
7
W
as
hin
gt
on
W
as
hin
gt
on
, D
.C.
En
gli
sh
Se
ttl
em
en
t
G
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
38
°  
54
'  N
77
°  
02
'  W
VI
II 2
D
19
8
W
ell
an
ds
ki 
pr
ek
op
W
ell
an
d C
an
al
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 hy
dr
on
ym
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
43
°  
01
'  N
79
°  
13
'  W
V 
2D
19
9
Za
ho
dn
a V
irg
ini
ja
W
es
t V
irg
ini
a
En
gli
sh
Ad
m
ini
str
ati
ve
 un
it
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
38
°  
35
'  N
80
°  
39
'  W
VI
II 2
D
20
0
W
ran
glo
vo
 go
rov
je
W
ran
ge
ll M
ou
nt
ain
s
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
61
°  
47
'  N
14
3°
  1
4' 
 W
I 1
B
20
1
Ye
llo
ws
to
ns
ko
 je
ze
ro
Ye
llo
ws
to
ne
 La
ke
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 hy
dr
on
ym
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
US
A
44
°  
27
'  N
11
0°
  2
2' 
 W
V 
2C
20
2
Ju
ko
ns
ka
 pl
an
ot
a
Yu
ko
n P
lat
ea
u
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 re
lie
f fo
rm
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
62
°  
04
'  N
13
8°
  2
1' 
 W
I 1
B
20
3
Ju
ko
n
Yu
ko
n R
ive
r
En
gli
sh
La
nd
 hy
dr
on
ym
F
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
/U
SA
62
°  
36
'  N
16
4°
  4
7' 
 W
IV
 1A
20
4
Ju
ko
ns
ko
 oz
em
lje
Yu
ko
n/
Yu
ko
n T
err
ito
ry
En
gli
sh
Ad
m
ini
str
ati
ve
 un
it
J
No
rth
 A
m
eri
ca
Ca
na
da
63
°  
29
'  N
13
6°
  1
9' 
 W
VI
I 1
B
57-1-Special issue_acta49-1.qxd  5.5.2017  9:31  Page 126
Acta geographica Slovenica, 57-1, 2017
127
For the analysis of Slovenian exonyms in North America, we considered all of the names on the three
maps (divided into three sections) at a scale of 1:50,000,000 (Figure 1) that fall within Canada and the United
States (excluding Greenland and Central America) and without names of undersea features. The final num-
ber of these names is 204, and the final number of names from the list of 3,819 names without undersea
features is 3,316.
3 Semantic types of exonyms
We defined sixteen semantic types, which are adapted to global dimensions and the standard division of
geographical features:
• Continent: in North America, the number of such exonyms is three (1.5%; e.g., Severna Amerika »North
America«, Angloamerika »Anglo-America«) compared to eleven (0.3%) in the rest of the world (e.g., Afrika
»Africa«, Evropa »Europe«).
• Country: in North America, the number of such exonyms is two (1.0%; e.g., Kanada »Canada«, Združene
države Amerike »United States of America«) compared to 171 (4.7%) in the rest of the world (e.g., Francija
»France«, Finska »Finland«).
• Settlement: in North America, the number of such exonyms is one (0.5%; e.g., Washington »Washington,
DC«) compared to 432 (12.0%) in the rest of the world (e.g., Rim »Rome«, Atene »Athens«).
• Historical settlement: in North America there are no such exonyms (0.0%) compared to 102 (2.8%) in
the rest of the world (e.g., Troja »Troy«, Bizanc »Byzantium«).
• Land relief form: in North America, the number of such exonyms is twenty-eight (13.7%; e.g., Dolina
smrti »Death Valley«, Jukonska planota »Yukon Plateau«) compared to 420 (11.6%) in the rest of the world
(e.g., Andi »Andes«, Turansko nižavje »Turan Lowland«).
• Land hydronym: in North America, the number of such exonyms is thirty-four (16.7%; e.g., Niagarski slapovi
»Niagara Falls«, Velika jezera »Great Lakes«) compared to 346 (9.6%) in the rest of the world (e.g., Mrtvo
morje »Dead Sea«, Beneška laguna »Venetian Lagoon«).
