| 521 |
| 66/4 |
RE
CE
NZ
IRA
NI
 ČL
AN
KI 
| P
EE
R-
RE
VIE
W
ED
 AR
TIC
LE
S
V
G 202
2
GEODETSKI VESTNIK | letn. / Vol. 66 | št. / No. 4 |
KLJUČNE BESEDE KEY WORDS
vector cadastral map, local shifts, map homogeneity, 
renewal, transformation
vektorski katastrski načrt, lokalni premiki, homogenost načrta, 
obnavljanje, transformacija
One of the biggest problems in the Slovak cadastre is the 
quality of maps. Approximately half of them require a 
new mapping. The quality of the other half is also not 
high, and they include local shifts. The paper deals with a 
proposal for a new way of their renewal—Cadastral Operate 
Renewal by Correction (RbC). This process is based on a 
transformation of the part of the map with local shifts using 
a new GNSS measurement. The process has three main 
stages—homogeneity analysis, transformation, and final 
control. The result of the RbC process is a renewed cadastral 
map without any local shifts. Another goal of this paper is 
to test this process in a chosen cadastral unit and to analyse 
the results. If the testing is successful, this process could be 
a fast and cheap alternative to a new mapping in case of 
these cadastral maps with local shifts.
UDK: 528.4(083.92)(437.6) 
Klasifikacija prispevka po COBISS.SI: 1.02
Prispelo: 17. 8. 2022
Sprejeto: 17. 11. 2022
DOI: 10.15292/geodetski-vestnik.2022.04.521-535
REVIEW ARTICLE
Received: 17. 8. 2022
Accepted: 17. 11. 2022
TESTING OF A NEW WAY OF 
CADASTRAL MAPS RENEWAL 
IN SLOVAKIA
Peter Kyseľ, Ľubica Hudecová
TESTIRANJE NOVE METODE 
OBNAVLJANJA KATASTRSKIH 
NAČRTOV NA SLOVAŠKEM
Največja težava slovaškega katastra je kakovost načrtov. 
Približno polovica načrtov zahteva ponovno izdelavo. 
Kakovost druge polovice načrtov prav tako ni visoka in so 
zanje potrebni lokalni premiki. V dokumentu je obravnavan 
predlog nove metode obnavljanja katastrskih načrtov 
– obnova s popravki (Cadastral Operate Renewal by 
Correction – RbC). Ta postopek temelji na transformaciji 
dela zemljevida z lokalnimi premiki na podlagi novih 
meritev GNSS in je razdeljen na tri glavne faze – analizo 
homogenosti, transformacijo in končno kontrolo. Rezultat 
postopka RbC je obnovljen katastrski načrt brez lokalnih 
premikov. Nadaljnji cilj tega dokumenta je preizkušanje 
opisanega postopka na izbrani katastrski enoti in analiza 
rezultatov. Če se preizkušanje izkaže za uspešno, je lahko 
ta postopek hitra in cenejša alternativa novim meritvam 
pri katastrskih načrtih z lokalnimi premiki.
Peter Kyseľ, Ľubica Hudecová | TESTIRANJE NOVE METODE OBNAVLJANJA KATASTRSKIH NAČRTOV NA SLOVAŠKEM  | TESTING OF A NEW WAY OF CADASTRAL MAPS RENEWAL IN SLOVAKIA  | 
521-535 |
ABSTRACT IZVLEČEK SI 
| E
N
| 522 |
| 66/4 | GEODETSKI VESTNIK  
RE
CE
NZ
IRA
NI
 ČL
AN
KI 
| P
EE
R-
RE
VIE
W
ED
 AR
TIC
LE
S
SI 
| E
N
Peter Kyseľ, Ľubica Hudecová | TESTIRANJE NOVE METODE OBNAVLJANJA KATASTRSKIH NAČRTOV NA SLOVAŠKEM  | TESTING OF A NEW WAY OF CADASTRAL MAPS RENEWAL IN SLOVAKIA  | 
521-535 |
1 INTRODUCTION
The cadastre of real estate in Slovakia is defined as a geometrical and positional determination, recording 
and description of real estates (Act no. 162/1995 Coll.). The structure and content of the documentation 
included in the cadastre of real estate is defined in an executive decree. The main parts of the cadastral 
documentation are surveying information file and descriptive information file (Decree no. 461/2009 
Coll.; Gašincová and Gašinec, 2011). The cadastral documentation is managed per cadastral unit. The 
most important part of the surveying information file is a large-scale planimetric map, called a cadastral 
map. Its main purpose is to display real estates. The cadastral maps are produced in the system of the 
Unified Trigonometrical Cadastral Network (UTCN). Nowadays, all the cadastral maps are managed 
in the digital vector form, so they are called vector cadastral maps (VCMs).
In the Slovak cadastre, there are many data of different quality and origin (Seidlová and Chromčák, 2017). 
