471Arheološki vestnik 65, 2014, str. 471–477
New epigraphic finds from Rogatica in Roman Dalmatia
Nove epigrafske najdbe iz Rogatice v rimski Dalmaciji
Snežana FERJANČIĆ, Gligor SAMARDŽIĆ
Izvleček
V članku so predstavljeni rimski spomeniki iz Rogatice in njene okolice (Republika Srbska, Bosna in Hercegovina), 
odkriti v letih 2014 in 2016. Rimska naselbina, najverjetneje municipij, je bila povzdignjena na raven kolonije v 3. st. in 
je ležala na vzhodnem robu rimske province Dalmacije. Med novoodkritimi spomeniki avtorja opišeta oltar, posvečen 
bogovoma Liberu in Liberi, oltar, posvečen Najboljšemu in največjemu Jupitru, ter fragmentarno ohranjen kamen z 
neopredeljivo moško upodobitvijo. Kulta Libera in Jupitra sta v epigrafskem materialu Rogatice že izpričana.
Ključne besede: rimska doba, provinca Dalmacija, Rogatica, rimski napisi, Liber, Libera, Jupiter
Abstract
The paper presents new Roman epigraphic finds from the city of Rogatica (Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Hercego-
vina) and its vicinity, discovered in 2014 and 2016. The Roman settlement, possibly a municipium promoted to the rank 
of a colony during the 3rd century AD, was located in the eastern reaches of the province of Dalmatia. New finds include 
two altars, one dedicated to Liber and Libera, and the other, partially preserved, to Iuppiter Optimus Maximus, as well 
as one fragmentary monument with a relief depicting an unidentifiable male figure. The cults of Liber and Jupiter are 
already attested in the epigraphic material from Rogatica.
Keywords: Roman period, Roman Dalmatia, Rogatica, epigraphic monuments, Liber, Libera, Jupiter
Two new Latin inscriptions and one fragmentary 
monument from the province of Dalmatia have 
been brought to our attention recently.1* They were 
discovered in modern Rogatica and its vicinity, in 
the Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Hercegovina 
(Fig. 1). Archaeological excavations, conducted 
1 * The authors owe gratitude to Nebojša Golić, director 
of the Tourist Organization of the municipality of Rogatica, 
and Željko Petrović, director of the Firefighting Unit of the 
municipality of Rogatica, for providing the unpublished 
Roman finds from Rogatica and its vicinity.
since the beginning of the 20th century, have re-
vealed considerable traces of a Roman settlement 
in Rogatica, covering the area between the hill 
Ljuna and the river Rakitnica (remains of walls, 
bricks, various architectural elements, coins), as 
well as several villae rusticae in its vicinity, on the 
Rogatica field (the villages of Plješevica, Potpeć 
and Drijenke).2 The name and status of the set-
tlement have been frequently discussed among 
2  Patsch 1909, 181; Bojanovski 1988, 171, 175; ALBiH 
III 17. 288 (V. Paškvalin).
472 Snežana FERJANČIĆ, Gligor SAMARDŽIĆ
modern scholars. According to some, Rogatica 
was a Flavian municipium.3 Others, starting with 
C. Patsch,4 believed that it was a colony and that 
its abbreviated name – Ris( ) – and status were re-
corded on the tombstone of the decurio T. Claudius 
Maximus.5 Found in the modern city, it is dated 
to the 3rd century AD.6 However, Ris( ) might not 
refer to Rogatica at all, but to Risinium, in the 
bay of Boka Kotorska, in the south of Dalmatia. 
The reading of the abbreviation as Ris(inii) was 
suggested by Mommsen and accepted by other 
scholars.7 Reflecting on the possibility that Ris( ) 
actually referred to Roman Rogatica, one might 
presume that the settlement enjoyed the status of 
a municipium at first and that it was elevated to 
the rank of a colony at some point during the 3rd 
century AD.8 A similar development is recorded, 
for instance, in the case of the neighbouring 
Domavia. The municipium was given the status of 
a colony in the time between the reigns of Severus 
Alexander (222–235 AD) and Trebonianus Gallus 
(251–253 AD).9
3  Alföldy 1965, 154; Wilkes 1969, 281; Mrozewicz 
2015, 158.
4  Patsch 1909, 182–183. Cf. A. et J. Šašel, ILJug (Situla 
25), p. 87; Bojanovski 1988, 172. Loma 2010, 287–288, n. 
43 has suggested that the area of Rogatica belonged to 
the territory of the municipium Malvense, which she had 
identified with Skelani on the Drina.
5  CIL III 2766b + pp. 1035, 2256 = 8369 = 12748 = 
ILJug 1571 = HD033828.
