HeTH^an mkohu - ceMaHTMKa M ^H^MM ogHOM nereHgw
EKamepuna Anacmacoea
In the article is analyzed the story of the "flying" icons from the Nessebar church of "he Assumption of the Holy Virgin". hese legends describe the miracles made by the icon of the Holy Virgin - the Black (Mad) Mary. he miracles comprise its "flying" to the Greek community in Nessebar in the times of the Ottoman domination and its role in diverse historical trials. he legends of the "flying" icon of Nessebar appear as metaphorical readings of the intensive identification processes that have involved individuals and communities in transitional historical periods.
Cro^eT o neTH^ux uKoHax pacnpocTpaHeH bo BceM npaBocnaBHoM apeane (oh M3BecTeH Ha BanKaHax, b EBpone u b A3mm). KaK b Bonrapuu, TaK u b gpyrux npaBo-cnaBHbix CTpaHax 6anKaHcKoro peruoHa (MaKegoHuu, PyMbHuu, Cep6uu, ^pe^uu), oh 3aperucTpupoBaH b MoHacTbpcKoM u xpaMoBoM KoHTeKCTe (B^nnuHoBa, b nenaTu)1. ^eTH^ue ukohh b Bonrapuu, KaK npaBuno, cBH3aHb c rpenecKon opTogoKcuen u c Hace-neHueM c rpenecKuM ^THUHecKUM caMoco3HaHueM. ^eTH^ue ukohh u paccKa3biBaeMbie o hux mu^h u nereHgb pacnpocTpaHeHb cpegu npaBocnaBHoro HaceneHuH Ha 6onrap-ckom HepHoMopcKoM no6epe^be u CBH3aHH c uKoHaMu Cb. Boropogu^i u ee xpaMaMM (KoneBa 2006, 167 - 174).
^eTH^ue ukohh 6binu uccnegoBaHb MHoroKpaTHo u b pa3nuHHbix nepcneKTuBax - CTporo ucKyccTBoBegnecKon, b cbh3u c onbTaMu ucTopunecKon peKoHcTpy^uu, a TaK^e npu uccnegoBaHuu KynbToBbx o6^eKToB c Ba^HMMu co^uanbHbiMu ^yH^uH-mu.
3gecb 6ygyT paccMoTpeHb nereHgb o neTH^en uKoHe u3 Hece6bipcKoM2 ^pKBM "YcneHue Cb. Boropogu^i", paccKa3biBaro^ue o ee noHBneHuu, HygoTBopHbix npoHBne-huhx u ee ponu b Kpu3ucHbix gnH o6^ecTBa cuTya^uHX, b nepcneKTuBe uema^opune-ckou nepedanu Ba^Hbx o6^ecTBeHHbx co6htum. ^TOT "nepeBog" nepeco3gaeT ugeu u nocnaHuH c rny6oKuMu ceMaHTunecKuMu u ceMuoTunecKuMu KOHHOTa^uHMu, CBH3aH-hhmu c ucTopuen BanKaH.
HepHaa/CyMacmegmafl3 Eoropogn^ m rpeqecKoe
AHanu3 ocHoBbBaeTCH Ha gByx BapuaHTax nereHgb o neTH^en uKoHe b Hece6b-pe, KoTopbe npuBogHTCH gocnoBHo:
BapuaHT TeKCTa ony6nMKoBaH paHee (AHacTacoBa 2006: 157-164).
Hece6bip (Hece6tp), ropog Ha W^hom no6epe®be HepHoro MopH.
no 6onrapcKM - "nygaTa".
229
HeTa^aa MKoHa - ceMaHTMKa m	ogHoM nereHgbi
I.	"HepHan Eo^opodu^a" nydomeopHan UKOHa. 3decb (Ha Mecme xpaMa YcneHun Cb. Eo^opodu^u) b npornnoM Haxodunucb nnom,adb u depeBO. OdHaMdu, mpan Ha nnom,adu, demu, mKOJibHUKU yeudenu odHy UKOHy, Komopan "cudena" Ha depeBe. To^^a ohu no3ea-jiu u£ppKOBHux enadbiK, u ohu co6panucb u y3Hanu UKOHy. OHa npuHadneMana HedaBHO yMepmeu MeHW,uHe, Komopym npu mu3hu Ha3biBanu "KanaM6ypKa" (nomoMy nmo OHa 6una onem cymynou). OHa 6una MOHaxuHeu, npuexaemeu U3 rpemu. nočne ee CMepmu eem,u ee xpaHunucb b cyHdyKe, Komopuu Haxoduncn b ^pKeu Cb. ^eop^un. 3a*nxHynu e cyHdyK - ukohu Hem. MKOHy nonoMunu o6pamHo e cyHdyK, ho KaMdoe ympo oHa čHoea "cudena" Ha depeee.
M maK mpu dm. A ece mpu Honu odHou MeHW,une cHuncn coh, e KomopoM none-nnnacb MeH^uHa u ^OBOpuna: "nocmpoume MHe omdenbHym ^pKoeb. Momho u caMuu ManeHbKuu čKum, ho n He xony 6onbme Haxodumbcn cpedu MyMnuH,"
PaccKa3ana MeHW,uHa ceou coh, u Hananacb nocmpouKa ^pKeu. Mynammcn no-cmpoumb <fiyHdaMeHm, ho Hune^o He nonynaemcn. HaK0He^ depeeo eucoxno, euKOpne-eanu e^o u Hamnu e KOpmx ^opmoK c 3onomuMu MOHemaMu. ^mu deH^u ucnonb3oeanu, nmo6u nocmpoumb ^pKoeb. B ^mou ^pKeu nenam 6onbHux ncuxunecKuMu 3a6oneea-huhmu.