One of the main concerns is the quality of the cadastral map collection. Until 1995, cadastral maps were 
managed only in the analogue paper form. Between 1995 and 2015, all the analogue maps were replaced 
by digital vector maps, which are called vector cadastral maps. The update of these maps is interactive with 
the use of vector geodetic designs (Raškovič et al., 2019). The topic of quality of cadastral maps has been 
discussed for a long time in Slovakia (Horňanský et al., 2014; Hudecová, 2011; Kyseľ et al., 2018). Low 
quality and inconsistencies of cadastral data are not a discussed topic just in Slovakia, but they represent 
a problem also in many other countries (Kaufmann et al., 2009; Lisec and Navratil, 2014; Moharić et al., 
2017; Hanus et al., 2018; Mika, 2018; Popov, 2019). In some countries, such as Slovenia, methods for the 
renewal of older cadastral maps have been proposed (Čeh et al., 2011; Čeh et al., 2012). Currently, only 
one parameter is used to monitor the cadastral map quality in Slovakia. This parameter is called quality 
code of a point and it has five values. The value of the quality code of a boundary point is given by its 
origin, way of determination of its position and its quality (Decree no. 461/2009 Coll.). 
Nowadays, there are two main types of cadastral maps in Slovakia—numerical maps and non-numerical 
maps (Decree no. 461/2009 Coll.). The worse part of the cadastral map collection consists of non-
numerical maps (57% of maps). Their quality is very low due to their origin (geodetic coordinate system, 
measurement methods), and the only way for their renewal is a new cadastral mapping. The second group 
of maps comprises cadastral maps numerical (43% of maps). Their quality is better because all the points 
were determined using numerical measurement methods, and their coordinates in the UTCN system 
were recorded, but there are still some problems related to them. This paper deals with these problems 
of numerical cadastral maps.
The quality of a cadastral map is assessed according to the precision of the original measurement, which 
is determined based on the values of standard deviation and limit deviations. These criteria are given in 
the Slovak Technical Norm STN 01 3410 (STN, 1990). 
All vector cadastral maps numerical (VCMn) are a result of numerical measurements, and the determined 
coordinates of points should be accurate. It means that if the position of an existing detailed point is 
determined in a new measurement, the positional deviation between the new and original coordinates 
of the point should not exceed value of 0.24 m (Gašincová et al., 2014). However, mistakes were made 
during the original measurement, and in some locations, the positional deviation exceeds this value. These 
| 523 |
GEODETSKI VESTNIK | 66/4 |
RE
CE
NZ
IRA
NI
 ČL
AN
KI 
| P
EE
R-
RE
VIE
W
ED
 AR
TIC
LE
S
SI 
| E
N
Peter Kyseľ, Ľubica Hudecová | TESTIRANJE NOVE METODE OBNAVLJANJA KATASTRSKIH NAČRTOV NA SLOVAŠKEM  | TESTING OF A NEW WAY OF CADASTRAL MAPS RENEWAL IN SLOVAKIA  | 
521-535 |
mistakes were discovered with the rolling out of the GNSS technology, which provides determination of 
the point position independent of near geodetic control points (Hudecová and Kyseľ, 2020). Since 2013, 
a special way of updating these maps has been applied (Decree no. 461/2009 Coll., Guideline, 2013). In 
the locations where local shifts are present, new objects have been transformed into a shifted map using 
a local transformation, and the original measurement has been stored in the POINTS layer (Figure 1).
Figure 1: VCMn with the POINTS layer (red colour).
Nowadays, there is no concept of renewal of these maps with local shifts in Slovakia, and the objects in 
the POINTS layer are only stored but not used. The big advantage is that in most cases, the local shift 
vectors are systematic, which means that the direction and size of the shifts are similar. The renewal by 
a new cadastral mapping is thus not needed in case of these VCMn with local shifts. The main aim of 
| 524 |
| 66/4 | GEODETSKI VESTNIK  
RE
CE
NZ
IRA
NI
 ČL
AN
KI 
| P
EE
R-
RE
VIE
W
ED
 AR
TIC
LE
S
SI 
| E
N
Peter Kyseľ, Ľubica Hudecová | TESTIRANJE NOVE METODE OBNAVLJANJA KATASTRSKIH NAČRTOV NA SLOVAŠKEM  | TESTING OF A NEW WAY OF CADASTRAL MAPS RENEWAL IN SLOVAKIA  | 
521-535 |
this paper is to present a new way of renewal of these maps, called Cadastral Operate Renewal by Cor-
rection (RbC), and to test it in a selected cadastral unit. The process of RbC could be a fast, effective 
and reliable way of renewal of VCMn with local shifts.
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this paper, the new process of RbC will be tested in the cadastral unit of Jacovce, Slovak Republic.
Cadastral unit: Jacovce (821781)
Region (Nomenclature of Units for Territorial Statistics – NUTS3): Nitra Region
District (Local Administrative Unit – LAU1): Topoľčany (406)
Area: 10,060,000 m2
The original cadastral mapping in the built-up area of the cadastral unit of Jacovce was finished in 1981, 
and the map was in the 1 : 1000 scale. The rural area was mapped in 1989, and the scale of the result-
ing analogue map was 1 : 5000. Both cadastral mappings were regulated by the Instruction from 1981 
(Instruction, 1981). All detailed points in both mappings were determined in the 3rd class of precision, 
which means that their positional accuracy should be 0.14 m (STN, 1990). This precision is given in 
regard to the nearest geodetic control points. The maps were reworked to the digital vector form and 
joined into one VCMn file, which was approved in 2013.