6  Bojanovski 1967, 146 ad no. 1.
7  Mommsen, CIL III 2766b; Alföldy 1965, 142; Wilkes 
1969, 255; Loma 2010, 297; Grbić 2014, 142, n. 387.
8  Wilkes 1981, 273 stated that the city at Rogatica was 
perhaps a municipium called Ris( ). Cf. Mrozewicz 2015, 159.
9  Alföldy 1965, 155; Wilkes 1969, 279–280.
New finds
1. Votive altar of limestone, with the base and 
capital doubly moulded on three sides (front, left, 
and right). The capital is decorated with simple 
acroteria and a disc between them on the front 
side and with simple acroteria on the left side. The 
acroteria on its right side, as well as the moulding 
on the right side of the base, are chipped off. The 
back side of the altar is roughly dressed. Dimen-
sions: 78 × 40 × 30 cm. Inscription field: 35 × 30 
cm. Letter height: 5 cm. The altar was found in 
March 2016, during regulation works in the newly 
excavated bed of the river Rakitnica in the Rogatica 
field, at the depth of 2 metres. The site is located 
approximately 50 metres east of the present river 
bank. The inscription, consisting of four lines, 
reads as follows (Fig. 2; 3):
Lib(ero) L(iberae) | Tib(erius) Cl(audius) An|tonius | 
v(otum) l(ibens) s(olvit).
Translation: To Liber and Libera. Tiberius 
Claudius Antonius fulfilled his vow willingly.
Ligatures: IB and AN in line 2, NI in line 3. 
Triangular punctuation marks in lines 1, 2, and 4. 
The altar was dedicated to Liber, the ancient Italian 
god of fertility of both nature and men, and his 
Fig. 1: Map of northeastern Dalmatia.
Sl. 1: Severovzhodni del province Dalmacije.
Fig. 2: The altar of Liber and Libera, inscription field.
Sl. 2: Rogatica. Napisno polje oltarja, posvečenega Liberu 
in Liberi.
473New epigraphic finds from Rogatica in Roman Dalmatia
feminine companion Libera.10 Radical abbreviation 
of the goddess’ name to L(ibera) is not frequent in 
the epigraphic evidence of the Roman Empire. It 
is attested in Dacia11 and Lusitania.12 Liber and 
Libera were particularly venerated in the Balkan 
and Danubian provinces of the Roman Empire 
(Macedonia, Moesia, Dacia, Dalmatia, Pannonia, and 
Noricum). It is usually believed that they represent 
old autochthonous deities of fertility and vegetation, 
assimilated to the Roman ones and worshipped 
under Latin names.13 Epigraphic evidence testifies 
10  On Liber in general see: Bruhl 1953; Radke 1965, 
175–183; Matijašić, Tassaux 2000, 66–76.
11  Micia: IDR III/3, 103 = HD045094.
12  Norba: HEp 1994, 223 along with the radically 
abbreviated name of Liber to L(iber). For a different reading 
see: HEp 1990, 206.
13  Wissowa 1902, 248; Schur 1926, 73–74; Bodor 1963, 
211–239; Dobruna-Salihu 2005, 223–232; Pilipović 2005, 
that the cult of Liber was well established in Dal-
matia, since the end of the republican period. L. 
Annaeus Epicadus, quaestor of the conventus civium 
Romanorum at Narona at the time of the civil war 
between Caesar and Pompey, built a temple to Liber 
Pater in the city.14 The altar erected by Tib. Claudius 
Antonius is not the first attestation of Liber’s cult 
in Rogatica. The site has already yielded a dedica-
tion to the god, styled Liber Bacchus, because of his 
connection with wine, grapevines, and viticulture 
in general.15 The altar was set up by a certain P. 
Aelius Clemens, veteran of an unnamed regiment. 
It contains two inscriptions, one dedicated to Liber 
Bacchus, the other to Iuppiter Optimus Maximus.16 
P. Aelius Clemens should be identified with the 
homonymous duovir of the Roman city at Rogatica, 
who dedicated an altar to Jupiter.17 The monument 
is dated to the middle of the 2nd century AD (A. 
and J. Šašel) or to the end of the 2nd century AD/
first half of the 3rd century AD (I. Bojanovski, based 
on the palaeographic features).18 Clemens’ family 
played a prominent role in the administration of the 
Roman town at Rogatica. His homonymous son – P. 
