Zbornik referatov 18. Goljevščkovega spominskega dne - Proceedings of 18th Goljevšček Memorial Day
© Acta hydrotechnica 17/26 (1999), 93 p., Ljubljana
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Strokovni članek Professional paper
MONITORING ODPADNIH VODA IN ZAHTEVANE STOPNJE ČIŠČENJA
NA KOMUNALNIH ČISTILNIH NAPRAVAH
MONITORING OF WASTEWATER AND THE REQUIRED DEGREES OF
TREATMENT FOR MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS
Jože PANJAN
V prispevku so prikazane zahteve po monitoringu komunalnih in nekaterih industrijskih odpadnih
voda za plačevanje ekološke takse v državi. V Sloveniji je bilo v letu 1996 in 1998 sprejetih več
uredb, ki urejajo to področje. Podane so zahteve iz teh uredb in naše izkušnje pri spremljanju
tehnološkega delovanja čistilnih naprav (ČN). Povzete so nekatere maksimalne dovoljene
koncentracije onesnažil, ki se izpuščajo v vodotok ali v kanalizacijo. Prikazane so zahtevane stopnje
čiščenja na komunalnih ČN. Podali smo primerjavo med zahtevami naše zakonodaje za kakovost
iztokov iz komunalnih ČN z zakonodajo ZRN in EZ.
Ključne besede: monitoring, komunalne odpadne vode, čistilne naprave, zakonodaja
Requirements on the monitoring of urban and some industrial wastewaters for the payment of the
discharge tax to the State are presented in this contribution. Several decrees that regulate this field
were adopted in the years 1996 and 1998. Requirements from these decrees and our experience
from the monitoring of the technical operation of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are
explained. Some data on the maximal permitted concentration of pollutants discharged in a
watercourse and collecting system are reviewed. Requirements on the degrees of treatment in
municipal WWTPs are discussed. A comparison between the requirements of our legislation and
that of Germany and the EU for the quality of the discharges from municipal WWTPs is also
presented.
Key words: monitoring, urban wastewater, wastewater treatment plants, legislation
1. UVOD
Po svetu in pri nas že vrsto let spremljamo
kakovost vodotokov, jezer in morja (pri nas to
izvaja Hidrometeorološki zavod pri MOP).
Nadzor nad onesnaževalci pa je bil bolj ali
manj stihijski. V Sloveniji je bilo v letu 1996
na podlagi Zakona o varstvu okolja [1]
sprejetih več uredb, ki urejajo to področje.
Emisijski monitoring ali monitoring
odpadnih vod je postopek, ki ga izvaja
pooblaščena oseba. Metodologijo vzorčenja in
merjenja parametrov in količin odpadnih vod,
vsebino poročila o emisijskem monitoringu ter
način sporočanja podatkov ministrstvu, ki je
pristojno za varstvo okolja, opravlja v skladu s
Pravilnikom o prvih meritvah in obratovalnem
monitoringu odpadnih vod ter o pogojih za
njegovo izvajanje [2]. Obliko poročila
1. INTRODUCTION
The quality of watercourses, lakes and seas
has been monitored all over the world, as well
as in our country (provided by the
Hydrometeorological Institute of the MEPP),
for many years. The control of causers of
pollution has been more or less unplanned.
Several decrees that regulate this field were
adopted in Slovenia in 1996 on the basis of the
Environmental Protection Act [1].
Emission monitoring or operational
monitoring of wastewater is a procedure
provided by a competent authority. This
authority implements the methodology of
sampling, the measurement of parameters and
the amount of wastewater, the content of the
report on emission monitoring and the method
and form of notifying data to the MEPP, who
is competent in environmental protection, in
accordance with the Regulation on the initial
measurements and operational monitoring of
waste water and the conditions for its
Panjan J.: Monitoring odpadnih voda in zahtevane stopnje čiščenja na komunalnih čistilnih napravah -
Monitoring of Wastewater and the Required Degrees of Treatment for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
© Acta hydrotechnica 17/26 (1999), 5-17, Ljubljana
6
predpisuje Uredba o obliki poročila o
občasnih in trajnih meritvah v okviru
obratovalnega monitoringa odpadnih vod [3].
Izvedba emisijskega monitoringa obsega:
−  merjenje količine odpadne vode med
vzorčenjem,
−  vzorčenje odpadne vode,
−  merjenje parametrov odpadne vode:
merjenje temperature in pH vrednosti
odpadne vode med vzorčenjem in analiza
vzorca odpadne vode,
−  vrednotenje emisije snovi, emisijskega
deleža oddane toplote ter izračun letne
količine odpadne vode in letne količine
nevarnih snovi,
−  izračun emisijskega faktorja ali učinka
čiščenja odpadne vode, če je s predpisi o
emisiji snovi za posamezni vir onesnaženja
ali komunalno oziroma skupno čistilno
napravo za te veličine določena mejna
vrednost,
−  izdelavo poročila o opravljenih meritvah.
Emisijski monitoring zahteva od vsakega
onesnaževalca, da dokaže količino
onesnaženja. V Sloveniji mora po podatkih
MOP-a opravljati emisijski monitoring
približno 800 onesnaževalcev.