TypKu xomenu 3acmaeumb nmdeu u3 Hece6upa npummb ucnaM. Ohu um danu mpu dm, nmo6u ohu cdanucb 6e3 Kpoeonponumun. Ho KOHb namu 3a6onen - comen c yMa. Oh o6omen mpu pa3a xpaM, u uKOHa e^o eunenuna. To^^a nama dan "manum" (6yMa^y, doKyMeHm), nmo6u He nomypenueanu Hece6up. B 3HaK 6na^0^apH0cmu oh omnpaeun e Hece6up 3onomo u cepe6po, Komopue 6unu yKpadeHU e 1980 TenepemHuu OKnad ukohu hobuu, BOccmaHOBneHHuU.
MKOHy Ha3bieamm u "nepHan uKOHa", nomoMy nmo ukohu Hocunu c co6ou condamu e cpaMeHuu. M ux Mamepu 6ydym c nepHbiMu KocuHKaMu no^moMy. TaK denanu e rpe^u, e Bu3aHmuu.
HacmoHW,an ucmopun "CyMacmedmeu Mapuu", a He ma, Komopym paccKa3u-eamm e My3ee, nmo uKOHa nodapOK om ^pn MeaHa AceHa e 3HaK e^o no6edu Had ^peKa-Mu.
CaMoe ^naBHoe, nmo uKOHa Muean,"4
BTopoM TeKCT 3anMcaH ot ogHOM npegcTaBMTenbHM^i CTapMHHoro rpenecKoro poga b ropoge m npegcTaBnaeT co6om 6onee pa3BepHyToe onucaHue:
II.	"Hama nydomeopHan uKOHa npunemena k HaM u3 ^penecK0^0 ^opoda Me^apa u cena Ha depeeo. Okojo He^o mpanu demu. BnaduKa muj e Hece6upe u no^moMy e ^opode Bce^da 6unu necHoneHun, Monumeu, xepyeuMu. Oh npuKa3an cmmb uKOHy c depeea.
B Hece6upe 6una ^pKoeb Ce. ^eop^un (oHa yMe nomoHyna), u e Hee c nonecmnMu eHecnu uKOHy.
M mo^da odHou cmapou eepyrnw,eu MeHW,uHe npucHunacb Ce. Eo^opodu^a.
"M npunemena u3 Me^apu, xony ManeHbKym omdenbHym ^pKeymKy, nmo6u He 6umb MHe eMecme c MyMnuHaMu".
M maK u cdenanu. MKOHa oneHb nydomeopHan, oneHb Hac oxpamem. Ko^da y Hac MyKa, oneHb n0M0^aem.
4 X. X., KflK>HHM^aJ okojio 60 neT, pogoM He M3 Hece6bipa. 3an. E. AHacTacoBa (ganee E. A.), 7. 12. 2004 r., r. He-ce6bip.
230
EKamepuHa AHacmacoBa
CopoK nem cmpounu ^pKoeb. Jlmdu, demu, ece nepenocunu necoK. npucunanu deuMu u ^pe^ecKue mop^oe^u u3 PyMunuu.
He 6uno ncuxuampoe - 6onbnue copoK dneü u copoK noneü cnanu e ^pKeu u eu-3dopaenueanu.
Ko^^a mypKu xomenu noÓMenb Hece6up (nouopue5 dead^mbpa3 ^openo), comen c yua Konb mypKa. npocnumanu npo ffenu Mapum ("denu"- "cyMacmedman"no mype^u). TypoK cKa3an - ecnu eu3dopoeeem Konb c noMow,bm eameü Mapuu, ne 6ydy nodMmamb ^opo^.
Konb mpu pa3a o6omen ^pKoeb u eu3dopoeen. ^o^moMy dea pa3a npuxodunu e ^opo^ mypKu, no o6a pa3a ne 6uno noMapa.
B wpKeu nenu ^pe^ecKue cexw,ennuKu. nomoM npumnu 6omapu. noMopue cda-nocb. A Moü ceeKp ^oeopun c íinbmapaMu, cKa3an, nmo nado omdamb ^pKeu 6omapaM. npednoMun e ^pKeu Ce. Cmeifiana mpu Mec^a cnyMumb na ^pe^ecK0M, mpu - na 6on-^apcKOM. A e ^pKeu Ce. Eo^opo^u^u - cnyMumb na 6omapcKoM. M maK ^peKu npueu-Knym k 6o^ocnyMenuw na 6omapcKoM.
Eo^opo^u^a onenb naM n0M0^ana"6
06a TeKCTa noHTu ugeHTuHHbi u gononHaroT gpyr gpyra. OcHOBHbie Tonocbi ne-reHgbi:
MKOHa "caguTca" Ha gepeBo.
OHa npuneTaeT M3 Merapbi, ^pe^MM unu npuBe3eHa rpenaHKOH-MOHaxMHeM.
MKOHa npMKa3biBaeT (nocpegcTBOM CHa) nocrpoMTb gna Hee xpaM, TaK KaK OHa "He xoneT 6biTb cpegu My^TOH".
