Y. GHERNOUTI et al.: VALORIZATION OF BRICK WASTES IN THE FABRICATION OF CONCRETE BLOCKS
911–916
VALORIZATION OF BRICK WASTES IN THE FABRICATION OF
CONCRETE BLOCKS
OCENA ODPADKOV IZ OPEKE PRI PROIZVODNJI BETONSKIH
ZIDAKOV
Youcef Ghernouti1, Bahia Rabehi1, Tayeb Bouziani2, Rabah Chaid1
1University M’Hamed Bougara of Boumerdes, Research Unit of Materials, Processes and Environment, Boumerdes, Algeria
2University Amar Telidji of Laghouat, Structures Rehabilitation and Materials Laboratory (SREML), Algeria
y_ghernouti@yahoo.fr
Prejem rokopisa – received: 2015-07-05; sprejem za objavo – accepted for publication: 2015-10-30
doi:10.17222/mit.2015.202
This work focuses on the reuse of recycled brick waste (RBW) as aggregates in the fabrication of concrete blocks. The experi-
mental study was focused on six different concrete compositions with a w/c ratio of 0.56, a relatively constant compactness and
a slump value of zero. The six compositions consist on a control concrete with natural sand and five compositions with 10 %,
20 %, 30 %, 40 % and 50 % of RBW as a partial substitute for the natural sand. The physical and mechanical properties of
concrete blocks were studied, analyzed and compared. The obtained results showed that it is possible to manufacture concrete
blocks based on RBW, and that the compressive strengths of these concrete blocks are comparable to that of the control
concrete, but with an appreciable reduction in weight. The blocks made with 30 % of RBW showed an improvement in the
compressive strength of 42 % and a reduction in weight of 11 % compared to the control concretes.
Keywords: recycled brick waste, concrete block, compactness, slump, mechanical strength
Delo je usmerjeno v ponovno uporabo recikliranih odpadkov opeke (RBW) kot sestavina pri izdelavi betonskih zidakov.
Eksperimentalno delo je bilo usmerjeno v {est razli~nih sestav betona z razmerjem w/c je 0,56, z relativno enako kompaktnostjo
in brez zmanj{anja vrednosti. [est sestav je predstavljalo kontrolni beton z naravnim peskom in pet sestav z dodatkom 10 %,
20 %, 30 %, 40 % in 50 % RBW, kot delnim nadomestkom za naravni pesek. Prou~evane, analizirane in primerjane so fizikalne
in mehanske lastnosti cementnih zidakov. Dobljeni rezultati so pokazali, da je mogo~a izdelava cementnih zidakov na osnovi
RBW. Tla~ne trdnosti teh betonskih zidakov so primerljive s tistimi iz kontrolnega betona, ob~utno pa je zmanj{anje te`e. Zidaki
izdelani z 30 % RBW so pokazali izbolj{anje tla~ne trdnosti za 42 % in zmanj{anje te`e za 11 %, v primerjavi z zidaki iz
kontrolnega betona.
Klju~ne besede: reciklirani odpadki iz opeke, betonski zidak, kompaktnost, padec vrednosti, mehanska trdnost
1 INTRODUCTION
In the past decade, Algeria has been experiencing
rapid development in the construction sector. Indeed,
several construction projects supported by the state have
been launched. The concrete block occupied an im-
portant place in this sector; this is mainly due to the
simplicities related to its prefabrication and the handling
facilities on site. Like any conventional concrete, con-
crete block consists mostly of gravel, sand, cement and
water. The concrete used for the precast blocks is charac-
terized by a rather dry state in the fresh state (needed to
confer an immediate unmolding of the block) and a
delicate physico-mechanical behavior in the hardened
state. The difference between this type of concrete and
the conventional concrete lies mainly in the low cement
and water content; that is to say a high dosage of aggre-
gate.
In the context of the judicious use of aggregates and
the development of a strategy for the sustainable deve-
lopment policy in the building and construction sector,
the use of local resources and recycled waste, such as
brick waste, is required. Indeed, the introduction of
recycled brick waste (RBW) in the construction industry
was the subject of several research works in recent years.