V Sloveniji se je emisijski monitoring prvič
izvajal v letu 1996 samo na KPK. Že za leto
1997 pa so bili zahtevani parametri naslednjih
težkih kovin: živo srebro, kadmij, krom, nikelj,
svinec, in baker ter njihove spojine, izražene
kot kovine. Z navedenimi uredbami so
kemijski postopki in analize zelo natančno in
kakovostno definirani. Ker so analize, izražene
kot koncentracije, le prvi del za določitev letne
mase onesnaženja, menimo, da je za drugi del,
to je za meritve pretokov in njihov nadzor
slabo ali neprofesionalno poskrbljeno
(neurejenost merskih mest, nekvalificiranost
za odčitavanje ali meritev pretokov brez
nadzora idr.).
Poleg emisijskega monitoringa je
pomemben imisijski monitoring, ki obravnava
varstvo voda celovito, in sicer tako, da za
onesnaževalce ugotovimo in določimo
implementation [2]. The form of the report is
prescribed by the Decree on the form of the
report of periodical and continuous
measurements in the scope of the operational
monitoring of waste waters [3].
Implementation of emission monitoring
includes:
−  measurement of the amount of wastewater
during sampling,
−  sampling of wastewater,
−  measurement of the parameters of
wastewater: measurement of temperature
and the pH value of wastewater during
sampling and analysis of the sample of
wastewater,
−  evaluation of the emission of substances,
the emission fraction of discharged heat and
calculation of the annual amount of waste
water and annual amounts of dangerous
substances,
−  calculation of the emission fraction and the
effect of wastewater treatment when the
limit value of these parameters is set by
regulations on the emission of substances
for an individual source of pollution or a
municipal, respectively, mixed wastewater
treatment plant,
−  elaboration of the report on the
accomplished measurements.
Emission monitoring requires that causer of
pollution prove the amount of pollution it
causes. There are approximately 800 causers
of pollution in Slovenia which must provide
emission monitoring.
Emission monitoring for COD only was
implemented in Slovenia for the first time in
1996. Then in 1997, the parameters of the
following heavy metals were required:
mercury, cadmium, chromium, nickel, lead
and copper and their compounds expressed as
metal. Chemical procedures and analyses are
defined very precisely and according to the
high quality standards by the decrees
mentioned. While analytical results, expressed
as concentrations, are only the first factor in
the determination of the annual amount of a
pollutant, it is, in our opinion, very poorly and
unprofessionally provided for in the second
portion, which is for the measurements of
flows and their control. Some examples are:
disorganised measuring sites, unprofessional
reading of results or flow measurements
without control etc.
Besides emission monitoring, immission
monitoring, which deals comprehensively with
water protection, is also important, so that the
necessary degree of treatment and the
hierarchy of construction of municipal
Panjan J.: Monitoring odpadnih voda in zahtevane stopnje čiščenja na komunalnih čistilnih napravah -
Monitoring of Wastewater and the Required Degrees of Treatment for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
© Acta hydrotechnica 17/26 (1999), 5-17, Ljubljana
7
potrebno stopnjo čiščenja in hierarhijo
graditve komunalnih čistilnih naprav v
posameznih porečjih. Trenutno se imisijski
monitoring, ki upošteva tudi samočistilno
sposobnost odvodnikov, pri nas ne izvaja.
2. IZVEDBA EMISIJSKEGA
MONITORINGA
V okviru emisijskega monitoringa mora
obravnavano podjetje zagotavljati izvedbo
trajnih meritev količin odpadne vode, če so za
vir onesnaženja določene s predpisi o emisiji
snovi in toplote pri odvajanju odpadnih voda
iz virov onesnaženja in občasnih meritev
temeljnih in dodatnih parametrov ter količin
odpadne vode med vzorčenjem.
Občasne meritve se izvajajo med
obratovanjem ali uporabo vira onesnaženja ali
komunalne ali skupne čistilne naprave v
enakomernih časovnih presledkih v
koledarskem letu oziroma v obdobju
obratovanja ali uporabe, kadar ne obratuje ali
se ne uporablja skozi celo koledarsko leto.
Letna pogostost občasnih meritev in čas
vzorčenja reprezentativnega vzorca odpadne
vode za komunalne ali skupne čistilne naprave
[2] sta podana v preglednici 1.
WWTPs in an individual river basin is stated
and determined for each causer pollution.
Currently, the immission monitoring that also
takes into account the self-purification
capability of a recipient, has not yet been
implemented in Slovenia.
2. IMPLEMENTATION OF
IMMISION MONITORING
Regulations regarding the emission of
substances and heat in the drainage of
wastewater from pollution sources require that
the responsible enterprise must ensure the
implementation of permanent measurements of
the amount of wastewater or periodical
measurements of the basic and additional
parameters and the amount of wastewater
during sampling within the scope of emission
monitoring.
Periodical measurements are implemented
during the operation or use of a pollution
source or a municipal or mixed WWTP in
regular time intervals in a calendar year or
within the time of operation or use, when it
does not operate for the entire calendar year.