• Sea hydronym: in North America, the number of such exonyms is forty-three (21.1%; e.g., Mehiški zaliv
»Gulf of Mexico«, Hudsonov preliv »Hudson Strait«) compared to 341 (9.4%) in the rest of the world
(e.g., Indijski ocean »Indian Ocean«, Rossova ledena polica »Ross Ice Shelf«).
• Undersea feature: these exonyms are not included in the article (e.g., Filipinski jarek »Philippine Trench«,
Agulhaška planota »Agulhas Plateau«).
• Island relief form: in North America, the number of such exonyms is thirty-four (16.7%; e.g., Nova
Fundlandija »Newfoundland«, Otok svetega Lovrenca »Saint Lawrence Island«) compared to 353 (9.8%)
in the rest of the world (e.g., Azori »Azores«, Veliki koralni greben »Great Barrier Reef«).
• Coastal relief form: in North America, the number of such exonyms is twenty-four (11.8%; e.g., Aljaški
polotok »Alaska Peninsula«, Misisipijeva delta »Mississippi Delta«) compared to 176 (4.9%) in the rest
of the world (e.g., Apeninski polotok »Apennine Peninsula«, Donavina delta »Danube Delta«).
• Natural landscape: in North America, the number of such exonyms is six (2.9%; e.g., Pobarvana puščava
»Painted Desert«, Kanadski ščit »Canadian Shield«) compared to 304 (8.4%) in the rest of the world
(e.g., Dežela kraljice Maud »Queen Maud Land«, Sahara).
• Historical region: in North America, the number of such exonyms is three (1.5%; e.g., Akadija
»Acadia«, Nova Anglija »New England«) compared to 100 (2.8%) in the rest of the world (e.g., Abesinija
»Abyssinia«, Burgundija »Burgundy«).
• Administrative unit: in North America, the number of such exonyms is twenty-six (12.8%; e.g., Južna
Karolina »South Carolina«, Nova Škotska »Nova Scotia«) compared to 221 (6.1%) in the rest of the world
(e.g., Bavarska »Bavaria«, Južna Osetija »South Ossetia«).
• Historical administrative unit: in North America there are no such exonyms (0.0%) compared to 101 (2.8%)
in the rest of the world (e.g., Galicija »Galicia« in the former Austria-Hungarian Empire, Otomansko
cesarstvo »Ottoman Empire«).
• Others: the names of river dams and sluices, parts of settlements, defensive walls (e.g., Kitajski zid »Great
Wall«), archaeological sites, tectonic plates, isolated points on the Earth’s surface (e.g., Južni tečaj »South
Pole«), abbreviated compound geographical names (e.g., Beneluks »Benelux«), and so on; in North America
there are no such exonyms (0.0%) compared to thirty-four (0.9%) in the rest of the world.
57-1-Special issue_acta49-1.qxd  5.5.2017  9:31  Page 127
Drago Perko, Drago Kladnik, Slovenian exonyms in North America
4 Original language of exonyms
The original language of Slovenian exonyms from North America is mostly English: in 166 cases (81.4%)
alone and in thirty-two cases (15.7%) in relation to other languages:
• French eleven times (e.g., Zaliv svetega Lovrenca »Gulf of Saint Lawrence«, French Golfe du Saint Laurent);
• Spanish five times (e.g., Sonorska puščava »Sonoran Desert«, Spanish Desierto de Sonora, belonging to
the United States and Mexico);
• Inuit six times (e.g., Otok kralja Viljema »King William Island«, Inuktitut Qikiqtaq in Canada);
• Danish three times (e.g., Baffinov zaliv »Baffin Bay«, Danish Baffin Bugten in the Arctic Ocean);
• Native American languages three times (e.g., Niagarski slapovi »Niagara Falls«, Iroquoian Onguiaahra
on the border between the United States and Canada);
• Russian three times (e.g., Beringovo morje »Bering Sea«, Russian Beringovo more in the Pacific Ocean);
• Hawaiian two times (e.g., Havaji »Hawaii«, Hawaiian Hawai»i in Oceania).
French is the original language three times (e.g., Gaspeški polotok » Gaspé Peninsula«, French Peninsula
de la Gaspé in Canada), Latin two times (e.g., Nova Škotska »Nova Scotia« in Canada), and Danish once
in combination with Inuit (Melvillov zaliv »Melville Bay«, Danish Melville Bugt, Greenlandic Qimusseriarsuaq
in the Arctic Ocean).