MKOHa newr ncuxuHecKue 3a6oneBaHua.
B Kpu3MCHHe gna o6^ecTBa u ero KynbTypH (penuruu) nepuogbi MKOHa qygec-hhm o6pa3OM cnacaeT ropog u ero »menen.
Cro^eTOo6pa3yro^ue ^neMeHTbI b TeKCTax MMeroT pag TunonoruHecKMX cxogcTB c M3BecTHHMM paccKa3aMM o pa3nuHHHX HygoTBopHbix MKoHax u egBa nu Hy^garoT-ca b nogpo6Hbix KOMMeHTapuax. AHanoruu cBa3aHH KaK c aBneHueM ukohh u c ee ^yH^uaMu, TaK u c co6biTuaMu u peanuaMu, npegmecTByro^uMu u conyTcrByro^u-mu ee noaBneHuro. KaK npaBuno, HygoTBopHbie ukohh eo3nuKamm nydecnuM o6pa3oM (npuneTaroT, npunnHBaroT, noaBnaroTca Heo^ugaHHo, pucyroT ce6a caMu u np.) u ux ocHoBHaa ^yH^ua, KaK cnegyeT u3 caMoro TepMuHa "qygoTBopHaa", meopenue nydec. npegcTaBneHue o6 uKoHe KaK o ^ubom cy^ecTBe (MHKapHa^MM cBaToro), KoTopoe oge-BaeTca, ecT, nbeT u np., npucyTCTByeT b page TpagM^MM (reoprueBa 2003; B^nTOHOBa, b nenaTu). Cro^eT o npuneTeBmeñ u ceBmen Ha gepeBo uKoHe, KoTopaa He cnycKaeTca c Hero, noKa gna Hee He 6ygeT nocTpoeH XpaM, u3BecTeH u b gpyruX XpucTuaHCKuX Kynb-TypaX7. EguHCTBo Bomben MaTepu u Bomben ^pKBu aBnaeTca ocHOBononararo^uM gna xpucTuaHCKOM KynbTypH: caMa Boropogu^ b bu3aHTuncKOH TpagM^MM cuMBonu3upy-eT XpaM Bo^un - ^pKOBb (HugoB 1989: 69 u ^MT. nuT.). Ponb gepeBa (KoTopoe b nepBoM BapuaHTe CKpHBaeT b cboux KopHaX cpegcTBa gna nocTpoeHua ^pKBu) b ^pkobhom TpagM^MM To^e u3BecTHa. Ero goxpucTuaHCKaa cuMBonuKa "MupoBoro gepeBa" u ^yHK-
5	BnuaKutí k Hece6Hpy MepHOMopcKuñ ropog, To^e HaeeneHHHM ^THMMecKMMM rpeKaMu.
6	KaccaHgpa flHynoBa, 82 roga. 3an. E. A., 7. 12. 2004 r., r. Hece6Hp.
7	PaccMaTpuBaeMbm HaMu cro^eT C00TH0CMTca c ucTopuen Ky^aTM^KOM Boropogu^i, Mba uKOHa MygecHbiM o6pa3OM npuneTena b ceno KynaTuq, Muhckom ry6epHu b 1182 r. (cerogHa 3Ta uKOHa HaxoguTca b KueB-ckom Co^umckom co6ope). - ^^B^C 2: 1501-1502.
231
HeTa^aa uKOHa - ceMaHTUKa u ^yH^uu OgHOM nereHgbi
^u MeguaTopa Me^gy MenoBeMecKUM u 6o^ecTBeHHHM, 6bina To^e MHoroKpaTHO u b geTanax npoKOMMeHTupoBaHa (cm., Hanp. MBaHOB, TonopoB 1974). OnpegeneHHG uHTe-pecHee ponb gepeBa npu neMeHuu ncuxuMecKux 3a6oneBaHUM b Tpagu^OHHOM KynbTy-pe, npucyTCTByro^aa u b paccMaTpuBaeMbix 3gecb cro^eTax (cm. Hu^e)8. BHe BcaKoro coMHeHua, qygecHbiM cgh nepegaeT 6o^ecTBeHHyro Bonro, npoaBnaacb b OgHOM U3 cbg-ux gchgbhhx ^yH^uñ nocpegHUKa Me^gy MenoBeMecKUM u cBa^eHHbiM9.
B KOHKpeTHOM Hece6bipcK0M KOHTeKCTe ropa3go nro6onbiTHee mpaeKmopux, kg-Topyro GMepMUBaeT uKOHa, u ucmopunecKue nepuodu, b KOTopbie OHa TBopuT naMHTHbie gna o6^ecTBa Mygeca. M3BecTH0, mtg c nepuoga BenuKOM ^nnuHCKGM KonoHU3a^u10 u go cerogHamHero gHa b cTapuHHbix ropogax 6onrapcKoro HepHOMopua MacTb Hacene-huh coxpaHaeT rpeMecKyro ^THUHecKyro ugeHTUMHOcTb. OguH U3 gpeBHux rpeMecKux ropogoB - Hece6bip (MecaM6pua, MeceMBpua). CornacHO nereHge, uKOHa npunemaem u3 ^pe^ecKo^o ^opo^a Me^apa11.