Thus, the use of RBW as alternative aggregates has a
particular interest as it can considerably reduce the prob-
lem of waste storage and, on the other hand, can help in
the preservation of natural aggregates.1
The use of clay brick as aggregates in concrete was
proposed in the 1990s.2 Only a few researchers have
studied the potential of using clay brick powder as a
partial cement replacement to make mortar. G. Moriconi
et. al.3 and L. Turanli et al.4 found that RBW, as a
pozzolanic material, had the potential to suppress
expansion due to the alkali-silica reaction. The possibi-
lity of using RBW as a replacement for cement has been
investigated in the study of Naceri et al.5 The authors
found that the mechanical behavior (compressive and
flexural strengths) at 7 d and 28 d of hardened mortar
decreased with an increasing RBW content. However, at
90 d the mortars containing up to 10 % of the waste
brick will reach a resistance comparable to those of
mortars without RBW.
S. Wild et al.6 and M. O’Farrell et al.7 reported that
the presence of RBW influenced the compressive
strength and the pore size distribution of mortar.
Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 50 (2016) 6, 911–916 911
UDK 628.4.036:628.477.2:620.28 ISSN 1580-2949
Original scientific article/Izvirni znanstveni ~lanek MTAEC9, 50(6)911(2016)
Recently, some researchers have studied the possibility
of using RBW as aggregate to make high-strength
concrete.8–14
P. B. Cachim15 reported that crushed bricks could be
used as a partial replacement for natural coarse aggregate
without a reduction in concrete properties for a 15 %
replacement ratio; however, a reduction up to 20 % has
been noted for a 30 % replacement ratio.
A. K. Padmini et al.16 reported that for a given
strength, the modulus of elasticity of concrete made with
crushed brick is between one-half and two-thirds that of
normal concrete. Moreover, the water absorption and
sorptivity increased for the concrete containing crushed-
brick aggregates. Furthermore, concrete containing
coarse crushed bricks aggregate had a relatively lower
strength during the early ages than normal aggregate
concrete. This is due to the higher water absorption of
crushed brick aggregates compared to natural aggre-
gates.17
A. R. Khaloo18 found a decrease of 7 % in the con-
crete’s compressive strength by using crushed clinker
bricks as the coarse aggregate compared to natural
aggregate.
A. A. Akhtaruzzaman and A. Hasnat19 found that the
tensile strength of concrete containing coarse crushed
brick was higher than that of normal concrete by about
11 %. T. Kibriya and P. R. S. Speare20 reported that con-
crete containing coarse, crushed brick had comparable
compressive, tensile and flexural strengths to those of
normal concrete, but the modulus of elasticity was
drastically reduced.
C. S. Poon and D. S. Chan21 found that the incorpora-
tion of 20 % of fine crushed brick aggregate decreased
the compressive strength and the modulus of elasticity of
the concrete by 18 % and 13 %, respectively.
The present experimental investigation constitutes a
continuation of the work and aims to expand the use of
this material in the prefabrication of concrete blocks. In
this work, an optimizing of concrete block mixtures,
based on natural sand and different percentages of RBW,
was performed. Next, the influence of RBW on the
physico-mechanical properties of the produced concrete
blocks was tested.
2 EXPERIMENTAL PART
2.1 Materials
The concrete block mixtures investigated in this
study were prepared with Ordinary Portland Cement
(OPC) CEM II/A 42.5. The mineralogical and chemical
compositions of the cement are listed in Table 1. The
aggregates used are natural sand (NS), with a maximum
particle size of 2 mm and a siliceous mineralogical nat-
ure. A crushed limestone gravel with a particle size bet-
ween 3 mm and 8 mm and a recycled brick waste (RBW)
aggregate resulting from crushing of the rejected bricks,
composed mainly from the quartz and with a maximum
particle size of 2 mm. The physical properties and gra-
nular size analysis of all the aggregates used in this work
are listed and presented in Table 2 and Figure 1.