Aelius Clemens Iunior, also a veteran discharged 
from an unnamed unit – held the high magistracies 
of duovir and quinquennalis.19
The altar of Liber and Libera was dedicated by a 
certain Tib. Claudius Antonius, whose origin and 
status remain undetermined. The imperial name 
Claudius, very frequent in all parts of the Roman 
Empire, especially in Dalmatia and the Danubian 
provinces,20 is already attested in Rogatica, on the 
aforementioned epitaph of the decurion T. Claudius 
87–90; Pilipović 2011, 63–66. For a different view on the 
assimilation see: Imamović 1977, 161–162.
14  CIL III 1784 = ILLRP 206 = ILS 3354 = HD053382. 
On the dating of Epicadus’ quaestorship see: Wilkes 1969, 
247. Alföldy 1965, 134 dates the inscriptions mentioning 
the officials of the conventus at Narona (CIL III 1820 = 
8423, 1784) to the middle of the first century BC. On the 
cult of Liber in Dalmatia in general see: Matijašić, Tassaux 
2000, 69 and Tab. I: 93–96.
15  On the assimilation of Liber and Bacchus see: 
De Cazanove 1988, 245–265; Isler-Kerényi 2010, 27–44; 
Matijašić, Tassaux 2000, 69–71; DNP VII 136–137, s. v. 
Liber, Liberalia.
16  CIL III 8367 + pp. 2127, 2256 = ILJug 1567 = 
Imamović 1977, 398, no. 155 + 376, no. 118 = HD023076.
17  CIL III 8366 + p. 2127 = ILJug 1566 = Imamović 
1977, 374, no. 117 = HD033825.
18  A. and J. Šašel, ILJug 1566; Bojanovski 1967, 146, no. 2.
19  ILJug 624 = AE 1976, 533 = Imamović 1977: 458, 
no. 243 = HD012315.
20  Alföldy 1969: 37. For the frequency in the western 
part of the Roman Empire see: OPEL II 60–62.
Fig. 3: The altar of Liber and Libera, found in Rogatica.
Sl. 3: Rogatica. Oltar, posvečen Liberu in Liberi.
474 Snežana FERJANČIĆ, Gligor SAMARDŽIĆ
Maximus.21 The Latin cognomen Antonius is found 
in northern Italy, western and eastern provinces 
(where it was particularly widespread).22 In Dal-
matia, it is recorded after ca. 160 AD, in the area 
of Salona and in the interior of the province, in 
the Municipium S.23
2. Fragment of a votive altar of limestone, with a 
doubly moulded capital on three sides (front, left, 
and right). The back side of the altar is roughly 
dressed. The lower part and the left side of the 
monument are broken, as is the upper part of the 
capital. Traces of a circular decoration (perhaps a 
patera ?) are visible on the front side of the capital. 
Dimensions: 55 × 42 × 42 cm. Inscription field: 40 
× 32 cm. Letter height: 5 cm. The letters are shallow 
and worn. The fragment was found in April 2014, 
in the village of Plješevica, on the site of Crkvina, 2 
km to the north of Rogatica, during the widening of 
the local road. Judging by the architectural remains 
on the site, i.e. the foundations of a building, a villa 
rustica might have been located at Crkvina.24 The 
altar is kept in the office of the Tourist Organization 
of Rogatica. The fragmentary inscription, consist-
ing of three lines (lines 2 and 3 are only partially 
preserved), runs as follows (Fig. 4):
I(ovi) O(ptimo) M(aximo) | [.] Aur(elius) | 
[± 3]us | [- - -.
Translation: To Jupiter, Best and Greatest. [-] 
Aurelius [-]us ...
The cult of Jupiter Capitolinus, supreme de-
ity of the Roman pantheon,25 is already attested 
in Rogatica. The god is called Iuppiter Optimus 
Maximus on four inscriptions, while the fifth 
monument records the comparatively less frequent 
epithet Capitolinus.26 Three inscriptions were set 
up by the municipal magistrates. We have already 
mentioned those dedicated by the duovir P. Aelius 
Clemens.27 The name of the other magistrate – 
21  CIL III 2766b + p. 1035 = 8369 = 12748 + p. 2256 
= ILJug 1571 = HD033828.
22  Kajanto 1965, 140; Alföldy 1969, 153; OPEL I 131.
23  Alföldy 1969, 153–154.
24  Sergejevski 1936, 13; Mesihović 2009, 64.
25  On Jupiter see: Wissowa 1902, 100–113; Radke 
1965, 155–160.
26  On the epithets and their frequency see: Diz. epigr. 
IV 240 sqq.
27  CIL III 8366 + p. 2127 = ILJug 1566; CIL III 8367 
+ p. 2127, 2256 = ILJug 1567 = HD033825.
Fig. 4: The altar of Jupiter, found in Plješevica.