5 Degree of Slovenianization of exonyms
Studying the degree of Slovenianization is demanding and partly subjective. The main problem in devel-
oping such typologies is classifying a specific exonym into a single type; due to simplifications, which should
ensure sufficiently clear categories, some types overlap and therefore individual names can be classified
under several groups.
We determined twelve typological groups of Slovenianization from the smallest to greatest degree of
adaptation (Kladnik et al. 2017):
• Exonym from translated common name and original proper name (type A): in North America, the
number of such exonyms is seventeen (8.4%; e.g., jezero Manitoba »Lake Manitoba«, rt Canaveral »Cape
Canaveral«) compared to 183 (5.1%) in the rest of the world (e.g., globel Meteor »Meteor Deep«, plošča Nazca
»Nazca Plate«).
• Exonym from translated common name and more or less Slovenianized proper name (type B): in
North America, the number of such exonyms is one (0.5%; e.g., polotok Ungava »Ungava Peninsula«)
compared to seventy (1.9%) in the rest of the world (e.g., gora Fudži »Mount Fuji«, Japanese Fujisan;
prekop Majna–Donava »Main–Danube Canal«, German Main-Donau-Kanal).
• Exonym from adopted secondary original name (type C): in North America there are no such exonyms
(0.0%) compared to 245 (6.8%) in the rest of the world (e.g., Armenija »Armenia«, Armenian Hayastan;
Kanton »Guangzhou«, Chinese Guǎngzhōu).
• Exonym from original name with omitted special characters and diacritics (type D): in North America
there are no such exonyms (0.0%) compared to seventy-three (2.0%) in the rest of the world (e.g., Gdansk
»Gdańsk«; Iran »Iran«, Farsi Īrān).
• Exonym from transliterated original name with simplified letters and diacritics (type E): in North
America there are no such exonyms (0.0%) compared to 298 (8.2%) in the rest of the world (e.g., Pandžab
»Punjab«; Tokio »Tokyo«, Japanese Tokyō).
• Exonym from transcribed original name with Slovenianized ending (type F): in North America, the
number of such exonyms is fifteen (7.4%; e.g., Aljaska »Alaska«, Kolorado »Colorado«) compared to 191
(5.3%) in the rest of the world (e.g., Tirana »Tirana«, Albanian Tiranë; Pariz »Paris«).
• Exonym from borrowed and adapted name (type G): in North America, the number of such exonyms is
two (1.0%; Ellesmere »Ellesmere Island«, Washington »Washington, DC«) compared to 128 (3.5%) in the
rest of the world (e.g., Abesinija »Abyssinia«, Italian Abissinia; Nahičevan »Nakhchivan«, Azerbaijani Naxçıvan).
• Exonym with phonetic form of the roots and Slovenianized endings from the Latin suffixes -ia, -ea
(type H): in North America, the number of such exonyms is six (2.9%; e.g., Kalifornija »California«,
Kolumbija »Columbia River«) compared to 185 (5.1%) in the rest of the world (e.g., Francija »France«, Azija
»Asia«).
128
57-1-Special issue_acta49-1.qxd  5.5.2017  9:31  Page 128
Acta geographica Slovenica, 57-1, 2017
129
• Exonym with phonetic form of the root and Slovenian ending (type I): in North America, the number
of such exonyms is four (2.0%; e.g., Aleuti »Aleutian Islands«, Apalači »Appalachians« or »Appalachian
Mountains«) compared to 220 (6.1%) in the rest of the world (e.g., Afrika »Africa«, Pireneji »Pyrenees«).
• Exonym from fully translated name (type J): in North America, the number of such exonyms is 159 (77.9%;
e.g., Skalno gorovje »Rocky Mountains«, Veliko suženjsko jezero »Great Slave Lake«) compared to 1,877
(51.9%) in the rest of the world (e.g., Nizozemska »Netherlands«, Rt dobrega upanja »Cape of Good Hope«).
• Exonym from traditionally Slovenianized name with a trace of the original root (type K): in North
America there are no such exonyms (0.0%) compared to forty-eight (1.3%) in the rest of the world
(e.g., Rim »Rome«, Italian Roma; Benetke »Venice«, Italian Venezia).