Table 2: Physical properties of aggregates used
Tabela 2: Fizikalne lastnosti uporabljenih sestavin
Natural
sand (NS)
Recycled brick
waste (RBW) Gravel (3/8)
Apparent density,
Ad (g/cm3) 1.49 0.97 1.35
Specific gravity,
SG (g/cm3) 2.59 1.21 2.64
Visual equivalent,
VES (%) 72 67 /
Finesse modulus,
Fm 1.05 4.7 /
Porosity (%) 26.6 34.9 33.3
Water absorption
(%) 1.86 7.4 1.4
2.2 Formulation of concrete blocks
In the mix design of this type of concrete, the com-
pactness criterion and maneuverability have been con-
sidered for the fresh state, since the mechanical strength
of this type of concrete used in the manufacture of con-
crete blocks is not a very important criterion. (The
mechanical strengths of the blocks are relatively low
compared to traditional concrete). The first step in for-
mulating the blocks is the optimization of the aggregates
dosage (natural Sand + Gravel) by choosing the most
compact mixture. Then the second step is to search the
Y. GHERNOUTI et al.: VALORIZATION OF BRICK WASTES IN THE FABRICATION OF CONCRETE BLOCKS
912 Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 50 (2016) 6, 911–916
Table 1: Chemical and mineralogical compositions of the cement
Tabela 1: Kemijska in mineralo{ka sestava cementa
Chemical composition (%) Mineralogical composition (%)
CaO SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 MgO SO3 LOI Na2O K2O C3S C2S C3A C4AF
62.2 19.4 5.4 2.8 1.7 2.5 4.6 0.35 0.76 60 21 8 11
Figure 1: Granular size analysis of all aggregates
Slika 1: Analiza velikosti zrn vseh sestavin
dosage of water that verifies the criteria required for the
concrete blocks (no slump and maximum compactness),
while fixing the cement content (8 % to 9 % by weight
of the aggregates).22 The third step is to replace some
natural sand in the optimized mixture by different per-
centages of RBW, from 10 % to 50 %, with an increment
of 10 %.
2.2.1 Optimization of aggregates dosage
In our work, we started by optimizing the dosage of
dry aggregates, using as criteria the maximum compact-
ness of the mixture. We used a Modified Proctor test for
determining the compactness of the mixtures (gravel and
sand). Calculating the compactness is performed after a
period of vibration of 30 s using a standard vibrating
table. The results of the compactness of the mixture
(sand + gravel) are represented in Figure 2. According to
the results, the most compact mixture is that which con-
tains 60 % gravel and 40 % sand (compactness = 0.572).
2.2.2 Optimization of water content
The second step is to find the dosage of water that
verifies the criteria required for concrete blocks (no
slump and maximum compactness), while fixing the
cement content (8 % to 9 % of the weight of the aggre-
gate). The water dosage ranges from 2 % to 12 % by
weight of solid mixture (gravel, sand and cement). The
slump is performed using the Abrams cone. In parallel
the compactness of prepared fresh concrete was
measured using a modified proctor mold.
The results of the measurements of the Slump flow
and compactness depending on the percentage of water
are shown in Figure 3. Corresponding pictures for each
mixture are shown in Table 3. From the results obtained,
the most compact mixture that checks a zero slump flow
is the mixture containing 10 % of water.
2.2.3 Incorporation of RBW in the optimized
composition
In this step, a portion of the natural sand from the
optimized formulation was replaced by different per-
centages (10 %, 20 %, 30 %, 40 % and 50 %) of RBW
aggregate.
Table 4: Formulations and dosages of the constituents in kg/m3
Tabela 4: Sestava in odmerek sestavin v kg/m3
Formu-
lation Cement Gravel Water
Natural
sand
(NS)
Recycled
brick
waste
(RBW)
BNS 142 875 80 564 /
BBW10 508 56
BBW20 452 113
BBW30 339 170
BBW40 508 226
BBW50 282 282
Y. GHERNOUTI et al.: VALORIZATION OF BRICK WASTES IN THE FABRICATION OF CONCRETE BLOCKS
Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 50 (2016) 6, 911–916 913
Figure 3: Compactness and slump flow values depending on the per-
centage of water
Slika 3: Kompaktnost in padec teko~nosti v odvisnosti od odstotka
vode
Figure 2: Compactness value depending on the percentage of sand
and gravel
Slika 2: Vrednosti kompaktnosti v odvisnosti od odstotka peska in
gramoza
Table 3: Examples of slump flow depending on the percentage (%) of
water
Tabela 3: Primer zmanj{anja teko~nosti v odvisnosti od odstotka (%)
vode
(%) of water Images ofslump flow test (%) of water
Images of
slump flow test
(%/w) = 2 %
Slump flow
=0 mm
Compactness
= 0.43
(%/w) = 4 %
Slump flow
=0 mm
Compactness
= 0.49
(%/w) = 6 %
Slump flow
=0 mm
Compactness
= 0.5
(%/w) = 7%
Slump flow
=0 mm
Compactness
= 0.55
(%/w) = 8 %
Slump flow
= 0 mm
Compactness
= 0.55
(%/w) = 9 %
Slump flow
= 0 mm
Compactness
= 0.58
(%/w) =
10 %
Slump flow
= 0 mm
Compactness
= 0.61
(%/w) =
12 %
Slump flow
= 30 mm
Compactness
= 0.55
Table 4 gives the dosages of the constituents in the
mixture for the optimized formulation of the block con-
crete based on natural sand and block concrete based on
RBW aggregate.