Sl. 4: Plješevica. Oltar, posvečen Jupitru.
duovir and quinquennalis – remains uncertain. 
His cognomen was Albanus and his nomen gentile, 
at the beginning of the second line, was read as 
Fl(avius)28 or [A]el(ius).29 The first preserved letter 
in line 2 seems to be an E and consequently one 
should accept the latter suggestion.30 The altar that 
he had dedicated to Jupiter is dated to the end of 
the 2nd century AD or to the 3rd century AD.31 
The cognomen of M. Ulpius, the dedicator of the 
fourth inscription, is restored by modern scholars 
as [Apo]llo[dorus].32 It appears, however, that one 
should take into account other options as well: 
Apollonianus, Apollonides or Apollonius.33 Judging 
by its palaeographic features, the altar was erected 
28  Patsch 1893, 89, no. 3; Patsch 1909, 183, no. 2; 
Hirschfeld, CIL III 12747; Alföldy 1965, 161, n. 31; Imamović 
1977, 374, no. 115; HD052416.
29  Bojanovski 1967, 148, no. 3; Mesihović 2009, 61, 
no. 5. Hoernes 1880, 46 has read the name as [Ae?]l(ius) 
Alb(inus).
30  Photograph in Bojanovski 1967, 147, Pl. 1, Fig. 4.
31  Bojanovski 1967, 148 ad no. 3.
32  Patsch 1912, 160; Bojanovski 1967, 152, no. 6; 
Imamović 1977, 374, no. 116; A. et J. Šašel, ILJug 1569; 
Mesihović 2009, 58, no. 2.
33  OPEL I 145–146.
475New epigraphic finds from Rogatica in Roman Dalmatia
during the 2nd century AD.34 The fifth monument 
pertaining to the cult of Jupiter in Rogatica is the 
altar dedicated by M. Ulpius Marcianus. Found 
in Rogatica in 2012, it was transferred to the vil-
lage of Kondžilo in the municipality of Visoko 
in 2014.35 Jupiter bears the epithet Capitolinus, 
previously attested in Dalmatia on inscriptions 
from the territories of Domavia36 and Delminium, 
respectively.37 The dedicator is presumably the 
same person as M. Ulpius Marcianus, who erected 
the fragmentary altar of Juno Regina, found in the 
village of Živaljevići, to the northeast of Rogatica.38
The altar from Plješevica should be dated to 
the second half of the 2nd century AD or to the 
3rd century AD. The name Aurelius points to the 
reign of Marcus Aurelius as the terminus post quem. 
The cognomen of the dedicator is impossible to 
restore. Judging by the length of the second line, 
it contained approximately three letters before the 
preserved ending of ‘VS’.
3. Semicircular upper part of a limestone monu-
ment with a naked (?) and bearded (?) male figure 
in relief. Dimensions: 52 × 72 × 15 cm. The frag-
ment was found in June 2014 on the property of 
34  Bojanovski 1967, 152 ad no. 6.
35  Silajdžić, Mesihović 2014, 121.
36  ILJug 1555 = Imamović 1977, 368, no. 104 = HD033815 
found at the village of Sikirić.
37  ILJug 167 = Imamović 1977, 360, no. 90 = HD019702 
found at the village of Mokronoge.
38  CIL III 14616 = Imamović 1977, 384–385, no. 131 
= HD052569.
Fig. 5: Fragmentary monument, found in Sjeversko.
Sl. 5: Sjeversko. Fragmentiran spomenik.
Sreten Mitrović, in the village of Sjeversko, district 
of Borika, approximately 20 km to the northeast 
of Rogatica. Its current location is the office of 
the Tourist Organization of Rogatica. The relief is 
extremely worn, and the male figure could not be 
identified. Perhaps it depicted an autochthonous 
deity (Fig. 5).
Altars dedicated to Liber and Libera and Jupiter, 
respectively, as well as the fragmentary monument 
with the depiction of a male figure, represent a 
small but welcome addition to the epigraphic and 
archaeological material from the Roman settle-
ment at Rogatica.
Abbreviations
AE = L’Année épigraphique, Paris.
ALBiH = Arheološki leksikon Bosne i Hercegovine I–III, 
Sarajevo 1988.
CIL = Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum.
Diz. epigr. = E. De Ruggiero, Dizionario epigrafico di 
antichità romane, Roma 1886-.
DNP = Der neue Pauly. Enzyklopädie der Antike, Stuttgart, 
Weimar, 1996-.
HD = EDH = Epigraphische Datenbank Heidelberg (Service 
provider: Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften) 
[http://edh-www.adw.uni-heidelberg.de/home?&lang=de].
HEp = Hispania Epigraphica, Madrid.