If a new measurement is performed today, the positional deviation between the new control measure-
ment and the original position of a point in the map should not be more than 0.24 m. However, in this 
cadastral unit, the condition is not fulfilled practically anywhere in the built-up area. This fact is well 
documented in Figure 2, where the objects in the POINTS layer within the cadastral unit of Jacovce 
are displayed along with the borders of the cadastral unit and the built-up area. Since 2013, when the 
POINTS layer was established within the meaning of new regulations, approximately 250 vector geo-
detic designs for updating the map have been created, and vast majority of them (more than 90%) have 
included the POINTS layer. The total number of points in the POINTS layer is approximately 2,200.
A new mapping would be ineffective in such a situation because the relative quality of the map is sufficient 
and the shifts were caused only by the low quality geodetic controls. A new process of cadastral map renewal 
is needed for these maps— Cadastral Operate Renewal by Correction. The fundamental part of this process 
consists in a transformation of the map geometry to the correct position per partes. The technical part 
of the process, which is tested in this paper, is very simple and includes three main phases (Kyseľ, 2021).
The first phase is called homogeneity analysis. Its aim is to qualify the local shifts in the map geometry 
in terms of their frequency, location and size (Hudecová and Kyseľ, 2020). The analysis of homogeneity 
determines whether the RbC process is practicable. It is examined whether the local shifts occur only 
in a specific part of the cadastral unit, whether the nature of the local shift vectors is systematic in a 
particular error location, and whether the error locations could be delimited distinctly. The background 
for this analysis comprises the objects in the POINTS layer supplemented with the new measurement, 
where the coverage of the POINTS layer is not sufficient. If an area is proved to be inhomogeneous, it 
has to be divided into smaller areas which could be homogeneous. If even this does not help, there is no 
other option but to conduct a new cadastral mapping in the block. 
| 525 |
GEODETSKI VESTNIK | 66/4 |
RE
CE
NZ
IRA
NI
 ČL
AN
KI 
| P
EE
R-
RE
VIE
W
ED
 AR
TIC
LE
S
SI 
| E
N
Peter Kyseľ, Ľubica Hudecová | TESTIRANJE NOVE METODE OBNAVLJANJA KATASTRSKIH NAČRTOV NA SLOVAŠKEM  | TESTING OF A NEW WAY OF CADASTRAL MAPS RENEWAL IN SLOVAKIA  | 
521-535 |
Figure 2: The POINTS layer (red colour) in the cadastral unit of Jacovce.
The main part of the RbC process consists in a transformation of the map geometry to the correct po-
sition. A 2D conformal transformation without scale change is used. This type of transformation was 
chosen because the relative quality of the map geometry is high, and the main goal is to preserve the 
shape and areas of land parcels. At least two identical points are needed for the transformation, but the 
ideal number is 4 or 5 points distributed along the perimeter of the transformed area. The parameters 
are then calculated using the Least Square Method adjustment. The identical points either come from 
the POINTS layer or are determined in a new measurement. The condition is that their position has 
to be known both in the shifted system of the map and in the correct system, so the position has to be 
determined using the active geodetic controls. 
The last part of the RbC process is the final control. At this stage, the size and direction of local shift 
vectors is determined and analysed after the transformation on a set of check points, which were also 
determined using the active geodetic controls, but they were not used for the calculation of the trans-
formation parameters. It is best to use the points which were used for the initial homogeneity analysis 
because the local shift vectors can be compared to the state before the transformation. Moreover, during 
this stage, the areas of the border land parcels are compared to the state before the transformation, and 
the parcels whose area needs to be corrected are determined. If the process is successful, the result is a 
correct VCMn produced within a very short time frame.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The coverage of the cadastral unit of Jacovce by the POINTS layer was proven to be insufficient, so a 
new measurement had to be conducted in order to achieve a reliable homogeneity analysis of the VCMn. 
The measurement was conducted on 6th January 2022 using the GNSS-RTK method with a connection 
| 526 |
| 66/4 | GEODETSKI VESTNIK  
RE
CE
NZ
IRA
NI
 ČL
AN
KI 
| P
EE
R-
RE
VIE
W
ED
 AR
TIC
LE
S
SI 
| E
N
Peter Kyseľ, Ľubica Hudecová | TESTIRANJE NOVE METODE OBNAVLJANJA KATASTRSKIH NAČRTOV NA SLOVAŠKEM  | TESTING OF A NEW WAY OF CADASTRAL MAPS RENEWAL IN SLOVAKIA  | 
521-535 |
to the SKPOS network. The subject of the measurement were fences, which were accessible from public 
spaces, so the owners of the parcels did not have to attend the measurement. Approximately 400 new 
points were determined, which covered the whole built-up area of the cadastral unit (Figure 3, green 
colour). The testing of the RbC process did not include the rural area of the cadastral unit because the 
parcel borders are not marked there, and therefore they cannot be measured. In the future, the land 
consolidation should also be conducted outside the built-up area, which would produce a new cadastral 
map without any shifts. 