2.2.4 Optimization of slump flow and compactness
For each composition, the conditions for obtaining
concrete blocks for a slump value of 0 are respected. The
obtained results are shown in Table 5.
Table 5: Examples of slump flow for all formulations
Tabela 5: Primeri zmanj{anja teko~nosti vseh sestav
Composition Slump flow test Composition Slump flow test
BNS
Slump flow =
0 mm
Compactness
= 0.52
BBW10
Slump flow =
0 mm
Compactness
= 0.52
BBW20
Slump flow =
0 mm
Compactness
= 0.53
BBW30
Slump flow =
0 mm
Compactness
= 0.54
BBW40
Slump flow =
0 mm
Compactness
= 0.49
BBW50
Slump flow =
0 mm
Compactness
= 0.42
2.2.5 Preparation of concrete blocks
Our study was performed on hollow blocks with
dimensions of (10 × 20 × 40) cm. The mixing is
performed on site with a concrete mixer. The mixed
concrete is then loaded into the laying machine. Excess
concrete is leveled using a striking surface so that the
blocks can have a rough surface. The blocks are removed
from the molds immediately and thoroughly on a
concrete platform (Figure 4). The blocks are kept on site
for 24 h, and then they are transported to the laboratory
and are watered every day for 28 d.
2.3 Characterization of concrete blocks
2.3.1 Dimensional variation
The tests of dimensional variation were conducted on
specimens of (4× 4×16) cm with the same concrete made
for the realized concrete blocks. For each formulation,
four specimens were crafted. Two are left in the open air
to measure the shrinkage and two are immersed in the
water to measure the swelling.
2.3.2 Porosity and water absorption
The measurements of porosity and water absorption
are performed according to the NF P18 554 standards, on
block samples previously realized. The porosity is the
amount of water absorbed using a dry sample mass. It is
determined using the following Equation (1):
P= [(Ma – MS) / (Ma – Mà)] × 100 (1)
where:
Ma: weight of sample at a dry surface.
Ms: weight of the sample after drying.
Mà: weight of the sample after immersion in water for
24 h.
2.3.3 Compressive strength
After surfacing of the lower and upper bearing faces
of each block with sulfur, the compression test is
performed by applying a continuous load without shock
at a constant speed of 0.5 MPa/s. The test machine is a
press for hard materials according to NFP 18-412; it is
calibrated in terms of these standards (Figure 5). The
compressive strength Rc is obtained using the following
Equation (2):
RC= [C / (Sb×10)] × (Sa / Sn) (2)
where:
C: breaking load of the block,
Sb (Gross Section): Area obtained by multiplying both
dimensions, thickness and length, measured in the same
horizontal section,
Sn (Net Section): Area in a horizontal section concrete,
empty deducted,
Y. GHERNOUTI et al.: VALORIZATION OF BRICK WASTES IN THE FABRICATION OF CONCRETE BLOCKS
914 Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 50 (2016) 6, 911–916
Figure 4: Fabrication of blocks
Slika 4: Izdelava zidakov
Figure 5: Compressive strength test
Slika 5: Preizkus tla~ne trdnosti
Sa (Support Section): Common area of contact face and
supporting face.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Dimensional variation of the concrete blocks
The results of shrinkage and swelling are shown in
Figure 6. The obtained results show that for all compo-
sitions of concrete blocks, the shrinkage increases
rapidly until the age of 14 d, ranges from 9.43 mm/m to
10.54 mm/m, which may result in a loss of weight due to
the phenomenon of setting and hardening of concrete in
the early days of hydration, subsequently a dimensional
stability is recorded until 28 d. The values of the shrink-
age for all compositions based on RBW are lower than
the composition based on natural sand; this may be due
to the improvement of compactness by the incorporation
of RBW. All the specimens show a considerable swelling
until the age of 14 d, ranges from 13.54 mm/m to 15.58
mm/m, due to water absorption by the concrete blocks,
subsequently a dimensional stability is recorded until 28
d; this is may be due to the saturation of the pores and
capillaries. The swelling of the BBW40 and BBW50
specimens was not studied because it deteriorated
immediately after the immersion in water. Finally, the
obtained results show that the replacement of sand by
RBW until 30 % does not have a significant effect on the
evolution of the shrinkage and the swelling of the
concrete blocks. The maximum difference is in the order
of 11 % in the case of shrinkage and 9 % in the case of
swelling.
