OyHK^HOHHpOBaHHe TOnOHHMOB H ^THOHHMOB B peHH IHTOB^B .aTBHH
PErHHA Kbamhte
Siauliy universitetas, Humanitarinis fakultetas, P. Višinskio g. 38, LT - 76352 Šiauliai, Lietuva, kvasyte@hu.su.lt
_ scn iii/1 [2010], 147-177 _
Članek obravnava leksiko Litovcev v Latviji. Pozornost je posvečena dvema specifičnima plastema besedišča - toponimom in etnonimom. V raziskavi je bilo ugotovljeno, da spekter toponimov ni širok, saj med posameznimi naselji in njim bližnjimi področji prevladujejo ime -na obeh držav, etnonimi pa razkrivajo zanimive težnje, ki izkazujejo nasprotje domače - tuje.
The article deals with the research of lexis of Lithuanians in Latvia: attention is paid to two specific layers of vocabulary - toponyms and ethnonyms. During the research of toponyms, it was found out that the spectrum of toponyms was not very wide: the titles of both states dominated and among particular settlements - populated localities and those territorially close to them. Functioning of ethnonyms discloses interesting tendencies manifesting the opposition "native-outlandish".
Ključne besede: jezik Litovcev v Latviji, toponimi, etnonimi, konkurenčni leksemi
Key words: the language of Lithuanians in Latvia, toponyms, eth-nonyms, competitors
BBOflHbie 3aMenaHMfl
TeHgeH^HH nepeceiHTbca H3 pogHbix MecT He o6omia ctopohoh h ihtob^b. KopeHHbix ^urenen .htbm - nacTb H3 hhx b pa3Hbie ucTopuHecKue oTpe3KH BpeMeHH cbohm hobmm MecToM npo^HBaHHH Bbi6paiu cocegHee rocygapcTBo .HaTBHK). Eoibme Bcero jihtob^b nepeceianocb b KpynHbie ropoga cTpaHbi - b Pury, .uenaro, EiraBy h gpyrue MecTa .aTBuu b 1880-1914 rr. (Garšva 2005: 20). Oco6eHHo uHTeHcuBHo nogo6Hoe nepeceieHue npoxoguio nocie BTopofi MUpoBoH BQHHH, HacTO no 3KoHoMHHecKUM npHHHHaM (ypoBeHb npo^HBa-
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Pe^uHa KBawume
HHH B ^aTBHH B TO BpeMa 6bin BHme) u nOOTTHHeCKHM MOTHBaM (MHOrHM nuTOB^M He 6bino go3BoneHo BepHyTbca Ha poguHy H3 ccbinKu u nocne ot-6biBaHua cpoKa b narepax b rogbi cTanuHcKux penpeccuM). ^0^T0My cpegu npegcTaBuTeneM OKono 100 Ha^u0HanbH0CTeH, npo^uBaro^ux b .HaTBuu, Bce BpeMa 6binH nuTOB^i. KaK noKa3MBaroT HoBeMmue gaHHbie YnpaBneHua no CTaTHCTHKe, Ha Hanano 2009 roga hx KonrnecTBo cocTaBnano oKono 1,3% Bcex ^HTenen (2 261 294) - ^TO naToe no BenunuHe Ha^uoHanbHoe MeHbmHHCTBo .HaTBHH (30 415) (CTaTHCTHKa 2009). Hau6onbmee KonrnecTBo nuTOB^B npo -^HBaeT b cTonu^ u gpyrux KpynHbix ropogax .HaTBuu ^to o6tacHaeTca b nepByro onepegb ^KOHOMMecKUMu nprnumMu - Bo3Mo®HocTbro ycTpouTbca Ha pa6oTy u nonynuTb ®unbe), a TaK^e b npurpaHMHbix c .Hutboh paMoHax KaK TeppuTopuanbHo Hau6onee npu6nu®eHHbix k pogHbiM KpaaM.
C HayHHon tohku 3peHua npo^uBaro^ue 3a npegenaMu cBoeM cTpaHbi nrogu aBnaroTca uHTepecHbiM o6"beKTOM uccnegoBaHua, a cpegu pa3Hoo-6pa3Hbx uccnegoBaHUH oco6bm uHTepec npegcTaBnaeT royneHue a3biKa KaK Ba^Henmero noKa3aTena ^THUHH0CTU. TaKue uccnegoBaHua no3BonaroT bm-acHUTb, HacKonbKo u b KaKoM KanecTBe coxpaHunca pogHoM a3MK (guaneKT) nuTOB^B u KaKoBbi bo3mo®hoctu u ycnoBua ^yH^uoHupoBaHua ux penu. Ma^e Bcero BHuMaHua nuHrBucToB 3acny®uBaeT ^oHeTuKa KaK noKa3aTenb ycTonnuBocTu a3biKoBoM cucTeMM pogHoro a3biKa. Hrnepec npegcTaBnaeT TaK^e Hau6onee nerKo noggaro^uMca u3MeHeHuaM ypoBeHb a3MKa - neKcuKa. KpoMe Toro uMeroTca HeKoTopbie ^y6nuKa^uu u o gpyrux ypoBHax pogHoro a3MKa npo^uBaro^ux b .HaTBuu nuTOB^B (Grinaveckiené 1980; Garšva 2005). CnegyeT TaK^e oTMeTuTb $aKT, hto ^TUMU BonpocaMu uHTepecyroTca b ochobhom nuToBcKue a3MKoBegM, ho uccnegoBaHua ny6nuKyroTca Ha pa3-hmx a3MKax: nuToBcKoM, naTbimcKoM, pyccKoM, HeMe^oM. TaK, HanpuMep, neKcuKa nuTOB^B .HaTBuu aHanu3upoBanacb c tohku 3peHua oTpa^eHua a3biKoBbix KoHTaKToB (Kvašyté 1997; Kvašite 2002; Kvašyté 2006; Kvašite 2007) unu KaK cogep^a^aa b ce6e 3auMcTBoBaHHbie u3 naTbimcKoro a3MKa cnoBa (Kvašyté 2001). OTgenbHo onucbiBanocb $yH^uoHupoBaHue Ha3BaHuM peanuM o6^ecTBeHHoM ®u3Hu (KBamuTe 2003b), aHanu3upoBanucb TaK^e co-^uonuH^BucTHHecKUH u nuHrBucTunecKuH acneKTM penu (KBamuTe 2003a), a HoBeMmaa ^y6nuKa^ua nocBa^eHa BonpocaM cuHTaKcuca - ynoTpe6neHuro npegnoroB (Kvašyté 2009).