• Exonym from Slovenian name (type L): in North America there are no such exonyms (0.0%), compared
to ninety-seven (2.7%) in the rest of the world (e.g., Dunaj »Vienna«, German Wien; Nemčija »Germany«,
German Deutschland).
6 Discussion
The frequency of the current use of Slovenian exonyms was checked in the Gigafida database (Internet 2),
which contains 1.2 billion words from publicly available printed texts (84.4%) and web texts (15.6%) pub-
lished between 1990 and 2011 in Slovenian.
The most commonly used Slovenian exonyms from North America in Slovenian texts are the names
of countries and their administrative units.
There are more than five hundred occurrences of Misisipi »Mississippi« (510), Aljaska »Alaska« (572),
Kolorado »Colorado« (726), Teksas »Texas« (1,597), Havaji »Hawaii« (1,819), Kolumbija »Columbia« or
»Colombia« (1,899), Kalifornija »California« (2,136), Kanada »Canada« (9,174), and Združene države Amerike
»United States of America« and ZDA »USA« (over 10,000).
However, the frequency of names for »Mississippi«, »Colorado«, and »Columbia«/»Colombia« is prob-
lematic because it conceals the frequencies of the state/district, independent country, and river.
The next most commonly used Slovenian exonyms from North America in Slovenian texts are Dolina
smrti »Death Valley« (133), Veliki kanjon »Grand Canyon« (121), Niagarski slapovi »Niagara Falls« (109),
Skalno gorovje »Rocky Mountains« (96), and Aleuti »Aleutian Islands« (57).
The exonyms Misisipi »Mississippi«, Aljaska »Alaska«, Kolorado »Colorado«, Teksas »Texas«, and Kanada
»Canada« belong to type F (exonym from transcribed original name with Slovenianized ending), the exonyms
Kolumbija »Columbia«/»Colombia« and Kalifornija »California« to type H (exonym with phonetic form
of the roots and Slovenianized endings from Latin suffixes -ia, -ea), the exonyms Havaji »Hawaii« and Aleuti
»Aleutian Islands« to type I (exonym with phonetic form of the root and Slovenian ending), and the exonyms
Združene države Amerike »United States of America«, Dolina smrti »Death Valley«, Veliki kanjon »Grand
Canyon«, Niagarski slapovi »Niagara Falls«, and Skalno gorovje »Rocky Mountains« to type J (exonym from
fully translated name).
In its original form, the name Death Valley appears fifty-two times, Grand Canyon 253 times, Niagara
Falls twenty-nine times, Rocky Mountains eighty-two times, and Aleutian Islands never.
This means that in modern Slovenian texts, among these five geographical names only the exonym
Veliki kanjon »Grand Canyon« occurs less often than the original name Grand Canyon. That means it has
not yet been fully established, but the remaining four cases are firmly established Slovenian exonyms.
Among the 3,316 Slovenian exonyms examined from around the world, 204 (6.2%) occur in North
America (i.e., in Canada and the United States). In a comparable Czech list of exonyms (Beránek et al. 2006),
out of 2,300 exonyms 1,250 (5.4%) occur in North America.
Two Polish lists were examined. In the older one (Krauze-Tomczyk and Kondracki 1994a; Krauze-Tomczyk
and Kondracki 1994b), out of over six thousand exonyms 245 (3.9%) were found in Canada and the United
States, whereas a somewhat smaller share was found in the most recent Polish publications of geograph-
ical names (Internet 3), where, out of 53,000 geographical names and about ten thousand Polish exonyms
(Kladnik et al. 2013), 250 (2.5%) were found in North America.