Figure 3: New points (green) measured using the GNSS-RTK method in the cadastral unit of Jacovce.
The first stage of the RbC is a homogeneity analysis of the VCMn. In this phase, the size and direction 
of local shift vectors were calculated on a set of chosen points, which were a combination of the points 
from the POINTS layer and those from the new measurement. The analysed area was divided into 22 
blocks (Figure 4). The border parcels between the blocks were either publicly-owned parcels, such as 
streets or water flows, or big field parcels with no registered ownership rights. The borders of the blocks 
| 527 |
GEODETSKI VESTNIK | 66/4 |
RE
CE
NZ
IRA
NI
 ČL
AN
KI 
| P
EE
R-
RE
VIE
W
ED
 AR
TIC
LE
S
SI 
| E
N
Peter Kyseľ, Ľubica Hudecová | TESTIRANJE NOVE METODE OBNAVLJANJA KATASTRSKIH NAČRTOV NA SLOVAŠKEM  | TESTING OF A NEW WAY OF CADASTRAL MAPS RENEWAL IN SLOVAKIA  | 
521-535 |
were determined in a manner which ensured that they had the smallest possible size to correct the local 
shifts in the best way, and there were at least 10 check points measured using the active geodetic controls. 
In each block, the average values and standard deviations of size (ΔpAVG, σΔp) and direction (αAVG, σα) 
of local shift vectors were calculated (Table 1). The size of the positional deviation Δp is represented by 
the distance between the points in the map and the measured point and is calculated with formula (1)
 ∆ = ∆ + ∆2 2 ,p x y  (1)
where Δx = x1– x2 and Δy = y1– y2; where x1, y1 are the coordinates of a point from the new GNSS 
measurement and x2, y2 are the coordinates of a point in the original map.
The direction is represented by the azimuth from the measured point to the point in the map in the 
UTCN coordinate system. The criteria for the homogeneity of a block are the standard deviation of size 
not exceeding the value of 0.14 m and the standard deviation of direction not exceeding the value of 25 
gon. These criteria were determined empirically based on the previous experience.
Figure 4: Division of the cadastral unit of Jacovce into the smallest possible blocks.
| 528 |
| 66/4 | GEODETSKI VESTNIK  
RE
CE
NZ
IRA
NI
 ČL
AN
KI 
| P
EE
R-
RE
VIE
W
ED
 AR
TIC
LE
S
SI 
| E
N
Peter Kyseľ, Ľubica Hudecová | TESTIRANJE NOVE METODE OBNAVLJANJA KATASTRSKIH NAČRTOV NA SLOVAŠKEM  | TESTING OF A NEW WAY OF CADASTRAL MAPS RENEWAL IN SLOVAKIA  | 
521-535 |
Table 1: Homogeneity analysis of the VCMn—small blocks
Block no. ΔpAVG [m] σΔp [m] αAVG [gon] σα [gon]
1 0.41 0.06 332.7242 15.3099
2 0.39 0.05 334.9082 10.0851
3 0.35 0.10 342.1878 12.8078
4 0.30 0.06 331.9855 12.7166
5 0.32 0.04 327.2666 10.1315
6 0.36 0.06 326.0922 11.7582
7 0.37 0.07 312.8513 11.2889
8 0.32 0.04 323.5135 13.9112
9 0.37 0.06 323.6426 9.4341
10 0.30 0.04 321.3865 11.0622
11 0.34 0.03 315.3922 5.8843
12 0.35 0.07 326.1901 15.0453
13 0.38 0.04 312.0059 7.1916
14 0.38 0.04 310.1940 11.1806
15 0.50 0.05 293.5616 7.4026
16 0.52 0.09 304.9894 7.1782
17 0.55 0.06 295.9614 5.3319
18 0.61 0.06 291.3429 5.0863
19 0.39 0.04 280.2391 10.8134
20 0.51 0.09 287.3837 8.0577
21 0.33 0.02 336.0410 4.2518
22 0.31 0.03 341.2984 8.8875
According to the homogeneity analysis (Table 1), the RbC process can be conducted in all 22 analysed 
blocks. These small blocks would provide the most accurate solution for the RbC because this way, the 
small changes in the local shifts can be represented better. However, the local shift vectors were similar 
in some of the blocks, so the situation can be simplified into 3 blocks (Figure 5). Blocks no. 1–14 and 
no. 21–22 were joined into the new block no. 1, blocks no. 15–18 were combined into the block no. 2, 
while only the borders of the block no. 19 stay, and they create the new block no. 3. The average values 
and standard deviations of size (ΔpAVG, σΔp) and direction (αAVG, σα) of local shift vectors were calculated 
in each of the joined blocks using the same points as in the first case (Table 2). 