^nb, MeTOflMKa u MaTepuan uccneflOBaHun
flaHHaa cTaTba nocBa^aeTca neKcunecKoMy ypoBHro a3MKa, ho BHuMaHue cocpegoTOHeHo Ha cBa3aHHbix Me^gy co6oM c^e^u$MecKux nnacTax cnoBap-Horo cocTaBa - Ha3BaHuax cTpaH, ropogoB u t. n. (totohumuu) u Ha3BaHuax Ha^u0HanbH0CTeH ^thohumuu). ^nb gaHHoro uccnegoBaHua: ycTaHoBuTb, HacKonbKo nonynapHM b pa3roBopHoM penu nuTOB^B .HaTBuu reorpa^une-cKue Ha3BaHua u Ha3BaHua pa3Hbix Ha^u0HanbH0CTeH u b KaKoM KoHTeKcTe ohu ^yH^uoHupyrox HccnegoBaHue npoBogunocb MeTogoM KanecTBeHHoro,
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tS^la-Via Centra lis 1/2010
0yH^uoHupoBaHue monoHUMOB u ^mH0HUM0e b penu numoe^ee Hameuu
neKCHKO-ceMaHTmecKoro aHanraa (He ucnonb3oBanca MeTog KonrnecTBeHHo -ro aHanu3a, TaK KaK He cTaBunocb ^nbro ycTaHOBHTb nacTOTHOCTb ynoTpe-6neHu_a Toro unu gpyroro cnoBa, a nnmb BbrncHuTb ux pa3H006pa3He; Bce npu onHcaHHH ynuTbiBanocb u pacnpocTpaHeHue gaHHbix cnoB). MaTepuan gna uccnegoBaHua co6upanca b ochobhom Ha npurpaHMHbix c Hutboh Tep-puTopuax (CangyccKuñ p-H no6nu3ocTu k Ma^eñKañ c nuToBcKoñ cTopoHb u fl,o6enbCKuñ p-H no6nu3ocTu k Sarape), Kyga cooTBeTCTBeHHo b 1993 u 1995 rr. oTnpaBnanucb ^KC^egu^uu cTygeHToB fflaynañcKoro negarorrne-CKoro uHCTuTyTa (c 1997 r. fflaynañcKuñ yHuBepcuTeT), a TaK^e oTgenbHbie 3a^uKcupoBaHHbe MHHrne Ha6nrogeHu_a 3a penbro npo^uBaro^ux b ropoge Pure nuTOB^B b TeneHuu 1993-2003 rr. TaKuM o6pa3oM nacTb MaTepuana co6paHo u3 pañoHoB, rge nuTOB^i npo^uBaroT gocTaTOHHo komnaKTHo (npu-rpaHunbe), a gpyraa nacTb u3 Bpa36poc npo^uBaro^ux b cTonu^ uH^opMaH-tob, bo3mo®hoctu KoTopbx o6maTbca Ha pogHoM H3bKe 6onee orpaHrneHbi. Hcnonb3oBaHue TaKoñ HeogHopogHoñ Bb6opKu gaHHbx He gaeT ocHoBaHHH genaTb cepbe3Hbe o6o6meHu_a, ho no3BonaeT B3rnaHyTb Ha TeHgeH^uu $yHK-^uoHupoBaHUH gaHHoro nnacTa neKcuKu.
AHanu3upyeMbe ganee npuMepb ycnoBHo o6o3HanaroTca cooTBeTCTByro-^hmh Ha3BaHuHM MecTHocTeñ Ha naTbimcKoM (u hutobckom) H3bKe 6yKBaMH naTuHcKoro an^aBrna: B - Bukaisi (ByKañmu - HaceneHHbñ nyHKT b 7 km ot rpaHu^i b Sarape), R - Ruba (Py6a - HaceneHHbñ nyHKT b 3 km ot rpaHu^i b .Hañ^yBa) u Rg - Riga (Pura - cTonu^ .HaTBuu). OraTucTunecKue gaHHbe cBugeTenbcTByroT, hto 6onbmuHcTBo nuTOB^B .HaTBuu npo^uBaeT uMeHHo b flyo6enbcKoM pañoHe (6,3%), a b nocemeHHoM ynacrauKaMu ^KC^egu^uH cene ByKañmu ga^e 13,9% HaceneHua nuTOB^i (Butkus 1995: 73).
TOnOHUMbl U UX KOHKypeHTbl B peHM nUTOB^eB
TonoHuMuKa KaK coBoKynHocTb reorpa^unecKux Ha3BaHuñ KaKoñ-nu6o MecTHocTu (AxMaHoBa 2004: 477) no BenunuHe Ha3bBaeMbx o6teKToB pacnagaeT Ha gBa nnacTa: MaKpoTonoHuMb u MuKpoTonoHuMb. MaKpoTo-noHuMb (ot rpen. makros - «6onbmoñ», topos - «MecTo», «MecTHocTb» u onyma - «umh») - co6cTBeHHbie uMeHa KpynHbx reorpa^unecKux o6"beKTOB, HanpuMep, cTpaH unu ucTopunecKux o6nacTeñ. B cbom onepegb MuKpoTonoHuMb (ot rpen. mikros - «Manbñ», topos - «MecTo», «MecTHocTb» u onyma - «umh») - co6cTBeHHbie uMeHa He6onbmux reorpa^unecKux o6t-eKToB, TaKux KaK nyr, nacT6u^e, Konoge^ Tonb, BbroH u ToMy nogo6Hbie (OHoMacTuKa). AHanu3 co6paHHoro MaTepuana noKa3an, hto u3 MaKpoTono-humob goMuHupyroT Ha3BaHHH o6eux cTpaH, t. e. Hameua u Humea, KpoMe Toro nacTo ynoTpe6nanucb Ha3BaHu_a Cuñupb u Poccua KaK o6o6meHHbie o6o3HaneHua MecT ccbnKu. Bce-TaKu BbrncHunocb, hto co6paHHbñ MaTepuan He^necoo6pa3Ho paccMaTpuBaTb, pacnpegenuB ero Ha Ha3BaHua KpynHbx u MenKux o6teKToB (cooTBeTcTBeHHo aHanu3upoBaTb MaKpo- u MuKpoTonoHuMb), 6onee o6ocHoBaHHoñ noKa3anacb ux Knaccu^uKa^uH b 3aBucuMocTu ot
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Pe^uHa KBawume
TeppuTopuanbHoM npuHagne^HocTu KOHKpeTHoro TonoHHMa. TaKHM 0Ôpa30M gaHHaa c0B0KynH0CTb neKcuKu no pa3HbM KpuTepuaM MO^eT 6bTb pacnpe-geneHa Ha HecK0nbK0 rpynn. Bo-nepBbix, uH^opMamb HacTO b cBoeM penu ynoMUHanu Ha3BaHue cTpaHb npo^uBaHua (Latvija) u ee HaceneHHbie nyHKTb. Bo-BTopbx, BcTpenaroTca Ha3BaHua cTpaHb, OTKyga pogoM uH^opMamb (Lietuva) u HaceneHHbie nyHKTb .uTBbi; u, B-TpeTbHx, ho gocTaTOHHO pegKO, Ha3BaHua MecT ccbnKu unu 3aKnroneHua, a TaK^e gpyrue MecTa npo^uBaHua 3a npegenaMu .uTBb u .aTBuu.