Figure 1: Map of Slovenian exonyms in Canada and the United States (author: Manca Volk, projection: WGS84, made with Natural Earth, © GIAM ZRC
SAZU). p p. 130–138
57-1-Special issue_acta49-1.qxd  5.5.2017  9:31  Page 129
Drago Perko, Drago Kladnik, Slovenian exonyms in North America
130
Barrowov rt
rt Mendocino
Dežnjovov rt
Bathurstov rt
polo
tok Ke
naiA l
j a
š k i
 p o
l o t o
kSewardov polotok
Čukotski polotok Rt waleškega princa
rt Flattery
Obalno gorovje
Alja
ško gor
ovje
K
as
ka
dn
o 
go
ro
vj
e
Jukonska planota
Aleu
tsk
o g
oro
vje
Wranglovo gorovje
B r o o k s o v o  g o
r o v j
e
O
balne gorske verige
Mackenziejevo gorovje
Ku
sko
kwi
msk
o hr
ibovj
e
Prelomnica
svetega Andreja
A l
e u
t i
otoki Midway
Banksov otok
Vranglov otok
Bakerjev otok
Howlandov otok
Vancouvrov otok
Johnstonov atol
Pribilovovi otoki
Otok svetega Mateja
Otok princa
Patricka
Otok svetega Lovrenca
Aleksandrov
arhipelag
Otoki kraljice
Šarlote
Havaji
A B
1
2
3
I
57-1-Special issue_acta49-1.qxd  5.5.2017  9:31  Page 130
Acta geographica Slovenica, 57-1, 2017
131
Jukatan
rt Sable
rt Sable
rt Catoche
rt Hatteras
rt Gallinas
rt Canaveral
Nova Škotska
rt Corrientes
Chidleyjev rtpolotok Ungava
Rt svetega Luke
polotok
Guajira
polotok Boothia
Orinokova
delta
Hayesov polotok
Foxejev polotok
Gas
peški
 polotok
Rt svetega
Antona
rt Gracias a Dios
Me
lvill
ov p
oloto
k
Misisipijeva delta
Kalifornijski polotok
Polotok princa Alberta
Panamska
zemeljska ožina
Tehuantepeška
zemeljska ožina
rt Cod
Dolina smrti
Veliki kanjon
pla
nota
 Ozark
Velika kotlina
S
k
a
l
n
o
 
g
o
r
o
v
j
e
V
e
l
i
k
e
 
p
l
a
n
j
a
v
e
Mehiška planota
Zalivsko nižavje
O s r e d n j e  n i ž a v j e
Obalna Kordiljera
Gva
jans
ko viš
avje
Za
ho
dn
a 
K
or
di
l je
ra
Vz
ho
dn
a K
or
dil
jer
a
Sr
ed
nj
a 
K
or
di
lje
ra
Južna Sierra Madre
Harneyjeva
kotlina
M
eri
dsk
a K
ordil
jera
Kolumbijsko gorovje
Zahodna Sierra Madre
Vzhodna Sierra M
adreVulkanska Kordiljera
Lav
ren
cijs
ko v
išavje
Cu
mb
erla
nds
ka 
plan
ota
All
egh
eny
jska
 plan
ota
At
lan
tsk
o o
bal
no 
niž
avj
e
Koloradska planota
Kolumbijska
planota
A
p
a
l
a
č
i
K
a r i b i
A n t i l i
Antigva
Angvila
Monserat
Gvadelup
Martinik
Portoriko
Grenadine
E l l e s m e r e
Hispaniola
M
ali A
ntili
Sveta Lucija
otočje Turks
Kokosov otok
Ve l i k i  A n t i l i
Otoki
biserov
otočje Caicos
Baffinov otok
Zave t rn i  o toki
Melvillov otok
Marijini otoki
Kanalski
otoki
Viktorijin otok
Parryjevi otoki
Kajmanski
otoki
Bermudski otoki
Bathurstov otok
Bahamsko otočje
Somersetski
otok
Sverdrupovi otoki
Clippertonov otok
Belcherjevi otoki
Southamptonov otok
Otok Axla
Heiberga
Otok princa
Edvarda
Otok kralja
Viljema Otok princa
Charlesa
Otok Ellefa
Ringnesa
Revillagigedovi
otoki
Otok waleškega
princa
Sveti Martin
Sveti KrištofKaribski otoki
Deviško
otočje
Sveti Vincencij
Privetrni otoki
A r k t i č n i  a r h i p e l a g
Otoki kraljice Elizabete
Kuba
A n g l o a m e r i k a
S e v e r n a  A m e r i k a
A m e r i k a
Jamajka
C D
1
2
3
IIA r k t i k a
Akadija