Table 2: Homogeneity analysis of the VCMn—joined blocks
Block no. ΔpAVG [m] σΔp [m] αAVG [gon] σα [gon]
1 0.35 0.06 325.4429 14.5019
2 0.54 0.08 293.8177 8.4574
3 0.39 0.04 280.2391 10.8134 
| 529 |
GEODETSKI VESTNIK | 66/4 |
RE
CE
NZ
IRA
NI
 ČL
AN
KI 
| P
EE
R-
RE
VIE
W
ED
 AR
TIC
LE
S
SI 
| E
N
Peter Kyseľ, Ľubica Hudecová | TESTIRANJE NOVE METODE OBNAVLJANJA KATASTRSKIH NAČRTOV NA SLOVAŠKEM  | TESTING OF A NEW WAY OF CADASTRAL MAPS RENEWAL IN SLOVAKIA  | 
521-535 |
Figure 5: Division of the cadastral unit of Jacovce into larger joined blocks.
According to the analysis in Table 2, the RbC process can also be conducted using the larger joined 
blocks. The next stages of the RbC were tested in both configurations of the blocks.
These stages of the RbC process were conducted using a combination of applications “VCMt Precising” 
and “Correction”, which was proven to be reliable and effective for the purposes of this process (Kyseľ, 
2021). The second and most important stage of the RbC process is the correction of the VCMn with 
a transformation in the blocks of parcels, where the first stage showed that they were homogeneous. 
In this case, all the blocks were homogeneous according to the homogeneity analysis. The transforma-
tion parameters were calculated separately for each block using 4 to 5 identical points in each of them, 
which were distributed around the perimeter of the block. An example of configuration of identical 
points in one of the blocks (no. 3) is shown in Figure 6. In the second scenario based on the large joined 
blocks, there were 9 identical points used for the block no. 1, 8 points for the block no. 2 and 4 points 
in block no. 3. The result of the transformation is a repaired VCMn without any local shifts inside the 
transformed blocks.
| 530 |
| 66/4 | GEODETSKI VESTNIK  
RE
CE
NZ
IRA
NI
 ČL
AN
KI 
| P
EE
R-
RE
VIE
W
ED
 AR
TIC
LE
S
SI 
| E
N
Peter Kyseľ, Ľubica Hudecová | TESTIRANJE NOVE METODE OBNAVLJANJA KATASTRSKIH NAČRTOV NA SLOVAŠKEM  | TESTING OF A NEW WAY OF CADASTRAL MAPS RENEWAL IN SLOVAKIA  | 
521-535 |
Figure 6: Configuration of identical points (red circle) and check points (green square) in the block no. 3.
The last stage of the RbC process is the final control. The positional deviations Δp and azimuths in the 
UTCN system α are calculated on a set of check points located between their position determined by 
a GNSS-RTK measurement and the position in the transformed map. The measured position is taken 
either from the new measurement or from the POINTS layer. An example of check points configura-
tion in block no. 3 is shown in Figure 6 (green squares). In case of the smaller blocks, there were 10–15 
check points in each block. In the second option with the larger joined blocks, all the check points from 
the first case were used, so there were more than 200 check points in the block no. 1 and approximately 
100 points in the block no. 2. The check points used for the final control were the same that were used 
for the initial homogeneity analysis of the map geometry. The calculated positional deviations should 
not exceed value of 0.24 m. If this condition is fulfilled at all the check points, the RbC process is 
considered successful. The average values and standard deviations of positional deviations (ΔpAVG, σΔp) 
and azimuths (αAVG, σα) and maximal values of positional deviations (ΔpMAX) were determined for each 
block in case of the small blocks (Table 3) as well as the large joined blocks (Table 4). Results of the 
“Correction” application include also an arrow graph, which illustrates the local shift vectors before and 
after the transformation in a particular block. An example of the arrow graph from the block no. 3 is 
shown in Figure 7.
| 531 |
GEODETSKI VESTNIK | 66/4 |
RE
CE
NZ
IRA
NI
 ČL
AN
KI 
| P
EE
R-
RE
VIE
W
ED
 AR
TIC
LE
S
SI 
| E
N
Peter Kyseľ, Ľubica Hudecová | TESTIRANJE NOVE METODE OBNAVLJANJA KATASTRSKIH NAČRTOV NA SLOVAŠKEM  | TESTING OF A NEW WAY OF CADASTRAL MAPS RENEWAL IN SLOVAKIA  | 
521-535 |
Table 3: Final control of the RbC process—small blocks
Block no. ΔpMAX [m] ΔpAVG [m] σΔp [m] αAVG [gon] σα [gon]
1 0.24 0.11 0.06 146.8604 119.8904
2 0.16 0.08 0.04 207.9364 167.0356
3 0.24 0.12 0.06 208.1381 142.1052
4 0.19 0.09 0.07 138.2175 98.2180
5 0.12 0.06 0.03 147.3772 100.6835
6 0.17 0.08 0.04 248.4657 121.7595
7 0.24 0.14 0.08 233.7562 69.1246
8 0.17 0.08 0.04 184.5431 157.2860
9 0.20 0.08 0.05 258.1704 58.6228
10 0.14 0.09 0.03 249.8082 42.7609
11 0.09 0.04 0.03 300.5399 104.2134
12 0.16 0.08 0.04 208.1988 128.1507
13 0.16 0.06 0.04 231.7657 104.6111
14 0.17 0.09 0.05 87.5392 73.6622
15 0.15 0.09 0.03 225.9100 83.1996
16 0.18 0.10 0.04 259.0551 134.9314
17 0.21 0.09 0.05 280.1971 108.1555
18 0.17 0.07 0.04 190.0210 72.1937
19 0.12 0.07 0.04 231.5883 166.3152
20 0.19 0.10 0.05 191.6062 89.0856
21 0.05 0.02 0.01 155.0553 57.5922
22 0.10 0.05 0.03 237.6180 112.6937
Figure 7: Arrow graph of local shift vectors before (left) and after (right) the transformation in the block no. 3.