The annual frequency of periodical
measurements and the sampling time of the
representative sample of wastewater for a
municipal or mixed WWTP [2] are given in
Table 1.
Preglednica 1. Pogostost občasnih meritev in čas vzorčenja reprezentativnega vzorca odpadne vode
za komunalne ali skupne čistilne naprave [2].
Table 1. Frequency of the periodical measurements and the sampling time of the representative
sample of wastewater for a municipal or mixed WWTP [2].
Zmogljivost komunalne ali
skupne čistilne naprave [PE]
Letna pogostost
meritev [-]
Čas vzorčenja
reprezentativnega vzorca
[ure]
Capacity of a municipal or mixed
waste water treatment plant
[PE]
Annual frequency of
measurement
[-]
Sampling time of the
representative sample
[hour]
≤  50 1 2
51-200 2 2
201- 2000 2 6
2001- 10000 4 24
10001- 50000 8 24
> 50000 12 24
Panjan J.: Monitoring odpadnih voda in zahtevane stopnje čiščenja na komunalnih čistilnih napravah -
Monitoring of Wastewater and the Required Degrees of Treatment for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
© Acta hydrotechnica 17/26 (1999), 5-17, Ljubljana
8
Letna pogostost občasnih meritev in čas
vzorčenja reprezentativnega vzorca odpadne
vode za vir onesnaženja [2] pa sta določena v
preglednici 2.
Annual frequency of the periodical
measurements and sampling time of the
representative sample of wastewater for a
pollution source [2] are determined in Table 2.
Preglednica 2. Pogostost občasnih meritev in čas vzorčenja za vir onesnaženja [2].
Table 2. Frequency of periodical measurements and the sampling time for a pollution source [2].
Letna količina tehnološke
odpadne vode
[1000 m3/leto]
Letna pogostost
meritev [-]
Čas vzorčenja
reprezentativnega vzorca
[ure]
Annual amount of industrial waste
water
[1000 m3/year]
Annual frequency of
measurements
[-]
Sampling time of the
representative sample
[hour]
< 4 1 6
4 - 10 2 6
10 - 50 3 6
50 - 200 4 24
200 - 500 6 24
> 500 12 24
Če ima vir onesnaženja, ki odvaja
tehnološke odpadne vode, več iztokov v
kanalizacijo ali neposredno v vode, se pri
določitvi letne pogostosti občasnih meritev in
časa vzorčenja upošteva vsota letnih količin
tehnološke odpadne vode iz vseh iztokov.
Trajne meritve količine odpadnih vod mora
povzročitelj zagotoviti, če je letna količina
tehnološke odpadne vode iz vira
onesnaževanja na posameznem iztoku večja od
100000 m3/leto. Če ima vir onesnaževanja več
iztokov in v nobenem letna količina
tehnoloških odpadnih vod ne presega 100000
m3/leto, letna količina tehnoloških odpadnih
vod vseh iztokov skupaj pa presega 100000
m3/leto, mora povzročitelj zagotoviti trajne
meritve količine odpadnih vod na iztoku, ki
ima največjo letno količino tehnoloških
odpadnih vod. Izvajalec javne službe mora
zagotoviti trajne meritve količine odpadnih
vod na iztoku komunalne ali skupne čistilne
naprave, če je zmogljivost čiščenja več kot
10 000 PE.
Emisija snovi in toplote se določa na iztoku
odpadne vode iz vira onesnaževanja ali čistilne
naprave v kanalizacijo ali neposredno v
odvodnik brez predhodnega razredčevanja
odpadne vode.
When a pollution source from which
industrial wastewater is discharged, has
several outlets in the collecting system or
discharges directly into a body of water, the
sum of the annual amounts of industrial
wastewater from all outlets must be considered
for the determination of the annual frequency
of periodical measurements and the sampling
time.
Permanent measurements of the amount of
wastewater must be ensured by the causer of
pollution when the annual amount of industrial
wastewater from a pollution source on a
separate outlet is higher than 100.000 m3/year.
When a pollution source has several outflows
and the annual amount of industrial
wastewater in none exceeds 100.000 m3/year,
but the annual amount of industrial wastewater
from all outlets together exceeds 100.000
m3/year, the originator of the pollution must
ensure continuous measurements of the
amount of wastewater on the outlet that has the
highest annual amount of industrial
wastewater. A public service manager must
ensure permanent measurements of the amount
of wastewater on the outflow of a municipal or
mixed wastewater treatment plant when the
treatment capacity is higher than 10.000 PE.
The emission of substances and heat is
determined by the outflow of wastewater from
the pollution source or a wastewater treatment
plant into the sewage system or directly into a
body of water without preliminary dilution.
Panjan J.: Monitoring odpadnih voda in zahtevane stopnje čiščenja na komunalnih čistilnih napravah -
Monitoring of Wastewater and the Required Degrees of Treatment for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
© Acta hydrotechnica 17/26 (1999), 5-17, Ljubljana
9
3. MEJNE VREDNOSTI
PARAMETROV ODPADNE VODE
Emisija snovi ali toplote v posamezni
meritvi presega predpisane mejne vrednosti
odpadnih vod, če so izmerjene ali izračunane
vrednosti večje od predpisanih mejnih
vrednosti.