57-1-Special issue_acta49-1.qxd  5.5.2017  9:31  Page 131
Drago Perko, Drago Kladnik, Slovenian exonyms in North America
132
Rt palm
rt Juby
Beli rt
Zeleni rt
rt Farvel
rt Bojador
Obala popra
Charlesov rt
Rt treh rtičev
Brewsterjev rt
Severovzhodni rt
Rt Morrisa Jesupa
Pirenejski 
polotok
Slonokoščena
obala
rt Race
A t
l a
s
Anti
atlasV
isoki
 Atlas
Sredn
ji Atlas
Betijsko g
orovj
e
Kastilsko gorovj
e
Francosko
nižavje
Kambrijsko
gorovje
Akvitanska
kotlina
Gra
mpi
ansk
o
goro
vje
Armorikanskogorstvo
Sev
eroz
aho
dno
viša
vje
Ibersko gorovje
Kantabrijsko gorovje
Rif
H
eb
r id
i
Tenerifa
otok
Man
I s l a n d i j a
G r e n l a n d i j a
otoki
Scilly
Hudičev otok
Ferski otoki
otočje
Bijagós
K an arski  o to ki
Kanalski
otoki
Ma de i r s k i  o tok i
Orkneyjski
otoki
Nova Fundlandija
B
ri
ta
n
s
k
o
 o
t o
č j
e
Zelenortski otoki
Shetlandski
otoki
Čeri svetega Petra in Pavla
Velika
Britanija
A z o r i
Hadrijanov zid
Irska
E F
1
2
3
III
57-1-Special issue_acta49-1.qxd  5.5.2017  9:31  Page 132
Acta geographica Slovenica, 57-1, 2017
133
S e v e r n i  T i h i  o c e a n
preliv
Hecate
A l j a š k i  z a l i v
Nor
tonov 
zaliv
Dixonov preliv
Č ukot sko  morj e
A r k t i č n i  o c e a n
B
e r i n g o v o  m o r j e
Be
rin
gov
 pre
liv
Anadirski
zaliv
Amundsenov 
zaliv
B e a u f o r t o v o  m o r j e
Mackenziejev
zaliv
Kusk
okwi
mski
zaliv
Preliv Juana de Fuce
Preliv kra
ljice Šarlote
Liverpoolski
zaliv
T i h i  o c e a n
Malaspinin 
ledenik
Mackenziejeva reka Velikomedvedje
jezero
Jukon
A B
1
2
3
IV
57-1-Special issue_acta49-1.qxd  5.5.2017  9:31  Page 133
Drago Perko, Drago Kladnik, Slovenian exonyms in North America
134
M
on
ski
 pre
liv
M e h i š k i  z a l i v
Jamesov
zaliv
Ungavski
zaliv
S a r g a š k o  m o r j e
Panamsk
 zaliv
Nicoyski
zaliv
Nar
esov
 preliv
K a r i b s k o  m o r j e
Jonesov preliv
H u d s o n o v  z a l i v
Foxejev preliv
B a f f i n o v  z a l i v
Moskitski zaliv
Melvillov
zaliv
Jamajški preliv
Hudsonov preliv
Darienski
zaliv
Barrowov preliv
Priv
etrni 
preliv
Melvi
llov preliv
Honduraški
zaliv
Foxejeva kotlina
Floridski preliv
Boothijski zaliv
Vik
torij
in pre
liv
McClurejev preliv Lancastrov preliv
Ju
ka
tan
sk
i p
rel
iv
Chesapeaški
zaliv
Campečejski
zaliv
Tehuantepeški 
zaliv
M
cClintockov preliv
Kalifornijski zaliv
Zaliv svetega
Lovrenca
Morje princa
Gustava Adolfa
Frobisherjev
zaliv
za
liv
 Fu
ndy
Orinoko
M
is
i s
i p
i
Ko
lo
ra
do
Kolumbija
Angelov slap
V e l i k a  j e z e r a
Gornje jezero
Panamski
prekop
jezero M
anitoba
Huronsko 
jezero
Gatunsko jezero
Eriejsk
o jezero
Athabaš
ko jezero
Winnipeško jezero
Nipigonsko jezero
Managovsko jezero
jezero
Okeechobee
M
ich
iga
nsk
o je
zero
Južni Saskatchewan
Veliko
slano
jezero
Nikaragovsko jezero
Yellowstonsko
jezero
Sever
ni Saskatchewan
Rek
a sv
etega
 Lovrenca
Malo
suženjsko
jezero
Veliko
suženjsko
jezero
Južno
indijansko
jezero
Jezero
severnih
jelenov
Meadovo zajezitveno jezero
Mor
ska p
ot
svete
ga L
ovren
ca
Rooseveltovo
zajezitveno jezero
Wellandski prekop
Ontarijsko jezeroNiagarski slapovi
Powllovo zajezitveno jezero