| 532 |
| 66/4 | GEODETSKI VESTNIK  
RE
CE
NZ
IRA
NI
 ČL
AN
KI 
| P
EE
R-
RE
VIE
W
ED
 AR
TIC
LE
S
SI 
| E
N
Peter Kyseľ, Ľubica Hudecová | TESTIRANJE NOVE METODE OBNAVLJANJA KATASTRSKIH NAČRTOV NA SLOVAŠKEM  | TESTING OF A NEW WAY OF CADASTRAL MAPS RENEWAL IN SLOVAKIA  | 
521-535 |
Table 4: Final control of the RbC process—large joined blocks
Block no. ΔpMAX [m] ΔpAVG [m] σΔp [m] αAVG [gon] σα [gon]
1 0.24 0.09 0.05 210.5852 100.8680
2 0.24 0.11 0.06 229.7365 86.1017
3 0.12 0.07 0.04 231.5883 166.3152
The final part of the last stage of the RbC process is an analysis of the areas of the parcels through which 
the borders of the blocks pass. In Table 1 and Table 2, it can be seen the local shift vectors have different 
properties in each block, so the areas of these border land parcels can change. According to the regula-
tions, the area of a land parcel calculated on the basis of coordinates of points in the map can differ 
from the value recorded in the cadastral descriptive information file, but the difference (dP) must not 
exceed the value of allowed difference (UP) calculated according to formula (2) (Decree no. 461/2009).
 PU =a P -b,  (2)
where P is area of a land parcel recorded in the cadastral descriptive information file, and a, b are coef-
ficients, which acquire values according to the scale of the original analogue map given by the Annex 
no. 14 to the Decree no. 461/2009 (Decree no. 461/2009). 
For the original map scale 1:1000 in our case of cadastral unit of Jacovce, the acquired value of the coef-
ficient a from the Annex no. 14 is 0.42 and the value of the coefficient b is 0.40. For example, for the 
land parcel area P = 1000 m2 the allowed difference Up is equal to 13 m2.
The areas of the border parcels were calculated after the transformation of the map and compared to 
the values recorded in descriptive files of the cadastre. The analysis for both options is shown in Table 5.
Table 5: Analysis of the border parcel areas after the transformation
Small blocks Large blocks
Total no. of border parcels 53 31
No. of parcels dP ≤ UP 40 18
No. of parcels dP > UP 13 13
- of which no. of parcels with recorded ownership rights 6 8
- of which no. of privately-owned parcels with recorded ownership rights 3 4
- of which no. of parcels with ownership rights not recorded 7 5
If Tables 1 and 2 are compared to Tables 3 and 4, it can be seen the RbC process was successful in all 
blocks in both situations. After the homogeneity analysis, the values of local shift vectors size varied 
from 0.30 m to 0.60 m, and the standard deviations of their size and direction were low, which 
meant that their nature was systematic. After the transformation, the maximum average value of local 
shift vectors size in a block is 0.11 m. In some blocks, the maximum value of positional deviations 
is 0.24 m, which is a marginal value, but it still meets the requirements. The standard deviation of 
azimuths after the transformation is high, which means that the systematic nature of local shifts 
was eliminated, and the positional deviations between the transformed map and the measurement 
are caused only by stochastic errors of the original and new measurements. This fact is also visible 
in Figure 7. In Table 4, it can be seen that the average values of positional deviations are well below 
| 533 |
GEODETSKI VESTNIK | 66/4 |
RE
CE
NZ
IRA
NI
 ČL
AN
KI 
| P
EE
R-
RE
VIE
W
ED
 AR
TIC
LE
S
SI 
| E
N
Peter Kyseľ, Ľubica Hudecová | TESTIRANJE NOVE METODE OBNAVLJANJA KATASTRSKIH NAČRTOV NA SLOVAŠKEM  | TESTING OF A NEW WAY OF CADASTRAL MAPS RENEWAL IN SLOVAKIA  | 
521-535 |
the marginal value, and the local shifts were eliminated in the whole built-up area of the cadastral 
unit of Jacovce using only 3 blocks. The use of smaller blocks is probably more accurate because the 
local shifts can be represented in a more detailed way, but the results are not dramatically worsened 
by joining the blocks. This means that the process could be very simple and fast. Table 5 shows that 
there are no dramatic changes in the areas of the parcels which create the border between blocks. In 
both alternatives, dP exceeded the maximum allowed value only in case of 13 parcels in the whole 
cadastral unit, which would need a correction. However, a big part of them does not have the own-
ership rights recorded in the cadastre, so the areas could be corrected without any problem. In the 
other group where the ownership rights are recorded, a half of parcels are publicly-owned in both 
cases. The correction of these areas would be painful for their owners, but they would be rewarded 
by a better quality of the recording of their real estate. Overall, the testing of the RbC process in 
the cadastral unit of Jacovce can be assessed very positively, and it could be used in other cadastral 
units with a VCMn with local shifts. However, before the implementation of this process into the 
surveying practice, more testing is needed.