Mejne vrednosti parametrov odpadne vode
za iztok v vodotok ali iztok v kanalizacijo so
podane v Prilogi 1 Uredbe o emisiji snovi in
toplote pri odvajanju odpadnih voda iz virov
onesnaženja [4]. Preglednica 3 pa nam podaja
po en parameter kot primer.
3. LIMIT VALUES OF THE PARA-
METERS OF WASTEWATER
The emission of substances or heat of the
particular measurement exceeds the regulated
limit values for wastewater when the measured
or calculated values are higher than the
regulated limit values.
Limit values of the parameters of
wastewater for the discharge into a
watercourse or sewage system are given in
Appendix 1 of the Decree on the emission of
substances and heat in the drainage of
wastewater from pollution sources [4]. Some
parameters are given in Table 3 as an example.
Preglednica 3. Prikaz opisa mejnih vrednosti za izpust v vodotok ali v kanalizacijo [4].
Table 3. Presentation of some limit values for discharge into a watercourse or discharge into the
sewage system [4].
Mejne vrednosti
Limit values
Parameter
Izražen kot
Expressed
as
Enota
Unit
Iztok v vode
Discharge into
a watercourse
Iztok v kanalizacijo
Discharge into the
sewage system
I. SPLOŠNI PARAMETRI
I. GENERAL PARAMETERS
4. Usedljive snovi
4. Settleable substances
mg/l 0,5 10
II. BIOLOŠKI PARAMETRI
II. BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS
7. Biološka razgradljivost
7. Biodegradability
% - (c)
III. ANORGANSKI PARAMETRI
III. INORGANIC PARAMETERS
18. Krom šestvalentni
18. Chromium(VI)
Cr mg/l 0,1 0,1
IV. ORGANSKI PARAMETRI
IV. ORGANIC PARAMETERS
38. KPK
38. COD
O2 mgO2/l 120 -
Količine v vode izpuščenih nevarnih snovi
so podane v Prilogi 2 [4]. Preglednica 4 pa
nam podaja dva parametra kot primer.
The amounts of dangerous substances
released into a recipient are given in Appendix
2 [4]. Two parameters are given as an example
in Table 4.
Panjan J.: Monitoring odpadnih voda in zahtevane stopnje čiščenja na komunalnih čistilnih napravah -
Monitoring of Wastewater and the Required Degrees of Treatment for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
© Acta hydrotechnica 17/26 (1999), 5-17, Ljubljana
10
Preglednica 4. Prikaz zapisa količin v vode izpuščenih nevarnih snovi v enem letu [4].
Table 4. Presentation of the amounts of dangerous substances released in one year [4]
Parameter
Izražen kot
Enota
Količina izpuščene nevarne
snovi
Expressed as Unit Amount of dangerous
substance released
III. ANORGANSKI PARAMETRI
III. INORGANIC PARAMETERS
18. Krom šestvalentni
18. Chromium(VI)
Cr g/leto
g/year
100
IV. ORGANSKI PARAMETRI
IV. ORGANIC PARAMETERS
46. Fenoli
46. Phenols
C6H5OH
g/leto
g/year
100
Za obrate, ki proizvajajo kovinske izdelke,
Uredba o emisiji snovi pri odvajanju odpadnih
vod iz objektov in naprav za proizvodnjo
kovinskih izdelkov [5] določa posebne zahteve
v zvezi z emisijo snovi pri odvajanju
tehnoloških odpadnih vod iz objektov in
naprav. Posebne mejne vrednosti parametrov
za odvajanje v kanalizacijo:
The Decree on the emission of substances
in the discharge of wastewater from plants and
facilities for the production of metal products
[5] regulates special requirements concerning
the emission of substances in the discharge of
industrial wastewater from plants and facilities
producing metal products. There are special
limit values of the parameters for the drainage
into a sewage system:
14. Kadmij
14. Cadmium
Cd mg/l 0.2 0.2
Za obrate, ki proizvajajo, predelujejo in
obdelujejo tekstilna vlakna, Uredba o emisiji
snovi pri odvajanju odpadnih vod iz objektov
in naprav za proizvodnjo, predelavo in
obdelavo tekstilnih vlaken [6] določa posebne
zahteve v zvezi z emisijo snovi pri odvajanju
tehnoloških odpadnih vod iz objektov in
naprav. Posebne mejne vrednosti parametrov
za odvajanje v kanalizacijo:
The Decree on the emission of substances
in the discharge of wastewater from plants and
facilities for the production, processing and
treatment of textile fibre [6] regulates special
requirements concerning the emission of
substances in the drainage of industrial
wastewater from industrial plants and facilities
producing, processing and treating textile
fibres. Special limit values of parameters for
the drainage into a sewage system follow:
13. Cink
13. Zinc
Zn mg/l 3.0 3.0
Uredba o emisiji snovi pri odvajanju
odpadnih voda iz komunalnih čistilnih naprav
[7] določa posebne zahteve v zvezi z emisijo
snovi pri odvajanju odpadnih vod iz
komunalnih čistilnih naprav:
−  mejne vrednosti parametrov odpadne vode,
−  mejne vrednosti učinka čiščenja odpadne
The Decree on the emission of substances
in the discharge of wastewater from municipal
wastewater treatment plants [7] regulates  the
emission of substances in the drainage of
urban wastewater from municipal wastewater
treatment plants:
−  limit values of the parameters of wastewater
−  limit values of the effect of treatment of
Panjan J.: Monitoring odpadnih voda in zahtevane stopnje čiščenja na komunalnih čistilnih napravah -
Monitoring of Wastewater and the Required Degrees of Treatment for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
© Acta hydrotechnica 17/26 (1999), 5-17, Ljubljana
11
vode,
−  posebne ukrepe v zvezi z načrtovanjem in
obratovanjem komunalnih čistilnih naprav.