Misuri
C D
1
2
3
V
57-1-Special issue_acta49-1.qxd  5.5.2017  9:31  Page 134
Acta geographica Slovenica, 57-1, 2017
135
Keltsko morje
Da
nsk
i  pre l iv
Cadiški zaliv
D
a
v
i s o
v
 p
r e l i v
Cabotov preliv
W a n d e l o v o  m o r j e
Ro
k av
s ki  p
re l i v
Orinokovo ustje
Hebridsko
morje
Biskajski zaliv
A t l a n t s k i  o c e a n
Setubalski
zaliv
L i n c o l n o v o  m o r j e
Amazonkino ustje
pre
liv 
Bell
e Isle
L a b r a d o r s k o  m o r j e
G
r e
n
l a
n d
s k
o  
m
o r
j e
I r
m
i n
g e
r j e
v o  m
o r j e
Gibral
tarski preliv
Irsko
morje
Temza
Loara
Mu
lu
ja
Senegal
Gambija
Črna
 Vo
lta
Be
la
Vo
lta
Rdeča Volta
Veliki prekop
Kaledonski
prekop
Faguibinsko jezero
Voltsko zajezitveno
jezeroKossoujsko
zajezitveno jezero
E F
2
3
VI
1
57-1-Special issue_acta49-1.qxd  5.5.2017  9:31  Page 135
Drago Perko, Drago Kladnik, Slovenian exonyms in North America
136
Bakerjev in
Howlandov otok
H a v a j i
A l j a s k a
J u k o n s k o  o z e m l j e
B r i t a n s k a
K o l u m b i j a
Kalifornija
A l j a s k a
A B
1
2
3
VII
57-1-Special issue_acta49-1.qxd  5.5.2017  9:31  Page 136
Acta geographica Slovenica, 57-1, 2017
137
Havana
Bogota
Gvatemala
Washington
Panama
Otoki Turks
in Caicos
Deviški otoki Združenih držav
Kolumbijsko okrožje
Otok princa
Edvarda
Br
ita
ns
ki
De
viš
ki 
oto
ki
T e k s a s
Misuri
Jukatan
Bermudi
Angvila
Monserat
Gvadelup
Misisipi
Martinik
Kolorado
Georgija
Virginija
Portoriko
Nova Mehika
Kalifornija
Pensilvanija
Nova ŠkotskaJužna Dakota
Severna Dakota
Novi Brunswick
Južna
Karolina
Kajmanski otoki
Severna Karolina
Zahodna
Virginija
S e v e r o z a h o d n a  o z e m l j a
Haiti
Panama
M e h i k a
K a n a d a
Bahami
Jamajka
Salvador
Dominika
Nikaragva
Kostarika
Kolumbija
Gvatemala
Sveta Lucija
Trinidad
in
Tobago
Antigva
in
Barbuda
Sveti Krištof in Nevis
Z d r u ž e n e  d r ž a v e  A m e r i k e
Sveti Vincencij in Grenadine
Dominikanska
republika
Kuba
Nov
a Ang
lija
S r e d n j i  z a h o d
K a n a d s k i  š č i t
S r e d n j a  A m e r i k a
Grantova dežela
Sonorska puščava
Pobarvana
puščava
Wash
ingto
nova 
dežela
Moskitija
C D
1
2
3
VIII
57-1-Special issue_acta49-1.qxd  5.5.2017  9:31  Page 137
Drago Perko, Drago Kladnik, Slovenian exonyms in North America
138
Safi
Oran
Lurd
Akra
Rabat
TetuanTanger
Agadir
Lizbona
Kordova
Abidžan
Timbuktu
Edinburg
Casablanca
Marakeš
Kenitra
Fez
Vzhodna Grenlandija
Severna Grenlandija
Sveta Peter in Mihael
Nova Fundlandija in Labrador
Azori
G r e n l a n d i j a
Ferski otoki
Kanarski otoki
Madeirski otoki
Fr
an
co
sk
a
G
va
ja
na
Zahodna Grenlandija
Irska
Maroko
Španija
Su
rin
am
Senegal
Gvineja
G
va
ja
na
Gambija
Liberija
Islandija
Portugalska
Mavretanija
Zahodna Sahara
Gvineja Bissau
Zelenortski otoki
Slonokošèena
obala
Združeno
kraljestvo
Gana
erg Šeš
Z a h o d n a  A f r i k a
Zgornja
Gvineja
Pearyj
eva dežela
Jamesonova dežela
S e v e r o z a h o d n a  A f r i k a
Dežela kralja Viljema
Nigrova
notranja delta
Dežela Knuda
Rasmussena
Dežela Myliusa
Erichsena
Dežela kralja
Kristijana X.