IDR = Inscriptiones Daciae Romanae I–III, Bucureşti 
1975–1999.
ILJug = A. et J. Šašel, Inscriptiones Latinae quae in Iugoslavia 
inter annos MCMXL et MCMLX repertae et editae sunt 
(Situla 5), Ljubljana 1963; iidem, Inscriptiones Latinae 
quae in Iugoslavia inter annos MCMLX et MCMLXX 
repertae et editae sunt (Situla 19), Ljubljana 1978; iidem, 
Inscriptiones Latinae quae in Iugoslavia inter annos 
MCMII et MCMXL repertae et editae sunt (Situla 25), 
Ljubljana 1986.
ILLRP = A. Degrassi, Inscriptiones Latinae liberae rei pu-
blicae I–II, Firenze 1957-1963.
ILS = H. Dessau, Inscriptiones Latinae selectae I–III, Berlin 
1892–1916.
OPEL = B. Lőrincz, Onomasticon provinciarum Europae 
Latinarum, Vol. I: Aba – Bysanus, Budapest 1994; Vol. 
II: Cabalicius – Ixus, Wien 1999; Vol. III: Labareus – Py-
thea, Wien 2000; Vol. IV: Quadratia – Zures, Wien 2002.
RE = Pauly-Wissowa-Kroll-Mittelhaus-Ziegler, Realency-
clopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft.
476 Snežana FERJANČIĆ, Gligor SAMARDŽIĆ
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477
Prva arheološka izkopavanja v Rogatici in njeni 
okolici (Republika Srbska, Bosna in Hercegovina) 
segajo na začetek 20. st. Odkrite so bile sledi po-
membne rimske naselbine ter številne vile rustike. 
Na podlagi epigrafskih spomenikov se je naselbina 
morda imenovala Ris( ), moderni raziskovalci pa ji 
pripisujejo status municipija, preden je bilo mesto 
v 3. st. povzdignjeno v kolonijo.
Med spomeniki iz Rogatice in njenega zaledja, 
odkritimi v letih 2014 in 2016, so v članku po-
drobneje opisani dva oltarja ter fragment tretjega 
spomenika.
Prvi oltar, ki ga je postavil Tiberij Klavdij An-
tonij, je bil posvečen bogovoma Liberu in Liberi. 
Spomenik je bil odkrit v novoizkopanem rečnem 
koritu med urejanjem struge Rakitnice. Čaščenje 
Libera, starega italskega boga plodnosti, je v Ra-
kitnici že izpričano. Publij Elij Klemens, veteran 
nedoločljive vojaške enote in eden od dveh županov 
(duovir) rimskega mesta, je oltar posvetil božan-
stvu, ki so ga Rimljani zaradi njegove povezave z 
vinogradništvom poistovetili z Bakhom.
Drugi, fragmentarno ohranjen oltar je bil od-
krit na najdišču Crkvina v vasi Plješevica, kjer 
so arheologi izkopali vilo rustiko. Posvečen je 
Najboljšemu in največjemu Jupitru, čigar kult je v 
Rogatici in njenem zaledju prav tako že izpričan. 
Poudariti je treba, da so tri doslej odkrite oltarje, 
posvečene Najboljšemu in največjemu Jupitru, s tega 
območja postavili mestni uradniki: eden od dveh 
županov (duovir) Publij Elij Klemens in eden od 
Nove epigrafske najdbe iz Rogatice v rimski Dalmaciji
Povzetek
dveh županov (duovir) ter eden od dveh županov 
z oblastjo cenzorja (quinquennalis; odgovoren za 
popis prebivalstva na vsakih pet let) Elij Alban. 
Kot dedikant oltarja iz Plješevice se omenja mo-
ški z rodovnim imenom Avrelij brez ohranjenega 
kognomna. Zaradi tega se spomenik datira v čas 
vladavine Marka Avrelija ali kmalu zatem.
Fragment tretjega spomenika, ki se zgoraj pol-
krožno zaključuje, ni mogoče tipološko opredeliti. 
Najden je bil leta 2014 v vasi Sjeversko. Slabo 
ohranjen relief gole (?) in bradate (?) moške osebe 
verjetno predstavlja neko domače božanstvo.
Prevod: Anja Ragolič
Snežana Ferjančić
Faculty of Philosophy,
University of Belgrade,
Čika Ljubina 18-20
SR-11000 Beograd
sferjanc@f.bg.ac.rs
Gligor Samardžić
Faculty of Philosophy, 
University of Kosovska Mitrovica,
Filipa Višnjića 66
SR-38220 Kosovska Mitrovica
gligorijas@yahoo.com