The new measurement was conducted using the GNSS-RTK method, and therefore only the fences could 
be measured. However, in Slovakia, it often happens that the fence is not built on the property border, 
so these points are not as reliable for the RbC process as other points, such as corners of buildings. Nev-
ertheless, it is a compromise to ensure higher effectiveness of the method, as the corners would have to 
be measured with a total station, which would take more time. Alternatively, the building corners could 
be determined using the UAV photogrammetry. However, the effectiveness of this method in the RbC 
process has not been assessed yet. In the past, boundary stones were used for the reliable signalization 
of the boundaries, but nowadays they are no longer used and most of the historical stones have been 
destroyed, so they also cannot be used for this process.
The main advantage of the RbC process is that the map geometry could be renewed in a short time with 
minimum costs, while only the parts of the cadastral unit with local shifts would be renewed, contrary to 
a new mapping, which is conducted in the whole cadastral unit. Other advantage is that the surveying 
works can be conducted without the presence of the parcel owners.
The disadvantage of this process is that it is applicable only for the VCMn where, according to the 
homogeneity analysis, the error areas can be delimited distinctly, and a new additional measurement is 
needed in most of the cadastral units in order to determine identical and check points. If the homogene-
ity analysis results in a conclusion that a block is not homogeneous, there is no other option but a new 
cadastral mapping. However, the process could be a cheap and fast alternative to a new mapping in the 
VCMn with local shifts.
4 CONCLUSIONS
In Slovakia, there can be local shifts in the VCMn. Their presence is indicated by the objects in the 
POINTS layer. This layer is included approximately in 40% of all VCMn, but that does not mean that 
the shifts cannot be found in other maps. A new cadastral mapping would be ineffective in these cadastral 
units because local shifts usually occur only in a part of the cadastral unit, and the relative quality of the 
map geometry is high. In the paper, a new way of cadastral map renewal was proposed, called Cadastral 
| 534 |
| 66/4 | GEODETSKI VESTNIK  
RE
CE
NZ
IRA
NI
 ČL
AN
KI 
| P
EE
R-
RE
VIE
W
ED
 AR
TIC
LE
S
SI 
| E
N
Peter Kyseľ, Ľubica Hudecová | TESTIRANJE NOVE METODE OBNAVLJANJA KATASTRSKIH NAČRTOV NA SLOVAŠKEM  | TESTING OF A NEW WAY OF CADASTRAL MAPS RENEWAL IN SLOVAKIA  | 
521-535 |
Operate Renewal by Correction (RbC). This process was also tested in the cadastral unit of Jacovce, 
where there are local shifts in the VCMn.
The first stage consisted in the homogeneity analysis, which showed that there were local shifts 
in the whole built-up area, and this whole area was suitable for the RbC process. In subsequent 
stages, two alternatives were used, one with the smallest possible blocks of parcels and one with 
larger blocks, which were created by joining small blocks with similar properties of local shift 
vectors. The map was transformed to the correct position, and a final control was conducted on 
a set of check points in each block. This analysis showed that the RbC process was successful in 
all the blocks. The result was a correct VCMn in the whole built-up area of the cadastral unit 
with corrections needed only in a few areas of parcels. The advantages and disadvantages of this 
process were also described. The RbC could be a cheap and fast alternative to cadastral mapping 
in case of VCMn with local shifts.
Literature and references:
Act No. 162/1995 Coll. on the cadastre of real estate and the entries of ownership and 
other rights to the real estate (the cadastral act) as amended. https://www.slov-
lex.sk/pravne-predpisy/SK/ZZ/1995/162/20191001.html, accessed 20.06.2022.
Čeh, M., Lisec, A., Ferlan, M., Šumrada, R. (2011): The Renovation of the Land Cadastre’s 
Graphical Part Based on Surveying Principles. Geodetski vestnik 55 (2), 257-268. 
DOI: 10.15292/geodetski-vestnik.2011.02.257-268
Čeh, M., Šumrada, R., Ferlan, M., Švab, B., Lisec, A., (2012): Application of Membrane 
Homogenization Method for Slovenian Cadastral Index Map. FIG Working Week 
2012, Rome, Italy. DOI: 10.13140/2.1.3866.4965
Decree No. 461/2009 Coll. of the Office of Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre of the 
Slovak Republic, implementing the Act No. 162/1995 Coll. on the real estate 
cadastre and the entries of ownership and other rights to the real estate (the 
cadastre act). https://www.slov-lex.sk/pravne-predpisy/SK/ZZ/2009/461/, 
accessed 20.06.2022.
Gašincová, S., Gašinec, J. (2011): Legislative changes in the department of geodesy, 
cartography and cadastre of real estates since 1st September 2009. Acta 
Montanistica Slovaca 16 (4), 328-336.