Ha3BaHue CTpaHb npo^uBaHua (b o6oux a3bKax gaHHbM TonoHUM uMeeT 0guHaK0Byro $opMy Latvija) u HaceneHHbie nyHKTb .aTBuu - npe^ge Bcero MecTHOCTu, rge npo^uBaroT uH^opMamb, unu pacnono^eHHbie no6nu3ocTu MecTa, c KOTopbMu TeM unu gpyruM cnoco6oM cBa3aHa ®u3Hb, HanpuMep, rge npo^uBaroT unu paHbme npo^uBanu ohh caMu unu ux pogcTBeHHUKu, TaK KaK paccKa3 b ochobhom cTpounca Ha junHbx BocnoMUHaHuax u t. n. ^0^T0My b penu npo^uBaro^ux b ByKaMmu Hame Bcero BcTpenaroTca Tono-HUMb flyo6enbcKoro paMoHa, a b Py6e - CangyccKoro paMoHa. KpoMe Toro, g0B0nbH0 nacTO Bce uH^opMamb yn0Tpe6naroT Ha3BaHue cTonu^i .aTBuu -ropoga Puru (naT. Riga; nux Ryga):
Pinigq nemokéjo /Lietuvoje uz darbq/, dél to ir éjome cia, j L a tv ij q. [fleHer He nnaTunu /b .uTBe 3a pa6oTy/, n03T0My u mnu eroga, b .aTBuro]1 R; Rygoje mo-kinosi par girininku. [B Pure ynunca Ha necHUHero] B; Pas mus Bukaiciuose sutiksi daug lietuviq. [y Hac b ByKaMmax BcTpeTumb MHoro nuTOB^B] B; Sienq visai prie musq padaré, Rub oje gyvename. [rpaHU^ coBceM pagoM c HaMU cgenanu, b Py6e xuBeM] R; Kas neina j mokyklq cia, mokinasi Augstkalnéj [Kto He xoguT b mKony 3gecb, yHUTca b AyrcTKanHe] B; / D u ob elç ne kasdien gali nuvaziuoti, kai turi kokj gyvulj namuose [B flyo6ene He Kaxgbm geHb Moxemb noexaTb, ecnu uMeemb goMa KaK0Ë-nu60 ckot] B.
HeK0T0pbe u3 yn0Tpe6neHHbix b npuBegeHHbx Bbme npegno^eHuax TonoHUMb yn0Tpe6neHb b ^opMe nuTOBcKoro a3bKa, HanpuMep, Bukaiciai uMeeT cBoñcTBeHHoe gna nuTOBcKux Ha3BaHuM ^opMbi MH0®ecTBeHH0r0 Hucna cy^^uKc -aiciai, b cBoro OHepegb b naTbmcKOM a3bKe yn0Tpe6naeTca cBoñcTBeHHbH cy^^uKc -aisi, xoTa b gaHHOM cnynae b naTbmcKOM Ha3BaHuu cnegoBano numb u3MeHUTb OKOHHaHue Bukaisiai. flpyrue TonoHUMb HacTO uMeroT cBoñcTBeHHyro gna pa3r0B0pH0M penu ^opMy c coKpameHHbM okoh-naHueM MecTHoro nagera: Augstkalnéj BMecTO nonHoM ^opMbi Augstkalnéje.
B 3anucax, cgenaHHbx b Py6e u ByKaMmu, noHTu He ynoMUHanucb mu-KpoTonoHUMb. BepoaTHO uH^opMaHTb 3apaHee HacTpauBanu ce6a Ha to, hto cnymaTenu (6epymue uHTepBbro) HegocTaTOHHO xopomo 3HaK0Mb c 0KpecTH0cTaMu, ^0^T0My cTapanucb cTpouTb n0BecTB0BaHue TaK, HTo6b MeHbme yn0Tpe6naTb reorpa^uHecKux Ha3BaHuM - uHorga 3aMeHanu uMeHa
1 üpuBegeHHHe U3 3anuceË BbicKa3biBaHUË UH^opMaHTOB npegnoxeHa Ha nuTOBcKOM a3HKe nepeBegeHH Ha pyccKUË a3HK b ochobhom g0cn0BH0, htoôh 03HaK0MUTb HUTa-Tena c cogepxaHueM BHcKa3HBaHua.
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0yH^uoHupoBaHue monoHUMOB u ^mHOHUMOB b penu MumoB^eB flamBuu
coScTBeHHbie HoMeHKnaTypHbiMu annenflTHBaMH, HanpuMep, miskas (nec), ezeras (o3epo), upé (peKa). B CBoro onepegb b xoge HaSnrogeHuñ 3a penbro npo^uBaro^ux b Pure nuTOB^B yganocb ycTaHOBHTb cnynau ynoTpeSneHua MHKpoTonoHHMOB - Ha3BaHuñ pañoHoB ropoga (Imanta (HMam-a), Pliavniekai (naT. Plavnieki; nn^BHueKu), Kypsala (naT. Kipsala; Kuncana)) u oKpecTHocTeñ Puru (Baluoziai (naT. Balozi; Bano®u), Kekava (naT. Kekava; KeKaBa), Ramava (naT. Ramava; PaMaBa)), a TaK®e Ha3BaHu_a ynu^
Anksciau, kai gyvenom Imante, mes dazniau susitikom. [PaHbme, Korga sunu b HMaHTe, mh na^e BcTpeHanucb] Rg; Nesulaukiu, kada pagaliau Virgis parduos butq Pliavniekuos. [He goxgycb, Korga Bupruc HaK0He^ npogacT KBapTupy b ünaBHueKu] Rg; Ar tau negaila gyvenimo Ramavoj? [He xanb nu Te6e xu3Hu b PaMaBe?] Rg; Kaip Kipsala dabar issimainé, negali nieko pazinti. [KaK Kuncana Tenepb u3MeHunacb, Hunero y3HaTb Henb3fl] Rg; Atsimeni, vaziuodavome Apüzes gatve pas mus. [üoMHumb, e3gunu no ynuu;e Any3ec k HaM] Rg.