Mejne vrednosti parametrov odpadnih voda
za obstoječe komunalne čistilne naprave [7]
ne glede na njihovo zmogljivost so podane v
preglednici 5.
wastewater
−  special measures concerning the planning
and operation of municipal wastewater
treatment plants
The limit values of the parameters of
wastewater for existing municipal waste
water treatment plants [7] without respect to
their capabilities are given in Table 5.
Preglednica 5. Mejne vrednosti parametrov odpadnih voda za obstoječe komunalne čistilne
naprave [7].
Table 5. Limit values of the parameters of wastewater for existing municipal wastewater treatment
plants [7].
Parameter Izražen kot
Expressed as
Enota
Unit
Mejne vrednosti za
obstoječe KČN
Limit values for
existing WWTPs
BPK5
BOD5
O2 mg/l 30
KPK
COD
O2 mg/l 160
Amonijev dušik
Ammonium nitrogen
N mg/l 15
Celotni fosfor
Total phosphorous
P mg/l 10
Mejne vrednosti parametrov odpadnih voda
za nove komunalne čistilne naprave in za
komunalne čistilne naprave v rekonstrukciji
[7] so glede na njihovo zmogljivost čiščenja,
podane v preglednici 6.
Limit values of the parameters of
wastewater for new municipal wastewater
treatment plants and municipal wastewater
treatment plants in reconstruction [7] with
respect to their treatment capacities are given
in Table 6.
Preglednica 6. Mejne vrednosti parametrov odpadnih voda za nove komunalne čistilne naprave in
za komunalne čistilne naprave v rekonstrukciji [7].
Table 6. Limit values of the parameters of wastewater for new municipal wastewater treatment
plants and municipal wastewater treatment plants in reconstruction [7].
Zmogljivost KČN izražena v [PE]
Capacity of a municipal WWTP in [PE]
Parameter Izražen kot
Expressed as
Enota
Unit
< 2000 2001 -
10000
10001-
100000
> 100000
Neraztopljene snovi
Suspended solids
mg/l - 60 35 35
Amonijev dušik
Ammonium nitrogen
N mg/l - 10 10 10
KPK
COD
O2 mg/l 150 125 110 100
BPK5
BOD5
O2 mg/l 30 25 20 20
Panjan J.: Monitoring odpadnih voda in zahtevane stopnje čiščenja na komunalnih čistilnih napravah -
Monitoring of Wastewater and the Required Degrees of Treatment for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
© Acta hydrotechnica 17/26 (1999), 5-17, Ljubljana
12
Mejna vrednost za učinek čiščenja
komunalne čistilne naprave, ki ne sme biti
manjši od 80 odstotkov, velja namesto mejne
vrednosti za KPK iz preglednice 6 v primeru,
če v mesečnem povprečju iz analize 24-urnega
vzorca izhaja, da je vrednost KPK v surovi
odpadni vodi na iztoku iz mehanske stopnje
čiščenja večja od:
−  625 mg/l za KČN s kapaciteto čiščenja več
kot 2 000 PE
−  550 mg/l za KČN s kapaciteto čiščenja več
kot 10 000 PE ali
−  500 mg/l za KČN s kapaciteto čiščenja več
kot 100 000 PE.
Mejna vrednost za učinek čiščenja
komunalne čistilne naprave, ki ne sme biti
manjši od 90 odstotkov, velja namesto mejne
vrednosti za BPK5 iz preglednice 6 v primeru,
če v mesečnem povprečju iz analize 24-urnega
vzorca izhaja, da je vrednost BPK5 v surovi
odpadni vodi na iztoku iz mehanske stopnje
čiščenja večja od:
−  250 mg/l za KČN s kapaciteto čiščenja več
kot 2 000 PE ali
−  200 mg/l za KČN s kapaciteto čiščenja več
kot 10 000 PE.