Merapa - MeTpononua gopuñ^B, KOTopbie ocHOBanu gpeBUM ropog MecaM6puro12 b VI b. go H.e. (MuxañnoB 1972: 27). HygecHbiñ noneT ukghh u3 6biBmeñ gpeBHeñ Me-Tpononuu k rpeMecKOM o6^uHe b MeceMBpuu (ropog aBnaeTca BaxHHM penuruo3HbiM, KynbTypHHM u ^K0H0MUHecKUM ^HTpoM) b nepuog OcMaHCKOM uMnepuu cuMnTOMa-TUMeH13. Oh BHymaeT ^THUHecKyro u penuruo3Hyro npeeMCTBeHHOcTb, cBa3biBaro^yro guacnopy c MeTpononueM, KGHTUHyuTeT, KOTopbiM MygecHbiM 06pa30M npoaBnaeTca b Kpu3ucHbie gna o6^ecTBa ucTopuMecKue MOMeHTbi. OneBugHO, uMeHHO Mu<fiono^eMa ^pe^ecKo^o (rpeMecKaa ^THUHHGCTb, penurua, KynbTypa), Begy^aa cBoe Habano co Bpe-MeH aHTUHHOcTu u coxpaHUBmaaca b nepuog OcMaHCKoro BnagbiMecTBa (Korga xpucTu-aH Ha3HBanu o6^um pyM-MunneT, a rpeMecKaa KynbTypa nonb30Banacb npecTu^HHM cTaTycoM), Hamegmaa KOMnpoMucc c BonrapcKUM Ha^OHanbHbiM rocygapcTBOM, co-gep^uT b ce6e ocHOBHoe nocnaHue TeKCTa o "neTa^eñ uKOHe". "flpeBHue ^THUHecKue KopHu" u cBa3b c "rpeMecKOM poguHoñ" 0Ka3HBaroTca cnacuTenbHbiMu gna Hece6bip-ckux rpeKOB - KaK b OcMaHCKUM nepuog, TaK u npu nepexoge ot MynrnroTHUHecKOM uMnepuu k Ha^OHanbHOM Bonrapuu, conpoBO^gaBmuMca nepexogoM ot rpeMecKOM k BonrapcKOM npaBOcnaBHOM ^pKBu. "noneT" ukohh u ee Mygeca b uHTepnpeTa^u o6^hoctu paccKa3HBaroT "ayTeHTUMHyro" ucTopuro, b KOTopoñ uKOHa Bonno^aeT sm-nunecKue u penmuo3nue Kopnu u udenmunnocmb, MeTa^opunecKu Bocxoga^ue k "npa-poguHe", k MeTpononuu MurpupoBaBmux b gpeBHOcTu rpeKOB. TaKUM 06pa30M, cro^eT
8	B TpagM^M0HH0M KynbType ogHa U3 npaKTUK gna neMeHua ncuxuMecKux 3a6oneBaHuñ c noMO^bro cunbi cbhthx cogep^uTca b npuBH3biBaHuu 6onbHoro k gepeBy (nocBa^eHHOMy onpegeneHHOMy cBHTOMy - Cb. OeponoHTy, Cb. AHgoHy u np.) - nogpo6Hee cm. BtnMUHOBa 2005.
9	O cHax KaK nocpegHUKax Me^gy MenoBeMecKUM u 6o®ecTBeHHbiM cy^ecTByeT orpoMHaa nuTepaTypa. B nocnegHue rogbi Ha 6onrapcK0M MaTepuane cm. Hanp. AHacTacoBa 1998; BaeBa 2001, reoprueBa 2002 u ^UT. nuT.
10	BenuKaa annuHCKaa KonoHU3a^ua - nepeceneHue u gBu^eHue annuHOB U3 ropogoB-rocygapcTB (nonucoB-MeTpononuM) k gpyruM 3eMnaM, rge ohu ocHOBbiBaroT cbou noceneHua. 3a gBa BeKa (K0He^ VII-VI b. g. H.e.) Ha TeppuTopuu cerogHamHeñ Bonrapuu 6binu co3gaHbi KynbTypHbie ^HTpbi AnonnoHua (HbiHemHUM Co3ononb), Ogeccoc (BapHa), fluoHuccononuc (BanMUK), AHXuano (noMopue) u np.
11	Ha ponb Merapbi b ucTopuu Hece6bipa Moe BHUMaHue o6paTuna npo^. MBaHUMKa reoprueBa, KOTopoñ h xoMy Bbipa3UTb 6nar0gapH0CTb.
12	rpe^ecKoe umh ropoga MeceMBpua u3MeHeH0 nocTaHOBneHueM CoBeTa MUHucTpoB Bonrapuu b 1934 r., Korga 6bin nepeuMeHOBaH u pag gpyrux ropogoB - AHXuano cTaHOBUTca noMopue, BacunuKO - ^peBO u np.
13	B BapuaHTe c rpeMecKoñ MOHaxuHeñ, OMeBugHO, peMb ugeT o tom ®e - o cbh3hx ukohh c rpe^ecKUM.
232
EKamepuHa AHacmacoBa
onMCbiBaeT gpaMaTUHecKue gna o6^hoctu MOMeHTH, cBa3aHHHe c ee caMoonpegeneHU-eM b nepexogHHe (MapruHanbHHe) ucropuHecKue nepuogH, oTMeHaro^ue 6one3HeHHoe nepege^UHupoBaHue ugeHTUHHocTU, Tpe6yeMoe ucropuHecKUMU o6cToaTenbcTBaMU14.