H3 npuBegeHHoro BMme nepBoro npuMepa BugHo, hto roBopamuñ Ha nu-tobckom H3HKe uH^opMaHT BMecTo Ha3BaHua, KoTopoe b naTHmcKoM H3biKe ®eHcKoro poga (Imanta u cooTBeTcTBeHHo $opMa Mecraoro nage®a gon®Ha SbiTb Imantoje) ynoTpeSnaeT gaHHbiñ TonoHuM KaK cymecTBmenbHoe My®-cKoro poga, ^0^T0My TaK ero cKnoHaeT (Imantas — Imante). OcTanbHbie MuKpo-tonohumh MoryT BapbupoBaTb b 3aBucuMocTu ot Sonee unu MeHee tohhoh nepeganu ^opMbi narbimcKoro H3biKa Ha nuT0BcKuñ (HanpuMep, BcTpenaroTca gBe ^opMb Ha3BaHua Kipsala - cooTBeTcTBeHHo c gonruM rnacHbiM (Kypsala) unu KpaTKuM rnacHbiM (Kipsala) b KopHe TonoHuMa).
KpoMe mupoKo pacnpocTpaHeHHbix b paccKa3ax nuTOB^B u HaSnrogeHHax 3a ux penbro TonoHuMoB cTpaHbi (MecTa) npo^uBaHua BcTpenaroTca TaK®e Ha3BaHua cTpaHH npoucxo^geHua (Lietuva) u HaceneHHbix nyHKToB .utbm:
Mums baise svake bova Li e tuv u o. [HaM oneHb xygo Sbino b .HuTBe] R; Mano tévas buvo is Li e tuv o s, ir motina - is Ignalin o s ... [Moñ 0Te^ 6bin u3 .utbh, u MaTb -u3 HrHanuHH.] B;Mes su kojom j Zagarq eidavom. [Mh nemKoM xogunu b Sarape] B; Viena atéjo is toliau, is Akm e n é s miesto atvaziavo. [OgHa npumna u3 ganeKa. u3 ropoga AKMflHe npuexana] B; ... ziüréjom, kaip isvezé, isvezé j Ma zeikiu s, ten tardé ... [. cMoTpenu, KaK yBe3nu, yBe3nu b MaxeHKañ, TaM gonpamuBanu...] B.
B 3anucax penu uH^opMaHTOB goMuHupyroT reorpa^unecKue Ha3BaHu_a, KoTopne pacKpHBaroT ux nmHbiñ onbiT, t. e. HenocpegcTBeHHo KacaroTca ux unu nneHoB ceMbu. B nepByro onepegb ^T0 MecTa po^geHHH u npo®uBaHu_a unu HaceneHHbie nyHKTbi, Haxogamueca noSnraocTu k MecTy TenepemHero npo^uBaHua. B npuBegeHHoM Bbime npuMepe ynoMuHaeTca Ha3BaHue ropoga Akmené (ÁKMxne), ocHoBaHHoro b Hanane XVI b. CnegyeT oTMeTuTb, hto TonoHuMoB, umck^hx KopeHb akmen- b .uTBe HacnuTbiBaeTca cothhmu. HeT coMHeHuñ, hto SonbmuHcTBo ux npoucxog^T u3 cnoBa akmuo («KaMeHb»), ho nacTb ux Mo®eT SbiTb u rugpoHuMHoro npoucxo^geHHH. Bce-®e HeT ocHoBa-Huñ yTBep®gaTb, hto k hum npuHagne®uT u ynoMuHaeMoe b MaTepuane penu norpaHunbH nuTOB^B .aTBuu Ha3BaHue ropoga Ha ceBepe .utbh (Vanagas 1996: 15). flpyroñ TonoHuM - Ignalina (H^HanuHa) - Ha3biBaeT oguH u3 ho-
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Pe^uHa KBawume
Beömux ropogoB .utbm. Ero Ha3BaHue BnepBbie ynoMuHaeTCH b 1810 r., a npoucxoguT ot amponoHHMa, BepoHTHo yMeHbmuTenbHoö ^opMbi MyxcKoro HMeHH Ignas - Ignelis (Henac - Henexuc). ^TO MoxeT 6biTb CBH3aHo c HMeHeM noMe^HKa Hraaca Tu3eHray3a (Ignas Tyzenhauzas) (Vanagas 1996: 77). B CBoro onepegb Ha3BaHue Zagaré (Maeape) b ucTopunecKux ucTOHHuKax ynoMuHaeTCH b 1253 unu 1254 rr. flaHHHH TonoHHM, no-BuguMoMy, npou3BogHoe c oKoHnaHHeM -é cnoBo h3 nuToBCKoro annenHTuBa žagaras («xBopocTuHa»). nepBMHoe Ha3BaHHe MoxeT 6biTb «MecTo, rge MHoro xbopoctuhm» (Vanagas 1996: 297-298).
B oTpaxaromeö ^yH^uoHupoBaHue TonoHHMoB Bbi6opKe HHorga BCTpe-naroTCH u Ha3BaHHH MecT ccbinKu hah 3aKnroneHuH. HH^opMamb b cbohx paccKa3ax b ochobhom ynoMuHanu Ha3BaHuH KpynHbix reorpa^unecKux o6teKToB: Sibiras (Cuôupb) u Rusija (Poccun), pexe - KoHKpeTHbie MecTa npoxuBaHua:
Parei iš to Sibire, kur désies. [BepHynucb u3 Cu6upu, Kyga geHemca] B; Sunku mums Rus i j o j buvo, net prisiminti nesinori. [TpygHo HaM b Poccuu 6bino, gaxe BcnoMHHaTb He xoneTCfl] Rg; ... žiunjom, kaip išvežé, išvežé j Mažeikius, ten tardé, nu ir paskum išvežé j Archangel s kq. [... CMoTpenu, KaK yBe3nu, yBe3nu b MaxeftKHH, TaM gonpamuBanu, o noToM yBe3nu b ApxaHrenbCK] B; Taip mes ir susipažinome lageryje, Into je . [TaK Mbi u no3HaKoMunucb b narepe, b Hiïre] Rg.
B xoge onpoca uH^opMaHToB u Ha6nrogeHuH 3a ux CBo6ogHoö pa3roBopHoö penbro BbiHBneHo ^yH^uoHupoBaHue cnoB, 3aMeHHromux Ha3BaHHbie KoHKpeTHbie TonoHHMH (yMeCTHo HCnonb3oBaTb 3auMCTBoBaHHMH u3 o6naCTH ctuauctuku TepMuH KOHKypenmu (Župerka 1995)). Bce xe oneBugHo, hto KoHKyp eHTaM Ha3BaHuö MecTa npoxuBaHuH HecBoöcTBeHHa 6onbmaH pa3Hoo-6pa3HocTb. Mame Bcero b nogo6Hoö ^yH^uu BCTpenaroTCH o6cToHTenbCTBa MecTa čia («3gecb»), ten («TaM»).