Gašincová, S., Gašinec, J., Weiss, Kiraly, A. (2014): Legislative changes specifying the 
matters of survey sketch in the Slovak Republic. Acta Montanistica Slovaca 
19 (4), 207-220.
Guideline no. 9/2013 on the contents and form of files for updating the geodetic 
informations in the cadastral units with the vector cadastral map numerical 
(2013): Office of Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre of Slovak Republic, 
Bratislava (in Slovak). https://www.skgeodesy.sk/files/sk/slovensky/ugkk/
kataster-nehnutelnosti/technicke-predpisy-ine-akty-riadenia/usm_ugkk-
sr_9_2013.pdf, accessed 22.06.2022.
Hanus, P., Pęska-Siwik, A., Szewczyk, R. (2018): Spatial analysis of the accuracy of 
the cadastral parcel boundaries. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 144 
(2018), 9–15. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2017.11.031 
Horňanský, I., Ondrejička, E., Fojtl, M. (2014): From Cadastre 2014 to Cadastre 2034. 
Proceedings of the Permanent Committee on Cadastre in the E.U., Plenary 
Meeting & Conference in Athens, Greece, 45-51.
Hudecová, Ľ. (2011): Vector Cadastral Maps. Geodetický a kartografický obzor 57 
(99), 243-248 (in Slovak).
Hudecová, Ľ., Kyseľ, P. (2020): Vector Cadastral Maps Numerical Homogeneity Analysis. 
Geodetski list 74 (97), No. 1, 41-56.
Instruction for the creation of Base map of ČSSR in big scale (984 210 S/81) (1981): 
Slovak Office of Geodesy a Cartography, Bratislava (in Slovak).
Kaufmann, J., Aleksić, I. R., Odalović, O. R. (2009): Real Estate Cadastre Development 
in Serbia. Geodetski list, Zagreb, 63, 243–254.
Kyseľ, P., Hudecová, Ľ., Bajtala, M. (2018): Spatial analyse of cadastral maps. 
Proceedings of 18th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 
in Albena, Bulgaria. Vol. 18. Informatics, Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing, 
567-574. DOI:10.5593/sgem2018/2.3/S11.072
Kyseľ, P. (2021): Usage of “VCMt Precising” Application in Renewal by Correction. 
Advances in Architectural, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Proceedings, 
195-203 (in Slovak).
Lisec, A., Navratil, G. (2014): The Austrian land cadastre: from the earliest beginnings 
to the modern land information system. Geodetski vestnik 58 (3), 482-516. DOI: 
10.15292/geodetski-vestnik.2014.03.482-516
Mika, M. (2018): An analysis of possibilities for the establishment of a multipurpose 
and multidimensional cadastre in Poland. Land Use Policy 77, 446-453. DOI: 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.05.060 
Moharić, J., Katić, J., Šustić, A., Šantek, D. (2017) Improvement of Cadastral Maps of 
Graphic Survey. Geodetski list 71(94) No.4, 339-360 (in Croatian).
Popov, A. (2019): Land Cadastre Development in Ukraine. Geodesy and Cartography 
45(3), 126-136. DOI: 10.3846/gac.2019.7121.
Raškovič, V., Muchová, Z., Petrovič, F. (2019): A new approach to the registration of 
buildings towards 3D land and property management in Slovakia. Sustainability 
2019, 11 (17), 4652. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su11174652 
Seidlová, S., Chromčák, J. (2017): Types of Cadastral Maps in Slovak Republic 
| 535 |
GEODETSKI VESTNIK | 66/4 |
RE
CE
NZ
IRA
NI
 ČL
AN
KI 
| P
EE
R-
RE
VIE
W
ED
 AR
TIC
LE
S
SI 
| E
N
Peter Kyseľ, Ľubica Hudecová | TESTIRANJE NOVE METODE OBNAVLJANJA KATASTRSKIH NAČRTOV NA SLOVAŠKEM  | TESTING OF A NEW WAY OF CADASTRAL MAPS RENEWAL IN SLOVAKIA  | 
521-535 |
and Accuracy of the Land Area. Proceedings of XXVI R-S-P Seminar 2017, 
Theoretical Foundation of Civil Engineering, 00148, pp. 6. DOI: 10.1051/
matecconf/201711700148
STN 01 3410 (1990): Large scale maps. Base and thematic maps.
Peter Kyseľ, M.Sc. 
Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Faculty of Civil 
Engineering, Department of Surveying 
Radlinského 2766/11 
810 05 Bratislava 
Slovak Republic 
e-mail: peter.kysel@stuba.sk
Ľubica Hudecová, assoc.prof., M.Sc., PhD. 
Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Faculty of Civil 
Engineering, Department of Surveying 
Radlinského 2766/11 
 810 05 Bratislava 
Slovak Republic 
e-mail: lubica.hudecova@stuba.sk
Kyseľ P., Hudecová Ľ. (2022). Testing of a new way of cadastral maps renewal in Slovakia. Geodetski vestnik, 66 (4), 521-535. 
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15292/geodetski-vestnik.2022.04.521-535