3.2 Porosity and water absorption of concrete blocks
The evolution of porosity and water absorption are
shown in Figure 7. These results show that the water
absorption of all the blocks varies in the same manner as
the porosity. The porosity decreases with the replace-
ment content of sand by the RBW aggregate. However,
up to a 40 % of replacement, an increase of the porosity
is recorded. The decrease of the porosity and water ab-
sorption at a less than 40 % replacement of sand by
RBW aggregate, can be explained by the form of the
RBW aggregate (angular form), the RBW makes it
possible to improve the compactness of mixture, the
contact is perfect and distribution of waste brick grains,
is uniform. Indeed, it fills the voids among the grains of
sand. The mixtures containing less than 40 % of RBW
waste aggregates having a gravel 3/8 with two sands
(natural and recycled) having a size more or less
identical with the presence of some fine material for the
recycled aggregate, which allows for a more compact
granular skeleton. The composition with 30 % RBW has
a porosity of 11 % less than the composition with natural
sand. The increased porosity and water absorption
beyond 40 % replacement can be explained by the large
amount of RBW aggregate in the mixture; it is a porous
material in comparison to the natural sand, which is a
less porous material.
Y. GHERNOUTI et al.: VALORIZATION OF BRICK WASTES IN THE FABRICATION OF CONCRETE BLOCKS
Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 50 (2016) 6, 911–916 915
Figure 7: Porosity and water absorption of concrete blocks
Slika 7: Poroznost in absorpcija vode v betonskih blokih
Figure 6: Shrinkage and swelling of concrete blocks
Slika 6: Kr~enje in nabrekanje betonskih zidakov
Figure 8: Compressive strength of concrete blocks in comparison
with ordinary concrete blocks
Slika 8: Tla~na trdnost cementnih zidakov v primerjavi z obi~ajnimi
cementnimi zidaki
3.3 Compressive strength of concrete blocks
The results of the compressive test on all the concrete
blocks are shown in Figure 8. The blocks with RBW
aggregate have a greater compressive strength than the
blocks with natural sand, the concrete blocks containing
30 % of RBW have a gain of about 43 % compared to
the concrete blocks with natural sand in compressive
strength, which can be explained by the high compact-
ness of this composition based on RBW, while the ab-
sorption and porosity decrease in parallel. The com-
pressive strength of the BBW40 concrete blocks
decreases; this may be due to the decrease in compact-
ness. The compressive strengths of all the realized blocks
(BNS, BBW10, BBW20 and BBW30) are better than
those of the usual blocks realized in the block pre-
fabrication site (ordinary concrete blocks: OCB).
4 CONCLUSION
This study presents the use of recycled brick waste
(RBW) as sand in concrete blocks. On the basis of the
obtained results, the following conclusions can be
drawn:
• It is possible to use RBW as a fine aggregate for the
manufacturing of concrete blocks. The shrinkage and
swelling of these blocks decreases according to the
increase of compactness.
• All the studied concrete blocks have the same density
regardless of the replacement rate of natural sand by
RBW.
• The replacement of 30 % natural sand by the RBW
enabled us to achieve concrete blocks with better
characteristics: a maximum compactness, an accept-
able shrinkage and swelling (similar to that of con-
crete with natural sand), a low porosity and water
absorption in comparison with other compositions, a
weight reduction of 11 % and a higher compressive
strength than the concrete blocks with natural sand (a
gain of 43 %).
Finally, we can conclude that the RBW can be used
as a fine aggregate to produce concrete blocks, which
allows us to reduce the waste inventory levels in brick
and limit the deficit aggregates in some areas.
5 REFERENCES
1 F. Debieb, S. Kenai, The use of coarse and fine crushed bricks as
aggregate in concrete, Constr. Build. Mater., 22 (2008) 5, 886–93,
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.12.013
2 T. C. Hansen, Recycling of demolished concrete masonry, Rilem
Report No. 6, E&FN Spon, London, 1992, 316
3 G. Moriconi, V. Corinaldesi, R. Antonucci, Environmentally-friendly
mortars: a way to improve bond between mortar and brick, Mater
Struct, 36 (2003) 10, 702–708, doi:10.1007/BF02479505
4 L. Turanli, F. Bektas, P. J. M. Monteiro, Use of ground clay brick as
a pozzolanic material to reduce the alkali–silica reaction, Cem.