Bet iš direktoriaus gavau tokj raštq, kad mano visi vaikai čia yra pabaigç mokyklas ... [Ho ot gupeKTopa nonynuna TaKoe CBugeTenbCTBo, hto Bce mou geTu 3gecb 3aKoHHunu mKonbi...] B; Čia /Latvijoje/ ukininkai pirms kara irgi gyvena geriau ... [3gecb (b .aTBuu) xo3HeBa go bohhh Toxe xunu nynme...] R; Kaip jus ten gyvenate dabar -seniai nebuvau. [KaK Bbi TaM xuBeTe ceftnac - gaBHo He 6bin] Rg.
Xoth caMu no ce6e gaHHbie cnoBa-KoHKypeHTbi He npegcTaBnaroT oco6o-ro uHTepeca, ynoMHHyToö nape aHToHuMoB Bce xe npucyma onpegeneHHaH c^e^u^uKa: b 3aBucuMocTu ot Toro, KaKaH CTpaHa (cTopoHa) npuHuMaeTCH 3a TonKy oTcneTa, u to, u gpyroe o6cTOHTenbCTBo MecTa MoxeT o6o3Hanarb KaK .aTBuro, rge npoxuBaroT uH^opMamb, TaK u .uTBy, oTKyga ohu pogoM. Bonee TOHHaa ugeHTu$uKa^uH Bo3MoxHa numb npu noMomu KoHTeKCTa.
B Bb6opKe MaTepuana oneBugHo npeo6nagaHue Ha3BaHuM HaceneHHbix nyHKToB .aTBuu (name Bcero ynoMuHaroTCH MecTHocTu, b kotopmx b Ha-CToHmee BpeMH npoxuBaroT uH^opMamb), Bce-TaKu He oneHb oTCTaroT ot hux u reorpa^unecKue Ha3BaHuH .utbm - ^yH^uoHupyroT Ha3BaHuH MecT, oTKyga pogoM u rge xunu uH^opMamb unu xuByT ux pogcTBeHHuKu. B CBoro onepegb TpeTbH rpyna TonoHuMoB HeMHoronucneHHa. .umt b oTgenbHbix
- 152 --Slavia Centralis 1/2010
0yH^uoHupoBaHue monoHUMOB u ^mHOHUMOB b penu MumoB^eB flamBuu
cnyHaax uH^opMamH yTOHHanu, K0HKpeTu3up0Banu MecTO npeôwBaHua. b ocHOBHOM ^T0 um Ka3anocb HeaKTyanbHbiM, TOHHee, ohu He gyManu, hto ^T0 BaKHO gna ux paccnpamuBaromux nrogeñ. Humb b Tex cnyHaax, Korga 3anucb Benacb He3aMeTH0 gna uH^opManra, name BcrpeHanocb ynoMuHaHue KOHKpeTHwx reorpa^unecKux Ha3BaHuñ.
^THOHUMbl U UX KOHKypeHTbl B peHU ^MTOB^eB
flpyroñ nnacT, OTOÖpaHHWH gna uccnegoBaHua - ^TH0HUMUKa, t. e., «pa3-gen aHTponoHuMuu, royHaromuñ Ha3BaHua HapogoB» (AxMaHOBa 2004: 529). Ha3BaHua HapogoB ^thohumm) o6hhho coothochtch c MaKpoTonoHuMaMu, t. e., npou3BogaTca ot Ha3BaHuñ cTpaH u «mokho npegnonoKuTb, hto mho-KecTBeHHoe Hucno nepBHHHO gna ^TH0HUM0B» (rpumeHKO, HuKonuHa 2006: 175), ^0^T0My b peHu uH^opMaHTOB pegKO BcrpeHaeTca $opMa eguHCTBeH-Horo Hucna C00TBeTCTByromux cnoB (name Bcero b Tex cnyHaax, Korga peHb ugeT o KOHKpeTHOM HenoBeKe). Xoth o6hhho b hutobckom a3HKe uMeHHO eguHcTBeHHoe Hucno uMeeT 3HaneHue o6o6meHua u MOKeT öwTb ucn0nb30-BaHO no OTHomeHHM k rpynne nrogeñ, a He TonbKO OTgenbHoro uHguBuga.
B ^yH^uoHupoBaHuu gaHHoro nnacTa neKcuKu hbho npocneKuBaeTca 0^^03u^HH «CBoñ-HyKoñ». C ogHoñ cTopoHw, uH^opMaHTbi paccKa3HBaror o CBoeñ Ha^u0HanbH0CTu - npeuMymecTBeHHO b nonoKuTenbHOM KOHTeKcTe. TaKaa TOHKa 3peHua onupaeTca Ha MHeHue, hto «BceM HapogaM CBOHCTBeHeH ^TH0^eHTpu3M - B03BwmeHue cucTeMw CBoux ^HHOCTeñ no OTHomeHuro k gpyruM KynbTypaM. ^T0 ocHOBWBaeTca Ha KpañHe ynpomeHHwx Kareropu-HecKux npenonoKeHuax, K0T0pwe Ha3HBaeM CTepeoTunaMu» (Anglickiené 2006: 65). Bce-TaKu OHeBugHO u to, hto numb 6onee mupoKuñ KOHTeKCT gaer npegcTaBneHue 06 OTHomeHuu roBopamero k cogepKaHuro BwcKa3WBaHua u b HacTHOCTu, k yn0Tpe6neHH0My ^TH0HUMy.
Bw6opKa MaTepuana pacKpwBaeT ^yH^uoHupoBaHue ^TH0HUM0B gna Ha-3BaHua CBoeñ Ha^u0HanbH0CTu. Xoth 0$u^uanbH0e Ha3BaHue ee - np0u3B0-gHoe ot Ha3BaHHH CTpaHH Lietuva cnoBO lietuviai («nuTOB^i»), uH^opMamH Ha3WBanu ee n0-pa3H0My:
Mes, lietuviai, pilsonybés čia neturim. [Mh, nuroBUH, rpaxgaHCTBa 3gect He uMeeM] R; Lietuviai dabar turi savo draugijq - vaikštau ir aš j susirinkimus. [Hutob^i ceñHac uMeroT CBoe 06mecTB0 - xoxy u a Ha co6paHua] Rg; Ankstiau če riktingi žemaite gyvena. [Pamme 3gect HacToamue KeMañTH Kunu] R; Kas tu esi par le iti s. [KaKoñ th nuTOBe^ B.