Mejne vrednosti za koncentracijo in učinek
čiščenja celotnega dušika in celotnega fosforja,
če se odpadne vode iz novih KČN ali KČN v
rekonstrukciji iztekajo v:
−  zajezene površinske vode, ki se skladno z
določbami [4] štejejo za vodotok,
−  ustja rek, ki se izlivajo v obalno morje,
−  druge površinske vode, kjer je mogoče
ugotoviti ali pričakovati evtrofikacijo
ter skladno z dopolnilom [8] k uredbi [7]
tudi v:
−  površinske vode, ki so namenjene za
pripravo pitne vode in presegajo mejne
imisijske vrednosti nitratov, določene s
predpisi o kakovosti površinskih voda,
−  vode na območjih, kjer je skladno s predpisi
s področja voda in varstva narave obvezno
terciarno čiščenje odpadne vode,
so podane v preglednici 7.
Limit values that cannot be less than 80 %
for the efficiency of treatment of a municipal
wastewater treatment plant are valid instead of
the limit value for COD from Table 6 in the
case when it comes out of the monthly average
of the 24-hour sample analysis that the COD
value in raw wastewater in the outflow from
the mechanical (primary) phase of the
treatment is higher than:
−  625 mg/l for a municipal WWTP with a
treatment capacity higher than 2 000 PE
−  550 mg/l for a municipal WWTP with a
treatment capacity higher than 10 000 PE
−  500 mg/l for a municipal WWTP with a
treatment capacity higher than 100 000 PE
Limit values for the efficiency of treatment
of a municipal wastewater treatment plant that
cannot be less than 90 % are valid instead of
the limit value for BOD5 from Table 6 in the
case when it comes out of the monthly average
of the 24-hour sample analysis that the BOD5
value in raw wastewater in the outflow from
the mechanical (primary) phase of treatment is
higher than:
−  250 mg/l for a municipal WWTP with a
treatment capacity higher than 2 000 PE or
−  200 mg/l for a municipal WWTP with a
treatment capacity higher than 10 000 PE
Limit values for concentration and the
efficiency of treatment of total nitrogen and
total phosphorous when waste water from a
new municipal WWTP or municipal WWTP in
reconstruction is discharged into:
−  stemmed water bodies which are considered
in agreement with the regulations [4] as
watercourses,
−  estuaries draining into coastal seas,
−  other surface waters in which it is possible
to state or expect eutrophication,
and according to Amendment [8] to Decree
[7] also into:
−  surface waters intended for the preparation
of drinking water and exceeding the limit
immission values of nitrates determined by
regulations on the quality of surface waters,
−  water bodies in the areas where the tertiary
treatment of wastewater is obligatory
according to the regulations concerning
waters and the protection of nature,
are given in Table 7.
Panjan J.: Monitoring odpadnih voda in zahtevane stopnje čiščenja na komunalnih čistilnih napravah -
Monitoring of Wastewater and the Required Degrees of Treatment for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
© Acta hydrotechnica 17/26 (1999), 5-17, Ljubljana
13
Preglednica 7. Minimalne zahteve za izpust komunalnih odpadnih vod v Sloveniji
v občutljiva območja [7].
Table 7. Minimal requirements for the discharge of urban wastewater in Slovenia [7].
Zmogljivost KČN izražena v [PE]
Capacity of a municipal WWTP in [PE]
Parameter Izražen kot
Expressed as
Enota
Unit
< 2000 2001 -
10000
10001-
100000
> 100000
Celotni dušik
Total nitrogen
N mg/l - 18 15 10
Učinek čiščenja
celotnega dušika
Effect of treatment
of total nitrogen
% - 65 70 80
Celotni fosfor
Total phosphorus
P mg/l - 3 2 2
Učinek čiščenja
celotnega fosforja
Effect of treatment
of total phosporus
% - 70 80 80
4. IZPUSTI IZ KOMUNALNIH ČN
IN PRIMERJAVA Z DRUGIMI
Kontrola izpustov iz KČN je zelo
pomembna, saj z njo na eni strani ugotavljamo
obremenitve ostalih onesnaževalcev, ki so
priključeni na kanalizacijski sistem, po drugi
strani pa nam zahtevane stopnje varujejo
odvodnike. Kakovost izpustov iz KČN nam v
fazi projektiranja tudi neposredno določa
stopnjo čiščenja in s tem investicijsko vrednost
ČN.
V preglednici 8 so podane minimalne
zahteve za izpust komunalnih odpadnih vod v
ZRN [9].
Pri tem so posamezni razredi opredeljeni z:
1. velikostni razred: do 60 kg BPK5/dan ali
približno 1 000 PE
2. velikostni razred: od 60 do 300 kg
BPK5/dan ali 1 000 – 5 000 PE
3. velikostni razred: od 300 do 1200 kg
BPK5/dan ali 5 000 – 20 000 PE
4. velikostni razred: od 1200 do 6000 kg
BPK5/dan ali 20 000 – 100 000 PE
5. velikostni razred: nad 6000 kg BPK5/dan
ali nad 100 000 PE
4. DISCHARGES FROM
MUNICIPAL WWTPS AND
COMPARISON WITH OTHERS
The monitoring of effluents from a
municipal WWTP is very important on one
side because the loads of other sources of
pollution which are connected to the collecting
system are discovered with its aid, and on the
other side, because recipients are protected by
the required degrees. The quality of discharges
from a municipal WWTP also directly
determines the degree of treatment in the
planning stage, and consequently, the
investment costs.