Dežela kralja
Friderika IX.
Dežela kralja
Kristijana IX.
Dežela kralja
Friderika VIII.
Dežela kronskega
princa Kristijana
J u g o z a h o d n a  E v r o p a
S e v e r o z a h o d n a  E v r o p a
G
v i n
e
j
a
Stara Kastilija
Ob
ala
 kr
alj
a
Fr
ide
rik
a V
I.
Nova Kastilija
E F
2
3
1
IX
57-1-Special issue_acta49-1.qxd  5.5.2017  9:31  Page 138
The level of exonymization for all geographical names in the world is therefore lower in Czech than
in Slovenian, and for Polish is considerably greater, although the share of Polish exonyms for North America
among all Polish exonyms is considerably smaller than the same share of Czech and especially Slovenian
exonyms, which once again confirms the greater importance of Slovenian exonyms from North America,
which would be expected given the distance of this continent from Slovenia.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: The authors acknowledge financial support from the Slovenian Research Agency
and the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts (project no. L6-0111: Slovene exonyms: methodology,
standardization, GIS, and program no. P6-0101: Geography of Slovenia).
7 References
Atlant, 1869–1877. In the bound version of the atlas kept at the National and University Library in Ljubljana.
Ljubljana.
Beránek, T., Boháč, P., Drápela, V., Harvalik, M., Liščák, V., Šimůnek, R., Šrámek, R. 2006: Index českých
exonym. Prague.
Internet 1: http://giam.zrc-sazu.si/sl/zbirka/zemljepisna-imena#v (12. 10. 2016).
Internet 2: http://eng.slovenscina.eu/korpusi/gigafida (15. 10. 2016).
Internet 3: http://ksng.gugik.gov.pl/pliki/zeszyty/zeszyt_01.pdf (15. 10. 2016).
Kadmon, N. 2000: Toponymy: The Lore, Laws and Language of Geographical Names. New York.
Kladnik, D. 2009: Odprte dileme pomenske razmejitve izrazov endonim in eksonim. Geografski vestnik 81-1.
Kladnik, D., Ciglič, R., Hrvatin, M., Perko, D., Repolusk, P., Volk, M. 2013: Slovenski eksonimi. Geografija
Slovenije 24. Ljubljana.
Kladnik, D., Crljenko, I., Čilaš Šimpraga, A., Geršič, M. 2017: A comparison of Croatian and Slovenian
exonyms. Acta geographica Slovenica 57-1. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/AGS.4653
Kladnik, D., Urbanc, M., Fridl, J., Orožen Adamič, M., Perko, D. 2006: Ein Kartenfund in Slowenien und
sein Faksimilendruck: Ein wichtiges Ereignis für Sloweniens und Österreichs historische Geographie.
Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Geographischen Gesellschaft 148.
Krauze-Tomczyk, I., Kondracki, J. 1994a: Polskie nazwy geograficzne świata. Część III Afryka, Ameryka
Północna, Ameryka Południowa, Australia i Oceania, Antarktyka. Warszawa.
Krauze-Tomczyk, I., Kondracki, J. 1994b: Polskie nazwy geograficzne świata. Część IV Oceany i morza. Warszawa.
Slovenski pravopis, 2001. Ljubljana.
Urbanc, M., Fridl, J., Kladnik, D., Perko, D. 2006: Atlant and slovene national consciousness in the second
half of the 19th century. Acta geographica Slovenica 46-2. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/AGS46204
Veliki splošni leksikon v osmih knjigah, 1997–1998. Ljubljana.
Acta geographica Slovenica, 57-1, 2017
139
57-1-Special issue_acta49-1.qxd  5.5.2017  9:31  Page 139