MexaHU3M, co3garo^un nereHgy, cnegyeT KnaccuHecKUM KOHcTpy^uaM Mo-genupoBaHua Ha^uoHanu3Ma, TaK Ha3HaeMHM "BHgyMaHHHM Tpagu^M" (invented traditions) (Xo6c6om 1996). CBa3b Ha^U0HanbH0M KynbTypH c Hau6onee gpeBHUMU "KopHaMu" npucy^a coBpeMeHHHM Ha^MOHa^bHbIM ucTopuHecKUM napagurMaM, koh-cTpywpyro^UM Ha^uoHanbHbIe o6^hoctu u, cooTBeTcTBeHHo, Ha^uoHanbHyro ugeH-TUHHocTb. B cnyHae, nogHepKUBaHueM npeeMCTBeHHocTu Me^gy gpeBHen rpeHecKon MeTpononuen u coBpeMeHHHM Hece6HpoM onucHBaroTca goMUHaHTH coBpeMeHHoro rpeHecKoro Ha^uoHanu3Ma, KOTopHn 3U»:geTca Ha gByx ^yHgaMeHTanbHHx cTonnax -flpeBHen ^nnage u xpucTuaHcKon Bu3aHTuu.
Ho KpoMe "Ha^U0HanbH0^0 nocnaHua" uKOHa HeceT b ce6e u ycnemHHe ugeHTU-^UKa^U0HHHe cTpaTeruu - cpegcTBa, c noMo^bro K0T0pHx "cBoe" (rpeHecKyro npaBo-cnaBHyro ugeHTUHHocTb) mo^ho oTcTauBaTb b ycnoBuax Kpu3uca. BMecTo MyHeHUHe-cTBa, 6narogapa ee npucyrcTBuro, b cuTya^uax cepbe3Horo nocaraTenbcTBa Ha ux ugeH-TUHHocTb, KynbTypy u Tpagu^uu, ^uTenu Hece6Hpa npoaBnaroT Mydpocmb u U36e^awm Hacunux, Kpoeonponumux, noMapa - T.e., cmpaàauux (cuMBonuHHo BHpa^eHHoro b HepHOTe UKOHH, cBa3aHHOM c ^epTBaMu KOH^nUKTOB u BgOBCTByKl^UMU u OcupOTeB-muMu ^eH^uHaMu, c HepHHMU TpaypHHMU KocHHKaMu). flpymMU cnoBaMU, 6naroga-pa uKOHe u 3a^UTe Cb. Boropogu^i rpeKu ycneBaroT oTHocuTenbHo 6e36one3HeHHo nepe^opMynupoBaTb cBoro UgeHTUHHocTb b hobhx ycnoBuax.
Ha nepBbin B3rnag, b ^T0M KOHTeKcTe HygoTBopHaa neHe6Haa cuna ukohh, Ha-npaBneHHaa Ha uc^neHue cyMacmecTBua (Hacunua, arpeccuu, T.e. 6e3yMux), Morna 6h paccMaTpuBaTbca KaK MeTa^opa Mupomeopnecmea, 6na^o^apHocmu, dunnoMamuu, npoTuBonocTaBneHHHx cmonKHoeeHum. Motub u^eneHua MycynbMaHuHa (b gaHHOM cnyHae - ero KOHa) u HygecHoro cnaceHua ot ucnaMU3a^uu (Hacro conyTcTBOBaHHoe yBa^eHueM u npuHaTueM xpucTuaHcTBa "gpyroBep^M") u3BecTeH u b cro^eTax o gpy-rux neTa^ux UKOHax, a b 6anKaHcKux BapuaHTax npucyTcTByroT KaK loci communes. Ero TonKOBaHue paccMaTpuBanocb b pa3nuHHHx KOHTeKcTax (ot MeTa^opH KOHKpeTHbix MU^pa^U0HHHx gBu^eHun u penuruo3HHx noTpaceHun go c^e^u^UHecK0M "negaro-ruKu BepooTcrynHuHecTBa" - B^nHUHOBa, b neHaTu). 3gecb, cKopee, nereHga o neTa^en uKOHe aBnaeTca MeTa^opon KynbmypHo^o ^uano^a u ycnernmix udeHmufiuKa^oHHUx cmpame^uü b cno^HOM 6anKaHcKOM ucropuHecKOM KOHTeKcTe. 06a Kpu3uca - npu uc-naMcKOM HamecTBuu u npu HacTynneHuu 6onrapcKoro Ha^U0HanbH0^0 rocygapcTBa (6onrapcKon Ha^U0HanbH0M ugeHTUHHocTU u aBTOKe^anbHOM BonrapcKon npaBocnaB-Hon ^pKBu) - pa3pemaroTca pa3nuHHHM 06pa30M. McnaM ycTynaeT cune xpucTuaH-cKoro Hyga, rpenecKoe u 6onrapcKoe npaBocnaBue HaxogaT KOMnpoMuccHoe pemeHue. Ho na^oc o6oux Hygec oguHaKOB: He cy^ecTByeT 6onbmen KynbTypHon ^hhoctu, HeM Mup, Mydpocmb u co3udaHue. MeTa^opuHecKun nepeBog nocnaHua Bonno^eH b o6pa-3e Boropogu^i, cpegu ^^UTeT0B KOTopon MygpocTb u Co3ugaHue 3aHuMaroT oco6oe MecTo. 3gecb mo^ho noucKaTb u UHTep^peTa^uro nro6onHTHon npocb6H Bo^opogu^H,
14 nepexog k Ha^M0HanbH0My BonrapcKOMy rocygapcTBy He npoxogMT gna STHMHecKMx rpeKOB 6e36one3HeH-Ho. M3BecTHH nepeceneHHecKMe goroBopH m Hanpa^eHHocTb, cBa3aHHHe c humu, KaK m aHTMrpeHecKMe aK^MMJ ogHon U3 KOTopHx aBnaeTca nog^er ropoga noMopue b 1906 r. nogpo6Hee cm. BtnHUHOBa 1998: 209.