Minimal requirements for the discharge of
urban wastewater in Germany are given in
Table 8 [9].
Particular dimension classes are determined
as follows:
1. Dimension class: to 60 kg BPK5/day or
approximately 1 000 PE
2. Dimension class: from 60 to 300 kg
BPK5/day or 1 000 – 5 000 PE
3. Dimension class: from 300 to 1200 kg
BPK5/day or 5 000 – 20 000 PE
4. Dimension class: from 1 200 to 6 000 kg
BPK5/day or 20 000 – 100 000 PE
5. Dimension class: over 6 000 kg BPK5/day
or over 100 000 PE
Panjan J.: Monitoring odpadnih voda in zahtevane stopnje čiščenja na komunalnih čistilnih napravah -
Monitoring of Wastewater and the Required Degrees of Treatment for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
© Acta hydrotechnica 17/26 (1999), 5-17, Ljubljana
14
V preglednici 9 so podane zahteve Smernic
EZ [10] za izpuste iz KČN.
Requirements of EU Directives for the
discharges from a municipal WWTP [10] are
given in Table 9.
Preglednica 8. Minimalne zahteve za izpust komunalnih odpadnih vod v ZRN [9].
Table 8. Minimal requirements for the discharge of municipal wastewater in Germany [9].
Velikostni razred KČN
Dimension class of a municipal WWTP
Parameter Izražen kot
Expresed as
Enota
Unit
1.raz.
1.cl.
2.raz.
2.cl.
3.raz.
3.cl.
4.raz.
4.cl.
5.raz.
5.cl.
KPK
COD
mg/l 150 110 90 90 75
BPK5
BOD5
mg/l 40 25 20 20 15
Amonijev dušik
Ammonium nitrogen
mg/l - - 10 10 10
Celotni fosfor
Total phosphorous
mg/l - - - 2 1
Preglednica 9. Zahteve Smernic EZ [10] za izpuste iz KČN.
Table 9. Requirements of EU Directives for the discharges from municipal WWTPs [10].
Parameter Izražen kot Enota Koncentracija Učinek čiščenja
Expressed as Unit Concentration Effect of treatment
BPK5
BOD5
O2 mg/l 25 70-90 %
KPK
COD
O2 mg/l 125 75 %
Celotne netopne snovi
Total suspended solids
mg/l 35 a) 90 % b)
Celotni fosfor
Total phosphorous
P mg/l 2 c) 80 %
Celotni dušik
Total nitrogen
N mg/l 15 d) 70-80 %
Legenda:
a) za KČN od 2000 do 10000 PE pod 60 mg/l
in pod 35 za KČN, večje od 10000 PE
b) za KČN od 2000 do 10000 PE pod 70% in
pod 90% za KČN, večje od 10000 PE
c) 1 mg/l za KČN večje od 10000 PE
d) 10 mg/l za KČN večje od 10000 PE
Iz primerjav preglednic 7, 8 in 9, čeprav
niso čisto kompatibilne, vidimo, da so naše
zahteve za KČN nad 100000 PE za celotni
Legend:
a) for municipal WWTPs from 2 000 to 10
000 PE under 60 mg/l and under 35 for
municipal WWTPs larger than 10 000 PE
b) for municipal WWTPs from 2 000 to 10
000 PE 70% and under 90% for municipal
WWTPs larger than 10 000 PE
c) 1 mg/l for municipal WWTPs larger than
10 000 PE
d) 10 mg/l for municipal WWTPs larger than
10 000 PE
From a comparison of Tables 7, 8 and 9,
though they are not quite compatible, it is
Panjan J.: Monitoring odpadnih voda in zahtevane stopnje čiščenja na komunalnih čistilnih napravah -
Monitoring of Wastewater and the Required Degrees of Treatment for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
© Acta hydrotechnica 17/26 (1999), 5-17, Ljubljana
15
fosfor nekoliko nižje (2 mg/l celotnega
fosforja) kot v ZRN in EZ pa (1 mg/l), za
celotni dušik pa so zahteve enake.
V preglednici 10 so prikazani roki za
program ureditve in sanacijski program
odvajanja komunalne odpadne vode po
kanalizaciji ter roki za sekundarno, terciarno in
ustrezno čiščenje odpadne vode, kot je
določeno v Uredbi o spremembah in
dopolnitvah uredbe o emisiji snovi pri
odvajanju odpadnih vod iz komunalnih
čistilnih naprav [8] za različne velikosti in
občutljivosti območja poselitve.
evident that the requirements for total
phosphorous in municipal WWTPs over
100000 PE are less stringent (2 mg/l) in
Slovenia than in Germany and the EU (1
mg/l), while the requirements on nitrogen are
the same.