Concr. Res., 33 (2003) 10, 1539–1542, doi:10.1016/S0008-8846(03)
00101-7
5 A. Naceri, H. M. C. Hamina, Use of waste brick as a partial
replacement of cement in mortar, Waste Management, 29 (2009) 8,
2378–2384, doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2009.03.026
6 S. Wild, J. M. Khatib, S. D. Addis, The potential of fired brick clay
as a partial cement replacement material, International congress-con-
crete in the service of mankind, concrete for environment enhance-
ment and products, University of Dundee, Eds. Dhir and Dyer,
E&FN SPON, (1996), 685–696
7 M. O’Farrell, S. Wild, B. B. Sabir, Pore size distribution and com-
pressive strength of waste clay brick mortar, Cem Concr Compos, 23
(2001) 1, 81–91, doi:10.1016/S0958-9465(00)00070-6
8 B. Rabehi, Y. Ghernouti, K. Boumchedda, Strength and compressive
behaviour of ultra high-performance fibrereinforced concrete
(UHPFRC) incorporating Algerian calcined clays as pozzolanic
materials and silica fume, European Journal of Environmental and
Civil Engineering, 17 (2013) 8, 599–615, doi:10.1080/19648189.
2013.802998
9 B. Safi, A. Aboutair, M. Saidi, Y. Ghernouti, C. Oubraham, Effect of
the heat curing on strength development of ultra-high performance
fiber reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) containing dune sand and
ground brick waste, J. Build. Mater. Struct., 1 (2014) 1, 40–46
10 M. A. Mansur, T. H. Wee, S. C. Lee, Crushed bricks as coarse aggre-
gate for concrete, ACI Mater. J., 96 (1999) 4, 478–84
11 H. L. Cheng, Study on recycled concrete made by fly-ash and waste
clay-brick, China Concr. Cem. Prod., (2005) 5, 48–50
12 J. M. Khatib, Properties of concrete incorporating fine recycled
aggregate, Cem. Concr. Res., 35 (2005) 4, 763–769, doi:10.1016/
j.cemconres.2004.06.017
13 F. M. Khalaf, Using crushed clay brick as coarse aggregate in con-
crete, J. Mater. Civil. Eng., 18 (2006) 4, 518–526, doi:10.1061/
(ASCE)0899-1561(2006)18:4(518)
14 H. D. Yan, X. F. Chen, Experimental studies and analyses on pro-
perties of clay brick recycled aggregate concrete, Tenth nation cement
and concrete chemistry and application technology conference, 2007,
China
15 P. B. Cachim, Mechanical properties of brick aggregate concrete,
Constr. Build. Mater., 23 (2009) 3, 1292–1297, doi:10.1016/
j.conbuildmat.2008.07.023
16 A. K. Padmini, K. Ramamurthy, M. S. Mathews, Relative moisture
movement through recycled aggregate concrete, Mag. Concr. Res.,
54 (2002) 5, 77–384, doi:10.1680/macr.2002.54.5.377
17 M. Zakaria, J. G. Cabrera, Performance and durability of concrete
made with demolition waste and artificial fly ash-clay aggregates,
Waste Manage, 16 (1996) 1–3, 151–158, doi:10.1016/S0956-
053X(96)00038-4
18 A. R. Khaloo, Properties of concrete using crushed clinker brick as
coarse aggregate, ACI Mater. J., 91 (1994) 4, 401–407
19 A. A. Akhtaruzzaman, A. Hasnat, Properties of concrete using
crushed brick as aggregates, Concr. Int., 5 (1983) 2, 58–63
20 T. Kibriya, P. R. S. Speare, The use of crushed brick coarse aggregate
concrete, Proceedings of international conference–concrete for
environment enhancement and protection, Scotland, University of
Dundee, 1996
21 C. S. Poon, D. Chan, The use of recycled aggregate in concrete in
Hong Kong, Resour Conserv. Recycl., 50 (2007) 3, 293–305,
doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2006.06.005
22 T. Bouziani, A. Ferhat, M. Bederina, Optimisation des paramètres de
formulation des bétons destinés à la préfabrication des blocs de béton
par une approche RNA (Réseaux de Neurones Artificiels), Revue des
Sciences et Sciences de l’Ingénieur, 2 (2011), 34–41
Y. GHERNOUTI et al.: VALORIZATION OF BRICK WASTES IN THE FABRICATION OF CONCRETE BLOCKS
916 Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 50 (2016) 6, 911–916