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HeTa^aa uKOHa - ceMaHTuKa u ^yH^uu ogHon nereHgbi
CBH3aHHOM c onno3u^eM My^cKoe/^eHCKoe "He 6biTb cpegu My^HMH", My^nuHbi hb-naroTca Tpagu^OHHbiMu hocuTenaMu BOMHCKoro Hanana (cBaTbie-BouHbi) u MyneHu-necKOM CMepTM b cpa^eHuu u, OHeBugHO, 3gecb ohm npoTMBonocTaBneHbi Muponro6u-BOMy u C03ugaTenbH0My ^eHCKOMy Hanany15.
"McTopunecKaa Bepcua", CBa3biBaro^aa uKOHy16 c MBaHOM AceHOM u ero no6egon Hag "rpeKaMu"17, npoTuBonocraBnaeTca KOCMu3upyro^eMy xapaKTepy "Muponro6uBoro" nocnaHua, u He cnynaMHO BbirnaguT Hey6eguTenbHO gna caMon MH^opMaHTKM (Bapu-aHT I). OHa numeHa onapoBaHua nyga u cogep^MT gpyron na^oc (orpaHuqeHHbiM ucTO-pM^ecKOM KOHKpeTMKOM), BnucbiBaro^unca b 6onrapcKyro Ha^OHanbHyro napagurMy.
Ho, BonpeKM CBoen OHeBugHOCTu, "guanorunecKaa" uHTepnpeTa^a Ka^eTca He-CKonbKO cxeMaTunecKOM u HeygoBneTBopuTenbHOM, numeHHon rny6uHbi.
Be3yMMe m nepexogw
KoH^nT cymacmecmeuH b Tpagu^OHHOM KynbType (KaK u b coBpeMeHHon, à propos) CBH3biBaeTCH c npo6neMon uàeHmuHHocmu. "CyMacmecTBue" O3HanaeT OTKno-HeHua unu OTcyTCTBue a^eK6amHo^o caMoonpedeneHux18. KaK npaBuno, HOcuTenaMu no-go6Horo coctohhuh aBnaroTca uHguBugyyMbi, KOTOpbie He npomnu ycnemHO u nocne-goBaTenbHO no CTyneHHM Tpagu^OHHOM co^anbHon uepapxuu, CBa3aHHon c ^u3HeH-HbiM ^MKnoM u conpoBO^garo^uMu ero o6pagaMu (HopMupoBaHHoe po^geHue, 6paK u CMepTb), unu HaxogaTca b MapruHanbHOM CTaguu ogHoro unu gpyroro co^anbHoro nepexoga19 (cTapbie geBbi/6o6binu; MaTepu, KOTOpbie He 3a6oTaTca o CBoux geTax unu 6pocaroT ux u np.). ycnemHoe uc^neHue 6e3yMHoro npegnonaraeT ero npuo6^eHue k "ageKBaTHOMy" b Tpagu^OHHbix npegcTaBneHuax (gna cooTBeTcrByro^ero BO3pacTa u nona) œ^anbHOMy CTaTycy u noBegeHuro (cynpyru/cynpyra, MaTepu). ^eneHue ocy-^ecTBnaeTca npu nocpegHunecTBe cbhthx u pa3nuHHbix nene6Hbix npaKTuK20.
HecMOTpa Ha OTcyTCTBue KOHKpeTHoro MaTepuana, ecTb Bce ocHOBaHua npegno-naraTb, hto cnynau cyMacmecTBua, KOTOpbie 3a 40 gHen nenuna "neTa^aa uKOHa" b He-ce6bipe, neM-TO OTnunanucb ot Tpagu^OHHbix. OTcroga mo^ho BbiBecTu 6onee rny6o-Kyro uHTepnpeTa^ro "cyMacmecTBua" (paccMaTpuBaeMoro KaK Hacunue, arpeccua, rpy-6oe npoBegeHue b ^u3Hb "hoboto" - rocygapcTBeHHOCTu, penuruu u np.), Begy^eMy k Kpu3ucy ugeHTuHHOCTu co^anbHbix rpynn (o6^HOCTen) b ucmopunecKOM KOHmeKcme.
15	B ^T0M KOHTeKCTe Ba^HO, mto ^MTMpyeTca 3aTOHyBmaa ^pKOBb Cb. reoprua. KaK u3BecTHO, Cb. Teopraft -CBaTon-BouH, noKpoBuTenb BoeHHbix u apMuu. Hro6onwTHO, mto ero xpaM ucne3aeT u3 Hece6bipa.
16	no MHeHuro c^e^ManMCT0B uKOHa co3gaHa b XIV b.