Deadtimes for the regulation and sanitation
program for the discharging of urban
wastewater into a collecting system, and the
secondary, tertiary and appropriate treatment
of wastewater as it its regulated by the Decree
on the changes and the amendments of the
decree on the emission of substances in the
drainage of wastewater from municipal
wastewater treatment plants [8] for different
sizes and sensitivities of agglomeration areas
is presented in Table 10.
Preglednica 10. Roki za program ureditve in sanacijski program odvajanja komunalne odpadne
vode po kanalizaciji ter roki za sekundarno, terciarno in ustrezno čiščenje odpadne vode kot je
določeno v uredbi [8].
Table 10. Deadtimes for the regulation and sanitation program for the discharging of urban
wastewater into a collecting system, and the secondary, tertiary and appropriate treatment of waste
water [8].
PROGRAM UREDITVE
(do konca leta)
SANACIJSKI PROGRAM
(do konca leta)
REGULATION PROGRAM
(to the end of the year)
SANITATION PROGRAM
(to the end of the year)
Velikost
območja
poselitve
[PE]
Odvajanje
odpadne
vode po
kanalizaciji
Sekund.
čiščenje
Terciarno
čiščenje
Ustrezno
čiščenje
Odvajanje
odpadne
vode po
kanalizaciji
Sekund.
čiščenje
Terciarno
čiščenje
Ustrezno
čiščenje
Agglomer.
area in
[PE]
Collect.
System
Second.
Treatment
Tertiary
Treatment
Appropr.
Treatment
Collect.
system
Second.
treatment
Tertiary
Treatment
Appropr.
treatment
< 2000 2005* 2015*
2000 -
10000
2010
2005*
2015*
2017
2000 -
15000
2005 2015
10000 -
15000
2005 2015
> 10000 1998* 1998* 2008* 2008*
> 15000 2000 2000 2010 2010
> 100000 2005 2005
  * zahteve za občutljiva območja
  * requirements for sensitive areas
Panjan J.: Monitoring odpadnih voda in zahtevane stopnje čiščenja na komunalnih čistilnih napravah -
Monitoring of Wastewater and the Required Degrees of Treatment for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
© Acta hydrotechnica 17/26 (1999), 5-17, Ljubljana
16
5. ZAKLJUČEK
V članku smo prikazali, kakšna je kontrola
onesnaževalcev z odpadnimi vodami
odvodnikov v Sloveniji. Podane so zahteve iz
ustreznih uredb in nekatere naše izkušnje pri
spremljanju tehnološkega delovanja ČN.
Pogrešamo predvsem imisijski pristop k
obravnavi onesnaževanja naših rek, jezer in
morja. Povzete so nekatere maksimalne
dovoljene koncentracije snovi, ki se izpuščajo
v vodotok ali v kanalizacijo. Prikazane so
zahtevane stopnje čiščenja na komunalnih
čistilnih napravah (ČN). Podali smo
primerjavo zahtev naše zakonodaje z
zakonodajo v ZRN in EZ ter roke za izvedbo
kanalizacij in čistilnih naprav v Sloveniji.
5. CONCLUSION
The situation of the control of the causers of
pollution and the discharging of wastewater
into recipients in Slovenia was presented.
Some requirements from the regulations and
our experiences regarding the control of the
technical operation of wastewater treatment
plants (WWTPs) are provided. Slovenia is
especially missing the immission approach to
the treatment of the pollution of our rivers,
lakes and sea. Some maximal allowed
concentrations of pollutants discharged into a
watercourse or in a collecting system are
reviewed. The required degrees of treatment in
municipal wastewater treatment plants
(WWTPs) are shown. A comparison of the
requirements of Slovene legislation with
legislation in Germany and the EU and
deadtimes for the construction of collecting
systems and wastewater treatment plants in
Slovenia is presented.
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Imhoff, K., Imhoff, K.R. (1993). Taschenbuch der Stadtentwässerung, 28.Auflage, Oldenburg
Verlag GmbH, München, 442 p., (in German).
Pravilnik o prvih meritvah in obratovalnem monitoringu odpadnih vod ter pogojih za njegovo
izvajanje (1996). Uradni list RS št.35, str. 2989 (Regulation on the initial measurements and
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Panjan J.: Monitoring odpadnih voda in zahtevane stopnje čiščenja na komunalnih čistilnih napravah -
Monitoring of Wastewater and the Required Degrees of Treatment for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
© Acta hydrotechnica 17/26 (1999), 5-17, Ljubljana
17
municipal waste water treatment plants (1996), Official Gazette of the RS No.35, p. 2967, in
Slovenian).
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komunalnih čistilnih naprav (1998). Uradni list RS št.90, str. 8554. (Decree on the changes and
the amendments of the decree on the emission of substances in the drainage of waste water from
municipal waste water treatment plants (1998), Official Gazette of the RS No.90, p. 8554, in
Slovenian).
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Official Gazette of the RS No.32, p. 1750, in Slovenian).
Naslov avtorja - Author's Address
doc. dr. Jože PANJAN
Univerza v Ljubljani - University of Ljubljana
Fakulteta za gradbeništvo in geodezijo - Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering
Jamova 2, SI - 1000 Ljubljana