B onpegeneHHOM CMbicne cnoBa ecTb noBog paccMarpuBaTb ucn0nb30BaH-HHe b npuBegeHHbix Bbime npuMepax cnoBa žemaičiai («KeMañTH») u leisi (ynorpe6neHa $opMa eguHCTBeHHoro Hucna leitis; Ha pyccKuñ h3hk uHane HeM jumoeeif HeB03M0KH0 nepeBecTu) b KaHecTBe KOHKypeHTOB. B nepBOM cny-Hae ^TH0HUM npou3BegeH ot Ha3BaHua KuTeneñ ^TH0^pa$uHecK0^0 peruoHa ^eMaÖTua (nuT. Žemaitija) u HOcuTeneñ KeMañTCKoro guaneKTa. CnegyeT ot-
— 153 —
Pe^uHa KBawume
MeraTb $aKT, hto nacTb ^ureneft gaHHoro peruoHa cnuraroT ce6a OTgenbHbiM HapogoM, b pa3Hbie nepuogbi hctophh .htbm HMenu MecTO nonbiTKH c03gaTb caMocToaTenbHoe rocygapcTBO, guaneKT Ha3biBaeTca a3biK0M h HMeeT nucb-MeHHyro $opMy u t. n. Bce-TaKH KOHTeKCT n03B0naeT yTBep^gaTb, hto gaHHOe cnOBO HH^opMaHTOM yn0Tpe6neH0 o6o6^hho - b 3HaneHuu «nuTOBe^x
CnOBO leisi c KynbTypHoft u nuHrBucTH^ecKoft ToneK 3peHua, KaK yTBep®-gaeT naTbimcKuft ^onbKnopucT .Shhc Po3eH6eprc - «cTapeftmuft ^TH0HHM gna o6o3HaneHua Hamux msh^ix cocegeft» (Rozenbergs 2005: 21). Oho mo^t yn0Tpe6naTbca b KanecTBe Ha3BaHua npo^HBaromero b .HTBe HapOga BMe-cto cOBpeMeHHOrO cnOBa lietuviesi. npegnaraeTca He paccMaTpuBaTb gaHHOe cnOBO ^neMeHTOM «pa3rOBOpHOrO a3biKa, HMeM^uM npeHe6pe®HTenbHbifi OTTeHOK», a HaO6OpOT, BO3BpaTHTb «OTOMy KpacuBOMy cnoBy Leisi erO 6binyro go6pyro cnaBy, K0T0paa Ha BeKH BeKOB 3aKpenneHa u gocTOftHO yTBep^geHa b naTbmcKux HapogHbix necHax. BygeM yn0Tpe6naTb cnOBO Leisi 6e3 npegpac-cygKOB He TOnbKO b noBcegHeBHoft ®h3hh, ho h b a3biKe HayHHbix TpygOB!» (Rozenbergs 2005: 21). Bce-TaKH gaHHbift ^TH0HHM BocnpuHHMaeTca MHoruMH nuTOB^MH, npo^HBaro^HMH Ha TeppuTopuu .aTBuu u / unu Bnagero^uMH naTbmcKHM h3mkom KaK yHHHH^HTenbHoe u HeyBa^HTenbHoe. ^0^T0My 3a^HKcupoBaHHMe cnynau yn0Tpe6neHua HH^opMamaMu cnOBa leisi MoryT HMeTb u nono^HTenbHyK», u OTpu^TenbHyro, KaK b npuBegeHHOM npuMepe, K0HH0Ta^Hro.
C gpyroft cTopoHbi, aKTyanroupyeTca Ha3BaHue Hapoga cTpaHbi npo^u-BaHua - npou3BogHbe ot Ha3BaHua cTpaHbi Latvija («.aTBua») ^TH0HHMbi latvietis («naTbim») unu bo MHO^ecTBeHHOM nucne latviesi («naTbimu»). Kpo-Me Toro b pa3r0B0pH0Ö penu (^yH^HOHupyeT Ha 0cH0Be HeMe^oro Ha3BaHua naTbimeft Letten (Ha3BaHue cTpaHbi c00TBeTcTBeHH0 Lettland) 06pa30BaHH0e cnOBO letins (^opMa MH0®ecTBeHH0r0 nucna letini). Ha Bbi6op gaHHoro cnOBa noBnuano to, hto TaK no pa3HbiM noBogaM u c pa3nHHHbiMH HaMepeHuaMH Ha3MBaroT ce6a nammu (hh b nuTOBcKOM, hh b pyccKOM a3biKe HeT tohhmx cooTBeTcTBHÖ, KaK nepeBecTH gaHHOe cnOBO, ^0^T0My mo^ho ero numb TpaHcnuTepupoBaTb - «neTHHH»).
Jonai pas latvius riktinga svente. [HßaHOB geHb y naTbimeft HacToa^uft npa3gHHK] R; Latviai yr laba lepni zmones. [.aTbimu oneHb ropgbie nrogu] R; Toks latvi s mus prieme, kai cia atvaziavome. [TaKoft naTbim Hac npuHan, Korga croga npuexanu] B; Sedasi letiniai prie stalo ir alaus bokalus kilnoja, dainas dainuoja. [CagaTca naTbimu 3a cTon u 6oKanbi nuBa nogHHMaroT, necHH noroT] R.
flaHHaa Bbi6opKa gaeT B03M0®H0cTb BuacHHTb, KaK nepe3 cpaBHeHue nHT0B^eB u nammeft npoaBnaeTca nonbiTKa Bbipa3HTb 0^^03H^Hro «cBoft-ny^oft». BcTpenaeTca u nono^HTenbHaa, u OTpu^TenbHaa o^HKa cBoero Hapoga, a TaK^e 0cH0BaHHbift Ha c06cTBeHH0M onbrre B3rnag Ha npegcTaBH-Teneft gpyroro Hapoga. «MneHbi o6mecTBa MoryT ucnoBegoBaTb MHoro pa3Hbix ycTaHOBOK no 0TH0meHHro k pa3HbiM rpynnaM, ohh HaxogaT npoaBneHue b noBcegHeBHoft ®h3hh, BnuaroT Ha noBegeHue u nocTynKH, 0c06eHH0 onyTHB-mucb b cMemaHHoft c tohkh 3peHua Ha^H0HanbH0CTeft cpege. Bce ®e ohh
- 154 --Slavia Centralis 1/2010
0yH^uoHupoBaHue monoHUMOB u ^mHOHUMOB b penu MumoB^eB flamBuu
MoryT He 6bTb peanraoBaHbi b noBcegHeBHoH ®h3hh ... MacTO BbCKa3bBaHHa
Tex ®e caMbix nrogen norrnecKH npoTHBopenaT oguH gpyroMy, TaK KaK ohh
B OCHOBHOM 6bIBaroT o6yCIOBneHbI KOHKpeTHbIMH CHTya^HaMH, KOHTeKCTOM,
b kotopom 6bino Bbipa^eHO to hdh gpyroe MHeHue.» (Anglickiene 2006: 68). TaKHe cnynau HMenu MecTo h b uccnegyeMOM MaTepuane, Korga b ogHOM cnynae cboh Hapog BO3Bbimanca, b gpyroM - noKa3biBanca KaK 3acny®HBaro-^hh MeHtme yBa^eHua (o6 ^TOM CBugeTeibCTByeT npuBegeHHoe b KanecTBe H^^rocTa^HH nepBoe npegno^eHue):
Su latviais gali geriau sutarti nei su lietuviais. [C naTbimaMH moxho nynme HaHTH o6^hh a3HK HeM C ihtob^mh] B; Latviai, kaip ir lietuviai, j dievq tiki. [.aTbimu, KaK h ihtobhh, b 6ora BepaT] B; Par Kaledas latviai taip pat eglutq turi. [Ha PoxgecTBo naTbimu TaK^e enKy HMeroT] Rg.