17	Penb ugeT o ero no6ege Hag TogopoM Komhuhhm npu KnoKorau^ b 1230 r., nocne KOTopon Bonrapua bh-xoguT Ha Tpu Mopa - HepHoe, Benoe u ÂgpuaTuMecKoe, npeBpa^aacb b ogHO u3 cunbHeïïmux rocygapcTB Ha BanKaHax.
18	HapogHoe noHuMaHue cyMacmecTBMa CBa3aHO c npegcTaBneHueM, mto cyMacmegmuïï, (HeHopManbHbm) npe^ge Bcero, He oco3HaeT CBoro caMonunHOCTb (cnuTaeT ce6a KeM-TO gpyruM - HanoneoHOM, KneonaTpon u np.).
19	^Ta MHTep^peTa^Ma 6a3upyeTca Ha ^yHgaMeHTanbHOM Teopuu A. BaH reHHena 06 "o6pagax nepexoga", co-npoBO^garo^ux nepexog u3 ogHoro C0^ManbH0^0 CTaTyca b gpyron uHguBugyyMOB u rpynn. KaK u3BecTHO, o6pag nepexoga coctout u3 Tpex CTagun - ce^apa^MM, Map^MHanM3a^MM u a^pe^a^MM (Van Gennep 1909). nepexogbi - npupogHHe, MCTopMnecKMe, co^ManbHHe u np., oneBugHO npucy^u BceMy nenoBenecKOMy 6h-Turo, npeBpa^aa Teopuro BaH reHHena b yHuBepcanbHyro (Ba^HO, nTO oh pa6oTan u b o6nacTu uccnegoBa-Hua noHaTua "^paHM^a" - Van Gennep 1995).
20	nogpo6Hee o "cyMacmegmux cbhthx" cm. BtnnuHOBa 2005, a TaK^e BtnnuHOBa 1999: 167-170. Cbou aHa-nu3H OHa ocHOBbiBaeT Ha ^yHgaMeHTanbHOM pa6oTe Charuty 1997.
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EKamepuHa AHacmacoBa
nogo6Hbie MacmTa6Hbie co^uanHbIe KaTaKnu3MH, k co^aneHuro, KaK npaBuno conyr-cTByroT "ucropuHecKUM nepexogaM" - ot nonuTeu3Ma k MOHOTeu3My, ot Tpagu^uoHH0-ro k uHgycTpuanbHOMy o6^ecrBy, ot MynbT^THUHe ckux uMnepuM k Ha^uoHanbHbM rocygapcTBaM u T.g. flpaMaTunecKue npoTUBonocraBneHua, KOTopbie HepegKO conpoBO-^garoT u coBpeMeHHbie "nepexogH k geMOKpaTuu", MoryT 6biTb o6o3HaneHbi neKceMOM "KOH^nuKT", KOTopaa o6^eguHHeT Bbime yKa3aHHbie 3HaHeHua (cMepTb, crpagaHue, no-^ap u np. = 6e3yMue). PaccMaTpuBaeMHM b KOHTeKcre ugeHTUHHocru "ucropuHecKUM KOH^nuKT" u ero npeogoneHue BnucHBaroTca b ceMaHTUHecKoe none nepexoga KaK oguH U3 BapuaHTOB MapruHanbHOM cTaguu - udeHmu$uKamoHHbiû Kpu3uc, npedrnecmeym-m,uû Hoeoû uàeHmuHHocmu. TaK BO3pacTHbie, co^uanbHHe, penuruo3Hbie nepexogH uHguBugyyMa b paMKax "cBoero", conpoBO^garoTca gpaMaTUHecKUMu ucmopunecKuuu nepexodauu, KOTopbie BnuaroT Ha 6onbmue o6^hoctu (co^uanbHHe, ^THUHecKue, penu-ruo3HHe, ^K0H0MUHecKue u np.), b KOTopbix "cBoe" BcTpenaeTca c "hobhm", a ^uHanoM MO^eT 6HTb KaK a^pe^a^ua, TaK u Map^UHanu3a^ua, ce^pe^a^ua unu ^MU^pa^ua. KaK u uHguBugyanbHHe nepexogH, o6^HocTHbie cBa3aHH c nepege^uHupoBaHueM Kynb-TypHOM, C0^uanbH0M, penuru03H0M, Ha^U0HanbH0M u np. ugeHTUHHocru. KoH^nuKT, co3garo^uM u onpegenaro^uM coro3HUKOB (gpy3eñ) u BparoB, 6eccnopHO cTUMynupyeT npo^ccbi ugeHTU^UKa^uu - OTO^gecTBeneHue co "cboumu" u npoTUBonocTaBneHue "HecBOuM, Hy^uM, BparaM" Bcerga HaxoguTca b ero ocHOBe.
B ^T0M KOHTeKcTe "CyMacmegmaa Mapua" npuo6peTaeT 6onee rny6oKue ugeH-TU^UKa^U0HHHe goMUHaHTH, no3Bonaro^ue paccMaTpuBaTb ee "noneT" u Hygeca KaK cuMBonuHecKUM nepeBog uHTeHcuBHHx ugeHTU^UKa^U0HHHx npo^ccoB, nopo^geH-hhx Kpu3ucHHMu ucTopuHecKUMu cuTya^UHMU, KOTopHe co3garoT pa3nuHHbie aganTa-^uoHHHe u UHTe^pa^U0HHHe cTpaTeruu. McTopunecKue cy6nuMa^uu ugeHTU^UKa^u-OHHOM aKTUBHOcTU, OHeBUgHO, cBH3aHH He TOnbKO c Ha^U0HanbH0M UgeHTUHHOcTbro u nepuogoM coBpeMeHHocru - ohu conpoBO^garoT ucTopuHecKue Kpu3ucH, npoTUBono-cTaBnaro^ue "cBoe" u "ny^oe" b pa3nuHHbie ucropuHecKue nepuogH u b MHoroo6pa3uu KOHTeKcTOB (co^uanbHHx, penuruo3HHx u np.).