CpaBHeHue Mo^eT 6bTb HM^^H^HTHO, t. e., He HMeTb ^opManbHoro bh-pa^eHua hih ^TO Bbipa^eHue 6ygeT Hepe3 ynoTpe6neHue gpyrux ciob, KaK b nocnegHeM H3 npuBegeHHbix Bbime npegno^eHHM.
flpyrue 3thohhmh, BCTpenaro^ueca b penu ihtob^b, CBa3aHb Heno-cpegcTBeHHo C HapogaMu, npegcTaBHTeiu KOTopbx npo^HBaroT BMeCTe C ihtob^mh, a TaK^e TaKue, KOTopbie hmcmt ycTOMHHBbie TpagH^HH npo^u-BaHua b onpegeneHHOM peruoHe b onpegeneHHyro ucTopunecKyro ^^oxy hih TecHbe KOHTaKTb c ihtob^mh (uHorga h c naTbimaMu). B gaHHOM cnynae peHb ugeT o gByx Hapogax h cooTBeTCTBeHHo Ha3bBaromux ux ^THOHHMax -rusai («pyccKue») h žydai («eBpeu»):
Pradejau girdet, kad su ru s^ pasu nebeleis nuo pirmos /per sienq j Lietuvq - nuo rugpjučio 1 d./. [CTana cnbimaTb, hto c pyccKHM nacnopTOM He 6ygyT nponycKaTb Hepe3 rpaHH^ c nepBoro /Hepe3 rpaHH^ b .HTBy - c 1-oro aBrycTa/] B; Žydai važinejo su arkliu odas supirkdami. [EBpeu e3gunu Ha nomagax h CKynanu koxh] B.
B npuBegeHHbx Bbme npegno^eHuax ^yH^HOHupyroT HMeroque HeH-TpaibHyro OKpacKy 3thohhmh. CnegyeT OTMeTHTb, hto Ha3BaHue žydas (MHO^ecTBeHHoe Hucno žydai) b ihtobckom a3bKe He HMeeT npucymeH gna gpyrux h3hkob, HanpuMep, pyccKoro, HeraTHBHOH KOHHOTa^HH h HeyBa^u-TeibHoro, Bpa®ge6Horo OTHomeHua k gaHHOMy Hapogy. «OgHOH H3 npuMeT a3bKa Bpa^gb cny^aT yHHHH^HTenbHbie HauMeHOBaHua npegcTaBHTenefi gpyroro ^THOca, pacnpocTpaHeHHbiM b ^aproHax, apro, npocTopenuu, pa3-roBopHoH penu. ... YHHHH^HTenbHbe HOMHHa^HH ^H^ gpyroH Ha^HOHa^b-HOCTH OTpa^aroT HeTepnuMOCTb roBopamux, TaroTeromyro Hag hhmh BiacTb npegpaccygKOB, cyeBepuH, ^THOKy^bTypHbx CTepeoTunoB.» (rpumeHKO.
HuKonuHa 2006: 175).
CKOpee TaKHM npHMepOM yHHHH^HTenbHOM HOMHHa^HH MO^HO paCCMa-TpuBaTb BCTpenaromyroca b penu ihtob^b .aTBHH (KaK, b HacTHOCTH, h ihtob^b, npo^HBaro^ux b .HTBe) $opMy gna Ha3BaHua pyccKux - npou3-BogHyro c cy^HKCOM -k- $opMy ruskis (ruskiai). flaHHaa $opMa no CBoeH CTpyKType 6iH3Ka k pyccKOMy ^THOHHMy, ho b ihtobckom a3bKe HMeeT MecTO b pa3roBopHoH penu h CHHTaeTca HenpueMieMOH gna HopMupoBaHHoro nu-
— 155 —
Pe^uHa KBawume
TOBCKoro a3biKa. ^0^T0My ecTb noBog TaKoe cjobo paccMaTpHBaTb b KaHe-CTBe KOHKypeHTa [gna] HeñTpajbHoro ^TH0HUMa, uMeromero ^nbro npugaTb TeKCTy onpegeneHHyro ^KC^peccuBH0CTb. «B03HuKH0BeHue ^KC^peccuBH0CTH y ^TH0HUM0B HeBO3MO®HO 6e3 Cy6'beKTUBH0-^M0^U0Ha^bH0^0 OTHOmeHua K ^TUM ^THocaM, a cy6'beKTUBH0-^M0^u0Ha^bH0e oTHomeHue 3aBHCHT ot co-^ua^bH0-^0^uTUHecK0H ucTopuu» (rpu^eHKo, HuKonuHa 2006: 177). KaK yTBep^garoT yHeHbie, «b ocHoBy ^KC^peccuBH0^0 ^TH0HUMa MoryT 6biTb no-no^eHbi pa3JHHHbie M0TuBup0B0HHbie np«3HaKH, cBa3aHHbie c h3hkobhmh CTepeoTHnaMH, goMuHupyro^uMu b tot hah uhoh ucTopuHecKuñ nepuog. Oco6eHHocTH HOMHHa^HH npegcTaBuTeneñ HapogoB o6ycnoBneHbi o6me-KyjbTypHOH 0^^03u^ueH «cboh - Hy^oñ» u o6mhho OTpa^aroT koh^juktm, cymecTByro^ue Me^gy ^THUHecKUMu rpynnaMH.» (rpu^eHKO, HuKonuHa
2006: 184).
Bojee OTganeHHbie, t. e., He ocHOBaHHbix Ha ynoTpe6neHuu pa3Hbix no CTpyKType cjob Toro ®e KopHa KOHKypeHTbi ^TH0HUM0B BHHBnaroT 3anucu, b KOTOpbix BCTpenaeTca cjobo vietiniai («MecTHbie») b noBecTBoBaHHH o npo-®HBaroqux Ha toh ®e TeppuTopuu nrogeñ.
Vi etiniai jau cia nieko blogo pret mus neturi kq pasakyti. [MecTHbie 3gecb HuHero
nnoxoro o Hac He uMeroT, hto cKa3aTb] B.
npaBga, gaHHoe cjobo Henb3a 6e3oroBopoHHo BocnpHHHMaTb b KaHecTBe KoHKypeHTa KoHKpeTHoro ^TH0HUMa, TaK KaK b ochobhom Ha onpegeneHHoñ TeppHTopHH npo^HBaroT npegcTaBuTenu pa3Hbix Ha^u0Ha^bH0CTeH. Oho Mo^eT 6biTb Bb6paHo uH^opManraMu co3HaTenbHo - hto6m He o6"bacHaTb, o nrogax KaKoñ Ha^u0Ha^bH0CTu ugeT peHb, unu Heoco3HaHHo, He 3agyMbi-Baacb, hto TaKoe cjobo HeuH^opMaTUBHo.