"nepexog" rpenecKOM o6^hoctu U3 OcMaHcKOM uMnepuu b HOBoe Ha^uoHanbHoe rocygapcTBO - Bonrapuro, 3aKaHHUBaeTca 6narononyHHHM npuo6^eHueM. ^0^T0My noneT ukohh b Hece6bipcKux nereHgax He npegnaraeT gpyryro, To^e Ha^uoHanbHyro, cTpaTeruro coxpaHeHua rpenecKOM ugeHTUHHocru: BO3Bpa^eHue k ^THUHecKUM Kop-HHM b HOBOM He3aBucuMOM rocygapcTBe - ^pe^uu. Hece6bipcKaa uKOHa, KaK u rpene-cKaa o6^HocTb, ocTaroTca b He3aBucuMOM Bonrapuu21. Bo3mo^ho, ogHaKO, hto gpyraa HygoTBopHaa uKOHa yneTena u yBena c co6om gpyrux HepH0M0pcKux rpeKOB. Cro^eT, KOTopHM, bo3mo^ho, cy^ecrayeT y 6onrapcKux rpeKOB - penaTpuaHTOB b hobhx, ocho-BaHHHx umu noceneHuax (Hobhm AxenoM, Hobhm Co3ononb u np.) b ^pe^uu. OgHa BO3MO^Haa npo6neMa, KOTopaa 3acny«uBaeT gpyroro uccnegoBaHua22.
21	B 3TOM KOHTeKcTe uHTepeceH TeKcT 06 uKOHe XpucToca naHTOKpaTopa b r. noMopue. MKOHa 6bina yKpageHa TypKaMu u caMa npunnbina o6paTHO (nocne Kopa6neKpymeHua, BH3BaHHoro coBepmeHHHM rpexoM, ko-TopHM 3acTur BopoB). - CaHTOBa 2004. Bnarogapro npo^. M. CaHTOBy 3a nro6e3HO npegocTaBneHHHM MHe Heony6nuKOBaHHHM MaTepuan.
22	Cm., HanpuMep, HygecHHM "B3neT" Tpex ukoh y genopTupoBaHHbix HecTUHapoB b Cu6upu (b coBeTcKUM nepuog), KOTopHM cTUMynupyeT noucK nyTeM gna BO3Bpa^eHua b KpHM. TeoprueBa 2002.
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heta^aa mkoha - cemahtmka m ^yh^mm o^hom nerehgbi
^MTepaTypa
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AHacTacoBa, E. 2006: MMTIT 3a neTa^MTe MKOHM. - B: CaHToBa, M., M. CraHoeBa, M. MBaHoBa. (cict.) BperiT, MopeTo - EBpona. C., AM "M. flpuHoB" 157-164.
AHacTacoBa, E., M. MaeBa (nog nenaT): Pbp^Te. - KpicreBa, A. (cict.) ETHMHecKMTe o6^hoctm b Binrapua. C., Ku6ea.
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EKamepuHa AHacmacoBa
he Flying Icon - the Semantic and the Functions of one Legend
Ekaterina Anastasova
he article analyzes the story of the "flying" icons on the basis of materials from the Nessebar church of "he Assumption of the Holy Virgin." he text is grounded on versions of a legend recorded by the author, which describe the miracles made by the icon of the Holy Virgin - the Black (Mad) Mary. he miracles comprise its "flying" to the Greek community in Nessebar in the times of the Ottoman domination and its role in diverse historical trials - from the attempts of forceful Islamizing to the community's accession to the Bulgarian State after the Liberation of Bulgaria in 1878.
he text makes an overview of the major topos that outlines the legend of the "flying" icon in the context of the metaphoric "translation" of important historical events. he analysis of the icon's "flight" and of its trajectory - from the Greek town of Megara (a metropolis that was founded in the eight century B.C., the ancient Messambria) to Messem-vria (Nessebar's name before 1878); the icon's "active role" in critical situations (the city's capturing by the Turks, the transition from the Greek to the Bulgarian Orthodox church, etc.); the "madness" as the main disease that the saint cures - all these permit making several important conclusions:
1.	he "flight" of the icon is a metaphor of a transitional (marginal) historical moment.
2.	he trajectory that it follows formulates a mythologeme of the Greek identity that served important functions for the ethnic Greek community at the time of the Ottoman domination, and later - during the creation of independent Balkan national states. In its base the legend is a classical example of an "invented tradition" and laid the bases of the modern Greek nationalism.
3.	he "madness" as a methaphor also signifies transitional state and marginality -both in the framework of the life cycle in traditional culture, and in fundamental historical periods the demand the identity's reformulation.
In such a way the legends of the "flying" icon of Nessebar appear as metaphorical readings of the intensive identification processes that have involved individuals and communities in transitional historical periods.
he text is prepared on the basis by literary and archival materials, as well as on personal field research of the author, carried out in 2004.
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