3aK^WHMTe^bHue 3aMenaHMfl
B xoge uccnegoBaHua TonoHUMOB ycTaHOBjeHO, hto cneKTp TonoHUMOB He OHeHb mupoK, goMUHupyroT Ha3BaHua o6eux rocygapcTB (Latvija «.HaTBua» u Lietuva «.HuTBa»), a u3 KOHKpeTHbix HaceneHHbix nyHKTOB - MecTa npo^u-BaHua u TeppuTopuanbHO 6nu3Kue k hum. flocTaTOHHO pegKO ynoMuHaroTca KOHKpeTHbe Ha3BaHua MecT ccmjku unu 3aKjroHeHua, a TaK^e gpyrue MecTa, TaK unu uHaHe cBa3aHHbie c jhhhhm onbitom uH^opManroB.
OyH^uoHupoBaHue ^TH0HUM0B BbiaBjaeT uHTepecHbe TeHgeH^uu npo-aBjeHua 0^^03u^uu «cboh - Hy^oñ». HH^opMaHTbi npeuMymecTBeHHO b nono^uTenbHOM KOHTeKcTe paccKa3biBaroT o cBoeñ Ha^u0Ha^bH0CTu, t. e., jutob^x (lietuviai). Bce-TaKu OHeBugHO, hto jiumb 6onee mupoKuñ KOHTeKcT gaeT npegcTaBjeHue 06 0TH0meHuu roBopa^ero k Ha3BaHHOMy ^TH0HUM0M Hapogy. MacTO ynoMuHaroTca KopeHHbie ^uTenu .HaTBuu, cocegu no MecTy ^uTenbcTBa nammu (latviai). Bbi6opKa MaTepuana gaeT B03M0®H0cTb bm-acHuTb, KaK nyTeM cpaBHeHua onucbiBaroTca jutob^i u jammH. KpoMe Toro, b peHu jutob^b BcTpeHaroTca Ha3BaHua Tex HapogoB, npegcTaBuTenu
— 156 —
tS^la-Via Cenara lis 1/2010
0yH^uoHupoeaHue monoHUMOB u ^mHOHUMoe b penu numoe^ee flameuu
KOTopax npo^HBaroT BMecTe c nuroB^Mu, a TaK^e Te, c kotophmu uMeroTca ycTOÖHHBwe Tpag^HH oömeHua. B gaHHOM cnynae penb ugeT o gByx ^THO-HHMax - rusai («pyccKue») u zydai («eBpeu»).
B KanecTBe KOHKypeHTOB, KonrnecTBO KOTopax HeMHoronucneHHoe, $yHK-^HOHHpyroT b OCHOBHOM yHuBepcanbHbie nexceMbi, nogxogamue gna oöo-3HaneHHH nroöoro Hapoga kih MecTa ^urenbcTBa (MecTouMeHue jie «ohu», cymecTBHTenbHoe vietiniai «Mecrabie», aHTOHHMunecKue oöcToaTenbcTBa MecTa cia «3gecb» u ten «TaM»).
BHB^HOrPAOH^
Onbra AXMAHOBA, 2004: Cnoeapb numeucmunecKUx mepMUHoe. MocKBa: EguTopuan yPCC.
A. H. rPH^EHKO, H. A. HHKO.HHA, 2006: ^Kc^peccHBHHe STHOHHMH KaK npuMeTH a3HKa Bpaxgti. h3uk epawdbi u H3MK co^nacun, e coquoKynbmypmM KoHmeKcme coepeMeHHocmu: KonneKTHBHaa MOHorpa^ua. Otb. peg. H. T. BenpeBa, H. A. KynuHa, O. A. MuxannoBa. Tpygti ypanbcKoro MHOHa. Ban. 20. EKaTepuHÖypr: H3g-Bo ypan. yH-Ta. 175-187.
PeruHa KBAOHTE, 2003a: .utob^i b .aTBuu: co^HonHH^BHCTHHecKHH u nuHrBucTuHecKun acneKTH. Proceedings of the Third International Congress of Dialectologists and Geolinguists. Lublin, 24-29 July, 2000. Edited by Stefan War-chol. Vol. 1. Lublin: Marie Curie-Sklodowska University Press. 395-405.
--, 2003b: Ha3BaHua peanun oö^ecTBeHHon xu3Hu b penu nuTOB^B .aTBuu.
J§zyki mniejszosci i j§zyki regionalne. [Serija: J^zyk na pograniczah. 24.] Red. E. Wroclawska, J. Zieniukowa. Warszawa: Slawistyczny Osrodek Wydawiczny. 429-439.
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TOPONIMI IN ETNONIMI V LEKSIKI LITOVCEV V LATVIJI
Članek predstavlja rezultate raziskave leksike Litovcev v Latviji, zlasti toponimov in etnonimov. Cilj raziskave je bil pokazati, v kolikšni meri se pojavljajo geografska imena in imena narodnosti, ter ugotoviti, katere besede jih v govoru lahko nadomeščajo. Gradivo je bilo zbrano na obmejnem področju z Litvo (v okrajih Saldus in Dobele), pridobljeno pa tudi od Litovcev, živečih v Rigi.
Izsledki raziskave kažejo, da spekter toponimov ni širok, saj med posameznimi naselji in njim bližnjimi področji prevladujejo imena obeh držav (Latvija in Litva). Redko so bila omenjena imena krajev izgnanstva ali krajev prestajanja zaporne kazni, prav tako imena krajev, povezanih z informatorjevimi osebnimi izkušnjami. Etnonimi razkrivajo zanimive težnje, ki izkazujejo nasprotje domače - tuje. Večina informatorjev goji pozitiven odnos do svoje, tj. litovske narodnosti, vendar je očitno, da stališče govorca do naroda, imenovanega z etnonimom, predstavlja širši kontekst. Pogosto so omenjeni Latvijci in njihovi sosedje.
Zbrano gradivo omogoča primerjavo karakterizacije Litovcev in Latvijcev. V govoru Litovcev najdemo imena tistih narodnosti, katerih predstavniki živijo z njimi in ohranjajo nespremenljivo tradicijo komunikacije, na kar kažeta dva etnonima, Rusi in Judje. Med konkurenčnimi leksemi, ki ustrezajo poimenovanju katerega koli naroda ali naseljenega področja, velja omeniti zaimek oni, samostalnik domačini in protipomenska krajevna prislova tu ter tam.
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